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DARBY'S   EDITION 


OF 


UNIVERSAL   GAZETTEER,; 

OR,  A  NEW 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


^ 


DARBY'S  EBITlOl^ 

OF 

UNIVERSAL    GAZETTEER; 

OR,  A  NEW 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 

CONTAINING  A  DESCRIPTION 

OE  THE 

EMPIRES,  KINGDOMS,  STATES,  PROVINCES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  FORTS, 
SEAS,  HARBOURS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,   MOUNTAINS,  CAPES,  &c. 


WITH  THE 

GOVERNMENT,  CUSTOMS,  AND  MANNERS, 

OF  THE  INHABITANTS  J 

The  Extent,  Bouadaries,  and  Natural  Productions  of  each  Country ;  and  the  Trade,  IVIanufactures; 
and  Curiosities  of  the  Cities  and  Towns. 

TO   WHICH  ABE  ADDED, 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

AND  THE 

CONSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  RESPECTIVE  STATES. 

Illustrated  bij  a  neat  coloured  Map  of  the  United  States. 


THE  THIRD  AMERICAN  EDITION,  WITH  AMPLE  ADDITIONS  AND 
IMPROVEMENTS  : 

BY  WILLIAM  DARBY,  ^n^ 

HEMBEB  OF  THE  ITEW  YORE:  HISTOBICAL  SOCIETY,  AUTHOR  OF  A  MAP  AND  STATISTICAI, 
ACCeUNT  OF  LOUISIANA  ;  EMIGBANt's  GUIDE  ;  TOUR  EROM  NEW  YORK  TO  DETROIT  ; 
AND  MEMOIR  ON  FEOUIDA, 


PHILADELPHM  : 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  EXECUTORS  OF  BENJAMIN  WARNER,  171  MARKET  STREET, 
AND  SOLD  AT  THEIR  STORE,  RICHMOND,  (Va.)  WILLIAM  P.  BASON,  CHARLES- 
TON, (S.  C.)  AND  BENNETT  &  WALTON,  37  MARKET  STREET,  PHILADELPHIA, 


Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania,  To  wilt 

y.'!fe**?fe!!!?fe«    BE  IT  REMEJIBERED,  that  on  the  eighteenth  day  of  January  in  the  forty-seventft 
4r  I  a  4>       year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  A.  D.  1823, 

BENNETT  &  WALTON, 


.  —  of  the  said  district,  Iiave  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof 

********        ^**^5"  '^'•^"°  ^  proprietors,  in  the  words  following,  to  wit: 

"  Darby's  Edition  of  Brookes'  Universal  Gazetteer ;  Or,  a  New  Geographical  Dictionary  :  Containing  a 
"  Description  of  the  Empires,  Kingdoms,  States,  Proviuoes,  Cities,  Towns,  Forts,  Seas,  Harbours,  Rivers, 
"  Lakes,  Mountains,  Capes,  &c.  iii  the  Known  World;  with  the  Government,  Customs,  and  Mannei-s,  of 
"  the  Inhabitants  :  The  Extent,  Boundaries,  and  Natural  Productions  of  each  Country  ;  and  the  Trade, 
"  Manufacnn-es,  and  Curiosities  of  the  Cities  and  Towns.  To  which  are  addeil.  The  Constitution  of  the 
«  United  States,  and  the  Constitutions  of  the  Respective  States.  Illustroteil  by  a  neat  coloured  Map  of 
«  the  United  States.  The  Third  American  Edition,  with  ample  Additions  and  Improvements  :  by  VVil- 
"  liam  Daiby,  Mi  ralier  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  Author  of  a  Map  and  Statistical  Account  of 
"  Louisiana ;'  Emigrant's  Guide  ;  Tour  from  New  York  to  Detroit ;  and  Memoir  on  Florida." 

In  confoi-raity  to  the  act  of  the  Congiess  of  the  United  States,  entitled  "  An  act  for  the  encouragement 
of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such 
copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned."— And  also  to  the  act  entitled.  "  An  act  supiilementary  to  an 
act  entitled  "  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books, 
to  the  authors  and  jjrotuietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,"  and^extending  the  be- 
nefits thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

D.  CALDWELL, 
Clerk  nf  the  Eastern  District  of  Pentisylvania,, 


A  HE  original  work,  from  whicli  the  present  voIutog 
has  been  in  part  compiled,  has  long  held  a  respectable 
rank  among  elementary  treatises  on  geography.  Ex- 
cept, on  the  American  articles  ;  I  have  deviated  as  little 
as  possible  from  the  Loudon  edition  of  1819,  from  which 
most  of  the  articles  except  those  of  America,  have  been 
taken.  In  many  instances,  howeVer,  1  found  that  suiRcient 
care  had  not  been  used  to  notice  all  tlie  recent  chanses 
made  on  the  continent  of  K^urope.  Several  articles  there- 
fore differ,  very  materially  from  the  London  copy  For 
instance,  Spain  is  inserted  in  this  volume,  as  fixed  re- 
cently by  the  Cortes.  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway 
agreeable  to  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty  of  Kiel ;  and 
Grermany,  Italy,  France,  the  Netherlands,  Swiss  Can- 
tons, &c.  fixed  by  the  treaties  of  Paris,  Vienna,  and 
others. 

In  the  articles  included  in  England  and  Wales,  the 
original  phraseology  js  preserved.  In  describing  the 
cities,  towns,  or  other  objects,  in  those  two  divisions  of 
Great  Britain,  the  description  of  each  place  stands  in 
this  volume,  as  it  did  in  the  London  copy ;  and,  as  if 
published  in  Great  Britain.  This  course  was  pursued, 
in  order  to  avoid  unnecessarily  increasing  the  quantum 
of  matter,  in  that  part  of  the  present  edition  where  such 
a  repetition  would  be  of  very  little  use  to  the  reader. 

It  is  respecting  America  generally,  and  the  United 
States  in  particular,  that  the  most  essential  additions 
have  been  made  to,  and  deviations  from  the  original. 
Very  few  American  articles,  stand  in  the  present  as  they 
did  in  any  previous  edition. 


Vl  PREFACE. 

This  is  the  first  Geographical  Dictionary,  in  which  a 
detailed  and  regular  description  of  the  counties  of  the 
United  States  has  been  inserted.  In  the  former  editions 
of  Brookes,  and  in  several  other  similar  productions, 
few,  comparatively  of  the  United  States  counties,  were 
so  described,  as  to  be  easily  found  on  a  map  from  the 
description.  In  this  volume,  their  relative  position, 
length,  breadth,  area,  and  in  a  majority  of  cases  the 
general  features ;  and  in  several  hundred  the  staples  of 
the  counties  are  given.  No  difficulty  can  therefore  occur 
in  finding  any  given  county. 

The  elements  of  tlie  population  of  the  United  States, 
oppose  great  difficulties  to  a  brief  classification.  Duly 
reflecting  on  this  subject,  1  adopted  the  tabular  form, 
from  a  conviction,  that  no  other  could  answer,  to  render 
the  volume  a  facile  work  of  reference.  So  much  of  the 
most  essential  legislation,  and  so  many  of  the  most  vital 
questions  in  domestick  politicks,  demand  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  local  position  and  relative  increase  or 
decrease  of  population,  that  too  much  perspicuity  cannot 
be  given  to  that  subject.  As  the  tables  in  this  volume 
are  constructed,  it  is  easy,  at  a  single  glance,  to  find  any 
necessary  part  of  the  population  of  any  county,  as  far  as 
the  tables  of  the  census  of  1810  and  1820,  are  cor- 
rect. The  classified  population,  as  respects  the  pursuits 
of  Agriculture,  Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  are  sub- 
joined to  each  county  ;  inserted  from  the  census  of  1820> 

In  using  the  tabular  form,  brevity  was  in  some  mea- 
sure sacrificed  to  perspicuity ;  but  I  trust,  the  importance 
of  the  subject  will  warrant  the  procedure. 

In  a  general  view  of  the  natural  features  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  I  have  always  considered  its  rivers  as  objects 
of  primary  importance  ;  therefore,  my  descriptions  of  the 
rivers  of  the  United  States  are  unusually  in  detail. 
This  is  more  especially  the  case  under  the  head  of 
Mississippi^  Missouri^  St  Lawrence,  Susqueliannali, 
and  some  others.  The  extended  detail  under  these  ar- 
ticles, have  tended  less  to  .swell  the  work,  than  would 


PBEFACE.  VU 

appear  on  a  cursory  view.  I  have  engrouped  the  minor 
parts  under  one  head,  and  made  references  where  ne- 
cessary. 

Respecting  the  new  states  and  territories^  I  have 
deemed  it  not  only  justifiable,  but  indeed  requisite,  to 
be  more  ample  than  is  common  in  a  Geographical  Dic- 
tionary, comprised  in  a  single  octavo  volume. 

It  will  not  be  presumption  to  say,  that  much  is  added 
to  the  Geography  of  the  United  States,  by  this  pub- 
lication. The  editor  has  travelled  extensively  over 
the  states  of  the  south,  west,  and  north-west,  and  wrote 
respecting  most  of  those  sections  from  personal  observa- 
tion. 

It  was  very  desirable,  that  more  precise  information 
could  have  been  given  on  South  America ;  but  so  con- 
fused and  indefinite  are  the  political  boundaries  in  that 
country,  that  much  uncertainty  prevails  respecting  the 
extent  of  almost  every  subdivision.  I  could  not  even 
venture  an  article  under  the  general  head  of.  United 
Provinces  of  La  Plata ;  though  each  province  is  descri- 
bed as  accurately  as  document  could  be  procured. 

The  Mexican  intendancies  were  so  scientifically  de- 
lineated by  Humboldt,  as  to  enable  future  geographers 
to  place  that  country  before  their  readers  with  sufficient 
correctness.  I  have  given  the  term  Mexican  empire, 
when  speaking  of  that  country,  to  save  circumlocution ; 
and  not  from  the  circumstance  of  its  present  political 
condition. 

Abbreviations  at  best,  are  perplexing,  and  have  been 
entirely  excluded  from  this  treatise. 

It  cannot  be  reasonably  expected  that  a  work  of  such 
texture  and  magnitude,  can  be  free  from  error ;  such 
exemption  is  not  in  the  nature  of  things  possible ;  but  it 
has  been  the  sedulous  endeavour  of  the  editor  to  render 
his  production  a  safe  and  commodious  book  of  refer- 
ence,  and  as  free  from  either  omission  or  mistake,  as  the 
present  state  of  the  science  would  admit. 

The  edition  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 


VIU  PREFACE. 

aud  of  the  respective  states,  which  forms  a  part  of  this  vo- 
lume was  added  by  the  publishers,  iu  order  to  embrace 
a  general  view  of  the  geography  and  constitutional  law  of 
the  United  States.  1  was  not  the  editor  of  that  part  of 
the  publication,  nor  in  reality  was  formal  editorship  in- 
dispensably necessary  for  reprinting  matter  which  ad- 
mitted of  no  change  or  addition. 

I  now  take  leave  of  the  reader,  by  clahning  a  further 
share  of  that  publick  indulgence  1  have  so  amply  re- 
ceived on  former  occasions.  I  place  before  my  fellow 
citizens  the  fruit  of  the  painful  labours  of  two  years, 
indulging  a  hope,  that  those  humble  labours  have  added 
something  to  the  general  stof;k  of  information  on  a  most 
useful  science. 

WILLIAM  DARBY. 

Philadeljphiaf  January  V^ih,  1823. 


21ie  reader  is  desired  to  correct  the  following  errors. 
In  article  District  of  Columbia.     See  Addenda,  under  the  head  of  Columbia. 
In  page  548,  first  column,  for  Maderia,  read  Madeira. 
In  the  articles  Mecklenburg,  pages  580  and  581.    See  Addenda  under  the 
head  of  Mecklenburg, 


(SiasriEIB^IIa  ®ii^IB^^ia2^^< 


A. 


A  A  C 


-A,  river  in  the  ducliy  of  Courland, 
which  rises  in  Sarn'>gitia,  and  flows  into 
the  bay  of  Riga. 

Jla,  river  that  rises  in  the  department 
of  Somme  in  France,  becomes  navigable 
near  St.  Omer,  passes  on  to  GraveUnes, 
where  it  falls  into  the  German  ocean. 

Aa,  river  in  Westphalia,  which  rises 
near  Munster,  waters  that  city,  and  falls 
into  the  river  Embs. 

Aa,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  rises  in 
the  valley  of  Rngelberg,  crosses  Under- 
walden,  from  S.  to  N,  and  falls  into  the 
Waldstaetter  Sea.  Near  the  abbey  of 
Engelbers:,  it  has  a  noble  cataract. 

Aahus,  the  capital  of  a  small  district 
of  Germany,  so  named,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Munster. 
It  h'(s  a  good  casrle,  and  lies  N  E.  of 
Coesfeldt.     Lon.  ?  1  E.  lat  52  10  N. 

Aain-Charin,  village  near  Jerusalem, 
said  to  be  the  place  where  Zacliarias 
lived.  It  is  yet  frequented  by  pilgrims ; 
and  near  it  there  is  a  convent,  a  large  ele- 
gant building,  with  a  handsome  cupola, 
and  under  it  an  extraordinary  fine  mo- 
saic pavrment ;  the  altar,  which  is  a 
very  splendidone  encompassed  with  mar- 
ble steps,  IS  said  to  be  built  on  the  very 
spot  where  John  the  Baptist  was  born. 

Aafborsr,  capital  of  the  bishopric  of 
that  nam.',  lies  on  the  coast  of  Lymfur  , 
on  the  confines  of  the  bishopric  of  Wi- 
bnrg  Next  to  Coptnhagen,  it  is  the 
rich-st  and  most  pop'dous  city  in  Den- 
mrk.  The  name  signifies  Eel-town, 
great  quantities  of  Eels  being  caugl:; 
there.  It  has  an  exchange  for  mer- 
chants a  safe  and<leephafbo'ir  (though 
the  entrance  near  Hals  is  somewhat 
dangerous,)  and  a  considerable  rade  m 
corn  herruigs,  guns,  pistols,  addles, 
glove-s,  &c.  It  vva«  taken  by.  the  Swedes 
in  '  64-.3  nd  16.58  Lon.  9  46  E.  lat.  50 
50  N 

Aur.  lar^e  river  in  Switzerland,  which 
rises  in  a  lake,  near  Mount  Saalberg,  in 
B 


ABA 

the  S.  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  running 
N.  W.  through  the  whole  extent  of  the 
lake  of  Brientz  and  Thun  to  Bern,  takes 
a  circuitous  course  to  Soleure  ;  whence 
it  flows  E.  to  Arburg,  and  NE.  to  Brugg  ; 
below  which,  being  joined  by  the  lleuss 
and  Limma't,  it  falls  into  the  Rhine  op- 
posite Wald^chut. 

Aarlmus,  a  large  district  of  North 
Juiland,  which  extends  from  that  of  Wi- 
biirg  to  Categat,  about  15  miles  in 
length,  and  between  8  and  9  in  breadth, 
andia  uncomnon^  frutful. 

AarhuHs,  or  Aarhiisen,  the  capital  of 
the  bishopric  of  that  name,  lies  between 
the  sea  and  a  I  .ke,  from  which  water  is 
conveyed  by  a  pretty  briad  canal  ttiaf 
divides  the  town  into  two  unequal  parts. 
It  is  large  and  populous ;  and  has  six 
gates,  two  principal  churches,  two  mar- 
ket-places, a  university,  a  free-school, 
and  a  well-endowed  hospital. 

Aaronsburg;  post  town  of  Northumber- 
land coimty  cont  lin  ng  about  40  dwell- 
ings. It  is  s  tu.it ed  a  littl-  more  than  a 
mile  E.  of  Elk  creek,  which  unites  with 
Penn's,  and  falls  into  the  Susquehannah, 
5  miles  below  Sunoury. 

Aarseo,  or  Arzeo,  town  of  Algiers,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Mina. 

Auach.  or  M'elti^ibvrg,  a  marke*  town  in 
Lower  B  ivaria  seated  on  the  Danube,  7 
miles  from  Ratisbon.  It  is  defended 
by  a  citadel,  and  is  remarkable  for  Ro- 
man antiquities,  as  well  as  for  its  mine- 
ral waters,  which  are  celebrateil  for 
curing  various  diseases.  Lon.  11  56  E, 
lat.  48  5o  N. 

AbacUn,  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tig- 
rj : 

Abakanakoi,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the 
provi  ce  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  river  Jaues- 
ka.  under  th  Russian  government  It 
was  founded  in  IZOT".  and  rebuilt  in  1726. 
It  has  a  g-a'Tiso'  ,  and  is  provided  with 
artillery   Lon   94  5  E.  Int   33  5  N 

Abaluk,  town  in  Siberia,  two  miks  from 


ABB 


ABE 


Tobolski,  celebrated  for  an  image  of  the 
Virgin,  which  is  visited  by  many  pil- 
grims, and  carried  in  procession  annual- 
ly to  Toboiski  Lon.  68  20  E,  lat,  53 
11  N. 

Abascia,  or  Jbcas,  a  country  in  Asia, 
tributary  to  tiie  Turks,  surrounded  on 
the  E  by  Mingrelia,  on  the  N  and  W  by 
Black  Circassia,  on  the  S  by  the  Black 
Sea. 

Massia,  the  modern  name  of  a  king- 
dom in  Ethiopia  Proper;  it  compre- 
hends the  provinces  of  Bagemeder,  Go- 
jam,  Walcka,  Sliewa,  &c.  and  ij  very 
mountainous  ;  in  some  parts  the  rocks 
are  so  steep,  thai  m.  n  and  cattle  are 
cran-d  up  by  help  of  ropes  and  ladders, 
yet  on  the  top  of  these  tiiere  are  woods, 
meado-.\"s,  and  fish-ponds. 

Abberton,  near  Lexden,  Essex.  Ab- 
berton,  near  Parshore,  7  miles  from  Wor- 
cester, n'>ted  for  its  mineral  water. 

AbbenhaU,  small  village  \2  miles  from 
Gloucester,  3  from  Newnham,  noted  for 
a  mineral  spring,  very  efficacious  in  the 
cure  of  cutaneous  eruptions'. 

Abberxoick.  large  village  near  Alnwick, 
Kortliumberland. 

Abbeville,  a  considerable  town  of 
France,  in  the  deparment  of  Sonime, 
and  late  province  ol  Picardy,  seated  in 
a  pleasant  valley,  where  the  river  Som* 
me  divides  into  several  branches,  and 
separates  the  town  into  two  parts.  It  is 
prtity  well  pt^opled :  has  a  woolen 
manufactory,  besides  manufactories  of 
sail-cloth.  It  lies  15  miles  E  from  the 
British  Channel,  2J  NW  from  Amiens, 
52  S  of  Calais,  and  80  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  ,55  E,  lat.  50  7  N 

Abbeville,  (Wsir^cX.  of  S  C.  having  P  n- 
dleton  district  NW,  Luurens  NK,  Edg- 
field  SE,  and  the  Savannah  river  SVV. 
Ii  is  about  31  ms.  in  length  and  breadth, 
having  a  superficies  of  about  1000  sq. 
ms.  Tlie  surface  is  agreeably  variega- 
ted with  hill  and  dale,  and  a  considera- 
ble part  of  the  soil  is  rich  and  well  wa- 
tereJ  Pop.  in  1810. 
Free  while  males  -  -  "  -  7348 
Do.       do     females  -         -         7048 

Other  persons  not  naturalized  88 


Male  slaves  -  .  -  .  4883 
Female  do.  -  -  -  .  4732 
Free  blacks  and  people  of  colour        64 


Total  cf  slaves 


Total  of  free  whites 
Slaves 

Total  pop. 


14484 
G672 


21156 


In  1820. 

Free  wlute  malfs     .         -        -  6795 

Do       do.     females          -         -  6693 

Other  persons  not  naturalized  22 


9679 


Total  cf  whites 


13510 


Aggr.g.de  pop.       -        -        -      22189 

Engaged  in  agriculture  -         -        7343 

Do.         commerce      -         -  57 

Do.        manufactures         -  229 

In  1820. 

Individuals  to  the  sq.  m.  23. 

Abbeif-JBoyle,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  ol'  Uoscommnn,  and  prov.nce  of 
Coiinaugh;,  remarkable  for  an  old  abbey. 
It  lies  23  miles  N  of  Hoscommon.  Lon, 
8  32  W,  lai.  53  56  N. 

Ahbeij- Green,  Village  of  Scotland,  in 
LaiKirkshire,  so  named  from  being  built 
around  the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  found- 
ed here  by  King  David  1.  in  1440,  dedi- 
cated to  St,  Macule.  It  contains  about 
430  inhabitants;  and  lies  12  miles  S  of 
Hamilton,  and  4  from  Lanark. 

Abbeii-Holm,  town  in  Cumberland,  so 
called  from  an  abbey  built  in  it  by  Da^ 
vid  I.  King  of  Scots.  It  stands  on  an 
arm  of  tlie  sea,  and  is  295  tnil-s  from 
London,  and  16  SW  from  Carlisle.  Lou. 
3  21  W.  lat.  54  53  N. 

Abbey-J\Iilton,  or  Abbey-Middlelon,  an 
ancient  but  mean  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
where  an  ai)bey  formerly  stood.  It  is  12 
miles  NE  of  Dorchester,  and  122  from 
London.     Lon.  2  24  W,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Abbington,  near  Northamptoti.  Ab- 
bington,  near  Uoyston,  Cambridgeshire. 
Abb'-ii^toa,  JMngna,  and  Parca,  near  Lin- 
ton and  Boumbridge,  Cambridgeshire. 

Ahbol.tburi/,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  so 
named  from  an  abbey  near  it,  founded 
by  a  Norman  lady,  about  102f»,  to  which 
Edward  the  Confessor  and  Wdliam  I. 
were  both  b.nefactors.  It  lies  7  miles 
SVV  of  Dorchester,  and  127  W  by  S 
from  London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  50  38  N. 
Abbuts-Caslle,  or  Apeivood- Castle,  an 
old  fort.fication  in  StaR()rdshire,  7  miles 
from  Wolveriiampton,  on  the  north  side 
of  tite  road  from  Shewsbury  to  London, 
situated  on  a  lof'v  Diind  promontory, 
and  a  steep  ridge  of  hills,  which  extend 
a  mile  in  lengtli,  supposed  to  have  been 
One  continued  lortiiicaiion,  and  a  work 
of  the  ancient  Britons. 

Abbot's-Lunirleii,  village  in  Herts,  4 
miles  Irom  St.  Albans,  fanicus  for  beinjj 
the  birth-piacc  of  Pope  Adri-n  IV. 

Abb''s  fluad,  .S'f.  a  promontory,  forming 
the  sou  hern  extremity  of  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  lying  in  the  Parish  of  Colding- 
ham  ami  the  county  ot  Berwick,  Scot- 
land, about  10  miles  N  of  Berwick,  and 
the  same  distance  S  from  Dunbar.  Lon 
1  56  VV,lat.  55  54N. 
10 


A  B  E 


ABE 


'  Abenrade,  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sels- 
ivick,  now  very  flourish incf,  being  dou- 
ble the  extent  it  was  formerly,  and 
built  in  a  better  taste.  It  is  seated  on  a 
spac  ous  open  bay  in  thp  Balt'c,  sur- 
rounded on  tliree  sides  by  h:gh  moun- 
tains, which  render  the  harbour  sate. 
Lon.  9  14  E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Abensperg;  or  JJbeiisberg,  town  of  Bava- 
ria, seated  on  the  Abens',  near  the  Da- 
nube, 15  miles  SW  of  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
11  55E,  lat,  41  4$N,     ., 

Mertivon,  borough  town,  of  Glamor- 
gansliire,  governed  by  a  port-reeve,  seat- 
ed on  the  mpiit!)  of  the  Avon,  19  miles 
NWofCowbridge,  and  195  VV  from  Lon- 
don. The  vicarage,  which  isdischariced, 
is  worth  45/.  yearly.  Lon.  3  48  W,  51 
35N.     ■         ••    ■       • 

Merbrotfnifick, nr  Arbroath,  small  neat 
town  on  the  ea?t  coast  of  Angusslure,  15 
miles  NE  of  St.  Andrew's,  and  40  NNE 
from  Edinburgh.  It  is  situated  on  the 
mouth  f)f  the  small  river  Brotliick  :  is  a 
royal  burgh,  well  built,  and  floiirishing. 
The  number  of  its  mhabitants  haaggreat- 
ly  increased  within  these  last  40  years, 
and  they  are  now  estimated  at  about 
7000.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
brown  linens,  or  Osnaburj^hs,  sail-cl  ths, 
and  white  and  brovvn  thread.  There 
are  about  34  vessels  belonging  to  this 
place,  each  from  60  to  160  tons,  em- 
ployed in  the, Baltic  trade.  The  fo- 
reign imports  are  flax,  flax-seed,  timber, 
iron,  &c.  The  glory  of  this  place  was 
formerly  the  abbey,  wliose  very  rqins 
give  some  idea  of  Its  ancient  magnifi- 
cence. It  was  founded  by  William  !. 
the  Lion,  in  1178,  and  dedicated  to  tlie 
celebrated  primate  Thomas-:i-i'ecket.— 
The  founder  was  buried  here,  but  tlieve 
are  no  remains  of  his  tomb.  Fairs  are 
on  31st  .lanuarv,  3d  Wednesday  of  .Tune, 
.  and  ISth  July.  Lon.  2  29  W,  lat.  56 
36  N. 

Abercomeaij,  town  of  Caernarvonshire, 
pleasantly  situated  on  'he  river  Con- 
way. It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  for- 
merly carried  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn.     Lon.  4  1,  W,  Lat.  53  20  \. 

Jlbercorn,  village  and  parish  uf  West 
Lothian,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Fiiih 
of  Forth,  12  miles  west  from  Edinburgh. 
A  monastery  existed  here  in  th%  seventh 
century ;  and  the  castle  f)f  Aberrorn 
was  a  place  of  grsat  s'rength  in  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Douglasses.  Though  no 
traces  of  these  buildings  now  remain, 
Abercorn  still  gives  the  Bri'ish  title  of 
Marquis,  and  the  Scottish  title  of  Earl 
to  a  branch  of  the  family  of  Hamilt"  n. 
The  Roman  wall  is  said  to  have  begun 
m  this  parish. 


.■ibercorn,  smalltown  of  Georgia,  Uni- 
ted States  13  mili-s  NW  of  Savannah. 

Aberdeen,  the  principal  ciy  in  the 
north  of  Sciitlmd,  situated  on  tiie  coast 
of  the  German  ocean,  120  miles  >>'E 
from  Eilinbur^h,  in  lon.  1  45  W,  lat.  579 
N.  Under  this  deru^mmation  are  c  im- 
prehended  two  towns,  Old  and  JVe-ji 
Aberdeen,  which,  however  are  almost 
united  by  thf  ir  respective  suburbs. 

Aberdeen  Old,  formerly  Aberdon,  is 
pleasap.tly  situated  on  a  eminence  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Don,  about  a 
mile  north  of.  New  Aberdeen.  It  is  of 
great  antiquity,  ..nd  was  of  some  import- 
ance so  long  ago  as  893,  when  ace  rd- 
ing  to  tradition,  King  Gregory  the  Great 
conferred  on  it  some  peculiar  privi- 
If  ges.  By  charter  the  free  burgesses  of 
the  town  are  vested  with  the  powtr  of 
choosing  their  own  magistracy,  who  are  a 
provost,  three  bailies,  a  treasurer,  and 
cou' cil  with  die  deacons  of  six  incor- 
porated trades  The  lown  cons'sts 
chiefly  of  one  long  street.  There  is  a 
neat  town  house,  a  new  building,  and  a 
Trades  Hospital  for  decayed  freemen 
and  their  widows,  and  a  hospita-  for  12 
poor  !T,en,  f  unded  by  B'shop  William 
Dunbar.  But  the  chief  oniam-ntwf  Old 
Aberdeen  is  ihe  iarge  and  srately  fabric 
of  King's  College,  situa'ed  oathe  S.  side 
of  t*.e  town.  ,  Ii  is  built  naind  a  square, 
with  cloisters  oti  the  south  side.  The 
structure  contairs  a  chapel,  library,  mu- 
seum, common  hall,  and  lecture  rooms, 
witli  a  lonL''  range  of  modern  ti<>uses, 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  professors 
and  studen's.  The  hbrarv  and  museum 
avi:  well  furnished.  The  old  town,  be- 
injj  forme  ly  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  had  a 
most  maijnifice'  t  cathedral,  dedicated 
In  St.  Machar,  hot,  like  man)'  o  hers,  it 
fell  a  sacr  fice  to  tlie  rtliciio'is  fretizv  of 
tlie  reformers.  Two  very  ar.tiquf  spires 
and  one  isle,  which  is  us  d  as  a  church, 
is  all  that  is  left  in  his  cathedral  there 
was  a  fine  library,  which  was  also  des- 
troyed. Over  he  Don  at  Old  .Aber- 
deen, there  i-'  a  noble  Gothic  bridge,  of 
one  arch,. 67  feet  span,  and  34^  high 
from  the  surface  of  Ihe  river.  On  both 
sides  it  nsts  on  a  solid  ledge  of  rock. 
The  population  of  Old  Aberdeen  and 
parish  was  9911,  in  1801. 

Aberdeen  JYenv,  is  tlie  capital  of  the 
shire  of  Aberdeen.  For  extent,  trade, 
ai.d  beaut}',  it  far  exceeds  any  town  in 
the  north  of  Scotland.  It  is  built  on  a 
gentle  eininence,  rising  from  a  s-^^ali 
bay,  formed  by  the  river  De<?,  over 
which  there  is  an  eUgant  bridge  of  7 
arches,  built  by  Bishop  Dunbar.  The 
streets  are  numerous,  spacious,  and  well!' 
11 


ABE 


ABE 


paved  ;  tbe  houses  are  built  of  pranite, 
(from  adjoiriin^  quirries,)  jjenerally 
four  stories  hitfh,  rem  rkably  neat  and 
eleg-ait,  having  almost  universally  gar- 
dens in  their  rear.  The  whole  town  is 
about  two  miles  in  circumference,  and 
the  population  is  estimated  at  above 
20,000.  The  municipal  government  is 
vested  in  a  provost,  4  bailies,  a  dean  of 
gu'.Id,  treasiirer,  town-clerk,  a  town 
council,  and  7  deacons  of  incorporated 
trades.  The  town  is  a  royal  burgh,  and 
uniting  with  Aberbrothv.ick,  Brechin, 
Tnverbervje,  and  Montrose,  sends  a 
member  to  parliament.  New  Aberdeen 
is  graced  with  an  el  gant  college,  found- 
ed by  George  Keith,  the  Earl  Marischal 
of  Scotland,  in  1593.  The  trade  is  con- 
siderable, but  might  be  greatly  extend- 
ed by  aa  attention  to  the  white  fishe- 
ries. Aberdeen  once  enjoyed  a  good 
share  of  the  tobacco  trade  ;  but  of  late 
years  its  chief  imports  were  from  the 
Baltic,  and  a  few  merchants  trade  to  the 
West  Indies,  the  Levant,  and  North 
America.  Its  exports  are  stockings, 
thread,  salmon  and  oatmeal.  The  first 
is  a  most  important  article,  being  esti- 
mated at  no  less  than  183,000/.  annual- 
ly ;  and  employing  in  the  spinning, 
knittmg,  &c.  a  very  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  the  county. 
The  'bread  manufacture  is  another  con- 
siderable article,  though  trifling  in  com- 
parison of  the  W'lollen.  The  salmon 
fisheries  on  the  Dee  are  a  good  bruicli 
of  trade.  About  46  boa's,  and  130  men, 
are  employed  on  the  first  ;  and  in  some 
years,  167,000  lbs.  offish  liave  been  sent 
pickled  to  Lmdon,  and  ab  iit  900  bar- 
rels of  salted  fi^  exported  to  France, 
Italy,  8tc.  The  inhabitants  likewise  ex- 
port  considerable  quantities  of  pickled 
pork,  which  they  formerly  dispo  ed  of 
to  the  Dutch  for  victualling  their  Kast 
India  ships  and  men  of  war;  the  Aber- 
deen pork  has  the  reputation  of  being 
the  best  cured  of  any  in  Europe  for 
keeping  on  long  voyages  Fairs  are  on 
the  31  st  .Ian.  3d  Wednesday  iiv  June,, 
and  13lh  July. 

Aberdeenshire,  a  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  WVby  BanflTshire,  and 
the  Deveron  ;  on  the  N  and  VE  by  the 
German  Ocean  ;  on  the  S  by  the  coun- 
ties of  Kincardine,  Angus,  and  Perth  ; 
and  oil  the  W  by  Inverness-shirt-.  Is 
length  from  NE  to  SVV  is  about  10  miles ; 
its  breadth  not  quite  30.  It  compre- 
hends the  districts  of  Mar,  Garioch, 
Strathbogie,  and  the  greater  part  of 
Buchon  ;  and  sends  one  member  to  par- 
liament. The  soil  of  tiiis  extensive 
county  is  very  various,  and  agriculture^ 


in  general,  rude.  The  high  ground* 
jjresent  much  excellent  pasture,  while 
great  part  of  the  lowlands  yield  very 
grateful  returns  to  tallage.  This  county 
is  noted  for  the  hr  ving  state  of  'X^  man- 
ufactures of  linen  and  woolren,  in  which 
it  promises  shortly  to  rival  the  superior 
region  of  tlie  Clyde 

Jlberdour,  small  town  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  with  a  good  harbour,  on  tlie 
Frith  of  Forth,  about  10  mdes  NW  of 
Edinburgh 

Meford,  or  Aberforth,  small  town  in  the 
west  riding  of  Yorkshire,  15  miles  SW  of 
York,  and  184  NNW  from  London.  It 
has  a  market  every  Wednesday,  and  four 
fairs  on  die  first  Wednesdays  of  April, 
May,  October,  and  after  St.  Luke's  day. 
It  is  noted  for  pin-making.  Lon.  1  21 
W,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Aberfrau;  Village  of  North  Wales,  in 
the  isle  of  Anglesey,  formerly  a  place  of 
note,  tlie  Princes  of  North  Wales  hav- 
ing had  a  palace  in  it.  It  is  now  much 
reduced,  though  it  has  four  fairs,  on  the 
7th  .N^nrch,  23d  Oct  lHh  Dec.  and  Wed- 
nesday after  Trinity,  all  for  cuttle.  In 
the  neighbourhood,  a  considerable  flan- 
nel man  factory  is  carried  on.  It  lies  6 
miles  NW  of  Newburgh.  Lon.  4  36  W, 
lat.  53  13  N.. 

Aber^ax'entiy,  well-built  town  in  Mon- 
mouthshire, 16  miles  W  of  Monmouth, 
and  142  W  by  N  from  London,  contain- 
ing about  500  houses,  2  churches,  and 
an  old  CHS'le.  It  has  two  weekly  mark- 
et'i  and  tiiree  fairs,  on  May  1,  Tuesday 
after  Frinitv.  and  Sept.  25.  Lon.  3  5 
W,  lat  51  50  N. 

Aber^eUlij.  village  of  N.  Wales,  in  Deti- 
biglisliire,  5  miles  W  by  S  of  St.  Asaph, 
and  224  from  London,  which  has  4  an- 
nual fairs  for  catt  e,  on  the  2d  of  April, 
2uih  of  August,  yth  of  October,  and  the 
day  before  Holy  Thursday. 

A'>frneihii,  small  town  in  Perthshire,  in 
Scotland,  seated  near  the  junction  of 
the  Erne  with  the  Tay.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  the  seat  of  the  Pictish  kings, 
as  well  as  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  In 
the  tovi'ii  chnrcli-yard  is  a  round  tower 
74  feet  high  and  48  in  circumference, 
the  only  one  besides  tliat  of  Brechin  in 
Scot  and.  The  town  is  mtich  decayed  ; 
the  chief.manufacture  is  that  of  tiouse- 
hold  linen,  and  silesias  for  the  market  of 
Perth. 

Aberysttvith,  town  of  S.  Wales,  in  Cardi- 
ganshire, seated  on  the  I  twitii  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Rildall,  where  they 
fall  into  the  sea.  It  lies  203  miles  WNW 
from  London,  and  30  NE  from  Cardigan. 
It  was  formT'y  fortified  with  a  castle, 
and  defended  with  wails ;  but  both  arc 
12 


ABO 


A  B  Y 


now  in  niins.  It  is,  however,  rich  and 
populous,  havinp^  a  great  trade  in  lea.^, 
a  considerable  fishing  of  (lerring's,  cod, 
and  whitings,  and  a  g'ood  weekly  mark- 
et on  Monday.  In  the  bathinj;^  season, 
this  town  is  a  fashionable  watering  place. 
Lon  4  0  W,  lat.  52  25  N 

.ibex,  country  of  Africa,  on  the  Red 
Sea,  which  bounds  it  on  'he  east  ;  on 
the  west  it  is  bounded  by  Abyssinia  and 
Nubia,  on  the  north  by  Egypt,  and  on 
the  south  by  the  coJist  of  ^ja!l.  The 
chief  towns  are  Arkeko,  or  Ercoco,  and 
Suaquam  ;  which  last  is  the  capital,  and 
the  seat  of  aguvernor.  It  is  subject  to 
tiie  Turks  It  is  500  miles  in  length, 
and  100  in  bre;<dth. 

.^lii'^gdon^  or  .ibiiiglon,  a  town  cf  Berks 
on  tiie  Tliami  s,  so  named  fr(;m  an  abbey 
formerly  built  in  it,  6  miles  S  of  Or.ford, 
47  E  of  Gloucester,  and  56  W  from  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  good  tho;'OUt:hfare,  and  has 
a  markft  on  Monday  and  F.  iday.  It  has 
two  c!>uichcs  and  two  charity-schools. 

Miugiorif  post  town  and  capital  of 
Washington  county,  Virginia,  situated 
near  the  east  side  of  the  north  branch  of 
H  'stein  river.  Here  is  a  jail,  and  .% 
court-iiouse,  where  the  district  and 
county  cf)urts  are  held.  It  is  300  miles 
wsw  of  Richmond,  and  557  from  Phila- 
delphia. X.  tat.  36  51'  W.  lon.  VV.C.  5  05. 

Abino  creek,  of  Upper  Canada,  in  the 
Comity  of  Lincoln,  emptying  into  lake 
E  ie,  in  the  township  of  Bertie,  at  the 
head  of  the  bay.  East  of  Pomt  .\bino. 

Abino  Point,  in  the  township  f)f  Ber- 
tie, on  lake  Erie,  is  9  or  10  miles  west 
of  Fnrt  E'ie. 

Jlhkhas,  one  of  the  seven  nations  in 
the  countries  c  mprehended  between 
the  Black  Sra  and  tlie  Caspian.  Their 
principal  and  most  ancient  settlements 
are  on  the  sou'hern  slope  of  the  moun- 
tains ying  between  the  iver  Cuban  and 
the  RIack  Sea.  They  are  tributary  to 
the  Turks,  and  are  divided  into  two  go- 
vernments, the  Western  and  the  East- 
ern, each  subject  to  a  basiiaw,  common- 
ly chosen  from  am<ng  ihe  principal  na- 
tives. One  of  these  resides  at  Soichuk- 
kale,  and  the  other  at  Soghumkal'-.  The 
capital  is  Vnacopir,  formerly  Nicopsis. 
The  Abkhas  speak  an  oriental  li  puage, 
essentially  different  from  all  the  known 
Jangviat'es,  though  appearing  to  have  a 
very  remote  affinity  to  that  of  the  Cir- 
cassians. They  liave  very  httle  religion, 
though  they  preserve  some  traces  of 
Ciiristianity. 

Ablo,  town  of  Little  T  rtary,  hing  be- 
tween the  riveiDieper  and  the  Black 
Sea     L -n  3:}  16  E.  lat  46  20|  N. 

Abo,  seaport,  the  capital  of  Swedisli 


Finland,  which  lies  upon  the  pnint  where 
the  gulfs  of  Bothnia  and  Finland  unue. 
It  is  a  g  od  p(.rt ;  and  is  the  see  of  :i 
bishop,  suffragan  of  Upsal.  It  has  ti 
university,  founded  by  Queen  Ciiristina 
in  1640,.  and  endow -d  wi'h  tue  same 
privileges  as  tiiat  of  Upsal ;  besides  a 
school,  found  d  by  Gus  avus  \dolphus, 
for  300  sctiolars.  The  lown  is  tolerably 
well  built,  and  the  inhabitants  export 
linen,  corn,  and  planks.  Here  the  trea- 
ty of  ()eace  between  Russia  and  Swe- 
den, in  1743  was  concluded.  It  lies  120 
miles  NE  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  22  18  E, 
lat.  60  27  N. 

Ahonrkir,  sma'l  town  of  Egypt,  lyif'g  in 
the  desert  between  Alexandria  and  Ro- 
setta.  It  is  tlie  ancient  Canopus;  and 
is  situated,  according  to  Mr.  ■  Savary,  6 
leagues  from  l^haros.  The  town  is  built 
on  a  rock,  which  forms  a  handsome 
road  for  shipping,  and  is  out  of  the 
reach  of  inundations. 

Aboutige,  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  neap 
the  Nile,  where  great  quantities  of  pop- 
pies grow,  of  which  the  natives  make  the 
best  opium  in  the  Levant.  Lon.  49  0  E, 
lat.  26  30  N. 

Abranates,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  and  belong- 
ing to  a  marquis  of  that  title.  It  is  situat- 
ed on  a  high  ground,  is  surrounded  with 
gardens  Sind  olive-trees,  contains  35,000 
inhabitants,  and  has  4  convenis,  a  hos- 
pital, and  an  alms-house.  Lon.  7  18  \V, 
lat.  39  13  N.. 

Abnizzo,  province  cf  Naples,  bound- 
ed on  the  E,  by  tlu  Gulf  ui'  Venice,  on 
the  K  and  w  by  Ancona,  Umhria,  and 
the  Campagna  til  Roma,  and  on  the  s  by 
the  Terra  di  Lavora  and  Mohse  I*  iS' 
divided  into  two  parts  by  tlie  river  Pes- 
cara,  called  Ulteriore  and  Citeriore. 
The  former  has  Aquila,  aid  the  latter 
Solomona,  for  its  capital  The  country,, 
thougii  cold,  is  fertile  in  corn,  nee,  fruits, 
sal]'ron,  vines,  and  olives. 

Aba,  town  in  Fran'  e,  in  tiie  department 
of  Ardeche,  fo;merly  the  chief  town  of 
Vivarcs,  and  a  bishop's  see,  now  in  a 
very  ruinons  state. 

Abyo.  or  Abmjo  one  of  the  Phillinpine 
isls.  in  t  le  I'/ast  Indies,  between  Minda- 
na  >  and  Luzon.  Here  the  Spaniards 
havi  a  fort,  and  cary  on  a  good  trade 
with  their  \merican  territories,  Lon^ 
122  15  E,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Abyssiania,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  800 
miles  long  and  600  br  a  ',boiindf  d  on  'he 
n  rth  by  Nubia,  east  by  the  lied  Sea  and 
Dancala.  west  by  Gorham,  and  south  by 
Gmgia  and  Alaba.  I'  isoneofthe  most 
moiiiianous  and  precipi'ous  ci'Untnes 
in  the  world  :  but  in  a  few  vales  the  sol] 
13 


A  C  A 


ACE 


is  black  and  fertile.  The  rainy  season 
contimies  from  April  to  September. 
This  is  succeeded,  without  interval,  by 
a  cloudless  sky,  and  a  vertical  sun.  Cold 
nig'hts  as  instantly  follow  these  scorch- 
ing days.  The  earth,  notwi'hstanding 
these  days,  is  perpetually  cold,  so  as  to 
feel  disagreeable  to  the  sol  s  of  the  feet ; 
par  ly  owing  to  the  six  months  r=iin,  and 
partly  tr>  the  near  equality  of  nights  and 
days.  There  is  no  country  in  the  world 
that  produces  a  greater  variety  of  quad- 
rupeds, both  wild  and  tame  ;  but  there 
are  no  tigers.  'I'lie  hyenas,  however, 
are  very  numerous,  and  dreadful  in  their 
lavages.  Bes-de  eagles,  vultures,  &c. 
there  is  a  species  of  glede,  called  had- 
dayn,  which  is  frequent  in  Eirypt,  and 
comes  punctually  into  Abyssinia,  <;t  the 
r^-turn  of  the  sun.  after  the  tropical 
rains;  and  storks  are  numerous  in  May, 
when  the  rains  become  constant :  there 
are  few  owls ;  but  these  are  of  an  im- 
mense size  and  beauty.  Tne  most  re- 
markable insect  is  the  Ttsahsal,  a  large 
fly,  which  is  so  fatal  to  cattle,  that  in 
some  particular  districts,  great  emigra- 
tions take  place  in  the  beginning  of  the 
rainy  season,  to  prevent  tlie  s'ock  of 
cattle  from  bei'\g  destroyed.  There 
is  a  remarkable  coincidence  between 
the  customs  in  the  court  of  ancient  Per- 
sia anJ  those  of  .\byssinia.  According 
to  Mr.  Bruce,  the  celebrated  river  N  1*^ 
has  its  source  in  thi>-  country.  Gondar 
is  the  metropolis. 

./?ca7H6oif,'kingdom  on  the  coast  of  Gui- 
nea in  .\frica,  whose  kingisabsotut  ,  and 
one  of  the  most  powcful  on  the  coast ; 
his  s!(bjects  tiiough  warlike  and  brave, 
are  haughty,  rapacious,  and  cruel. 

Jicanini,  an  inland  country  om  the  Gold 
coast  of  G'linea,  which  affords  the  best 
gold,  and  in  great  plenty  :  also  a  town 
or  viMage  in  that  country.  Lon.  0  30  K, 
lat.  8  30  N. 

Acnt)uko,  a  considerable  town  and  oort 
in  Mexico,  on  the  ">outh  sea  It  has  a 
fine  iiarbonr,  fr  >m  whence  a  sh'p, (some- 
times two)  annually  sails  to  Mar.illa  in 
the  Philippine  islands,  near  the  c  ast  of 
China,  in  Asii ;  and  another  returns  an- 
nually from  thence  with  all  the  treasures 
of  the  East  Ttulies,  such  as  diamonds, 
rubies,  sapphires,  and*  other  precious 
stones;  the  ric!^  carpets  of  Persia,  the 
camphire  of  Borneo ;  the  benj  imin  and 
ivory  of  Pegu  and  Cambodia  ;  the  silks, 
muslins,  and  calicoes  of  Mogul;  the 
gold  dust,  tea,  china  ware,  silk  and  ca- 
binets of  C'lina  and  Japan ;  besides 
cinnamon,  cloves,  nutmegs,  and  pepper, 
insomuch  that  this  single  -.hip  contains 
more  riithes  than  many  whole    fleets. 


Annual  ships  also  arrive  from  Litita  and 
other  ports  of  Chili  and  Peru,  with  ^e- 
cie,  &c.  The  goods  brought  to  Aca- 
pulco  are  carried  to  the  city  of  Mexico, 
above  200  miles  distant,  by  mules  and 
pack  horses,  and  from  thence  to  Vera 
Cruz  on  the  north  sea,  in  order  to  be 
shipped  for  Europe.  Acapuico  itself 
is  a  small  place,  consisting  of  about  300 
thatched  houses,  pip.  4000.  The  air 
here  is  hot,  heavy,  and  unwholesome. 
Upon  the  arrival  of  the  galleons,  traders 
flock  here  from  all  the  provinces  of 
Mexico,  to  exchange  European  toys, 
their  own  cochineal,  and  about  437,500/. 
sterling  of  silvt-r,  for  spices,  muslins, 
printed  linens,  silk,  perfumes,  and  the 
gold  w.rks  of  Asia.  Lon.  29  35  W,  lat. 
16  40  N. 

Acasabastian,  river  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Vera  Paz,  which  runs  into 
the  gulf  of  Dulce. 

Acatulan,  village  of  Mexico,  intenden- 
6y,  Valladolid,  N.  lat.  19  20,  W  lon. 
100  05. 

Acadian  coast,  or  Acadia,  county  of 
Louisiana,  lies  along  the  Mississippi  river 
below  Lafouce  river. 

Accomack,  co.  of  Virg.  on  the  Eastern 
shore  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  having 
Northampton  s  the  Atlantic  Ocean  e, 
Worce'-ter  co.  in  Maryland  N  and  the 
Chesapeake  Bay  w.  It  is  about  20  ms. 
li.ngand  10  wi.de,  area  240  sq.  ms.  chief 
town  Drummondstown.  The  surface 
generally  flat  and  sandy.  Pop.  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...  4458 
Do.     do.     females  -         .         4883 

All  other  persons  except  indians 

not  taxed  ....  I860 
Slaves 4542 


In  1820. 
Free  white  males     - 
Do.     do.     females  - 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  whites    ... 

15743 

4598 

4788 

5 

9389 

Male  slaves      ... 
Female  do.      ... 

2274 
2206 

Free  people  of  colour. 
Males      .         .         .        - 
Females           ... 

990 
1120 

15969 

3976 

170 

341 


Total  pop. 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

Do.     in  Commerce 

Do.     in  Manufactures 

Individuals  to  the  sq.  m.  66. 

Acerenza,  small  town  of  the  province  of 
Basilicata,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples 
14 


A  C  H 


A  C  li 


lomerly  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  Lon.    called   by   the   Malays   cayen   /arrange 
16  5E,lat.  40  20N.  Loo.  95  34  E,  lal.  5  22  N. 

Acemo,  'own  of  Italy,  in  (he  citerior  Jichlam,  viiiage  12  miles  trom  \,rk, 
principality  of  Naples,  with  a  bishop's  wher>  the  boay  oi  tl^ie  Emperor  Sev.rus, 
see  ;  situated  17  miles  SW  of  Conza,  and  who  died  at  Yorii, 'was  burnt  to  asties, 
12  NE  of  Salermo.     Lon.  15  5  E,  lat.  40    agreeably  to  the  custom  ot  those  times. 

Aclilieien,  town  ot  Austria  on  the  Da- 
nuue,  12  miles  ESE  of  Ens. 


45  N. 

Acerra,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  the  Terra  di  Lavora,  seated  on 
the  river  \gno,  7  miles  NE  of  Naples, 
and  20  SW  of  Benevento.  Lon.  14  30  E, 
lat.   40  55  N. 

Jlch,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  landgrnvate 
of  Nellenburg,  on  the  river  Ach,  14 
miles  NE  ot  Schaffhansen. 

Jc/ia7n,  country  in  Asia,  bounded  on 


Aclimetschtt,  town  of  Crim  Tartary,  m 
the  llubsan  province  of  Ta  ;rida,  anaj^o- 
vernnient  .of  Caihanenenslaf  It  is  the 
residence  ot  tlie  Sullan  (Jalga,  eiicst 
son  oi  the  Kiian  of  Tartary.  Lon.  33  20 
E,  lat.  45  U  N 

Achmim,  town  of  Egypt,  the  residence 
of  an  emir,  or  prince  of  the  country.     It 


the  N  by  Boutan,  on  the  e  by  China,  on    has  maimtacturcs  of  coarse  cottons,  and 
tlie  S  by  Burmah,  and  on  the  w  b>  Hin-    stands    on  a    smali   eminence,    on    Uie 


doostan.    It  is  very  little  known  to  Euro- 
peans. 

»>2c/iee?i,  kingdom  on  the  NVV  part  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra,  in  the  Indinn  ocean, 
now  very  diirerent  from  what  it  was,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  16lh  century,  when 
it  was  so  powerful  as  to  expel  the  Por- 
tuguese from  the  island  where  they  re- 
peatedly attempted  ^o  settle  ;  and  when 
its  sovereign  received  embassies  from 
some  of  the  greatest  potentates  of  Eu- 
rope. Though  no  longer  the  great 
mart  of  eastern  commodities,  it  still 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  the 
natives  of  that  part  of  the  coast  of  Hin- 
Ooostan,  called  Telinga,  who  supply  it 
with  cotton  goods  of  their  country, 
and  receive  in  return,  gold  dust,  s^pan 
wood,  betel  nut,  patch  leaf,  {^coIsils  Indi- 
nis,)  a  little  pepper,  sulphur,  camphire, 


and  benzoin.     The  country  is  supplie4    county,  Ohio. 


rignt  bank  of  the  Nile,  240  miles  s  of 
Cairo.     Lon.  51  56  E,  lat  26  40  N. 

Achrunry,  town  ot  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Sligo,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  to 
Killala.  li  IS  seated  on  the  Sliannon,  16 
miles  WbW  of  Shgo. 

Achyr,  strong  town  and  castle  of  the 
Ukraine,  on  the  river  Uorskio,  127 
rn  les  E  cl  Kiow.     Lon.  26  lO  E,  lat.  40 

Aqkon,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  ot  Magdeburg,  with  a  citadel,  on 
the  Elbe,  5  miles  NVV  of  Dessau. 

Acoma,  or  St.  Estcvan  de  Acoma,  town 
of  New  Mexic  <,  seated  on  a  hill,  with  a 
good  castle.  To  go  imo  the  town,  one 
must  v/alk  up  50  steps  cut  oat  of  the 
rock.  It  is  the  capital  of  that  province. 
Lon.  104  15  W,  lat.  35  Q  N. 

iciiornsto-ion,  post  town  of  Columbiana 


with  Bengal  opium,  and  also  with  iron, 
and  many  other  articles  of  merchandize, 
by  the  European  traders.  Acheen  is 
esteemed  comparatively  healthy,  being 
iTiore  free  from  woods  and  swamps  than 
most  other  portions  of  the  island.  In 
various  respects  the  Acheenese  excel 
the  other  inhabitants  of  Sumatra  ;  they 
are  taller,  stouter,  and  better  propor- 
tioned ;  more  sagacious  and  cunning, 
fnore  active  and  iiidustfious,  as  well  as 
better  navigntors. 


Acton,  township  in  Windham  county 
Vt.  pop.  181U,  2*5,  m  182iJ,  about  300. 

Acton,  township,  and  post  village  of 
Middlesex  county  Massachusetts,  5  ms. 
NVV.  by  w  trom  Concord,  pop.  m  1810, 
885,  in   1820,  1047. 

Actopan,  village  of  Mexico,  in  the  in- 
tendency  of  Mexco,  about  6j  ms.  a  htile 
east  of  N  ;rom  the  citv  of  Mexico,  N  lat. 
2U  10  W  lon.  VV.C  21  49. 

Acqs,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege,  on  the  river  Arriege, 


Acheen,  or  Achem,  the  capital  of  the    2u  miles  SSE  ot  Foix. 


kingdom  so  called,  lies  1000  miles  SE  of 
Madras,  and  is  situated  on  a  river  which 
runs  into  the  sea  near  the  NW^  point,  or 
Acheen-head,  about  two  miles  from  the 
mouth,  in  a  wild  valley,  formed  by  two 
lofty  ranges  of  hills.  A  considerable 
fabric  of  a  thick  species  of  cotton  cloth, 
and  of  stuff  for  the  short  drawers 
Worn   by  Malays   and  Achenese,  is  es- 


Acqs,  or  Dux,  a  city  of  France,  on  the 
river  Adour,  in  the  department  of  Lan- 
des.     It  has  hot  water  baths. 

Acqua,  town  of  Tuscany,  noted  for  its 
nese,  noted  for  its  medicinal  waters,  12 
warm  baths,  15  miles  E  of  Leghorn. 

Acquariq,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
miles  S  ot  Modena. 

Acra,  country  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold 


tablished  here,  and  supplies  an  exten-  coast,  where  some  European  states  have 
sive  demand.  They  weave  also  very  forts,  and  each  fort  its  village.  Lon.  1 
handsome  silk  pieces,   of  a  par  icular    OE,  lat.  5  25N. 

form  for  that  part  of  the  dress  which  is        Acre,  or  St.  John  d'Acre,  a  seaport  of 

15 


ABA 


ADA 


Syria,  in  Palestine,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  called  Pcokmais  by  t  e  Greeks, 
and  stands  '>n  a  plain  at  the  north  point 
of  a  bay,  which  extends  in  a  semirircle 
of  nine  miles  to  the  point  of  Mount  Car- 
nrii  i,  :ieai-  the  mouth  ot  tiie  Kardanah. 
or  ancient  Bthis.  In  the  time  of  the 
cnisaiies,  it  underwent  sev.-ral  sieges  ; 
and  nnthinjj  is  now  t>  be  seen  of  this 
ancient  city,  but  the  remains  of  monu- 
ments erecied  by  tiie  C  ristians,  and 
some  ruiiis  of  a  chnrcii  dedicated  to  St. 
Andrew.  'I'he  new  city  is>  distant 'one 
milf  from  the  arcient  walls,  and  the  for- 
tifications are  of  little  importance.  The 
paiace  of  the  grand  mast^  r  of  the  order 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  is  the  residf  nee 
of  the  chief  of  Acre.  Here  are  tliree 
mosques,  four  churches,  and  a  syna- 
gogue. The  chief  article  of  commerce 
are  corn  and  cotton.  In  1759,  great 
damage  was  done  by  an  earttiquake  ; 
and  the  year  following  5000  persons, 
near  one  third  of  the  inhr.bitants,  died 
by  the  plague.  In  1799,  aided  by  tiie 
British,  under  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  it  with- 
stood a  severe  siege  by  the  French  un- 
der Buonaparte,  wiio  retreated  after 
failing  \n  a  \welth  assault.  It  is  24 
miles  S  of  Tyre,  and  47  N  of  Jerusalem. 
Lon.  35  20  E,  lat.  32  32N. 

Acton- Biirnel.  village  in  Sliropshire,  8 
miles  of  Shrewsbury.  Here  are  considei*- 
able  remam-  of  a  castle,  in  whicli  j  par- 
lianienl  was  held  in  the  rtign  of  Ed- 
ward I. 

Acttjpan,  village  of  Mexico.  N.  lat.  20 
17  and  W  lon.  9s  49. 

Ac-vcrth  tow;is!iip  of  Cheshire  coun  y 
in  N.  H.  situated  6  ms.  W  of  Concord, 
pop.  1810,  1523,  and  in  182ij.  1,79. 

Aczn,  town  of  Nat  tha  ;  also  a  town  and 
a  pro\'ince  ol  Turkistan,  in  Vsiatic  Tar- 
tary,  N  of  Caschga', 

J^diiir,  cotintA'  of  Kentucky  having  Bar- 
ren count'  \V  (ireene  NW,  flasev,  VE, 
Wa'  ne  -<nd  Perluski,  or  Cumberland  ri- 
ver and  Wolfer,  SE.  and  Cumberland 
county  south.  ^da'TC  nnty  ha^  a  m^^an 
length  and  breadth  of  about  28  ms.  area 
800  s(|.  mv.  the  face  of  the  c  nntry 
broken,  fud  the  soil  much  diversifiecU 
Chief  town,  Columbia. 

Pop.  in  1810. 
Fr  t  white  males  -        -        2568 

Do.     do.     females  •        -         2355 

All  otiu  r  free  persons  except 

Indians  no.  taxed        -        -  2 

Slaves         -  ...  913 


Do.    do.    females    • 
Foreigners  not  naturalised 


3568 
none 


Total  nop.  1810. 

In  1820. 
Free  white  mules 


.^-■^6 


5681 


Total  white  pop.  1820. 

7:j49 

Male  slaves        -         - 

787 

Female  do.         •        - 

762 

Free  people  of  colour  males  - 

4 

Do.             females    - 

3 

All  other  persons  except  In- 

dians not  taxed 

Total  pop.  in  1820         -        -  8765 

Engag^-rl  in  \gricultnre        -  2223 

Do.       in  Commerce  -  21 

Uo.       in  Manufactures  -  196 

Individuals  to  the  sq  m.  21. 

Adams,  township  of  (3oos  county  N.  H. 
pop   in  1810,  244;  a .d  in  1820,  363. 

Adam.%  [)Ost  town  in  Bershire,  .Mass.  .30 
ms.  N  from  Le  los,  pop.  in  18JU,  1763, 
and  in  182o.  1836. 

Adams,  part  of  Jefferson  county  N.  Y. 
Adams,  county  of  Pehiis.  hav.ng  Fred- 
erick county  in  Md.  S  Franklin,  county 
Pa.  W,  Cumbt-riand  N  VV  and  NE  and  E. 
It  is  about  20  ms.  in  length,  and  18  wide, 
area  360  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Gettys- 
burg. The  surface  of  tiiis  cou^'ty  is  ex- 
tremely diversified  witli  hill  and  dale; 
Thf  soil  is  also  of  -he  d  flerent  qualities 
from  the  worst  to  the  best  The  whole 
CO  is  well  watered.  Pop.  in  IHIO. 
Free  white  males  -        -  7533 

Do.     do.     females  -         •         7190 

All  ot'ier  persons  except  In- 
dians not  tax  d  -         -  338 
Slaves            ...        -  71 


Total  pop.  1810. 

15132 

In  1820. 

Free  white  males 

9500 

Do.     do.     females 

9241 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

311 

Total  white  pop. 

19052 

Male  slaves               ... 

10 

Female  do.               -         .        - 

13 

Free  people  of  colour  males   - 

'214 

Do.            females 

292 

Total  pop.  in  1820,        -         -       19681 
Engaged  In  \   ricuhure  -        3514 

Do      in  Commerce  -        -  65 

Do      in  Miniifactures      -         -         1526 
Iiidivi  'uals  tn  the  sq.  m.  54. 

Adams,   to^n  lip    rf  D  rke   co  mty 
Oh    ,  |;rp    n  1820,  343. 

A!'"rjs,  pos     on  Dauphin  county  Pa. 

Adams,  post  tov. n  H-de  county  N.  C. 
NE  1.50  ms.  from  Ral.-  .  ii 

Adams  townsliir.  nf  VVa'^hington  conn- 
tv     :i  ^^  F.  of  Mnskngum  river.   Fop.  in 
1810,620;  in  1820,324. 
16 


ADA 

Mams,   township  of  VVasiruigtoii  City, 
©hio,  population  in  1S2G,  174. 

Adams,  county  of  Oliio,  iiaving  Brown  W. 
Higliland,  and  Pike  N.  Sciota  E.  and  the 
Ohio  river  S.  This  county  is  about  20  miles 
square,  area  about  400  square  miles,  the 
surface  much  broken,  tlie  soil  in  general 
fertile  and  well  watered.  Chief  town  West 
Union.  Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  -  -  -  4825 
Do.  do.  females  ...  4588 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxeil        .....  21 

Slaves none 


total  population  in  1810      ■ 

In  1820 
Free  white  males 
Do.      do.     females 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


9434 


5358 

4992 
26 


Total  white  population  in  1820  10,376 


Male  slaves  ... 

Female  do.  ... 

Free  coloured  persons,  males 
Do,  females 

Total  of  coloured  persons 


56 


Total  population  in  1820     -  10,432 

Engaged  in  Atj^riculture       -  -           174 

Do.                Commerce         -  .             11 
Do.                Manufactures 

Individuals  to  the  square  mile  26.           92 

Jtdams,  county  of  Mississippi,  having  the 
Mississippi  river  W.  Jefferson  county  X. 
Franklin  E.  and  the  Homochitto  river  or 
Wilkinson  county  S.  E.  It  is  about  40 
miles  in  length  from  the  mouth  of  Homo- 
chitto river  to  the  N.  E.  angle  ;  but  the 
medium  width  not  exceeding  12  miles ; 
area  about  480  square  miles.  The  face  of 
Adams  county  is  broken  and  hilly ;  the  soil 
jn  fjeneral  extremely  fertile,  and  in  iis  na- 
C<iral  state  very  heavily  timbered ;  chief  ve- 
getable product  cotton.  Pop.  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...  2420 
Do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1835 
.All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 7& 

Slaves  -         -         -        -         .         5671 


ADA 

Free  people  of  colour,  males 
Do.  do.        females 


40 

44 


Total  population  in  1810 

10,002 

In  1820 
Free  white  males        ... 
Do.     do.       females     - 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  white  population  in  1820 
Male  slaves           .         .         .        - 
Female  do.         .... 

2310 

1675 

51 

4036 
4080 
3873 

Total  population  in  1820  .      12,073 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  -  4061 
Do.  Commerce        -        .  97" 

Do.  Manufactures  -  130 

Individuals  to  the  square  mile  26. 

.Iddisoii,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Maine,  W.  16  miles  from  Maciiias.  Popu^ 
lation  in  1810,  399  ;  and  in  1820,  519. 

Addison,  county  of  Vermont,  having  lake 
Champlain  VV.  Chittenden  N.  WaNliinf^toii 
and  Orange  E.  and  Rutland  S  Mean  length 
25  miles,  mean  breadth  20  ;  area  al)iiut  50O 
square  miles.  Though  not  mountainous, 
it  is  finely  variegaied  by  hid  and  dale.  Ut- 
ter river  flows  obhqutdy  through  this  roun- 
tv,  and  by  its  numerous  branches  afibrdsi 
much  fine  land  and  excel'ent  mill  seavs. 
Chief  towns  V'ergennes  and  Middleburg. 
Population  in  1810 

Free  wliite  mules  ...  10,158 
Do.  do.  females  -  -  -  9719 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed       .....  lis 

Slaves  .....        U'-ne 


Total  population  in  1810 


Population  in  1820 
Free  white  males 
Do.      do.     females 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  white  population  in  1820 
Free  people  of  colour,  males 
Do.  do.       females 


19,993 


10,109 

10,241 

151 

501 
58 
61 


Total  population  in  1820  -      20,620 

Engaged  in  Aiiriculture  -         51\5 

Do.  Commerce         ..         «  72 

Do.  Manafrictures  -         1098 

Individuals  to  the  square  mile  41 

A'lilhon,  townsiup  and  post-town  of  Ad- 
dison county,  VVrmont,  about  10  miles  W. 
from  Middleburg.    Populat  on  about  1200. 

Addison,  township  of  Steuben  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  652. 

.iddisoii,  township  of  Somerset  county, 
Penns      Pop.  in  1810,  678;    in  1820,   755, 

Adilison,  townsiiip  of  GaUia  county,  tJhio. 
Popuhition  in  1820,  636. 

Ade'phi,  po-t-lown,  situated  on  the  north 
fork  of  Salt  creek,  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of 
lioss  county,  Ohio,  on  the  road  from  Chiii- 
cothe  to  Athens ;  18  miles  from  the  former, 
and  35  from  the  latter.  N.  lat.  39«>  30'  W, 
Ion.  from  W.  C  5^^  43'. 

A^aivam,  po.st-town,  Hambden  county, 
Massachusetts. 

Adana,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Carma* 

nia,  and  a  bishop's  see,  vi'ith  a  strong  castle. 

It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits ;  and 

is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  12 

17 


ADl^ 


AF6 


Mies  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  150  S. 
E.  of  Co.^ni      L'-iv?  36  6  E.  lat.  37  (J  N. 

Adda,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  rises 
m  the  Grisons,  passes  throujli  tlie  lake 
Como,  the  Vatteline,  and  the  nortli  part 
of  the  Milanese,  falls  into  the  Po,  5  miles 
above  Cremona. 

Adel,  kingdonfi  of  \frica,  called  also  Zei- 
ta,  fronn  a  rich  tradin.^  town  of  that  name, 
wtiiated  near  its  coast  on  the  Red  sea.  It 
seldom  rains  here;  but  the  conntry  is  well 
watered  by  rivers,  and  abounds  vvith  wheat, 
millet,  frankincense,  and  pepper.  The  in- 
habitants afe  Mohi^mniedans.  It  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Abyssinia.  The  capital  is 
Aucagfurel. 

Adelfors,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smoland, 
noted  for  its  gold  mines,  70  miles  N.  W.  of 
Calmar. 

Aderhietzmi,  province  of  Persia,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Armenia,  W.  by  Ghilan,  S.  by 
Irac  \.fjemi,  and  \V.  by  Curdistan.  Tauria 
is  the  capital. 

Adiire,  river  of  Lombardy,  which  rises 
S.  of  the  Lake  of  Glace,  and  pas-'ing'  by 
Tyrol,  Rr'xen,  Trent,  and  Verona,  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  a  httle  N.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Po. 

A'lmiraUty-TsJantU;  a  cluster  of  islands  m 
the  Pacific  ocean,  to  the  >f.  VV.  of  Vew  Ire- 
land. They  were  discovered  in  1767,  and 
are  between  20  and  3U  in  number  ;  some 
■of  them  appear  of  considerable  extent ;  and 
the  centre  one  is  Supposed  to  be  in  Ion. 
146  44  E.  lat,  15  37  N. 

Adon,  town  of  Hungary,  seated  in  a  fruit- 
ftd  country  near  the  Danube,  12  miles  S. 
of  R'lda. 

Adonr,  river  of  P'rance,  which  rises  in  the 
deoartment  of  Upper  Pyrenees,  tiovvs  by 
Tarbes  and  Dax,  and  enters  the  bay  of 
Bisrav,  below  Bayonne.  Tiie  FiUglisli  Ge- 
neral, Lord  Wellington,  effected  a  passage 
across  this  river,  with  the  allied  army,  in 
the  middle  of  February,  1314,  after  cmsi- 
drrable  difficulty,  in  the  presence  of  the 
French  army,  commanded  by  M  Tshal  Soult. 

Adra,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  47 
miles  S.  E.  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  7  \V.  lat 
36  45  N. 

Aramiti,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Na- 
tolia,  on  the  east  coast  of  a  gulf  of  its  name, 
70  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Smyrna.  Lon  26  50 
E.  lat.  39  26  isr. 

Adria,  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesino  di  Rovl- 
go,  vvhich  gives  name  to  the  Adriatic  sea, 
and  was  formerly  of  great  note,  but  has 
been  much  reduced  by  frequent  inunda- 
tions. It  is  seated  on  the  Tartaro,  25  miles 
S.  S.  W.  of  Venice. 

Adrinnn,  mountain  of  Spairr,  in  Biscay, 
over  which  is  a  very  difficult  road  to  Alba 
and  Old  Castle.  It  is  one  of  tlie  hiijliest 
mountiiins  of  the  Pyrenees  and  is  Only  inha- 
t>ited  bv  a  few  shepherds. 

Adrianople^  city  of  European  Tarkey,  in 
18 


Romania,  the  see  of  ah  archbishop,  and  tor- 
merly  the  Kuropean  seat  of  the  Turkish' 
dominion.  It  is  eight  miles  in  circu.nfer- 
ence,  s  tuate  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Via- 
rissa,  which  here  receives  two  tributary 
streams.  Several  of  the  mosques  are  very 
splendid,  and  manvof  the  houses  neat,  but 
the  streets  are  narrow  and  devious  The 
seraglio  is  separated  from  the  city  by  the 
river  Arda,  and  commands  an  extensive 
view  of  the  country,  which  is  fertil< ,  and 
famous  for  excellent  vines.  The  commerce 
of  the  city  by  the  river  is  considerable. 
The  Turks  took  this  city  from  the  Greeks, 
in  1362  It  is  112  miles  N.  W.  of  Constan- 
tinople.    Lon.  26  -27  R  lat.  41  55  N. 

Adriatic  Sea.     See  Veiuce,  Gn'fof. 

Adventure  Bay,  at  the  S.  E.  end  of  Van 
Diemen's  land,  so  called  from  the  ship  in 
which  Captain  Furneax  sailed;  Lon.  147 
30  VV.  lat.  43  23  S. 

.ffi^a '/«•>!,  or  .iEp-ates,  three  small  islands 
on  the  W  side  of  Sicily,  between  Marsella 
and  Trapani ;  their  names  are  Levenzo,  Fa- 
vignana,  and  Maretima. 

^Etna,  or  Etna,  a  celel^rated  burning 
mountain  of  Sicily,  now  called  by  the  na- 
tives JMunte  Gibello,  It  is  situated  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island,  in  lon.  15  0  E. 
lat.  38  0  N.  Pindar  who  lived  435  yeare 
before  Chris%  calls  it  the  Pillar  of  Heaven, 
on  account  of  its  great  heigiit,  which  is  ge- 
nerally reckoned  to  be  about  11,000  feet ; 
and  its  circumference  at  the  base  70  miles. 
It  affords  an  epitome  of  all  the  differences 
of  climate.  The  summ.t  is  a  league  in  cir- 
cumference, and  within  formed  like  a  vast 
amphitheatre,  from  wlience  flames,  ashes, 
and  sirroke,  issue  in  divers  places.  Erup- 
tions of  this  mountain  a"e  mt^ntioned  by 
Diolorus  Siculus,  as  happening  1693  years 
bef 're  Christ ;  and  Thucydides  speaks  of 
three  eruptions,  which  happened  in'  734, 
477,  and  425,  H,  C  Fmm  this  period  till 
1447,  there  were  about  18  different  erup- 
tions, the  most  destructive  of  which  were 
in  1169  and  1 529,  There  have  been  other 
eruptions  since,  which  has  done  immense 
dimaa:e,  particularly  those  in  1669,  1780, 
and  17S7. 

Aft^hanistan,  country  of  Asia,  stretching 
from  the  mnuntams  of  Tartary  to  the  Ara- 
bian sea,  and  from  the  l-adns  to  the  con- 
fines of  Persia.  The  in-habitan's  of  this 
wide  domain  have  no  written  character, 
and  speik  a  language  peculiar  to  them- 
selves. They  are  a  robust  hardv  race  of 
men;  and  being  generally  addicted  to  a 
state  of  prebatory  warfare,  their  manner^ 
partake  of  a  barbarous  insolence  ;  they 
avow  a  fixed  contempt  for  the  occupations 
of  civil  life  ;  and  are  esteemed  the  most  ne- 
glgent  of  religious  observances  of  all  the 
Mohammedans.  Their  common  dress  con- 
sist<»  of  a  shirt,  which  falls  over  thf  iippet 

part  of  long  and  narrow  trowsers ;  a  wool- 


APR 


AGA 


Jen  vest,  fitted  closely  to  the  body,  and 
Teacliing  lo  tlie  middle;  and  a  higli  lurned 
up  cap,  ot  broad  chitii  or  colt^n,  usually  of 
one  colour,  and  of  a  conic  form,  with  two 
small  parallel  slits  in  ihc  upper  edge  of  its 
facing.  Tlie  principal  cities  of  Afghanis- 
tan are  Candahar  a^'d  Cabul,  the  former  of 
which  was  the  capital ;  but  the  late  and 
present  sultans  +iave  kept  their  court  at 
Cabul.  About  the  year  1720,  an  army  of 
Afghans  invaded  Persia,  took  Ispah.an,  and 
made  the  sultan  Husseyn  prisoner.  They 
kept  possession  of  Ispahan  am;  the  south- 
ern provinces  for  ten  years,  when  they 
were  defeated  in  several  battle.^,  and  dri- 
ven out  of  the  country  by  Nadir  Kuli,  com- 
monly known  in  Europe  by  the  name  of 
Kouli  Khan.  After  Nadir  had  deposed 
Jiis  sovereign,  Shah  Thamas,  he  laid  siege 
to  and  took  Candahar  :  but  afterwards  re- 
•ceived  a  considerable  body  of  Afghans  into 
his  army,  who  became  his  favourite  foreign 
troops.  On  his  assassination,  in  1747,  the 
general  of  the  Afghan  troops,  though  fu- 
riously attacked  by  the  whole  Persian  ar- 
my, effected  a  safe  retreat  into  his  own 
country,  where  he  caused  himself  to  be 
acknowledged  sovereign  of  the  Afghan  ter- 
ritories, by  the  title  of  Ahmed  Shah.  He 
Was  succeeded  in  1773,  by  his  son,  Timur 
Shah,  and  he  by  Zemaun  Shah,  the  present 
sultan. 

Africa,  one  of  the  four  principal  parts  of 
the  world ;  bounded  on  the  N.  of  the  Me- 
diterranean sea,  W  by  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
S  by  the  Southern  ocean,  and  E  by  the 
isthmus  of  Suez,  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  In- 
dian ocean.  It  is  a  peninsula  of  prodigious 
extent,  being  joined  to  Asia  by  the' isth- 
mus of  Suez,  which  is  40  miles  over.  In 
its  greatest  length,  from  the  most  northern 
part  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  it  is  4600 
miles ;  and  in  the  broadest  part,  from  Cape 
Verd  to  Cape  Guardafui,  it  is  3500.  The 
greatest  part  of  it  is  within  tl  e  torrid  zone, 
which  rende:s  the  heat  almost  insupporta- 
ble in  many  places.  However,  the  coasts 
in  general  are  very  fertile,  the  fruits  excel- 
lent, and  the  plants  extraordinary.  There* 
are  more  wild  beasts  here  th  in  in  any  other 
part  of  the  world  ;  there  are  also  some  ani- 
mals peculiar  to  this  country  ;  as  the  hippo- 
potamus, or  river  horse  ;  the  rliinoceros, 
with  two  horns  on  its  ndse  ;  and  the  beauti- 
ful striped  zebra.  JSesides  these,  >here  are 
crocodiles,  ostriches,  camels,  Km!  many 
other  animals  not  to  be  met  with  in  Eu 
rope.  'I  here  art- sevenil  deserts,  particu- 
larly one  of  a  large  '>xtent,  called  Zaliara; 
but  these  are  not  quite  without  iniiablants. 
There  are  many  large  rivers;  but  the  prin- 
cipal are  th.  Nile,  Niger,  Zaire.  Senegal, 
an;1  Gamb'a.  The  mcst  considerable  motin- 
taiiis  .re  the  Atlas,  the  Mountains  of  the 
Moon,  and  the  Sierra  Leo'  e.  The  iiha- 
bitants  consist  of  pagans,  Mohammedans, 
19 


and  Christians,  In  the  central  parts,  on 
the  South,  K.pptar  to  oe  Uie  uauve  legions 
of  the  negroes,  wiiose  colour,  features,  and 
hair,  distinguish  them  tnin  all  oJier  races 
of  mankind.  In  the  seventh  century,  tue 
Mohamiiiedan  Arabs  subdued  the  Norui  of 
Africa,  and  their  descendaals,  under  tiie 
name  of  Moors,  consiitute  a  j^rtat  jjari  of 
the  present  population  I  he  principal  di- 
visions of  Africa  are  Barbaiy,  Egypt,  Bi-* 
ledulgerid,  Zahara,  Negroland,  Guinea, 
Bornou,  Cashiia,  Fezzan,  Senna,  NuDia, 
AL>ysstni.i,  Abex,  Loango,  Congo,  Angola, 
Benguela,  Matama,  Zanguebar,  Monoinota- 
pa,  Monomugi,  Sofola,  Cafiraria,  ana  the 
country  ot  the  Hottentots.  In  1788,  an  as- 
sociation was  formed  for  tlie  purpose  of  ex- 
ploring the  interior  regions  of  Airica  \  and 
Mr  Ledyard  and  Mr.  Lucas,  were  selected 
as  their  missionaries.  Mr.  Ledyaru  died 
on  his  journey.  Mr.  Lucas  was  prevented 
from  pursuing  the  plan  sketched  out  for 
him,  and  was  obhged  to  content  himself 
with  such  imperi'ect  information  as  his 
guides  could  give  him.  In  17yj,  the  Af. 
rican  association  despatched  Mr.  Park  to 
explore  this  immense  continent.  His  jour- 
ney has  broughi  to  our  knowledge  more 
important  facts  respecting  the  geography 
ot  .\frica,  than  the  accounts  of  any  formes? 
traveller.  He  has  pointed  out  to  us  the 
sources  of  the  great  rivers,  tlie  Senegal, 
Gambia,  and  Niger ;  the  course  of  this  last 
he  has  determined  to  be  irom  V\  to  E, 
and  thus  set  this  much  disputed  point  for 
ever  ac  rest. 

But  though  the  actual  east  course  of  the 
Niger  is  now  determined,  tlie  hnal  dis- 
charge of  that  stream  remains  a  problem, 
not  yet  solved;  and  tiiougli  its  entrance 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean  is  probable,  the 
fact  is  not  yet  established. 

Africa,  seaport  town  of  Tunis,  70  miles 
S.  S.  E.  of  Tunis.  It  was  taken  by  Charles 
V.  who  demolished  the  tbrtiticaiions.  Lon. 
11  10  E.  lat.  35  36  N, 

Afiiquf,  Si.  small  town  of  Fiance,  in  the 
departmem  of  Averion,  six  miles  E  ot  Va- 
bres. 

Agades,  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Negro- 
land,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  tribu- 
tary to  the  king  ct  Tomboctou.  It  (Ji'odu- 
ces  excellent  senna  and  manna.  Lon.  13 
20  E.  lat.  19  10  N. 

Agamenticiis,  mcuntain  of  North  Ameri- 
ca, in  the  districi  ot  Maine.  It  is  a  noted 
IiuK'mark  forsuilnrs,  about  eight  miles  from 
the  sea,  in  lat.  43  16. 

AgameiiticiiK,  small  river  in  the  district 
of  Maiiu-,  miming  into  ti;e  Atlantic  ocean 
not  far  from  the  town  of  York.  It  is  navi- 
gable  but  a  few  miles. 

Agatha,  St.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  UI- 
teritr  Piincipalitj,  with  a  bishop's  see,  20 
miles  N.  E.  of  Naples,    Lon,  14  36  E.  lat 
41  5  N. 


AGN 


AJA 


A^atton,  town  near  tlie  mouth  of  tlie 
Porm'isa,  on  tli',-  Coast  of  Guinea,  80  miles 
S.  (if  Benin.     Lon.  7  6  E   lat.  7  20  N. 

Agde,  town  o'  F  ance,  in  the  (fepartment 
of  Horauit,  andla';  provinci  of  Lun.miedoc, 
seated  on  the  rivrr  Heraiiit,  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  its  moutti  in  the  scuf  <.f  l.}ons, 
■where  tli<  re  sa  MTiailfort  'odef  nd  tt.e  en- 
trance It  is  17  mi  Us  N.  E  of  Naroonne. 
ion.  3  2,S  t..  lat.  45;  19  N. 

Agen,  city  of  France,  in  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Guiei  ne,  th-  episcopal  see  of  the 
depart  ni'.'nt  of  Av  eron.  It  is  s^^ated  on.  the 
G.troiiMe,  in  a  pltasant  cou  try.  Prnnes, 
on  account  of  the^r  antiKCorbiitic  property, 
ff.rm  here  a  considerable  object  of  com- 
pile re  e  i  of  winch  the  Duicii  take  great 
qnaniities  for  long  voyages.  ,Grcat  part 
of  fhf  iieirir-  \<.\  the  neig^hbonrhood  is  ma- 
ll ijfacured  into  table  linen,  which  is  sent 
to  Ci.diz,  and  tlience  expor  ed  to  the  Spa- 
nish islands.  Here  are  likewise  manufac- 
tures of  cambli'is,  serges,  and  sailcloth. 
A^ei  is  lOd  milrs  S.  K.  of  Bourdeaux. 
JLo.  .  0  40  E.  lai,  42  12  N. 

Ag-fnabat,  town  of  'rransyl.vania:  10  miles 
N.  E.  of  H&rmanstadt.  Lon.  24  50  E.  lat. 
46  ;3-2  N 

Ager,  sm.ill  town  of  Catalonia  in  Spain. 
Lon.  I  50  E   lat.  41  50  N. 

Arga,  or  Aiffiojiu,  town  and  district  on 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  whicli  tlie  English 
have  a  fort.     Lon.  0  5  E.  lat  6  0  N. 

Azg-crlmys,  town  of  jNor.way,  and  capi- 
tal .  i'a  province  of  the  same  name,  winch  is 
f"!i  o1  mountains.  It  is  3o  miles  N.  W.  of 
Fr  derickshalL  Lon.  10  20  E.  lat.  59  30. 
See  Christiana. 

Aghrim.  vill  ge  in  the  county  of  Galway, 
jneniurable  for  the  victory,  gained  by  king 
'VVilliani,  over  James  JI. 

A^Jinn.,  town  in  the  county  of  Wicklow, 
13  miles  S.  W  of  Wicklow.  Lon.  G  21  W. 
lat  52  45  N. 

Agimere,  or  Azmere,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  tile  same  name  in  Uindoostan  Proper, 
built  at  th?  foot  of  a  high  mountain  :  on 
the  top  of  which  is  a  fortress  of  great 
strength,  it  is  230  miles  \V  of  Agra.  Lon.  ■ 
75  20  E.  lat.  26  35  N. 

Agincourt,  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
parinienl  of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late 
coiiny  of  Artois,  even  miles  Is'  of  Hcsdin, 
famous  for  the  victory  ol^tained  b}  Henry 
V.  <'f  England,  over  tlie  Frencli  in  1415. 

Agmut,  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  and  on  the  declivity  of  one 
of  the  mountains  of  Atia.'i,  where  the  soil 
is  I'eriile.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Morocco.  Lon. 
7  15  W    lat.  30  56  N. 

Aq-mujuh'sham.     See  Amersham. 

Aguudel/oa,  village  of  the  iM)lanese,  fa- 
mous for  a  victory  gained  by  Louis  XII, 
over  the  Venetians,  in  1509,  and  by  the 
duke  of  V'endome  over  prince  Eugene,  in 
3,705.  It  is  seated  on  the  canal  between 
20 


Adda  and  Serio,  five  miles  S.  E.  of  Cassa- 
na,  and  10  N  of  Lodi.  Lon.  9  26  E.  lat. 
45  25  N 

Agnano,  circular  lake  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  seven  miles  fiom  Puzzoli.  It  is 
about  half  a  mile  in  diameter,  surrounded 
by  mountains  ;  and  on  its  margin  is  the  fa- 
mous Grotto  de;  Cane.  See  Cane,  Groita  del. 

Agosta,  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  with  an 
excellent  harbour.  The  greatest  part  of 
it  was  destroyed  by  an  eartliquake  in  1693. 
Lon.  15  15  E.  lat.  37  35  N. 

Agra,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  in  Hindocstan  Proper,  on  the  S  bank 
of  the  river  Jumna,  which  is  seldom  ford- 
able.  It  was  once  the  most  splendid  of  all 
the  Indian  cities,  and  now  exhibits  the 
most  magnificent  ruins.  About  the  year 
1566,  the  emperor  Acbar  made  it  his  ca. 
pital,  and  gave  his  name  to  it ;  since  which 
time  it  is  often  named  Acbarabad.  It  was 
then  a  small  I'ortified  town  ;  but  it  soon 
sprimg  up  an  extensive  well  up  built  city, 
regularly  fortified  according  to  the  Indian 
method,  and  with  a  fine  citadel  of  red  free- 
stone. Agra  is  100  miles  8  by  E  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  78  3(1  E.  lat.  27  0  N. 

Agreda,  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Castile, 
eight  miles  S.  W.  of  I'aracona,  Lon.  2  0 
W.  lat.  41  5o  N. 

Agriu,  small,  but  strong  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  cita- 
del, k  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1596, 
and  retaken  in  1687.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Agria,  47  miles  N.  E.  of  Buda.  Lon. 
20  10  E.  lat  48  10  N. 

Agrigvun,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands, 
which  IS- 40  miles  in  compass.  Lon.  146 
0  E.  lat.  19  40  X. 

Agvu  de  Pao,  tov.n  in  tlie  isLnd  of  St. 
Michael,  one  of  the  Azores,  in  the  Atlantic. 
Lon.  25  40  W.  lat.  38  0  N. 

Agnus  Bellas,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra 
maduj'a,  with  a  district  of  two  parishes. 
Lon.  8  5  \\.  lat.  39  40  N. 

Aguila,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
sealed  on  the  river  of  that  name. 

.'igtdlar,  town  of  Spain  in  the  kingdom 
of  Navaire,  24  mdes  AV"  of  Eslella.  Lon. 
2  3o  E.  lat.  42  35  N  It  is  also  the  name 
of  another  town  in  Old  Castile. 

Agvrmide,  small  town  oi  Fiance  in  the 
department  of  ludre  and  late  province  of 
lie  ry.     Lon.  2  10  E.  lat.  47  2u  N. 

.iliKys,  town  of  Sweden,  strong-  by  situa- 
tion, in  the  jirovir.ce  of  Gothland,  with  a 
good  harbour,  15  miles  S.  E.  of  t'hristians- 
tadt.     Lon.  14  15  E.  lat.  56  15  N. 

Ai,  town  of  Judea,  to  the  north  of  Jeri- 
cho, taken  by  Joshua. 

AJuccio,  or  Ajazzo,  fine  seaport  of  Corsi- 
ca on  the  \V  side  of  the  i.sland,  built  on  a 
point  of  land  that  juts  into  the  gulf.  Lon. 
8  50  E.  lat.  35  50  N. 

Ajazzo,  seaport  of  Natolia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Caramauiti,  anciently  Silgsia  seated 


AIL 


AiX 


on  the  Miditerranean,  30  miles  N  of  Anti- 
och,  and  40  VV  of  Aleppo,  where  stood  llif 
city  of  Issus,  and  where  Alexander  fought 
liis  second  battle  with  Darius.  Lon.  33  lU 
E.  lat.  37  0  N. 

.  lich,  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Par,  taken 
by  the  Swedes  in  1634,  and  afterwards 
burnt,     Lon.  11  20  E.  lat.  48  30  N. 

Mdistat,  town  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a 
bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  is  remark- 
able for  a  curious  piece  of  workmanship, 
called  the  Sun  of  the  Holy  Sacrament, 
v;hich  is  in  the  church  .  it  is  of  massy  gold, 
and  is  enriched  with  350  diamonds,  1400 
pearls,  250  rubies,  and  other  precious 
stones.  This  place  is  moderately  large, 
and  lies  in  a  valley,  on  the  river  Allmul, 
30  miles  S  of  Nuremberg'.  Lon.  11  10  E. 
lat.  48  57  N.  The  bishopric  is  45  miles  in 
length,  .and  17  in  brtadth. 

Aiello,  small  town  in  Naples  in  Abruzzo 
Ulterior,  belonging  to  the  hereditary  prince 
of  Modena.     Lon.  15  20  E.  lat.  41  40  N. 

^iigle,  town  in  Switzerland,  on  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  six  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  lake  of  Geneva. 
All  the  houses,  even  the  meanest,  are 
built  of  white  marble,  found  in  tlie  neigh- 
bourhood. 

^iigle,  small  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, 47  miles  S  W  of  Uouen.  Lon,  1  0 
E.  lat.  48  A5  N. 

Mgnan,  St.  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire  and  Clier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Blasois.  It  is  in  the  sliape  of  an 
jim])lntheatre,  at  the  foot  of  wliich  runs  the 
liver  Cher,  at  the  distance  of  60  miles  from 
3'ourges. 

^igiie  jyiorte,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Hhone  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  very 
strong,  on  account  of  its  situation  among 
the  morasses,  though  at  some  distance  from 
the  sea.  It  had  a  harbour  which  is  now 
choked  up.     Lon.  4  3  E.  lat  43  34  N. 

^iigiw-Perse,  town  of  France  in  tiie  de- 
partment of  Fuy  De  Dome  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  18  miles  N  of  Clermont,  and 
261  S  of  Paris.  It  has  a  fountain,  once  re- 
;^arded  as  a  prodigy,  its  cold  water  having 
the  appearance  of  boiling.  The  water  of 
iliis  spring  is  said  to  be  fatal  to  the  uni- 
mals  that  drink  it.  Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Jlilah,  town  of  Arabia  Fetrea,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  lied  Sea,  near  the  road  which 
the  i)ilgrims  take  from  Egypt  to  Mecca. 
Lon.  56  40  E,  lat,  29  10  N. 

Ailesbury,  largest  and  most  populous 
town  in  Buckinghamshire,  wilh  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  consists  of  several  streets 
though  the  houses  are  not  very  contiguous ; 
these  lie  about  tlie  market  place,  in  the 
middle  of  which  is  a  convenient  hall,  in 
which  this  town  shares  the  assizes  with 
Buckingham.  It  is  also  the  centre  of  the 
21 


business  of  the  vale  of  Ailesbury  which  oc- 
cupies the  Centre  of  the  county,  and  is 
one  oi  the  moot  >erlile  tracts  in  England. 
Tlie  inhabitams  ot  tliis  town  and  its  neigh- 
bouriiood,  supjjly  the  London  niarket  with 
early  ducldini;s.  They  carry  this  tiade  to 
such  an  exient,  that  it  is  sa-d  3uui//.  have 
been  received  at  Ailesbury  from  London 
in  six  weeks  for  that  article.  This  town 
sends  two  members  tu  parliament,  and  .s  16 
milis  S  E  of  Buckingliam,  and  4l  N  VV  of 
of  London.     Lon.  0  42  VV,  lat.  al  5u  N. 

AikUy  gre^t  insuiattu  rock,  to  the  S  of 
the  isle  of  Arran,  ui  Scotland,  its  base  is 
two  miles  in  circumfeience.  It  cons.sts  of 
a  stupt-ndous  assemblage  ot  precipitous 
cffis,  ri.-ing  in  a  wdd  series,  forming  a  py- 
raiiiidal  mountain,  900  leethigh,  accessible 
only  on  the  N   E. 

Aime,  or  Axima,  small  town  in  Savoy,  on 
the  r:ver  Isere. 

Ain,  department  ot  France,  lately  the 
pro\ince  of  IJresse. 

Ainsa,  X.u\\  n  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  seated 
in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Ara 

Aire,  town  oi  J'rance,  in  the  department 
of  Landes,  and  late  province  ot  Gasconj*, 
seated  on  the  river  Adour,  on  the  decLvitj- 
of  a  mountain,  65  miles  S  of  Bourdeax. 
Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Aire,  strong  town  in  the  department  6f 
the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late  prcvince  of 
Artois.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lis,  22 
miles  S  of  Dunkirk,  and  communicates  with 
St.  Omer,  by  a  canal  from  the  river  Aa. 
Lon  2  29  E,  lat.  30  42  N. 

Aisne,  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  provinces  of  Soissannois  and  "S'er- 
mandois. 

Aix,  ancient  city  of  France.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  late  province  of  Provence, 
when  it  had  a  parliament.  It  is  seated  in 
a  plain,  where  there  are  hot  baths  near 
the  river  Arc.  It  is  75  miles  E  of  Mont- 
pellier.     Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Aix,  ancient  town  of  Savoy,  on  tlie  lake 
of  Bourget.  Here  are  mineral  waters,  much 
frequented.  It  is  eight  miies  N  of  Cham- 
berry  .    Lon.  6  10  E,  lat  45  42  N. 

Aix,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  France, 
between  the  Isle  of  Oleron  and  the  conti- 
nent. It  is  memorable  for  an  inglorious  ex- 
])edition  of  the  Englisi)  in  1757,  against 
Kochfort,  when  they  returned  without  do- 
ing any  tiling,  except  demolish.ing  the  I'ort 
of  this  island.  It  is  12  miles  N  VV  of  Kochc- 
fort.     Lon.  15  VV,  lat.  46  5  N. 

Aix-la-Chapelle  free  and  inperial  city  of 
Westphalia,  'i'he  emperor  i;harlemagne 
chose  this  jjlace  tor  his  residence  on  acr 
count  of  its  beauty.  He  is  interred  in  the 
churcli  of  Notre  Dame,  where  they  keep 
his  sword  and  belt,  and  the  Four  Evange- 
lists, written  in  letters  of  gold,  which  are 
made  use  of  at  the  coronation  of  emperors. 
Its  famous  mineral  waters  draw  a  great 


ALA 


ALA 


number  of  persons  every  year.  In  1668 
and  1748,  it  was  distn'guisiied  by  two  ce- 
lebPiited  tieaties  of  peace.  The  French 
took  it  in  1792 ;  it  was  retaki-n  b>  ttie  Aus- 
triansinl793,  and  again  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794  It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  22  miles  N  E  of 
Liege.     Lon  6  3  E,  lat.  50  48  N 

^ikissat;  ancient  Tliyatyra,  a  town  of  Na- 
tolia,  built  in  a  fine  plain  18  miles  broad, 
■whici  produces  plenty  of  corn  and  cotton. 
It  is  inhabited  by  about  500  Mohammrdans 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Hermits,  50 
miles  S  E  of  Ptrgamo.  Lon.  28  30  E,  lat. 
38  48  N. 

Maba,  or  Alava,  one  of  the  three  smal- 
lest districts  of  Biscay  in  Spain,  but  pretty 
fertile  in  rye,  barley,  and  fruits.  There 
are  in  it  very  good  mines  of  iron.  Vitoria 
isthecapi  al. 

.Slabatva,  one  of  the  United  States,  hav- 
ing Tennessee  N ;  (ieorgia  E  ;  Florida,  and 
the  gulf  rif  Mexico  S;  and  tht  Mississippi 
"W  This  state  extends  from  N.  lat.  30  12 
to  N.  at.  35,  or  334  miles  with  a  mean 
Width  of  155  miles;  extending  over  51,770 
«q>iare  miks,  33,132,800  acres.  The  face 
of  Alabama  is  mucii  variegated,  the  soil 
alsr.  differs  in  quality  from  the  worst  lo  the 
best;  That  secton  of  the  sta'e  -vvhich  hes 
along  tt  e  gull  of  Mexico,  is  low  and  sandy, 
but  this  character  of  country  rapidly  chan- 
ges, within  10  or  12  miles  from  the  coast, 
th'  hills  coirmence,  and  gradually  gain  ele- 
vaiiofi  advancing  nnrlh.  The  bay  of  Mo- 
bile penetrates  this  section  30  miles,  and 
and  is  followed  t)j  an  overflow,  d  tract, 
which  extends  :  gain  32  miles  to  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers. 
Between  the  head  of  Mobile  bay,  and  the 
union  <  f  the  two  latter  ^trl  ams,  a  number 
of  channels  wind  through  the  alluvial  tract, 
the  principal  of  which,  are  thfse  of  the 
llobile  and  Tensati.  The  bay  and  the  al- 
luvial lotttnjs  above  are  limited  on  each 
side  by  hills  of  nmderate  elevation  covered 
with  pine  timber.  The  pine  region  ex- 
tends into  the  centre  of  the  state,  and 
forms  much  tie  largest  portion  of  iis  soil 
The  Tombigbee,  Biackwarrior,  Catawba, 
Coosa,  Tallapoosa,  Alabama,  and  some  mi- 
nor streams  peninsulate  the  pine  seciion 
of  Alabama.  P^.x^ensive  bcdies  (f  river  al- 
luvicn  skirt  tl  ose  rivi  rs.  and  much  interval 
land  ot  second  rate  quality,  spread  be- 
tween the  river  hott(.nis  and  tin  open  pine 
W"(5(!s;  but  the  far  greater  sh:  re  of  the 
central  p.irts  of  the  state  is  barrtn.  The 
foregoing  character  con'innes  to  the  sour- 
ces oft.  e  waters  flowing  towards  tlie  ^iilf 
of  Mexico,  Te'nessee  river  enters  the 
stau'  at  tl  e  northeasi  corner,  and  U  avesit 
at  thai  of  the  north-west,  sweeping  by  an 
elVipiical  curve  t(;  tiie  south  as  far  as  N.  lat. 
34  17.  Tht  northern  extremity  of  the 
stete  is  the  most  fertile,  and  valuable 
22 


of  its  natural  sections.  The  spurs  of  the 
-\ppalachicn  ridges  extend  in^o,  and  cross 
Alabama  obUquely,  rendering  its  central 
and  northern  extremity  much  broken  ;  the 
rivers  wind  in  deep  valleys.  The  climate 
and  seasons  partake  of  the  extended  var  e- 
ty  of  latitude  and  natural  physiognomy. 
Stretching  through  near  5  degrees,  and  dif- 
fering so  much  in  relative  elevation,  the 
temperature  and  vegetable  production  ex- 
hibits a  very  rich  variety. 

It  IS  productive  in  maize  in  all  parts  of 
the  state  ;  and  small  grain,  in  the  hdi)  and 
northern  sections.  Cotton  is,  however  the 
staple  commodity,  cultivated  for  export, 
though  some  tobacco  is  also  raised  for  mar- 
ket in  small  quantities.  A  very  great  va- 
riety of  fruit  trees  and  garden  vegetables 
are  cultivated ;  the  principal  fruits  are,  ap- 
ples, peaches,  pears,  plums,  and  towards 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  the  pomegranate  and 
fig.  By  the  census  of  1820  Alaban.a  con- 
tained the  following  counties,  with  the  pop- 
ulation annexed  to  each 
Autauga 
Baldwin 
Bibb 
Blount  p 


Butler, 

Cataco  r 

Clark 

Conecuh 

Dallas 

Franklin 

Green  f 

Henry 

Jackson 

Lauderdale 

Limestone 

Madison 

Marengo 

Mobile 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Shelby 

St.  Clair 

Tuscaloosa 

Wilcox  » 

Total        -  -  -        127,901 

The  foregoing  was  the  population  of  Al- 
abania  1820  fron^  the  Marshals  return  ;  but, 
by  .subseqvieit  inforniation  laid  before  the 
Congress  of  tht  United  States,  it  appeared 
that  the  enumeration  wastoo  small  by  more 
than  16,000  persons  ;  and,  consequently 
tlie  state  contained  above  143,000  inliabi- 
tants.  Of  tl  ese,  about  35,000  m  ere  engaged 
in  agriculture,  in  commerce  500;  and,  in 
m>.nufac'ures  8000.  Cahaba,  is  the  seat  of 
governmi  nt. 

Jllabaiva,  post  town  of  Monroe  county 
Alabamii,  on  the  Alabama  river,  a*^out  10 
miles  below  Fort  Jackson. 

dlabaina,  river  in  Alabama  is  formed  by 


3,853 
1,713 
3,676 
2,415 
1,405 
5,263 
5,839 
5,713 
6,003 
4,988 
4,554< 
2,638 
8,751 
4,963 
9,871 
17,481 
2,933 
2,762 
8,838 
6,604 
2,416 
4,166 
8,229 
2,917 


ALA 


ALd 


the  unTted  streams  of  Coosa,  and  Tallapoo- 
sa. The  g-eaeral  coarse  of  this  river  is 
from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  follow- 
itig  the  windings  of  near  300  miles  in 
leng'th  ;  it  receives  only  One  considfirable 
bra-Kh,  the  Cahaba  from  the  north,  and 
unitin.^  with  the  rombigbee  at  N^.  lat. 
31  06  forms  the  Mobile,  about  35  miles 
above  the  iiead  of  Mobile  bay.  The  banks 
of  the  Alabama  are  in  general  extremely 
fertile.  Cotton  and  tobacco  chief  staples. 
It  is  navigable  by  schooners  drawing  5  feet 
water,  to  the  first  rapid  near  Firt  Clai- 
borne, and  for  boats  of  considerable  ton- 
nage to  the  head,  at  the  mouth  of  Coosa, 
and  Tallapoosa. 

Alabaster      See  Elenthera. 

Alachua,  prairie  of  Florida,  70  miles  west 
from  St.  Augustine.  Tins  extensive  sa- 
vannah is  about  50  miles  in  circumference, 
without  timber,  has  some  spots  of  good  soil, 
but  is  in  general  low  and  sandj'. 

A'aacranes,  a  range  of  rocks  rising  near 
the  surface  of  the  sea,  opposite  to  the  coast 
of  Jucatan,  at  V.  lat.  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  14°. 

AladtiUa,  province  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
having  the  Mediterranean  south,  Carama- 
nia  west,  and  Syria  south-east;  it  answers 
nearly  to  the  ancient  Ciiicia.  The  country 
is  hilly  and  in  some  parts  mountainous  ;  but 
abounds  in  horses  and  camels. 

A'a^oa,  town  of  St.  Michaels  one  .of  the 
Azores  islands. 

Alais,  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  the  Card,  40  miles  north  from  Montpel- 
lier;  population  80,000  ;  carries  an  exten- 
sive trade  in  grain,  wine,  olives,  oil,  and 
silk.     N.  lat.  44  08.  Ion.  E.  London  4. 

Aland,  an  island  in  the  Baltic  sea,  lying 
in  ti)e  moutli  of  the  gvilf  of  Finland,  about 
midway  between  Upsal  in  Sweden,  and 
Abo,  in  Finland.  It  is  40  miles  long,  and 
30  broad,  with  8  parisnes,  and  about  12.000 
inhabitants.  It  was  ceded  to  Russia  in  1809. 
N.  lat.  60  20.  E  Ion.  London  20''. 

Alasey  JVtmintains,  of  Asiatic  Flussia,  be- 
tween tne  Indigerka  and  Kovyma  rivers. 

Alass  utrait,  between  the  idands  of  Sum- 
bawa,  and  Lomboe,  in  the  East  Indian  seas. 
N.  lat.  8  S.  Lon.  E.  London  115  40. 

Alatamaha,  river  of  Georgia  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  \dvancing  along  the  Atlantic 
ocean  from  Cape  Florida,  the  Alatamaha  is 
tbe  first  river  wh^se  sources  are  within 
the  spurs  of  the  Appallachian  ridges.  It 
is  formed  by  two  great  branches,  the  Oak- 
mulgee,  and  Obonee,  with  many  lesser  tri- 
butaries. Both  the  two  main  branches 
have  their  sources  in  the  mountains.  Boats 
of  30  tons  can  be  navigated  up  t'te  Alata- 
maha, and  Oconee  to  M  lledgville,  300 
miles  by  the  windings  of  the  rivers,  and 
about  an  equal  distance  following  the  Oak- 
mulgee  branch.  This  river  i«  discharged 
between  St.  Simonds,  and  Sapelo  islands, 
at  N.  lat  31  30,  W.  lon.  W.  C,  4  37".    ThQ 


depth  of  water  on  the  bar  at  low  tide  is  14 
feet. 

A/atri,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  the 
church,  40mileseast,  south-east  from  Rome. 
N.  lat.  41  43  ;  Lon.  E.  London  13  14. 

Alati/r,  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Simbirsk,  at  the  point  or  conflu- 
ence of  the  Sura,  and  Alatyr  rivers.  N. 
lat.  54  45.     Lon.  B.  London  46  14. 

Alnva,  south  point  of  the  island  Revilla 
gigedo,  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  N.  lat.  35 
8.'W  lon.  W  C.  54  01. 

Alageia,  river  of  .\siattc  Russia,  runs 
into  the  Frozen  ocean.  N.  lat.  72  40  E. 
Ion.  London  142  14. 

A/aitsi,  province  of  Quito  S.  America. 

Alaiisi,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name     S.  lat.  2  12.  lon.  W.  W.  C.  1  39. 

Alausi,  river  of  Quito,  flows  in  the  gulf 
of  Guayaquail. 

Alaziershci,  settlement  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
on  the  Alazeia  or  Alapsey  river,  about  90 
miles  west-north-west  from  Nishnei  Kovins- 
koi.  It  was  near  this  place  where  the  re- 
mains of  a  Mammoth  was  discovered  a  few 
years  past.  N.  lat.  69  40.  lon.  E.  London 
144  14. 

Albecete,  town  of  Spain,  80  miles  south- 
west from  Valencia,  famous  for  its  saflTron 
trade;  population  7,  or  8000.  N.  lat.  38 
51.  Ion.  W.  London  2  02. 

Albania,  province  of  European  Turkey, 
nearly  commens- irate  with  ancient  Epirus, 
and  the  southern  part  of  Illyria.  It  is  about 
140  miies  long  and  80  miles  wide,  stretch- 
ing from  north  to  south,  along  the  Ionian 
sea,  and  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  a  fine  region 
producing  in  abundance,  wine,  oil,  grain, 
and  fruits. 

Albano,  town  of  Italy,  14  miles  south-east 
from  Rome. 

Albany,  post  town  of  Oxford  county 
Ma'ue,  18  miles  north-we^t  from  Paris; 
population  in  1810,  165,  in  1820,  288. 

Albany,  post  town  of  Orleans  county  in 
Vermont,  40  miles  north-east  from  Mont- 
pellier. 

Albany,  county  of  New  York,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Hudson  river;  hav  ng  Greene 
cotinty  south,  Schoharie  west,  Schenectady 
north,  the  Molnwk  river  north-east,  and 
the  Hudson  river  east.  This  county  is  ge- 
nerally tiilly,  though  many  parts  is  fertile 
and  productive  in  grain,  meadow  gras3, 
pasturage,  and  fruit ;  ii  is  about  20  miles 
square,  or  covering  400  square  miles. 

Population  in  1810,  including  the  city  of 
Albany. 

Frf-e  white  m.ales  .  -  16,925 
Do,  do.  females  .  -  16,109 
All  other  free  persons      -        •  866 

Slaves 7r2 


Total 


54,666 


In  1820,  exclusive  of  tbe  city  of  Albany. 


ALB 


ALB 


Free  mates 

l)o.    do.    females    - 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  whites    -        >        - 

Free  people  of  colour. 

Males         .         .         .         . 

Females 

Slaves  males       .        .        . 

Females  do.        -         .        . 

Total  pop.         .        .        . 


12,646 

13,208 
84 

25,938 


103 
112 

160 
144 

26,457 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         4,911 

Do.     in  Commerce  -         •  87 

Do.     in  Manufactures         -         •  900 

Popidttion  to  the  square  mile,  66. 

Albany,  city,  capital,  and  post  town  of 
Albany  county  ;  state  of  New  York  it  is 
also  the  seat  of  government  of  the  state, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
143  miles  north  from  the  city  of  New  York. 
It  is  divided  into  5  wards  with  a  popula- 
tion in  1820,  of  12,867  ;  and  in  commerce, 
wealth,  and  general  improvement,  is  the 
second  cty  in  the  state.  The  situation  is 
excellent,  as  an  entrepot  between  the  city 
of  New  York  and  the  intenor  country. 
Sloops  of  large  tannage  go  up  to  Troy,  5 
miles  still  higher  on  tiie  Hudson,  and  when 
the  two  tfreat  canals  of  Champlaiu  and 
Erie  are  completed,  Albany  and  Troy  will 
occupy  th-^  common  centre  of  an  immense 
inland  tra  le.  Albany  possesses  many 
splendid  private  buildings;  a  state  house 
iipon  a  very  commanding  site,  an  acade- 
my, 4  banks,  11  or  12  places  of  public 
worship;  it  is  supplied  by  p'pes,  with 
excellent  water  from  a  fountain  distant 
5  miles.  This  city  is  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient in  the  United  States,  the  Dutch 
having  a  fort  there  as  early  as  1612.  Ma- 
ny of  the  old  fashioned  buildings  with  their 
g.d)1e  ends  to  tiie  sti-eets  still  remain.  A 
large  and  very  nspectable  body  of  the  in- 
hahit:<nts  are  of  Dutch  descent.  N.  lat.  42 
39.     K.  Ion.  W.  C.  3  17. 

.Ilbany,  township  of  Bsicks  county  Pen. 
population  m  1810,  995,  and  in  1820,'  1182. 

Albany,  a  river  of  Xorth  America  flow- 
ing out  of  lake  Winnepeg  mto  James'  bay, 
which  i»  enters  at  N.  lat.  51  30,  and  W. 
Ion  vv.  c  7  30.  The  country  drained  by 
this  river  is  but  little  known,  but  generally 
understood  to  be  flat,  naked,  barren,  and 
chequered  by  an  immense  chain  of  mter- 
locking  lakes  and  inle  s.  The  British  have 
soiT.e  forts  ami  trading  establishments  along 
its  banks. 

Albarazin,  town  of  Spain  in  the  province 
of  Arragon,  on  the  Guadalaviar,  surround- 
ed by  hills  on  the  borders  of  Valencia  and 
New  Castile  Tt  is  productive  in  fine  wool, 
and  in  iron,  s-t'iated  100  miles  east  from 
Madrid.  N.  lat.  ^'^'  '.4.  Ion.  W.  London  1  20. 
24 


Jllbavicoqnes,  point  of  the,  on  the  norlie 
coast  of  St  Domingo,  between  the  Trau  d' 
Eufers  and  Cape  Bourbon.     N  lat. 

Albazin,  town  of  Great  Tartary,  with  a- 
strong  fortress  to  defend  it  against  the  Chi- 
nese and  Mogul  Tartars.  Tt  is  on  the  road 
from  Moscow  to  Pekin.  Lon.  103  30  E.  lat.. 
54  ON. 

Albemarle,  (or  AumaJe,  which  see,)  town 
of  France  in  the  department  of  LowerSeinc 
and  late  province  of  Normandy.  From  this 
town  the  English  family  of  Keppel  taker 
the  title  of  earl.  Its  serges  are  in  high  es- 
teem. It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
hill,  2,5  miles  N  N  E  of  Rouen,  and  70  N  N 
W  of  Pans.     Lon.  1  30  E.  lat.  49  50  N. 

Albemarle,  county  of  Virginia^  near  the 
centre  of  the  state,  mostly  between  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  South-east  mountain,  hav- 
ing James  river,  or  Buckingham  south  ; 
Nelson  southwest ;  Augusta  northwest ; 
Orange  north-east ;  and  Louisa  and  Fluvi- 
anna  south-east ;  being  44  miles  long  from 
north  to  south  with  a  mean  width  of  16, 
with  an  area  of  700  square  miles.  Char- 
lotteville  chief  town.  The  face  of  the  coun- 
ty  is  in  part  mountainous,  but  generally 
hilly ;  soil  varied  from  first  rate  to  rocky 
and  sterile ;  the  air  is  salubrious,  and  spring' 
water  aoundant  and  excellent. 

Pop.  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,385 
Do.     do.     females  -         .        4,25f 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed  -        -  409 
Slaves  males               -        -        -         9,226 


Total        .        -        -        . 

In  1820. 
Free  white  males 
Do.       do.     females 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  of  whites 

Free  people  of  colour  males 

Do.     do.     females 

Male  slaves 

Female  do. 

All  other  persons 

Total         .... 


18,268 


4,401 

4,262 

25 

8,688 

197 

176 

5,619 

5,040 


19,723 

5,297 

40 

337 


Of  these  engaged  in  agriculture 

Do.         commerce 

Do.        manufactures 
Population  to  the  square  mile.  28. 

Albemarle  Sound,  is  properly  the  estuary 
of  the  Roanoke  and  Chowan  rivers,  ex- 
tending about  60  miles  from  east  to  west 
gradually  opening  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Roanoke,  to  a  sheet  of  water  from  5  to  15 
miles  wide.  It  communicates  to  the  south- 
east with  Pamlicoe  Sound  ;  with  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  to  the  eastward  by  Roanoke 
inlet,  north-east  with  Curituck  inlet ;  atyi 


A  L  C 


A  L  G 


with  the  Chesapeake  ^ay  by  the  Dismal 
Swamp  Canal. 

Albai'pia,  an  ancient  strong  seaport  of 
Italy,  in  tlie  teiTitory  of  G'  noa,  with  a  bisii- 
op's  see.  It  is  surrounded  witli  olive  trees, 
hut  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean  \i7  miles  S  W  of 
Genoa.     Loii.  8  3  E.  Lit.  44  4  N. 

Albisola,  a  small  town  belonging-  to  the 
republic  of  Genoa.  Here  is  a  porcelain 
manufacture,  and  several  country  lious  s  of 
the  Genoese  nobility.  It  was  bombarded, 
in  1745,  by  the  Kngiish.  Lqn.  8  20  E.  lat. 
44  15  X. 

Albret,  town  of  France,  in  tiie  department 
of  Landes,  and  late  province  of  (^ascony, 
3r  miles  S  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  30  VV.  lat. 
44  ION 

.■lUniftra^  a  salt  water  lake,  or  rather 
bay  of  Valencia  in  Spa  n,  lying  between 
the  city  of  Valencia  and  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Xucar. 

Albitr^,  '.own  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Ja  lan<', 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  canal  10 
miles  from  tiie  sea,  and  30  M  of  \\'ibargii. 
It  has  a  co.;slderab!e  trade  in  herrings  and 
corn,  and  a  manufacture  <.f  guns,  pistols, 
saddles  and  gloves;  a  great  ninnbcr  of 
eels  are  likewise  taken  here.  L'jn.  9  46 
E.  lat.  55  50  N. 

Albuquerque,  vi'lajre  near  .Mexico. 

Alburg,  post  town  ancJ  port  of  entry 
Grand  ls:e  county  V'ert. 

Albuquerque,  town  of  Spain,  in  Kstrania- 
diira,  defended  by  an  almost  impreg.  able 
castle,  it  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  wool 
anil  cloth,  and  is  22  miles  S  VV  of  Alcanta- 
ra.    Lon.  7  3  V/.  la!.  38  50  N. 

.'llbuqiierque,  town  of  New  Mexico,  en 
ihe  liio  Grande  del  Norte,  below  St.  Fe  of 
I\ew  Mexico. 

Alb/i,  ancient  town  of  France,  lately  the 
capital  of  the  territory'  of  Albgeois  in 
Languedcc,  and  an  archiepiscopal  see.  It 
is  situated  in  the  department  of  Tarn,  and 
contains  10,000  inhabitants.  In  point  of 
architecture  ajid  decorations,  the  principal 
church  is  on.c  of  the  most  curious  in  France. 
The  inhabitants  v/ere  called  Albigen^es ; 
and  v.ere  the  first  ^that  disputed  th.e  au- 
thority of  the  pope ;  they  v,  ere  condemn- 
ed by  a  council  here  in  1176.  It  has  4 
gates  tiirough  which  you  may  view  all  the 
beauties  of  a  delightful  p'.ain^  whicl)  pro- 
duces all  kinds  of  grain,  errce'Icnt  wines, 
flax,  hemp,  saffron,  aniseed,  coriander,  and 
Y/oad.  Tije  fuie  pasture.-;  afford  wool  of  a 
good  quality,  which  is  manufactured  into 
Jcnit  stockings  for  the  soldiers,  ratteens  of 
:')1  colours,  shalloons,  co3r.'3e  woollens,  ovc. 
The  wax  candles  of  Aihy  are  equal  in  white- 
ness to  tliose  of  Mans.  This  town  is  42 
miles  N  E  of  Toulouse,  and  335  S  of  Pari."?. 
Lon.  2  14  E.  'at.  44  15  N 

Alcala-de-Guadaira,  town  of  Andalusia, 
5n  Spain,  seated  on  the  riive-.-  Guaiiaira,  five 

n 


niiiesS  E  of  Seville.  Lon  5  16  W  lal.  37  28\S". 

Alcala-(k-Hennrez,  large  handsome  town 
of  Spain  in  New  Castile,  with  a  f.mous 
university,  a  fine  library,  and  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Henarez,  15  miles  E 
N  E  of  Madrid.     Lon.  3  6  W.  lat.  40  26  N. 

Alcaia-de-Real,  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia with  a  famous  monastery  ;  seated  near 
the  ruer  Salado,  six  miles  S  of  Seville. 
Lon.  5  22  W  lat.  37  33  N. 

Alcama,  handsome  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  N.  Holland.  In  the  environs, 
they  make  the  best  butter  and  cheese  in 
Holland,  and  have  the  finest  tulips.  It  is 
17  miles  N  hv  W  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 
44  E.  lat  ■  52  40  N. 

Aicamo,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of 
Mazai  o,  .at  the  foot  of  .Mount  Bonifati.  Lon. 
13  52  E  lat.  38  2  N. 

Alcantara,  smali  butstrong  town  of  Spain, 
in  KsUamadura,  and  the  cliief  place  of  the 
knights  '.f  th;.t  name.  It  has  a  magnificent 
br.dge  over  the  Tajo,  buiit  by  Trajan.  It 
was  takeii  by  the  carl  of  GaUvay,  in  1706, 
but  retaken  the  same  year.  It  is  42  miles 
N  by  W  of  Sevi  le.  It  gives  name  to  one 
of  t!ie  three  great  orders  of  Soan'  h  V^'ght- 
hood.     Lon '6  7  W.  lat.  ^9  2b  r^. 

Alcantara,  town  of  B  ax'-\  in  the  province 
of  Mi'.rauham. 

Alcajilara,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia. 
Lon  5  10  W  <%"  37  40  N 

Alcassar,  cits'  of  Barbar,'  in  tiie  kingdom 
of  Fez.     Lon.  12  35  W.  1-at.  35  1  =:  N. 

Alcatraces,  S'■;\^dl  it,  and  N  of  St.  Domingo. 

Alcai-az,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Macha, 
defeuvlcd  by  a  strong  castle,  and  has  a  re- 
markable ancient  aqueduct ;  it  is  situate 
near  the  soiirce  of  the  Guadalquivir,  135 
miles  S  S  E  of  Madrid.  Lon  2  5  W.  lat. 
38  28  N. 

Alcazar,  town  of  Spain  in  New  Castile, 
on  the  river  Guadarmena  It  has  a  fortress 
on  a  high  hill,  and  lit  s  in  a  veiy  fruitful 
c  untrv,  100  miles  N  W  of  Cartiiagena. 
Lon.  4  20  W.  lat.  38  15  N. 

Alcazcr  Leggier,  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  seated  on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar.  It 
was  trtken  by  Alphonso,  king  of  Portugal, 
in  1468  ;  but  soon  after  abandoned.  Lon. 
5  30  W.  lat,  35  0  N.  •  ^  _ 

Alcazar-de-Sal,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tramadu;a,  with  a  castle  reckoned  impreg- 
n.ible.  I'hey  make  fine  white  salt  here, 
Vvl;ence  the  tovA  n  takes  its  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Cadoan,  15  miles  from  tha 
sea,  and  35  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  0  V/. 
3  lat.  8  18  N. 

Alcinaer,  city  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, about  4  ni'les  fr()m  the  sea,  15  from 
Haerlim,  ?nd  IS  from  Amsterdam.  In  1739 
it  was  taken  by  the  British  in  their  unfor- 
tunate expedition  to  Holland,  who  w«re 
forced  soon  after  to  abandon  it 

Alco-.ichon,  castle  of  Spain,  on  the  fron- 
tiefr.s.  of  FiStratnadura,  sps-'^-d  oil  fb.e- viv^r 


ALE 


ALE 


Alcaraqtre,  that  falls  into  the  Guadiana,  20 
miles  S  by  W  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  58  W. 
lat.  38  12  N, 

Alciidiu,  a  town  of  Majorca,  consisting  of 
about  1000  houses,  between  two  large  har- 
bours.    Lon.  3  0  E.  lat.  39  50  N. 

Aldborough,  borough  and  seaport  in  Suf- 
folk, pleasantly  seated  in  a  dale,  between  a 
high  hill  and  the  sea.  A  river  runs  on  the 
S  W ;  and  the  harbour  is  tolerably  good, 
but  small.  The  town  was  formerly  much 
longer ;  but  the  sea  has  taken  away  whole 
sti'eets.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  forty  miles  E  of  Burv,  and  94 
N  E  of  London.  Lon.  1  42  E.  lat!  52  16  N.^ 
Aldborough,  borough  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  the  duse>  which  sends  two 
members  to  parliament  It  is  fifteen  miles 
N  W  of  York,  and  205  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  W.  lat.  54  8  N. 

Alden,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
30  miles  S  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon,  8  55  VV.  lat. 
38  36  N. 

Aldea  de  Ta/iacjjas,  town  of  Brazil. 
Alderbury,  village  in  Wiltshire,  on  a  heal- 
thy hill,  two  miles  from  Salisbury,  near  the 
Avon,  and  to  the  Av'  n  and  Salisbury  canal, 
77  miles  from  London.  It  carries  on  a  ma- 
nufacture of  fustians,  and  received  conside- 
rable damage  by  a  fire  in  177",  when  200 
houses  were  destroyed. 

Alderney,  island  in  the  English  channel ; 
ISmlles  north- east  from  Guernsey  it  is  eight 
miles  in  compass,  separated  from  the  coast 
of  Normandy,  by  a  strait  called  the  Race 
of  Alderney,  which  is  a  very  dangerous 
passage,  on  accoimt  of  the  rocks  under  wa- 
ter. It  is  a  healthful  island,  and  fruitful  in 
corn  and  pasture  ;  but  has  only  one  church, 
in  a  town  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  2  7  W. 
lat.  49  45  N. 

Aldereltc,  small  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  on  the  river  Caia,  which  falls  into  the 
Guadiana,  a  little  below  Badajoz.  It  is  7 
miles  S  E  of  Portalegre.  Lon.  7  25  W.  lat. 
35  2  N. 

Alempignor  Lake,  lies  to  the  northward 
of  lake  Superior,  and  is  about  the  size  of 
lake  Nip i sing. 

Alentejo,  fertile  province  of  Portugal,  be- 
tween the  Tajo  and  the  Guadiana.  The  in 
habitants  are  very  industrious. 

Alengon,  large  handsome  town  of  France, 
m  the  department  of  Orne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  Near  it  are  stone 
quaiTies,  fit  for  building,  v/herein  is  found 
a  sort  of  crystal  like  Brist"!  stones.  It  is 
seated  in  an  open  country,  abounding  in  all 
sorts  of  corn  and  fruits,  on  the  river  Sar  ,  20 
miles  N  of  Mans,  and  97  S  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  10  B.  lat.  48  \'>  N. 

^Alentejo,  large  provincr-  of  Portugal,  ha- 
ving Algave  south ;  Spanish  Estiamadura 
east ;  the  river  Tagus  north  ;  and  Atlantic 
ocean  west.  Chief  towns  Evora,  Beja,  Ebo- 
as  and  Villa  Viciosa. 
26 


Aleppo,   capital  ,of  Syria,   inhabited  hj 
Turks,  and  different  denominations  of  Chris- 
tians, who  have  each  a  bishop  and  a  church, 
and  the  free  exercise  of  thi-ir  reli.^ion.  The 
city  and  suburbs  contain  235,000  persons. 
Next  to  Constantinople  and  Cairo,  it  is  the 
most  considerable  city  in  the  Turkish  em- 
pire.   It  is  situated  in  the  vast  plain,  which 
extends  from  the  Orontes  to  the  Euphra- 
tes, and  which  towards  the  south  termi- 
nates in  the  desert.     It  is  built  on  eight 
hills,  on  the  highest  of  which  the  castle  is 
erected,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the  castle 
of  Ber2ea.     The  houses  are  large  and  com- 
modious, having  terraces  on  their  tops,  and 
generally  sky-lights  in  form  of  a  dome,  to 
let  the  light  into  the  rooms,  which  from 
their  loftiness,  the  gilding  on  the  windov/- 
shutters,  cupboards,   &c.  have  at  first  en- 
trance a  very  i»greeable  effect.  The  streets 
are   carefully  puved ;   have  gutters  and  a 
foot  pavement  on  each  side  ;  and  the  mid- 
dle of  the  street  is  laiiA  with  brick,  the-  small 
end  upwards,  for  the  convenience  of  horses. 
There  is  also  a  cleanliness  observed  here, 
unknown  to  the  other  citirs  of  Turkey, 
there  being  ass  drivers  who  (?o  about  the 
city  and  take  up  the  rubbish  and  dust,which 
each  inhabitant  is  obliged  to  sweep  toge- 
ther. Thejnosqties  are  numerous  and  some 
of  them  ma,unificent.    Before  each  of  them 
is  an  area,  with  a  fountain  in  the  middle, 
designed  for  ablutions  before  prayers.  The 
bazars  or  market-places  are  long  covered 
nari'ow  streets,  on  each  side  of  which  are 
a  great  number  of  small  shops,  just  suffi- 
cient to  hold  the  tradesman  and  his  goods, 
the  buy  r  being  obliged  to  stand  without. 
The  situation  of  Aleppo,  besides  the  advan- 
tage of  a  rich  and  fruitful  soil,  possesses 
abo  that  of  a  stream  of  fresh  water,  which 
never   becomes  dry.      Near    Aleppo,    its 
banks  are  covered  with  a  fertile  earth,  and 
laid  cut  in   gardens,  or  rather  orchards, 
which  in  a  hot  country,  and  espeoially  in 
Turkey,  cannot  but  be  delightful.  The  city 
is  itself  one  of  the  most  agreeable  in  Syria. 
On  whatever  side  it  is  approached,  its  nu- 
merous minarets  and  domes  present   an 
agreeable  prospect  to  the   eye,  fatigued 
with  the  continued  sameness  of  the  brown 
and  parched  plams.     A  eppo  is  the  empo- 
rium of  Armenia  and  the     iarbekar ;  sends 
caravan-*  to  Bagdad  and  into  Persia ;  and 
communicates  with  the  Persian  gulf  and 
India,  by  Bassora,  with  Egypt  and  Mecca 
by  Damascus,  and  with  Europe  and  Alex- 
aniirettaand  Latakia.    Their  chief  commo- 
dities are  raw  or  spun  cottons,  clumsy  li- 
nens fa;  >ricated  in  the  villages,  silk  stuffs 
manuactured  in  the  city,  copper,  coarse 
clotlis,    goat^'■hai^,    'he    gall-nuts  of  the 
Kourde-tan,  the  merchandise  of  India,  such 
a-,  shawls  and  musfr.s      EJ;,hteen  miles  S 
E  of  Aleppo,  is  a  large  plain,  called  the 
Valley  of  Salt,  bounded  by  low  rocky  hillSj 


ALE 


ALE 


■whicli  form  a  kind  of  natural  basin  that  re- 
tains the  rain  descending  from  the  rocks, 
together  with  the  water  rising  from  a  few 
springs,  and  cause  the  whole  to  be  over- 
flowed in  winter.  The  extent  of  the  sur- 
face prevents  tiiis  water  from  being  of  any 
great  depth  ;  so  tliat  it  is  soon  evap-irated 
by  tlie  sun,  when  it  leaves  a  cake  of  salt, 
in  some  places  lialt  an  inch  thick  ;  and,  m 
April,  people  are  employed  t  gather  this 
salt,  which  is  sufficient  to  supply  all  this 
part  of  the  comtry.  Ale|)po  is  seated  on 
a  small  bro"k,  7u  miles  E  of  Alexandrelta, 
and  170  N  by  E  of  Damascus.  Lon.  37  20 
E  lat.  55  45  N. 

^lessano,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  province 
of  Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  15  miles  S 
W  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  25  E.  lat.  40 
ION. 

Jilessia,  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Drino.  Lon.  20 
6  E.  lai.  42  8  N. 

Messio,  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  mountain  25 
miles  frojn  Spalatro. 

Alet,  town  of  France,  in  the  depariment 
of  Aude  a.'.d  late  province  of  Languedoc. 
It  was  lately  an  episcopal  see,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  baths,  and  for  the  grains  of 
gold  and  silver  found  in  th?  stream  which 
runs  from  the  Pyrenees,  .tl  the  foot  of  which 
it  stands.  It  is  -eatvd  on  the  river  Aude, 
15  miles  S  of  Carcassone.  Lon.  2  25  E. 
lat.  42  59  N. 

Aleutian  hlands,  or  Northern  Archipela- 
go ;  a  long  range  of  islands  stretching  be- 
tween North  America,  and  Asia,  from  the 
peninsula  of  Alaska,  to  cpe  Lopa-  .ka  the 
south  point  of  Kamschatca  It  is  an  im- 
mense chain  extending  upwards  of  900  ge- 
ographic miles.  They  are  included  in  the 
Russian  province  of  Irkutsk,  and  exceed  40 
in  number.  Between  N.  lat.  52  and  54  W. 
lon.  W.  C.  from  85  to  113. 

Alexander,  post  town  of  Genesee  county 
New  York,  population  1820,  1496. 

Alexander,  townsliip  of  .\thens  county 
Ohio,  population  1820,  837. 

Alexander,  county  of  Illinois,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Ohio  and  Missi-^sippi.  The 
features  of  this  county  is  varied;  these  parts 
extending  along  the  rivers,  are  low,  flat, 
and  to  a  considerable  extent,  annually  in- 
undated; in  the  interior  rise  hills  of  consi- 
derabl?  elevation.  The  soil  s  in  general 
fertile.  Some  cotton  lias  been  cultivated, 
but  the  climate  is  rather  too  cold  for  the 
growth  of  that  vegetable.  Maize,  v.'heat, 
rye,  oats,  &.c.  are  produred  in  abundance, 
as  are  garden  vegetables,  and  fruit  trees, 
such  as  apples,  peaches,  pears,  and  plums. 
Pop.  in  1820. 

Free  svhite  males  ...  293 

Do.     do.    females  -         -  333 

Foreigners  not  naturalised  -  2 


Total  of  whiles 


62S 


27 


Free  coloured  persons  -        -       nunc 

Slaves none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         -         -  llG 

Do.     in  Commerce  -        -       none 

Do.     in  -Manufactures  -         -        none 

Alexandsville,  village  of  Ohio  in  Mont- 
gomery county,  situated  on  the  Miami  river, 
7  miles  below  Dayton         * 

Alexandrelta,  or  Scanderoon,  town  of  Sy- 
ria, in  Ash,  at  the  extiemity  of  the  Medi. 
terranean  sea,  and  the  seaport  of  .Vleopo, 
from  winch  it  is  distant  28  or  30  leagues. 
It  is  now  properly  speakuig  nothing  else 
but  a  village  without  walls,  in  which  the 
tombs  are  more  iiumerous  than  the  houses, 
and  which  entirely  owes  its  existence  to 
the  road  which  it  commands.  This  is  the 
only  load  of  all  Syria,  where  ve-sels  an- 
chor on  a*  lid  bottom,  wittiout  their  cables 
being  li.<ble  to  chafe  :  bui  in  other  respects 
it  iias  many  inconveniences  It  is  infesied, 
during  winter,  by  a  peculiar  wind,  which 
rushing  from  the  snowj  siinimits,  frequent- 
ly forces  ships  to  d.ag  their  anchors  seve- 
ral icngues.  But  the  worst  circum  tance 
is  the  extreme  unwiiolesomeness  of  the 
air  It  may  be  affirmed  that  this  every 
year  carries  oft"  one  third  of  the  crews  of 
ti.e  vessels  which  remain  here  during  tiie 
Slimmer,  nay,  ships  i'requen'ly  lose  all  their 
men  m  two  months.  To  this  baneful  epi- 
demic,Alcxandretta  from  its  situation  seems 
to  be  irr -med.ably  condemned ;  for  the 
plain  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  so  !  w 
nd  fla',  that  the  rivuh-ts  finding  no  decli- 
vity can  never  reach  the  sea.  On  this  ac- 
count, vi'hile  tiie  heats  are  excessive,  the 
principal  inhabitants  retire  to  tie  neigh- 
bouring villagfs,  among  the  mountains, 
wliere  there  is  excellent  water  and  delicious 
fruits  It  is  7o  miles  V/.  of  Aleppo.  Lon. 
36  23  E.  lat  36  o5  N, 

Alexandria,  strong  and  considerable  town 
of  It.  ly,  belonging  to  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  castle. 
It  was  t.ken  by  Buonaparte  wh<  n  he  over- 
ran Italy,  retaken  by  Suwarrov/.  and  since 
taken  by  the  Frenc!;,  June  1800.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Tanaro,  40  miles  S  by  E  of  Mi- 
lan.    Lon  8  43  E.  la. .  44  55  N. 

Alexajidna,  town  of  Maine  in  Washing- 
ton county,  (,pon  Mudybemp  lake,  30  miles 
nearly  north  from   Machias. 

Alexandria,  town  of  Nev.'  Hampshire  in 
Grafton  county,  26  miles  a  little  west  of 
nor'  h  from  Concord ;  population  400. 

Alexandria,  townsiiip  cf  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty New  Jersey,  opposite  to  Easton  Pensyl- 
vania;  population  1820,  2619. 

Alexandria,  post  town  in  I'orter  town- 
ship, Hnntingdon  county  Pennsylvania; 
population  i^i'l820,  280. 

Alexandria,  city  and  port  of  entry  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  on  the  south  bank  cF 


A  1-  K 


\  1.  E 


the  river  Pole  mac,  about,  180  miles  from 
the  ocean.  It  is  tlie  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  n;une,  and  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble trade,  particularly  in  flour.  It  has 
some  public  buildings,  sucii  as  an  episco- 
pal church,  bank,  academy,  court-bouse, 
&c.  The  orig-inal  settlers  laid  out  the 
streets  on  the  plan  of  Philadelphia  Nine 
miles  below  the  town,  on  the  Virginia  bank 
of  Potomac,  wlitre  it  is  nearly  two  miles 
wide,  is  Mount  Vernon,  the  celeijrated 
seat  of  general  Washington.  Alexandria 
is  10  miles  S  from  Washington,  and  100 
JTiiles  N  of  Richmond.  N.  lat.  38  46.  loii. 
W.  W.  C.  0  03. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...         2,525 
Do.     females           .         -         -         2,378 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  tiixed        .        -        -  836 
Slaves 1,488 


Total  pop.  1810. 

7,227 

In  1820. 
Free  white  males 
Do.    do.    females 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

2,667 

2,948 

153 

Total  white  pop. 

5,768 

Free  coloured  males 

Do.    females 
Slaves  ni5!e         _        .        . 
Do.  females        -        -        - 

461 
707 
606 
829 

Total  pop.  in  1820,  -        -        .'5,371 

Kngaged  in   .\griculture  -  022 

Do.     Commerce         -         -         -  531 

Do.     Manufactures.  -         -  699 

Alexandria,  county  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, siluaied  west  of  the  Potomac. 

Population  in  1810. 
Pree  whites,  males  -         -  414 

Do.     Do.     Females         -         -  417 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed  -        -  1-11 


Slaves         -        - 

353 

Total  population  in  1810 

1,325 

In  1820. 

Free  whiit-s,  males 

476 

Do.     Do.     females 

465 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

27 

Total  whites 

968 

Free  coloured  males 

061 

Do.    Do.     Females 

061 

Slaves,  males 

224 

Do.    Do.    Females 

19S 

Total  population  1820        -        -         1,512 
Alexandria,  town  of  Ohio  m  Sciota  coun- 
ty, at  the  mouth  of  Sci  ta  river. 

Alexandria,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
f«r  the  parish  of  Rapides,  situated  upon  the 
23 


viglit  bank  of  Red  river,  immediately  belo\r 
the  llapids.  It  is  about  350  miles  above 
New  Orleans  by  water,  and  65  below  Natch- 
itocli<.-3.  Number  of  inhabitants  about  600. 
N.  lat.  31  IB.    W.  Ion.  W.  C.  15  39. 

Alexandria,  or  Scanderia,  an  ancient  and 
once  rich  and  famous  town  of  Egypt,  now 
much  decayed,  though  there  are  still  some 
remains  of  its  ancient  splendour.  This  city 
was  built  by  .\lexander  the  Great,  about 
m  years  before  Christ,  and  was  a  league 
and  a  h.alf  long,  by  one.third  in  breadth, 
which  made  tlie  circumference  of  its  walls 
about  four  leagues.  Lake  Mareotis  bathed 
its  walls  on  ihe  sout!),  and  ttie  Meditera- 
nean  on  the  north.  It  was  intersected 
lengthwise  by  straight  parallel  streets.  This 
direction  left  a  free  passage  to  the  north- 
erly wind,  wliich  alone  conveys  coolness 
and  salubrity  into  Egypt.  A  street  ot  2000 
feet  wide  began  at  the  gate  of  tlie  sea,  and 
terminated  at  the  gate  of  Canopus.  This 
sirec,  tlie  handsomLs:  in  the  universe,  was 
intersected  by  another  of  the  same  breadth, 
which  formed  a  square  at  their  junction  of 
half  a  league  in  circumference.  At  prcr- 
sent  the  city  of  Alexanuria  is  reckoned  to 
have  about  14,000  or  15,000  inliabitants ; 
a  strange  colluvies  of  different  nations,  as 
well  as  from  various  parts  of  the  Turkish 
empire.  The  present  condition  of  Alex- 
andria is  \  ery  despicable,  "being  now  so  far 
ruined,  tliat  the  rubbish  in  many  places 
overtops  the  houses.  The  famous  tower 
of  Pharos  has  long  since  been  demolished, 
an  J  a  castle  called  Farillon,  built  in  its  place. 
Some  parts  of  the  old  wails  of  the  city  ai'e 
yet  standing,  -^iid  present  us  with  a  master- 
piece of  ancient  masonry.  Dut  wh..t  most 
tngages  ihe  attention  of  travellers  is  the 
Pillar  of  Pompey,  as  it  is  commonly  called, 
situated  at  a  quarter  of  a  league  from  the 
southern  ga.e.  It  is  composed  of  red  gra- 
nite. T!ie  capital  is  Corinthian  with  palm 
leaves,  and  not  indented.  It  is  nine  feet 
high.  The  shaft  and  the  upper  member 
of  the  b.ise  are  of  one  pierce  of  90  feet 
long,  and  9  in  diameter.  The  base  is  a 
square  of  about  15  feet  on  each  side.  This 
block  of  marble,  60  feet  in  circumference, 
res  s  on  two  layers  of  stone  bound  toge- 
ther with  lead.  Nothing  can  equal  the 
majesty  of  tliis  monument ;  seen  from  a 
distance,  it  'iveriops  the  town,  and  serves 
as  a  signal  iiy  vessels.  Approaching  it 
nearer,  it  produces  an  astonishment  mixed 
wiih  awe.  One  can  never  be  tired,  with 
admiring  the  beauty  of  the  capital,  the 
length  of  the  sliaft.  nor  the  extraordinary 
simplicity  of  the  pedestal.  It  was  former- 
ly a  place  of  great  trade,  all  the  treasures 
of  ihe  East  Indies  being  deposited  there  : 
but  since  the  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  this  trade  is  in  a  great  measure  lost. 
This  place  is  subject  to  the  grand  signior, 
who,  however,  has  but  a  linjitGd  »othorit\% 


A  L  (. 


A  L  G 


It  iS  sealed  on  the  most  westerly  branch  of 
the  river  Nile,  125  miles  N  W  of  Cairo.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  under  Buonaparte 
jn  their  expedition  to  Egypt,  but  they  have 
been  forced  to  abundon  it.  Lon.  31  11  E. 
lat.  30  21  N. 

^Ifacs,  the  name  of  certain  islands  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Ebro,  in  the  principahty 
of  Catalonia,  in  Spain. 

Aifeizerao,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  on  the  sta  side.  Lon.  9  10  W.  lat. 
29  30  N. 

Jllfeld,  town  of  Germanv,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Hildesheim,  15  miles  S  S  W  of  Hil- 
desheim.     Lon.  lu  4  E.  lat.  51  38  N. 

jllfes,  the  ancient  Alpheus  river  of  the 
Morea,  falling  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Jiljidena,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Ceteriore.  Lon.  14  20  E.  lat.  41 
48  N, 

A/ford,  town  of  Lincolnshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuseday  :  seated  on  a  small  brook, 
six  miles  from  the  sea  and  20  N  of  Boston. 
Lon.  0  13  E.  lat.  53  16  N. 

Alford,  township  of  Berkshire,  in-  the 
state  of  Massachusetts,  situated  about  140 
miles  westward  from  Boston.  Population 
in  1810,  522,  and  in  1820,  570. 

Alfred,  township  of  Upper  Canada,  in 
the  county  of  Glengary,  and  is  the  third 
township  in  ascending-  the  Ottawa  river. 

Alfred,  post  tov/n  of  York  county,  Maine  ; 
situated  on  the  Mousam  river,  576  miles 
from  Washington  ciiy.  In  1800,  the  town- 
ship contained  900  inhabitants,  in  1810, 
1106,  and  in  1820^1271 

Alfreton,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
markei  on  Monday  ;  pleasantly  seated  on  a 
small  hill,  13  miles  N  of  Derby,  and  141  N 
N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W.  lat.  53  8  N. 

Aigaiola,  small  fortified  seaport  in  Corsi- 
ca. It  was  almost  destroyed  by  the  malecon- 
tents  in  1731,  but  I:as  since  been  restored. 
Lon.  8  55  E.  lat.  42  30  N 

Algarva,  province  of  Portugal,  67  miles 
in  length,  and  20  in  breadth  :  bounded  on 
the  \V  and  S  by  tlie  sea,  on  the  E  by  the 
Guadiana,  and  on  the  north  by  Alentejo.  It 
is  fertile  in  figs,  almonds,  dates,  olives,  and 
excellent  wine  ;  tl\e  capital  is  Pharo  ;  pop- 
ulation about  lOU.UOU 

Algezirii,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar ;  but.  at  pre- 
sent in  a  mean  condition,  the  harbour  be- 
ing decayed.  It  is  10  miles  N  W  of  Gib- 
raltar.   Lon.  5  22  W.  lat,  36  14  X. 

Algher,  or  Akeri,  town  of  Sardinia,  on 
the  N  W  coast,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Lon. 
8  40  E.  lal.  40  40  N. 

Algiers,  one  of  the  states  of  Barbi.r}% 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Tunis,  on  the  N  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  tlie  S  by  Mount 
Atkis,  and  on  the  W  by  Morocco.  It  ex- 
tends 600  miles  from  E  to  W.  The  air  is 
very  temperate,  and  the  land  toward  the 
;N  fertile  in  coi-n.  The  vallevs  are  full  of 
3 


fruit ;  but  a  great  part  is  dry,  mountainous, 
and  barren  The  melons  have  an  exqui- 
site taste,  some  of  which  are  ripe  in  sum- 
mer, and  others  in  wmter.  The  stems  of 
the  vines  are  so  larg-e,  that  a  man  can 
hardly  grasp  them  ^ith  his  arms ;  and  the, 
bunches  of  grapes  are  a  foot  and  a  half 
loi.g.  it  is  divided  into  three  provinces, 
namely,  Tlemsam  on  the  W.  Titerie  oa 
tlie  S.  and  Constantia  to  the  E  of  the  city 
of  Algiers.  The  Turks,  who  have  the 
government  in  their  hands,  are  not  above 
7000  in  number ;  and  yet  the  moors,  or  na- 
tivt-s  of  .\frica,  have  no  sliare  in  it.  It  is 
only  a  kind  of  republic  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  grand  signior,  .ind  it  is  govern- 
ed by  a  sovereign  called  the  dey,  but  he 
can  do  noihing  of  consequence  without  the 
council  of  the  Janissaries  The  Arabs, 
who  live  in  tents,  are  a  distinct  people,  go- 
vern.ed  by  their  own  laws  and  magistrates, 
though  the  Turks  interpose  as  often  as 
they  please.  The  dey  of  Algiers  is  an  ab- 
solute monarch,  but  elected  by  the'  Turk- 
ish soldiers,  and  frequently  deposed,  and 
put  to  death  by  them.  The  revenues  of 
tiie  government  arise  from  the  tributepaid 
by  tlie  Moors  and  Arabs,  a  detachment  of 
the  army  being  sent  into  each  province 
every  year  to  collect  it ;  and  the  prizes 
they  take  at  sea  someiimes  equal  the  taxes 
they  lay  upon  the  natives.  The  dey  has 
several  th-usand  Moors  in  his  service,  both 
horse  and  foot :  and  the  deys  or  viceroys 
of  the  provinces,  have  each  an  army  under 
his  command.  Their  religion  is  Moham- 
medanism, and  then*  language  a  dialect  of 
the  Arabic.  They  have  likewise  a  jargon, 
composed  of  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish, 
called  Lingua  Franca,  that  is  understood  b}' 
the  common  people  and  merchants.  The 
complexion  of  the  natives  is  tawny,  and  they 
are  strong  and  well  made. 

Algiers,  large  and  strong  town  of  Africa, 
in  Barbary,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  it  is  built  on  the  declivity  of  a 
mountain,  and  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
tht-atre  next  the  harbour ;  insomuch,  that 
the  houses  appearing  one  above  another, 
make  a  very  tine  appearance  from  the  sea. 
The  tops  of  the  houses  are  all  flat,  for  which 
reason  they  walk  upon  them  in  tjie  even- 
ing to  take  the  air;  besides,  they  are  co- 
vered v/ith  eartii,  and  serve  for  a  sort  cf 
gardens  The  streets  are  narrov/,  and 
serve  to  keep  on!"  the  extreme  heat  of  tiie 
tun.  The  mole  of  the  harbour  is  500  pa- 
ces in  length,  extending  from  the  conti- 
nent to  a  small  island,  where  there  is  a  cas- 
tle and  a  large  battery  oi"  guns.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  said  to  be  100,000 
Vi!)hamme(lans,  15,000  Je\v.s,  and  4000 
Christian  slaves.  Their  chief  subsistence 
is  derived  from  their  piracies,  for  they 
make  prizes  of  all  Christian  ships  that  are 
not  at  peace  with  thcjn,  The  country  about 


A  L  L 


A  L  1. 


Algiers  is  adorned  with  gardens  and  fine 
rilias,  watered  by  fountains  and  rivulets ; 
and  thither  .ihe  inhabitants  resort  in  the 
hot  seasons.  Algiers  though  it  has,  for  ages 
braved  the  resentment  of  the  most  power- 
ful states  in  Christendom,  it  i^  said,  could 
make  but  a  weak  defence  against  a  regu- 
lar siege.  The  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1541, 
lost  a  fine  fleet  and  army,  in  an  expedition 
agamst  it.  The  English  burnt  i  heir  vessels 
in  the  harbour  in  1635  and  1670.  It  was 
bombarded  by  the  French  in  1688,  In 
1775,  the  Spaniards  made  a  descent  near 
the  city  with  a  formidable  army,  but  were 
defeated  with  great  slaughter.  In  1784, 
they  sent  a  powerful  fleet  to  attack  the 
forts  that  defend  the  harbour;  but  they  were 
repelled  by  the  Algf-rines,  although  they 
made  eight  succesiive  attacks  with  great 
spirit  and  bravery.  In  1767,  the  Algerines 
took  the  lead  of  the  other  states  of  Barba- 
vy,  in  refusing  to  pay  any  longer  their  usu- 
al tribute  to  the  Porte,  Algiei-s  is  situate 
opposite  Minorca,  380  miles  AV  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  2  18  E.  lat.  34  9  N. 

Jllgongjdns,  nations  of .  IntKans,  west 
and  north-west  from  lake  Superior,  and 
around  the  heads  of  the  Mississippi,  Win- 
nipeg, and  Assiniboin  rivers. 

Alhama,  town  of  Spain  in  Granada.  A 
little  below  it  are  hot  baths,  accounted  the 
best  in  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  a  valley, 
surrounded  by  craggv  mountains,  25  miles 
S  W  of  Gianada.  ton.  3  24  W.  lat.  36 
56  N. 

Jllhambra.     See  Granada,  the  citv. 

A/jubarota,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  10  miles  south  from  Leiria,  famous 
for  a  battle  between  the  Castilians  and  Por- 
tuguese, August  14th  1384,  in  which  the 
former  was  defeated. 

Alicant,  seaport  of  Spain  in  Valencia ; 
remarkable  for  its  excellent  wine,  and  the 
feitility  of  its  soil,  which  produces  excel- 
lent fruiis,  and  plenty  of  rosemary  of  an 
extraordinary  size.  The  castle,  on  a  high 
rock,  was  reckoned  impregnable ;  but  it 
wa.s  taken  by  the  English  in  1706.  It  was 
likewise  taken  by  the  Fivnch  and  Spaniards, 
after  a  siege  of  almost  two  years ;  and  then 
part  of  the  rock  was  blown  op.  It  is  Sf.-.at- 
ed  on  the  Mediterranean,  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  85  miles  S  of  Valencia.  Lon. 
0  5  W  lat.  33  16  N. 

AUgatay  town  of  Sicily,  remarkable  for 
corn  and  good  wine.  It  is  seated  on  a  pen- 
insula, 22  m;les  S  E  of  Gergenti.  Lon.  13 
48  E.  lat.  37  UN 

Allahabad,  city  of  Oude,  in  Hindoostan 
proper,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
two  great  rivers,  tiie  Ganges  and  J-jmna. 
It  was  fonnded  h\  the  emperor  Acbar,  who 
intended  it  as  a  place  of  arms ;  but  its  foi-- 
tification.s  will  hardly  resi-t  hi  battering  of 
^  field-piece.  It  is  470  miles  N  W  of  Cal- 
cutta. Lon.  82  0  E.  lat.  24  45  N. 
SO. 


AUburgli,  township  in  Grand  Isle  county 
and  state  of  Vermont,  It  is  situated  on  the 
Michiscoui  bay  and  contains  about  1000  in- 
habitants. 

Alleghani;,  or  Appalachian  Mountains,  a 
long  range  of  mountains  in  N.  America,  be- 
tween the  Atlantic,  the  Mississippi,  and 
the  lakes ;  extending  nearly  parallel  with 
the  sea-coast,  900  miles  in  length,  and  from 
60  lo  200  in  brtadth.  The  ditterent  ridg- 
es which  compose  this  imrnense  range  have 
different  names  in  the  different  states. 
Advancing  from  the  Atlantic,  the  first  ridge 
of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  North  Caro- 
lina, is  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  South  Moun* 
tain,  from  130  to  200  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  about  1200  feet  mean  elevation  from 
its  base.  Between  this  and  the  North 
Mountain,  spreads  a  large  fertile  vale. 
Next  lies  the  Alleghaiw,  whicli  is  the  prin- 
cipal ridge,  and  has  been  descriptively 
called  the  back-bone  of  the  United  States. 
Beyond  this  is  the  long  ridge  called  the 
Laurel  Mountains.  From  these  several 
ridges  proceed  innumerable  nameless 
branches  or  spurs.  The  Kittatiny,  or  Blue 
Mountain*,  run  through  the  northern  parts 
of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  These 
mountains  are  not  in  general  confusedly 
scattered  and  broken,  rising  here  and  there 
into  high  peaks  overtopping  each  other, 
but  stretch  along  in  uniform  ridges,  scarce- 
ly half  a  mUe  high.  They  spread  as  they 
proceed  S,  and  .some  of  them  terminate  in 
high  perpendicular  bluffs.  Others  gradu- 
ally subside  into  a  le\^  country,  giving 
rise  to  the  rl^'ers  which  run  southerly  into 
the  g-ulf  of  Mexico.  In  the  back  paits  of 
Pennsylvania,  scarcely  one  acre  in  ten  of 
this  range  is  capable  of  culture ;  but  this 
is  not  the  case  in  all  parts ;  for  numejous 
tracts  of  fine  arable  and  pasture  land  inter- 
vene between  the  ridges,  having  generally 
a  rich  black  soil.  Indeed,  some  of  the 
mountains  will  admit  of  cultivation  almost 
to  their  tops. 

Alleghany  River,  is  an  important  stream 
in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
head  waters  have  their  rise  in  the  N  part 
of  Pennsylvania  near  New  Vork  state  and 
nearly  in  an  E  and  W  centre  of  the  state. 
Winding  a  N  W  direction  it  passes  into 
New  York,  and  then  taking  a  S  W  and  S 
course  through  a  fer'ile  part  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, joins  with  the  Monongahela  at  Pitts- 
burg, and  forming  the  0:>io  river.  A  very 
slight  inspection  of  the  Map  of  Pennsylva- 
nia will  convince  a  per-on  that  this  river 
will  at  some  future  day,  perhaps  not  very 
distant,  be  one  of  the-  great  chanaels  of 
communication  between  the  Western  and 
E.-s  ern  waters  of  the  Ur.ited  States.  At 
presen!  the  transportation  is  con.iiderable 
on  on-  ot  its  small  branches.  French  creek 
is  the  only  stream  of  con  equence  which 
the  Alleghanv  receives  from  the  \\'estward. 


ALL 


ALL 


The  creek  has  its  source  near  Lake  Erie, 
from  which  to  Waterford  the  conimencing 
point  of  navigation  there  is  a  portage  over 
a  turnpike  of  14  nniles.  Upwards  of  70,000 
bushels  of  salt  fi-om  the  Onondaga  works 
in  New  York,  were  entered  in  one  year  at 
Erie,  a  considerable  portion  of  which  de- 
scended French  creek  and  the  Ailegh..ny 
for  the  supply  of  the  different  Ohio  river 
towns.  It  is  the  Eastern  branches  of  the 
Alleghany  which  interlocking  with  the  na- 
vigable branches  of  the  Susquehanna  make 
this  river  of  great  importance  to  (he  ^tate 
of  Pennsylvania.  Of  these  branches,  To- 
by's creek  from  the  N  W  and  Kiskimenetas 
river  from  the  S  W  are  tiie  most  conspicu- 
ous. The  navigable  branches  of  the  for- 
mer approach  the  navigable  wa.ers  of  the 
W  branch  of  the  Susquehunna  within  20 
m-.les,  while  the  navigable  head  water-,  of 
the  former  may  be  connected  with  the  na- 
vigable waters  of  Junia>ta  by  a  portage  of 
25  miles.  Thus,  nature  has  left  compara- 
tively but  little  for  the  exertions  of  man  to 
form  a  complete  wa'.er  commanication  be- 
tween New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  the 
•Ohio  waters,  giving  the  industrious  plant- 
er and  merchant  a  choice  of  a  market  ei- 
ther in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  in  the  me- 
tropolis of  their  own  state,  one  at  a  distance 
of  2000  miles,  the  other  not  more  than  300 
from  his  own  door. 

Jille^hany,  county  of  New  York,  having 
Pennsylvania  S.  C.ittarargus  W.  Niag;ira  N 
W.  Genesee,  and  Ontario  N  and  Steuben 
E.  It  is  52  miles  long  from  north  lo  south, 
and  30  miles  wide  fi-om  east  to  west,  and 
covering  an  area  of  1560  square  miles. 
The  face  of  the  country  is  hilly,  and  even 
mountainous,  though  containing  much  fer- 
tile land.    Chief  'own  Angelica. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .        1,013 

Do.  Do,  females  -        -  90S 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...         none 

Slaves        -        -        -        .        .  21 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
Do.  Do.  females 

Total  whites      .        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour  males 

Do.     do.     females 
Slaves,  males 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Engaged  in  Agricultui-e 
do,    iu  Mamdactarcs 
31 


1,942 


4.382 
4,919 

9,301 


Engaged  in  Commerce        -        =  i^ 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  30 

Population  to  tl;e  square  mile,  6, 

Alleghany,  county  >-  f  Penll^y iv^nia,  having 
Washington  S  W.  Beaver  n'  W.  Hutler  N. 
and  Westmoreland  E.  ii  is  32  miles  long, 
with  a  mean  width  of  about  18,  extending 
over  an  area  of  565  square  miles.  It  is 
finely  iiiter.--ectt-d  by  the  AUegliany,  Mi)n- 
ongahfcla  and  Ohio  rivers  :  the  surtace  is 
hilly,  but  the  soil  ot  'be  river  and  creek? 
bottoms,  a: id  indeed  most  of  the  hill  sides 
are  superabundantly  fertile.  Chief  town  the 
City  of  Pittsburg. 

Population  m  1810. 
Fi  ee  wiiite  males         ...       12,921 

D.(.  Do.  fema;les  -         -       11,958 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .        414 
Slaves 24 


Toial  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
Do.  do.  females 

Total  of  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour  males 

Do.     Do.    females 
Slaves  .... 


25,317 


17,875 
16,351 

34,226 

345 

349 

1 

34,921 


Total  poptdation  in  1820      - 

Of  ihese ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        726 

Engaged  in  Agriotdtu re  -        -     4,303 

Do.  do.  in  M^nuf  ctures  .      2,38S 

Do.  do    ia  Conimerce        -         -         146 
Populdtio  1  to  the  square  mile  61,  inclu- 
ding the  city  of  Pittsburg. 

Mleo'ha7V',  county  of  Maryland,  having 
Fayette,  Somersctt,  and  Beiiford  counties 
in  Pennsylvania  to  the  north  ;  Washington 
in  ^laryland  N  Z.  the  Potomac  river  south 
and  S.  E.  and  Monongahela  county  in  Vir- 
ginia W.  It  is  65  miles  in  length  from 
east  to  west,  with  a  mean  width  of  124. 
Area  812  square  miles ;  face  of  the  country 
mountaiu'.ius. 
Population  in  1810 

Free  white  males  ...  3233 
Do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2943 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 113 

Slaves  .        -        -     '   -        -         620 


6    Total  popula' ion  in  1810  6909 

Poptdation  in  1820 

Free  white  males         ...  408O 

Do.      do.    females     -        -  ~        3584 

Total  white  population  in  1820  7664 

2,167     Free  people  of  colour,  males  -          102 

193            Do.                do.      females  9.1 


ALL 


A  L  P- 


^Inie  slaves 
Female  do. 

Total  population  in  1820 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
Do.  Commerce 

Do.  Manufactures 


399 
396 


8654 

103 

1675 

35 

391 


Population  to  the  square  mile  10 

Allclmrch,  villag'e  of  Worcestershire.  It 
has  an  alms-house  founded  in  1580,  and  the 
Roman  Ickneld  street  passes  through  it. 
The  bishop  of  Worcester  had  formerly  a 
palace  here ;  and  the  church,  several  parts 
of  which  are  of  Ssxon  architecture,  con- 
tains many  antique  monuments.  It  is  five 
miles  E  by  N  of  Bromsgrove. 

Allegranza,  one  of  the  Canary  Isl.mds, 
lying  to  the  N  of  Graciosa,  and  to  the  E  of 
St.  Clare.  There  are  several  castles  that 
defend  the  harbour. 

Allendoru  small  town  in  the  landgravate 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  rcfnarkable  for  its  salt- 
works, and  thrf  e  stone  bridges.  I'  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Weser,  15  miles  E  of  Cassel. 
Lon.  9  59  E.  lat.  51  19  N, 

Alleii  Countij,  Kentucky,  having  Tenne- 
see  S.  Warren  S  AV.  N  W.  and  N.  and  Bar- 
ren E.  The  face  of  this  county  is  gene, 
rally  level  the  soil  much  varied  in  quality. 
Its  form  is  elliptical  extending  over  about 
500  square  miles.  Chief  town  Scotts- 
ville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        2,248 

Do.  Do.  females  -        -        2,346 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 


Total  whites 

Free  coloured  males 
Dp.  Do.  females     - 

Slaves,  males 
Do.  Do.  females     - 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,594 


585 


5,327 


PopuLition  to  the  square  mile  13. 

AUen  Counli',  Ohio,  having  Mercer  and 
Vanvert  W  ;  Putnam  N ;  Hardin  E  :  and 
Logan  and  Shelby  S.  It  extends  ab>ut  23 
miles  from  north  to  soath,  with  a  wij'.h  of 
22  miles  from  east  to  west ;  area  500  square 
miles. 

Population  in  182u,  none  as  the  country 
has  eniy  been  recently  purchased  fron.  tlie 
Indians,  andsurveyed,  consequently  remains 
unsettled. 

Allejiiovm,  see  JVorthamptGn  in  Lehigh 
county. 

Allen^s  Fresh,  small  town  in  Cliarles  coun. 
ty,  Marylsnd.  It  lies  about  90  miles  S  S  W 
of  Baltimore,  and  about  50  S  of  the  city  of 
Washington. 

.lllensiG-.cn,  township  in  Rockingham 
'*(iuntv,  and  state  of  New  Hampshire :  about 
~     ,5f2  ■ 


25  miles  N  \V  of  Exeter,  and  about  4-0  fronl 
Portsm-iuth.     It  has  but  few  inhabitants. 

Alknto-Mi,  post-town  in  Monmouth  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  10  miles  S  E  of  Trenton, 
22  S  by  W  of  Monmouth  court-house,  and 
40  N  E  of  Philadelphia. 

AlUer,  river  which  rises  In  the  duchy  of 
Magdeburg,  waters  Zeli,  and  falls  into  the 
W  'ser  below  Verden. 

Alkria,  decayed  town  in  Corsica,  a  bi- 
shop's see,  and  the  place  where  king  The- 
odore first  landed  in  1736.    Lon.  8  50-^.  '-iijj^ 
lat.  42  5  N.  ^^ 

AUier,  department  of  France,  lately  the 
province  of  Bourbonnois.  Population 
255,000. 

Alligator,  river  of  North  Carolina,  falling 
into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Alloa,  commercial  town,  en  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  about  20  miles  higher  up  the  river 
than  Leith,  and  five  miles  E  of  Stirling,  I 
consists  of  one  spacious  street,  well  paved, 
and  shaded  with  rows  of  hme  trees.  Here 
is  a  custom-house  for  the  convenience  of 
shipping  in  this  psrt  of  the  north,  and  it  is 
the  resor*  of  all  the  coal  vessels  in  the 
neighbourhood.  It  has  a  glass-house  and 
some  other  manufactures.  Lon.  3  45  W. 
lat.  56  10  N. 

Ailmacarron,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Murcia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Guadalantine,  near  the  Mediterranean,  20 
miles  S  W  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  0  56  W. 
lat.  37  28  N. 

Allouettes,  point  in  the  St.  Lawrence  ri- 
ver at  the  month  of  the  Sagnenery  river. 

.  lllo-way creek,  town  of  Salem  county  New 
.Jersey. 

All-saints  Parish,  George-town  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

Almaguer,  city  of  Quito,  South  America,    , 
20  miles  south  from  Propajar.    N.  lat.  l*i^*i' 
56'.  W.  lon.  W.  C.  0"  06'. 

Almamlrel,  town  of  South  America,  on 
the  coast  of  Cliili. 

Ahnanza,  town  of  New  Castile,  remark- 
able for  the  defeat  of  t  e  allies,  by  the 
Fre-  ch  and  Spaniards,  in  1707,  when  most 
of  the  Engli:-h  were  killed  or  taken,  havin.'i; 
been  abando'^ed  by  the  Portuguese  hor.se 
at  the  first  charge,  it  is  50  miles  S  W  of 
Valencia.     Lon.'0  56W  lat.  38  54  N, 

Ahneda,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadu- 
ra,  se:;ted  on  the  Tajo,  opposite  Lisbon. 
Lon   9  4  W  Lit.  38  33  N. 

Almediu,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tra-1  'H-montes,  on  the  confines  of 
Lfon.  17  miles  N  W  of  Civldad  Eodrigo. 
Lon.'6  15  W.  bt.  40  45N. 

Almeida,  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Beira,  on  the  river  Coa. 
Lon.  8  15  W.  lat.  40  38  N. 

Almendvalaio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estra- 
madura,  near  tlie  borders  of  Portugai.  Lon 
5  6  W.  lat.  38  36  N. 

Ahnma.  sew-'  -^"^T-hv  '•>  ♦■?.» t-""v;.....- 


A  L  S 


ALT 


of  Oi'irti^'i'i  with  a  bishop's  ?ee,  seated  on 
tile  river  Almeria,  62  inilcs  S  E  of  Granada. 
Lon.  2  0  \V.  lit.  36  51  N. 

.iln^L'ich,  the  county  town  of  N'orthum- 
berland,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  Ii  is 
seate.d  on  the  river  Alne,  and  is  a  popu- 
lous well-built  town,  with  a  town-house. 
It  has  three  ijates,  which  remain  Hlmoit 
entire,  and  show  that  it  was  formerly  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall.  It  was  defended  by 
an  old  stately  Gu'i  c  cpstle,  the  scat  of  the 
duke  of  Northumberland,  which  has  been 
lately  repaired  and  beautified.  It  is  30 
miles  N  of  Newcastle,  26  S  of  Berwick, 
and  305  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  30 
W.  lat.  55  25  N. 

'Alntvlck;  township  of  Nor'lhumberland 
County,  Upper  Canada,  lies  in  the  rear  and 
north  of  rialdimaud. 

JUost,  town  of  Flanders,  on  the  river 
Dender,  in  the  mid-way  between  Brussels 
and  Ghent.    Lon.  4  12  E.  lat.  50  58  N. 

Alpnach,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  Under- 
walden,  seated  on  lake  Alpnach,  an  arm  of 
the  lake  of  tlie  Four  Cantons,  with  which 
it  unites  near  Stantzstadt. 

Alps,  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe  se- 
jiarating  Italy  from  France  and  Germany. 
They  begin  on  the  side  of  France  tow.irds 
the  Mediterranean,  between  the  territory 
of  Genoa  and  country  of  Nice  ;  and  termi- 
nate at  the  gulf  of  Carmero,  which  is  part 
of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  They  consist  of  lof- 
ty chains  of  mountains,  ranging  one  upon 
another,  v.'ith  only  nisrrow  valleys  between. 
They  are  composed  of  stupendous  rocky 
masses,  two,  four  and  even  six  being  piled 
upon  each  other,  and  from  4000  to  12000 
feet  Iiigh.  T!ierc  are  few  passes  over  them, 
and  those  of  diSicult  access.  Swisserland 
take  up  a  good  part  of  these  m-^untains,  or 
rather  the  valleys  between  them.  The  fa- 
mous Hannibal  crossed  the  Alns  on  the  side 
of  I'iedmont,  in  trie  winter  sesison,  wlien  ho 
i;,v-aded  Italy,  and  lost  mo.st  of"hib-elei)hants 
among  ihem. 

.lips,  Upj)cr,  a  dep:trtment  of  France, 
comprehending  nart  of  the  hi'e  provi:ice 
of  Duuphiny.     Population  129,000. 

Alps,  Lor:er,  a  department  of  France, 
conlainiog  p:!rt  of  the  Lite  i)rovince  of 
Provence.     Fopulation  150,000. 

Aipnxares,  high  mountains  of  Granada 
in  Sp.;in,  n^.r  the  coast  oftiie  Mediterra- 
nean, inhabited  by  the  Moriscoes,  who 
carefully  cultivate  the  ground,  wliich  pro- 
duces exce'lent  wines  and  fruits. 

.Ilreaforcl,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tiiurs.lay.  It  has  about  200 
houses,  'two  principal  streets,  which  are 
Ijvge  and  broad,  and  a  small  manufactuie 
of  linseys.  It  is  IS-n.les  ENH  ofSouih- 
amptim,  and  5/  WSW  of  London.  Lon. 
2,  i  W.  lat.  51  6  N.  • 

.Tisacr,^.  late  province  of  France,  bound- 
ed on  tire  V.   by  the  Rhine,  on  the  S  bv 
E 


Swilzcrhind  and  Franc'.'.e  Comtc,  on  the 
AV  b}'^  Lorrain,  and  on  the  N  by  the  pala- 
tinate of  t!ie  Rhine,  now  included  in  the 
departments  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Rhine,  which  see. 

Alsace,  a  township  of  Berks  coimty,  in 
th.e  State  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  eastside- 
of  tiie  river  Schuylkill,  Population  ia 
181 0,  1275,  in  1820,  1640. 

A/sen,  an  Island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Lit 
tie  Belt,  or  entrance  into  the  Baltic,  be- 
tween Slesvvick  and  Funen.  It  has  noth- 
ing remarkable  but  two  castles,  and  is  100 
miles  W  of  Copenhagen. 

.  lls/Ad,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Castle,  12  miles 
N\V  of  Marbi\rg.  It  Is  an  ancient  town, 
and  its  inhabitants  were  the  first  of  this 
country  who  embraced  the  refoi'mation. 
Lon.  9'  0  E  lat.  50  55  N. 

Alslieda,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Smoland,  near  which  a  gold  mine 
was  discovered  in  1733. 

Alston-Moor,  a  town  in  Cumberland. 
Near  this  time  are  expensive  lead  mines, 
and  near  the  town  is'  plenty  of  lead  ore. 
It  is  20  miles  E  by  S  of  Carlisle,  and  303 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  14  W.  lat.  50  54 
N. 

Altaian,  mountains.  This  term  has  been 
erroneously  applied  to  the  whole  great 
central  chain  of  Asia,  wliich  near  the  Ar.al 
lake,  branches  north  eastv/ard  by  east,  and 
reaches  the  sea  of  Ochot  kto  theNVVfr.im  the 
mouth  of  t!ie  Amur  river,  at  N  lat.  56.  The 
distinctive  name  of  Altai,  or  Allay,is  proper- 
ly given  to  that  part  of  the  chain  west  from 
die  Selenga  river.  Thus  restricted  the 
Altaian  mountains  for.m,  nevertheless,  an 
immense  range  of  upwards  of  1400  miles 
in  length,  rising  in  some  places  to  10,000 
feet.  This  cliain  is  pierced  by  the  south- 
ern sources  of  the  ritysh,Oby,  and  Yenisei 
rivers,  which  rise  on  the  elevated  valley 
between  the  Altaian  moun'ains  and  those 
of  Bogdo. 

Altamira,  town  of  Mexico,  on  the  bordec 
between  the  Lstendancies  of  Vera  Cruz, 
and  San  Lou's  Potosi,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  bay  of  Tampica,  and  near  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  N  lat.  22  26,  W  lon.  Wl  C.  21 
11. 

Altamira,  river  of  Mexico  rising  near  the 
the  city  of  San  Louis  I^otoii,  an<l  flowing 
east  150  miles,  joins  tlse  Mociezucmo,  ov 
Tula,  and  forms  the  bay  of  Tampico. 

Altumonl,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriop,  15  miles  NW  of  Basigniano.  Lou, 
15  22  E,  lat,  39  50  N. 

Aliamurai  town  of  Naples,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Ban,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenaines. 
Lon.  16  58  E,  lat.  51  6  N. 

AUar,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora. 

Altcnbiir^;  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  strong*  castle. 


A  L  V 


M  A 


it  is  seated  on  the  Plejsse,  20  miles  S  of 
Leipsic.     Lon.  12  28,  E,  lat.  50  59  N. 

AUenber^,  town  of  Transylvania,  18  miles 
S  of  Weissemburg.  Lon.  23  15  E,  lat.  46 
0  N. 

Altenburg  or  Owar,  town  of  Lov/er  Hun- 
gary on  the  Danube,  15  miles  S  of  Pres- 
hurg,  and  40  S  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  13 
E,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Mteithw-g,  or  Oldenln/rg,  an  ancient  town 
of  Germany  in  Holstein. 

Altesson,  town  of  Piedmont,  between  the 
rivers  Dore  and  Stura,  near  Lauvenerie. 
Lon.  7  20  E,  lat.  44.361V. 

Altezey,  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  15  miles  S  W 
ofMentx.     Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Altkirch,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  river  Ule, 

45  miles  SSW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  20 
E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

JlUmore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Tyrone,  seven  miles  NW  of  Dungannon. 
Lon.  6  45  W.  lat.  55  43  N, 

Jilton,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  seated  on 
the  river  Wey,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  has  one  church,  a  famous  free- 
school,  a  large  manufacture  of  plain  and 
figured  baragons,  ribbed  druggets,  and 
serges  de  Nismes ;  and  round  the  town  are 
plantations  of  hops.  It  is  18  miles  ENE 
of  Southampton,  and  48  WSW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  55  W.  lat.   51  22  N. 

Alton,  township  of  Strafford  county,  in 
the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  containing 
about  1000  inhabitants. 

Altonn,  flourishing  seaport  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Ilolstein,  commodiously 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ham- 
burg. The  Danes  built  it  in  that  situa- 
tion, that  it  might  rival  Hamburg  in  com- 
merce. It  v/as  burnt  by  the  Swedes  in 
1712,  but  has  been  since  beautifully  rebuilt, 
Lon.  9  52  E,  lat.  53  37  N. 

Altorf,  town  of  Germany,  formerly  in  the 
territory  of  Nuremburg,  with  a  fim-us  uni- 
versity, a  library,  and  a  physic  garden.  It 
is  10  m  les  SE  of  Nuremburg,  lon.  11  22 
E.  lat.  49  20  N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  S;:abia,  20  miles  NE  of  Constance,  and 
subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  Lon.  9 
30  E.  lat.  47  50  N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
the  canton  of  Url,  seated  nc.'ir  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Riiss,  on  the  lake  oi  Lucent, 
20  miles  SE  of  Lucern.    Lon.  8  25  E.  lat. 

46  55  N. 

AanngJiam.  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  10  miles  E  of  War- 
ring'on,  n-l  130  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
32  W.  lat  55  23  N. 

Ahm-deTnrmes,  a  considerable  town  of 
Spaiii,  :n  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle,  seat- 
ed on  The  Tormes,  \2  miles  SE  of  Salaman- 
fca.    L.an.  5  4  W.  lat.  41  0  N. 


Alvarado,  large  river  of  Mexico,  in  the 
Intendency  of  Vera  Cruz,  is  formed  by  the 
Alvarado  proper,  and  Rio  Blanco,  the  latter 
rising  from  the  eastern  slope  of  tlje  Peak 
D'Orizaba,  and  nearly  west  off"  the  city  of 
Vera  Cruz.  The  Alvarado  enters  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  N.  lat.  18  50.  W  Lon.  W. 
C.  18  40. 

AJveston,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire. 
On  the  top  of  a  hill  near  the  Savern,  is  a 
large  round  camp, .  callcri  Oldbury,  where 
several  antiquities  have  been  dug  up.  It 
is  eight  miles  N  by  E  of  Bristol. 

Alnmets,  les,  on  the  Ottowa  river,  above 
the  Rapids,  which  are  higher  than  riviere 
du  Nord. 

Alured  Cape,  in  the  township  of  Clarfee, 
Upper  Canada,  north  side  of  lake  Ontario. 

Alzira,  town  of  Spain  in  Valencia,  sn 
the  river  Xucar,  17  miles  S  of  Valencia. 
Lon.  0  10  E.  lat.  36  6  N. 

Amadan  or  Hamadan,  town  of  Persia, 
200  miles  NE  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  47  4  E. 
lat.  35  15  N. 

Amadia,  trading  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdi- 
stan,  belonging  to  the  Tuiks  ;  seated  on  a 
high  mountain,  40  wiiles  SE  of  Gezira. 
Lon.  41  5  E.  lat.  36  5N. 

Amazura,  small  river  of  South  America, 
falling  into  the  Oronoco  near  its  mouth. 

Amak,  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  Copen- 
hagen, from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
canal. 

Amal,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Gothland,  with  a  good  harbour  on  lake 
Wenner,  175  miles  SW  of  Upsal.  It  car- 
ries on  a  great  trade  in  timber,  deals,  and 
tar.     Lon.  12  40  E.  lat.  59  0  N. 

Amalfi,  an  ancient  town  in  the  Citerior 
Principality  of  Najsles,  and  an  archbishop's 
see.  Flavio  Gioia,  who  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented the  mariner's  compass,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  14th  century,  was  a  native 
of  tills  town.  It  was  here  also,  that  in  1137. 
the  Pandects  of  Justinian  were  recovered. 
It  is  seated  in  a  cliarming  country,  on  the 
wesictn  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Salerno,  13 
miles  SW  of  Salerno.  Lon,  14  45  E.  lat. 
40  26  N. 

.'Imanbia,  river  of  South  America,  rising 
between  the  Parana  and  Paraguay,  and 
falling  into  the  former  at  lat.  24S. 

Amanda,  township  of  Fairfield  coimty 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  and  in  1820, 
1221. 

Amandaville,  post  village  in  Egbert  coun- 
ty Georgia. 

Amand,  St.  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  and  late  territory  of 
Bourbonnois,  seated  on  the  river  Cher,  20 
miles  S  of  Bourges.  Lon.  2  30  E.  lat.  46 
45  N. 

Amand,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  the  North  and   in  the  late 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  a  Scarpe,  se- 
ven miles  N  of  Valenciennes     When  the 
3.4 


A  M  A 


A  >£  B 


PiMssians  and  Austriaiis  invaded  Trance  iu 
1792,  it  was  taken  by  them,  but  evacuated 
on  their  retreat.  Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 
^Amantea,  seaport  town  of  Naples  in  Ca- 
labria Citerior,  near  the  bay  of  Eufemia, 
20  miles  S  W  of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16  10  E, 
lat.  39  12  N.  .  _ 

Amapalta,  seaport  of  X.  A-merica,  in  Gua- 
timala,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
220  miles  S  E  of  Gualimala.  N  lat.  12  50, 
W  ion.  W  C  11  56. 

Amapalla,  or  Fonseca,  large  bay  or  gulf 
of  N  America,  between  the  province  of 
Guatimala  and  Nicaragua. 

.iniaro,Juan,  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  Cap- 
tain Generalship  of  Bahia,  on  the  Pannaco 
river,    S  lat.  13  20,  E.  lon.  W  C  36  50. 

Amada,  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  the 
birthplace  of  Strabo,  the  geographer.  It 
is  the  residence  of  a  bashaw,  and  gives  its 
name  to  the  province  it  stands  in,  where 
there  are  the  best  wines  and  fruits  of  Na- 
tolia. It  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
July  3f  1794.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Casalmack,  36  miles  N  of  Tocat.  Lon.  oo 
OE.  Iat.40  31  N. 

Amazon^  or  Orellana,  a  great  river  of  S. 
America,  which  has  its  source  in  Peru,  not 
far  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  running  E 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  a  number 
of  channels,  which  in  the  rainy  season  over- 
flow their  banks,  and  fertilize  the  country. 
Its  course  is  betv/een  4  and  5000  miles,  in- 
eluding  all  its  windings.  The  country  in- 
cluded within  its  varicas  mouths.  It  is 
150  miles  broad)  and  receives  in  its  pro- 
gress, near  200  other  riv^ers,  many  of  wliich 
liave  a  course  of  5  or  690  leagues.  Tlie 
principal  of  these  tributary  streams  are  the 
Napo,  Japura  and  Negro  from  the  north  ; 
the  Tocantinas,  Xingus,  Tapajos,  Madeira, 
Jurus,  Intay,  Grand  Vara,  Gualaga,  and 
Lauricoclia  from  the  south.  The  Amazon, 
including' all  its  confluents  and  their  tribu- 
taries drains  an  area  of  more  than  2,800,000 
square  miles.  Jt  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
under  the  equator,  Lon.  E  W  C  28. 

.imazonia,  a  country  in  S.  America, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Terra  Firma  and 
Guiana,  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Brazil,  on  the  S  by  La  Plata,  and  on 
tlie  W  by  P^ru.  It  is  indeed  a  vague 
term  to  designate  all  the  interior  regions  of 
South  'Amefica,  watered  by  the  Am.azon 
river,  and  yet  inhabited  only  by  the  native 
tribes  of  savages.  It  was  discovered  in 
1580,  by  Francisco  Orellana,  who  sailed 
down  the  river  Amazon  to  the  Atlantic. 
Observing  companies  of  women  in  arms  on 
its  banl|s,  he  called  the  country  Amazon- 
nia,  and  gave  tlie  nam.e  of  Amazon  to  the 
river.  But  this  was  probably  a  fiction,  for 
M.  Condamine  could  perceive  no  such 
women.  It  is  generally  a  flat  region, 
abounding  in  woods,  lakes,  rivers,  bogs, 
and  morasses.      The   soil  is  verv  rich  and 


fertile ;  tiie  trees  and  plants  are  verdant  all 
the  year.  The  rivers  and  lakes  are  infest- 
ed by  alligators  and  water-serpents.  Their 
banks  are  inhabited  by  different  tribes  of 
Indians,  governed  by  petty  sovereigns. 
The  Spaniards  have  made  many  vain  at- 
tempts to  settle  this  country.  On  that 
part  of  the  coast  between  Cape  North  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  and  aloi.g  that 
rivei;,  the  Portuguese  have  indeed  some 
settlements.       .  « 

Amber,  a  post  village  in  Onondago  coun- 
ty Nesv  York. 

.imber  Bai',  of  Yucatan  on  the  coast  of 
Honduras.  N  lat.  39  40,  W  lon.  W  C  11 
50.- 

Amber^,  a  handsome  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  Upper  Palatinate  of  Bavaria. 
It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Ills,  40  miles  E  of  Kuremburg.  Lon. 
32  7E.  kt.  49  20  N. 

Ambert,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Puy  ^e  Dome  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  seated  in  a  beautiful 
valley  on  the  river  Ore.  It  was  remarka- 
ble, before  the  French  devolution,  for  the 
great  number  of  paper.manufticlurers  in  its 
viciniiy,  and  for  its  trade  in  coarse  laces, 
camlets,  l<.c.  It  is  21  miles  E  of  Issoire^ 
and  300  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  50  E.  lat. 
45  25  N. 

Ambergrense-Keij,  island  in  the  bay  of 
Honduras,  on  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  N  lat, 
18  50,  Wlon.  W  C  11  48. 

Ambleside,  a  town  of  Westmoreland,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  Winan- 
der-mere ;  13  miles  N  W  of  Kendal,  and 
271  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat. 
54  28  N. 

Amblalevse,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
jirovince  of  Plcardy>  8  miles  N  of  Bou- 
logne, defended  bv  a  batterv  of  cannon, 
Lon.  1  41  E,  lai.  50  49  N. 

Amboise,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late  province 
of  Touraiue,  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Loire  and  Massee.  It  is  12  miles  E  of 
Tours,  and  118  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
54  E,  lat.  47  25  N.  ' 

Amboy,  sometimes  called  Perth  Ambo)', 
city  and  post-town  of  East  Jersey,  in  Mid- 
dlesex county.  This  town  is  finely  situated 
for  a  seaport,  lying  open  to  Sandyhook,  and 
approachable  from  the  sea  with  any  wind 
that  blows.  Population  in  1810,  815;  in 
1820,  798.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  40  31  N, 
.nnd  E  lon.  W  C  2  44.  25  miles  from  New 
York,  and  70  from  Philadelphia. 

Amboif,  Sontli,  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  New  Jersey,  lying  south  of  Amboy 
bay.  Population  in  1810,  3041,  and  in 
1820,  3406. 

Amboy.  bay  between  South  Amboy  and 
Staten  island^  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
KaritCn  and  Passaick  rivers. 
35 


A   M  E 


A  M  ?: 


Amboyna,  un  isi.iiul  of  Asia,  in  the  liidiir.i 
Ocean,  with  a  garrison  town  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  the  chief  of  the  Moluccas, 
and  rcmarkuble  for  tite  quantity  ot  chnes 
and  nu-raet^s  it  proJuci-s.  T.  e  English 
and  D  itch  had  factories  liere  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century ;  but  tiie  Dutch 
expelled  ihe  English.  Lon.  12?  0  E,  lat. 
4  OS. 

Ambresbufy,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  and  three  f.Srs;  6  miles 
N  of  Sail  bury,  and  78  wo'f  London.  Lon. 
1  40  W,  lat.  51-11  N. 

Ambrym,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  S.  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  168  12  E,  lat. 
16  ION. 

Amedabad,  a  large  and  populuns  citj'  of 
Hindoosvan,  and  tlic  capital  of  the  province 
Guzerat.  It  is  one  of  tlie  best  fortified 
places  in  India,  but  was  taken  by  ge:ieral 
Goddard,  in  1780,  from  the  Poouali  lh\\\- 
rattas,  to  whonti  it  was  restored  in  1783. 
It  s'ands  in  a  beautifiil  plain  on  the  bunks 
of  a  navigable  river  thai  falls  into  tlie  gulf 
of  Cambay,  321  miles  N  of  Uombay.  Lon. 
72  37  E,  lat.  22  58  N.       _ 

Amednaaw;  a  city  of  Hindoostan  in  th.e 
Deccan  ;  once  the  capital  of  the  soubah  of 
the  same  name,  whicli  now  is  belter  known 
by  that  of  Dowlatabad.  This  city  was  the 
resid.'-nce  of  the  emperor  Aurungzebe, 
during  his  conquest  of  the  Deccan,  and  the 
Carnatic.  It  is  181  miles  by  Poonah,  from 
Bombay.    Lon.  75  0  E,  lat  19  10  N. 

Amelia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Ital}',  in  the 
state  of  the  church,  in  the  duchy  of  Spo- 
letto,  20  miles  S  W  of  Spolctta,  and  45  X 
9f  Rome.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  41  33  N. 

Amelia,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Virginia, 
lying  between  the  waters  of  the  Nottoway 
and  Appomatox  rivers.  ILiving  Nottaway 
S  AV  ;  Prince  Edvrard  W  ;  Cumberland  N 
W;  Pohatan  and  Che'sterfield  N  E ;  and 
Dinwiddle  S  E.  It  is  about  30  miles  long, 
with  a  mean  width  of  10,  embracing  an 
area  of  300  squai-e  miles.  The  f 'ce  of  this 
county  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  soil  lo- 
lerably  fertile. 

Population  in  IS  10. 
Free  white  males       -         v         -         1,664 
do.     do.   females    -         -         -•        1^589 
All   other  free  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       .-        -        -  1,55 
Slaves 7,186 


.Slaves,  females     ....        3,6.1-i 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     .  -         -         -'        .  110 


Total  papulation' in  1820 


11,106 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.  females  - 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Total  whites       .        .        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  m  iles     • 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males     -       -       .       . 

36 


10,594 


1,697 
1,710 


3,409 

86 

101 

3,786 


Ofihese; 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -         3,732 
do.        in  Commerce       -        -  27 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  347 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  37. 

Amelia  Island,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
coast  of  East  Florid:^,  sit\!ated  20  miles 
nortli  of  St.  Augustine,* and  extending  13 
miles  ii'om  th.e  mouth  of  Nassau  to  St.  Ma- 
ry's rivers,  with  a  mean  width  exceeding  a 
mile. 

Ameliaaburgh  ToTvnship.  in  the  county  of 
Prince  Edward,  is  the  westernmost  town- 
ship of  tiiat  county,  bounded  by  the  carry- 
ing place,  whicli  leads  from  the  head  of  the 
ba_\-  of  Qulnte  to  lake  Ontario,  and  is  wash- 
eel  by  the  waters  of  the  bay  and  the  lake. 

Amenia,  township  of  Duchess  county,  in 
t')e  state  of  New  York.  It  contained  about 
3,114  inhahitanis  in  1820. 

A]^1EM1C  A,  continent  of,  one  of  the  great 
sub-divisions  of  the  terraqueous  globe. 
Taken  in  its  fullest  extent,  America  extends 
from  S  lat.  5(i,  to  the  utmost  known  land  to- 
wards the  north  pole.  It  is  washed  on  the 
east  by  the  .\tlantic  Ocean,  which  separates 
it  from  Africa  and  Europe  ;  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean  west,  separating  it  from  Asia,  Austral 
Asia,  and  Polynesia;  and  on  the  north  by 
the  Frozen  Ocean,  and  the  various  inlets 
separating  ti;e  numerous  islands  of  that  in- 
hospitable region.  America  is  naturally  di-* 
vided  into  two  immense  sections,  whicii 
have  received  tlie  relative  adjective  najTies 
of  Nortli  America,  and  South  Americ:i. 
North  America  extends  from  the  isthmus 
of  Darien  N  lat,  8  to  tlic  utmost  known  re- 
gions of  the  north,  and  spreads  from  Bhe- 
ring's  straits  to  those  of  DeHisle,  or  rather 
fo  embrace  Greenland.  Its  breadtii  is  very 
irregular,  not  exceeding  15  or  20  miles  near 
Panama,  whilst  from  Bhersng's  straits  to 
tlie  straits  of  Bellisle,  it  extends  to  a  dis- 
tance of  3,300  gcogruphical,  or  3,800  Eng- 
lish miles,  bearing  N  76  \V.  From  the 
straits  of  Bellisle  to  tlie  isthmus  of  Darien 
is  4,500  geographical,  equal  to  5212  Eng- 
lish miles.  •  North  America  i^traversed  by 
two  great  chains,  and  several  minor  ranges 
of  mountains.  The  Appali^chjan  or  Alle- 
gany mountains  extend  through  ihe  United 
States  from  N  E  to  S.  W  from  the  state  of 
New  York,  to  Georgia^  Alabama^and  Mis- 
sissippi, with  a  mean  width  :f  qjpout  50 
miles.  Several  detached  ranges  or  groups 
rise  north-east  ofl"  the  Hudson,  and  south- 
east off  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  Maserne 
or  Ozark  mountains  extend  from  the  cen- 
tre of  the  state  of  Missouri  towards  Texas, 
a!id  the  6thep  Spanish'  internal  province?. 


A  M  E 


A  M  E 


in  a  direcUon  nearly  parallel  lo  the  Appa- 
lachian chain.  The  length  of  the  Appala- 
chian is  about  900  miles  wi^th  a  mean  ele- 
\-ation  of,  from  1,200  to  2,000  feet.  The 
extent  of  the  Masserne  chain  is  not  very 
accurately  known,  but  must  exceed  600 
miles;  its  mean  hciglit  cannot,  in  the  pre- 
sent state  of  Geograpiiical  knowledge,  be 
estimated  with  any  approximate  degree  of 
accuracy.  The  great  spine  of  North  Ame- 
rica is  the  Chippewan,  Rocky,  or  as  it  is 
termed  in  Mexico  that  of  Anahuac.  This 
immense  chain  reaches  from  the  peninsula 
of  Tehuantepec  N  lat.  16,  to  the  Frozen 
Ocean  at  N  lat.  68,  or  through  upwards  of 
50  degrees  of  latitude  ;  encircling  nearly 
one-seventh  part  of  the  globe.  In  neither 
the  Appalachian,  or  Masserne  chains,  nor 
in  any  of  their  neighbouring  groups,  have 
any  active  or  extinct  volcanoes  been  dis- 
covered ;  but  in  the  soutliern  part  of  the 
greut  central  chain  an  immense  range  of 
volcatioes  or  volcanic  summits  rise  to  from 
10,000  to  17,700  feet.  It  is  generally  sup- 
posed that  tlie  mountains  of  the  isthmus  of 
Darien  are  continuations  of  the  cliain  of 
Aujiliuac  ;  but  there  is  strong  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  tlie  former  are  distinct  and  un- 
connected with  the  latter.  A  nameless 
range  skirt?,  along  the  Pacific  Ocean,  wiiich 
from  the  defective  surveys  yet  taken,  can- 
not be  very  distinctly  delineated.  That 
part  of  Nortli  America  west  of  the  Chip- 
pewan mountains,  and  north  of  Colorado 
river,  except  the  central  parts  of  (he  val- 
ley of  Columbia,  remains  eitlier  imperfectly 
or  entirely  unknown.  Nortli  America  has 
live  great  systems  of  rivers ;  that  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  -,  that  of  tlie  gulf  of  Mexico  ; 
that  of  tlie  Frozen  Ocean ;  that  of  Hudson's 
bay  ;  and  that  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

In  the  Atlantic  system  the  principal  ri- 
I'crs  are,  St.  .To'r.n's  of  Florida,  Altamalia, 
Savannah,  Saiitee,  Pedee,  Cape  Fear,  llo- 
anoke,  James,  Potomac,  Susquehanna,  De- 
laware, Hudson,  Connecticut,  Kenebec, 
I'enobscot,  St.  John's  of  New  Brunswick, 
and  St.  Lawrence.  In  tjie  system  of  Hud- 
son's bay  are  included,  besides  many  streams 
of  lesser  note,  Ilupeit's,  Albany,  Severn, 
an.d  Sasiiasshawin  rivers.  Into  the  Northern 
Ocean  M'Kenzie's,  Peace,  or  Utjjiga  river 
is  the  only  stream  of  considerable  magni- 
tude yet  known  to  enter  from  the  conti- 
nent of  North  .■\n^erica.  The  rivers  of  the 
central  valley  of  North  America,  are  dis- 
charged into  the  gulf  of  .Vicxico,  amongst 
v.liich  the  Mississippi  presents  its  ov  r- 
whelming  flood ;  but  besides  that  vast  ri- 
ver, the  Ajijialachicola,  Mobile,  Colorado, 
of  tl;e  gulf  of  Mexico,  Itio  Grande  del 
Norte,  and  several  others,  are  stream.s  of 
great  magnitude.  The  Santiago,  Iliaqui, 
the  Colorado  or  the  gulf  of  California,  and 
tlie  Columbia,  are  the  only  extensive  rivers 
the  courses  of  which  are  correctlv  known, 


and  which  enter  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the 
continen'.  of  North  America. 

South  America  reaches  from  Cape  Vela, 
N  lat.  12  15,  to  Cape  Horn,  S  lat.  56,  or 
through  more  than  68  degrees  of  latitude, 
in  nearly  a  north  and  south  direction,  ex- 
ceeding 4,700  miles  in  length.  Its  greatest 
breadth  is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  its  great- 
est length ;  the  former  stretching  from 
Cape  St  Iloque,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  to 
Cape  Blanco  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  through 
35  degrees  of  longitude,  on  S  lat.  5,  or  over 
upwards  of  2760  miles.  South  America  is 
traversed  by  three  great  chains  of  moun- 
tains, the  Andes,  ranging  along  the  west- 
ern coast ;  the  mountains  of  Bra«Il ;  antl 
those  of  Caracas  or  Venezuela.  The  AncJ^s 
are  commensurate  with  South  America  iu 
its  utmost  length.  Like  the  Appalachian 
the  Andes  chain  is  composed  of  a  numbei* 
of  coUaterul  or  rather  parallel  ridges.  Those 
of  the  Andes  rise  to  enormous  volcanic  sum- 
raits  of  from  10,000  to  upwards  of  20,000 
feet,  and  are,  those  of  tlie  Asiatic  chain  of 
Himmalaya  excepted,  the  highest  on  the 
globe.  Tlie  Andes  also  similar  to  the  chain 
of  Anahuac,  rise  into  and  extend  wide 
elevated  habitable  valleys  from  2,000  to 
9,000  feet  elevation.  From  tliis  vast  sys- 
tem of  mountains  the  largest  rivers  of  the 
earth  have  their  sources,  pouring  theii' 
mighty  volumes,  however,  from  the  position 
of  the  mountains,  all  towards  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  The  Magdalen,  Orinoco,  Amazon, 
and  Plate,  have  but  comparative  rills  as 
con'rasts  on  the  "Pacific  side  of  the  conti- 
nent. The  chain  of  Caracas  seems  to  be 
rather  an  embranchment  of  the  general 
chain  of  the  Andes  than  a  distinct  system. 
The  course  of  the  Caracas  chain  from  west 
to  east,  appears  to  form  its  most  distinguish- 
ing feature,  whilst  ths  general  range  of  the 
Andes  are  from  north  tl^  soutli  nearly.  The 
Caracas  chain  in  no  part'  rises  above  about 
8450 ;  it  extends  along  the  coast  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  sea,  and  expires  towards 
the  gulf  of  Cora,  or  mouth  of  t!ie  Orinoco 
river.  The  Brazillian  chain  is  distinct, 
rising  about  S  lat.  30,  and  stretching  to- 
wards the  equator,  expires  near  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  between  the  mouth  of  the  xVma- 
zon  river  and  Cape  St  lloquc.  This  chain 
extends  ujjwards  of  2,000  miles,  but  is  no 
plai;e  very  elevated.  South  America  exhi- 
h\t'>  four  systems  of  rivers  ;  thai  of  the  Pa- 
cific .Ocean  ;  ih.'t  of  the  Caribbean  sta  ;  the 
great  centra)  system,  and  that  of  Biazilia. 
The  Pacfic  system  of  South  American  ri- 
vers presents,  in  a  distance  of  near  5,000 
miles,  an  innumerable  list  of  small  streams; 
but  from  the  approximation  of  the  Cordi- 
lera  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  no  single  river  of 
any  considerable  magnitude.  The  Cali- 
calla.  Imperial,  Biobio,  Quillota,  and  a  few 
others  in  Chili,  with  the  Cuaquil  in  Quito, 
ai'e  tlie  principal  streams  discharged  west- 
■37 


A  M  E 


A  M  E 


v/ird  from  the  Andes.  Atrato,  Magdalena, 
and  Tacuya,  in  the  republic  of  Columbia, 
are  the  only  rivei-s  of  the  Caribbean  system 
of  any  magnitude  vvorthj^  notice.  The 
most  interestmg  river  system  not  only  in 
America,  but  upon  the  globe,  is  that  of  the 
centre  of  South  America.  This  vast  sys- 
tem extends  i'fom  the  52  S  lat  to  the  10 
N  lat.  through  upwards  of  4300  miles  m 
length,  with  a  breadth  from  the  extreme 
western  sources  to  tne  mouth  of  the  Ama- 
zon, river,  through  30  degrees  of  longitude 
on  the  equator,  -r  above  2000  miles.  Over 
this  immense  surface  flow,  besides  innumer- 
able small  T  streams,  the  Orinoco,  Amazon, 
and  Plite,  with  their  various  branches, 
nv§ny  of  wliich  are  themselves  rivers  off 
great  length  and  magnitude.  An  elonga- 
tion of  this  -.ystem  reaches  beyond  the 
Plate,  and  s'retchcs  to  the  river  Galegas, 
or  Cape  Fairweather,  S  lat.  il  30.  In  this 
space  is  included  the  rivers  Colorado,  Ne- 
gro, St.  Vlathias,  Cainerones,  Point  Desire, 
and  Gallegos.  '!"he  fourth  and  last  of  the  ri- 
ver systems  of  South  America,  extendsfrom 
Cape'  Santa  Maria  S  lat.  34  30,  to  S  lat.  1, 
and  is  bounded  west  by  the  BiaziHian 
moimtams,  or  dividing  line  between  the 
waters  of  the  Amazon  and  Plate  rivers,  and 
those  included  within  itself,  and  on  all  other 
sides  by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Tuis  system 
may  be  correctly  designated  the  Brazillian, 
and  contains  the  streams  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
Parayba,  Doce,  Patuxo,  St.  Francisco,  Par- 
naiba,  Pinare,  and  Gurupy.  The  islands 
of  the  West  Indies  form  a  part  of  America, 
but  it  is  difficult  to  assign  any  point  of  di- 
%'ision  in  this  Archipelago,  to  mark  the  line 
of  separation  between  the  two  great  sec- 
tions of  the  continent.  Indeed  any  sucli 
division  must  be  arbitrary.  In  common 
estiination  the  Caribbean  islands,  from  Bar- 
bada  to  Trinidad  Inclusive,  are  viewed  at- 
tached to  South  America,  wliilst  the  Lee- 
ward islands,  and  St.  Domingo,  Jamaica, 
Cuba,  and  the  Bahamas,  are  joined  w-ith 
Korth  America.  Each  great  section  has, 
however,  numerous  islands  unequivocally 
belonging  to  it.  To  Xortii  America  may 
be  added  the  vast  but  desolate  expanse  of 
Greenland,  together  v/ith  a  nameless  maze 
of  frozen  islands  along  the  entii'e  northern 
extent  of  the  continent.  Iceland,  from  its 
proximity  to  Greenland,  is  decidedly  an 
American  island.  In  the  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence are  the  islands  of  Newfoundland, 
Anticosti,  the  Magdalen  i.slands.  Prince  Ed- 
ward, Cape  Breton,  and  some  of  lesser  note. 
Along  the  Pacific  side  of  North  America 
are  fuund  a  few  small  islands  in  the  gulf  of 
Panama ;  the  group  of  Revillagigedo,  west 
of  Mexico,  and  south  of  the  Peninsula  of 
California  ;  Quadra  and  Vancouver,  Queen 
Charlotte,  Prince  of  Wales  and  King 
George,  with  many  smaller  islands,  lie  op-^ 
posite  and  close  to  the  coast  between  N.  * 


lat.  48  and  N.  lat.  58. '  In  the  great  bay 
between  the  peninsula  of  Alaska  and  Prince 
William's  sound,  beside  several  others,  are 
the  islands  of  Montagu  and  Kightak.  The 
Fox  or  Aleutian  islands  extend  S  W  and 
W  from  the  point  of  Alaska  towards  Asia. 
Along  the  North  American  coast,  and 
ivithin  the  sea  of  Kamschatka,  some  unim- 
portant islands  exist,  and  completes  the  list 
of  North  American  islands.  South  America, 
compared  with  its  extent,  is  in  a  remark- 
able manner  unaccompanied  with  islands. 
However,  independent  of  those  already 
noticed,  are  found  along  the  Columbiap. 
coast,  Curagoa,  Buenos  Ayres,  OrchiUa, 
and  Margantta.  In  the  mouth  of  the  Ama- 
zon and  Tocantinas,  and  the  Delta  of  the 
Orinoco  are  an  immense  number  of  name- 
less islands,  with  a  few  of  sufficient  impor- 
tance to  merit  designating  terms.  Joannes 
in  he  estuary  of  the  Amazon  is  the  most 
extensive  of  those  two  groups.  From  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon  to  the  straits  of  Ma- 
gellan are  innumerable  small  and  iirterest- 
ing  islands,  btit  no  one  the  size  of  which 
would  entitle  it  to  particular  notice  in  a 
general  view.  Separated  from  the  conti- 
nent by  tile  straits  of  Magellan,  spreads 
tlie  large  but  desolate  island  of  Terra  del 
Fuego  ;  and  about  300  mdes  to  the  N  E  of 
the  latier,  stands  the  still  more  barren  and 
inhospitable  group  of  the  Falkland  islands. 
Passing  the  straits  of  Magellan  into  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  following  the  South  Ame- 
rican co:-.st,  are  first  met  the  group  of  the 
Toledo  islands  ;  farther  north  the  island  of 
Madre  de  Dios  j  the  fine  Archipelago  of 
Chiloe  opens  between  S  lat.  42  and  44. 
Tile  group  of  Juan  Fernando,  S.  lat.  34, 
W  Ion.  W  C  3,  is  generally  considered  as 
American.  Beyond  t!ie  latter,  proceeding 
north,  at  a  long  interval,  we  find  a  few 
small  islands  in  the  bay  of  Guaquil;  and 
under  the  equator,  W  Ion.  W  C  13,  the 
Galipagos  g-oup  closes  the  list  of  South 
American  islands. 

Independent  of  the  aborigines,  America 
is  now  held  by  Kussia,  Great  Britain,  Den- 
mark, the  United  States,  Mexico,  Colum- 
bia, Spain,  France,  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  Portugal,  Buenos  Ayres,  Chili, 
and  Peru.  Russian  America  extends  agree- 
ble  to  the  claims  of  that  government,  along 
the  coast  of  Norlh  America,  from  N.  lat.  51 
to  the  utmost  known  lands  north,  extend- 
ing indefinitely  inland,  and  embracing  all 
the  islands  within  100  ijiiles  off  the  coast ; 
and  must  include  1,160,000  square  miles 
of  land.  British  America  consists  of  all  the 
northern  parts  of  the  continent  east  of  the 
Russian  territories,  and  north  from  those 
of  the  United  States,  with  the  islands  of 
Newfoundland,  Anticosti,  Cape  Breton, 
Prince  Edward,  Bahamas,  Virgin  islands, 
Jamaica,  Trinidad,  and  some  others  of  les- 
ser note.     Mexican  America  extends  from 


A  M  E 


A  M  H 


the  confines  of  the  kingdom  of  Guatimaia, 
W  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  S  W  of  the 
United  States,  as  far  as  N  lat.  42.  ,  The  re- 
public of  Columbia  embraces  the  vast  re- 
gions formerly  included  in  the  captain-ge- 
neralship of  Venezuela,  and  the  viceroy- 
alty  of  New  Grenada,  with  a  part  of  northern 
Peru.  Spanish  America  contains  the  still 
unsevered  fragments  of  the  once  mighty 
American  empire  of  that  nation,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  Guatimaia,  Cuba,  and  Porto 
Rico.  Danish  America  includes  Iceland, 
Greenland,  and  the  small  islands  of  St. 
Croix  and  St.  Thomas,  The  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands  claims  St.  Eustatiiis,  and 
some  other  islands  of  little  note,  with  ex- 
tensive territories  on  the  South  American 
coast"  in  Guyana.  France  holds  Guada- 
loupe,  Martinico,  and  a  part  of  Guyana. 
The  wide  spread  regions  held  by  the  Por- 
tuguese in  America,  extend  from  the  4^f)f 
Nlat.  to  the  35  of  S  lat.  along  the  \tlantic 
Ocean,  and  inland  to  the  72  of  Ion.  west  of 
London,  and  embracing  a  territory  of  2,700 
miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and 
2,600  miles  in  breadth  from  east  to  west. 
The  United  Provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  or 
La  Plate,  claim  all  that  formerly  appertain- 
ed to  Spain  upon  the  waters  of  that  mighty 
river,  as  do  Chili  and  Peru  along  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  from  the  limits  of  New  Gre- 
nada to  the  utmost  bounds  of  civilized  set- 
tlement towards  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  continent. 


SUMMAtlT. 

Square  miles. 

1,160,000 

2,660,000 

500,000 

2,200,000 


Russian  America, 
British  America, 
Danish  do.     - 
United  States 
Spanish  America 

entire 
Portuguese  America,  3,000,000 
Swedish     Dutch,  ^        2jgooo 

French,  3 

Negroes  of  St.    ^ 

Domingo,  S 


Inhabitants. 

200,000 

1,850,000 

60,000 

10,000,000 


5,250,000  18,000,(300 

6,000,000 

590,000 

20,000       700,000 


37,400,000 


If  taken  nationally,  this  mass  will  stand 
thus  : 
Whites  in  the  English,  Danish, 

Swedish,  Dutch,  French,  and 

United  States  territories,  9,110,000 

Spaniards  &  their  white  Creoles,  10,900,000 
Portiiguese    and    their    white 

Creoles,  ....  3,000,000' 
Indians  in  all  America,  -  -  10,800,000 
Blacks,  entire  on  the  continent 

and  contiguous  islands,        -     3,590,000 


37,400,000 

^mersfort,  town  of  Holland,  In  the  state 

of  Utrecht.    It  has  a  trade  in  beer  and  to- 

bacco,  and  goods  from  Germany  are  ship. 


ped  here  for  Amsterdam.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  river  Embs,  10  miles 
E  N  fc  of  Utrecht. 

Atnersham,  or  Agmoncksham,  borough  in 
Buckinghamshire,  with  a  market  on  Tues- 
day. The  townhall  is  the  handsomest  in 
the  county.  It  is  seated  on  a  vale  between 
wo  dy  hills,  26  miles  N  W  of  London. 

Ames,  town  of  Athens  county,  Ohio,  in 
the  township  of  Amesville,  12  miles  N  E 
from  Athens. 

Amesbury,  town  in  Essex  count}',  and 
state  of  Massachusetts,  about  four  miles 
from  Newburyport,  and  50  miles  N  by  E 
from  Boston  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  be- 
ing situated  on  a  navigable  nver. 

Amewell,  township  of  Hunterdon  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  about  34  miles 
N  by  E  of  Philadelphia  Population,  1810, 
5777,  and  in  1820,  6749. 

Amesbtiry  or  Amhresbury,  a  town  in  Wilt- 
shire with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  6 
miles  N  of  Salisbury,  and  77  W  of  London, 

Amesville,  township  of  Athens  coimty, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  608,  in  1820, 
707. 

Amherst  Island,  in  the  county  of  Ontario, 
formerly  called  Isle  Tonti,  contains  about 
16,000  acres;  it  lies  opposite  to  Ernest 
town  and  part  of  Fredericksburgh,  in  lake 
Ontario,  towards  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of 
Qninte. 

Amherslsbiivff,  town  of  Upper  Canada,  on 
the  left  shore  ot  Detroit  river,  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  Fort  Maiden.  It  is 
situated  but  a  short*  distance  above  lake 
Erie.     N.  lat.  42  3,  W.  Ion.  W  C  5  5. 

Amherst,  township  and  post  town  of  New 
Hampshire,  Hilsbofough  county.  The  Au- 
rean  academy  was  founded  here  in  1790. 
It  is  situate  on  a  north  branch  of  the  Sou- 
hegan,  5c,  miles  N  W  of  Boston,  and  60 
W  S  W  of  Portsmouth.  Lon.  71  33  W,  Jat, 
42  54  N.  Population  in  1810, 1554,  and  in 
1820,  1622. 

Amhei'st,  town  of  J^'ova  Scotia,  Cumber- 
kind  county,  on  Chignecto  bay. 

AiTiherst,  township  of  Hampshire  county, 
Ma'^sachusetts,  with  a  population  in  1810, 
ot  1469,  and  in  1820,  191:^, 

Amherst,  county  of  Virgiiii.;,  having  the 
Blue  Ridge,  or  Rockbridge,  N  W  ;  Nelson 
N  E ;  James  river  or  Buckingham  and 
Campbell  S  E ;  James  river  or  Bedford  S 
W ;  being  22  miles  in  length,  with  19 
miles  in  breadth,  or  418  square  miles.  The 
face  of  the  country  is  agreeably  diversified 
by  hill  and  dale,  and  abounds  in  excellent 
spring  water.  The  soil,  like  the  .features 
of  the  country,  admits  of  great  variety, 
but  is  in  many  places  extremely  productive. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -       _.  '      2,549 

do.  do.  females  ...  3,574 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 198 

39 


A  M  I 


A  M  P 


Slaves         .        .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.  females  - 
Poreiguers  not  naturalized 

Total  whites       .        .        - 


5,207    Slaves,  females 


1"0,548 


"2,335 
2,275 


4,613 


1,416 
6,859 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males  127 

do.             do.         females  119 

Slaves,  males      ....  2,817 

do.    females            -        .        -  2,750 


Total  population  in  1820 


10,426 


Of  these  ; 
Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        3,132 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  146 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  170 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Amherst  Spri7igs,  post  village  in  Amherst 
county,  Virginia. 

Amiens,  a  large  and  populous  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Somne.  Three 
branches  of  the  river  Somne  pass  through 
this  city,  and  afterwards  unite.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  linen  and  woollen  cloth,  which 
employ  in  the  citv  and  adjacent  country, 
30,000  people.  •  It  is  20  mil'es  S  E  of  Ahbe- 
ville,  and  75  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  IS  E,  kt. 
49  54  N. 

Amikoues,  river  of  the,  runs  into  lake 
Huron  from  the  north  shore,  east  of  the 
Missassaga  river. 

Amite,  county  of  Mississippi,  having  Wil- 
kinson W;  Frank'in  N  ;  Pike  E  ;  .and  the 
parishes  of  St.  Helena  and  New  Feliciana, 
in  Louisiana  S.  It  is  30  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west,  and  24  miles  broad  from 
north  to  south,  covering  an  area  of  960 
square  miles.  The  soil  along  the  streams 
and  slopes  of  the  hills  good  second-rate 
soil,  but  the  greatest  part  of  the  surface  is 
open  pine  woods.  Cotton  principal  staple. 
Chief  town.  Liberty. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        ^        1,844 

do.     do.  females    -         -         -         1,468 
All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  tased       -        -        -  16 
Slaves 1,422 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.  females  - 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


'4,750 


2,169 

1,837 

6 

4,012 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females  7 

Slaves,  males      .        -        .        ^        1,417 
40 


Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these;  "^ 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -     •  2,771 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  28 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Jlmity,  post  village  of  Orange  county, 
.N  w  York. 

Amity,  township  of  Berks  county>  Penn- 
sylvania. PopuLtionin  1810, 1090,  and  in 
•18  0, 1279. 

Amity,  post  village  Of  Washington  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Bane's  fork  of 
Ten  mile  creek  in  Amwell  township,  on  the 
road  from  Washington  to  Waynesborough. 

Alimvich,  a  town  of  Wales,  on  theiNW 
coast  of  Anglesea,  with  a  harbour  for  small 
vessels.  In  1768,  when  the  Parysmines 
were  opened,  it  did  not  contain  above  six 
houses  ;  but  now  they  amount  to  more 
than  2000.  It  is  25  miles  AV  of  Beauma- 
ris, and  275  NW  of  London.     See  Parys. 

Ammercot,  fort  in  H.ndnostan  Proper,  in 
a  very  extensive  sandy  desert,  between 
the  Indus,  the  territories  of  Agimere  and 
Moultan,  and  the  Puddar.  It  is  190  miles 
NbyEofTatta. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Usbec  Tartary, 
seated  on  the  river  Gihon,  60  miles  W  of 
Bokhara.     Lon.  64  30  E.  lat.  39  20  N. 

Amorgris,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
fertile  in  wnie,  oil,  and  cam.  It  is  30 
miles  in  circumference,  and  67  N  of  Can- 
dia.     Lon.  26  15  E.  lat.  36  20  N. 

Amonoosuck,  Upper  arid  Lotoer,  names  of 
two  rivers  in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
both  of  wiiich  rise  in  the  White  mountain, 
and  fall  into  the  Connecticut  river,  about 
thirty  miles  apart. 

.'Imoslceag  falls,  in  the  Merimac,'15  miles 
bclovv'  Concord,  a  canal  has  been  complet- 
ed around  these  falls,  the  descent  48J  feet, 
in  a  distance  ofhalfa  mile. 

Amotnpc,  village  of  Peru,  near  the  Gulf 
of  Guftvaqnll,  and  between  Tumbez  and 
Piura    'S  lat.  40  50,  W  lon.  W.  C.  3  46.    ' 

Ainoyar.ibo,  town  of  South  America,  in 
Tucuman. 

Av!07ir,  river  of  Asia,  whose  source  is  in 
Siberia  ;  it  runs  E  through  Chinese  Tarta- 
ry,  and  fall',  into  the  channel  of  Tartary  or 
La  Perou.se's  Strait.     N  lat.  55  30. 

.'■Imay,  :in  island  on  the  SW  coast  of 
Chin.i.  The  Engli.^li  had  a  factory  here, 
but  abandoned  it,  on  account  of  the  impo- 
sitions of  the  inhabitants. 
.  Amphipoils,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
now  Jamboli,  on  the  river  Strymon,  the 
modern  Strumona,  70  miles  NE  of  Saior,i- 
chi.     Lcn.  24  16  E.  .at.  41  38  X. 

Ainplepuis,  tov/n  of  France  in  th^'  depart- 
ment of  Rhone  and  Loire  Tt  is  celebrated 
for  its  wines,  and  is  16  miles  E  of  Roanne. 

AmptldV,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with  :<■ 


ANA 

IToarket  on  Thursday,  seated  pleasantly 
between  two  hills,  but  in  a  barren  soil.  It 
is  six  miles  S  of  Bt  dford,  and  45  NVV  of 
London.     Lon.  0  30  W.  lat.  52  6  N. 

Ampurias  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, si-ated  at  the  mouth  of  ihe  river  Fl*- 
via.  60  mdes  NE  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  3  6 
E.  lat.  42  5  N, 

Amras,  very  strong  caslle  in  Germany, 
seated  in  the  Tirol,  two  mifes  SE  of  In- 
spruck.  It  s  remarkable  for  a  ricli  library 
adorned  with  the  portraits  of  many  learn- 
ed men.     Lon.  11  29  E.  lat   47  9  N. 

Amsterdam,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  3iri. 

A^nsterdam,  large,  rich  and  populous  city 
in  Holland,  capi  alof  the  United  Provinces. 
The  wa!l^  are  high,  and  well  fbriifir-d ;  and 
the  bridge  which  joins  tlie  rampart  is 
built  over  the  river  Amstel,  and  ^s  one  of 
the  finest  pieces  of  Architecture  in  these 
parts.  Pew  cities  have  their  public  build- 
ings so  fine,  numerous,  and  well  kept. 
Here  are  many  handsome  churches,  and 
hospitals  for  persons  of  all  religions  and 
countries.  The  exchange  is  one  of  the 
principal  ornaments  of  the  city,  and  the 
harbour  is  one  of  the  larg  st  and  finest  in 
Europe,  where  a  va^t  number  of  merchant 
ships  may  always  be  seen  ;  though  there  is 
a  bar  at  its  emrance,  which  is,  however,  a 
great  security  against  foreign  enemies. 
The  foundation  of  tliis  town  is  laid  pon 
piles,  driven  into  a  morass,  and  under  the 
stadthonse  aloiie  are  13,000  The  streets 
are  spacious  and  well  paved,  and  most  of 
them  have  canals,  with  rows  of  trees  on 
each  side.  It  n  computed  to  be  about 
hair  as  lari^e  is  Loni!oT>.  It  surrendered  'o 
the  king  of  Prussia  in  178r,  when  tlia 
prince  invaded  Holi  .nd,  in  favour  of  the 
.stadi holder,  but  was  evacuaed  on  the 
restoration  of  the  hitter  to  his  rights.  Since 
it  surrendered  to  the  Frencli  in  1795.  It 
is  seated  at  he  conflue  :ce  of  the  rivers 
.\mstel  and  Wy,  65  miles  N  oC  Antwerp, 
175  E  by  N  of  London,  240  N  by  E  of 
Paris,  HP.d  560  NW  of  Vienna.  Lon  4  50 
Eu  lat.  52  23  N. 

Amsterdam,  island  in  the  South  Indian 
Ocean,  between  the  Cape  of  Good  Hnpe, 
and  Nev/  Holland.  S  lat.  38  15  E  lon  Lon- 
don  163  30. 

Amsterdam,  New,  capital  of  Berbice  in 
Du^ch  Guayana,  N  lat.  6  20,  E.  Ion.  \V.  C. 
19  45. 

Amur,  see  Amoiu. 

AymoeU,  village  near  Ware,  in  Hertford- 
shire, famous  for  giving  rise  to  ti:e  New 
Eiver,  which  supplies  London  with  water. 

AvnveU,  township  in  Washington  count}', 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1673. 
and  ill  1820,  1825. 

^Ilmdiy,  considerable  river"  of  STberia  in 


AND 

Asia,  that  falls  into  the  sea  Kamschatka.  N 
lat.  64. 

A  ifj^7ii,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Kampag- 
na  di  K  ,ma  :  a  bishop's  see,  32  miles  E  of 
K  me.     Lon.  13  25  E.  lat.  41  56  N 

Anauri  Pecu,  or  Arauni  Pecu,  rirer  of 
Portuguese  Guayana,  falls  into  the"  north 
side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Amazon,  nearly 
on  the  equator,  lon.  W.  C.  26  E. 

Anacopir,  the  c.pital  of  the  nation  of  the 
Abkh  .s,  on  the  river  Makai,  which  falls  be- 
low it  ihto  the  Black  Sea, 

Anuttom,  an  island,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, m  the  S  uth  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon, 
170  9  E.  lat.  20  10  S. 

Aiicararto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqul- 
sate  if  Ancona-j  live  mi  es  N  of  Ascoli.  and 
82  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  29  E.  lat.  42  48 
N. 

Ancaster,  small  town  in  Lincolnshire,  15 
miles  S  .f  Lincoln.  It  was  anciently  a  Ro- 
man village,  on  a  R  man  highway,  and  lies 
under  a  hill  iboanding  with  antiquities. 

Ancaster  To^vnsliip,  lies  to  the  southward 
of  Dundas-street,  an,!  is  bounded  on  the 
east  by  B^rion  and  Giantord,  Upper  Cana- 
da. 

Alice  Grand,  part  of  the  island  of  Marti- 
nic  ■■  on  the  northern  co  ist. 

Ance,  Grand  Bay,  name  of  several  bays 
of  Gia  ialoiipe,  and  some  other  islands  of 
the   West  Indies. 

Ance,  Petite,  5  miles  S  from  Cape  Fran- 
cois. 

Anchor  Point,  east  side  of  Cooke's  Inlet, 
N.  VV.  coa-.    of  North  America. 

Ancenis,  town  of  France,  seated  on  the 
Loire,  m  the  department  of  Lower  Loire, 
and  ,aie  province  of  Bietagni%  20  miles  B 
of  Nuntes      Lon.  1  5  W  lat.  47  15  N. 

Anclam,  town  oi  Germaiij,  in  Pumera- 
nia,  on  the  river  Pc-ne,  20  miles  S  of  Grisp- 
wall.     L.n.  14  2  E.  lat.  53  52  N. 

Ancobev,  territory  on  the  gold  coast  of 
Guin  a,  having  a  river  of  the  same  name 
fl)wingt,iiough  it,  the  ba.ks  of  which  are 
ado  ned  with  lofty  trees.  On  the  western 
bank  is  a  p  -pulous  village. 

Ancocm.  rivtrof  New  J  rsey,  falling  into 
ill-  r.ver  U  laware  about  6  miles  below 
Bnrlintiton. 

Ancona,  province  in  the  ecclesiastical 
state. 

Ancona,  ancient  town  and  citadel  of 
Italy,  on  the  j^ul  of  Venice,  in  the  miqui- 
sate  ot  Ancona  It  is  116  mles  N  by  E  of 
Rome.     L  n.  13  35  E  lat.  43  38  N. 

Andalusia,  provi  ce  of  Spain,  250  miles 
in  length,  and  150  in  brtadth  I  is  bound- 
ed on  the  S  by  Granada,  on  he  W  by  Al. 
garva  and  the  Alanic,  on  'he  N  by  E-tra- 
madura,  and  on  the  E  by  Murcia.  The  Gua. 
dalquiver  runs  through  its  whole  length  ; 
and  is  the  best,  most  fertile,  and  trading 
part  in  Spain.     Tne  capital  is  Seville. 

.■'Jndanmn  Islands,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
41. 


A  X  H 


4  N  1) 


.entrance  into  the  bay  of  Bengal.  Tke  in- 
habitants are  savage. 

Andaye,  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
territory  of  Basques,  famous  for  its  br.indy. 
It  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bidsa- 
soa,  opposite  Fontanibia,  Spain,  18  miles 
SW  of  Bayonne.  Lon.l  45  W_.  lat.  4s3  25  N. 

.'hidely,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  late  provir.ce  of  Nor- 
mandy, parted  by  a  paved  causeway  into 
little  towns  called  Great  and  Little  Andely, 
a  mile  from  each  other.  Great  Andely,  is 
in  a  valley,  on  the  little  river  Gambons.  It 
is  20  miles  SE  of  Rouen,  and  60  NW  of 
Paris.     Lon.  1  30  E.  lat.  49  20  N. 

Jindernach,  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  10  miles  NW  of  Coblentz.  Lon. 
7  22  E.  lat.  50  29  N, 

Anderoy  St,  seaport  of  Spain  in  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  where  the  Spaniards  build  and  lay 
up  some  of  their  men  of  war.  It  is  60 
miles  W  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  4  30  E.  lat.  43 
25  N. 

Andersoii,  countj'  of  East  Tennessee, 
having  Roane  county  SW,  Morgan  NW, 
Campbell  NE  and  Knox,  or  Clinch  river 
SE.  It  is  about  30  miles  long  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  25,  extending  over  750  square 
miles.  Cumberland  mountain  traverses 
this  country  and  protrudes  several  spurs 
from  the  main  ridge  ;  it  is  therefore  moun- 
tainous, broken  and  rocky,  though  possess- 
ing much  good  soil ;  it  is  also  well  watered 
and  healthy. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  1873 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1821 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  ta.^ed     .         .    '    -         -  5 

Slaves 260 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

3959 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 

2147 

do.  do.  females 

2154 

Total  of  whites 

4301 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do.        females  - 

15 
.     9 

Slaves          

349 

Total  population  In  1820      - 
Of  these  ; 

4674 

^Foreigners  not  naturalized            * 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.     in  Manufactures 

none 

1310 
46 

do.     in  Commerce 

4 

Population  to  the  square  mile  6. 

Anderson,  township  of  Hamilton  county 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  1358,  and  in 
1820,  2122, 


Anderson- s  store,  post  village  uf  ^VortJi 
Carolina,  in  Caswell  county  56  miles  NW 
from  Ralf  igh. 

Anderson's  creek,  Indiana  separates  Perry 
and  Spencer  counties,  and  falls  into  the 
Ohio  at  and  below  Troy. 

Andersonville,  post  village  Edgefield  Dis- 
trict, North  Carolina. 

Andes,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
New  york.     P"opulation  in  1820,  1378. 

Andes,  or  Cordilleras,  chsi\n  of  mountains 
in  South  America,  w:.ich  running  from  the 
most  northern  part  of  Peru,  to  the  straits 
of  Magellan,  are  the  longest  and  most  re- 
markable m  the  world.  They  divide  the 
whole  southern  part  of  America,  and  run  a 
length  of  4300  miles.  They  are  much  su- 
periour  in  heigi>t  to  any  other  known  moun- 
tains ;  those  of  Gangetic  Hindoostan  ex- 
cepted, for  the  plain  of  Quito,  which  may 
be  considered  as  the  base  of  the  Andes,  is 
elevated  nearly  as  far  above  the  sea  as  the 
top  of  the  Pyrenees  ;  and  they  rise,  in  dif- 
ferent places,  more  than  one  third  above 
the  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  once  thought  to  be 
the  highest  land  in  the  ancient  hemisjjhere. 
The  Andes  may  literally  be  said  to  hide 
their  heads  in  the  clouds  ;  the  storms  often 
roll,  and  the  thunder  bur-ts  below  their 
summits,  which,  though  exposed  to  the 
rays  of  the  sun  in  the  torrid  zone,  are 
covered  with  everlasting  snow.  The  Andes 
are  not  composed  of  one  continued,  but  of 
many  collateral  ridges,  with,  .m  many 
places  very  wide  and  elevated  valleys.  The 
following  are  the  most  elevated  peaks  of 
this  chain,  which  have  been  sqientifically 
measured,  but  it  is  supp  sed  that  a  num- 
ber of  the  summits  in  that  part  of  the 
Andes  which  traverses  Chili,  are  as  elevat- 
ed as  any  of  those  within  the  tropical  re- 
gions. 

Chimborazo  ....  21,440 
Disca  Casada  ....  19,570 
Cayambe  Urcu  ...  -  19,392 
Antesina  ....      19,150 

Cotopaxi  ....      18,864 

Altair  ....      17,472 

Sangal  .         .         -         .      17,152 

Tunguragua        -        -        -        -      16,579 

All  the  climates  of  the  world  are  includ- 
ed in  the  slopes  and  valleys  of  the  Andes, 
and  upon  its  snow  clad  summits.  Indeed 
many  of  its  mbst  elevated  pe:<ks  reach 
above  the  region  of  vapour,  and  of  course 
above  that  of  sn'nv.  The  vt'getation  upon 
those  immense  slopes  partake  of  the  variety 
of  elevation,  every  vegetable  is  found  from 
the  most  tender  tropical  plants  to  the 
Lichens  of  the  arotic  regions.  The  high- 
est points  to  which  the  activity  and  perse- 
verance of  travellers  have  ever  attained 
have  beet)  reached  in  the  Andes  by  Hum- 
boldt, and  Bonpland.  By  their  own  calcu- 
lation those  adventurers,  and  intelligent 
philosophers,  ascended  to  19,000  feet,  and 


AND 


A  K  Ci 


found  the  summit  of  Chimborazo  rising  to 
2,140  feet  still  liigher,  giving  in  all  21,440 
feet.  This  is  the  highcsi  land  yet  measur- 
ed on  the  we^te^n  h  misphere  To  the 
height  of  about  5000  teet  reijinsa  perpeiu- 
al  -pnng  seldom  varying;  7  or  8  degrees  of 
Fah  enh  it.  The  limii  of  perpeual  con- 
gelation according  to  Humboldi,  is  under 
the  equator  15,700  feet,  lowt  ring  about 
700  feet  at  N.  lat.  20,  or  about  3o  feet  in 
each  degree  of  lat.  B  tweeii  tue  tropics 
and  below  an  elev.tion  of  5000  feei,  lies 
the  region  of  plan-ains,  co>sava,  cocoa, 
maize,  indigo,  sugar,  cotton,  cofi'ee,  »nd 
other  very  lender  piants.  Below  9000  feet 
the  oreal  gramma,  tlie  ap.  le.and  ma  .y  other 
European  vegetables,  bat  above  tliat  eleva- 
tion, large  trees  begi:i  todis.ppe  r.  Gra  se-, 
appear  as  high  .  s  15,000  fet-t,  but  above 
that  elevation  the  lichens  close  tlie  last 
vestige  of  vegetable  life,  and  leave  the 
highest  summits  cloih  d  with  e'ernal 
frost.  The  truth  of  the  cominonly  receiv- 
ed opinion  is  very  pr  >blematical,  that  the 
Andes  of  Soutli  America,  and  tiie  Mexican 
mountains  are  detached  parts  of  tiie  same 
chain. 

.Andover,  borough  in  Hampshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  a  manufacture  of 
shalloons,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  malt, 
A  navigable  canal  pas-  s  iience  to  South- 
ampton water.  It  is  situate  near  the  river 
Ande,  10  miles  N  by  W  of  Winchester,  and 
63  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  120  W.  lat. 
51  14  N. 

Aadover,  tovv'n  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Ess?x  county.  Here  is  an  excellent  acade- 
my, called  Philips  \cademy,  with  m  1820, 
about  140  students.  Its  funds  amount  to 
50,000  dollars  ;  and  its  establishments,  to 
one  principal,  and  three  assistanls.  Also 
manufactures  of  paper  and  gunpowdr.  It 
is  situate  on  the  Shaw-heen,  20  miles 
WSW  of  Newburyport,  and  22  NNVV  of 
Boston. 

Aiidover,  post-town  of  Windsor  county 
Termont,  20  miles  SW  from  Windsor. 
Popul^tio'i  1820,  960  ■ 

JJiidover,  post-town  of  Hillsborough 
county,  NiiW  Hampshire,  s;tuated  on  the 
Merimick,  18  miles  NW  from  Concord. 
Population  1820.  1642. 

Andover,  posi-town  of  Tolland  cotinty, 
Connecticut,  15  miles  E  from  Hartford. 
Population  1820,  100. 

Andover,  town   of  Sussex  county  New 
xTersey,  50  miles  N  from  Trenton,  and  40 
.  miles  WNW  from  New  York, 

Andrexu,  St,  parish  of  Charleston  district, 
in  the  state  of  S.  Car  Una.  •  It  is  stuuted 
on  the  A-shlcy  rlv.  r,  and  ;n  the  year  1800 
conta  ned  abo  it  600  free  whiles  with  apo 
pulation  of  4500  slavfs, 

Andrew's  St.  city  in  Fifesiiire,  with  a 
university.  It  was  formerly  the  see  of  an 
archbis'jop,  and  is  sealed  ut  the  bottom  of 


a  bay,  on  the  level  top  of  a  small  hlU.  ex- 
tending E  and  W,  having  an  opt-n  pros- 
pect of  iiie  German  Oct  an.  It  is  oO  miles 
NE  of  Edinburgh.  L>  n.  2  45  W.  lat.  56 
18  N  ^ 

Andna,  town  of  Naples,  in  Bari,  with 
a  bishop'.-,  see,  four  miles  S  of  Barietia. 
Lon.  1.^  32  E.  iai.  41  25  N, 

Andros,  island  and  town  ii>  the  Archi- 
pelago. 'I'lie  in  abitants  re  of  the  Greek 
cmrcii,  :ind  have  .  bisliop  and  se\er.d 
mona^itri-s  TIk  p  mcipal  ,ich-,s,.f  ihis 
island  consis  in  sdks,  and  the  Helds  are 
veiy  pleasant  ad  tVrtue;  be.  g  |)ian  ed, 
grow  with  orange-.,  ci  rons,  mnlhtrrieL-.,  po- 
megranates, and  figs.  It  lies  to  the  N  of  Can- 
dia.     Lon.  25  30  E.  lat.  37  50  N 

Androscoggin,  m  s  >m  map-  c-lled  the 
Am  .ri  c  ggm,  ■  co'isiaeiable  r  ver  in  New 
Hiinpsliire  and  M.une.  It  rises  in  the 
fornirr,  in  C  los  county,  and  fl  .vvc^ig  ESE 
en  era  the  latter  in  Oxfor<i  county,  where 
it  turns  S  and  SE  and  unites  with  the  Ken- 
iiebeck  river  abo'it  18  miles  fr.ini  the  ocean, 
afier  passing  tlirough  the  richest  part  of 
Maine. 

Antluxnr,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  ort  the  Gnadalquiver,  defended  by 
a  ca  tie.  It  is  35  miles  E  of  Cordova. 
Lon.  64  7  W.  lat.  37  55  N. 

Aiicgada,  one  of  tht-  English  Virgin 
Islaad<.     Lon  64  7  W   lat  18  40  N. 

Angelica,  town  of  New  York  in  Alle- 
ghany conn  V,  in  whicti  it  is  'he  seat  of 
jtis  ice,     Pojiulation  in  1820,  1510. 

Ange'OySt.  sniali  butsirong  ti.wn  of  Na- 
ples, in  Capitanaui,  fiv  miles  N  of  .Manlre- 
do  lia,  and  tw  from  tile  sta.  Lon.  16  13 
E.  lat   41  40  N. 

Angelas,  populous  and  trading  town 
of  Mexico,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The  air 
is  excellent,  and  the  lanil  abounds  in  corn. 
It  is  62  miles  SE  of  Mexico.  Lon  92  22 
W.  lat.  19  SON. 

A/igers,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  (lepartmc't  of  Maine  and  Loire  ;  and 
the  late  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Sarte  and  Loire, 
and  is  divided  by  the  Maine  into  tw  o  parts ; 
the  western  extending  into  the  plain,  and 
the  eastern  which  nsts  on  the  aclivity  of  a 
hill.  It  is  50  miles  E  of  Nantes,  and  175 
S  W  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  35  \V.  lat.  47  30  N. 

Anghiera,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  and  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  eist  side  of  the 
lake  Mag-giore,  30  miles  NW  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  40  E.  lat.  45  42  N. 

Anglesey,  islanil  and  the  most  west- 
ern c  'lint-  ofN.  W.ies.  It  is  24  miles  in 
length,  14  in  brendth,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  Dirli.im'Pt.  It  is  i,i  the  diocess  of 
Bani'ior,  is  divided  into  s^x  hundred.*,  con- 
t:inirig  two  mariiet  tow ns,  and  74  paiisiies. 
It  is  separated  from  Carnarvonshire  by  & 
lortg  and  narrow,  strait  called  the  M^rw'u 
4.1 


A  ::^"  N 


.^  X  2i 


That  pant  of  the  island  which  borders  this 
sirait  is  finely  wooded,  recalling  to  the 
mind  its  ancient  state,  when  it  w.is  the  ce- 
lei.Tate.i  -eat  f  thv;  Dnii  -.  V  st  qu  .nti- 
ties  of  coppe:'  art-  procured  I'ro  n  a  famo  s 
mine  in  P<trys  mount.in  In  t'u- NW  part 
of  the  island  is  a  quarry  of  gr  en  mai  l)le 
intermixed  with  that  curioui  substance 
Culled  asbe.stos. 

Angol,  Xo-^'n  of  S  Aiiiericu,  in  Chili,  155 
miies  N  oi  B.ddivi;).  Lon.  72  59  W.  lat. 
37  36  S. 

Jlngola.  kingdom  of  A^nca  bou'  ded  on 
the  N  by  Congo  Fr<);)er,  on  ;.e  E  !)y  Ma- 
lemba,  on  the  S  by  Bengii  la,  ;nd  on  thi- 
W  b)  the  ocean.  Tiiis  count  y  produces 
Indian  corn,  beans,  oranges,  lemons  and 
several  other  frui  s.  The  i;ihabitant>>  are 
very  i:.zy,  .<n'!  gener  ily  idolaters,  tak  iig 
as  many  wives  us  they  t'nnk  fi  . 

Aiigoulesme,  town  of  Fra  ice,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Cliar.  nte  and  !a  e  province  or 
An^oumois  It  stands  on  a  mouiit:iin  sur- 
roun.de  i  by  rocks.  The  nver  Ch.artnte 
runs  at  'he  foot  of  it  ;  there  were  form"  rly 
fine  p'per  man  fac  or;es  in  its  environs. 
It  .s  20  miles  VV  of  Limoges,  ;md.  250  S  by 
W  of  P^r  s.     Lon.  0  14  E.  lat.  45  39  N, 

Angostura,  town  of  Souh  America,  in 
Columbia,  on  the  Or  noco  rivtr,  N  lat.  8 
E.  lon.  VV  C  13  05. 

Jlngoumois,  la  e  province  of  Kranc^, 
bj'inded  on  the  N  by  Poiton,  on  the  E  by 
Limosin  and  Marche,  on  the  S  by  Peri- 
^ord,  and  o  i  the  W  by  Saintongr.  It 
IS  now  comprehended  in  the  department 
of  Charenle. 

Angora,  city  of  Natolia,  in  the  territory 
of  Amasia,  formerly  A.ncyr.,  computed  to 
contain  100,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  Grerk 
archbish  >p's  s-e,  and  rem  rkable  for  some 
remains  of  antiquity.  Here  they  breed 
goats,  the  hair  is  of  a  fine  white,  aim  st  like 
silk,  which  they  work  into  the  finest  stufTs, 
particularly  camlets.  It  is  212  miles  SE  of 
Constantinople.     Lon.  32  5  E.kt.  39  30  N. 

Angra,  the  capital  of  Tercera,  one  of 
the  Azores.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  the  Azores. 
Lon.  27  7  W.  lat.  38  39  N. 

Angra  de  los  Reyes,  city,  Brazil,  in  Rio 
Janeiro.    Lon.  44  11  VV.  lat.  23  4  S. 

Angnila,  the  most  northern  of  the  Carib- 
bee,  30  miles  in  length  and  10  in  breadth. 
Its  productions  are  tobacco,  ma;ze,  and 
su^gar,  lat.  18,   12,  N,  Ion.  VV  C  12  40  E. 

AngidUa,  one  of  the  B;diama  islands.  N 
W  of  the  i  land  is  the  Angudla  Bank,  or 
C  ,0-  de  los  Paques.  Lat."  23  36  N.  ion, 
W  C  1  50  E. 

Anguine,  C  ipe,  on  the  W  coast  of  New- 
foundl.nd.  Lat.  47  57  N  Ion.  W  C  17 
SO.  E 

Annapob'n,  p  v-rof  Nova  Scotia,  runs  into 
th©  .^ay  of  funday.     It  is  navigable  for 
44 


ships  of  any  burthen  10  miles  ;  aud  Ij 
miles  for  those  of  100  tons. 

Annuf)olis,  couniy  of  Nuva  Scotia,  on  An- 
nap  .lis  R.v  er. 

Annapo  in  Royal  s  aporl  of  Nova  Scotia, 
on  ihe  river  and  bay  of  Annapolis.  The 
po  1  is  on  of  ti:e  fin.  st  in  the  world,  from 
5  to  18  Tat  onis  deep,  and  large  enough  to 
contain  several  hundred  sliips.  This  city 
Was  the  Port  R'\al  of  the  French,  and 
was  ft  unded  as  early  as  1608.  Lon.  W  C 
10  38  E,  lat  44  49  N. 

Aimupolis,  c'ny  Anne  Arundel  county  Md. 
on  he  S  Dank  of  the  Severn,  30  miles  S 
fr  m  Baltimore,  40  ENE  Washington. 
Population  about  <!000.  It  is  'he  seat  of 
the  state  g'  vernment.  Shipping  in  1815, 
2,553  i.m  .  Population  m  1820,  2,260, 
Lat  38  58  N.  lon.  W  C  0  31  E. 

Annbo'tr,  post  village,  Maury  county^ 
Tenessee. 

Amie-Aruvdel,  county  of  Maryland,  hav- 
ing Patnx'  nt  river  SW  and  W  the  Pataps- 
co  nver  NE.  Chrsapeake  ba\  E.  and  Cal- 
veitcunty  S.  It  is  60  mdes  in  length 
from  SE  to  NW  with  a  mean  width  of  12; 
area  720  square  miles.  Face  of  the  coun- 
try in  geneial  rolling  rather  than  hilly. 
Chief  town  Annapolis. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  wliiie  males        .  _        .  6,460 

do.  do.  females  -         -  .5,979 

All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              .  _         .  2536 

Slaves         -        -        .  .        .  11,693 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Frf-e  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        .         - 
do.  females 

Tot;d  population  in  1820 


26,668 


6,845 
6,637 

13,482 

1,649 
1,733 
5,450 
4,851 

27,165 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  l83 

Engaged  in  Agriculture               -  8,084. 

do.     in  .Manufactures           -  914 

do     in  Commerce        -         -  119 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  37. 

Annecy,  town  of  Savoy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Gr-nevoi--,  seated  on  the  river  Siers,  and  on 
a  lake  of  its  own  name,  about  10  miles 
long,  and  four  broad.  It  is  70  miles  S  of 
Geneva,  and  22  NE  of  Chamberry.  Lon. 
&5  E.  lai.  45  52  N. 

Aniwbona,  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  GuineS)  .so  called,  because  it  was  founti 


A  N  S 


A  N  U" 


out  ou  New-Yeai-'s-day.  It  i3  well  stocked 
with'  cattle  and  fruit,  and  the  ai^  is  more 
heaithfu;  than  in  other  islands  on  the  s<me 
coast.  It  abound'  vvah  pulm-U-ees,  cocoas, 
oranges,  lemons,  bananas,  and  several  oilier 
fruits  ;  with  hogs,  goats,  sheep  and  chick- 
ens, which  are  all  extremely  cheap.  Lon. 
5  10  E.  lat.  1  40  S. 

Annonay,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardecey,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  formerly  a  fine  manufactory  for 
paper.  It  is  seated  on  the  confluence  of 
the  rivers  Cances  and  Deumes  12  miles 
SW  of  Vienne.-    Lon.  4  10  E.  lat.  1  10  N. 

Anu-Capri,  the  large&t  town  m  the 
island  of  Capri,  belonging  to  the  kingdom 
of  Naples. 

Annsburg,  post  town,  Washington  coun- 
ty Maine,  36  miles  NW  of  Machias. 

Annsville,  post  village  Diiiwiddie  county 
Virginia,  55  miles  south  of  Richmond. 

Annsville,  post  village  Athens  county^ 
Ohio. 

Jlnson^  post  town,  Somerset  county, 
Maine,  on  the  Kennebec,  12  miles  NW 
Norndgwick.     Population  630. 

Anson,  county  of  North  Carolina,  having 
Chesterfield  District,  South  Carolina  S. 
Mecklenburg  county  W.  Kocky  river,  or 
Montgomery  N.  Yadkin  river,  or  Richmond 
N  E.  and  E.  It  is  about  3)2>  miles  long, 
with  a  mean  width  of  23,  extending  over 
760  square  miles.  The  face  of  the  country 
is  broken,  and  rather  mountainous.  The 
river  lands  are  fertile  but  the  uplands  are 
of  a  thin,  and  unprotluctive  soil.  Chief 
town  Sneadsborough. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         ...  3,535 

do.     do,  females              -        -  2,883 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        -        .        -  88 

Slaves 2,325 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  »• 

do.    do.    females 

Total  whites        ... 

Bree  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
<io.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 


4,603 
4,308 

8,911 

78 
69 

1,670 
1,8U6 

12,534 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  2 

Engaged  in  \griculture                -  4,765 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  144 

do.        in  Commerce         -        -  35 

Population  to  the  scjuare  mile  16, 


Anson^s  Bay,  on  the  vilest  coast  of  Nor- 
folk Island. 

Anspach,  town  and  castle  in  Germany,  in 
Francoina,  and  capital  of  the  margravate 
of  tile  same  n»me.  The  king  of  Prussia 
found  means  to  pr  vail  upon  the  present 
prince  to  ri-sign  his  dominions  in  his  fa- 
vour in  consideration  of  a  stated  revenue; 
he  has  since  m..rried  an  English  lady  and 
settled  in  England.  The  palace  at  Ans- 
pach, which  is  near  the  castle,  has  a  re- 
markable cabinet  of  curiosities.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  25  miles 
S  W  of  Nureniburg.  Lon.  10  47  E.  lat.  49 
20  N. 

Anstruther,  borough  on  the  S  E  coast  of 
Fifeshire,  25  miles  N  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
2  34  W,  5b  15  N. 

Antequiero,  town  of  Spain,  in  Grenada, 
divided  into  ihc  Upper  and  the  Lower. 
The  Upper  is  seated  on  a  hill,  and  has  a 
castle  ;  the  Lower  stands  in  a  fertile  plain, 
and  is  watered  with  a  great  number  of 
brooks.  Tliere  is  a  large  quant'ly  of  salt 
in  the  mount;iin  ;  and  five  miles  from  the 
town,  a  spring  famous  for  the  cure  of  the 
gravel.  It  is  25  miles  N  of  Malaga.  Lon. 
4  30  W   lat.  37  1  N. 

Antequiera,  town  of  N  America,  in  New 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Guaxaqua,  75 
miles  S  E  of  Guaxaqua. 

Anlhony's  J^'ose,  point  of  land  projecting 
over  the  Hudson  river,  above  50  miles  N 
of  New  York.     It   is  a   part  of  the  High- 
lands between  the  West-puint  and  Peeks-. 
kill. 

Anthony's  Kill,  river  of  New  York  emp- 
ties>  into  the  Hudson  from  the  west,  7 
miles  above  the  Moliawk. 

Antibes,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  late 
province  of  Provence,  now  in  tl.e  depart- 
mtni  ot  Van,  witli  a  stronj<  castle.  Lon.  7 
13  E.  lat.  43  35  N.  Its  territory  produces 
excellent  fruit  Stated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, nine  miles  \\  of  Nice. 

Anticost,  a  barren  island  of  N  America, 
lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Law« 
rencc.  Lon.  64  16  W.  lat.  from  49  to  53 
N. 

Antietem,  small  river  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, Mar\land,  which  falls  into  the  Potomac, 
near  Shepherd's  town. 

Antigua,  one  of  the  English  Leeward 
Islands  in  the  W  In  ies  about  2u  miles  in 
length  and  breadth.  This  Island  having 
no  rivers  and  but  few  springs,  or  such  as 
are  brackisii,  the  inliabiiants  are  obliged  to 
preserve  the  rain  water  in  cisterns.  The 
air  here  is  m  t  so  wholesome  as  in  the 
neigiibouring  islands,  and  it  '\->  more  subject 
to  hurricanes.  It  has  excellent  haruours. 
The  chief  produce  i^  sugar.  The  capital 
is  St.  John.  It  is  60  miles  E  of  St.  Christo- 
pher's. N  lat.  17"  17'  lon.  W.  C.  16."  E. 
Antilles,  the  name  which  the  French  give 
45 


A,  N  T 


A  F  A. 


to  the  Carlbbee  islands,  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus, in  1492      .See  Indies,   West, 

Antio,  promontory  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  near  whicii  is  a  harbour 
lately  made.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
ancient  city  of  Antium,  the  ruins  of  which 
extend  over  a  long  tract  of  land. 

Antiocha,  or  Aniioch,  an  island  in  the  Me- 
diterranean near  Sardinia,  taken  from  his 
Sardinijin  majes  y,  by  the  French  in  Febru- 
ary 1793,  but  evacuated  soon  after. 

Jlntioch,  now  Anlhakia,  an  ancient  and 
celebrated  town  of  Syria,  of  which  it  was 
formerly  the  capital ;  but  it  is  now  a  ruin- 
ous town,  whose  houses,  built  with  mud 
and  straw,  and  narrow  miry  streets,  exhi- 
bit every  appearance  of  misery  ;  the  mag- 
nificent ruins  which  remain  are  sad  memo- 
rials of  Its  former  grandeur.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Orontes,  now  called  A-^si,  15 
miles  E  of  the  Mediterranean  and  40  S  VV 
of  Aleppo.     Lon.  36  45  E.  lat  35  17  N. 

Antiochetta,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in 
Caramania,  w^ith  a  bishop's  see,  opposite 
the  I^land  of  Cyprus.  Lon.  32  15  E.  lat. 
36  42  N. 

Aniiparos^^e  ancient  Olearos,  an  island 
of  the  Archipela;<o,  two  miles  VV  of  Paros. 
It  is  only  a  rock,  16  miles  in  circuit ;  yet 
in  some  parts  it  is  well  cultivated,  and  pro- 
duces as  much  barley  as  serves  a  small  vil- 
lage. It  has  a  grotto,  which  is  one  of  the 
greatest  curiosities  in  nature ;  it  appears 
to  be  about  80  yards  high  and  100  broad ; 
and  the  roof  forms  a  pretty  good  arch, 
which  entertains  the  eye  with  a  vast  vari- 
ety of  figures,  of  white  transparent  chrys- 
talline  substance.  It  was  first  discovered 
by  an  Italian  travelle.-,  who  gives  a  very 
entertaining  account  of  it.  "  Our  candles 
being  all  lighted  up,  (says  he)  and  die 
whole  place  completely  illuminated,  never 
could  the  eye  be  presented  with  a  more 
glittering  or  more  magnificent  scene.  The 
roof  all  liung  with  solid  icicles,  transparent 
as  glass,  yet  solid  as  marble.  The  eye 
could  sca'ce  reach  the  noble  and  lofty 
ceiling;  the  sides  were  regularly  formed 
■with  spai's;  and  the  wh')le  presented  the  idea 
of  a  magnificent  theatre,  illumin  iied  wit!i 
an  imm  use  profusion  of  lights.  Lon.  25 
44  E.  lat.  37  8  N. 

Antivari,  town  of  Turkish  Dalraatia,  with 
a  G/eek  archbishon's  see,  10  miles  N  of 
Dolcigno.     Lon.  19  10  E  lat.  42  19  N 

Aritoina  de  Behar,  town  and  capital  of 
Texa  ;  situated  on  the  St.  Aiitonia  river, 
at  lat.  29°  30'  N,  !on.  W   C.  21Q  30'  W. 

Antoinfi,  St  to'.  n  ot"  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isei'e  and  late  province  of  Dauphi- 
ny,  seated  among  the  mountains,  13  miles 
E  of  Lyons.  It  had  a  ce'ebrated  abbey. 
It  IS  five  miles  N  E  of  St  Marcellan 

Antoine,  St,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Isl- 
ands, 15  miles  from  St.  Vincent.    It  is  full 
of  high  mountains,  whence  proceed  streams 
AS 


of  excellent  water,  which  render  the  land 
very  fruitful.  The  principal  town  is  seat- 
ed among  tiie  mountains.  Lon.  25  0  W. 
lat.  17  0  N. 

Antrim,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  bounded  on  the  B  by  St, 
George's  Channel,  on  the  W  by  London- 
derry, on  the  N  by  the  Ocean,  and  on  the 
S  E  by  Down.  It  is  46  miles  in  length, 
and  28  in  breadth,  and  is  pretty  fruitful. 
It  contains  56  parishes ;  and  before  the 
Irish  Union,  sent  10  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament. 

Antrim,  capital  of  the  county  of  Antrim, 
at  til e  N  end  of  the  lake  Lough-Neah.  It 
is  a  poor  place,  13  miles  W  of  Carrickfer- 
gus.     Lon.  6  6  W.  lat.  54  43  N. 

Antrim,  township  of  Hillsborough  county, 
in  the  slate  of  New  Hampshire.  It  lies 
about  70  miles  W  of  Portsmouth.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,   1592,  and  in   1820,   1982. 

Antrim,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  the  state  of 
Maiyland.  Population  in  1810,  2864,  and 
•  in  1820,  4120. 

Antwerp,  city  of  Brabant,  capital  of  the 
marquisate  of  the  same  name,with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  lies  in  a  low,  marshy,  ground  on  the 
Scheldt,  24  miles  N  of  Brussels,  It  is  the 
third  city  in  Brabant  large  and  well  built, 
containing  22  squares,  and  above  200  streets, 
all  straight. and  broad.  Antwerp  was  taken 
by  tlie  prince  of  Parma  in  1585,  after  a 
long  and  memorable  siege.  It  has  been 
since  taken  by  the  French  in  1700,  by  the 
al  ies  in  1706,  and  by  the  French  in  1746. 
It  has  been  twice  taken  by  the  French, 
since  the  beginning  of  the  present  war. 
(1800.)  It  is  22  mles  N  of  Brussels,  22 
N  E  of  Ghent,  and  65  S  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  4  28  E.  lat.  51  13  N. 

Anville  Island,  m  the  gulf  of  Georgia,  on 
the  nortli-west  coast  of  A.merica.  Lat. 
49»  30'.  N.  Lon.  W.  C.  45"=  30'  W. 

Anvil,  township  of  Lebanon  county  in 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820,  2322. 
This  township  before  the  separation  of  Le- 
banon from  Dauphin,  belonged  to  the  lat- 
ter, and  1810,  containe;!  2601. 

Anzerma,  town  and  provmce  of  Popayan, 
in  South  America,  where  there  are  mines 
of  gold.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  river 
Coca.     Lon.  75  25  W.  lat.  4  58  N. 

Aornus.     See  Bijore. 

Aousta,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop  s 
see.  '  It  is  remarkable  for  several  monu- 
ments of  tile  Romans.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the  river  Doria,  50 
miles  N  W  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  30  E.  lat.  45 
48  N. 

Aousta,  duchy  of  Piedmont.  It  is  a  val- 
ley 30  miles  in  length,  fertile  in  pastures, 
and  all  sorts  of  fruits. 

Apamea,  or  Afainea,  tovrn  of  Syria>  on  tire 


A  P  O 


V  r  t 


n\ev  Assi,  35  miles  S  of  Antioch.     Lon.  36 
56  E.  lat.  34  32  N. 

Apanomia,  tow  n  of  the  island  of  Santori- 
ni,  in  the  sea  of  Candia,  It  has  a  spacious 
harbour  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  which 
is  so  deep,  that  there  is  no  anchorage. 
Lon.  25  59  E.  lat.  36  18  N. 

Apee,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  near 
Mallicolla,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  168 
32  E.  lat.  16  46  S. 

Apenradey  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick, 
with  a  citadel,  seated  at  tlie  bottom  of  a 
gulf  of  the  Baltic  sea,  27  miles  N  of  Sles- 
wick.    Lon,  9  38  E.  lat  55  6  X. 

Aphiom  Karahissart,  town  of  Natolia,  cal- 
led Aphiom.  It  produces  a  great  deal  of 
opium.     Lon.  31  48  E.  lat.  38  35  N. 

Apiochama,  river  of  Peru,  runs  north  of 
la  Paz,  into  the  Beni. 

Apostles,  the  Twelve,  lie  off  the  southern 
cape,  which  makes  West  bay,  in  lake  Su- 
perior. 

Apostles,  group  of  islands  in  the  straits  of 
Magellan,     lat.  52  34  S.  lon.  W  CI  54  E. 

Jlppalachicola,  river  of  the  United  States 
The  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  is  remark- 
able, as  forming  the  connecting  link  be- 
tween ihe  waters  which  flow  into  (he  gulf 
of  Mexico,  from  those  which  enter  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  The  "Appalachicola  is  formed 
by  twq^streams,  the  Chatahooche  and  Flint 
rivers.  The  former  rises  in  the  Apdlachi- 
an  mountains,  at  N  lat.  35°,  interlocking 
with  the  sources  of  Tennessee,  Oakmulj^'-ee, 
Oconee,  and  Savannah  rivers  ;  and  flowing 
south  west  by  south  through  two  degrees 
of  latitude,  turns  tiience  nearly  due  south, 
to  N  lat.  30°  45',  where  it  receives  the 
Flint.  The  latter,  an  inferior  stream  to  the 
former  has  it>  sources  in  the  angle  between 
the  Oakmulgee,  and  Chatahooche  rivers, 
at  N  lat.  33°  40',  flowing  south-west  by 
south,  200  miles,  unites  with  the  Chata- 
hooche, and  forms  the  Appalachicola. 

This  latter  fine  river  flows  a  little  west 
bf  south,  to  N  lat.  29  50,  having  an  entire 
course  of  about  70  miles  ;  its  mouth  is  into 
St.  George's  sound. 

The  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  affords 
an  inland  navigable  expanse  of  4U0  miles 
in  length,  wilh  a  mean  width  of  150  miles, 
and  having  an  area  of  about  20,000  square 
miles.  Though  interrupted  by  some  falls, 
and  many  shoals,  the  rivers  of  Chatahooche 
and  Flint  are  navigable  almost  to  tlieir 
sources ;  and  schooners  of  considerable 
size  ascend  the  Appalachicol,',  lo  its  head. 
Cotton,  tobacco,  grain,  tar,  and  lumber,  are 
the  common  staples  of  ihis  basin. 

Apalachie,  river  of  Georgia,  the  wesi 
branch  of  the  Oconee^  which  it  joins  4 
miles  W  of  Greensboro'. 

Apolabamba,  province  of  Peru,  in  La 
Paz,  N  of  Larecaja.  Population  30,000, 
chiefly  civilized  Indians,  Chief  town,  St, 
Antonia, 


AppauiuUox,  river  of  the  state  of  Virgi- 
nia, rising  in  Buckingham  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward counties,  and  joining  the  James  river, 
near  City  Point. 

Appanee  River,  running  through  the  front 
of  the  township  of  Camden,  divides  Frt-de- 
ricksburgh  from  Richmond,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  bay  of  Quint e,  at  the  Mo- 
hawk settlement. 

Appennines,  chain  of  mountains  v/hich 
divide  Italy  throughout  its  whole  length,  as 
far  as  the  southern  extremity  of  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  Hence  proceed,  except 
the  northern  and  western  branches  ot  the 
Po,  all  the  other  rivers  which  fertilize 
Italy. 

Appenzel,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
the  canton  of  the  same  name,  which  is  di- 
vided into  twelve  communities;  six  caLed 
the  interior  are  Roman  catholics ;  the  sis 
exterior  are  protestants.  It  is4U  miles  east 
of  Zuric.     Lon.  9  31  E,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Appleby  the  county  town  of  Westmore- 
land, with  a  good  corn  market  on  Monday. 
It  has  gone  greatly  to  decay  being  unly 
one  broad  street  of  mean  houses.  The 
church  stands  at  the  lower  end  of  the  town, 
and  at  the  upper  part  is  the  castle  and  town 
hous  .  It  is  sealed  on  the  river  Eden,  by 
which  .t  is  alii'ost  surrounded,  and  sends 
twi.  members  to  parliament ;  and  is  10  miles 
S  E  ..f  Penr  th,  and  266  N  N  \V  of  London, 
Lon.  2  34  W,  lat.  54  34  N. 

Appleton,  plantati  .11  and  township  of  Lin- 
coln countv,  Muine ;  population  m  1810, 
316    and  in  1«20»  510. 

Appling,  county  of  Georgia,  in  tiie  west- 
ern part  of  the  state. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -         .         -  5S1 

do.    do.  fem.Ues     -        -        -  597 


Total  whites       -      '  - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males     -         -         -  •      - 

do.     females  .         _         . 

Totsl  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.         in  .Manufact;ire3 

do.        in  CoTTimerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  uncertain. 

Applington,  town  and  capital  of  Colum- 
bia county,  Georgia. 

Appoquinimink,  creek,  Newcastle  county, 
Delaware,  runs  into  Delaware  bay,  2  miles 
belovv-  Reedy  Inland.  It  rises  in  Coecil 
county,  Maryland,  and  flowmg  nearly  due 
easi  15  miles,  is  one  of  the  natural  chan- 
nels which  have  claimed  attention  as  afford- 
ing the  means  of  opening  a  canal  between 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  bay. 
47 


1,178- 
5 


40 

1,264 


none, 

430 

none. 

none. 


A  It  A 


A  R  ii 


^Jfypoquinimink,  township  of  Delawai'e. 
!Populat!oii  in  1810,  3559,  ansi  in  1-820,  3388 

Apt,  ancient  own  of  France,  m  the  de- 
partment of  the  mouths  oi  the  Riionc,  ami 
late  province  o'  Provence.  Tiiere  ire 
many  fine  Roman  antiquities,  and  it  is  seat- 
ed on  the  C.daroii,  20  miles  N  ..f  Alx,  ao'i 
25  S  E  of  Orange.  Lon.  5  30  B,  lat.  43 
51  N. 

Apulia,  the  E  ■  ide  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
pies,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  divided 
into  three  provinces,  whose  modern  names 
are  Capit;ina  a,  B:>ri,  and  Otranto. 

Apniima,  or  Apornmia,  very  rapid  river 
of  ^outh  America,  in  f'eru. 

Aqua-JVegra,  -mahtownof  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  on  tlie  rive>-  Chiesa,  12  miles  W 
of  Mantua      Lon.  10  25  ti,  lal.  45  12  N 

Aquia,  small  town  vipon  Aquia  crt-ek,  in 
Stafford  county,  Virginia.  It  is  about  45 
miles  below  the  city  of  Washington. 

Aqnila,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Abruz- 
zo  Ulterior,  with  a  bishop's  see  an  1  a  cas- 
tle. An  eartliqiiake  happ.-ned  here  in 
1700,  by  which  24,000  per  ons  were  killed. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Poscara  52  miles  N  E 
of  Rome.     Lon.  13  39  R,  lat    42  20  N 

Aquileia,  formerly  a  trading  town  of  Italy, 
in  V^enetian  Friuli.  It  was  seated  near  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  57  miles  NE  of  Vcmce. 
Lon.  13  8  E,  lat   46  0  N. 

Aquino,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
vora.  It  is  a  bishop's  -ee,  out  was  ruined 
by  the  emperor  Conrade,  and  now  consists 
of  about  35  houses.  It  was  he  birthplace 
of  tlie  Roman  satiris'  Jovenal,  and  is  30 
miles  \  VV  of  Capua.  Lon.  13  50  E.  lat. 
41  36  N. 

Arabia,  countiy  of  A-ia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  ancient  Me-opotamia;  on  the 
Fi  by  the  gulis  of  Persia  and  Ormiis;  on 
the  S  by  thf  Indian  Ocean ;  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Red  Sea  and  EgyDt  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  parts,  Araijia  Petrea,  De- 
ser'a,  and  Felix.  Arabia  Petrea  is  the 
smallest  of  the  three,  and  towards  the  N, 
is  full  of  mountains,  with  few  inhabitants, 
on  account  of  its  barrenness.  It  had  its 
name  from  the  to-vn  Petrea,  its  .ancient  ca- 
pital, now  destroyed.  It  dififers  little  from 
Arabia  Des-rta,  so  called  from  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  which  is  generally  a  barren 
saiid  :  but  there  are  great  flocks  of  sheep 
and  her.ls  of  catle  near  the  Euphrates, 
where  the  lami  is  good.  In  the  desert  are 
great  number  "f  ostriches,  and  there  is  a 
fi'c  breed  of  camels  in  several  places.  Ara 
bia  Fe  ix  is  so  cai!*'d,  on  acount  of  its  fer- 
tility vVth  regard  t  the  rest  The  Arabs 
in  'he  desert  live  wandering  lives,  removing 
from  place  to  place,  partly  for  the  sake  of 
pasture,  ad  partly  to  he  in  v/ait  for  the 
cara'ans,  which  they  often  rob,  as  they  tra- 
vel over  part  of  this  desert  from  Bussora  to 
Aleppo,  and  from  Egypt  to  .Mecca,  in  or- 
Qffv  to  visit  Rlabomet's  totob.  Arabia  Felix 
4& 


produces  frankincense,  myrrh,  balm  of  Gi- 
iead,  gum  anibic,  and  coffee,  of  which  lat- 
ter tliey  export  prodigious  quantities  The 
famous  Mahome'  was  .  native  of  t'ni'^  coun- 
try, and  Ins  followers,  soon  ^fter  his  de;.th, 
conquered  a  great  part  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Europe,  establishingtheirreiigion  wherever 
tiiey  came.  It  lies  between  i5  and  60  E 
lon.  and  12  and  33  N  lat.  extending  1430 
miles  in  :ength,  and  1200  m  breadth. 

Aracan  or  Reccan,  country  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  R.)shaan,  on  the  E 
by  Burniah,  on  the  S  by  tiie  coast  of  Ava, 
and  on  tiie  W  by  tiie  gulf  of  Bengal.  They 
have  only  two  seasons,  tlie  rainy  season, 
which  continues  from  A.prir  to  October, 
and  the  fair  season  which  includes  all  the 
rest  of  the  year,  and  is  called  the  summer. 
There  are  such  numbers  of  elephants,  buf- 
falors,  and  tigers,  that  but  few  places  are 
inhabiied  on  account  of  the  ravages  made 
by  these  animals.  The  commodities  are 
timber,  lead,  tin,  and  elephants'  teeth; 
and  somi^times  the  traders  meet  with  dia- 
monds, rubies,  and  other  precious  stones. 

Arak  lake  of  Asia,  200  miles  E  of  the 
Caspian  sea.  It  is  300  miles  in  length,  and 
in  some  places  150  in  breadth.  Ii  lies  be- 
tween 58  and  62  of  E  lon.  and  between  42 
and  47  Nit. 

Arande-de-Ditero,  handsome  town  of 
Spai:.,  in  Old  Castile,  on  the  Douero,  42 
miles  E  of  Valladolid.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat. 
4.  40  N. 

Ararat,  high  moitniain  of  Asia,  in  Arme- 
nia, where  it  is  said  Noah's  ark  rested. 

Ararat,  mountain  in  North  Carolina, 
about  9  miles  N  VV  of  Bethany,  in  Stokes 
comity.  This  is  a  very  lofty  mountain, 
whicii  affords  from  its  top  a  very  extensive 
view  of  the  adjacent  country. 

Arassi,  maritime  and  popvilous  town  of 
Italy,  \n  the  territory  of  Gf!  oa,  5  miles  S 
W  of  .\lt)enguay.  Lon.  7  56  E,  lat.  14  2  N. 

Arava,  fortress  of  Upper  Hungary,  si- 
tuated on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  72 
miles  N  W  of -Cassovia.  Lon.  20  0  E,  lat. 
49    >0  N. 

Arau,  or  Aaraii,  in  Swisserland,  derives 
its  na  lie  from  the  river  .\ar  on  wliich  it  is 
seated.  It  is  27  miles  W  of  Zarlc.  Lun. 
7  50  E,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Aravco,  fortress  and  town  of  Chili,  in 
South  America,  situated  in  a  fine  vall&y,  on 
a  river  of  'he  same  name.  The  natives  are 
verv  brave,  and  drove  the  Spaniards  out  of 
their  country,  though  they  had  no  fire 
arms.     Lon.  7:^  20  W,  lat.  37  30  S. 

Araxes,  or  Aras,  river  of  Asia,  whicb 
ri-^es  in  Georgia,  and  runs  S  E  across  Ar- 
menia, falls  into  the  Kur. 

Arbe,  episcopal  town  of  the  republic 
of  Ven  ce,  in  an  island  of  the  same  name, 
on  th.e  coast  of  Dalmatia,  fiwm  which  it  is 
5  miles  distant. 

.ftrf/ela,  town  of  A^iiij  m  Cttrdjstfm,  wlrei'fi' 


A  R  li 


A  R  K 


Alexander  fought  tlie  last  battle  with  Da- 
rius. It  is  about  60  miles  S  E  of  Moiisul. 
Lpn.  42  25  E,  lat.  35  5  N. 

J}rberg,  a  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  a  kind  of  island  formed 
by  the  two  branches  of  the  Aar.  It  is  10 
miles  N  W  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  47 
ON. 

Arbois,  populous  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Jura,  lately  in  tlie 
province  of  Franche-Comte,  fiimous  for  its 
white  wines.  It  is  22  miles  S  VV  of  Besan- 
con.     Lon.  5  40  E.  lat.  46  55  N. 

Arbon,  ancient  town  of  Swisserland,  on 
the  S  side  of  the  lake  Constance,  in  Tluir- 
gau.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are 
protestants.  It  is  12  miles  S  E  of  Con- 
stance. Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 
Arbroath.  See  Aberbroifavick. 
Arburff,  or  Aqrbiirg,  town  of  Swisser- 
land, in  Argau,  seated  on  the  Aar,  willi  a 
citadel  cut  out  of  a  rock,  12  miles  E.  of  So- 
leure. 

Arcadia,  town  of  the  Mores,  near  the 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  and  in  the  province 
of  Belvedere,  22  miles  N  of  Navarin.  Lon. 
21  42  E,  lat.  37  24  N. 

Arcis-sur-Aube,  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aube  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  river  Aube, 
15  miles  N  of  Tpoyes.  Lon.  4  12  E,  lat. 
48  32  N. 

Arco,  town  and  castle  in  the  Trentin, 
taken  by  the  French  in  1703,  and  aban- 
doned soon  after.  It  stands  on  tlie  river 
Sarca,  15  miles  S  W  of  Trent.  Lon.  11 
12  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

.Ircos,  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  on  a 
craggy  rock,  at  the  foot  of  wliicli  runs  t!ie 
Gaudaleto,  23  miles  NE  of  Cadiz.  Lon. 
5  46  W,  lat.  36  52  X. 

Arcot,  city  and  capital  of  the  Carnatic, 
in  the  peninsu'a  of  Ilindoostan.  It  is  72 
miles  V/  by  S  of  Madras,  and  217  E  bv  N 
of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  79  0  E,  lat.  12  30  N. 
Arciiiel,  village  of  France,  three  miles 
S  of  Paris,  remarkable  for  an  aqueduct, 
which  is  thought  to  eqvial  tlie  works  of  the 
ancient  Romans.  It  was  built  in  1524,  by 
Mary  de  Medicis  :  its  water  is  distributed 
iiUo  different  puits  of  Paris. 

Archangel,  seaport  of  Russia,  capit.al  of 
tlie  government  of  Uie  same  nairie.  It  was 
the  only  seaport  of  Russia  for  rnaiiy  years, 
and  was  first  resorted  to  by  the  English  in 
1553.  Great  part  of  tlie  city  was  burnt  to 
the  ground  in  1793  :  but  it  is  now  rebuild- 
ing with  neatness  and  even  elegance.  Arch- 
angel is  seated  on  the  D\vi?',a,  four  miles 
from  the  Wiilte  Sea,  and  400  N  E  of  Peters- 
burgh.     Lon.  39  0  E.  lai  64  34  N. 

Archer,  township  of  Harrisun  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1S20,  1105. 

ArcMfyelago^  a  considerable  part  of  tlie; 


Mediterranean  Sea,  having  Romania  on  the 
N ;  Natolia  on  tlie  E  ;  Macedonia,  Livadia, 
and  the  Morea  on  the  W,  and  the  ible  of 
Candia  on  the  S.  It  is  partly  in  Europe, 
and  partly  in  Asia,  containing  45  principal 
islands.     It  is  the  ancient  jEgean  .Sea. 

Ardebil,  one  of  the  most  famous  and  an- 
cient towns  of  Persia,  the  residence  and 
burial  place  of  many  kings  ;  particularly  of 
Shiek  Sessi,  the  autliov  of  ihe  Persian  sect 
Pilgrims  resort  to  this  place  from  all  pans 
of  Persia.  It  is  25  miles  E  of  Tauris.  Lon. 
48  20  E,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Ardeclie,  department  of  France,  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Daiiphuiy. 

Avdenburg,  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  10 
miles  N  E  of  Bruges.  Lon.  3  30  E,  lat. 
51   16  N. 

Ardennes,  department  of  France,  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Ciiampagne,  so  named 
from  tiie  famous  foi'esi  of  thut  name. 

Ardennes,  famous  forest  lying  on  the  ri- 
ver Meuse,  extending,  in  Csesar's  time,  far 
into  Germany.  What  remains  of  it  lies  be- 
tween Thionville  and  Liege. 

Ardrnh,  small  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Gui- 
nea. It  lies  at  the  bo  torn  of  the  gvdf  of 
St.  Thomas.  The  inhaBiianls  are  very  li- 
centious, and  have  neitlicr  tempi  nor  any 
placi  for  religious  worship.  However  they 
are  very  courageous,  and  their  king  was 
absolute,  till  the  king  of  D.;homy  reduced 
and  burnt  the  towns.  The  a^r  is  very  un- 
wholesome to  Europeans  ;  yet  the  natives 
live  to  a  great  age  ;  but  the  small  pox 
makes  a  great  destruction  among  them. 
This  country  is  fertile  in  Indian  corn,  palm 
win?,  plants,  and  fruits,  v.hich  last  all  the 
year ;  and  tliey  make  a  great  deal  of  salt. 
h  has  a  town  of  tlie  same  name.  Lon.  3 
5  E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Ardres,  town  of  France,  nov/  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Picardy.  It  is  eight  miles 
S  of  Cal..is.     Lon.  1  59  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Arfbo,  or  Arebon,  town  on  the  Slave 
Coast  of  Guinea,  a  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Formoso.  Tlie  En.t^lish  had  once  a  factory 
here,  as  tiie  Dutch  have  still.  Lon.  5  5  E, 
lat.  6  0  N. 

Arekea,  seaport  of  the  Red  Sea,  55  miles 
from  Suaquam. 

Aremherg,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  tlie  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  a  river,  22  miles  S.  of  Cologne.     Lon. 

7  3  E,  lat.  .50  22  N. 

Arensburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  on  a  hill 
in  the  county  of  tiie  same  name,  by  the 
river  Roer,  50  miles  N  E  of  Cologne.   Lon. 

8  20  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Arensburg,  episcopal  see  and  seaport  in 
the  isle  of  Oesel.  It  is  included  in  the 
RiL^sian  government  of  Riga.  Lon.  25  4U 
E,  lat  5,0  15  N. 

. '  Arenshard,  tract  in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick, 
49 


A  K  (ji 


ARK 


containing  the  greatest  part  of  tlie  famous 
rampart,  built  by  the  Danisli  king  Gotric, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  9th  century,  as  a 
defence  against  the  irruptions  of  the  Sax- 
ons. It  extends  across  the  country  about 
nine  miles  in  length. 

Arensivalde,  town  of  the  neAV  marche  of 
Brandenburg,  on  the  lake  Slauin.  Lon. 
15  52  E.  lat.  53  13  N. 

Areqidpa,  episcopal  town  of  S  America 
in  Peru,  seated  on  a  I'iver  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, 290  miles  S  by  E  of  Lima.  Near  it  is 
a  dreadful  volcano.  Lon.  75  30  W,  lat.  16 
40  S. 

Arezso,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Tus- 
cany.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  15  miles 
W  of  Citta-di-Castello.  Lon.  12  0  E,  lat. 
43  27  N. 

Argaii,  or  Aargau,  province  of  Swisser- 
land  in  the  canton  of  Bern. 

Argences,  town  of  France,  seated  on  the 
river  Meauce,  now  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  lately  in  the  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, 10  miles  E.  of  Caen.  Lon.  0  2  W, 
lat.  49  12  N. 

Argentan,  town  of  F-rance,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ome,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
in  the  middle  of  a  fertile  plain,  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Orne,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  lace.  It  is  12  mdes 
N  W  of  Seez,  and  110  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  5  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Argenteidl,  town  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
on  the  Seine,  five  miles  N  W  of  Paris.  It 
is  a  very  beautiful  place,  with  a  fine  vine- 
yard ;  and,  in  the  environs  tiiey  have  quar- 
ries of  the  plaster  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  22  E, 
lat.  48  52  N. 

Argentiera,  barren  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  sil- 
ver mines  in  it.  There  is  but  one  village 
in  the  island,  and  it  has  no  water  but  what 
is  kept  in  cisterns.  Lon.  23  10  E,  lat  36 
50  N. 

Argenliere,  tov;n  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  five  miles  S  W  of  Aubenes,  and 
17  W  of  Viviers.  Lon.  4  22  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Argetnon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  late  province  of  Berry, 
divided  into  two  parts  by  tlie  river  Creuse. 
It  is  37  miles  S  \V  of  Bo  rges.  Lon.  1  38 
E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Argos,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
the  Morea,  25  miles  S.  of  Corinth.  Lon. 
25  5  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Argoslol,  seaport  of  the  isle  of  Cepha- 
lonia,  opposite  Albania ;  it  is  the  best  har- 
bour in  all  the  island,  and  the  proveditor 
resides  i,n  the  fortress,  which  is  five  miles 
distant. 

Argiiin,  island  and  fort  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Zaliara,    30  miles  S  E  of  Cape 
Blanco.    Lon.  17  5  W,  lat.  20  30  N. 
50 


Argun,  river  of  Asia,  which  in  part  di-» 
vides  tlie  Russian  from  the  Chinese  empire, 

Argun,  town  of  East  Tartar}',  on  the 
frontiers  of  the  Chinese  empire.  There 
are  mines  of  silver  and  le  d  near  it ;  and  a 
pearl  fishery  in  the  river  Argun.  Lon.  103 
56  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Argyle,  township  of  Washington  county 
and  state  of  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  river  Hudson,  S  of  Kinsburg, 
and  contained,  in  1820,  2811  inhabitants. 

Argyleshire,  county  of  Scotland,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Inverness-shire,  on  the  E  by 
the  counties  of  Perth  and  Dumbarton,  on 
the  S  and  W  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  by 
which  it  is  broken  into  islands  and  penin- 
sulas. Its  extent  is  very  considerable,  be- 
ing not  less  than  90  miles  in  length  and  70 
in  breadth.  This  county  affords  a  very 
wild  prospect  of  hdls,  rocks,  and  huge 
mountains,  piled  upon  each  other  in  dread- 
ful disorder,  bare,  bleak,  and  barren  to  the 
view ;  or  covered  with  shagged  heath, 
which  in  summer  is  variegated  with  au 
agreeable  bloom  of  a  purple  colour.  These 
high  grounds,  though  little  fitted  for  cul- 
tivation, afford  excellent  pasture. 

Arhuseii,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  North 
.Jutland,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Baltic  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Guda,  and  surrounded  by  forests  full  of 
game.  It  is  25  miles  S  of  Wiberg.  Lon. 
•9  50  E,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Ariano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see ;  15  miles  E 
of  Benevento,  and  10  N  W  of  Trevico. 
Lon.  15  19  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Ariano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese, 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Po,  22  miles  NE 
of  Ferrara.     Lon.  12  8  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Arica,  seaport  of  Peru,  550  miles  S  E  of 
Lima.  Here  the  treasure  broug'it  from 
Polosi  is  shipped  ;  and  there  are  many 
farms  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  Gui- 
nea pepper,  in  which  it  has  a  great  trade 
to  Lima.     Lon.  71  6  W,  lat.  18  27  S. 

Aripo,  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Ceylon, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sarunda.  To 
the  cast  of  it  is  a  pearl  fishery.  Lon.  80 
25  E,  lat.  8  42  N. 

Arkansas,  river  of  the  United  States, 
which  rises  in  the  Chippewan  or  Rocky 
mountains,  about  lat.  40  N,  lon.  W  C  37  W; 
and  joins  the  Mississippi  river  at  lat  34  N, 
lon.  W  C.  14  W.  This  great  river  has  a 
general  orcomparatlve  course  of  more  than 
1400  miles,  and  by  its  windings  exceeds 
2000  miles.  It  receives  numerous  branches, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Canadian, 
Fork.  Negracka,  and  Potean.  The  Arkan- 
sas flows  through,  and  gives  name  to  the 
territory  of  the  same  name. 

Arkansas,  territory  of  the  United  States, 
formed  out  of  the  ancient  Louisiana.  It  is 
bounded  E  by  the  Mississippi  river ;  S  by 


ARK 


A  n  M 


Louisiana,  and  Red  river  ;  west  by  Texas  ; 
and  N  by  the  unappropriated  territories  of 
the  U.  S.  and  by  Missouri ;  being'  about  550 
miles  in  length  from  east  to  west,  with  a 
mean  width  of  near  200,  extending  over 
an  area  of  about  100,000  square  miles.  It 
lies  between  N  lat.  33,  and  36  30.  The 
face  of  the  country  from  its  great  extent,  is 
very  much  diversified.  It  is  intersected, 
by  besides  the  Arkansas,  the  branches 
of  Red,  Ouachita  and  White  rivers.  The 
Ozark  or  Maserne  mountains  traverse  From 
NE  to  SW  rising  in  Missouri,  and  stretch- 
ing through  Arkansas,  extend  into  Texas. 
That  part  of  the  territory  to  the  southeast 
off  the  Masernes  is  generally  low  and  in 
many  places  liable  to  annual  submersion. 
To  the  northwest  of  the  mountains  the 
physiognomy  of  the  country  presents  a  ge- 
nerally open  expanse  of  prairie,  without 
wood,  except  near  the  margin  of  the 
streams.  The  seasons  of  the  year  pai-take 
also  of  the  extremes  incident  to  so  great 
an  extent,  and  in  a  country  where  the  face 
of  earth  affords  so  much  difference  of 
level.  The  summers  are  as  remarkable  as 
is  the  winters  for  extremes  of  temperature. 
As  low  as  N  lat.  35,  and  on  a  level  with  the 
Arkansas  river,  the  thermometer  ranges 
from  97  above,  to  upwards  of  20  below 
zero.  The  soil  exhibits  every  variety 
fi'om  the  most  productive  to  tlie  most 
sterile  ;  therefore  it  may  be  easily  con- 
ceived, that  in  a  region  where  the  tempe- 
rature of  the  air,  and  the  qualities  of  tlte 
soil  offer  so  much  variety,  vegetation  must 
be  very  greatly  mfluenced.  The  indige- 
nous forest  trees  are  specifically  numerous 
and  very  large.  The  principal  species,  are 
oaks,  many  species ;  hickory  many  species ; 
ash,  many  species ;  sycamore,  cotton  wood, 
linden,  majjle  three  or  four  species :  lirco- 
dendron  tulipifera,  locust,  and  pine.  The 
cultivated  fruit  trees  are  the  apple,  pear, 
peach,  plum,  nectarine,  cherry  and  quince. 
The  various  kinds  of  small  grain,  succeeds 
well,  such  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  and 
maize.  Garden  plants  are  abundant  and 
grow  luxuriantly.  In  metalic  wealth,  Ar. 
kansas  is  productive  in  iron  ore,  gypsum, 
and  common  salt.  Indications  of  other 
minerals  are  common,  but  t!ie  country  has 
been  too  imperfectly  surveyed  todevelope 
its  fossil  resources.  Cotton,  Indian  corn, 
flour,  peltry,  salted  provisions,  and  lumber 
are  the  staples  of  the  territory.  Arkansas, 
was  amongst  the  most  ancient  settlements 
of  the  French  in  Louisiana.  That  nation 
had  a  hunting  and  trading  post  on  the  Ar- 
kansas river  as  early  as  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century  ;  but  from  the  pe- 
culiar situation  of  the  acljacer.l  country, 
the  settlements  upon  tliat  rivr-r  madt  little 
advance  before  the  traiisier  of  Louisiana  to 
the  United  States.  Since  that  period  Ar- 
kansas has  been  involved  in  the  various  vi- 


cissitudes of  the  country  of  which  it  farm- 
ed a  part  ■  and  on  the  formation  of  Missouri 
into  a  state,  became  a  territory  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

In  1820,  it  was  politically  divided  into 
the  following  counties,  vvliich  had  the 
number  of  inhabitants  annexed  to  each 
respectively. 

Lawrence 5602 

Phillips  -         .         .        -         .    1201 

Arkansas         -        ...        -    1260 

Puloski 1923 

Clark  1040 

Hempstead  .  -  .  -  •  2248 
Miller  ^        -        -^        -        -      999 


niis  population  is  composed  of 
Free  whites,  males 

do.     do.     females  * 


14,2r3 

6971 
5611 


18 


Total  of  whites  ... 

Free  people  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.       females 

Male  slaves  ... 

do.  female  .         .        ^ 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

If  the  whole  territory  is  taken  into  view 
the  above  abstract  will  yield  about  7  square 
miles  to  an  individual. 

Arklo-a^,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wicklow,  13  miles  S  of  Wicklow.  Lon. 
6  5  W.  lat.  52  42  N. 

Aries,  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and 
Lite  province  of  Provence.  Before  the 
French  Revolution  it  was  an  archiepiscopal 
see.  The  country  around  is  very  pleasant, 
and  produces  good  wine,  vermilion,  manna, 
oil  and  fruits.  There  are  a  great  number 
of  antiquities,  of  which  the  amphitheatre 
and  obelisk  are  the  most  remarkable  :  and 
the  emjjeror  Constamine  took  great  de- 
light in  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone,  12 
miles  SE  of  Nismes.  Lon.  4  42  E.  lat.  43 
41  N.  j 

Arleslieim,  handsome  town  of  Swisser- 
land  in  the  bishopric  of  Basle,  where  the 
canons  of  that  city  reside. 

Jlrlington,  township  in  Bennington  coun- 
ty and  state  of  Vermont.  It  is  situated 
about  12  miles  N  of  Bennington,  and  con- 
tains about  2000  inhabitants. 

.itioii,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  now  dismantled.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  10  miles  NW  of  Luxem- 
burg.    Lon.  5  56  E.  iat.  49  45  N. 

Armagh,  county  of  Ireland,  bounded  on 
the  E  by  Down,  on  the  W  by  Tyrone  and 
Monaghan,  on  tiie  N  by  Lougii  Neagh,  and 
on  the  S  by  Louth.  It  is  in  length  32 
miles,  and  in  breadtii  17,  contains  4^  pa- 
rishes, and  sends  six  members  to  parlia- 
ment. 

Armagh,  city  of  Ireland,  once  aconsidep* 
51 


A  li  U 


A  R  It 


able  town,  now  a  small  village^  but  it 
gnes  name  to  a  county,  ann  is  tlie  see  of 
ail  ai'chbishop,  who  is  pj-iniate  of  all  Ire- 
land. It  is  45  miles  SE  of  Londonderry. 
Lon.  6  34  W.  lat.  54  37  N. 

Armagh,  towr.  of  Centre  county,  in'the 
state  of  Penr.sylvanis. 

Armagvac,  late  province  of  Guienne,  in 
France,  55  milesin  leiiRth  and  40  in  breadiii 
This  province  wilii  Gascony,  i.s  now  in- 
cliidcd  in  the  departmeiU  of  Gtrs 

Armenia^  a  large  country  in  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  tlie  W  by  the  Euphrates,  on  the  S 
by  Diarbeker  and  Curdistan,  en  tl'c  E  by 
Schirviii,  and  on  the  N  by  Geors^'ia.  Ii  is 
one  of  the  most  fertile  countries  in  Asia, 
being  watered  by  se^e^ai  large  rivers. 
Vart  of  it  belongs  to  the  Persians  and  part 
to  the  Turks.  .  The  inhabitants  are  mi'ch 
attached  to  commerce,  aind  undertuke 
long'  jovu'nies  to  carry  it  en.  They  are 
Christians,  and  have  a  patriarch  and  an 
archbishop.  Polygamy  is  net  aliD's-f  d 
among  them.  The-  country  in  general  is 
full  of  mountains  and  valleys,  lakes  and 
rivers,  and  produces  rice,  cotton,  flax,  me- 
lons, and  grapes. 

Armmtiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  Flanders,  seated  on 
l!  e  Lis,  eight  m.iles  NW  of  LjsIc.  Lon.  3 
3  E,  lat.  50  40  X. 

Ai?mers,  town  of  Frar.ce,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  North  Hainault,  seated  on  the 
Sambre.  20  miles  S  of  Mons.  Lon.  4  3 
E.  lat.  50  7  N. 

Armiro.  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the  gulf 
of  Velo,  30  miles  SE  of  Larissa.  Lon.  23 
22  E.  lat.  39  30  N. 

Armstrong,  county  of  Penns)  ivanin,  hav- 
ing Westmoreland  and  Allegany  SW  ;  Hut- 
ler  W  ;  Venango  N  W  ;  .Tefie^i^on  NE  and 
Indiana  E  and  SE  It  is  about  55  miles  in 
length  wi'h  a  mean  width  of  20,  extending 
over  700  square  miles.  The  Ail.egany 
river  intersects  this  county,  winding  from 
the  northwest  angle  in  an  eiiipt'c;d  curve 
to  the  snuihwest.  The  face  ofti.'e  coun- 
try is  liilly  rocky  and  broken,  tiiough  much 
of  the  soil  particularly  that  of  the  river 
bottoms  is  composed  of  a  fertile  loam. 
Chief  town  Rittanning. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -  5216 

do.      do.     females  -         -  2925 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 4 

Total  population  in  1819  6143 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliile  maies        -   .     -        -         5279 
do.  do.     females  -         -  5003 

Total  whites       ....        1{,283 

■s 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  22 

52 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females    -  20 

Total  population  in  1820  -       10324 

OF  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  72 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         1997 

do.        in  Manufactures  •■  347 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  16 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  15. 

Armityden,  seaport  of  the  United  Pro^ 
vinces,  in  the  island  of  Walcheren,  now 
inconsiderable,  the  sea  having  stoped  up 
the  harbour.  The  salt  works  are  its  chief 
resource.  It  is  three  miles  E  of  Middle- 
burg.     Lo>!.  3  42  E.  lat.  51  31  N. 

Avr.a,  seaport  of  AiKlros,  an  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  witii  a  good  port. 

Arnay  1e-Dttc,  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 
near  the  river  Arraux,  25  miles  NW  of 
Baure.     Lon.  4  26  E.  lat.  47  7  N. 

Arneberg,  tfiwn  of  Germany,  in  Branden- 
burg, on  !ht  Ellie,  three  miles  from  Wer- 
bern,  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1631. 

Arnedo,  seaport  of  Peru,  25  miles  N  of 
Lima. 

Arnheimi  strong  town  of  Holland,  in  Gel- 
derland,  capital  of  the  quarter  or  county 
of  its  name.  It  was  formerly  the  residence 
of  tlie  dukes  of  Gelderland,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  8  miles  N  of  Nimeguen. 
Lon.  5  54  E.  lat.  52  2  N. 

Arno,  river  of  Tuscany,  which  rises  in 
the  Appenines,  and  passing  by  Florence 
and  Pisa,  enters  the  gulf  of  Genoa,  a  little 
below  the  latter  town. 

Arnsheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  from  Kreu- 
zenach. 

Arnstadi,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  With  a  castle,  a  palace,  and 
three  churches ;  seated  on  the  Gera,  11 
Hiiles  S  ol  Erfurt. 

Arqitcs,  t:)wn  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  with  an  ancient  cas- 
tle. Here  Henry  IV.  gained  a  complete 
victory  over  the  duke  of  .Mayenne,  general 
of  the  league,  in  1589.  It  stands  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  four  miles  SE  of  Dieppe, 

Arracijfe,  seaport  of  Brazil,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Fernambuco.  It  is  built  on  a  nar- 
row channel,  with  a  castle  to  defend  the 
entrance,  and  esteemed  tlie  strongest 
place  in  all  Brazil.  Lon.  36  10  W.  lat.  8 
20  S. 

Anngeti,  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Fyremes,  U'  by  Navarre  and 
the  Two  Casiiles,  S  by  Valencia,  and  E  by 
Valencia,  and  Catalonia.  'l"he  country, 
though  .'ibounding  in  rivers,  is  in  want  of 
good  water.  It  is  fertile  ui  com,  wine, 
flkx,  and  fruit,  near  the  rivers,  but  in  other 
places  dry  and  sandy.    It  produces  saffjon. 


A  R  U 


A  S  C 


and  there  are  many  mines  of  salt.  Sara- 
gossa  is  the  capital. 

.Irrnh,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar,  33 
miles  W  by  S  of  Patiia. 

Arran,  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  frith  of 
Clyde,  to  the  S  of  tiie  isle  of  Bute.  Ro- 
bert Bruce  took  refuge  in  this  island,  dur- 
ing- the  time  of  his  greatest  distress. 
Among  the  rocks  are  found  iron  ore,  spar, 
and  great  variety  of  beautiful  pebbles.  On 
the  coast  are  many  wonderful  caverns, 
which  often  aflibrd  shelter  to  smugglers. 
The  principal  place  is  Lamlash. 

Arras,  fortified  city  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Pas  de  Calais,  and  an 
episcopal  see.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Scarpe, 
22  miles  WNW  of  Cambray.  Lon.  2  46 
E.  lat.  50  17  N. 

Arrie^e,  department  of  France,  contain- 
ing the  late  provinces  of  Couserans  and 
Foix.     Foix  is  the  capital. 

Arroe,  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Baltic,  between  the  islands  of  Funen  and 
Alsen.     Lon.  10  20  E.  lat.  55  10  N. 

Arrojo-de-St,  Serva?!,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estramadura,  eight  miles  S  of  Merida,  and 
25  E  of  Badaioz.  Lon.  6  20  W.  lat.  38  36 
N. 

Arzrouin,  see  Erzentm. 

Arta,  ancient  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Albania,  v/ith  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Asdhas,  70  miles 
NNW  of  Lapanto.     Lon.  21  20  E.  lat.  30 

28  N. 

Artois,  late  province  of  the  French  Ne- 
therlands. It  now  forms  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  of  Cabis. 

Aruba,  island  near  Terra  Firma,  in  S. 
America,  subject  to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  67 
45  W,  lat.  12  SON. 

Arve,  rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which  rises  in 
Paiicigny,  and  joins  the  Rhone  below  Ge- 
neva. It  has  a  cataract  near  Salenche  in 
.Savoy.  Its  fall  is  said  to  be  above  1100 
feet  rushing  with  great  noise  and  violence 
from  a  prodigious  impending  rock.  See 
Arpeiias. 

Aniv,  river  of  Sussex,  which  meandering 
through  a  beautiful  country,  hUs  mto  the 
English  ch.-uinel,  below  Arundel.  It  is 
famous  for  mullets. 

Arundel,  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday  and  Satuniay.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side'of  a  hill,  on  the  Aran, 
where  small  ships  m.iy  ride.  Tiie  castle, 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes  of  Norfolk, 
stands  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  and  is  said 
to  be  a  mile  in  compass.  It  is  said  to  be 
governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  eight  miles  E  of  Chi- 
chester, and  68  3SW  of  London.      Lon.  0 

29  W.  lat.  50  55  N. 

Arundel,  township  of  York  county,  in 
the  district  of  Maine.  It  is  situated  along 
the  Saco  river,  about  20  miles  from  York, 


Population  in   1820,  2371,  and   in    1820, 
2478. 

Arxuangen,  castle-and  village  of  Swisser- 
land,  on  the  river  Aar,  over  which  it  has  a 
covCTcd  bridge. 

Arzil/a,  ancient  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  once  in  possession  of  the 
Portuguese,  who  abandoned  it.  It  is  50 
miles  bSW  of  Tangier.  Lon.  6  3  W.  lat. 
35  30  N. 

Arziiia,  river  of  Russian  Lapland,  into  a 
bay  of  which,  in  1553,  two  English  ships 
(which  had  penetrated  as  high  as  the  72 
N  lat.  to  Spitsbergen)  were  forced  by  stress 
of  weather  ;  and  their  crews  were  frozen  to 
death. 

Asaph,  St.  city  sf  Flintshire,  on  the  river 
Elway,  where  it  unites  with  the  Clwyd ; 
and  over  both  is  a  bridge.  It  is  a  poor 
place,  of  note  only  for  its  cathedral.  It  is 
24  miles  AV  of  Chester,  and  203  NW  of 
London.     L'-n.  3  36  VV.  lat.  53  12  N. 

Ascension,  barren,  uninhabited  island,  in 
the  Atlantic.  600  miles  NW  of  St.  Helena. 
Lon.  14  18  W.  lat.  7  40  N. 
•  Asce7ision,  parish  of  Louisiana,  lying  along 
both  banks  ef the  Mississippi  river;  having 
Assumption,  and  St.  James  SE  ;  the  Atcha- 
talaya  river  SW  ;  Iberville  NW  and  the 
Amite  river  NE.  It  is  40  miles  long  from 
northeast  to  southwest,  with  a  mean  breadth 
of  10 ;  area  400  square  miles.  The  face 
of  this  parish  is  an  almost  undeviating 
plain.  The  sod  is  exuberantly  productive, 
though  the  margins  of  the  rivers  excepted, 
liable  to  annual  submersion.  Staples,  su- 
gar and  cotton.  Chief  town  Donaldson- 
ville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         .         .  620 

do.     do.  females     -         -         .  521 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 47 

Slaves     .....  1031 


Total  population  in  18101  - 

Popvdation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         .        - 
do.     do.   females    - .       - 

Total  whites       -        .        .        _ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males       .... 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foi-eigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        *- 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 
53 


2219 


837 
658 

1495 


3728 


50 

1896 

16 

18 


A  S  H 


A  S  II 


Aschaffenburg,  town  of  Germany  subject 
to  the  elecior  of  Mentz,  who  has  a  palace 
bere.  li  is  40  miles  E  of  Mentz.  Lon.  9 
5  E.  lat.  50  40  N.  ^ 

Ascoli,  populous  town  of  Ilaly,  in  the 
rnarquisate  ot  Ancona,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  heated  on  a  mounlain,  at  the  bottom 
of  which  runs  the  Fronto,  80  rr.  les  NE  cf 
Rome.     Lon.  13  29  E,  lai.  42  44  N. 

Ascoli-di-Sutriano,  episcopal  city  of  Italy 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  seated  on  a 
mountain  70  miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15 
50  E.  lat.  41   1  N, 

Jlseer,  nv  Aseergur,  strong  fortress  of  the 
Soubah  of  Candeish,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  20  miles  NK  of  Burhanpour.  Lon. 
76  OE.  lai.  21  35  N. 

Ashbom,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  between  the 
rivers  Dove  and  C  mpton,  10  miles  NE  of 
Utoxeter,  and  130NN\V  of  London.  Lon. 
1  44  W.  lat.  53  3  N. 

Ashborough,  small  town  in  Randolph 
coimty,  N.  Carolina,  about  SO  miles  W  of 
Raleigh. 

Ashbtirnham,  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Ma  sachusetts.  It  lies  about  50 
miles  WNW  of  Boston,  and  contains  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Ashburton,  borough  in  Devonshire.  It  is 
seated  among  tiie  hills  (which  are  remark- 
able for  tin  and  copper)  near  the  river 
Dart,  19  miles  SW  of  Exeter,  and  193  W 
by  S  of  London.  It  has  a  handsome 
church      Lon.  3  50  W.  lat.  50  30  N. 

Ashby  cle  la  Zouch,  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had 
a  castle  with  a  very  high  lower,  great  part 
of  which  is  still  standing,  and  it  has  a  free 
school.  A  canal  is  now  made  fmm  this 
town,  which  communicates  with  the  Co- 
ventry canal.  Ashby  i.-  13  miles  S  of  Der- 
by, and  115  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  50 
W.  lat.  50  80  N. 

./SsAf/en,  village  in  Essex,  three  miles  NW 
of  Saftron  VValden. 

Aslwy  a  county  in  the  State  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, containing  about  4000  inhabitants. 

Ashforcl,  township  of  Wmdham  county, 
in  the  State  of  Connecticut,  lying  princi- 
pally between  the  Biggalons  and  Mount- 
hope  rivers. 

Ashford,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  and  a  large  church  that  was  for- 
merly collegiate.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ash  or  Esh,  <;4  miles  SE  of  Maidstone  and 
57  of  London.     Lon.  0  52  E.  lat.  51  4  N. 

Ash,  counly  of  Nortn  Carolina,  forming 
the  northwest  angle  of  that  state,  having 
Buncombe  SW  ;  Burke  S  ;  Wilikes  SE  by 
E,  and  part  of  Virginia  N  ;  and  part  of 
Tennessee  W.  It  is  64  miles  long,  from 
southwest  to  nonhcrsst,  with  a  mean 
width  of  12  miles,  area  768  square  miles. 
The  surface  of  the  coiuity  is  hilly  and  even 
54 


mountainous.     The  air  is  pure  and  healthy, 
and  the  soil  in  pan  productive.' 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males       -         -        -  1808 

do.     do.  females    ...  1733 

All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       -        .        .  6 

Slaves I4r 


Total  popuktion  in  1810    -        .        3,694 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         2093 
do.     do.  females    ...  1952 

Total  whites      ....  4,045 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  27 

do.            do.        females  IS 

Slaves,  males      ....  135 

do.     females           ...  115 

Total  population  in  1820     -         -         4,335 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  785 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  26 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6,  nearly. 

Ashtabula,  small  river  or  creek  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  in  the  county  of  Ashtabula. 
It  is  about  30  miles  in  length  and  flows  into 
Lake  Erie. 

Ashtabula,  county  of  Ohio,  forming  the 
northeast  angle  of  that  state,  having  Trum- 
bull S,  Geauga  W;  Lake  Erie  NW,  and 
part  of  Pennsylvania  E.  It  is  28  miles  in 
length,  and  25  in  breadth,  extending  over 
an  area  of  700  square  miles.  The  face  of 
this  country  is  hilly  ;  the  soil  is,  however, 
fertile,  and  well  wooded  and  watered- 
Jefferson  is  the  chief  town. 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites 


5878 
5493 


7,371 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  3 

do.         do.            females  -  1 

Slaves,  males               ...  none 

do.  females  -  -  -  none 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        .  7 

Total  population  in  1820            -  7382 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  16 

Engaged  in  AgricuUure        -        -  1479 

do.       in  Manufactures    -        -  271 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10, 


A  S  O 

AsMon-wider-Line,  village  In  Lancashire, 
seven  miles  E  of  Manchester,  with  a  ma- 
nufactory of  cotton,  and  an  iron  foundery. 

Ash-well,  villajje  in  Hertfor  Ishive,  on  he 
river  Uhee,  that  issues  from  a  rock  at  the 
S  end  of  the  town.  Near  the  church  are 
the  remains  of  a  Koma;i  camp,  which  con- 
sists of  12  acres  of  land,  enclosed  by  .<  deep 
ditch,  and  formerly  a  rampart.  It  is  four 
miles  N  of  Baldock. 

ASIA,  one  of  the  four  great  parts  of  the 
world,  situated  between  Ion.  25  and  180  E 
from  London,  and  between  the  equator 
and  kt,  80  N,  It  extends  4.740  miles  from 
the  Dardanelles  on  the  W,  to  Bhering's 
straits;  and,  4,380  miles  from  the  most 
southern  part  of  Malacca,  to  the  most 
northern  cape  of  Nova  Zembla  ;  being  su- 
perior in  extent,  as  well  as  in  many  other 
respects,  to  Africa  and  Europe.  It  is  se- 
parated from  Europe,  according  to  the 
English  geographers,  by  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Archipelago,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Palus 
Mseotis,  the  Don,  p  irt  of  the  VVolga,  and 
the  Ural  mountains  ;  from  America  by  Bhe- 
ring's straits,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  and 
from  Africa  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the  isth- 
mus of  Suez  But  the  French  and  German 
geographers,  separate  Asia  and  Europe,  by 
the  Ural  mountains,  Ural  river,  Caspian 
Sea,  Caucausus  mountains.  Black  Sea,  straits 
of  the  Bosphorus,  sea  of  Marnora,  straits  of 
Dardanelles,  and  Archipelago.  All  the 
other  parts  are  surrounded  by  the  ocean. 
The  principal  countries  in  this  continent 
are  Siberia,  Tartary,  China,  Thibet,  Hin- 
doostan,  Siam,  Biirmah,  Persia,  Ar  <bia,  Sy- 
ria, Palestine,  Natolia,  Diarbeckar,  Irac, 
Armenia,  Georgia,  Curdistan,  8tc.  Asia  is 
looked  upon  as  that  part  of  the  world, 
which,  of  all  others,  has  been  most  pecu- 
liarly distinguished  by  heaven.  There  it 
was  the  first  man  was  created ;  there  the 
patriarchs  lived ;  there  the  law  was  given 
to  Moses,  and  the  greatest  and  most  cele- 
brated monarchies- were  formed.  Lastly, 
in  Asia,  Jesus  Christ  appeared,  and  from 
thence  it  is  that  the  light  of  the  gospel  was 
diffused  over  all  the  world.  Laws,  arts, 
sciences,  and  religion,  almost  all  had  their 
original  in  Asia. 

Asinara,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  N  W  coast  of  Sardinia,  \7  miles  N  by 
W  of  Sassari.  It  is  28  miles  in  compass. 
Lon.  8  30  E,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Askeyton,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Limerick,  on  the  river  Shannon. 

Askrig,  town  in  the  N  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  6  miles 
S  by  E  of  York,  and  243  N  of  London. 
Lon.  1  0  W,  lat.  5c,  55  N. 

Asiie,     See  Esne. 

Asola,  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  20 
miles  S  E  of  Brescia.  Lon.  10  30  E,  lat. 
45  48  N. 

Asolci,  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano,  on  a 


ASS 

mountain  17  miles  N  W  of  Trevlso.     Lon, 
11  36  E,  lat.  45  59  xV. 

Asofih,  sea,  anciently  the  Palus  Maeotis, 
lying  X  of  the  Black  Sea,  with  which  it 
has  a  communication  by  the  s'rait  of  Caffa, 
the  ancient  Cunmerian  Bosphorus.  This 
sea,  which  is  sometimes  called  the  sea  of 
Zabak,  extends  390  mdes  from  S  \V  to  N  E 
Lon.  from  35  to  42  E,  lat.  from  45  to  47  N. 

Asoph,  district  of  the  Russian  empire,  in 
the  province  of  Catharinenslaf,  including  a 
large  tract  of  territory  to  the  E  and  W  of 
Asoph.     Catharinenslaf  is  the  capital. 

Asoph,  late  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  in  Asia,  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Don,  to  the  E  of  the  sea  of  Asoph. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  and  re- 
taken by  the  Turks  and  Russians.  The 
branch  of  the  Don,  upon  which  it  stands, 
is  now  s)  choked  with  sand,  as  scarcely  to 
admit  the  smallest  vessel,  which  renders 
the  place  less  important  than  it  was  for- 
merly.    Lon.  41  30  E,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Aspern,  town  of  Austria  on  the  left  bank 
of  th  Danube,  below  Vienna,  famous  for  a 
battle  fought  there  May  22d,  1809,  between 
the  French  under  the  Emperor  Napoleon, 
and  the  Austrians ;  the  latter  were  defeated. 

Asperosa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Archipelago,  22  miles  S  E  of  Nicopoli. 
Lon.  24  50  E,  lat.  40  58  N. 

Assam,  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the 
W  by  Bengal  and  Bootan,  on  the  N  by  Thi- 
bet, and  on  the  S  E  and  S  by  Meckley  Its 
capital  is  Ghergong,  and  the  river  Burram- 
pooter  flows  through  the  whole  length  of 
it.  The  open  parts  are  marked  with  po- 
pulation and  tillage;  the  woods  abound 
with  elephants.  Assam  lies  between  lon. 
91  and  96  E,  and  lat.  25  and  28  N. 

Assancale,  town  of  Armenia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Aras,  22  miles  E  of  Erzerum.  Here 
are  hot  baths  much  frequented.  Lon.  41 
10  E,  lat.  39  46  N. 

Assanchif,  town  of  Asia,  in  Diarbeck, 
seated  on  the  Tigris,  40  miles  S  E  of  Diar- 
bekar.     Lon.  40  20  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Assens,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Funen.  It  is  the  common  passage  from 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick  to  Copenhagen,  and 
is  17  miles  S  W  of  Odinsee.  Lon.  10  2 
E,  lat  55  17  N.  ^ 

Assisio,  city  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoleto,  on  the  side  of  a  high  mountain. 
The  cathedral  of  St.  Francis  is  magnificent, 
and  composed  of  the  three  churches,  one 
above  another.  It  is  70  miles  N  of  Rome. 
Lon   12  38  E,  lat  43  0  N. 

Assos,  seaport  of  Natolia,  on  a  bay  of  the 
Archipela;;o,  12  miles  S  E  of  Troas.  Lon; 
25  35  E,  'lat.  39  32  N. 

Assumption,   episcopal  cily,  the   capital 
of  Paraguay,   in   South   America.     It  is  a 
large,  populous,  and  handsome  town,  and 
55 


A  S  T 

stands  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Pa- 
raguay.  Lon.  W  C  17  25  E,  lat.  26  0  N. 
^ssirnption,  pa.v\ih  of  Louisiani,  situated 
along  both  banks  of  the  Lafourche  river  ; 
having  the  interior  of  Latourche,  S  E  ;  At- 
chafalaya  river  S  W  ;  Ascension  N  W  ;  and 
St.  Janies'  and  St.  John's  N  E.  It  is  abnut 
35  miles  long,  and  15  miles  wide  ;  area  500 
square  miles.  The  face  of  the  parish  is 
level,  and,  except  the  margin  of  the  La- 
fourche, and  some  otlier  streams,  liable  to 
annual  submersion.  Soil  extremely  fertile. 
Staples  sugar  and  cotton.  No  town  of  any 
consequence. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,007 
do.     do.   females    -         -         -  908 

All   other  free  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       ...  10 
Slaves 547 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        2,472 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,226 
do.    do.  females    -        -        -        1,183 

Total  whites       ....  2,409 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  7 

do.            do.        females  11 

Slaves,  males      ....  596 

do.    females           ...  553 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        3,576 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  42 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,491 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        none. 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Assyiit,  district  of  Sutherland  in  Scot- 
land, containing  plenty  of  limestone  and 
marble. 

.Assyria,  country  or"  Asia,  celebrated  in 
ancient  history.  It  comprehended  the  pro- 
vinces in  Asia  now  called  Diarbec,  Curdis- 
tan,  and  Irac. 

Miatat,  town  of  Armenia,  three  miles 
from  the  river  Aras,  and  12  S  of  Naksivan. 
Lon.  45  30  E,  lat.  38  28  N. 

^sti,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
Montserrat.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tanaro, 
2a  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  8  E,  lat.  43 
3  N. 

Aatorga,  very  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  well  fortified  by  art  and  nature, 
seated  in  a  pleabant  plain,  25  miles  S  W  of 
Leon.     Lon.  5  32  W,  lat.  42  22  N. 

^strabaJ,  large  town  of  Persia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  s^me  name,  on  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  200  miles  N  of  1-pahan.  Lon, 
35  35  B,  lat.  36  50  X. 

.2s.ra.:a7j.,  (the  ohiuterkaii  of  the  middle 
ages)  episcopal  city  of  the  H.issian  empire, 
capital  of  a  pnAince  of  the  same  name".    It 


A  T  G 

is  large  and  populous,  has  a  good  harbour, 
a]id  13  surrounded  by  strong  walls.  The 
river  Volga,  on  which  it  stands,  overflows 
like  the  Nile:  and  when  tiie  water  is  run 
off,  tiie  grass  grows  with  much  rapidity. 
The  city  of  Astracan  is  about  two  miles 
and  a  half  in  circumlerence,  surrounded  by 
a  brick  wall,  which  is  now  in  a  ruinous 
condition  :  but,  if  we  comprehend  the 
suburbs,  the  circuit  will  be  near  five  miles. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  amounts  to 
70,000,  including  \rmenians  and  Tartars, 
as  well  as  a  few  Persians  and  Indians.  All 
round  the  city,  at  tiie  distance  of  two  miles, 
are  seen  a  great  number  of  gardens  and 
orchards.  Tliis  city  is  supposed  to  have 
been,  in  early  times,  the  general  staple  for 
the  productions  of  Persia,  India,  and  Ara- 
bia. It  is  seated  on  an  island  formed  by  the 
A^olga,  40  miles  N  W  of  the  Caspian  Sqa. 
Lon.  47  40  E.  lat  45  22  N. 

Asturias,  province  of  Spain,  120  miles  in 
length,  and  45  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  EiEcay,  on  the  S  by  Old  Castile  and 
Leon,  on  the  W  by  Galicia,  and  on  the  N 
by  the  Atlantic.  It  is  divided  into  two 
parts,  Asturia  d'Oviedo,  and  Asturia  de 
Santillana.  This  province  is  full  of  moun- 
tains and  forests,  and  its  wine  and  horses 
are  excellent.'  It  has  mines  of  gold,  lapis 
lazuli,  and  vermilion,  and  belongs  to  the 
eldest  son  of  the  king  of  Spain,  who  is 
styled  prince  of  Asturias. 

Asylum,  town  of  Luzerne  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  S  VV  side  of  Susquehannaii 
river,  67  miles  N  W  of  Wilkesbarre.  Here 
there  is  a  post-office,  327  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Atacama,  harbour  of  South  America,  in 
Peru.  There  is  a  great  desert  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  70  0  W,  lat.  22  0  S. 

Atacapas,  a  considerable  settlement  in 
lower  Louisiana,  lying  west  off  the  Atcha- 
falaya  river  ;  being  bounded  by  that  river 
E ;  by  Opelousas  N  and  N  W  ;  and  by  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  S.  It  Is  divided  into  the 
parishes  of  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Mary's, 
which  see. 

AtaJaua,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  seated  on  an  eminence,  with  a  strong 
fortress,  five  miles  S  of  Tomar.  Lon.  7 
56  W,  lat.  39  25  N. 

Alchnfalaya  River,  may  be  strictly  called 
the  continuation  of  Red  Uiver;  it  is  only 
114  chains  along  the  right  bank  of  Missis- 
sippi, from  the  ingress  of  Red  River  to  the 
egress  of  Atcliaialaya,  the  latter  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  leaving  the  Missis- 
sippi exactly  on  lat.  31  N.  It  is  only  at 
high  floods,  however,  when  any  quantity 
of  water  leaves  tlie  Mississippi  by  Atchafa- 
laya  ;  when  the  former  is  at  a  moderately 
low  stage,  the  current  into  the  latter  ceases. 
The  Atchafalaya,  below  its  etHux,  conti- 
nues  S  VV  about  two  miles,  where  it  as- 
Eura;s  a  south  course,-  v.-|iiclj  corAinae.s, • 


A  T  C 


A  T  C 


with  a  small  deviation  to  the  east,  50  miles, 
in  a  direct  line.  The  river  tlien  turns  S  E 
10  miles,  and  again  E  25  miles,  to  its  junc- 
tion witli  Plaquemine  from  the  Mississippi. 
Below  tiie  Plaquemine  tlie  Alcliafalaya  re- 
assumes  a  south  course  of  60  miles,  tails 
into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  having  an  entire 
length  of  147  miles.  A  few  spots  of  land 
sufficiently  high  for  cuhivation  are  found 
on  the  left  bank  of  Atchafalaya,  near  its 
efflux  from  the  Mississippi ;  those,  how- 
ever, soon  cease,  and  both  banks  are  ge- 
nerally liable  to  inundation.  A  very  heavy 
forest  covers  both  shores  of  this  river,  un- 
til within  a  few  miles  of  its  mouth.  Twen- 
ty-six miles  below  its  efflux  commences  the 
great  raft.  This  singular  plienomeiion, 
about  which  so  much  mistake  and  specu- 
lation has  been  made,  was  measured  by 
the  writer  of  this  article;  the  fallowing  is 
the  fruit  of  his  observations  on  tlie  subject. 
From  the  course  of  that  particular  bend  of 
the  Mississippi,  out  of  which  the  Atc!ia*a- 
laya  issues,  the  drift  timber  of  tiie  former 
is  thrown  into  the  latter.  In  1778,  this 
drift  timber  passed  into  the  Atchafalavii,  in 
such  quantity  as  to  form  a  compact  mass, 
too  large  to  pass  down  with  the  current, 
and  therefore  choked  and  became  settled. 
Other  accessions  liave  annually  augmented 
the  original  body,  and  now  form  rafts  of 
more  or  less  extent,  for  about  25  miles  along 
the  river.  It  is  a  very  erroneous,  though 
a  common  opinion,  that  the  raft  is  suffici- 
ently compact  to  admit  the  passag-e  of 
horses,  and  tliat  trees  are  formed  upon  it : 
both  these  statements  are  entirely  unfound- 
ed It  is  witli  considerable  difficulty  and 
danger,  that  a  man  can  cross  the  i;iver  on 
the  timber ;  the  body  of  wiiich  rises  and 
falls  with  the  water  of  t!ie  river,  and  at  all 
seasons  maintains  an  equal  elevation  above 
the  surface.  The  ruft  is  in  fact  subject  to 
continual  ciiange  of  position,  to  which  su- 
peradding its  recent  formation,  renders 
either  the  solidity  of  its  structure,  or  the 
growth  of  large  timber  impossible.  Some 
small  willows,  and  otiier  aquatic  bushes, 
are  frequently  seen  amoi-.gst '  he  drift  wood, 
but  are  too  frequently  destroyed  by  the 
shifiing  of  tlie  mass  to  acquire  any  consi- 
derable size.  Tlie  distance  between  the 
extremities  of  the  raft  is,  as  stated,  about 
25  miles ;  but  of  this  space  not  more  th;in 
10  miles  is  impeded  by  raft.  The  width  of 
the  river  is  about  220  yards.  If  we  albw 
tiie  timber  to  be  eight  feet  deep,  10  miles 
by  220  yards,  will  yield  2.240,  500  s«rid 
cords. 

The  first  stream  of  consequence  wh'cli 
enters  Atchafalaya,  is  tiie  Courtableaii, 
wliich  comes  in  from  the  N  W,  litilf  a  mile 
above  the  lower  raft.  (.See  Coiirtublcmi.) 
Around  the  mouth  of  Courtableau  is  one 
wide  overRow.  Towards  Opeloiisas  and 
Attacapas  tliis  drowned  tract  reaches  eiglit 
H 


or  nine  miles  in  a  direct  line  from  the  At- 
chafalaya. The  intermediate  space  at  high 
water  is  a  lake.  The  currents  of  the 
smaller  bayons  are  lost  in  the  maze,  and 
only  remain  distinguishable  by  the  open- 
ings of  their  channels.  The  many  lakes 
thut  mingle  with  the  outltts  of  the  river, 
and  with  each  other,  render  this  region  in 
an  extraordinaiy  manner  intricate.  Below 
Courtableau  many  outlets  leave  the  Atcha- 
falaya, which  flow  in  o  lake  Chetimaches, 
and  whose  waters  again  enter  the  main 
stream  by  the  outlet  of  th.at  lake.  From 
Courtableau  to  the  Cow  Island  is  S  E  25 
miles  in  a  direct  line.  Here  the  river  turns 
east.  So  numerous  are  the  outlets  between 
Courtableau  and  Cow  Island,  that  the  cur- 
rent of  tht  Atchafalaya  passes  by  them  into 
lake  Chetimaches,  and  therefore  from  Cow 
Island  to  t!ie  Plnqnemine,  the  volume  of 
the  Ibrmer  river  is  nearly  stagnant.  The 
river  here  winds  diagonally  over  an  in- 
clined plane,  and  when  the  swell  of  the 
waters  rise  above  the  banks,  the  water 
naturally  flows  dov.n  the  direct  slope,  and 
consequently,  when  the  river  acsumes  an 
eastern  course,  the  current  at  high  water  is 
at  right  angles  to  the  river.  Within  a  short 
distance  below  the  Cow  Island,  there  is  a 
very  narrow  selvedge  of  high  land  com- 
mences on  the  right  shore,  which  conti- 
nues to  the  entrance  of  Plaquemine,  but 
cut  by  20  or  30  outlets,  great  and  small. 
In  this  eastern  course  of  Atchafalaya,  the 
light  coloured  water  of  Mississippi  disap- 
pears, and  the  stream  assumes  the  dark 
green  tinge  of  the  waters  of  the  swamps. 
This  change  is  effected  by  a  bayon,  whose 
banks  are  in  general  above  overflow,  and 
which  comes  in  from  towards  Tausse  Ri- 
viere, and  flowing  S  VV  carries  the  Missis- 
sippi waters  towards  Cow  Island, 

^V'here  the  AtcliafJ.iya  and  Plaquemine 
form  their  junction,  the  united  stream  as- 
sumes a  south  course,  whicli  it  maintains  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  t!ie  dis'ance  by  a  me- 
ridian line  54  miles,  or  about  70  miles  pur- 
suing the  river.  A  summary  of  all  the  dis- 
tances gives  the  whole  length  of  the  At- 
chafa  nya,  by  comparative  course,  13o  miles, 
and  along  the  stream  193  miles. 

A  particular  description  i^f  tins  river  be- 
low Piaquemlne  would  be  mere  repetition. 
It  is  stifliciently  explicit  to  observe  that  10 
miles  below  Plaquemine  anoUier  small  raft 
imjiedcs  the  r.avigation,  boats  beingobliged 
^to  be  taken  by  an  outlet  tlirough  lake  Nat- 
chc.'!;,  and  thence  again  into  the  main  stream 
below.  The  Atchafalaya  passes  through 
1  ike  Chetimaches,  and  three  miles  farther 
down  contracts  again  into  a  river  of  about 
240  yards  wide,  rtreives  the  Teche,  five  or 
six  miles  below  which  timber  ceases,  and 
t'le  level  g:as=y  sea  marsh  reaches  the 
banks,  and  continues  with  tlie  Atchafalaya 
to  its  mouth.  The  onlv  spots  of  valuable 
.  57' 


A  T  II 


ATM 


arable  land  on  the  entire  banks  of  Atcha- 
filaya  in  all  its  course,  is  near  the  mouth  of 
Teche,  and  the  opposite  bank,  a  few  miles 
below,  at  Rice's  Island.  See  Teche,  and 
.Rice's  Island. 

The  tide  flows  up  the  Atcbafalaya,  when 
the  Mississippi  is  low,  as  high  as  the  great 
raft,  and  al  other  seasons  in  proportion  to 
the  height  of  the  streams  in  the  interior. 

Atchafalaya  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Atcba- 
falaya river,  on  the  coast  of  Louisiana, 
about  30  miles  long  from  S  E  to  N  W,  and 
20  miles  wide.  A  long  bar  from  Point  Cbe- 
vreuil  to  Point  au  Fer,  on  which  atcomm  on 
tides  there  is  about  9  feet  water,  prevents 
vessels  above  that  draft  from  entering, 
though  the  depth  within  and  up  the  At- 
cbafalaya, to  the  mouth  of  Teche,  would 
admit  vessels  of  any  assignable  tonnage. 

Atena,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ci- 
teriore,  22  miles  N  of  Policastro.  Lon.  15 
58  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Athy  town  in  Austrian  Hainault,  seated 
on  the  Dender,  12  miles  N  W  of  Mons. 
Lon.  3  44  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Athelney,  island  of  Somersetshire,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Thone  and  Parret,  me- 
morable for  having  afforded  shelter  to  king 
Alfred. 

Athena,  now  called  Setines,  once  a  cele- 
brated city,  the  capital  of  ancient  Attica, 
but  now  of  Livadia,  in  European  Turkey. 
After  many  revolutions,  the  Turks  finally 
wrested  it  from  the  Venetians ;  and  it  has 
now  not  more  than  10,000  inhabitants,  of 
whom  three  fourths  are  Christians  of  the 
Greek  clmrch  ;  the  remainder  Turks.  It 
is  the  see  of  an  archbishop  ;  and  is  defended 
by  a  citadel  on  the  summit  of  a  lofty  rock. 
The  town  stands  beneath  the  citadel ;  not 
encompassing  the  rock  as  formerlj-,  but 
spreading  into  tlie  plain  to  the  W  and  N 
W.  Some  masses  of  brick  work,  standing 
separate  witiiout  the  town,  belonged  per- 
haps to  the  ancient  wall,  of  whicli  oiher 
traces  also  appear.  Tiie  houses  are  'mostly 
mean  and  straggling.  In  the  lanes,  the  high 
walls  on  eacii  side,  wliich  are  commonly 
white-washed,  reflect  strongly  the  light  of 
the  sun.  The  streets  were  very  irregular  ; 
and  anciently  were  neither  uniform  nor 
handsome.  There  are  many  magnificent 
ruins,  wliich  testify  Its  former  grandeur. 
It  is  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Engia,  100 
miles  N  E  of  Lacedemon,  and  320  S  by  VV 
of  Constantinople.  Lon.  23  57  E,  lat.  38 
5  N. 

Athens,  town  of  Somerset  countj',  Mainej': 
22  miles  N  N  E  from  Norrldgewock.  Po- 
pulation in  1810,  374,  and  in' 1820,  590. 

Athens,  town  of  Windham  countv,  Ver- 
mont.    Population,  1820,  480. 

Athens,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 

Greene  county.  New  York,  situated  on  the 

right  bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  opposite 

lludbon.    It  is  a  fine  flouriabing  village, 

58 


containing  about  300  houses,  and,  including 
the  township,  2030  inhabitants  in  1820. 

Athens,  post  town  of  Bradford  county, 
Pennsylvania,situated  on  the  Susquehanna, 
cont:.ining  in  1820,  including  the  township, 
1108  inhabitants. 

Athens,  post  town  in  Clarke  county, 
Georgia,  70  miles  N  from  Milledgville. 
Franlin  college,  located  in  this  town,  went 
into  operation  in  1803.  Its  endowments 
are,  a  president,  four  professors,  and  two 
tutors.  The  students  amounted  recently 
to  about  fifty.  Its  support  is  founded  upon 
funds  arising  from  1()0,000  dollars,  bank 
stock,  and  50,000  acres  of  land ;  12,000 
dollars  have  been  appropriated  to  the  pur- 
chase of  a  library  and  philosophical  appa- 
ratus. 

Athens,  county  of  Ohio,  having  Meigs 
and  Gallia  S  ;  Jackson  S  W  ;  Hocking  W  ; 
Perry  and  Morgan  N;  Washington  and 
Ohio  river  E.  It  is  about  40  miles  in  length 
from  east  to  west;  mean  width  23;  area 
900  square  miles.  The  country  is  hilly, 
but  well  wooded  and  watered.  The  soil 
extremely  fertile      Chief  town,  Athens. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        -        -        1,463 
do.     do.  females  -        -        1,324 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        .        .        -  4 


Total  population  In  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        -         - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820, 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures     - 

do.        in  Commerce 


2,791 


3,266 
3,046 

6,312 

15 

11 

0 

0 

6,338 


85 
1,368 
120 
5 
Population  to  the  square  mile  7. 

Athens,  p(jst  town  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Athens  county,  Ohio,  situated  upon  the 
Hockhocki  ng  river,  7c>  miles  S  E  from  Co- 
lumbus, and  41  west  from  Marietta.  Lat. 
39  23  N,  lon.  W  C  5  5.  W. 

Atherston,  town  in  Warwickshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday ;  seated  on  the  Anker, 
indifferently  Large  and  well  built ;  10  miles 
N  of  Coventry,  and  104  N  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Athlone.  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  West  Meath,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  60 
miles  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  41  W,  lat.  53 
22  N. 


A  T  U 


A  I    K 


^'fthol,  district  of  Perthshire;  a  beautiful, 
romantic,  and  mountainous  country,  con- 
taining some  fine  lakes. 

Atliol,  township  in  Worcester  county, 
Ma->sachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  1041, 
and  in  1820,  1211, 

Athal,  post  town  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  70  miles  N  W  from  Boston. 

Athol,  township  in  W  .irren  county,  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  570. 

Athos,  vr  Monte-Santo,  mountain  of  Ma- 
cedonia, in  a  peninsula,  to  the  S  of  the 
gulf  of  Contessa,  aboui  30  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  two  in  perpendicular  height 
It  is  inhabited  by  a  great  number  of  Greek 
monks,  who  have  many  fortified  monaste- 
ries upon  it.  Here  they  cultivate  olives 
and  vines  ;  and  are  carpentern,  masons,  &c. 
leading  an  austere  life,  and  living  to  a  great 
age.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  Sulonichi.  Lon. 
26  20  E,  lat   40  30  N. 

Mhy,  town  ot  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare,  and  province  of  Leinster,  seated 
on  the  river  Barrow,  12  miles  S  of  Kildare. 
Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Atkinson,  a  pomt  of  the  north-west  coast 
of  North  America.  Lat,  49  21  N,  lon.  W 
C  45  55  W. 

Atkinson,  township  in  Penobscot  county, 
Maine,     Popvdation  in  1820,  245. 

Atkinson,  township  in  Uockmgham  coun- 
ty.  New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
556,  and  in  1820,  563. 

Atlantic,  or  Atlantic  Ocfan,  takes  its  name 
from  mount  .\tlas  in  Africa,  and  lies  be- 
tween the  W  continents  of  Africa  and  Eu- 
rope, and  the  E  continent  of  America.  Its 
least  breadth,  from  Guinea  in  Africa,  to 
Brasil  in  South  America,  is  2300  miles.  On 
one  side  of  the  equator  it  is  called  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  and  on  the  other 
the  South  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Atlas,  chain  of  high  mountains  in  Afri- 
ca, separating  Barbary  from  Biledulgerid. 
They  are  Inhabited  almost  in  every  place, 
except  where  thi  extreme  cold  will  not 
permit.  The  highest  summit  of  this  chain 
is  estimated  at  about  12,000  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Atlixco,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  Puebla ;  situated  20  miles  S  W  from 
the  city  of  Puebla.  Lat.  18  50  N,  lon.  W 
C  11  40  W. 

Atokas,  or  Tabicoak  liiver  runs  into  lake 
Ontai'io,  west  of  York  and  the  river  Hum- 
ber.  The  mouth  of  this  river  is  the  boun- 
dary between  the  Missas.saga  lands  and  the 
East  Riding  of  the  county  of  York.  It  is 
now  generally  called  the  Etobreake. 

Atooi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  dis- 
covered by  captain  Cook,  in  1778.  To- 
wards the  N  E  and  N  W  the  face  of  the 
country  is  ragged  and  broken  ;  but  to  the 
S  it  is  more  even.  The  hills  rise  from  the 
seaside  with  a  gentle  acclivity,  and  at  a 
little  distance  back  are  covered  with  wood. 


Aiovague,  small  river  of  Texas ;  it  is  a 
branch  of  the  Sabine. 

Atn,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruz- 
zo  Ukeiiore.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy 
mountain,  four  miles  from  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, and  10  S  E  of  Teramo,  Lon.  13  4^ 
E,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Alston,  village  in  Burlington  county,  New 
Jersey,  where  there  is  a  valuable  iron 
foundcry,  and  a  post-ofiice  ;  26  miles  W 
ofTuckerton,  29  £  by  S  of  Philadelphia. 

Aitascocito,  branch  of  the  Sabine  river, 
rises  in  Texas,  about  20  miles  E  from  Na- 
cogdoches. 

Attica,  township  in  Genessee  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1519. 

Attica,  bay  on  the  S  side  of  the  Ottawa 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name. 

Attica,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  a  branch 
of  the  Ottawa  river. 

Attleborovgh,  township  in  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  2716, 
and  in  1820,  3055. 

Attlehnry,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  14  miles  N  E  of  Thetford, 
and  93   of  London.     Lon,  1  5  E,  lat.  52 

35  N. 

Attack,  city  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  on  the  E  bank  of  the  Indus;  sup- 
posed to  stand  on  the  site  of  the  Taxila  of 
Alexandei-,  where  he  crossed  that  river. 
It  is  180  miles  N  W  of  Lahore.     Lon.  70 

36  E,  lat.  32  27  N. 

Attack,  river  v/hich  rises  in  the  Tartarian 
mountains,  N  of  Hindoostan,  passes  by  Ca- 
bul,and  iiows  into  the  Indus  above  Attock, 

Atwaier,  township  in  Portage  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  320. 

Auburn,  town  in  Wdtshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  It  is  but  an  indifierent 
town,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Kennet, 
eight  miles  N  E  of  Marlborough,  and  81 
W  of  London.    Lon,  I  32  W,  lat,  51  31  N. 

Auburn,  post  town  and  scat  of  justice  in 
Cayvigo  county,  New  York.  It  is  situated 
upon  the  great  western  turnpike  road,  at 
the  outlet  of  the  Owasco  lake,  170  miles 
W  from  Albany,  it  has,  beside  the  ordi- 
nary county  buildings,  a  state  prison  capa- 
ble of  containing  1000  prisoners.  The  po- 
pulation exceeds  2,000. 

Anburn,  township  in  Susquehanna  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.    Population  in  1820,  208. 

Auburn,  township  of  Richland  count\ , 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  9169. 

Auburn,  township  in  Geaga  county, 
Ohio. 

A2ibe,  department  of  France,  the  late 
province  of  Champagne. 

Aubenas,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloths 
of  Spanish  wool,  and  of  red  cotton,  in  imi- 
tation of  Indian  handkerchiefs.  Beside 
corn  and  wine,  its  district  produces  truffles, 
59 


AUG 


A   U  G 


oranges,  figs,  olives,  c!ies;iuti,  imd  walnutK. 
The  silk-worm  an;!  mulberry-tree  succeed 
well  liere.  Aubenas  is  seated  on  Uie  Ar- 
deche,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  Cevennes,  ne:ir 
the  mineral  waters  of  Valtz,  and  15  miles 
N  W  of  Vivicrs.   Lon.  4  30  K,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Aubigmj,  town  of  France  iu  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher  and  late  province  of  Berry. 
It  has  a  castle,  and  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain, 
on  the  river  Xerre.  It  whs  a  diiki'doni  and 
belonged  to  tiie  dukes  if  Kicliinond  ;  and 
was  confirmed  to  the  present  duke.  At 
the  revolution  in  France-  it  shared  tiie  fate 
of  all  other  titles  of  nobility. 

Aubun,  town  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
with  a  good  harbour  and  a  fort. 

Aiibin  da  Cormier,  tovvn  of  France,  in 
the  dc'parlment  of  lie  and  Vilan:-  .nd  late 
province  of  Bretasjne  ;  famous  for  a  baltle 
between  viscount  Tremou  lie  and  the  duke 
of  Orlean^.,  afterwaids  Lewis  XII,  in  1483, 
when  the  latter  was  made  priscjrif-r.  It  is 
ten  miles  E  of  lieniies.  JLon.  1  23  W, 
lat.  48  15  N 

Atibonne,  \\^L'^(].s'^>me  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  10  mdes  W  of  Lusanne.  Lon. 
6  30  E,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Aiibnsson,  town  o^  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Crtuse  and  late  territory  of 
Marche.  It  had  a  manufactory  of  tapestry, 
which  made  it  populous.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Creuse,  3?"  miles  N  E  of  Limoges. 
Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Aucarigrel,  tovv'n  of  Africa,  capital  of  tlie 
kingdom  of  Adel,  seated  on  a  mountain. 
Lon.  44  25  E,  lat.  0  10  N. 

Azich,  episcop  1  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gers,  lately  an  archi-epi.=;co- 
pai  see,  and  the  capital  of  Gascony.  It  lies 
on  the  summit  and  declivity  of  a  steep  hill, 
at  the  foot  of  which  runs'the  Gers  The 
cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest  in  France  ; 
the  buildings  are  modern  and  elegant,  and 
the  streets,  though  ge-.erally  n  .rrow,  are 
clean  and  well  paved.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  to  be  8000 ;  and  they  have  ma- 
nufactures of  velvet ,  serges,  crapes,  hats, 
and  leather.  Auch  is  37  miles  W  of  Tou- 
louse.    Lon.  0  40  F,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Auckland,  Bishop's,  town  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Durham,  with  a  market  on  Thursday- 
It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
and  noted  for  its  beautiful  castle  and  for  its 
chapel,  whose  architecture  is  very  curious. 
It  is  eight  miles  S  by  W  of  Durham,  and 
251  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  31  W,  lat. 
54  43  N. 

Aude,  department  of  France,  part  of  the 
late  province  of  Languedoc.  Population, 
241.000. 

Auglaize,    township   in    Wood   county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  216, 
^  Auglaize,  southern   branch   of  Maumee 
river,  Ohio,  rising  in  Allen  county,  and 
60 


flowing  nearly  N  80  miles,  falls  into  Mau- 
mee, near  fort  Defiance. 

Augsburg,  city  of  Siiabia,  lately  impe- 
rial, and  a  bishop's  see,  but  now  the  capi- 
tal of  a  principality  subject  to  Bavaria.  It 
is  a  large  fortified  plac--,  lias  a  variety  of 
uianufaciures,  and  is  one  of  the  principal 
trading  towns  ui  Germany.  The  cathedral, 
towndiouse,  and  other  public  buildings,  are 
magnificent.  In  the  bishop's  palace,  the 
Lutlicrans  presented  tiieir  confess'on  of 
faith  to  enipe  or  Ch;lrk's^^  in  1550,  hence 
called  the  Conf«fSsion  of  Augsburg.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  17u3,  and  ogam  in 
1796.  It  is  seated  between  the  Werdach 
and  Lech,  30  miles  N  W  of  Munich.  Lon. 
10  55  E,  lat,  48   17  N. 

Augusta,  town.sliip  of  Grenviile  county, 
Uppt  r  Canada. 

Augusla,  township  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine.  I'opulation  in  18l0,  1805,  and  in 
1820,  2457. 

Augusta,  township  in  Oneida  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  2771. 

Augusta,  township  in  Northumberland 
county,  Pennsvlvaiiia.  Population  in  1810, 
1373,  and  in  1820,  2075. 

Augusta,  seat  of  justice  of  Bracken 
county,  Kentucky,  is  a  small  town  delight- 
fully Situated  on  a  h.indsome  bank  of  tlie 
Ohio  river.  It  is  18  miles  below  Limestone, 
and  65  miles  from  Lexington.  Population 
in  1820,  260. 

Augusta,  county  of  Virginia,  lying  bC' 
tween  the  south-west  n  ountain  and  Blue 
Ividge,  iKtving  Rockbridge  S  W  ;  Bath  and 
Pendleton  NW;  Rockingham  NE;  and 
Albemarle  and  Nelson,  S  E  ;  It  is  in  form 
of  a  square  of  30  miles  each  side  ;  900 
square  miles.  The  face  of  the  county 
wavmg,  or  rather  hilly;  soil  variegated, 
but  generally  productive.  Staples,  tobacco, 
flour,  and  jjork.     Chief  town,  Staunton. 

Population  in  1810.  ^ 

Free  white  males        ...         5,847 

do.  do.  females  .        -         5,415 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  196 

Slaves         -        --      -         .        -        2,880 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


14,338 


Free  white  males         ... 

6,646 

do.  do.  females 

6,3ir 

Total  whites       .... 

12,963 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

144 

do.            do.      females   - 

123 

Slaves,  males      .... 

1,817 

do.  feaiales 

1,695 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


16,742 


122 


A  V  U 


A  U  S 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,391 

do.     in  Manufactures  -         1,022 

do.    in  Commerce        -         -  52 

Population  to  the  square  mile,   19  nearly. 

Augiif:ta,  township  in  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,533. 

Jlugusta,  capital  and  ]50st  town  of  Geor- 
gia, situate  on  the  S  W  ba;ik  of  the  river 
Savannah,  120  miles  N  W  of  the  town  of 
Savannah.  It  is  sealed  on  a  fine  plain, 
and  enjoys  the  best  soil,  with  the  advan- 
tage of  a  central  situation  between  the 
ui)per  and  lower  countries,  and  is  vising 
into  importance.  Population  in  1820,  about 
4000.   Lat.  33  20  N,  Ion.  W  C  5"  \V. 

Augustine,  St.  town  of  North  America,  on 
the  E  coast  of  Florida.  It  vv.is  ceded  by 
the  Sp:iniards  to  the  English  in  1763,  but 
restored  to  them  again  by  the  peace  of 
1783.  The  town  is  situated  at  the  foot  of 
a  pleasant  hill,  weli  covered  wish  trees  ;  but 
the  coast  is  too  shallow  to  be  apprached 
by  vessels  that  draw  more  than  12  feet 
Winter ;  so  that  this  place  is  ill-situated  for 
trade,  though  it  is  the  chief  towr.  of  F,ast 
Florida,     Lat.  29  50  N.  Ion.  W  0  4  30  W. 

Angustine,  cape  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil, 
300  miles  NE  .vf  the  bay  of  All-Saints.  Lat. 
'8  30  S.  lon.WC  42  E. 

Augnsto-w,  small  but  strong  town  of  Po- 
land, in  Polachia,  seated  on  the  Xarieu,  44 
miies  N  of  Bielisk.  Lon.  23  40  E.  lat.  53 
25  N. 

Aiigustus,  Fort,  small  fortress  of  Inver- 
ness-shire, at  the  he;.d  of  Loch  Ness,  be- 
tween  the  rivers  Taarf  and  Oich. 

Avigliano,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, seven  miles  W  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
38  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Avignon,  city  of  Fr.ince,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  which  depended 
lat.-ly  on  the  pope,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  a  university.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  popes,  who  afterward 
returned  to  Rome.  The  cl-.urches  are 
handsome  ;  that  of  Notre  Dame  is  ancient 
but  not  large,  and  is  one  of  the  best  adorn- 
ed in  the  city.  It  is  advantageously  seated 
on  the  Rhone,  20  miles  E  of  Nismes.  Lon. 
4  53  E.  lat.  43  57  N. 

Aulcester,  town  in  Warwickshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  was  a  Roman  sta- 
tion, as  appears  from  the  coins,  bricks,  &.c. 
often  dug  up  in  and  near  it,  and  from  the 
lloiTian  Ickneild  street  passing  through  it. 
It  is  seven  miles  VV  of  Stratford  upon  Avon, 
and  102  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  52  W. 
lat.  52  16  N. 

Ardps,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Provence. 
Lon.  6  30  E.  lat.  43  40  N. 

Aunts,  lately  small  territory  of  France  in 
Poitou,  anil  now  forming  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente. 

Auray,  small  seaport  of  France,  on  the 
gulf  of  Morbihan,  in  the  department  of  that 


name  and  late  province  of  Bretagnc,  eight 
miles  \v  ot  Vannes.  Lon.  2  33  \\ .  lat.  37 
40  N. 

Awelius,  post  town,  Cayuga  county,  N. 
York  ;  the  township  is  situated  at  the  head 
oiOwasco  lake,  between  the  townships  of 
Junius  and  Marcellas.  Population  1820, 
7923. 

Aureli^is,  township  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  239. 

Aurich.  town  of  Wesiphuliii,  in  E.  Fries- 
land,  with  a  castle,  where  the  count  re- 
sides. It  is  seated  ni  a  plain  surrounded 
by  torests  full  of  game,  12  miles  NE  of 
Enibden.     Lon.  7  12  E  lat.  53  28  N. 

Aurillac,  populous  trading  town  of 
France,  on  the  river  Jordanne,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cantid  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne.  Quantities  of  lace  and  velvet 
are  manufactured  here.  It  is  30  miles  SW 
of  St.  Flour,  and  250  S  of  Pans.  Lon.  2 
22  E  lat.  44  55  N. 

Aurora  Island,ime  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  about  twelve 
leagues  long,  but  not  above  five  broad. 
Lon.  168  24  E.  Sat.  15  8  S. 

Aurora,  lownsliip  in  Niagara  county,  N. 
York.     P.,pula!i  n  in  1820.  1285. 

Aurora,  townsliip  in  Portage  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  189,  and  in 
1820,  549. 

Aurungabad,  considerable  city  of  Asia,  in 
the  Deccan  of  Hiiuloostan.  It  is  but  a 
modern  city  ;  owing  its  rise  from  a  small 
town,  to  the  capital  of  Dowlatabad,  to  the 
great  Aurungzebe,  from  whom  it  had  it.s 
name.  It  is  260  miles  NE  of  Bombay. 
Lon.  76  2  E.  It.  19  45  N. 

Austeriiiz,  or  Slawkoiv,  town  of  Moravia. 
Near  this  place,  a  great  and  decisive  victo- 
ry was  obtuin;-d  by  the  French,  command- 
ed by  Buonaparte,  over  the  Austrians  and 
Russians,  on  the  2d  of  Dec.  1805,  which 
led  to  the  treaty  of  Presburg,  It  is  12 
miles  E  of  Bran,  and  30  SSW  of  Olniutz. 

Austerlitz,  Xo\\ns\\\};i\n  Columbia  county. 
New  York.     Populatien  in  1820,  2355. 

Austinburgh,  township  in  Ashtabula 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  445. 

Austiutorjn,  township  in  Trumbull  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  440,  and  in 
1820,  1720. 

Anstinville,  village  with  a  post  office,  in 
Wythe  county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Kanhawa  river  24  miles  E  of  Wythe 
court  house,  and  366  from  the  city  of 
W;ishinglon. 

Australasia,  name  applied  by  some  geo- 
graphers to  those  islands  that  he  S  of  the 
continent  of  Avia,  as  New  Holland,  New 
Guinea,  New  Britain,  New  In  land.  New 
Caledonii,  New  Zealand,  and  those  of  So- 
lomon, Arroo,  New  Hebrides,  &c. 

Austria,  circk-  ot  Germany,  bounded  on 
the  E  by  Hun,^ary,  S  by  Italy  and  Croatia, 
W  bv  Switzerland,  and  N  by  Suabia,  Ba- 
«1 


A  U  1' 


A  V  A 


varia,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It  contains 
the  archduchy  of  Austria,  the  duchies  of 
Stiria,  Carinthia  and  Curniola,  the  county 
of  Tyrol,  and  the  principahties  of  Brixen 
and  Trent. 

.Austria,  archduchy  of  Germany,  and  em- 
pire. The  Archducliy  in  the  circle  of  the 
same  name,  contains  637,000  square  acres. 
The  river  Ens  divides  it  into  Upp?r  and 
Lower  :  Vienna  is  the  capital  of  tlie  Lower 
and  Lintz  of  the  Upper.  The  inhabitants 
are  polite,  intelligent,  and  giy  ;  fond  of 
honour,  which  they  strive  to  gain  by  the 
arts  and  sciences,  or  by  arms  ;  and  there 
is  no  country  in  Germany  where  foreigners 
are  more  courteous])  enTer'amed.  •  Aus- 
tria excels  all  the  provinces  of  Germany 
in  the  fenility  of  its  soil;  corn,  wine.  ::!)d 
fruit,  are  plentiful  ;  and  the  s  fFron  is  bel- 
ter t  'an  that  of  the  East  Indies.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Danube,  Ens,  Inn, 
Drave,  and  Save.  In  1804,  Francis  IT.  em- 
peror of  Germany,  renounced  that  title  in 
a  foi-mal  manner,  erected  his  own  domin- 
ions inio  an  hereditary  empire,  and  was 
crowned  emperor  of  Austria.  To  the  em- 
pire appertains,  Austria  Proper,  Stiria,  Ca- 
rinthia, Carniola,  Bohemia,  M'>r.ivia,  Hun- 
gary, Transylvania,  part  of  Polaid  under 
the  name  of  Galicia,  Sclavonia,  Croatia, 
Morlachia,  Bosnia,  part  of  Servia,  and  part 
of  Walachia.  The  metropolis  ofthe  empire 
is  Vienna.     See  Geniinny. 

^^utauga,  county  of  Alabama,  having  the 
Alab.ma  river,  or  Montgomery  SE  and  S  ; 
Dallas  SW  ;  Cahaba  w' ;  Shelby  N  ;  and 
Coosa  riz  r  Npj.  It  is  about  43  by  18  mile-^  ; 
area  774  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  varied  in 
quality  from  first  rate  along  'he  stre  ms 
to  exremely  sterile  ridges.  Staples  cot- 
ton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliite  males         .         -         -         1183 
Free  white  females  -        -         1020 


Total  whites        .        -        .        .  2203 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  2 

df).              do.      females  -  1 

Slaves,  males       ....  856 

do.    females             .        .        -  "791 

Total  population  in  1820  -        3853 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         1461 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  9 

do.       in  Commerce  -         -  8 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5. 

Autun,  ancient  town  of  France,  the  epis- 
copal see  of  the  department  of  Saone  and 
Loire,  in  the  late  province  of  Burgundy ; 
it  contains  a  great  many  mines,  and  produ- 
ces a  great  quantity  of  sulphur.  It  is  45 
miles  E  by  S  of  Nevers,  and  162  SB  of 
Paris.  Lon,  4  23  E.  lat.  46  57  N. 
62 


Auvergne,  late  province  of  France,  100 
miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Bourbonnois,  on  the  E 
by  P'orez  and  Vclao,  on  the  VV  by  Limosin, 
Querci,  anfl  La  Marche,  and  on  the  S  by 
Rouergue  and  the  Cevennes.  It  now  forms 
the  two  departments  ot  Cantal  and  Puy-de- 
Dome. 

.-Jwe  Loch,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
lakes  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire,  30  miles 
long,  and  in  some  parts,  above  two  broad. 
It  contains  many  fine  little  islands,  tutted 
with  trees.  The  river  Awe,  the  outlet  of 
this  lake,  is  discharged  into  Loch  Etive,  at 
the  village  of  Burawe. 

Auxerre,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  \onne,  lately  an  episcopal 
see  of  Burgundy,  advantageously,  situated 
on  the  Yonne.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted at  16,000 ;  and  it  contains  many 
fountains  and  squares.  It  is  25  miles  S  of 
Sens.     Lon.  3  39  E.  lat.  47  48  N. 

Aiixonne,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy,  with  a  castle,  an  arsenal,  hand- 
some barracks,  and  a  f bundery  for  cannon. 
It  is  seated  on  tiie  Saone,  over  which  there 
is  a  bridge  of  23  arches,  and  is  17  miles  E 
of  D'jon.     Lon.  5  22  E.  lat.  47  11  N. 

Ava,  large  river  which  rises  in  Thibet, 
and  crossing  the  kingdoms  of  Burmah,  and 
Pegu,  falls  into  the  bay  of  Bengal  by  se- 
veral m  uths. 

Ava,  large  city  in  Asia,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Burmili,  and  seated  on  the 
river  \va.  The  houses  are  built  with  tim- 
ber or  Bamboo  canes,  with  thatched  roofs, 
a".d  floors  mnde  of  teak  plank  or  split  bam- 
boo. The  streets  are  very  straight  with 
rows  of  trees  planted  on  each  side.  The 
royal  palace  is  a  mean  structure,  although 
very  large  and  built  with  stone.  The  in- 
habitants are  v\eil-shaped,  have  good  fea- 
tures, and  an  olive  complexion ;  but  the 
women,  who  are  small,  are  whiter  than" the 
-!  en.  Ava  is  1150  miles  NE  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  96  40  E.  lat.  21  0  N. 

Ava,  long  tract  of  coast  in  Asia,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  gulf  of  Bengal,  extending  from 
the  S  extremity  of  .\racan  to  Cape  Ne- 
grais,  and  divided  from  Pegu,  on  the  E  by 
the  river  Ava. 

Avaloa,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Auxerre. 
Lon.  3  52  E.  lat.  47  30  N. 

Aveiro,  town  of  Portugal,  on  the  lake  of 
Vouga,  with  a  good  harbour,  30  miles  S  of 
Oporto.     Lon.  8  30  W.  lat.  40  40  N. 

Aveiro7i,  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  province  of  Rouergue. 

Avelliiio,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Priiicipato  Cit<:riore.  L  was  almost  ruin- 
ed by  an  earthquake  in  1694,  and  is  25 
miles  E  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  0  E.  lat.  40  50 
N. 


A  V  O 


A  X  B 


Avenche,  town  of  Svvisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  formerly  capital  of  Swis- 
serland,  but  now  shows  its  former  great- 
ness only  by  its  ruins.  It  is  15  miles  W  of 
Bern.     Lon.  6  52  E.  lat.46  50  N. 

Averach,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  S  part  of  Suabia,  and  duchy  of  Wiriem- 
burg,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  on 
the  nvulet  Ermst,  15  miles  E  of  Tubingen. 
Lon.  9  22  E.  lat.  48  26  N. 

Avernot  a  lake  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora,  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad. 
Virgil  and  others  have  said  that  the  water 
was  so  bad,  that  birds  drop  dead  when 
flying  over  it,  and  hence  they  call  it  the 
laJce  of  he.l ;  but  it  is  now  found  lo  have  no 
poisonous  quality ;  for  birds  not  only  fly 
over  it,  but  swiin  upon  it.  A  little  to  the 
W  of  the  lake  is  a  cave,  where  some  pre- 
tend  they  went  formerly  to  consult  the 
Cumican  Sybil.  There  are  also  some  old 
walls,  which  some  suppose  to  be  the  ruins 
of  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  others  of  Pluto. 

Jlversa,  town  of  Naples,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  in  a  very  fine  plain,  eight 
miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  20  E.  lat.  40 
59  N. 

Jlverys'boro',  nost  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  North  Carolina  ;  standing  on  the 
E  side  of  the  NW  branch  of  Cape  Fear 
river,  35  miles  N  of  Fayetteville,  and  36 
S  of  Raleigh. 

Aves,  or  the  Islands  of  Birds,  so  called 
from  the  great  number  of  birds  that  fre- 
quent them.  They  are  70  miles  E  by  S  of 
Curacoa,  and  1000  N  of  the  coast  of  Terra 
Firma. 

^vsnes,  sm  .llbut  strong  town  of  France, 
in  tiie  department  of  tfie  North  and  late 
province  of  Hainault,  seated  on  the  riesper, 
25  miles  E  of  Cambray,  and  100  NE  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  58  K.  lat.  50  8  N. 

Avila,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile  It  has  a  university,  and  a  con- 
siderable bishopric.  It  stands  in  the  mid- 
die  of  a  fine  large  plain,  surrounded  with 
mountains,  and  covered  with  fruit-trees 
and  vineyards,  40  miles  NW  of  Madrid. 
Lon,  4  35  W.  lai,  40  40  N. 

Aviles,  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias  d' 
Oviedo,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  25  mile.s  N. 
of  Oviedo.     Lon.  6  5  W.  lat.  43  27  N. 

Avis,  small  town  of  Portusral,  in  Alente- 
jo,  seated  on  an  eminence  with  a  castle 
near  the  river  Avis  Hence  the  military 
order  of  the  knights  of  Avis  have  their 
name.  It  is  65  miles  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
7  40  W.  lat.  38  46  N. 

Avon,  river  that  rises  in  Wilts,  and  coast- 
ing the  edge  of  tlie  New  forest,  falls  into 
the  English  channel  at  Christchurch  Bay 
in  Hampshire. 

Avon,  river  that  rises  in  Leicestersliire, 
and  running  SW  by  Wi.rwick  and    Ever- 
sham,  falls  into  the  Severn,  at  Tewkesbury, 
in  Gloucestershire. 
Avm,  Lower,  mer  that  rises  in  Wilts, 


and  running  W  to  Bath,  becomes  naviga» 
ble  there,  continues  its  course  to  Bristol, 
and  falls  into  the  Severn. 

Avon,  township  in  Somerset  county, 
Maine.  Population  in  1810,  304  and  in 
1820,  450. 

Avon,  township  in  Ontario  county,  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  1933. 

Avoyelles,  parish  of  Louisiana,  having 
Opelousas,  or  St.  Landre  SW  ;  Rapides 
NW  ;  Red  River  NE  ;  Mississippi  and  At- 
chafalaya  rivers  E.  Is  is  35  by  20  miles ; 
area  700  square  miles.  The  general  sur- 
face of  Avoyelles  is  a  dead  level,  and  annu- 
ally overflown  alluvial  plain ;  but  the  prai- 
rie or  arable  part  of  about  15  miles  by  frona 
two  to  five,  lies  20  or  25  feet  above  over- 
flow, with  a  very  productive  soil.  Staple 
cotton.     No  town  of  any  consequence. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -  419 

do.  do.  females  -        -  364 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ...        -  22 

Slaves 404 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules 
do.  do.  females 

Total  of  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.     females    - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.     in  Manufactures 

do.     in  Commerce 


1209 


782 
656 


1438 

24 
1 

422 
360 

2245 

13 

636 

9 

4 


Population  to  the  square  mile  3. 

Avranches,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  channel  and  late  pro- 
vince oi  Normandy ;  the  city  is  mean  but 
is  finely  stated  on  an  eminence,  near  which 
the  sea  runs  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
tlie  ocean  and  30  E  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1 
18  W.  lat  48  41  N. 

Aivatsha-Bay,  harbour  of  Kamtschatka, 
the  safes'  and  most  extensive  that  has  been 
disr-overed,  and  the  only  one  in  that  part 
of  the  world,  that  can  admit  vessels  of  a 
considerable  burden.  Lon.  158  48  E.  lat. 
52  51  N. 

A~^den,  small  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  on 
the  "iver  Cnchen,  15  miles  W  of  Of  ting. 
I'  was  taken  by  the  French  in  August  1796. 
Lon   10  15  E.  lat.  48  36  N. 

Axbrid^e,  corporate  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  i.s 
seated  on  the  river  .\x  under  the  iVIendip 
hills,  where  there  is  a  good  pasturage.  10 
6T 


BAB 


BAB 


miles  NWof  Wells,  and  132  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  0  W.  lut.  51  17  N.        • 

^ixelySvnM  furtifieii  town  of  Dutch  Flan- 
ders, seated  in  a  morass,  lu  miles  N  oi 
Ghent.  It  was  taki  n  by  the  French  in 
1794      Lon.  3  4j  E,  lat    51   13  N. 

Axholm,  i  land  i'l  tlie  NW  part  of  Lm- 
colnsiiire,  in  England.  Ii  is  fornied  by  tne 
Trent,  Dun,  and  Idle,  and  is  ten  miles  long 
and  five  bro.id.  It  is  a  rich  tract,  m  which 
mud)  flax  is  cultivated. 

Axim,  ten  lUay  on  the  G  Id  Coust  ol 
Guinea,  coiuaining  two  or  three  villages  on 
the  sea  shore.  The  inhab  tunts  are  gener- 
ally rich,  and  sell  a  great  di  ai  of  gold  to 
the  English  and  Dutch.  They  t.rt-  like- 
wise industrious  m  fiihing  and  tilling  the 
ground.  The  excessive  moisture  of  the 
climate  renders  it  very  unhealtii},  but  it 
produces  picnty  of  rice,  water-unions, 
lemons,  oranges,  &:c.  Ttie  Dutch  have  a 
fort  and  a  factory  here,  called  St.  Anthou} . 

Axminstei\  town  of  Dev  nshire,  on  the 
river  Ax,  wiih  a  mai  ket  on  Saturday.  It 
was  a  place  of  note  in  the  time  of  the  Sax- 
ons, but  now  contams  only  200  houses. 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  broad  and  nar- 
row cloths,  and  a  f;mious  one  for  carpt  ts. 
It  is  18  m.les  E  by  N  of  Exeter,  au'l  147  VV 
of  London.     Lon.  3  8  VV.  laU  50  46  N. 

Axum,  formerly  a  large  city,  and  once 
the  capital  of  Abyssinia,  its  ruins  are 
very  extensive,  but  consist  altogether  of 
public  buildings.  It  is  125  miles  VV  of  the 
Red  Sea,     Lon.  35  4  E.  lat.  14  6N. 

Ayamo7ite,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, with  a  strong  castle  bui!t  o:i  a  rock  at 
the  mouth  ot  the  river  Guadiana,  opposite 
Castro-Murino,  80  miles  NW  of  Cadiz.  Lon. 
7  15  VV,  lat.  37  12  N. 

Aylesha?n,\  own  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  12  miles  N  of  Norwich, 
and  121  NE  of  London  Lon.  1  17  E.  lai. 
52  53  N. 

Aymouth,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Berwick- 
shire, six  miles  N  of  Berwick,  fornnerly  for- 
tified to  curb  the  garrison  of  that  town. 
Lon.  1  46  W.  lat.  5t)  11  N. 


Ayr,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  an 
extensive  cou'.i.y  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
>ituate  nn  a  sandy  plain,  On  both  sides  ot 
the  r;ver  Ayr,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of 
our  arches.  Ayr  is  65  miles  SVV  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Lon.  4  39  E.  lat.  55  30  N. 

Ayrs/iiie.  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on 
tiie  VV  and  N  by  the  Frith  of  Clyde  and 
Renfrew thire,  on  the  E  by  the  counties  of 
La  erk  and  DuuifricS,  and  on  tlie  SE  and 
S  by  the  slnres  of  Kircudbright  and  VV^gh- 
ton.  It  exhibits  th'^  shape  of  two  wings, 
extentiing  to  the  NW  and  SW,  andf-rm- 
ini;  a  vas'  bay  at  tiie  mouth  of  the  frith  of 
Clyde.  Between  its  extreme  points  it  is 
about  53  miles  ;  its  greaiest  breadtli  is  not 
quite  27.  Its  most  northerly  division  is 
Cunningham,  the  NW  angle  of  which 
though  mountainoiis,  is  rich  in  pasture. 

Azamar,  small  se.;port  of  Africa  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco  ;  formerly  very  con- 
siilerable,  but  ruined  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1513.     Lon.  7  0  VV,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Azem,  see  Assam. 

Azof,  see  Asoph. 

Azores,  or  Ue stem- Islands,  a  group  of 
islands,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  25 
and  33  V*'  lo  and  between  37  and  20  N  lat. 
900  miles  VV  of  Portugal,  and  is  many  E  of 
New  oi.ndhind.  'I'hey  were  discovered  by 
the  Flemings  in  the  I5th  century,  but  were 
afterwards  taken  possession  of  by  the  Por- 
tuguese, to  whom  they  have  been  subject 
ever  since.  They  are  nine  in  number,  viz. 
St.  Maria,  St.  Michael,  Tercera,  St.  George, 
Gracioso,  Fyal,  Pico,  Flores,  and  Corvo. 
They  were  called  the  Azores,  from  the 
number  of  hawks  found  among  them.  The 
two  westernmost  were  named  Flores  and 
Corvo,  from  the  abundance  of  flowers  on 
the  one,  and  of  crows  on  the  other.  They 
are  subject  to  a  governor-general,  who 
resides  at  Angra,  in  Tercera.  No  poison- 
ous animal  it  is  said,  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Azores,  and  if  carried  thitlier  it  will  expiire 
in  a  few  hours.  All  of  them  are  fertile, 
and  enjoy  a  salubrious  air,  but  are  subject; 
to  violent  earthquakes.. 


B 


liaal  Beck,  or  the  Valley  of  Baal,  a  fer- 
tile country  of  Asia,  between  Lebanon  and 
Antilibanus,  about  30  miies  fronn  Damascus, 
where  there  wts  formerly  a  magnificent 
temple  of  the  Sun,  the  ruins  of  which  are 
still  admired  by  travellers.  Some  geo- 
graphers make  it  a  part,  and  the  others  the 
whole  of  Cxlosyria;  but  all  agree,  tliai  it 
was  one  of  tlie  most  pleasant  spots  on  the 
earth. 

-Saifl,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, celebrated  for  its  knives  and  s,'.ord 
blades.     It  .stands  on  a  gulf  of  its  name,  in 


the  Black  sc.i,  90  miles  NE  of  Sllistria, 
Lnn..28  38  E.lat.  44  40  N. 

Jkihchnandel,  strait  between  the  coast  of 
.\by^9  nia  and  Arabia,  uniting  the  lied  sea 
With  tlie  Indian  Ocean.  In  it  is  a  small 
i-iland,  and  a  mountain  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  43  50  E.  lat.  12  50  N. 

Habeiihausen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Germa- 
ny, five  miles  N  of  Tubingen. 

Bahingly,  or  Baburgltley,  a  village  of 
Norfolk.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  place 
when-  Felix  the  Burgundian  first  landed, 
to  'nytructthe  East  Angles  i-i  t'le  docli'incs 


BAD 


BAG 


of  the  gospel,  and  wher-  the  first  church  is 
said  to  have  been  erected.  It  is  iour  miles 
NE  of  Lynn. 

Babuyanes,  cluster  of  six  or  seven  small 
islands  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  10 
leagues  N  of  the  isle  of  Luconia.  The 
chief  produce  is  was,  ebony,  baianas,  co- 
coas, and  plan  aii-,s. 

Babylon,  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom 
of  Babylonia  or  Chaldca  It  was  supposed 
to  have  stood  in  Ion.  44  0  E.  lat.  32  0  N*. 

Baca,  or  Baza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
da, "^5  miles  NE  of  Guadix. 

B.ich,  or  Batha,  town  of  Hungary,  form- 
erly the  see  of  a  bishop,  sea.ed  near  the 
J3anube,  30  mdes  ENE  of  Funfkirchen, 
and  85  Sof  Buda. 

Bacbarach,  town  of  France,  in  the  dr-- 
partment  of  the  Rhine  and  Moselie,  lately 
of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine,  and  siands  at  vhe 
foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  Rhnie,  24 
miles  S  by  E  of  Coblentz. 

Bacheldors,  tov^nship  in  Oxford  count/,', 
Maine.     Population  in  1810,  91. 

Bachonuiio7i,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  fulls 
inlo  lake  Superior  about  midsvay  between 
the  falls  oi  St.  Mary  and  Red  river. 

Bacheserai,  town  of  Russa,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tamida.  It  was  lately  the  resi- 
dence  of  the  Tarterchans  of  the  Crimea.  It 
is  70  miles  S  of  Precop.  Lon.  35  40  E.  lat. 
45  20  X. 

Bacarrach,  town  of  Germany,  In  the  pa- 
latinate oftheRliine,  formerly  imperial..  It 
is  famous  for  its  wines,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  20  miles  W  of  .Meii'.z.  Lon.  7  52 
E.  lat.  49  55  N, 

Bnchian,  or.e  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in 
the  East  Indies,  whicli  produces  cloves.  It 
is  very  fruitful  and  belon;^s  to  the  Dutch. 
Lon,  125  5  E.  lat,  0  25  S. 

Badajoz.  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Estre- 
mitdura,  and  a  bisliop's  see.  It  is  famous 
for  a  bridge  built  by  the  Romans  over  the 
Guadiana.  On  this  bridge,  the  Porniguese 
were  defeated  by  don  John  of  Asturias,  in 
1661.  Badajoz  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1809,  and  retaken  by  the  allied  army, 
under  Lord  Wtllington,  in  1811.  Il  is  a 
frontier  town  toward  Portugal,  and  well 
fortified.  It  is  14  miles  E  of  Elvas,  and 
175  S  by  W  of  xMadrid.  Lon.  6  40  W.  lar. 
38  45  ic. 

BaiLikshav,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  ofKilan.  Gold,  silver, 
and  nibie.-s  are  found  in  its  vicinity ;  anil 
caravans  pass  by  this  city  to  Cabul  and 
China.  It  is  seated  on  the  Harrat,  or  Amu, 
in  a  branch  of  the  Belur  ranintHins,  320 
miles  V,  of  Balk.     Lon.  70  35  E.  36  o5  N. 

i'afA;-,'!,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  mar- 
gravate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cattle,  on 
the  toj)  of  a  mountain,  where  tiie  prince 
often  resides.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
baths,  wlience  it  takes   it<5  name,  and  is 


sealed  near  the  Rhine,  four  miles  S  of  Bas- 
tadt.     Lon.  8  14  E.  lit.  43  50  N. 

Baden,  margravate  of  Suab.a,  bounded 
on  tiie  N  by  the  Palatinate  of  tlie  Rhine 
and  bishopric  of  Spire,  on  the  E  by  the 
duchy  of  Wn-tembu  g  and  principality  of 
Fustenburg,  on  the  S  by  the  Brisgaw,  and 
on  the  VV  by  the  Rhine.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower. 

Baden,  ancient  and  liand^ome  town  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name  in  Swisseriand. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  baths  mentioned  by 
the  inhabitants  under  the  names  of  Aqujc 
and  Thermae  Helvetica;  and  for  the  treaty- 
concluded  here  in  1714,  between  Germany 
and  Spain.  It  is  sealed  on  liie  Limniat,  10 
mile.  N\V  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  20  E.  lat.  47 
25  N. 

Baden,  neat  little  walled  town  of  Aus- 
tria,  famous  for  its  hot  baths  ;  seated  on  the 
rivt;r  Sucehat,  15  miles  SW  of  Vienna, 
Lon.  16  25  E.  lat.  48  1  N. 

Bademvdllev,  t  iwn  of  Suabia,  belonging 
to  liie  lower  margravate  of  Baden,  seat- 
ed ne;ir  t'ne  Rhine,  10  mdes  SE  i.f  Friburg. 
Lon.  7  52  E.  lat.  48  1  N. 

Badffetvorth,  village  in  Gloticestershire, 
remirkable  for  a  spring  of  mineral  water, 
called  Cold  Pi.ol,  nearly  the  same  as  those 
of  Cheltenham.  It  is  seven  miles  NE  of 
Gloucester. 

Baeza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andal'isia.  It 
is  the  see  of  a  bishop  and  has  >  university, 
seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  15  miles  NE 
of  Jaen.     Lon.  3  18  W.  lat.  S7  45  N. 

Biiffln's  Bay,  large  biv,  to  the  N f-f  Hud- 
son Bay,  Slid  to  be  discovered  in  1C62,  by 
Baffin,  an  Englishman,  who  attempted  to 
find  a  XW  passage  that  way  to  the  South 
sea.  Mr.  Pinkerton  hid  the  temerity  to 
doubt  the  existence  of  this  bay,  but  recent 
researclies  particularly  bycapt.  Parry,  has 
establislied  the  accuracy  of  Baffin,  and  add- 
ed mucli  to  t!ie  extent  of  tliis  inland  sea. 

Bn^ij,  considerable  town  in  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  Viilh  a  fort  near  the  ancient  Pap- 
hos,  of  wliich  considerable  ruins  remain, 
part'cularly  some  broken  coluiP.ns,  which 
proba'-ily  belonged  to  the  temple  of  Venus. 
Lon.  32  30  E.  lat.  34  50  N. 

Bagdad,  falsely  supposed  to  be  ancient 
Babylon,  a  populous  city,  capital  of  Irac 
Arabia,  seated  on  the  Tigris,  and  inhabit- 
ed by  Chrisiians,  Turks,  8cc.  This  city 
was  tlie  capital  of  the  Saracen  empire,  till 
taken  by  the  Mongols  in  1253,  since  which, 
it  has  been  taken  and  retaken  several 
times  by  the  Mongols,  Tartars,  Turks  and 
Persians  ;  and  last  of  all  by  the  Turks  in 
1638.  It  is  250  miles  N  by  VV  of  Bassora. 
Lon.  43  52  E.  lat.  33  20  N. 

Baglana,  or  Bocklana,  country  of  Hin- 
do'iStan,  in  the  Deccan,  wiiich  extends 
from  the  Surat  river  to  Poonah,  and  is  en- 
closed by  a  ridge  of  mountains,  called  the 
Gauts,  It  is  bounded  oi  the  N  bv  Can' 
(=,5 


B  A  fi 


B  A  L, 


de'ish,  on  the  SW  by  Vislapoar,  and  on  the 
SE  by  Dowlatabad. 

Ba^nnra,  seaport  of  Naples,  eight  miles 
S  of  Valma.  In  this  town  3017  persons 
perished  by  the  dreadfiil  earthquake  in 
1783.    Lon.  16  8  E.  lat.  38  15  N. 

Bagnarea,  town  of  Italy,  witli  a  bishop's 
see,  in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  five 
miles  S  of  Orvleto.  Lon.  12  28  E.  lat.  42 
36  N. 

Bagnares,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bigorre.  It  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Adour.  It  is  much 
frequented,  on  account  of  its  hot  mineral 
waters,  and  is  10  miles  SE  of  Tarbes.  Lon. 
0  12  E.  lat.  43  3  N. 

Bagnoh,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  near  tlie  river  Cese,  eight  miles 
SW  of  Pont  St.  Esprit.  It  has  a  hand- 
some  square  and  two  fountains  which  rise 
in  the  middle  of  the  town.  Lon.  4  43  E. 
lat.  44  ION. 

Baliama,  or  Lucaija  Islands,  situated  to 
the  S  of  Carolina,  between  22  and  27  N. 
lat.  and  73  and  81  W  lon.  They  extend 
along  the  coast  of  Florida  to  Cuba,  «nd  are 
said  to  be  500  in  number,  some  of  them 
only  mere  rocks,  but  12  of  them  are  large, 
fertile,  and  in  nothing  different  from  the 
soil  of  Carolina.  These  islands  were  the 
fu'st  fruits  of  Columlnis'  discover  es,  but 
they  are  all  uninhabited,  except  Provi- 
dence, and  are  subject  to  tlie  En^iish,  to 
whom  they  were  not  known  till  1667,  when 
captain  Seyle  being  driven  among  them  in 
his  passage  to  Carolina,  gave  tiis  name  to 
one  of  them,  and,  being  a  second  time 
driven  upon  it,  called  it  Providence.  The 
cotton  seed  has  been  recently  introduced 
into  these  islands  from  Georgia,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  the  soil  and  climate. 

Bahama  Channel,  between  Florida,  and 
the  Bahamia  islands.  Tlie  currents  here 
set,  but  with  varying  force,  continually 
north. 

Bahar,  country  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Allahabad  and  Oude, 
on  the  N  by  Napaul,  on  the  E  by  Bengal, 
and  on  the  S  by  Orissa.  It  is  subject  to 
the  English E.  India  Company;  and  most 
of  the  saltpetre  they  export  is  manufactur- 
ed in  this  province,  of  which  Patna  is  the 
capital. 

Baheren  Island,  lies  in  the  gulf  of  Per- 
sia, and  was  once  famous  for  its  pearl  fish- 
ery.    Lop.  49  5  E.  lat.  26  ION. 

Bahia  Honda,  port  of  the  north  side  of 
the  Cuba.  Lat.  22  58  N.  lon.  6  06  E. 
W  C. 

Bahuia  <le  Todos  Santos,  province  of 
Brazil  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  St.  Salvador 
is  the  capital. 

Bahia,  see  tS'l.  Salvador. 
Bahus,  strong  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
6Q 


a  government  of  the  same  name,  on  a  rock, 
in  an  island,  10  miles  N  of  Gottenburg. 
Lon.  11  42  E.  lat.  57  52  N. 

Baia,  an  inconsiderable  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavora ;  it  was  famous,  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans,  for  its  hot  baths  and 
elegant  palaces.  Its  splendour  may  be  in- 
ferred from  its  innumerable  ruins,  heaps  of 
marble,  mosaics,  stucco,  and  other  pre- 
cious fragments  of  taste.  It  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Naples,  12  miles  W  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  5  E.  lat.  40  51  N. 

Bq/a,  populous  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  35  miles  N\V  of  Esseck.  Lon.  20 
0  E.  lat.  46  10  N. 

Badajor,  cape  on  the  W  coast  of  Africa, 
S  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Lon.  14  22  W. 
lat.  46  10  N. 

Bakal,  great  lake  in  Siberia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  irkutzk,  420  miles  long,  and  80 
broad. 

Bailleul,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  late  French  Fland- 
ers, nine  miles  SW  of  Ypres.  Lr>n.  2  55 
E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bainbridge,  township  in  Chenango  coun- 
ty, New  York,      Population  in  1820,  2290. 

Bainbridge,  township  in  Geauga  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  199. 

Bainbridge,  town  in  Ross  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  146. 

Bain  Go7iga,  or  Bain  River,  river  of 
Hindoostan,  which  rises  near  the  Nerbud- 
da,  runs  southward  through  Berar,  and, 
after  a  course  of  near  400  miles  unites  with 
tlie  Godavey,  within  the  hills  that  bound 
the  British  Circars. 

Bai'^dstotvn,  post  town  of  Nelson  county, 
Kentucky,  witii  ab^ut  600  inhabitants.  It 
is  situated  on  the  N  side  of  Beech  creek  (a 
branch  of  Rolling  river)  16  mdes  NE  of 
Bealsburg,  and  55  SW  of  Frankfort.  Lat. 
o7  50.  lon.  W  C  8  15  W. 

BakciueU,  town  in  tlie  Peak  of  Derby- 
sliire,  with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated  on 
the  river  Wye,  among  the  hills,  20  miles 
NNW  of  Derby  and  151  of  London.    Lon. 

2  42  W.  lat.  53  15  N. 

Baku,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Scliirvan,  the  most  commodious  haven  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the  W  coast  of  which 
it  is  situated.  The  number  ot  shoals  and 
sandbanks  r-  nder  the  entrance  somewhat 
difficult.  B;.ku  is  a  fortress  surrounded 
by  high  brick  walls,  300  miles  S  of  Astra- 
can.     Lon.  49  15  E.  lat.  40  2  N. 

Bala,  town  in  Merionethshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturdav.  It  is  50  miles  SSE 
of  Holyhead,  and  105  NW  of  London.  Lon. 

3  35  W,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Balagat,  province  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan, and  the  largest  of  the  three  which 
compose  that  kingdom.  It  consists  of  a 
vast  extent  of  fertile  and  populous  plains, 
supported  in  the  nature  of  a  terrace,  by  a 
stupendous  Wf.U  of  mQuntaiiis,  called  the 


a  A  L 


]}  A  1. 


f^^auts,  which  rises  abruptly  from  the  low 
country  called  the  Concan.  This  tract  is 
so  elevated,  that  the  air  is  cool  and  plea- 
sant. It  extends  through  the  peninsula,  to 
the  southern  extremity  of  Mysore. 

Balaguer,  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Ca- 
talonia,  on  the  river  Segra,  at  the  foot  of 
a  craggy  rock,  75  miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 
Lon,  1  'l  E.lat.41  55  N. 

Balurnc,  town  of  France,  near  the  road 
from  Montpellier  to  Toulouse ;  noted  for 
its  bath. 

Balasore,  seaport  to  the  N\V  of  the  bay 
of  Bengal.  The  inhabitants  raake^stuffs  of 
silk,  cotton,  and  a  sort  of  grass.  It  is  124 
miles  SW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  6  46  E.  lat,  21 
26  N. 

Balbasiro,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Arragon,  on  the  river  Vero,  42  miles  NE 
of  Saragossa,     Lon.  0  27  E.  lat.  42  8  N. 

Balbec,  city  of  Asia  in  Syria,  anciently 
called  Heliopolis.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Anti-Lebanon,  precisely  on  the  last  ris- 
ing ground,  where  the  mountain  terminates 
in  a  plain.  On  the  E  side  are  the  remains 
of  ancient  rums,  of  whose  magnificence  it  is 
difficult  to  give  an  adequate  idea.  Among 
the  most  magnificent  are  the  ruins  of  the 
temple  of  the  Sun,  for  a  particular  descrip- 
tion of  which  we  refer  our  readers  to  Mr. 
Wood  and  Mr.  Dav.kins  and  to  Volney. 
It  is  2i7  miles  N  of  Damascus,  Lon,  37  20 
E.  lat,  34  22  N, 

Balchy  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Persia,  200  miles  S  of  Bokhara. 
Lon.  69  0  E.  kt.  o7  20  N. 

Baldivia,  seaport  of  Chili,  in  South  Ame- 
rica. It  was  built  by  the  Spanish  general 
Baldivia,  about  1551,  after  he  had  conquer- 
ed Chili.  It  belongs  to  the  Spaniards,  and 
stands  between  tlie  Callacalles  and  Portero, 
where  they  fall  into  the  P;;cific  Ocean.  Ijon. 
W  C  3  40  E.  lat.  39  38  S. 

Bahhck.  town  in  Herts,  with  a  market 
on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  between  the  hills 
in  a  chalky  soil,  and  chiefly  of  note  for  its 
trading  in  malt:  It  is  nine  miles  ^VSVV'  of 
Rovsion,  and  37  NNW  of  London.  I^on.  0 
5  \V.  lat.  52  2  N. 

Bakleagle,  a  mountain  of  Pennsylvania, 
between  the  main  branch  of  Susquehannah, 
and  the  West  Branch;  separatmg  North- 
umberland and  Columbia,  from  Lycoming-, 
and  extending  to  the  northeast  into  Lu- 
zerne. 

Bald-Eagle,  river  of  Pennsylvania  in  Cen- 
tre count) ,  falls  mto  the  West  Branch  of 
Susqnehannaii. 

7?aW-£(2^/e,  township  in  Lycoming  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 246, 
and  in  1820,  281. 

Balil-Eagle,  township  in  Centre  county, 
Pennsylvania.       Population  m  1810,  1145, 
and  in  1820,  685. 
^   Bald-Head,  light-hotise,  on  a  s;-nall  island 


near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river  In  N. 
Carolina.    Lat.  ':io  51  N.  lon.  W  C  1  13  W. 

Bald  Head,  point  in  Norton  sound  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  North  America,  in  Nor- 
ton sound.  Lat.  64  43  N .  lon.  W  C  84  42 
W. 

Baldivia,  see  Valdivia. 

Bale,  see  Basle. 

Baldivin,  township  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Maine.  Population  in  1810,  546  and  in 
1820,  1120. 

Baldaiii,  county  of  Georgia,  having 
.Tones  W;  Putnam  and  Hancock  N  ;  Han- 
cock E  and  Wilkinson  S.  It  is  30  miles 
long  by  27  wide  ;  area  810  square  miles  ; 
face  of  the  country  rolling,  and  soil  of  mid- 
dling quality  in  general.  Chief  town  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males      ,-         -         -  1,490 

do.     do.    females    -         -         -  1,273 

All  other  free  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       ...  13 

Slaves 2,324 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

5,100 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.  females     .         .         - 

1,369 
1,253 

Total  whites       .        -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males      -        -        -        , 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1839     - 

2,622 
1 
none 
1,581 
1,461 

5,665 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -         1,960 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  13 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  none 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Baldwin,  county  of  Alabama,  having  Mo' 
bile  S  ;  part  of  Mississippi  W  ;  Washing' 
ton  N  and  Tombigbee  and  Mobde  rivers  E* 
It  is  33  miks  in  length  wi'h  a  mean  width 
oi'20;  area  660  square-  miles;  face  of  the 
country  hilly  except  upon  the  streams; 
soil  in  general  thin  and  covered  with  pine 
timber,  though  the  alluvial  lands  along  the 
rivers  is  highly  productive.    Staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  wliite  males        -        -        -  375 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  291 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 43 

Slaves         ....  717 

Total  population  in  1810     -         -  1426 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -  359 

67 


B  A  I. 


K  A  1. 


1713 


3 

485 

none 

none 


Free  white  females     - 

Total  whites      .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.     fem.ales  ... 

Total  population  in  1820     . 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  natiirallzed 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.         in  Manufactures  - 

do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

lialearic,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  betvi'een  Spnin,  and  Sardi- 
nia. Tiie  principal  are,  M.ijorca,  Mi.norca, 
and  ivlca,  or  Iviza. 

Ba'ize,  river  of  North  America  in  Yuca- 
tan, fallmg  into  the  Gulf  of  Iloiiduras.  On 
its  banks  the  PInglish  have  their  principal 
establishments  for  cutting  IL-.hogany. 

Jinli,  island  formmg  the  N  side  of  the 
straits  of  Java,  through  which  the  East  In- 
dia ships  sometirf;es  return  from  China; 
but  the  passage  is  commonly  very  difficult, 
on  account  of  contrary  winds.  This  island 
is  extremely  populous,  and  abounds  in  rice 
and  ad  sorts  of  fruits. 

Balkan,  tho  Turkish  nsme  of  the  ancient 
mount  ilaemus,  which  separates  Koumelia, 
from  Baigiria. 

Bulk,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of  a 
province  or  the  same  name.  It  has  a  con- 
side  .able  trade  in  silk,  and  is  the  chief 
seat  of  the  commerce  between  Bokharia 
and  Hindoostan.  The  khan's  castle  is  a 
magnificent  structure,  built  of  marble, 
dug,  out  of  the  neighbouring  mountains. 
It  i«  seated  toward  tne  borders  of  Ptrsiji, 
on  the  river  Dewasb,  which  flows  into  t!ie 
Amu,  220  miles  SE  of  Bokhara.  Lon.  67 
16  E.  lat.  36  28  N. 

Ballard's  Cape,  part  of  the  island  of 
Newfynndiand.  Lat.  46  35  N.  lon.  W  C 
24  34  E. 

Ballyconnel,  town  of  Ireland,  In  the 
county  of  Cavan,  11  mdps  KE  of  Cavan. 
Lon.  7  25  W  lal.  54  ION 

Baliynakill,  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
Quet-n's  couiitv,  18  miles  NW  oi' Kilkenny. 
Lon.  7  25  W.'lat.  52  50  N. 

Bally  shannon,  hn-ge  seaport  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Uonnegal,  with  a  good 
hcirbour,  110  miles  NW  of  Dublin.  Lon. 
7  50  W.  lat.  54  33  N. 

BoUochistan,  country  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, bordt-ring  on  hc-"N  -..f  M.  wut,  ad  ap- 
proaching w.thm  14  miles  oi'  Delhi  It  is 
80  or  90  mi  es  long,  ;.nd  from  .SO  to  40 
broad.  VVestvvai-d  it  borders  on  the  coun- 
try of  the  Sf  ks, 

J?a&row72,  township  of  Saratoga  county, 


New  York,  with  2000  inhabitants.  Here 
is  a  post  office,  25  NW  of  Waterford,  and 
30  N  of  Albany.     Population  in  1220,  2407. 

BalistoTjn  Springs,  (,r  Ballstoivn  Spa, 
post  village  in  Saratoga  county.  New  York, 
remarkable  a?  being  the  site  of  very  cele- 
brated mineral  Springs.  Tuese  waters  are 
within  the  precincis  of  the  town,  and  are 
eminent  for  their  medicinal  virtues.  There 
are  several  b.ath.ing  houses  erected,  and  the 
accommodations  for  visiters  are  very  con- 
venient, and  splendid.  The  number  of 
visitants  is  crjnsider:tble  ;  in  1821,  they 
amounted  to  near  3U00. 

Ballsto-ion,  post  village,  in  Saratoga  coun. 
ty  about  4  miles  from  Ballstown  Spa.  Per- 
sons directing  letters  to  either  of  these 
places  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  designate 
which,  as  they  are  frequently  confounded, 
and  each  ])o=3ebses  its  own  post  office. 

Ballsville,  post  village  of  Virginia,  in 
Powhatan  countw 

Baltic,  large  sea  between  Denmark  and 
Sweden  to  the  \V.  and  Germany,  Poland 
and  l>ussia  to  the  E.  from  which  run  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  Finland,  Riga  and  Dantzlc. 
It  is  remarkable  that  this  ;^ea  neither  ebbs 
nor  flows,  and  a  current  always  lets  through 
the  Sound  into  the  Ocean.  Yellow  amber 
is  found  on  the  coast. 

Baltimore,  JVew,  township  in  Green  coun- 
ty. New  York.     Popidation  in  1820,  2036. 

BallimorL'jXnwn  of  Ireland,  in  the  count 
of  Cork,  seated  on  a  headland  which  run., 
into  the  sea,  nine  tniles  NE  of  Cape  Clear. 
Lon.  9  J  4  W.  lat.  51  24  N. 

Balti"wrj,  couiUy  of  ^Jaryland,  having 
Anne  Arundel  SW  ;  Freiierlck  NW;  York 
county  in  Pennsj  Iv.inia  N  :  Hartford  E,  and 
the  bay  of  Chesapeake  SE.  It  is  about  30 
miles  in  iengtii,  and  25  mean  width,  area 
750  square  miles.  The  face  of  the  coun- 
try is  very  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill 
and  dale,  and  is  well  wooded  and  watered. 
The  soil  is  good  for  grazing,  for  the  culti- 
vation of  small  grain,  and  for  orchards, 
Chief  town  Baltimore.  Independer.t  of  the 
city  the  following  table  represents  the  po- 
p  lation  of  the  coiintv  at  the  respective 
periods  of  1810  and  1S20. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whiles,  males  .  -      10,700 

do.      do.     females  -         -       10,321 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed        .....        3,537 

Total  population  in  1810  29,255 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males         ...      12,511 
do.  do.     females     -        -        -      12,069 

Total  whites       ....      24,580 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -       1,077 
do.  do.        females    .       1,086 


a  A  1, 


ij  A  :. 


Slaves,  males        _        .        .        .      3,704 
do,    females  -        -        -       2,907 

Total  population  in  1820  -     33,354 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  462 

Engaged  in  A.griculture  -        7,747" 

do.       in  Manufactures  •-        1,994 

do.        in  Commerce         -  -  102 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  44. 

Baltimore,  city  and  port  of  entry,  Balti- 
more county,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  N 
side  of  the  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  above 
North  Point,  88  miles  N  E  from  Washing- 
ton ;  100  miles  S  VV  from  Fhiladelpliia. 
Lat.  39  17  N,  Lon.  W  C  0  27  E. 

This  city  is  built  at  the  head  of  a  bay, 
which  extends  from  the  Patapsco  river.  Its 
harbour  is  spacious  and  convenient.  Be- 
low the  city  the  bay  narrows  to  a  very  con- 
fined strait,  which  is  amply  commanded  by 
Fort  M'Henry.  Jones'  Falls  creek  divides 
the  city  and  harbour  into  two  sections. 
The  lower  part  of  the  city  is  called  Fell's 
point,  to  which  vessels  of  600  tons  can 
ascend,  but  the  water  sh.illows  so  rapidly, 
that  at  the  city  the  depth  is  insufficienifor 
any  of  heavier  draught  than  200  tons.  Bal- 
timore is  extremely  well  situated  for  com- 
inercial  connexion  with  the  valley  of  Ohio  ; 
it  commands  the  trade  of  Maryland,  more 
than  one  half  of  that  of  Pennsylvaniu,  and 
a  part  of  Ne.\K  York.  Having  the  advan- 
tage of  climate,  the  harbour  of  Baltimore 
is  not  so  liable  to  obstruction  from  ice  as 
that  of  Philadelphia.  Its  relative  amount 
of  shipping  places  it  the  third  in  rank  in 
the  Unites;  States. 

The  edirices  necessary  for  the  t'  .'.nsaction 
of  judicial  and  commercial  business  are 
splendid  and  convenient,  v.liilst  the  inte- 
rests of  science  and  elegant  amusements, 
have  met  their  due  share  of  encourage- 
ment. The  city  con'Lains  a  slate  peniten- 
tiary ;  alms-house  ;  a  court-house  and  jail ; 
a  customhouse ;  an  exchange  ;  a  museum  ; 
theatre;  and  hospital.  Besidts  the  fore 
going,  there  are  in  this  city  three  market 
houses,  10  banks,  and  upwards  o.*  30  places 
cf  public  worship.  Washington's  monu- 
ment, erected  of  marble,  at  the  north' eiid 
oi  Chailes  street,  on  an  elevated  spot,  will 
be,  when  completed,  a  very  sublime  pro- 
duction of  art.  It  is  intended  to  be  163 
feel  in  height,  exclusive  of  the  statue  of 
Wasliington,  which  isto  crowntiie  edifice. 
The  monument  erected  to  the  memoiy  of 
the  men  who  (ell  in  defence  of  the  city, 
on  the  12th  and  13th  of  September,  1814, 
is  a  handsome  structure  in  north  Calvert 
street. 

The  hterary  institutions  of  this  ciiy  are 
respectable.  In  1807  a  medical  cohege 
was  founded,  which  subsequently  received 
the  title   cf  the   University  of  IMarvland, 


and  embraces  tiic  ordinarj'  pursuits  coii- 
nected  with  such  an  institution.  St.  Mary's 
college  possesses  a  fine  library,  with  a  che- 
mical and  philosophical  apparatus,  and  is 
supported  by  about  150  students.  Balti- 
more college  has  about  50  students, 

1  he  increase  of  Baltimore  has  been  fully 
commensurate  with  the  advantages  of  its 
local  position.  In  1790  it  contained  13,503 
inhabitants ;  and  in  1800,  26,514.  The  fol- 
lowing table  exhibits  its  subsequent  ad- 
v-ance. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -       14,793 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  13,104 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .  .  .  .  3,973 
Slaves        -        .        .        .        .        3,713 

Total  population  in  1810    .        -      35,5.']3 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -         -         -       23,822 
do.   do.    females    ...      34,233 

Total  whites       -         .         .         .  48,055 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  4,363 

do.            do.        females  5,963 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,968 

do.    females           .        -        .  2,389 


Total  population  in  1820 


62,738 


1,359 

127 
4,601 
2,389 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 

Baltimore,  townsiiip  in  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  including  the  hundreds  of  Days- 
borough,  Indian  jJiver,  Fewes,  Uehoboth, 
and  Broad  Kiln.  Population  in  1810, 10,107. 
Baltimoie  alone,  in  1820,  2,057. 

Bambtrg,  large,  handsome  town  of  Fran- 
ccjnia,  formerly  imperial,  but  now  capital 
of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name,  ol  consi- 
derable extent,  with  a  universit\ .  It  was 
tai;en  in  1758,  and  in  1762,  by  the  Prus- 
sians, and  in  1794  surrendered  to  the 
French.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Maine  and  liednits,  55  mdes  N  of  Nu- 
remberg.    Lcn.  11  7  E,  lat.  50  2  K. 

Bamberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  30  miles  S  of  Glatz. 
Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Bampton,  town  of  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seated  near  the  Thames, 
12  miles  W  of  Oxtbrd,  ami  70  W  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  1  25  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Bampton,  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturdaj-,  seated  in  a  bottom 
surrounded  by  hiils.  It  is  14  miles  N  N  E 
of  Exeter,  and  163  W  by  S  of"  London. 
Lon.  3  38  W,  lat.  51  2  Is. 

Bcmburii,  borough  hi  Oxfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tiuirsdav.     It  is  seated  on  the 
(■9 


BAN 


K  A  xS 


Chanvell,  75  miles  N  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  11  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Banco,  isiund  o\'  Asia,  in  the  East  Indies, 
on  the  E  coast  cf  Sumatra,  with  a  town  and 
strait  of  tlie  same  name.  Lon.  106  50  E, 
lat.  2  35  S. 

Baiicalis,  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of  Su- 
matra, where  the  Dutch  have  a  settlement. 
It  is  130  miles  W  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  7 
E,  lat.  1  15  N. 

Hancock,  town  of  Asia,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Siam,  with  a  fort,  once  in  the  possession 
of  the  French,  who  were  expelled  in  1688. 
It  is  17  miles  N  of  the  sea;  r.nd  40  S  of 
Siam.     Lon.  101   5  E,  lat.  13  35  N. 

Banda,  the  general  name  of  five  islands 
in  the  East  Indies,  of  which  Banda  is  the 
chief.  These  islands  are  remarkable  for 
the  prodiiction  of  nutmeg  and  mace  ;  have 
been  subject  to  the  Dutch,  ever  suice  16u9, 
uhen  the)  expelled  both  the  English  and 
natives.  Since  the  present  war  (1800)  they 
have  been  captured  by  the  British.  They 
are  all  very  small,  the  largest  being  scarcely 
26  miles  m  lengih ;  and  are  subject  to 
earthquakes.  Banda  is  75  miles  S  E  of 
Amboyna.     Lon.  128  5  E,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Bander  Congo,  seaport  of  Persia,  seated 
on  the  Persian  gulf,  80  miles  W  of  Gom- 
broon.    Lon.  55  8  B,  lat.  27  10  N. 

Bandevas,  bay  of  Mexico  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lat.  20  30  N. 

Bandora,  town  of  Hindoostan,  and  the 
capital  of  Salsetle,  an  island  separated 
from  Bombay  by  a  narrow  ch.annel.  Lon. 
72  40  E,  lal.  19  ON. 

Banff,  seaport,  and  the  county  town  of 
Banffshire,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Deveron, 
over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge  of  seven 
arches,  erected  by  government.  Here  is 
a  manufacture  of  thread,  and  another  of 
stockings ;  and  the  children  attend  the  fac- 
tory and  school  alternately  ;  so  that  edu- 
cation and  industry  are  united.  It  lies  in  4 
beautiful  plain  washed  by  the  Deveron,  the 
lofiy  banks  of  which  clothed  w^ith  wood  on 
the  opposite  side,  afford  a  delightful  con- 
trast to  the  soft  vale  beneath.  Banff  is  32 
miles  N  \V  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  15  W, 
lat.  57  35  N. 

Banffshire,  county  of  Scotland,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  Muiray  Friih,  on  the  S  E 
by  Aberdeenshire,  and  on  the  N  W  by 
Murrayshire.  Its  greatest  length  is  50 
miles,  and  its  extent  along  the  coast  nearly 
30.  Population  in  1801,  35,807;  1811, 
36,668;  and  in  1821,  43,561.  Square 
miles,  217. 

Bangalore,  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore Ithad  a  strong  fort,  built  by  Hyder, 
deemed  tite  bulwark  of  Mysore,  toward 
Arcot :  it  was  i;;ken  by  the  English  in  1791, 
and  restored  the  next  year  to  Tippoo,  who 
destroyed  it.  The  palace  is  composed  of 
mud,  vet  not  without  some  degree  of  mag- 
70 


nificencc ;  and  there  are  two  extensive 
gardens  made  by  the  two  sultans.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  silk  and  cotton 
cloths,  muslins,  leather,  and  oil.  It  is  74 
N  E  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  77  37  E,  lat. 
13  ON. 

Bangor,  a  city  of  Wales,  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It 
was  once  so  considerable,  that  it  was  called 
Bangor  the  Great,  and  defended  by  a  cas- 
tle. The  princ'pal  buildings  are  the  cathe- 
dral and  the  bishop's  palace.  The  see  is 
of  very  great  antiquity.  The  church  was 
dedicated  by  St.  Daniel,  who  was  bishop 
about  the  year  516.  It  is  36  miles  W  of 
St.  Asaph,  and  251  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 

4  12  W,  lat.  53   12  N. 

Bangor,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Down,  on  the  S  shore  of  Carrickfer- 
gus,  opposite  the  town  of  that  name.  Lon. 

5  42  W,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Bangor,  post  town  and  capital  of  Penob- 
scot  county,  Maine  ;  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
the  river  Penobscot,  at  the  head  of  winter 
navigation,  about  37  miles  N  of  Castine,  on 
the  same  river.  Population  in  1810,  850, 
and  in  1820,  1,221.  In  1810  this  township 
was  included  in  Handcock  county,  but  is 
now  in  Penobscot.  It  is  35  miles  N  from 
Castine,  and  52  above  the  entrance  of  Pe- 
nobscot bay. 

Bangor,  township  in  Franklin  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  370. 

Banjalvka,  a  town  of  European  Turkej', 
in  Bosnia,  supposed  Ho  contain  18,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Verbania  with  the  Verbas,  70  miles 
N  W  of  Serai,  160  miles  S  from  Vienna,  and 
and  155  W  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  5  E,  lat. 
44  44  N. 

Banjer,  considerable  river  in  the  island 
of  Borneo,  which  flows  almost  due  S  from 
the  centre  of  the  country  to  tlie  harbour  of 
Banjermassing,  and  at  its  mouth  the  Dutch 
have  their  principal  factory. 

Bangermassing,  kingdom  in  the  S  part 
of  the  island  of  Borneo,  the  capital  of  which 
is  Martapura.  The  country  produces  great 
quantities  of  pepper ;  also  gold,  iron,  dia- 
monds, canes,  bird's  nests,  wax  and  dra- 
gon's blood.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  good  harbour,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Banjer.  Lon.  114  30  E,  lat. 
3  15  S. 

Banks  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  E  side  of  New  Zealans!,  about  100 
miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  174  0  B, 
lat.  43  30  S. 

Banks  Jslajid,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  W  coast  of  N  America,  about  60 
miles  long  and  5  broad,  Lon.  130  0  W, 
lut.  53  SO  ?.. 

Ban7i,  river  of  Ireland,  which  issues  from 
the  Mourne  mountains,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  flows  N  W  into  Armagh,  through 
Lough  Neagh,  and  thence  forms  the  boun- 


B  A  K 


B  A  K 


dary  between  Londonderry  and  Antrim, 
enterlno'  the  sea  4  miles  beiow  Colerain. 

Banr^vidge,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  on  the  river  Bann,  14 
miles  N  by  E  of  N ewry. 

Bannockburn,  villa.s^e  of  Scotland,  on  the 
river  Bannock,  two  miles  S  of  Stirling.  It 
is  noted  for  a  battle  between  Edward  II. 
and  Robert  Bruce,  in  1314,  in  which  the 
former  was  defeated.  Here  also  James  III. 
in  1487,  was  defeated  by  his  subjects, 
wounded,  and  soon  after  murdered  by  a 
priest  taking  'lis  confession. 

Bannoxu,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wexford,  seated  on  the  east  shore  of  a 
bay  to  which  it  gives  mine,  20  miles  S  W 
of  Wexford.     Lon.  6  50  W.  hit.  52  12  N^ 

Banstead.  villige  of  Surry,  noted  for  its 
downs,  one  of  the  most  rlelightful  spots  'n 
England,  on  account  of  its  fi  le  carpet 
ground,  covered  with  short  herbage,  per- 
fumed with  thyme  and  juniper.  These 
downs  form  a  tract  of  30  miles,  extending, 
under  different  denominations,  from  Crov- 
don    to  Farnham.     Barnstead  is  13  mi'es 

5  S  W  of  London. 

Bantam,  large  town  on  the  N  W  coast 
of  .lava.  It  is  tlie  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbour,  ind 
a  castle.  It  is  divided  into  two  towns  l)y  a 
river.  The  produce  is  pepper,  of  which 
they  export  vast  quantities.  Ban'am,  once 
populous  and  fl  )urishing,  is  now  a  poor 
and  wretched  pltce.    Lon.  105  26  E,  lat 

6  20  S. 

Bantry,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  to  which 
it  gives  name.    Lon.  9  25  W,  !at.  51  36  N. 

Bapaume,  strong  tov/n  of  France,  in  the 
denarfment  of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Artois,  12  miles  S  E  of  Arras. 
Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Bar,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
on  the  river  Bog,  40  miles  N  W  of  Brack- 
law.     Lon.  27  30  E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Barataria,  bay  of  Louisiana ;  it  is  the 
entrance  from  the  sea  to  a  chain  of  lakes 
and  small  bayons,  reacit'ng  to  the  Missis- 
sippi at  the  city  of  Xew  Orleans.  Boats 
and  canoes  can  pass  from  t'>e  river  ai  se- 
veral points,  and  penetrxte  to  Barararia 
bay  The  adjacent  country  an  open  flat 
sea  marsh. 

Bar,  or  Barrois,  late  duchy  of  France,, 
lying  on  both  sides  the  Meuse,  be' ween 
Lorrain  and  Champagne.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  Meuse 

Barbadoes,  the  eaiternmost  of  the  Wind- 
ward Islands,  in  tlie  W.  Indies,  25  miles  in 
length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It  belongs  to 
the  English  ;  and  the  number  of  the  whites 
is  about  20,000,  who  have  100,000  slaves. 
Their  exports  are  sugar,  rum,  cotton,  in- 
digo, and  ginger ;  and  they  have  most  oi 
the  fruits  common  to  the  climate.  Tiie 
sugar  exported  hence  ia  whiter  and  finer 


than  that  of  any  other  plantation  ;  and  they 
have  one  particular  production,  called  Bar- 
badoes tar,  w  'ich  rises  out  of  the  earth, 
and  swims  upon  the  surface  of  the  water. 
This  island  lias  sufl'ered  much  from  hurri- 
canes ;  partiodarly  from  a  dreadful  one, 
Oct.  10  1780.  It  is  70  miles  E  of  St.  Vin- 
cent.    The  capital  is  Bridgetown. 

Barbarii,  country  of  Africa,  between  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  the  Mediterranean  sea,  and 
Egypt ;  cont  lining  the  countries  of  Barca, 
Tripoli,  Tunis,  AI.j;iers,  Fez,  anrl  Morocco. 
It  is  ne.Hr  2000  miles  in  length,  and,  in 
some  places,  750  in  breadth.  It  was  known 
to  the  ancient^  by  the  names  of  Mauritania, 
Nuinidia,  Proper  .\frica,  and  Lvbia.  It  is 
the  best  c  Hin'ry  in  all  \frica,  except 
Egypt,  and  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  citrons, 
oranges,  figs,  alin,)nds,  olives,  dates,  and 
melons.  The  chief  »rade  consists  in  fruits, 
in  the  horses  called  barbs,  Morocco  leather, 
ostpches  feathers,  indigo,  wax,  tin,  and 
coral.  The  established  religion  is  the  Ma- 
hometan, and  tliere  are  so:ne  Jews ;  but 
no  Chri.  ians,  except  the  slaves. 

Barbas,  cape  of  Africa,  in  tlie  \tlantic 
Ocean.     Lon.  162  40  W,  la-.  2  15  X. 

Barbs,  St.  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  New 
Bi-icay.  near  which  are  rich  silver  mines. 
It  is  500  miles  N  W  of  Mexico.  Lon.  107 
5  W,  l.t.  26  0  N. 

Barherino,  town  of  Tuscany,  at  the  foot 
of  t'le  \p,ienines,  on  the  rver  Sieva,  12 
miles  N  of  Florence. 

Barbezienx,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
part ment of  Charente,  with  a min.ral  spring, 
aula  manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  45 
miles  N  E  of  Bourdeaux. 

Barboitsville,  post  t  nvn  and  capital  of 
Knox  county,  Kentucky;  125  miles  S  from 
Frankfort. 

BarboiisviUe,  post  town  of  Orange  cou  tj-, 
Virginia,  80  miles  N  W  from  llicimond. 

Barbuda,  one  r,f  the  Leeward  Islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  20  miles  long  and  10 
broad.  It  has  a  good  road  for  shipping, 
but  no  divecf  trnile  to  Briiaiiv  I'l^e  inha- 
bi'ants  (about  1500)  are  chiefly  employed 
in  raising'corn,  and  breeding  cattle,  for  the 
use  of  the  neighbouring  islands.  It  is  'j5 
miles  N  of  Antigua.  Lon,  61  50  W,  lat. 
17  50  X. 

Bnrbue,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  falls  into 
lake  E'ie,  40  miles  W  from  Long  Point. 
It  is  now  commonly  called  the  Orwell. 

Barbue,  river  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  peninsula  of  Michigan  ;  falls  into  lake 
NUchigan. 

Barby,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital 
of  a  county  of  its  name,  with  an  ancient 
castle,  and  an  academical  college,  founded 
by  the  United  Brethren,  in  1754.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  15  miles  S  E  of  Mag- 
deburg.    Lon.  12  4  E,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Barca,  country  of  Barbary,  on  the  S 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  between  Tri- 
71 


li  A  it 


1]  A  ki 


poll  and  Egypt.  The  S  part  is  a  barren  de- 
sert, inhabited  by  wandering  Arabs.  The 
N  part  along  the  coists  is  fertile  and  well 
peopled.  It  belongs  to  the  Turks,  and  is 
governed  by  a  sangiac,  dependant  on  t!ie 
bashaw,  who  resides  at  Tripoli.  Uerna  is 
the  capital. 

Barcelona,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Ca- 
talonia, and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  good 
harbour,  on  the  Mediierranean.  It  is  of 
an  oblong  form,  defended  by  a  strong  fort, 
called  iVIontjoy,  which  stands  on  a  rocky 
mountain,  a  mile  W  of  the  vown.  It  h;;3 
double  wails  on  the  N  and  E,  and  the  sea 
on  the  S,  with  a  mole  for  the  security  of 
ships.  It  is  divided  into  the  new  and  old 
town,  by  a  wall  and  ditcli :  and  tlie  sea 
having  retired  considerably  from  the  port- 
gates,  a  whole  quarter  of  the  town  now 
stands  on  'lie  s  .ndsthat  were  once  the  bot- 
tom of  the  harbour.  It  has  a  fine  univer- 
sity, an  inquisition,  a  cathedral  with  two 
lofty  towers,  a  palace  for  the  viceroy,  a 
large  exchange,  an  extensive  cannon  foun- 
dery,  an  arsenal  containing  arms  for  seve- 
ral thousand  men,  and  docks  for  the  build- 
ing of  galleys.  It  is  a  place  of  great  trade, 
lias  curious  works  in  glass,  ancl  its  swords, 
knives,  shoes,  and  blankets,  are  in  great 
reputation.  The  inhabitants  are  computed 
at  more  than  100,000.  In  1705,  it  was 
taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  after 
a  siege  of  three  v.-eeks.  In  1706,  Philip  V. 
invested  it  wi'h  a  numerous  army,  but  was 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  In  1714,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French  und  Spaniards,  and  a 
citadel  budt  to  keep  it  in  awe.  The  French 
took  this  city  m  1808.  It  is  250  miles  N  E 
by  E  of  Madrid.   Lon.  2  8  E.  lat.  41  23  N. 

Barcelona,  town  of  Columbia,  South 
America,  on  the  Caribbean  sea,  40  miles 
S  W  by  W  from  Cum'ana.  Lat.  10  1  N, 
Lon.  W  C  12  5  E. 

Barcelonette,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Alps,  seated  on  the 
Hubave,  12  rniles  S  E  of  Embrun. 

Barcelore,  or  Barciira,  a  town  of  Hin- 
donstan,  on  the  coast  of  Cahara,  which 
gives  name  to  a  district,  but  has  been  long 
in  ruins.  It  is  40  miles  N  N  W  of  Manga- 
lore. 

Bar-le-duc,  town  of  France,  in  the  do 
partment  of  Meuse,  capital  of  the  late 
duchy  of  Bar,  with  a  handsome  castle.  It 
is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  town  ; 
being  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  30  miles 
W  of  Toul,  and  138  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
20  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Jiar-sur-./lube,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  famous  for  its  wines ; 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  18  miles 
S  W  oi  JoinviUe. 

Bav-sur- Seine,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  on  the  river  Seine, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  20  miles  S  W  of 
l?ar-sar-Aube. 


Barkhampstead,  township  in  Litchfield 
countv,  Connecticut.  Population  in  1810, 
1,506,'  and  in  1820,  1,592. 

_Ba)'/ow,  township  in  Washington  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  316. 

Barcelos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre 
Douero  e  Minho,  near  the  river  Cavado, 
10  miles  W  S  W  of  Braga. 

Banle-vic'i,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Lunnenberg,  on  tlie  river  U- 
menau,  17  miles  S  E  of  Hamburg. 

Bardi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmesan, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  30  miles  S  VV  of 
PaiT.,a. 

Bardt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Swedisli 
Pomerania,  with  a  castle  and  harbour,  near 
tlie  Baltic,  12  mile3  VV  by  N  of  Stralsund. 
Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Barefields,  post  town  of  Liberty  county, 
South  Carolina,  414  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Bareffes,  village  of  France,  much  fre- 
quented on  account  of  its  mineral  batiis. 
It  is  seated  in  a  vallej'  of  the  same  name, 
12  miles  S  of  Bagneres. 

Bardth,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  mar- 
gravate  of  Culembach,  witii  a  famous  col- 
lege, 15  miles  S  E  of  Culembach.  Lon. 
if  56  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Barjleur,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Channel  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  The  cape  of  that  name  is  12 
miles  E  of  Cherburg,  and  near  it,  part  of 
the  navy  of  France  was  destroyed  by  the 
English,  in  1692.  It  is  17o  miles  N  W  of 
Paris.     Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Bargainio-.vn,  post  village  of  Gloucester 
comity,  New  Jersey. 

Baril,  Islands  of,  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
river,  above  Ogdeiishurg. 

Baril,  Point,  in  St.  Lawrence  river,  above 
Ogdensburg. 

Bari,  formerly  a  good  seaport  town  of 
Ny.ple-,  tdl  its  harbour  was  ruined  by  the 
Venetians.  It  is  seated  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, is  tlie  capital  of  Terra  di  Bari,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  20  miles  E  of 'I'rani. 
Lon.  17  5  E,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Bari,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  province  of  Na- 
ples, on  the  gulf  of  Venice.     The  air  i 
temperate,  and  the  soil  fertile  ;  but  there 
are  many  serpents  and  tarantulas. 

Barkadorev,  district  of  the  Logwood 
country,  cast  side  of  Yucatan. 

Jiarkin^,  a  town  of  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  river  Rodirg, 
near  the  Thames,  in  an  unwholesome  aiiv. 
It  is  ciiiefly  celebrated  for  a  magnificent 
nuriuery  Ibunded  in  675,  a  gateway  and  a 
part  of  the  walls  of  which  are  .still  visible. 
It  is  seven  miles  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  1- 
E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Bark-^daL;  post  village  t-.f  I/\ncoln  county. 
Georgia,  with  about  1000  inhabitants,  or.. 
third  slaves. 

Barlt'tt,  township  of  Grafton  county,  1; 


BAR 


BAR 


the  state  of  New  Hampshire,  containing  Durham,  and  244  N  NW  of  London   Lon. 

700  inhabi  ants.  1  4y  W,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Barletta,  liandsome  ajid  strong  town  of  Barnardston,  townsliip  in  Franklin  coun- 

Naples,  in  Bari,  wiih  a  b  shop's  see,  i,ea  cd  ty,  Ma>suclniseUs.  Populaiion  in  1820,  912. 

in  the  gulf  of  Ve'iice,  25  miles  W  S  W  of  Barneato-wn,    post    tr-wn,     Montgdmcry 

Bar.     Lon.  16  32  E,  lat.  41  30  N.  county,  Maryland,  37  mil<^s  from  Baltimore, 


Barnard,  townsliip  of  Windsor  county, 
in  the  state  of  Vermont,  containing  about 
1,650  iiiliabitants.  Abnut  60  miles  N  E 
from  Bennington,  and  21  N  W  from  Wind- 
sor. 

Barnard,  post  village,  Meigs  county, 
Ohio. 

Barnegat,  inlet  from  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
on  the  E  coast  of  New  Jersey,  about  70 
miles  N  E  from  Cape  May. 

Barnegat,  village  of  Duchess  county. 
New  York,  on  the  E  side  of  the  Hudson, 
10  miles  S  from  Poughkeepsie. 

Baniegat-batf,  of  New  Jer  ey,  in  Mon- 
mouth county,  63  miU  s  N  E  by  N.  from 
Cape  xMay.  Lat.  39  47  N,  lun.  W  C  2  47 
E. 

Barnet,  town  in  Caledonia  county,  Ver- 
mont,   on  the    W  side   of  Connecticut  ri- 


and  36   rom  Was  ington  city. 

Barnesville,  post  town  of  Belmont  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  11  miles  S  W  from  St.  Clairsville. 

Burnet,  post  town  of  Caledonia  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  below  the  mouth  of  Passampsick  ri- 
ver. 

Barnet's,  post  village  in  Fauquier  county, 
V  rginia,  60  miles  W  from  Washington 
city. 

BarnMable,  county  of  Massachusetts, 
having  Plymouth  N  W  ;  Buzzard's  bay  W  ; 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  E  ;  and  Cape  Cod  bay 
N.  This  county  is  peculiar  in  respect  to 
form  ;  it  includes  tliat  remarkable  penin- 
sula to  which  the  name  of  Cape  Cod  has 
been  extended,  and  includes,  besides  the 
peninsula,  tiie  Elizabeth  group,  and  some 
other  small  islands.     Following  the  curva- 


ver,  19  miles  N  of  Haverhill,  New  Hamp-  ture  of  the  cape,  it  is  about  65  miles  in 

shire.      This    township    is  settled   princi-  length,  with  a  mean  width  if  5  miles  area; 

pally  by  emigrants  from  Scotland,    as  the  325  squa'  e  miles.    The  surface  is  generally 

name  implies,  who  were  estimated  at  858  flat ;  soil  sandy  and  barren  ;  but  the  air  is 

in   1800      Here  is  a  post  office  596  miles  heathful.     Chief  town,  Barnstable, 

from  Washington.  Population  in  1810. 

Barnet,  town  partly  in  Middlesex,  and  Free  white  males        .         .         -       10  905 

partly  in  Herts,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  do.    do.    females    -         -         -       11,069 

It  is  in  the  parish  of  East  Barnet,  and  si-  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

tuated   on  the  top  of  a  hill,  whence  it  is  not  taxed         ....           235 

call  d    High   Barnet,    and  also   Chipping  

Barnet,  from  a  market  granted  here,  by  Total  population  in  1810     -         -       22,211 

Henry  [I.  to  the  monks  of  St.  Alban's.    At  

the  meeting  of  the   St.  Alban's  and  Hat-  Population  in  1820- 

field  roads  is  a  column,  with  an  inscription  Free  white  males 


to  commemorate  the  decisive  battle  which 
was  fought,  1471,  near  this  place,  between 
the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  Barnet 
is  11  miles  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Barnsborough,  village  in  Gloucester 
county,  of  the  sta'e  of  New  Jersey,  about 
14  miles  below  Philadelphia. 

Barnestead,  township  of  Strafford  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire,  containing 
about  1500  inhabitants.  It  is  30  miles  N 
W  of  Portsmouth. 

Barnsley,  town  in  the  \V  riding  of  York- 
shire, With  a  market  on  Wednesday,  and  a 
consider  ble  manufacture  of  coarse  linen. 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  13  miles 
N  of  Sheffield,  and  174  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  28  W,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Barnsley,  village  of  Gloucestershire.  It 
is  noted  for  large  quarries  of  excellent  free- 
stone, and  4  miles  N  E  of  Cirencester. 

Barnard  Castle,  town  in  the  county  of 

Durham,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 

It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees,  and   has  a 

manufacture  of  stockings,  30  miles  S  W  cff 

K 


-      11,765 
do.   do.     females    -         -         -       12,080 

Tot.al  whites       .         .         -         .  23,845 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  98 

do              do.         females  83 

Slaves,  males     ....  0 

do.    females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  •       24,046 

Of  these ; 
Foreigrers  not  naturalized  -  29 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,558 

do         in  Manufactures  -         -  912 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  3,363 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  74  nearly. 

Barnstable,  post  town  and  capital  of 
Ranista!)!e  county,  Massachusetts.  It  is 
situated  in  Barnstable  bay,  a  part  of  Cape 
Cod  bay,  64  miles  S  3  E  from  Boston.  This 
town  is  flourishing  and  commercial.  Po- 
pulation, 3650. 

Barnstable,  township  in  Barnstable  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810, 
3,Ci6,  and  in  1820,  3,824 

Banuttead,  township  in  StraiFord  county. 


li  A  R 


U  A  R 


New  Hampshire.      Population    in    ISIO, 
1171,  and  in  1820, 1805. 

Barn-ivell,  district  of  South  Carolina, 
having  Savannah  river  SW ;  Edgefield 
NW;  brangeburgh  NE  ;  Colleton  and  Beau- 
fort SE  ;  being  50  miles  in  length  by  a 
mean  width  of  35  ;  area  1050  square  miles ; 
surface  hilly,  and  soil  of  middling  quality. 
Staples,  cotton  and  grain.  Chief  town, 
Barnwell. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,096 
do.    do.  females    .        -        -        3,873 
All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       -        -        -  158 
Slaves 4,153 


Total  population  in  1810 

males    - 
females 

12,280 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  : 

do.            do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

4,115 
4,047 

8,162 
157 

95 

■  3,224 
3,112 

Total  population  in  1820 

14,750 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  11 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        4,800 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  117 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14. 

Barnwell,  cai/ital  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina.  Lat.  jZ  13  N,  Ion.  4  20 
W. 

Baroach,  town  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  on  the  S  bank  of  the  Nerbiidda, 
40  miles  N  of  Surat,  formerly  a  very  com- 
mercial place.  Lon.  72  55  E,  lat.  21  25  X. 

Barrmix,  fortress  of  Dauphiny,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  valley  of  Gresivaudan, 
built  by  a  duke  of  Savoy  in  1597.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Isere,  six  miles  S.  of  Cham- 
berry.     Lon.  5  52  B,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Barre,  post  town  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts  :  it  is  distant  about  60  miles 
W  from  Boston,  and  contained  in  1810. 
1,991,  and  in  1820,  2077  inhabitants.  And 
a  village  with  a  post  office  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  about  15  miles  from  Newbury, 
the  county  town. 

Barre,  township  in  Genessee  connty, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1,767. 

Barre,  township  in  Huntingdon  county, 
Pennsylvania  Population  in  1810,  1,053, 
and  in  1820,  1,387. 

Barren,  Great  and  IJiiIe,  two  consider- 
able branches  of  Green  river,  in  the  state 
of  Kentucky. 

Barren,  county  of  Kentucky,  having  a 
part  of  Tennessee  S  ;  Allen  S  W  ;  Warren 
74 


W ;  Hardin  N ;  and  Greene,  Adair,  and 
Cumberland  E  ;  the  surface  generally  level, 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  It  is  45  miles 
in  length,  by  a  mean  width  of  20  ;  area  900 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Glasgow. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        4,801 
do.     do.  females              -         -         4,578 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        ...  7 
Slaves 1,656 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


11,042 


4,021 
3,854 

7,875 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.       females  4 

Slaves,  males      ....        1,213 

do.    females  -        -        -        1,233 


Total  population  in  1820, 


10,328 


I 

2,531 

69 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  natur.alized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures     - 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  o:^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile  11. 

Barrier  Point,  the  W  point,  where  the 
river  Petite  Nation  enters  the  Ottawa. 

Barrington,  township  of  Bristol  county, 
in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  situated  on 
the  S  W  side  of  Warren  river.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  604,  and  in  1820,  634. 

Barrington,  townsliip  of  New  Hampshire, 
about  30  miles  N  W  of  Portsmouth.  Po. 
pulation  in  1810,  3,564,  and  in  1820, 1610. 

Barrington  Greaf,  township  of  Berkshire, 
Massachusetts,  about  150  miles  westward 
from  Boston.  Population  in  1810,  1,784, 
and  in  1820,  1908. 

Burt,  township  in  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1099, 
and  in  1820,  1,423. 

Bartholomew,  St.  one  of  the  Caribbee 
islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  30  miles  N  of 
St,  Christopher.  It  is  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  has  a  good  harbour.  The 
French  ceded  it  to  the  Swedes  in  1785. 
Lon.  63  low,  lat.  17  36  N. 

Bartholomew,  St.  parish  of  South  Caro- 
lina, in  the  district  of  Charleston,  contain- 
ing about  13,000  inhabitants,  three-fourths 
slaves. 

Bartholemew,  small  river  of  Arkatssas  and 
Louisiana,  rising  in  the  former,  and  falling 
into  Onachitta,  in  the  latter. 

Bartholemew,  Cape,  south  point  of  Staten 
Island,  in  the  straits  of  Le  Maire. 

Bartlett,  township  in  Coos  county,  New 
Hampshire,  Population  in  1810,  436.  ant^, 
in  1820,  511. 


r,  A 


a  A  & 


Barton,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  situated 
on  the  Humber,  where  there  is  a  ferry  into 
Yorkshire,  of  great  advantage  to  the  town, 
which  is  35  miles  N  of  Lincoln  and  166  of 
London.  It  has  a  market  on  Monday.  Lon. 
0  20  W,  lat.  55  42  N. 

Barton,  post  town  of  Orleans  county, 
Vermont. 

Barton,  township  in  the  county  of  Lin- 
coln, Upper  Canada. 

Barton,  small  river  of  Vermont,  rising 
in  Orleans  county,  and  falling  into  lake 
Memphramagog. 

Baruth,  once  a  considerable  town  of  Sy- 
ria, with  a  Christian  church,  30  miles  N  E 
of  Seyda.     Lon.  36  30  E,  lat.  34  10  N. 

Basartschick,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania.  It  has  a  great  trade, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Meritz  or  Maritza. 
Lon.  24  40  E,  lat.  42  19  N. 

Basel,  or  Basle,  canton  of  Swisserland, 
24  miles  long  and  21  broad ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Brisgau  ;  E  by  the  Forest 
towns;  S  by  the  canton  of  Soleure,  and 
W  by  the  bishopric  of  Basel  and  France. 
It  contains  about  38,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
of  the  Calvinist  religion. 

Basel,  bishopric  in  tlie  N  W  part  of 
Swisserland  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
canton  of  Basel ;  S  by  that  of  Soleure, 
and  W  and  X  by  France.  The  bishop  was 
a  prince  of  the  German  empire.  In  1798, 
the  French  seized  on  this  territory,  an- 
nexed it  to  France,  and  made  it  a  new  de- 
partment, called  xMont  Terrible. 

Basel,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  the 
same  name,  and  the  largest  town  in  -Swis- 
serland. It  is  surrounded  by  thick  walls, 
flanked  by  towers  and  bastions ;  and  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine,  whicit 
communicate  by  a  handsome  bridge.  The 
largest  part  is  on  the  side  of  Swisserland, 
and  the  least  on  that  of  Germany.  The 
larger  has  five  gates,  six  suburbs,  numer- 
ous streets  and  fountains,  and  is  partly 
seated  on  a  hill :  the  other  stands  on  a 
])lain,  and  has  but  two  gates,  with  several 
streets  and  fountains.  The  principal  church 
is  an  elegant  Gothic  building,  but  disfi- 
gured by  rose-coloured  paint  spread  over 
the  whole  edifice.  Under  a  marble  tomb 
in  it,  is  interred  the  great  Erasmus.  The 
town-house,  and  fine  paintings  in  fresco, 
are  much  admired.  The  university,  found- 
ed in  1459,  has  a  fine  library,  and  a  rich 
cabinet  of  medals.  The  clocks  here  are 
always  an  hour  too  fast ;  because  the  town- 
clock  went  so  on  a  day  appointed  to  mur- 
der the  magistrates,  by  which  the  con- 
.spiracy  was  disconcerted.  Basel  has  se- 
veral manufactures,  particularly  of  paper, 
ribands,  and  cottons  ;  and  it  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade.  Three  treaties  of  peace 
were  concluded  here  in  one  year,  1795, 
with  the  French  republic;  namely,  by 
Prussia,  Spain,  and  Ilesse  Cassel.    The  al- 


lies jjassed  through  this  city  when  tlicy  in- 
vaded France,  in  December,  1813.  Basel 
is  capable  of  containing  100,000  inhabi- 
tants ;  but  the  number  is  scarcely  more 
than  14,000.  It  is  1 74  miles  N  by  E  of  Ge- 
neva, and  250  E  bv  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  30 
E,  lat  47  o5  N. 

Bnshee,  island  in  the  China  sea,  the  most 
eastern  of  a  cluster  called,  fi-om  this,  the 
Bashee  islands,  lying  to  the  S  of  Formosa. 
The  productions  are  piantaias,  bananas, 
pine-apples,  sugar-cane,  potatoes,  yams, 
and  cotton.  The  quadrupeds  are  goats 
and  hogs.  Bashee  is  of  a  circular  form, 
six  miles  in  diameter,  and  has  a  town  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  121  50  E,  lat.  20 
30  N. 

Basilicata,  province  of  Naples,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Capitanata  and  Bari ;  E  by  the 
gulf  of  Taranta  ;  S  by  Calabria  Citeriore  ; 
and  W  by  Principato  Citeriore  and  Ulte- 
riore.  Jt  has  some  mountains  continually 
covered  with  snow,  but  is  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  oil,  coiton,  honey,  and  saffron.  Ace- 
renza  is  tlic  capital. 

Basilipntamo,  river  of  European  Turkey, 
in  the  Morca,  which  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Colocythia.  It  was  called  Eurotas  by  the 
ancients. 

Basin-ffarbor,  post  village  of  Addison 
county,  Vermont. 

Basin  Minas,  bay  or  small  gulf  at  the 
N  E  extremity  of  tlie  bay  of  Fundy. 

Basingstoke,  a  corporate  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  has 
a  great  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  a  manufac- 
ture of  druggets  and  shalloons,  and  a  navi- 
gable  canal  to  the  river  Wey,  near  its  en- 
trance  into  the  Thames.  It  is  18  miles 
N  N  E  of  Winchester,  and  4o  W  by  S  of 
London. 

Baskenridgc,  post  town  of  Somerset 
county.  New  Jersey,  seven  miles  SSWfrom 
Morristovv-n.  Here,  on  the  13th  Decem- 
ber, 1776,  General  Lee  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Colonel  Harcourt  of  the  British  ■Avmy. 

Basques,  late  territory  of  France,  which 
included  Lower  Navarre,  Labourd,  and 
Soule,  and  now  forms,  with  Beam,  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees. 

Bass,  an  insulated  rock  near  the  coast 
of  Scotland,  at  the  entrance  of  the  frith 
of  Forth,  between  the  towns  of  N  Ber- 
wick and  Dunbar.  On  the  S  side  it  is 
almost  conic  ;  on  the  other  it  overhangs 
the  sea  in  a  tremendous  manner.  It  is 
inaccessible  on  all  sidii-s,  except  thf;  SW, 
and  there  it  is  with  difliculty  a  man  can 
climb  up  by  the  help  of  a  rope  f)r  lad- 
der. In  May  and  June  it  is  quite  co- 
vered with  the  nests,  eggs,  and  young 
birds  of  the  gannets.  or  solan  geese. 
The  rock  is  one  mile  in  circumfer- 
ence, aiid  lias  a  rabbit  warrei^  and  pas- 
ture, for  a  few  sheep.  A  ruinous  castle, 
'•nee  the  state  prison  of  Scotland,  stands 
75 


B  A  S 


BAT 


at  the  edt;e  of  the  precipice.  The  gar- 
rison, in  i694,  surrendertd  to  kinii;  Wil- 
liam, and  the  fortifications  were  demo- 
lished. 

/iass  Strait,  channel  about  iO  leagues 
wide,  which  separaies  Van  Dieint-n 
Land  from  the  S  extremity  of  N  w  Hol- 
land. It  contains  a  chain  of  small  isl- 
ands extending  N  and  S.  It  was  disco- 
Aered  in  1798  by  surgeon  Bass. 

Bassano,  town  of  Viccnlino,  in  the 
terriiory  of  Venice,  on  the  river  Brante, 
in  a  country  fertile  in  excellent  wine 
Lon.  11  24E.  lat.  45  51  N. 

Basse,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
Flanders,  tarn -us  for  the  many  siegts  it 
has  sL;s:;iined  :  but  its  fi.rtihrations  are 
now  demolished.  It  is  18  miles  SVV  of 
Lisle.    Lnn  2  52  E  lat  50  28  N.     . 

Ba&seen,  city  and  fortr  ss  in  the  D  c- 
can  of  Hindoostan,  oppi^sitr  the  N  end 
of  Salsette,  It  is  27  iniles  N  of  Bombay. 
Lon  72  10  E.  lat.  19  19  N.  ' 

Basseni hivaite-ivat cr .  a  fine  lake  in 
Cumbi.rl.nd,  three  iniks  NW  ot  K.s- 
wick.  It  is  lour  miles  lung,  bouiided 
on  one  side  by  high  hills,  woi  ded,  in 
many  places,  to  thdr  bases  ;  on  the 
other,  by  the  fields,  and  ihe  skins  of 
Skid  aw 

Buf,se'erre  capital  of  St.  Chri.^tdpl^er, 
bui't  by  the  French,  before  the  is. and 
was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1713. 

Ba&seierre,  cajiital  of  Guadahiupe,  in 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  W 
part  <  f  the  island  It  is  <.V  fendi  d  by  a 
citadel  and  •  tin  r  fortifications  Lon.  61 
59  VV.  lat   15  o9N 

Bass  Co-ve,  in  Adolphustown,  bay  of 
Qui  te,  Upp<  r  (Canada. 

Bass  Island,  in  the  bay  of  Quint.-,  lies 
off  near  to  the  t)wn  plot  in  Adolphus- 
town. 

Bass  Tsla7ids.  an  interesting  group  in 
lake  Erie,  pperta  ning  t  Huron  coun- 
ty Onio.  Tnis  cluster  is  coiDp  sed  of 
three  principal  and  several  snal  er  isl- 
ands. In  the  soutliern  Bass  island  is  the 
fine  harbour  ./f  Put-in-bay  about  5  or  6 
miles  west  of  which  on  S'  ptember  10th 
1!-!13,  c.iptain  Ptrrycaptund  the  Bri 
tihh  fleet,  under  the  command  of  captain 
Bare' ay. 

Bassora,  or  Bussarah.  city  and  sea- 
port of  Turkey  in  Asia,  40  miles  NVV  f 
the  gulf  of  Persia  It  stands  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, a  canal  from  whicli  divid>  s  the 
city  into  two  patts;  and  ovtr  it  i>  a 
bridge  of  bnuts.  The  houses  are  c:>n- 
st'  ucted  of  bricks  dri<  d  in  the  sun,  and 
have  a  vi  ry  mean  aspect.  T'^e  circum 
jac^-nt  tract  is  lo'  ked  up  n  by  th-^'  Arabs 
to  he  one  of  the  m-^st  delii^litful  spots  in 
Asia,  and  ever,  as  one  of  the  mobt  beau- 
re 


tiful  gardens  in  the  world.  The  hot 
winds  that  blow  here  are  very  trouble- 
some to  travellers,  some  timesoverwhelm- 
ing  them  with  sand  driven  out  of  the 
neigiibouring  deserts.  In  1691,  the  plague 
destroyed  80,000  of  the  inhabitants.  It 
is  240  mih  s  S  by  E  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  44 
52  E.  lat.  29  26  N. 

Bastard,  township  of  Upper  Canada, 
between  Lansdowne  and  Leeds. 

/iastia,  seapnri  in  Albania,  in  Turkey 
in  Eur  'pe,  opposite  the  island  of  Corfu, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Calamu.  Lon. 
20  20  E.  lat.  39  40  N. 

Basliu,  capital  of  Corsica,  with  a  good 
harljour,  a  strong  castle,  and  a  bishop's 
see  It  surrendered  to  lord  H  od,  in 
1794,  but  has  since  revolted  to  France. 
It  is  70  miles  SSVV  of  Leghorn.  Lon  9 
30  E.  lat.  42  39  N. 

Bastimen'os,  the  name  of  some  small 
i'^lands  near  I'erra  Firma,  in  South  Ame- 
rica, at  the  m'  utii  ot  the  bay  of  Nombre 
de  Dii'S,  \y\\.h  a  fi-rt  and  a  good  harbour. 
L.u  9  ,2  N.  Ion   W  C  2  40  W. 

Bas'i'gne,  town  of  Austrian  Luxem- 
burg. 25  mil  s  NW  ■  f  Luxemburn  Lon. 
6  0  E  lat  50  0  N. 

Baracola,  se.<port  on  the  coast  of  Ma- 
labar, b  tween  (Dnnre,  and  Barc<  lore. 
Here  an  th<  remain^  of  a  "oce  c  nsider- 
able  city  on  the  banks  of  a  snail  river, 
foul  miies  from  the  sea.  'ihe  o  untry 
produces  a  g  od  dt  al  of  pi  pper  ;  the  En- 
glish had  a  fact-iy  here,  but  were  all 
mas>acred  by  the  natives,  becausr  one 
of  their  bull  dogs  killed  a  consecrated 
cow. 

Bataseck.  tower  of  Lower  Hungary, 
on  the  D  ioulje  70  miles  S  of  Buda  Lon. 
19  20  E.  lat     6  15  N 

Ba'av'a,  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  ca- 
pital ot  all  thi  Dutch  settlements  in  the 
East  Irdies.  In  gem  ral,  the  place  is  ve- 
ry beautiful  and  built  of  white  stones; 
they  have  canals  in  the  principal  streets, 
planted  on  each  side  with  evergreen 
trtes.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  gover- 
nor g'-nerai  of  all  the  Dutch  colonies  in 
t'u-  East  Indies.  It  has  a  handsome 
hospital  and  arsfnal  ;  and  all  the  goods 
brought  from  other  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies are  laid  up  h(  re,  till  they  are  ex- 
port! d  to  their  places  of  destination  The 
air  is  very  unwholesome  ;  and  this  place 
is  represented  as  the  grave  of  Europe- 
an navigators.  Shortly  after  the  Dutch 
declared  war  against  England.  Batavia 
was  captured  by  the  British.  Lon  106 
51  E  lat   6  lu  S 

Baiavia,  post  town  and  capital  of  Ge- 
n- ssee  c  unty  New  York  48  miles  west 
frem  Canandaigua,  and  38  miles  east 
from  Buffalce.    it  is  a  thriving  village ; 


B  A  T 


BAT 


population,  including  the  township  of  the 
same  name,  in  1820,  2597. 

JSatvaia,  township  of  Geauga  county 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820  355. 

Batavia,  township  in  Clermont  county 
Ohio.     Popalation  in  1820  1208 

Batca/i,  town  of  M  xico,  in  Yucatan, 
on  the  side  of  the  bay  of  Campeachy. 

Bath,  city  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
has  b  en  famous  from  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans, for  its  hot  springs,  which  are  not 
only  used  as  baths,  but  internally  as  a 
medicine.  The  reputation  of  tht  >e  wa- 
ters las  so  mucli  increas>  d,  that  Bath  is 
become  the  principal  resort,  n(  xt  to  the 
metropolis,  for  the  nobility  and  gentry, 
and  the  constai.t  residenc-  of  mi-ny  opu- 
lent invalids,  as  well  as  cf  numerous  vo- 
tarus  of  dissipation.  In  s])h  odour  and 
el  gancr  of  buildings,  it  exce  ds  every 
towr-  it)  England  ;  tliey  are  constructed  of 
a  white  stone,  and  the  fronts,  which  are 
all  thr  e  stories  high,  are  adorned  with 
three  rows  of  columns  in  pairs  of  the 
Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  orders.  The 
principal  seasons  for  the  waters  ar  -  spring 
and  autumn  Tin  poor  who  om  -  h-  re 
to  drink  tWe  wairrs,  may  be  received  into 
a  magnificent  hospital  Bath  is  seated 
on  the  Avon,  which  has  been  made  na- 
vigable hence  to  Brii^tol :  12  miles  ESE 
of  Bristol,  and  107  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  21  W.  lat.  51  32  N 

Bath,  township  in  Steuben  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  2578. 

Ba(/i,  village  in  Steuben  county,  New 
York  with  a  post-office,  20  miles  N  W  of 
the  P-iinted  Post,  and  40  miles  south  from 
Canandaigua. 

Baih  post-town,  township,  and  port 
of  entry  Lincoln  county  Maine,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kenebec,  34  miles  NE 
from  Portland.  Population  in  1810,  2491, 
and  in  1820,  3026. 

Ba(/i:  township  in  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire.  Pnpulation  in  1810, 
1316,  and  in  1820,   1498. 

Bath,  village  in  Rensallaer  county  New 
York,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson, 
opposite  the  Upper  part  of  Albany. 

Bath,  town  of  Bn-kely  county  Virgin- 
ia, 104  miles  NW  from  Washington. 
Here  are  the  Berkely  springs. 

Bath,  township  in  Medina  county, 
Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  176. 

Baih,  township  in  Greene  county  Ohio. 
Population  in  1810,  913,  and  in  1820, 
1185. 

Bath,  county  of  Virginia,  having  Bot- 
tetourt  and  Monroe  S  Greenbriar  W  ; 
Randolph  NW  ;  P<-ndletnn  NE  ;  A  us- 
ta  E ;  and  Rockbridge  SE.  It  is  45  miles 
in  length  with  a  mean  breadth  of  20 
miles;  and  900  square  miles,    Situated 


in  the  Appalachian  ridges,  the  face  of 
this  county  is  mountainous  ;  the  air  is 
pure  and  healthy  ;  the  soil  in  general 
rather  sti  rde,  though  some  very  produc- 
tive land  lies  along  the  streams.  Chief 
town,  Warren  Springs. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,006 

do.    do.    females         -        -        1,900 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -  49 

Slaves 882 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Frte  white  males 
do.    do.     females 


4,837 


2,012 
1,953 


Total  whites             -        -        -  3,965 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  31 

do.             do.        females,  331 

Slaves,  males            _        _        -  586 

do.  females  _  -  -  616 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -       -        -  6 


Total  population  in  1820  -        5,237 

Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,697 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  84 

do     in  Commerce  -  I2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  nearly. 

Bath  court  house,  post  town  of  Bath 
county,  Virf-inia,  and  the  principal  seat 
of  justice,  50  miles  W  from  Staunton, 
and  227  from  Washifigton. 

Bath  post  towi;  of  Beaufort  county 
North  Carolina,  61  miles  SE  of  Eden- 
ton,  situated  on  Tar  river  24  miles  above 
Pamlicoe  sound     Lat.  35  31  N. 

Bath-  countj'  of  Kentucky,  having  Ni- 
cholas NW  ;  Flemming  NE;  Floyd  SE; 
and  Mi.nlgomery  SW.  It  is  34  miles 
in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  10  ; 
area  340  square  miles.  Chief  town  Ow- 
ingsville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,443 

do.    do.    females  -        -        3,242 


Total  whites             -        .        -  6,685 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  28 

do.           do.        females,  24 

Slaves,  males    -        .        -        -  655 

do.    females          ...  589 

Total  population  in  1820            -  7,961 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture           •  1,865 

77 


B  \  r 


li  A  \ 


Engaged  in  Manufactures       -  178 

do-     in  Commerce  -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  23. 

Bat/ia,  or  Bachia,  town  of  Hungary,  in 
a  county  of  the  saaie  name,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 110  miles  SSE  of  Buda.  Lon.  20 
40  E.  iat.  45  36  N. 

Battel,  town  in  Sussex,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  famous  for  a  decisive  vic- 
tory gained  by  William  I.  over  Harold  in 
1066;  in  memory  of  which  he  founded 
here  a  celebrated  abbey,  which  its  re- 
mains show  to  have  been  a  noble  struc- 
ture. This  town  is  noted  for  a  manufac- 
ture of  gunpowder,  well  known  by  the 
name  of  Battle  powder.  It  is  22  miles  E 
of  L>-wes,  and  57  SE  of  London.  Lon  0 
33  E,  hit  50  55  N. 

liatecola,  fortified  town  on  the  east 
coast  of  Ceylon.  Lon.  81  3  E.  Iat.  5  55 
N. 

Battenburgh,  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  seated  on  the  N  bank  cf  the  Meuse, 
ten  miles  SW  of  Nimuguen.  Lon.  5  33  E. 
Iat  51  43  N. 

Batteraux,  island  in  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  above  Bearded  Island. 

Battersea,  village  in  Surry,  noted  for 
its  fine  asparagus  Near  it  stands  a  dis- 
tillery and  a  curious  horizontal  airmill. 
Here  Sir  Wake'-  St.  John  founded  a 
free-schi,ol ;  aiid  here  is  a  timber  bridge 
over  the  Thames  to  Chelsea.  Batter- 
sea  is  four  miles  WSW  of  London. 

Baton  Rouge,  post  town  of  Louisiana, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Mississippi. 
Herein  the  ascending  the  river  banks  i  ise 
to  any  considerable  height  above  the 
elevation  of  the  water  in  freshets.  It 
is  about  138  miles  above  New  Orleans 
following  the  river.  Here  the  coun- 
try is  finely  improved.  The  town  con- 
tains ab.  ut  60  or  70  houses  and  350  in- 
habitants. 

Baton  Rouge,  east,  parish  of  Louisi- 
ana, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  ht)ving,  that  stream  W  ;  New  Fe- 
liciana N  ;  the  Amiter  iver,  or  St.  He- 
lena E  ;  Iberville  river,  or  St.  Gabriel  S. 
It  is  26  miles  in  length  with  a  mean 
width  of  15 ;  area  400  .square  miles.  Its 
surface  is  rolling  towards  the  north,  but 
becomes  generally  level  to  the  southward. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  in  its  natural  state 
covered  with  a  dense  forest.  Staple, 
cotton.    Chief  town  Baton  Rouge. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,407 

do.    do.    females  -        -        1,193 

Total  whites             -        -        -  2,600 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  49 

do.            do.        females.  8.^ 
78 


Slaves,  males           -        -        -  1,074 

do.    females         _        _        .  1,002 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -  412 


Total  population  in  1820  -        5,220 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  55 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  1,612 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  153 

do.     in  Commerce            -  81 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Baton  Rouge,  west,  parish  of  Louisi- 
ana, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
opposite  east  Baton  Rouge,  having  the 
Mississippi  river  E ;  Plaquemine  river, 
or  St.  Gabriel  SE ;  Atchafalaya  river 
SW  and  W ;  and  Pointe  Coupee  N.  It 
is  30  milt  s  in  length  by  25  mean  width ; 
area  750  square  miles.  Its  surface  a 
dead  alluvial  plain,  extremely  fertile,  but 
except  near  the  margin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  some  other  streams,  liable  to 
annual  submersion.     Staple,  cotton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  503 

do.    do.    females  -        -  405 

Tot.al  whites            -        -        -  908 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  63 

do.            do.        females,  61 

Slaves,  males    .        -        -        -  734 

do.    females          -        -        -  569 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2^335 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  16 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -           833 

do.     in  Manufactures  ~               8 

do.    in  Commerce  -               7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3.  This 
population  is  however  confined  in  great 
part  to  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Haltle field,  village  in  Shropshire,  five 
miles  N  of  Shrewsbury,  where  the  de- 
cisive victory  was  gained  by  Henry  IV. 
over  Henry  Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur. 

Battleioivn,  post  town  of  Frederick 
county,  Virginia,  11  miles  E  by  N  from 
Stevensburg,  six  E  from  Winchester,  and 
16  NW  of  Washington. 

Batturc  Grand,  on  the  Ottawa  river, 
below  the  Portage  du  Chene.  Upper 
Canada. 

Batuculla,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Ca- 
nara,  with  iwo  mosques,  and  upwards  of 
seventy  ten^ples.  It  is  seated  near  the 
mouth  fjf  the  Sancada,  which  waters  a 
beautiful  valley,  27  miles  NNW  of  Kun- 
dapura. 

Bavaria,  late  circle  and  electorate  of 


B  A  V 


B  A  \ 


Germany,  now  a  kingdom.  It  is  bound- 
ed NE  and  S  by  the  Austrian  empire ; 
W  by  VVittemburg  and  Baden  ;  and  N  by 
several  Germaii  states.  It  contains  Ba- 
varia Prnper.  the  Upper  Palatinate,  the 
bishopricks  oi  Freissingen  and  Passau ; 
the  duchy  of  Npuburg,  and  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Saltzburg,  and  some  other  states, 
■with  35  cities,  94  towns,  753  castles, 
4700  villages,  8  great  abbeys,  and  75 
cloisters  and  monasteries,  besides  those 
of  the  mendicants ;  comprehending  in 
all  a  superficial  area  of  32,000  English 
square  miles.a  population  of  3,560,000 and 
a  revenue  of  2,600,000/  Among  the  nu- 
merous revolutions  which  the  power  of 
France  has  brought  about  on  the  Conti- 
nent, this  electorate  has  assumed  its  an- 
cient regal  honours,  having  been  erected 
into  a  kingdom  by  Napolean  Buonaparte 
who  has  nearly  doubled  her  territory  at 
the  expense  of  Austria,  and  was  acknow- 
ledged an  independent  kingdom  by  the 
emperor  of  Austria,  at  the  treaty  of 
peace  concluded  between  Austria  and 
France,  at  Presburg,  in  1805,  and  since 
that  by  the  European  powers.  The  po- 
licy of  France,  was  admirably  directed 
in  this  measure  to  its  own  interest,  by 
reducing  the  dangerous  power  of  Aus- 
tria, and  establishing  a  useful  ally  on 
that  important  side  of  the  French  terri- 
tories. But  notwithstanding,  the  king  of 
Bavaria  withdrew  his  troops  from  those 
of  France,  and  joined  the  Grand  Alliance 
against  that  empire,  in  October,  1813,  on 
condition  of  their  guaranteeing  the  inte- 
grity of  his  dominions.  The  accession 
which  Bavaria  received  to  support  this 
regal  dignity,  has  been  the  incorporation 
of  the  whole  of  the  German  and  Italian 
Tyrol,  the  bishopric  of  Anspach,  with 
several  other  large  bishoprics  and  lord- 
ships in  Germany ;  and  all  claims  to  fiefs 
and  manorial  rights  the  emperor  has  re- 
signed. The  inhabitnnts  are  strong  and 
laborious  and  exercise  themselves  in 
shooting  with  rifle  muskets  at  a  mark, 
to  render  themselves  expert  against  an 
enemy. 

Bavaria  Proper,  late  duchy,  and  the 
principal  part  of  the  late  circle  of  Bavaria. 
It  is  125  miles  long  and  87  broad,  and  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Bavaria. 
Toward  the  S  the  country  is  mountainous, 
intersected  with  forests,  lakes,  morasses 
pastures :  and  toward  the  N  are  large 
plains  which  produce  plenty  of  corn  ;  there 
arc  likewise  many  salt  v/orks,  medicinal 
springs  and  balhs,  mines  of  copper,  silver, 
and  lead,  and  quarries  of  excellent  marble. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Danube,  Inn, 
Iser,  and  Nab.  The  inhabitants  are  deem- 
ed the  most  zealous  catholics  in  Europe, 
Tlie  capital  is  Munich. 


Bavaria,  Palatinate  of,  late  duchy,  some* 
times  c.lled  JVordgmt,  trim  its  situauon  in 
the  N  part  of  the  lait-  circle  oi  Bavaria  ; 
and  somevi^ies^the  Upper  Falatinntes,  dis- 
tiiigaisii  ii  irom  ihp  la  e  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  often  called  the  L.)wer  Palatit'ate. 
It  IS  verv  ter.ile,  and  watered  by  the  Nub, 
and  several  smaller  rivers.  The  capital  is 
Amberg. 

Bavaif,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord.  It  was  taken  by  the  Aus- 
trians,  in  1792,  but  recovered  the  same 
year.  It  is  six  miles  NE  of  Quesnoy,  and 
12  SW  of  Mons. 

Baiige,  town  sif  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  sei^ted  on  the  Coes- 
nsn,  18  miies  E  of  Angers. 

Beiigenci,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lo.re,  and  late  province  of  Orlea- 
nois,  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  Loire.  It  is  famous  for  its  wines, 
and  is  six  miles  W  of  Orleans. 

Baugkman,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Ohio.     Poptilation  in  1820,  553. 

Baiime-les-Ji'ones,  town  of  France,  in  ihe 
department  of  Daubs  and  lale  province  of 
Tranche  Comte.  It  had  before  'he  French 
revolution  a  rich  nunnery,  from  which  it 
received  its  appellation.  Baume  is  15 
miles  SW  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6  24  E.  lat. 
47  24  N. 

Bausk  or  BaiUko,  small  but  important 
town  of  Courland,  on  the  frontiers  of  Po- 
land, with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Musza,  15  miles  SE  of  Mittau. 
Lon.  23  56  E.  lat.  56  30  N 

Bautzen,  considerable  town  of  Germany 
and  capital  of  Upper  Lusatia,  with  a  strong 
citadel.  It  stands  on  the  river  Spree,  50 
miles  E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14  42  E  lat.  51 
ION. 

Bajix, tovin  of  France,  In  the  department 
of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Pi'ovence.  It  is  built  upon  a  r<ick, 
at  the  top  of  which  is  a  strong  castle  10 
miles  E  by  N  of  Aries.  Lon.  4  57  E.  lat. 
43  43  N. 

Baivtry,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Idle,  seven  miles  S  by 
E  of  Doncaster,  and  152  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  10  W.  lat.  53  27  N. 

Bat/azid,  strong  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
in  Armenia,  143  E  from  Ar.^roum. 

Bai/a  or  Baja,  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
on  the  Danube,  32  miles  N  of  Esseck.  Lon. 
19  59  E.  lat.  46  12  N. 

Bayeitx,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, once  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Aui'e,  four  miles  from  the 
Eni^-llsh  channel,  and  140  W  by  N  of  Paris. 
Loii.  0  43  W.lat.  49  16  N. 

Bayon,  town  of   France,  in  the   depart' 
ment  of  Meurtheand  late  province  of  Lovj 
79 


B  E  A 


li  E  A 


rain,  on  the  river  Moselle,  12  miles  S  of 
Nanci.     Lon.  6  22  E,  lal.  49  38  N 

Bayon,  or  liayona,  se.'port  town  of  Spain, 
in  Ga  lic.a,  situ  ted  on  .i  small  guli  of  the 
Atlantic,  12  mi.es  W  of  Tuy.  Lon.  8  34 
VV,L'.42  ON. 

Bayonne,  a  populous  and  commercial  city 
of  Fiance,  in  the  dep.trtment  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  G  scony, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Adour 
wliicli  forms  a  good  harbour.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  three  parts.  There  is  a  commun'- 
caiion  between  lhe-;e  different  parts  by  a 
bridge.  The  Nive  imd  Adour,  unite  tlicir 
streams  in  the  middle  of  this  city,  and  pro- 
ceed to  the  sea,  ;it  the  distance  of  a  qtiarter 
of  a  league.  The  citadel  is  the  strongest 
in  Fr.mce.  The  military  weapon,  the  bay- 
onet, bears  t!ie  nan";e  of  tins  city,  in  which 
it  wa>.  ir,vented  The  hams  aid  chocolate 
of  B»)onne  ar:  famous.  It  is  25  miles  S\V 
of  Dax,  and  425  S  by  W  of  Pans.  Lon.  1 
20  W.  1  X.  4  5  29  N. 

Bazas,  town  of  Fr.ince,  in  the  department 
of  Girond.- and  late  province  ofGnienne, 
and  !a  e!y  an  episcopal  see.  Lon.  0  2  W. 
lat.  44  22  N. 

Bazetta,  town.-hip  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  196. 

Beach  Island,  township  in  Hancock 
county,  Maine.  Population  in  1810,  4,  and 
in  1820,  8. 

Beachyhead,  promontory  on  the  coast  of 
Sussex,  between  Has'ings  and  Shoreham, 
where  the  French  fleet  defeated  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  in  1690.  Lon.  0  19  E.  lat. 
50  54  N. 

Beacomsfiehl,  town  in  Biicks,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday  The  Poet  Waller  died 
here,  and  is  interred  in  tlie  ciiurch-yard,  as 
is  likewise  the  late  Edmund  Muike  who 
resided  here.  It  is  23  miles  WNW  of 
London.     Lon.  0  30  W.  lat.  51   36  N. 

Beami/ister,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  Beri, 
15  miles  WNW  of  Dorchester,  and  138  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  W.  lat.  50  50 
N. 

Bearded  Is/and,  in  tlie  river  St.  Lavv- 
rence,  above  lake  St.  Francis. 

Bearjield,  township  in  Perry  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1S20,  428. 

Bear  creek-,  small  branch  of  Tennessee, 
which  gains  importance  from  being  for  a 
short  space  the  boundary  between  the 
states  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

Bear  creek,  also  another  inconsiderable 
stream,  running  into  the  western  side  of 
Miami  river  in  Montgomery  county  Ohio. 

Bear  Gap,  small  post  village  of  North- 
umberland county,  Pen^,sylv.^nia. 

Bear  Lnhe,  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
Mississippi,  about  lat.  48  20  N. 

Beard's  creek,  in  Georgia,  a  small  brancli 
of  Alatamahah  river,  in  Liberty  coiintv. 
80 


Beard'' s  Mill,  post  office,  Rowan  county, 
Npnh  f;arolina. 

Bearn,  late  province  of  France,  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Bigorre,  on  the  S  by  Spanish 
Ntvarre,  on  the  W  by  Saule  and  a  part  of 
Lower  Navarre,  and  on  the  N  by  Gascony 
and  \rmagnac.  It  now  forms  with 
Basques,  the  department  of  the  Lower  Py- 
renees. 

Beattie's  Ford,  post  office  of  L'ncoln 
county,  Nortli  Carolina. 

Beaucaire,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard  on  the  Rhone,  opposite 
Tarascon,  with  which  it  has  a  communica- 
tion by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  is  10  miles 
E  of  Nismes.     Lon,  4  39  E.  lat.  43  50  N. 

Beauce,  late  province  of  France,  be- 
tween the  Isle  of  France,  Blasois,  and  Or- 
leanois.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Eure   md  Loire. 

Beanchamois  Me,  in  the  north-easterly 
part  of  lake  Superior,  not  a  great  way  from 
the  shore,  and  eastward  of  Isle  Hocquart. 

Beauclere,  port  in  an  island  on  the  NW 
coast  of  America.  Lat.  56  17  N.  Ion.  W 
C  56  37  AV. 

Beaufort,  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  contaitiing  about  100 
houses.  It  is  15  miles  E  of  Angers.  Lon. 
0  9  W.  lat.  47  26  N. 

Beaufort,  strong  town  of  Savoy,  in  Italy 
on  the  river  Oron,  12  miles  NE  of  Mon- 
stier.     Lon.  6  28  E.  lat.  45  50  N.  _ 

Beaufort,  district  in  South  Carolina,  con- 
t.iiinng  four  parishes,  havmg  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  SE  ;  Savannah  river  SW  ;  Barnwell 
NW ;  and  Combahee  river,  or  Codeton 
district  NE.  It  is  60  miles  in  length,  by  a 
mean  width  of  30  miles,  or  18000  square 
miles.  Chief  towns  Beaufort  and  Coosa- 
hatchie.  Tliis  is  a  maritime  district,  and 
has  a  considerable  proportion  of  light  'and  ; 
the  rest  yields  pretty  good  crops  of  cotton, 
Indian  corn,  rice  and  indigo. 

Papulation  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         -         -         -  2,491 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,301 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ...        -  181 

Slaves 20,914 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


25,887 


-  2,248 

Total  whites                  -         -         -  4679 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  100 

do.             do.        females  -  81 

Slaves,  males       .         -         -         -  13,635 

do.     fem-ales    .        -        -         -  13,704 


Total  population  in  1820 


52,199 


B  E  A 

Of  these  ; 

J'oreigners  not  naturalized  •           18 

Engaged  in  Agriculture          -  -    15,409 

do.     in  Manufactures  -          168 

do.     in  Commerce          -  -           59 

Population  to  the  square  mile  18  nearly. 

Beaufort,  seaport,  and  post  to'.vn  of 
Be  lufoit  district,  South  Carohna.  on  P  Tt 
Royal  Island,  75  miles  S  from  Charleston,. 
and  53  N  from  Savan  lah.  its  harbour  is 
deep  and  spacious.  H'-r-  .is  a  chartered 
college,  but  in  a  languishmg  sta'e.  Pre- 
sent population  about  1000  Shipping  in 
1815,  upwards  of  1500  ions.  Lat  32  25 
N.  Ion.  3  30  W. 

Beaufort,  county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Newbern  district:  !iavi;i:r  Craven  SW; 
Pitt  NVV;  Martin  and  W  .shington  N:  and 
Hyde,  and  Pamllcoe  E.  Leiigtli  40  miles, 
mean  breadth  17  ;  area  670.  It  is  general- 
ly level.     Chief  town  Batli. 


Population 'in  1810. 

Free  whites,  males 
do.     do.     females 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

Slaves         -         -         .        - 

Total  population  in  1810. 


2,154 
2,215 

266 

2,503 

7,203 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  niales         ... 

2,914 

do.    do.  females 

2,955 

Total  whites        .        -         .         . 

5.869 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

156 

do,               do.      females  - 

170 

Slaves,  males        -         -         .         . 

1,951 

do.    females              -         .         - 

1,751 

Total  population  in  1820 

9,900 

1 

2,855 
239 
■  97 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Eng.aged  in  Agricidture 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  10 

Beaufort,  seaport  town  and  capital  of  Ca- 
teret  county.  North  Carolina,  on  (Jore 
sound  44  miles  S  from  NeA  bern.  Vessels 
drawing  14  feet  water  can  ascend  to  this 
place.  It  is  well  situated  to  become  an  ex- 
tensive depot  of  trade  ;  and  it  is  proposed, 
to  connect  its  sound  with  the  Neuse,  Tar, 
and  R')anoke  rivers.  Its  present  popula- 
tion about  500  shipping  in  1815,  exceeded 
1530  tons.  Lat.  34  40  N.  due  south  from 
WC. 

Beaujeii,  town  of  France,  in]  the  depart- 
ment of  .'Rhone  and   Loire,  and  late    pro- 
vince of  Lyonois,  with  an  old  castle.      It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Ardicre,  at  the  foot  of 
L 


13  E  A 

a  mountain,  eight  miles  W  of  Saone.    Lon. 
4  40  E  lat.  46  9  VV. 

Beaumarin,  county  town  of  Anglesey  witii 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Sa  urdiy. 
It  is  g  -verned  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  one 
meinher  to  parliament.  It  is  59  miles  W 
by  N  of  Chester,  and  241  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  4  15  W.  lat   5:^  15  N 

Beaumont,  t')wn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  :he  Nortii  and  late  French 
Ha  nauU.  It  wa-.  ceded  to  'tie  French  in 
1684,  and  taken  by  the  Englisii  in  1691, 
wh  1  ble^v  up  t  le  castle.  Ii  is  s^-atfed  be- 
tween the  M  ese  and  Sambre,  10  miles  E 
of  Maub^ugp.      Lon  4  19  E  lat.  50  12  N. 

Beaumont  de  Lomagne,  town  o*  France 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Gar  nnj,  on 
llie  Gim  ne,  five  inile  fro.Ti  the  mouth  of 
that  rive  ■,  a'ld  12  SE  of  Lectoure. 

Bemimont  le- Roger,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  L  wer  Seine  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  22  miles  SW  of 
Rouen.  Lon.  0  56  E.  lat.  49  7  N. 

Beaumont-Ie-Vicotnte,  town  of  France,  in 
the  dep  rtment  of  Sarte,  and  lat  province 
of  Maine,  10  miles  N  of  Mans  Lon.  0  12 
E,  la  .  48  4  N. 

Beaumont-sur-Oise,  town  of  France,  in 
the  dep  atment  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late 
province  of  the  isle  of  France,  seated  on 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Oise, 
which  has  a  bridge,  20  miles  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  26  E.  lat.  42  9  N. 

Bcaune.  town  of  France  in  the  departr 
ment  of  C5ote  d'Or  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its  excellent 
win.'.  It  is  25  miles  SW  of  D  jon.  Lon. 
4  47  E.  lat.  47  0  N, 

Bennport,  seigniory,  Quebec  county. 
Lower  Canada,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mont- 
morenci  river,  on  the  north  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

Benuriyage,  river  of  Lower  Canada,  en- 
ters tile  dhaudiere,  about  four  miles  above 
its  mouth. 

Beanvois  episcopal  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Oise  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France.  It  was  besieged  in 
1452,  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  when  the 
women,  under  the  conduct  of  Jeanne  Ha- 
chette,  forced  the  duke  to  raise  the  seige  ; 
and  in  memory  of  their  exploits,  they  used 
to  walk  first  in  a  proce.-sion  on  the  lOlh  of 
Jidy,  the  anniversary  of  their  deliverance. 
It  iri  seattd  on  the  river  Thesin,  42  miles 
N  ot  Paris.     Lon.  2  5  E.  49  26  N. 

Bdauvoir-siir-Mnr,  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Vendee  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poiton,  25  miles  SW  of  Nantes. 
Lon.l  54  V»^  lat.  46  53  N. 

Beaver  Creek,  rises  in  the  townsiiip  of 
Caistor,  Upper  Canada,  and  running 
through  part  of  Giinsborough,  etnpties  it- 
self into  Welland,  to  which  river  it  runs 
close,  and  nearly  parallel,  for  ulmost  four 
miles,  before  its  discharge, 
81 


B  E  A 


BEG 


Beaver  Creek,  in  the  township  of  Hum- 
berstone,  runs  into  lake  Erie,  west  of 
Kow's  Point,  Upper  Canada. 

Beaver  Creek,  runs  into  laise  Superior, 
on  the  north  side,  between  river  Aupie  and 
river  Rouge,  Upper  Canada. 

Beaver  Creek,  or  Bi^'lBeaver.  See  Afa- 
'honing: 

Beaver  Creek,  usually  called  Little  Bea- 
ver, to  distinguish  it  from  the  large  stream 
above-mentioned,  is  an  excellent  mill 
stream  in  Columbiana  county,  Ohio  rising  in 
the  northern  parts  of  that  county,  and  after 
running  generally  in  a  southeastwardly  di- 
rection 30  miles,  falls  into  the  Ohio  river 
just  within  the  borders  of  Pennsylvania. 
it  affords  a  vast  number  of  excellent  mill 
seats  ;  many  of  which  are  already  improv- 
ed.  And  among  numerous  others,  are  two 
paper'mills';  beside  several  forges  and  fur- 
naces. 

Beaver  Creek,  handsome  mill  stream  in 
Clark  county,  running  northwardly  into 
Buck  creek,  a  little  distance  above  Spring- 
field. 

Beaver  Creek,  name  of  a  creek  running 
into  the  west  side  6f  little  Miami  river,  in 
Green  county. 

Beaver  Creek,  also  the  name  of  a  town- 
ship situated  on  the  above  stream,  in  Green 
county.     Population  in  1820,  384. 

Beaver,  township  of  Green  coyntv  Ohio. 
Population  in  1810,  799,  and  in  1820,  757. 

Beaver  River,  empties  itself  into  the 
Narrows,  a  little  below  the  Falls  of  St. 
Mary's  running  from  north  to  south,  Up- 
per Canada 

Beaver,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on  both 
sides  of  Ohio  river,  having  part  of  the  state 
of  Ohio  W ;  Mercer  N  ;  Butler  E  ;  Alle- 
gany SE  ;  and  Washington  S.  It  is  about 
40  miles  in  length  along  the  state  of  Ohio, 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  15  miles  ;  area  600 
square  miles ;  features  hilly  and  broken  ; 
soil  generally,  however,  fertile,  and  well 
wooded  and  watered.    Chief  town  Beaver, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        6,192 

do.  do.  females  •  -  -  5,393 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  7*5 

Slaves  ....  8 


15,o4u 


92 

2,585 

474 

19 


Total  population  In  1810.  12,168 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  7,802 

do.  do.    females     -        -        -  7,432 

Total  whites               ...  15,234 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  56 

do.               do.       females  45 

Slaves,  males              ...  i 

do.  females            ...  4 

82 


Total  population  in  1820. 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  25^7. 

Beaver,  big;  Beaver  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia. Population  in  1810, 702,  and  in  1820, 
742. 

Beaver,  township  in  Crawford  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  236, 
and  in  1820,  419. 

Beaver,  township,  in  Union  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  2036. 

Beaver,  borough  township  in  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
426,  and  in  1820,  351. 

Beaver  Dam,  township,  in  Erie,  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  142. 

Beaver,  Little,  township  in  Beaver  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1379,  and  in  1820,  1144: 

Beaver,  JVorth,  township  in  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
932,  and  in  1820,  1206. 

Beaver,  South,  township  in  Beaver  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1331,  and  in  1820,  800. 

Beaver,  small  town,  Crawford  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Beaver,  post  town,Northumberland  coun- 
ty, 51  miles  NW  from  Harrisburg. 

Beaver,  the  southeasternmost  township 
of  Pike  county.     Population  in  1820, 525. 

Beaver,  trifling  creek,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Huron  county,  running  northward- 
ly into  lake  Erie. 

Beaver,  township  of  Columbiana  county. 
Population  in  1810,  483,  and  in  1820,  639, 

Beaver,  the  southeasternmost  township 
of  Guernsey  countv.  Population  in  1820, 
556. 

Bebelingiten,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
dwchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  a  lake, 
from  which  runs  tlie  river  ^A  orm,  10  miles 
NW  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  2  E.  lat,  48  58  N. 

Bee,  town  oi'  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy.    Lon.  0.52  E.  lat. 49  14  N 

Becancour,  river  of  Lower  Canada,  en- 
ters the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  river  St.  Maurice.  Its  sources  eft- 
terlock  with  those  of  the  Cliaudiere. 

Beccaria,  township  in  Clearfield  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  236. 

Becket,  post  town  of  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  head  of  Westfield 
river,  17  miles  SE  from  Lenox,  and  25  W 
from  Northampton. 

Beckhamsville,  post  town,  Chester  dis- 
trict. South  Carolma,  on  the  Wateree,  32 
miles  NW  from  Camden, 


BED 


BED 


Beekmansville,  post  town,  Schoharie 
county,  New  York, 

Seekmantoxvn,  townsliip  in  Clinton  coun- 
ty, New  Yort.      Population  in  1820,  1343. 

Bedding-ton,  town  of  Maine,  Washington 
county,  near  the  source  of  Pleasant  river, 
35  miles  NW  by  W  from  Machias. 

Bsccles,  town  in  Suffolk,  on  the  naviga- 
ble  rivei'  Waveney,  with  a  market  on  Sa- 
turday. It  has  a  noble  church,  with  a  lof- 
ty steeple  ;  and  two  free  schools,  one  of 
them  with  ten  scholarships  for  Emanuel 
College,  Cambridge.  It  is  12  miles  SW 
of  Yarmouth,  and  108  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  45  E.  lat.  52  36  N. 

Bec-'d:4rieuT,  or  Bedarieux,  town  of 
France,  in  the  province  of  Herault  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  on  the  river  Obe, 
20  miles  N  of  Beziers.  Lon.  3  20  E.  lat. 
43  32  N. 

Bec/iin,  town  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
river  Lausnics,  55  miles  S  of  Prague.  Lon. 
14  53  E.  lat.  49  13  N. 

Becket,  township  in  Berkshire  and  slate 
of  Massachusetts,  about  1"0  miles  W  of 
Boston.  Population  in  1810, 1028,  and  in 
1820,  984. 

BecJcitm,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  situated  at  the  source 
of  the  river  Nerse,  22  miles  SE  of  Munster. 
Lon.  BSE.  lat.  51  44  N. 

Becsangil,  province  of  Asia,  in  Natolia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Black  Sea,  on  the 
W  by  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  on  the  S  by 
Proper  Natolia,  and  on  the  E  by  the  pro- 
vince of  Uolii.  It  was  anciently  called  Bithy- 
cia.     The  capital  is  Bursa. 

Bed^l,  town  in  the  north  riding  of  York- 
shire, through  which  passes  a  Roman 
causeway.  It  is  10  miles  SE  of  Hiclimond, 
and  220  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W 
lat.  54  20  N. 

Beddington,  village  near  Croyden,  iri  Sur- 
ry. Here  is  Beddington  Park,  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  Carews,  one  of  the  many  said  to 
have  been  the  residence  ofqueen  Elizabetli, 
The  church  is  a  Gothic  pile,  with  stalls  in 
the  aisles,  like  a  cathedral. 

Beden,  or  Beding,  village  in  Sussex,  13 
miles  W  of  Lewes,  near  a  river  of  its  own 
name,  which  runs  into  the  English  chan- 
nel at  New  Shoreham. 

Beder,  fortified  city  of  the  Deccan  of 
Ilindoostan,  in  Dowlatabad,  once  the  capi- 
tal of  a  considerable  kingdom.  It  is  80 
miles  NW  of  Hydrabad,  Lon.  78  0  E.  lat. 
17  ON. 

Bedford,  borough,  and  a  county  town  of 
Bediordshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts 
by  the  Ouse,  over  whicti  there  is  a  bridge 
with  a  gate  at  each  end.  It  has  five 
churches,  and  formerly  had  a  s'.rong  castle, 
whose  site  is  now  a  bowling  green.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  sends  two  me nbers 
to  parliament,  and  is  27  m.il°s  E  by  N  of 


Buckingham,  and  50  N  by  W  of  I^ondon; 
Lon.  0  30  W.  lat.  52  13  N. 

Bedford,  township  in  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
1296,  and  in  1820, 1375. 

Bedford,  townsliip  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  592, 
and  in  1820,  648. 

Bedford,  township  in  Westchester  coun- 
ty. New  York.     Population  hi  1820,  2432, 

Bedford,  village  with  a  post  office,  in 
West  Chester  county.  New  York,  about  35 
miles  northeastwardly  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  has  about  2400  inhabitants. 

Bedford,  boroughj  and  capital,  of  Bed- 
ford countv,  Pennsylvania,  about  189  miles 
W  of  Phila'delphia,  91  E  byS  of  Pittsburg, 
and  150  NWfrom  Washington.  The  situation 
of  this  town  is  extremely  romantic,  being 
surrounded  by  mountains.  It  is  now  much 
frequented  in  the  summer  season  on  ac- 
count of  the  mineral  springs  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. Population  in  1810,  547,  and  in 
1820,  789.  The  county  was  divided  from 
Cumberland,  and  Bedford  erected  into  a 
county  town,  March,  1771 .  It  has  a  post 
office  and  about  730  inhabitants. 

Bedford,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  having 
Maryland  S  ;  Somerset  W  ;  Cambria  NW  ; 
Huntingdon  NE  ;  and  FrankHn  SE. 
Length  52  ;  mean  breadth,  about  31  ;  1600 
square  miles  ;  swrface  extremely  diversifi- 
ed by  mountains,  hills,  and  valleys ;  soil 
equally  varied  ;  in  general  rocky  and  bar- 
ren in  the  mountains  but  fertde  and  well- 
watered  in  the  valleys.  Staples  grain,  flour, 
whiskey,  and  salted  provisions.  It  is  very 
productive  in  excellent  iron,  and  possesses 
some  mineral  coal.  The  springs  near  Bed- 
ford have  became  a  place  of  fashionable  re- 
sort in  the  months  of  July,  August  and 
September.     Cliieftown  Bedford, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         8,035 

do.  do.  females  .  .  -  7,590 
All   other  free  persons  except  In. 

dians  not  taxed        ...  120 

Slaves 1 


Total  population  in  1810    • 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females     - 


15,746 


10,312 
9,590 


Total  whites       ....  19,902 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  171 

do.            do.        females  170 

Slaves,  males      ...  2 

do,    females           ...  3 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Encaged  in  Agriculture 

83 


20,248 


4,35c 


BED 


B  K  D 


Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  905 

do.        in  Comnii.-rce       -        -  41 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Bedford,  township  in  Bedford  county, 
Pen■■s^  Ivania  PrJpulatiun  in  1810,  1342, 
and  I.  1820,  1321. 

Bedford,  JVew,  town  of  M-.-sacl-msetts, 
in  Bristol  county,  situ^.tf  a:  the  1  ead  of  na- 
vigiiiion  on  Acci'-hnet  rivirr,  58  mile-  S  by 
V.  of  B  st..n.  .  Popniati  n  'W  1820,  3947. 
Lon.  W  C  6  58  E  lat.  42  41  N.  see  JXew 
Bedford. 

Bedford,  counly  of  Virjrinia,  having 
Frai.kin  SW ;  Boitetourt  W  and  NW; 
RuckbiiilKe  N  ;  Amherst  NE  ;  Campbeil 
SE  ;  and  Pittsylvania  S.  I  is  30  miies  m 
length  b\  .<  mean  breadth  of  22  ;  area  660 
square  miles  separated  by  the  Blue  Rulge 
from  Botiei'  urt  county,  a  part  of  Bedford 
is  m:)untkinous  ;  it  is  \i\  gener.l,  howevtr, 
billy,  and  moderately  fertile.  S'aples  to- 
bacco and  grain.     Ciiief  town,  Liberty. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...         5,033 

do.  do.  females  -  r  -  4,696 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 212 

Slaves 6,147 


Total  population  in  1810 
Poptilation  in  1820. 


16,088 


Free  white  mal  s        -         - 
do.  do.  females     - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  mal 
do.                 do.     fem 
Slaves;  males      .        .        - 
do.    females 

es 
ales 

5,573 
5,383 

10,953 

153 
158 

4,102 
3,929 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

19,305 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commeice 

7 

5,948 

351 

36 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Bedford,  county  of  West  Tennessee  on 
Duck  river,  having  Maury  W  :  Williamson 
NW  ;  Rutherford  N  ;  Warren  NE  ;  Frank- 
lin SE  ;  Lincoln  S.  Length  35  miles ; 
mean  width  25 ;  area  875  square  miles ; 
surface  rolhng.  Staples  cotton  and  small 
grain.     Chief  town  Shelbyvllle. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whitts,  males  -  -        3,697 

do.      do.     females  -         -         3,360 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed        .....  5 

Slaves         -        .        -      ■  .        -        1,180 


Total  population  in  1810 


8,242 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...       6,327 
do.  do.     females     -        -        -       6,007 

Tctal  whites       ....  12,334 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  49 

do.            do.        females     .  33 

Slaves,  m.les        ...         -  1,952 

do,     females             -         -         -  1,638 

Total  population  in  1820  -       16,006 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  2 

Enga^^ed  in  Agriculture                -  2,307 

do.       in  Mannf.ictures              -  137 

do.        in  Commerce         -          .  15 

Population  to  ifie  square  mile,  18. 

Bedford  Level,  tract  of  fenny  land,  ^ 
about  S'JO  0  0  acres,  in  the  counties  of  t' 
Ni.rfclk,  Sufli'k,  Camb  idge,  Hunting- 
don, Nortliampton,  and  Lincoln.  After 
various  attem])ls  to  drain  these  fens,  in 
the  reign  of  H  nry  VI.,  and  Charks  I, 
William,  earl  of  Bradford,  in  1649,  un- 
dertook and  comph  ted  it ;  and,  in  the 
reign  of  CharUs  II.  a  corporation  was 
established  for  the  governmmt  of  this 
great  level.  In  thtse  fens  are  several 
decoys,  in  which  innumerable  quantities 
of  wild  fowls  are  taken  during  the  sea- 
son. 

Bedfordnh  re,  couniy  of  England,  boun- 
ded on  the  SE  by  Huntingfordshire,  E 
by  Cambridgeshire,  SE  by  Hertfordshire, 
SW  by  Buckinghamshire,  and  NW  by 
Northamptonshire.  Its  utmost  length  is 
35  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth,  22, 
containing  260,000  acres.  It  is  divided 
into  9  hundreds,  and  124  parishes :  and 
has  10  market  towns.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  it  in  1801,  was  63,393, 
1811.  was  70,213  ;  and  in  1821,  83,716; 
population  to  the  square  mile  206;  sends 
4  members  to  parliament.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Ouse  and  the  Ivel.  Its 
chief  products  are  corn,  butter  and  ful- 
lers earth  ;  its  manufactures,  lace,  straw 
hats,  baskets,  ar.d  toys. 

Bedminsler,  township  in  Bucks  coun- 
tv,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
n99,  and  in  1820,  1248. 

Bedminster,  township  in  Somerset 
county.  New  .fersey.  Population  in  1810, 
1312,  and  in  1820,  1393. 

Bednore,  or  Hidanore,  town  in  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore.  It 
is  452  miles  SE  of  Bombay,  and  187  NW 
of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  14 
ON 

Bedouins,  modern  name  of  the  wild 
Arabs,  who  live  in  tents,  and  are  dis- 
jjersed  all  over  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  the 
North  of  Africa,  governed  by  their  own 
chiefs,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pa- 


BEL 


P.  E  I. 


triarchs  were  formerly  ;  their  piiiicipal 
employment  is  the  grazing  of  cattle. 

Hedwin,  Great,  borough  in  Wiltshire, 
by  prescription  which  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  live  miles  6W 
of  Hungerford,  and  71  W  of  London. 
Lon.  133  VV.lat.  512JN. 

Beekman,  township  in  Dutchess  coun- 
ty, New  York.  Population  in  1820,  4257. 
Beelin's  ferry,  post  village  of  Cum- 
berland county  Pennsylvania. 

Beemali,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  to  the  N  of  Poo- 
nah,  and  flows  SE  upward  of  300  miles 
till  it  joins  the  Kistna,  near  Edghir. 

Beering  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  about  90  miles  long  and  oO  wide 
30  leagues  E  of  Kamschatka.  Lon.  166 
30  E  lat.  55  30  N. 

Beering,  or  Bhering's  Slrait,' the  nar- 
row sea  between  the  VV  coast  of  N. 
America,  and  the  east  coa^l  ol  Asia. 
It  is  13  k'dgues  wide,  in  the  narrowest 
part,  between  the  capes  Prince  of  Wales 
and  Tchukotskdi. 

fieering's,  formerly  Admirality  Bay, 
NVV  coast  of  North  America.  Lon.  W  C. 
62  W  lat.  59  20  N. 

Bcering's  Island,  m  the  sea  of  Kam- 
schatka, or  North  Pacific  ocean.  Ou 
this  is  and  on  November  5it\  1741,  the 
worthy  but  unfortunate  captain  Beering, 
the  discoverer  of  the  straits  which  bear 
his  name  was  wrtcked,  and  ><n  which  he 
died  the  8t!i  of  the  following  December. 
Lon.  163  E  London,  lat.  53  N. 

Befort,  small  but  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  28  miles  W  of  Basil.  Lon.  6 
54  E.  lat.  47  36  N. 

Begia,  or  Beggia,  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Lunis,  with  a  strong  cas 
tK-,  on  the  declivity  of  a  niountain,  65 
miles  W  of  Tunis-  Lon.  11  30  E.  lat.  36 
42  N._ 

Beja,  town  of  Pnrtugal,  in  A'cntejo, 
in  a  fruitful  plain,  near  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  72  miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  40 
W.  lat.  37  28  N. 

Beic/ilingen,  town  in  Germany,  in  Thu- 
ringia,  17  miles  N  of  Wicmar.  Lon.  1150 
E.  lat.  51  22  N. 

Beira,  province  of  Portugal,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Tra-los-Muntes  and  Entre- 
Duero-e-Minho,  on  the  S  by  Portuguese 
Estramadura,  on  the  E  by  the  Spanish 
provhice  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Atlantic. 

Belcastro,  t  pi  copal  town  in  Naples, 
in  Calabrio  Ulteriore,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, eight  iiules  from  the  sea,  and  12 
SW  of  San  Severino.  Lon.  17  5  E:  lat. 
39  6  N. 

Bflckerro7i,  post  town  of  Hampshire 


county,  Massachusetts,  15  miles  W  by  N 
of  Brookfield,  the  same  distance  E  by  S 
of  Northampton,  and  about  80  W  of  Bos- 
ton. Population  in  1810,  2270,  and  in 
1820,  2426. 

Beichite,  town  of  Spain  in  Arragon,  on 
the  nver  .Vlmanazir,  20  miles  S  of  Sara- 
gossa.     Lon.  0  30  W.  lat.  41  3o  N. 

Belchoe,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Fermanagh,  seated  in  Laugh  Nilly, 
18  miles  SE  of  Ballyshannon.  Lon.  7  29 
W.  lat,  54  20  N. 

Belclare,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Sligo,  22  miles  SW  of  Sligo.  Lon. 
8  54  W  lat.  54  1  N. 

Beled  el  Haram,  the  holy  land  of  the 
Mohammedans,  a  district  ot  Arabia,  60 
miles  N  and  100  SE  from  Djedda,  Ged- 
da,  Jidda.  Juddah,  "r  Jedda,  which  see. 

Kelem,  town  ot  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura, on  the  N  side  of  the  Tajo,  a  mile 
fmm  Lisbon,  designtd  to  defend  the  en- 
trance to  that  city  ;  and  here  all  the 
sliips  that  sail  up  the  iMver  must  come 
to.  Here  they  inter  the  kings  and  queens 
of  Portugal  ;  and  here  is  a  royal  palace. 

Bciestat,  town  ot  Fiance  in  the  de- 
partment (if  Arriege,  and  late  county  of 
Foix,  ri  iTiarkable  for  a  spring,  which, 
it  is  prt  tended,  ebbs  and  flows  12  times 
in  24  hours,  as  exactly  as  a  clock. 

Belfast,  borough  and  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  th-  county  i>f  Antrim,  seated  on 
Car  rick  tergus  bay.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  cominerci  il  towns  nf  Ireland. 
A  canal  was  cut  in  1793,  connecting  the 
harbour  with  Lough  Neagh.  Lon.  5  52 
W.  iaf,  54  46  N. 

Belfast,  post  town  of  Hancock  county, 
M  iii:e,  near  the  mouth  of  Puiobscot  ri- 
ver, 31  miles  N  of  Tliomastown  on  Pe- 
nobscot bay.  Population  in  1810,  1274, 
and  in  1820,  2026. 

Belfast,  township  in  Bedford  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Fop'.uation  in  1810,  750 
and  in  lb2v^,  1196. 

Bclffst,  [)ust  village  of  Lawrence  dis- 
trict S  nth  ('aroliiia. 

Belgium,  tlie  ancient  name  of  the 
Nether'n.ids,  or  low  countries  on  the 
Rhin;-,  M.iese,  and  Sciitidt.  The  name 
was  revived  by  the  French  when  in  pos- 
essi  ius  of  the  couiilry.  and  divided  into 
the  nine  following  depart.Tients.  Sheldt, 
Gemappe,  Dyle,  Deux  Ncthes,  Sanibre 
and  Meu^e,  Onitlu-,  Li.ire,  .Maes,  and 
Forets.  This  fine  conniry  is  now  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 

Belgorod,  town  of  Russia,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  80  miles  SE  of  Bender. 

Belgrade,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
the  capital  of  Servia,  and  a  (Jreek  bish- 
op's see.     It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  a 
little  above  its  confluence  with  the  Savov. 
85 


BEL 

Tlie  streets,  where  the  greatest  trade  is 
carried  on,  are  covered  with  wood  to  shel- 
ter the  dealers  from  tlie  sun  and  rain. 
It  was  taken  in  1789  by  marbiial  Laadohn, 
but  rest  .ivd  at  the  peace  of  Reichenbach, 
in  1790  It  is  265  milcs  SE  of  Vienna, 
and  400  NVV  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
21  2  E.  lat.  45  10  N 

Belgrade,  small  town  of  Romania,  in 
European  Turkey,  on  tlie  strait  of  Con- 
stantinople, 20  miles  N  of  tliat  city. 
Lon.  0  E  lat  41  22  N. 

Belgrade,  township  in  Kennebec  coun- 
ty, Maine.  Population  in  1810,  996,  and 
in  1820,  1121. 

.  ticlgrado,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli. 
seated  near  the  Tojamenta,  81  miles  S 
by  W  of  Udina. 

Belida,  or  Bleeda,  town  of  Algiers,  in 
the  province  of  Titeria,  at  the  foot  of  a 
ridge  of  mountains,  15  miles  SE  of  Al- 
giers. 

Belitz,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  mark,  with  a  manufacture  of 
cloth  ;  seated  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  27  miles  SW  of  Berlin. 

Bellac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  seated  on  the 
Vincon,  2o  miles  N  of  Limoi;es. 

Bellaire,  seigniority  Lower  Canada, 
Hampshire  county,  on  the  north  side  of 
St.  Lawrence  river,  24  miles  above  Que- 
bec. 

BelUiire,  post-office  Lancaster  district 
South  Carolina. 

Bellaire,  town  of  Maryland,  capital  of 
Hartford  cr.unty,  22  miles  NE  of  Balti- 
more,  and  86  WSW  of  Philadelphia, 

BeUbrook,  town  so  called  in  Sugar 
creek  township,  Greene  county,  Ohio,  8 
miles  south  v/est  from  Xenia. 

Bellfontaine,  small  town  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Logan  county,  Ohio,  18  miles 
ni.rth  frum  Urbana,  and  56  northwest 
from  Columbus 

Bellefonie,  township,  borough,  and 
post  town  of  centre  county,  Pennsylva- 
jiia.  Population  in  1810,  203,  and  in 
1820,  433. 

Bellegardf,  strong  place  of  France,  in 
the  departnieiit  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees, 
and  late  province  of  Rousslllon,  above  the 
defile  of  Pertuis.  It  is  an  important 
place,  on  account  of  its  being  a  passage  to 
the  Pyrenees.  It  surrendered  to  the 
Spaniards  in  179*,  but  was  re-taken  the 
next  year,  after  an  obstinate  defence,  and 
named  by  the  French  government  Sud 
Libre.     Lon.  2  56  E,  lat.  42  27  N. 

Bellegardt',  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  river 
Saone,  15  miles  NE  of  Ch^ns.  Lon.  5  10 
E,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Belleinle,  island  of  France,  15  miles  from 
86 


Ji  E  L 

the  coast  of  Brittany.  It  is  a  n-.ixture  of 
crag^^ry  rocks,  and  pleasant  fertile  plains. 
The  principal  place  of  Palais,  a  fortified 
town  with  a  citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Englisli  in  1761,  and  restored  in  1763. 
Lon.  3  6  \V,lat.  47  17  N. 

Belleisle,  i>,land  of  North  America,  at  the 
moiitb  of  the  strait  between  New  Britain 
and  Newfoundland  whence  the  straits  take 
also  the  name  of  Belleisle.  Lon.  W  C  21 
oS  W,  l:.t.  51  55  N. 

Belle  River  runs  into  St.  Clair,  to  the 
eastward  of  river  aux  Puces,  and  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  some  way  up. 

BeUeume,  town  of  France,  in  tl;e  depart- 
ment of  Orne  and  late  province  of  Perche, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  75  miles  SW  of 
Paris.     Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Bellevie~u>,  post  town  and  settlement  of 
Washington  county  Missouri,  in  the  Mine 
district,  it  contains  about  lOOO  inhabitants. 

Belleville,  post  village  of  Essex  count)', 
New  Jersey,  5  miles  above  Newark  on  the 
Passaic  river. 

Belleville,  post  town  of  Wood  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  river  at 
the  mouth  of  Lees  creek. 

Belleville,  post  village  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Belleville,  town  and  post  office,  Logan 
county,  Ohio. 

Belleville,  post  town  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  west  branch  of  Mohiccon 
creek. 

Belleville,  post  town  of  St.  Clair  coun- 
ty, Illinois,  16  miles  nearly  E.  from  Ca- 
hokia. 

Bellevieii,  fief  of  Lower  Canada,  in  Surry 
county,  on  the  right  bank  of  St.  Lawrence, 
22  miles  NE  from  Montreal. 

Belley,  episcopal  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ain  and  late  province  of 
Bresse,  near  the  Rhone,  12  miles  N  of 
Chamberrv,  and  250  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
50  E,  lat.  45  47  N. 

Bellingham,  town  in  Northumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday,  14  miles  NNW 
of  Hexham  and  294  of  London.  Lon.  2  10 
W,  lat.  55  10  N.  • 

Bellingham,  township  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  766, 
an  I  in  1820,  1034. 

Bellinzona,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tesino,  five  miles  above 
the  place  where  it  falls  into  the  Lago  Mag- 
g;iore.     Lon.  8  16  E,  lat  46  6  N. 

Belloivs  Falls,  in  Connecticut  river  be- 
tween Walpole  and  Rockingham.  The 
whole  pitch  in  about  half  a  mile  is  42 
feet. 

Bello-ws  Falls,  village  and  post  office  of 
Cheshire  countyj  New  Hampshire,  at  Bel- 
low's falls. 

Bethinese,  territorj'  of  Itah%  belonging  to 
the  Venetians,  lying  between  Fruilu,  Cado- 
rino,  Feltrimo,  the  bishopric  of  Trent,  and 


BEL 


U  E  JSi 


Tirol.    It  has  iron  mines.     Belluno  is  the 
only  place  of  note. 

Belluno,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Bel- 
lunese,  and  formerly  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  among  the  Alps,  on  the  river  Piave, 
15  miles  NE  of  Feltri.  Lon.  12  9  E,  lat. 
43  13  N. 

Bellvue,  extensive  prairie  of  Louisiana, 
in  the  Opelousas.  It  lies  between  the 
waters  of  the  Teche  and  Vermilion,  and 
those  of  the  Mermentau  river. 

Belmonte,  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  on  the  coast  of  Tuscan  Sea,  10 
miles  W  of  Cozenza.  Lon.  19  5  E,  lat.  39 
20  N. 

Belmonte,  county  of  Ohio,  having  the 
Ohio  river  E  ;  Monroe  S  ;  Guernsey  W  ; 
and  Harrison  and  Jefferson  N.  It  is  25 
miles  in  length,  by  20  wide ;  area  500 
square  miles ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  very  pro- 
ductive. Staples  grain  and  salted  provi- 
sions.    Chief  town,  VVoodfield. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        5,721 

do.  do.  females  ...  5,288 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  88 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males     .         .         - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


11,079 


10,247 
9,855 

20,102 

113 

114 

0 

0 

20,329 


220 
4,371 
711 
50 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  40 

Belmont,  post  town  of ■  Hancock  county, 
Maine,  19  miles  W  from  Castine,  and  8 
miles  SW  from  Belfast. 

Belmont,  township  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  744. 

Belper,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  Here  are  several  larje 
cotton-mills,  a  bleaching-mill,  and  an  iron- 
forge.  It  is  seated  on  \hv  Derwent,  8  miles 
N  of  Derby,  and  134  NNVV  of  London. 

Be/pre,  town  of  Washington  county, 
Ohio,  on  tlie  NW  bank  of  the  Ohio,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Little  Kanhaway,  14 
TTiiles  SVV  of  Marietta,  and  46  NE  of  Gal- 
liopolis. 

Belpre,  town  and  township  in  Washing- 
ton county,  Ohio.  Ponuli<,uon  in  IblO,  4r94, 
undinlS2Q,  1151. 


Bdpuig,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
with  a  famous  convent,  18  miles  ENE  of 
Lerida. 

Belt,  Great,  strait  of  Denmark,  between 
the  islands  of  Zealand  and  Funen,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  is  not  so 
commodious,  nor  so  much  frequented  as 
the  Sound.  In  1658,  it  was  fi-ozen  over  so 
hard,  that  Cliarles  Xll.  marched  over  it  with 
a  design  to  take  Copenhagen. 

Belt,  Little,  strait  to  the  W  of  the  Great 
Belt,  between  Funen  and  North  Jutland. 
It  is  one  of  the  passages  from  the  German 
Ocean  to  the  Baltic,  though  not  three  miles 
in  breadth,  and  very  crooked. 

Belturbet,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cavan  ;  sealed  on  the  river  Erne, 
9  miles  NNW  of  Cavan, 

Beltz,  or  Belzo,  u  town  of  Poland,  in  Red 
Russia,  capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  30  miles  N  by  W  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  24  5  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Belum,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Oste,  24  miles  NW  of  Stade. 

Belvez,  town  of  France,  n  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  27  miles  SSE  of  Peri- 
guex. 

Belvedere,  town  o?  Greece,  capital  of  a 
proviiice  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Morea. 
This  province  lies  on  the  W  coast,  and  is 
the  most  fertile  in  all  the  Morea.  The 
town  is  delightfully  >>ituated,  17  miles  NE 
of  Chirueza.  It  is  subject  to  the  Turks: 
and  the  raisins,  called  Belvederes,  come 
from  this  place.  Lon.  21  45,  E,  lat.  38 
0  N. 

Belvidere,  post  town  of  Franklin  county^ 
Vermont,  on  the  waters  of  La  Moelle  river, 
38  miles  N  from  Monipellier. 

Belvidere,  post  town  of  New  Jersey,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware  11  miles 
above  Easton,  in  Sussex  county. 

Belvider,  post  tov\n  in  Sussex  county. 
New  Jersey  about  12  miles  above  Easton 
in  Delaware,  and  10  S  by  W  of  Hcfe. 

Belvoir  Castle,  in  Lincolnsiuie,  four  miles 
W  of  Grantham,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
dukes  of  Rutland,  supposed  to  have  been  a 
Roman  .station,  as  manv  of  their  antiquities 
have  been  dug  up  here.  Its  foundation 
was  iai,d  soon  after  the  Norman  conquest. 

Benares,  district  of  Uindoostan  Proper, 
between  Hahar  and  (Jnde  ;  containing  the 
circars  of  Benares,  J ionp(  ur,  Chunar.  and 
Cizypour.  It  "asct-de<i  to  the  English  in 
1775,  and  produces  a  c!<!ar  annual  revenue 
of380,000^ 

Benart-.s,  populous  city,  capital  of  the 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  Uindoostan. 
It  is  more  celebrated  as  the  ancient  seat 
ot  Braminical  learning,  than  cw  any  other 
account ;  and  is  buik  on  the  N  side  of  the 
Ganges,  which  is  here  very  broad,  anrl  the 
b"ii';  ver)  h'gli.  The  s' rev' is  are  narrow ; 
the  houses  high,  and  some  of  tliem  five 
Stories  each,  inhabited  by  diflerent  fami- 
87 


BEN 


BEN 


lies.  The  more  wealthy  Hindoos,  how- 
ever, live  in  detaclied  houses  with  an  open 
court,  surrounded  by  a  wall.  Benares  is 
425  miles  SE  of  i)elhi,  and  400  N\V  of 
Calcutta.     Lon.  83  10  E,  lat.  25  20  N. 

BeTiavarri,  town  oi' Spain,  in  Arragon,  17 
miles  N  of  Lerida.  Lon.  0  45  E,  lat.  42 
UN. 

Benavento,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Ela,  23  miles  SE  of 
Astorga.     Lon.  5  7  VV,  lat  42  4  N. 

Beiibecula,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
the  Hebrides  between  N  and  S  Uist,  from 
the  last  of  which  it  is  separated  by  a  nar- 
row channel,  nearly  dry  at  low  waier.  [t 
is  of  a  circular  form,  including-  the  mlets  of 
the  sea,  9  miles  in  diameter.  The  soil  is 
sandy  and  unproductive,  but  much  kelp  is 
made  from  the  sea-weed  thrown  on  the 
coast. 

Bencoolen,  fort  and  town  on  the  SW  of 
the  island  of  Sumatra,  brloiij^ing  to  the 
Engflish.  The  country  about  Bencoolen  is 
mountainous  and  woody  ;  and  there  are 
several  volcanos  in  the  island.  The  chief 
trade  is  in  pepper.  Lon.  102  5  E,  lat.  3 
49  S. 

Bendermassen,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  in  tlie  island  of  U'lrneo, 
with  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  114  40  £.  lat. 
2  40  S. 

Bender,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Bessarabia,  on  the  riVer  Dniester,  100  miles 
NW  of  Belgorod.  It  was  the  residence  of 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  after  his  defeat  at 
Pultowa.  It  was  taken  by  ihe  Russians  in 
1769,  and  restored  by  the  treaty  of  Kay- 
nardgi ;  and  taken  again  in  1770,  and  re- 
stored at  the  treaty  of  Jassy,  1790.  Lon. 
29  0  E,  lat.  46  58  N. 

Benedetto,  St.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  35  miles  SE  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  25 
E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Benedict,  town  of  Charles  county,  in  the 
state  of  Maryland,  On  Pamxent  river. 
Distant  about  68  miles  fi'om  Bahimore, 
south-west  wardly. 

Benesoeuf.  town  of  Egypt,  remarkable 
for  its  hemp  and  flax  ;  seated  'on  the  VV 
shore  of  the  Nile,  50  miles  S  of  Cairo. 
Lon.  31  10  E,  lat.  29  10  N. 

Benevento,  city  of  Naples,  agreeably 
situated  in  Principato  Citeriore,  with  an 
arclibishop's  see.  It  has  suffered  greatly 
by  earthquakes,  particularly  in  1688,  when 
the  archbishop,  afterward  Pope  Beiieilict 
XITI.  was  dug  out  of  the  ruins  alive.  It  is 
subject  to  the  pope,  and  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  STiboro  and  Caloro,  35 
miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  57  E,  lat. 
41  6  N. 

Ben/'efd,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  tlie  Lower  IJhine  and  late  pri- 
vince  of  Alsace.  It  is  situated  on  the  river 
111,  12  miles  SW  of  Strasburgh.  Lon.  7 
45,  E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

88 


Bengal,  country  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Orissa  and  Bahar,  on 
the  N  by  Bootan,  on  the  E  by  Assam  and 
Meckley,  and  on  the  S  by  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal. Its  greatest  extent  from  \V  to  E  is 
about  720  miles,  and  from  N  to  S  above 
300.  Tiie  country  consists  of  one  vast 
plam,  of  the  most  fertile  soil,  which,  in 
common  with  other  parts  of  Hindoostan, 
annually  renders  two,  and,  in  some  parts, 
even  tliree  crops.  It  is  sometimes  subject 
to  sucli  extremes  of  heat  as  render  it  fatal 
to  Europeans.  The  great  cause  of  the  un- 
healthiness  of  Bengal,  however,  is  owing 
to  thr-  inundations  of  the  Ganges  and  Bur- 
rampooter,  by  which  such  quantities  of 
putrescible  matters  are  brought  down  as 
infect  the  air  with  the  most  malignant  va- 
pours when  the  wate  s  retire.  By  the  lat- 
ter end  of  July,  all  the  lower  parts  of  Ben- 
gal, contiguf>us  to  the  Ganges  and  Burram- 
pooter,  are  overflowed,  and  present  a  sur- 
face of  water  more  than  100  miles  wide. 
As  some  of  the  lands  in  Bengal  would  re- 
ceive damage  from  such  a  copious  inunda- 
tion, they  mus'.  for  this  reason  be  guarded 
by  strong  dykes  to  resist  the  waters,  and 
admit  only  a  certain  quantity.  One  parti- 
cular branch  of  the  Ganges  is  conducted 
for  70  miles  betu'een  dykes  :  and  when 
full,  the  passengers  look  down  upon  the 
adjacent  country  as  from  an  eminence.  Its 
principal  products  are  sugar,  silk,  fruit, 
pepper,  opium,  rice,  saltpetre,  lac,  and 
civit.  It  is  compared  to  Egy  pt  for  fertility  ; 
the  Ganges  dividing  here  into  several 
streams,  and,  like  the  Nile,  annually  over- 
flowing the  country.  Bengal  has  been  sub- 
ject, ever  since  1765,  to  the  English  East 
India  Company.  Its  annual  revenue,  in- 
cluding that  of  Benares,  is  near  1,290,000/. 
and  its  population  is  11,000,000.  Calcutta 
is  the  capital. 

Bengal,  post  town  of  Oneida  county. 
New  York. 

Benguela,  kingdom  of  "West  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Angola  ;  on  tlie  S  by 
Mataman  ;  on  the  E  by  tiie  river  Rimba  ; 
and  on  tiie  W  by  the  Atlantic.  Its  coast 
begins  at  Cape  Ledo  on  the  N,  and  ex- 
tends to  cape  Negro  on  the  S ;  that  is, 
from  lat.  9  20  to  16  30  S.  The  climate  is 
very  pernicious  to  Europeans. 

Bengutila,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  where  the  Portuguese  have  a 
fort.  It  lies  to  the  N  of  the  bav  of  Ben- 
guela.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  10  30  S. 

Benin,  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded  on 
the  W  by  Dahomy  and  the  Atlantic  ;  on  the 
N  by  Biafara;  on  the  E  by  parts  unknown; 
and  on  the  S  by  Loango.  It  begins  in  1 
S  lat.  and  extends  to  about  9  N  lat.  The 
country  exhibits  many  beautiful  landscapes; 
but  is  very  low  and  marshy ;  this  renders 
it  very  unhealthy. 

Benin,  the  capital  of  ^  kingdom  of  the 


B  E  N 


B  E  11 


same  name  in  Africa,  situated  on  the  iiver 
Benin  or  Formosa.  Lon.  5  4  E,  lat.  7  30 
N. 

Jienlawera,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in 
Perthshire,  on  the  E  side  of  Loch  Tay.  It 
rises  in  a  conical  shape  to  the  height  of 
4015  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Benlomoncl,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in 
Dumbartonshire,  on  the  E  side  of  Loch 
Lomond,  rising  to  the  height  of  3262  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  sides,  par- 
ticularly toward  the  lake,  are  finely  co- 
vered with  trees,  and  it  produces  a  num- 
ber of  rare  plants. 

Bennexis,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in  In- 
verness-shire, E  of  Fort  \^  illiam.  It  is  the 
highest  in  Great  Britain,  rising  43/0  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  the  XE 
side  it  presents  a  precipice,  nearly  perpen- 
dicular, of  about  1500  feet  in  height. 

Beiminglon,  county  of  Vermont,  forming 
the  SW  angle  of  that  state ;  having  Rut- 
land N  ;  "Windsor  NB  ;  AA'indham  E  ;  Berk- 
shire in  Massachusetts  S  ;  and  Washington 
county.  New  York,  W.  It  is  40  miles  in 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  17  ;  area  680 
square  miles  :  its  features  are  hilly  in  ge- 
neral, and  in  part  mountainous.  The  soil 
is  productive  in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruits. 
Staples,  flour,  salted  provisions,  and  lum- 
ber.   Chief  town,  Bennington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        •        -        -        7,8G7 

do.  do.  females  -        -        7,981 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  45 


Total  population  In  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.  females  -        - 

Total  population,  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 
do.         in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


15,892 


8,006 
8,040 

16,046 

34 

45 

0 

0 

16,125 


6 

4,024 

784 

_..  _ -  32 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24  nearly. 

Bejinington,  the  chief  town  of  Benning- 
ton county,  Vermont,  36  miles  NE  from 
Albany,  36  miles  W  of  Brattleborough, 
and  33  N  of  Pittsfiekl  in  Massachusetts.  It 
contained  2,283  inhabitants  in  1800,  and  is 
famous  for  a  victory  obtained  here,  August 
16th,  1777,  by  the  troops  of  the  United 
States  under  General  Starke,  over  a  de- 
tachment of  the  British  annv,  or  rather 
M 


Hessians,  under  Colonels  Bawn  and  lii-cy- 
man,  wiiich  was  a  prelude  to  the  decisive 
victory  at  Saratoga,  by  which  General  B<ir- 
goyne  and  all  his  army  submitted  to  the 
United  States  army  imder  General  Gates. 
The  principal  public  edifices  are  a  church, 
court-house  and  jail.  It  lies  in  lat  42  52 
N,  and  lon.  W  C  3  56  E. 

Bemiivgtov,  township  in  Genessee  coun- 
ty. New  York.     Population  in  1820,  796. 

Bennington,  on  the  Shenango,  town  of 
Mercer  county,  Pennsylvani.'), 

Bennington,  township  situated  in  the 
NE  quarter  of  Delaware  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  412. 

Benninglon,  township  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  210. 

Bejisalem,  township  in  Bucks  county, 
Peimsylvania,  about  20  miles  N  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. Population  in  1810,  1,434,  and 
in  1820,  1,6G7. 

Bensoboro,  pest  town  of  North  Carolina, 
in  Pitt's  county,  60  miles  SE  from  Raleigh. 

Benson,  post  town  of  Rutland  county, 
Vermont ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Champlaine  ;  nine  miles  N  by  W  of  Fair- 
haven,  and  27  NW  of  Rutland,  In  1800  it 
had  1159  inhabitants. 

Bevihrim,  town  of  AVestphalia,  capital  of 
a  count v  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
Vecht,  32  miles  NW  of  Monster.  Lon.  7 
25  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Bentivoglio,  town  and  castle  of  Italy  in 
the  Bolognese,  10  miles  NE  of  Bologna. 
Lon.  11  34  E,  lat.  44  37  N. 

Benton,  township  in  Ontario  county.  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  3,357. 

Berar,  soubah  of  the  deccan  of  Hindoos- 
t.an,  bounded  by  Malwa  and  Allahabad  on 
the  N  ;  Orissa  on  the  E  ;  Golconda  on  the 
S  ;  and  Candeish  and  Dowlat.abad  on  the 
W.  Less  is  known  of  the  Interior  partsof. 
Berar,  tiian  of  most  of  the  other  countries 
in  Hindooslan.     Its  capital  is  Nagpour.  _ 

Beraim,  towp  of  Bohemia,  and  capital 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  11  miles  W 
of  Prague.     Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  50  3  N. 

Beriiice,  Dutch  settlement,  on  a  riS-er  of 
the  same  name,  in  Guiana,  two  leagues  W 
of  Paramaribo.  It  was  tvkcTi  by  the  Eng- 
lish fleet  in  May,  1796. 

Berchtokgaben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
arciibi-shopric  of  Saitzburg.  It  serves  all 
the  neighbourhood  with  salt ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Aa,  10  mi'es  SW.of  Sidlzburg. 
Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  47  ON. 

BereuJston,  borough  of  Devonshire,  that 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  but  has 
no  market.  It  is  10  miles  N  of  Plymouth, 
and  211  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon,  2  52 
AV,  l::t.  50  28'N. 

Bereilhj,  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  ca- 
pital of  Rohilla.  It  lies  between  Lucknow 
and  Delhi,  123  miles  from  each.  Lon. 
79  40  E,  lat,  28  30  N. 

Bere  JRe'jis,  town  in  Dorsetsliire,  with  a 
89 


B  E  K 


B  E  R 


market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  a  small  place, 
seated  on  the  Bere,  12  miles  E  by  N  of 
Dorchester,  and  113  SW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  15  W,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Berg,  duchy  of  Westphalia,  very  moun- 
tainous and  woody.  Dusseldorp  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Bergamo,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Venice,  bounded  by  Brescia,  the 
Valteline,  and  the  Milanese.  Their  lan- 
guage is  the  most  corrupt  of  any  in  Italy. 

Bergamo,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  capital 
of  Bergamo,  with  a  strong  citadel,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  famous  for  its  sewing  silk.  It 
is  30  miles  NE  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  47  E,  lat. 
45  46  N. 

Bergarac,  trading  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Perigord,  seated  on  the  river 
Dordogne,  50  miles  E  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon. 
0  42  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Bergas,  town  of  Romania,  and  the  see 
of  a  Greek  archbishop.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Larissa,  40  miles  SE  of  Adrianople. 
Lon.  27  40  E,  lat.  41  14  N. 

Bergeii,  ancient  seaport  of  Norway.  It 
is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  strong  cas- 
tle. It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  skins, 
fir-wood,  and  dried  fish  ;  and  is  350  miles 
N  by  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  4  45  E, 
lat.  60  11  N. 

Bergen,  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  ca- 
pital of  the  isle  of  Rugen,  12  miles  NE  of 
Stralsund.    Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Bergen,  township  in  Genesee  county. 
New  York.    Population  in  1820,  2438. 

Bergen,  county  of  New  Jersey,  bor- 
dering on  the  North  river,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  New  York ;  bounded  by 
Newark  bay,  and  Essex  and  Morris  SW ; 
Sussex  W  ;  Orange  and  Rockland  counties, 
New  York,  NE ;  and  Hudson  river  E. 
Length  30,  by  a  mean  width  of  16 ;  area 
480  square  miles ;  surface  rocky,  hilly,  and 
in  part  mountainous,  and  soil  various.  Sta- 
ples, grain,  fruits,  salted  provisions,  and 
garden  vegetables.     Chief  town,  Bergen. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        6,879 
do.  do.    females     -        -        -        6,759 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ,        .        -        .  785 

Slaves 2,180 


Total  population  in  1820 


■18,178 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


16,603 

7,824 
7,572 


Total  whites               -        -        -  15,396 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  548 

do.        do.          females  -  511 

Slaves,  males             -        •        -  913 

do.  females  -  -  -  770 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -       .        .        .  40 

90 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  81 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -        -      3,126 

do.       in  Manufactures    -        -         994 

do.        in  Commerce         -        -  57 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38  nearly. 

Bergen,  post  town  and  seat  of  an  aca- 
demy in  Bergen  county,  New  Jersey,  three 
miles  W  from  N  York. 

Bergen,  township  in  Bergen  county. 
New  Jersey,  Population  in  1810,  2,690, 
and  in  1820,  3137. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
in  the  marqui^ate  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
a  handsome  place,  and  one  of  the  strongest 
in  the  Netherlands,  seated  partly  on  a  hill, 
about  a  mile  and  a  halt  from  the  Scheldt, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  canal ;  it 
has  several  times  been  besieged  to  no  pur- 
pose ;  but  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1747,  and  1793,  by  treachery.  It  is  15 
miles  N  of  Antwerp,  and  22  SW  of  Breda. 
Lon.  4  25  E,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Bergues,  St.  Vinox,  fortified  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  North, 
and  late  county  of  F'anders,  seated  on  the 
river  Colme,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
five  miles  S  of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2  28  E, 
lat.  50  37  N. 

Berkhamstead,  township  of  Litchfield 
county,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut.  The 
lands  are  rough  and  broken,  and  the  inha- 
bitants not  very  numerous.  It  contains 
about  200  families. 

Berkhamstead,  town  of  Herts,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  is  26  miles  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  31  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Berkeley,  corporate  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  ;  it  is 
governed  by  a  mayor ;  and  in  the  church 
are  some  elegant  monuments  of  the  Berke- 
leys.  Here  is  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rising 
ground,  commanding  a  delightful  view  of 
the  country  and  the  Severn.  It  is  seated 
on  a  brook  that  flows  into  the  Severn,  18 
miles  SW  of  Gloucester,  and  113  W  of 
London.    Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Berkley,  township  in  Bristol  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts. Population  in  1810,  1014,  and 
in  1820, 1060. 

Berkley,  post  town,  Bristol  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  Taunton  river,  35  miles  S 
from  Boston. 

Berkley,  or  Sandtoren,  village  of  Glou- 
cester county.  New  Jersey,  14  miles  from 
Philadelphia. 

Berkley's  Sound,  on  the  NW  coast  of 
America,  between  Nootka  sound  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river. 

Berkley,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  S 
W  by  Frederic ;  Hampshire  NW ;  Poto- 
mac river  NE  ;  and  JefTerson  SE.  Length 
28,  mean  width  18  miles ;  ai-ea  500  square 
miles:  surface  mountainous^  and  soil  gene- 


B  £  R 


B  E  K 


rally  thin,  though  many  spots  are  fevour-    slate.    Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  cat. 
able  exceptions.     Staples,  grain  and  salted    tie,   hogs,  and   salted  provisions.      Chief 


provisions.     Chief  town, 

Martinsburg. 

Popalation  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 

. 

4,966 

do.  do.    females  - 

- 

4,794 

All  other  persons  except 

;  Indians 

not  taxed 

. 

190 

Slaves        -        -        - 

- 

1,529 

town,  Reading. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.   do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 
Slaves        ..... 


Total  population  in  1810    . 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .        .        . 
do.  do.    females    .        -        - 

Total  whites       .        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males     -        .        .        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


11,479    Total  population  in  1810* 

Population  in  1820. 
4,634    Free  white  males 
4,451        do.  do.    females    • 


9,085 
117 
111 

994 
904 


Total  whites       .        .         .        - 

Free  persons  of  coloiir,  males    - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males    .        -        .        - 

do.    females  .        .        . 


11,211    Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  70 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     .        -        1,831 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  606 

do.        in  Commerce       .        .  27 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Berkley  Springs,  post  village,  of  Berkley 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Potomac,  110  miles  above  Washington  city. 

Berks  or  Berkshire,  inland  county  of 
England,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Suny  ;  on 
the  S  by  Hants  ;  on  the  W  by  Wilts ;  and 
on  the  N  by  Oxfordshire  and  IJucks.  From 
E  to  W  it  extends  above  50  miles,  and 
from  N  to  S  it  is  25  miles  in  the  widest, 
though  not  more  than  six  in  the  narrowest 
part  J  area  about  750  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation in  1801,  109,215  ;  in  1811,  118,277  ; 
and  in  1821,  131,977.  Population  to  the 
square  mile,  176.  It  lies  in  the  diocess  of 
Salisbury  ;  contains  20  hundreds,  12  mar- 
ket-towns, and  140  parishes;  and  sends 
nine  members  to  parliament.  The  air  is 
healthy,  even  in  the  vales.  Its  chief  ri- 
vers are  the  Thames,  Kennet,  Lamborn, 
and  Loddon.  The  E  part  has  much  uncul- 
tivated land,  as  Windsor  Forest  and  its  ap- 
pendages: the  AV  and  middle  parts  pro- 
duce  great  plenty  of  wheat  and  barley. 
Reading  is  the  capital. 

B«rks,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Schuylkill  river  ;  bounded,  S 
W  by  Lancaster  and  Lebanon ;  NW  by 
Schuylkill;  NE  by  Lehigh;  and  SE  by 
Montgomery  and  Chester.  Length  38 
miles ;  mean  width  27  miles ;  area  1000 
square  miles.  This  is  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile counties  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  one  humble  chain  of  mountains, 
and  limited  on  its  NW  and  SE  sides  by  two 
others.  The  soil  is  varied  ;  in  some  parts 
limestone  abounds ;    and  in  others  clay 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  46. 


21,893 
20,725 

524 
4 

43,146 


23,287 
22,510 

45,797 

254 

223 

1 

0 

46,275 


320 
5,217 
2,928 

125 


•  Berks,  in  1810,  included  what  is  now 
Schuylkill,  which  then  contained  the  town- 
ships of  Upper  and  Lower  Mahantango, 
Pinegrove,  Norwegian,  Manheim,  Bruns- 
wick,  and  Schuylkill.  These  townships  at 
that  epoch  contained  an  aggregate  of  5,819 
inhabitants,  reducing  the  census  of  what  is 
now  Berks  county  to  37,327. 

Berkshire,  county  in  tiie  state  of  Massa- 
chusetts, divided  into  26  townships.  The 
inhabitants  are  about  35,000.  It  is  the 
most  westwardly  county  of  the  state, 
and  is  for  the  most  part  mountainous ; 
bounded  S  by  Litchfield  county  in  Connec- 
ticut ;  W  by  Columbia  and  Rensallaer  coun- 
ties. New  York  ;  N  by  Bennington  county, 
Vermont ;  and  E  by  Frankhn,  Hampshire, 
and  Hampden  counties,  Massachusetts. 
Length,  from  N  to  S,  48  miles,  mean  width 
13  miles;  area  860  square  miles.  The 
Green  mountains  traverse  this  county  in  all 
its  length.  Other  mountain  ridges  also 
chequer  its  surface,  giving  a  mountainous 
aspect  to  the  whole.  The  soil  is,  however, 
in  general  fertile,  and  peculiarly  adapted 
to  grazing.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  salted 
provisions.  It  is  abundant  in  marble  and 
limestone.     Chieftown,  Lenox. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        -      18,192 

do.  do.  females  .  .  -  17,662 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  653 


Total  population  in  1810 


^5.90r 


B  E  R 


1i  R  R 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...       17,254 
do.   do.    fi;m;iles     -        -        -       17,564 

Total  whites       .        .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        - 

d(J.    females    -         -        -         . 

Total  population  in  1820    -         -      35,666 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  94 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         7,56S 

do.         in  Manufactures  -         8,319 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  133 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40, 

Jidrkshire,  township  in  Broome  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1502. 

llt'vkshire,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  284,  and  m 
1820,  190. 

Jiciiumont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment, of  Nord,  six  miles  ESE  of  Ques- 
noy. 

£erhLur^,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Westerwald,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
lierlcbach,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Etlcr,  20  miles  N\V  of  Marburg. 

licrlin,  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the 
electorate  of  Bi-andenburg,  and  of  tlie 
whole  Prussian  dominions ;  one  of  the 
largest,  ijest  built,  and  best  governed  of 
any  in  Gciinany.  It  is  defended  partly  by 
wails,  partly  by  palli.sades,  and  has  15  gates. 
The  stre.'ts  are  straight,  wide,  and  long; 
and  its  large  squares,  magnificent  palaces, 
clmrches,  and  other  buildings,  are  scarcely 
to  be  equalled.  It  is  12  miles  in  circum- 
ference ;  but  within  this  enclosure  are  nu- 
merous gardens,  and  many  beautiful  houses 
are  let  in  stories  to  mechanics.  The  popu- 
lation in  1803,  was  153,128,  exclusive  of 
the  garrison.  Tlie  royal  palace  contains  a 
fine  library,  a  rich  cabinet  of  curiosities  and 
medals,  and  the  supreme  colleges  of  go- 
vernment. Ne.ir  the  palace  stands  the 
magnificent  catiiedral.  Here  are  also  se- 
veral academies  and  hospitals,  an  astrono- 
mical observatory,  a  superb  arsenal,  and  a 
royal  cloth  manufacture.  Berlin  has  a  flou- 
rishing trade,  occasioned  by  its  numerous 
manufactures  of  silk,  wool,  cotton,  camels 
hair,  linen,  Prussian  blue,  cutler>  ,  and  por- 
celain ;  and  by  its  enamelled,  inlaid,  and 
embroidered  works.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Spree,  from  wiiich  there  is  a  canal  to 
the  Oder  on  the  K,  and  another  to  the  Kli)e 
on  the  W  ;  that  it  has  a  communication  by 
water,  both  with  the  Baltic  sea  and  the 
German  Ocean.  This  city  was  taken,  in 
1760,  by  an  army  of  Russians,  Austrians, 
and  Saxons,  who  were  obliged  to  evacuate 
it  in  a  few  days.  In  1806,  ten  days  after 
the  battle  of  Jena,  tlie  French  entered  this 
V?2 


city,  and  Buonaparte  held  a  court  in  the 
palace.  It  is  100  miles  N  of  Dresden,  and 
185  miles  NW  off  Breslau.  Lon.  13  22  E, 
lat.  52  31  N. 

Berlin,  township  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  591, 
and  in  1820,  625. 

Berlin,  jiost  town  of  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  10  miles  S  of  Hartford.  Po- 
pulation, 800. 

Berlin,  township  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  2,798, 
and  in  1820,  2,877. 

Berlin,  township  in  Rensallaer  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1,986. 

Berlin,  borough  in  Somerset  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  330, 
and  in  1820,  382. 

Berlin,  village  with  a  post  office,  in 
Adams  county,  Pennsylvania,  six  miles  N 
of  Abbot.stown,  20  S  of  Carlisle,  and  about 
100  W  of  Philadelphia. 

Berlin,  township  in  Coshocton  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  395. 

Berlin,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  482. 

Berlinville,  post  viLage  on  the  main  road 
from  Easton,  Pennsylvania  to  Berwick, 
about  two  miles  below  the  I.ehigh  water 
Gap,  and  one  mile  from  Lehigh  river. 

Bermutla  Hundred,  or  City  Point,  a  port 
of  entry,  in  Chesterfield  county  and  state 
of  Virginia.  It  is  seated  on  the  W  side  of 
James  River,  about  20  miles  below  Rich- 
mond. It  maintains  a  considerable  foreign 
trade.  The  tot.al  value  of  its  exports  is 
about  100,000  dollars.  Lon.  VV  C  0  30  W, 
lat.  37  18  N. 

Bermuda,  Some^,  or  Summer  Islands,  a 
cluster  of  small  islands,  nearly  in  the  form 
of  a  shepherd's  crook,  and  surrounded  by 
rocks,  which  render  them  almost  inacces- 
sible to  strangers.  They  lie  in  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  500  miles  E  of  Carolina,  and  are 
inhabited  by  the  English.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  Juan  Bermudez,  a  Spaniard  ; 
but  not  inhabited  till  1609,  when  Sir  George 
Somers  was  castawa^v  upon  them,  and  they 
have  belonged  to  Britain  ever  since.  It  is 
universally  agreed  that  the  nature  of  these 
islands  has  undergone  a  surprising  altera- 
tion to  the  worse  since  they  were  disco- 
vered ;  the  air  being  much  more  inclement, 
and  the  soil  much  more  barren  than  for- 
merly. The  town  of  St.  George  on  St. 
George's  Island,  is  the  capital.  Lon.  63 
28  W,  lat.  32  35  N. 

Bern,  largest  of  13  cantons  of  Swisser- 
land,  150  miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth. 
It  is  divided  into  two  principal  parts  called 
the  German  and  Koman  ;  hut  the  last  is 
most  commonly  called  ttie  i\vs  de  V.iud. 
The  religion  is  Calvinism,  and  Bern  the 
capital. 

Bern,  capital  of  the  canton  of  Bern  in 
Swisssrland.    Here  is  a  celebrated  school, 


B  E  R 

a  rich  librarj',  and  12  companies  of  traJes- 
men,  in  one  ot"  which  evtry  inhabitant  is 
obhged  to  be  enrolled  before  he  can  enjoy 
any  office.  The  iiousesave  mostly  built  of 
white  freestone,  and  in  the  principal  streets 
have  piazzas  or  arches  under  them  for  the 
conveniency  of  walkmg  in  wet  weather. 
The  public  buildings  are  magnificent.  In 
1799  Bern  was,  together  with  the  rest  of 
Swisserland,  obliged  to  surrender  to  the 
French.  Bern  is  70  miles  NE  of  Geneva. 
Lon.  7  W  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Bern,  township  in  Albany  county,  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  5531. 

Bern,  Upper,  township  in  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,2017. 

Bern,  post  town  in  Berks  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, 16  miles  NW  from  Reading. 

Bern,  Lower,  township  in  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania      Popula.ion  in  1820,  1791. 

Bernard,  town  of  Germans,  m  the  elec- 
torate of  Brandenburg,  five  miles  from  Ber- 
lin, famous  for  its  excellent  beer. 

Bernard,  Great,  St.  mountain  of  Swisser- 
land, between  Vallais  and  Val-d'Aousta,  at 
the  source  of  the  river  Drance  The  top 
of  it  is  always  covered  with  snow,  and 
there  is  a  large  convent,  wliere  the  monks 
entertain  all  strangers  gratis  for  three  days 
without  any  distinction  of  religion. 

Bernard,  to^^nship  m  Somerset  county, 
New  Jersey  P. palatum  in  1810,  1879, 
and  in  1820,  2063. 

Bemay,  irad  mg  town  of  Fraijce,  in  the 
department  of  Eu:e  and  late  province  of 
Norman;!y,  seated  on  the  river  Carantonne, 
20  miles  SW  of  Rouen.  Lon  0  50  E.  lat. 
49  6N. 

Berne,  township  in  Fairfield  county, 
Ohio,  Population  in  1810,  976,  and  in 
1820,  923. 

Bernbnrg,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  prin- 
cipaUy  of  Anhalt,  where  a  branch  of  the 
house  of  Anhalt  resides.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Sara,  22  miles  SW  of  Magdeburg. 
Lon.  11  46  E.  lat.  51  51  N. 

Benicastle,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  good  wine,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Moselle,  nearTrarbach. 

Berrij,  late  province  of  France,  fertile  in 
corn,  fruit,  hemp  and  flax ;  and  there  is 
excellent  wine  in  some  i>laces.  It  is  now 
included  in  the  departments  of  Cher  and 
Indre. 

Berthier,  village  and  seigniory  of  Lower 
Canada,  Warwick  county,  on  the  left  shore 
of  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Berthier,  seigniory  of  Lower  Canada  in 
Ileresford  county,  on  the  right  side  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  river. 

BsrseUa,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Modenese,  seated  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Liaza  and  Po,  10  miles  NE  of  Parma. 
Lon.  10  56  E.  lat.  44  45  N. 

Bermire,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 


B  E  R 

ment  of  the  Sevres  and  late  province  of 
Poiton,  12  miles  SW  of  Thouars.  Lon.  0 
27  W.  lat  4-6  52  N. 

Bertie,  township  on  the  west  side  of  Nia- 
gara river  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  Up- 
per Camda;  it  Hes  south  of  Willoughby 
and  is  open  to  lake  Erie 

Bertie,  county  of  North  Carolina,  on  the 
Roanoke ;  bounded,  S  and  SW  by  the 
Roan  >ke  river,  or  Martin  ;  W  by  Halifax  ; 
NW  by  Northampton:  N  by  Herford ;  E 
by  Chowan  river,  and  SE  by  Roanoke 
river  or  Washington  county.  Length  28, 
.mean  width  25;  area  700  square  miles; 
surface  generally  level,  and  part  marshy  ; 
soil  of  middling  quality.  Staple  tobacco. 
Chief  town  Windsor. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...       2,415 

do  do.  females  -  -  *  2,530 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        .        -        .  274 

Slaves  -         -         ,         -        -         6,059 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wiiite  males 
do.  do.     females 

Total  whites         ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males 
do.     females    -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820.    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Engaged  in  Agricultare 

do.       in  Manufactures     - 

do.       in  Commerce 


14,218 


2,278 
2,552 

4,130 
125 
125 

2,277 
2,748 

10,805 


none 

3,430 

none 

11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Bertinero,  town  of  Italy  in  Romagna, 
with  a  strong  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  50  miles  NE  of  Flor- 
ence.    Lon.  11  40  E.  lat.  44  18  N. 

Bertrand,  St,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  43  miles  S  of  Auch. 
Lon.  0  48  E.  lat.  42  56  N. 

Beniie,  seaport  and  borough  in  the 
county  of  Kincardine,  at  tlie  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  25  miles  SW  of 
Aberdeen.      Lon.  2  0  W.  lat.  56  40  N. 

Berwick,  town  and  county  of  itself,  on 
the  boi-ders  of  England  ai.d  Scotland,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  It  is  governed  by  a 
maj'or;  an:'  was  once  a  strong  fov^ress,  of 
great  importance  when  England  and  Scot- 
land v/ere  hostile  nations.  It  had  a  strong 
castle  now  in  ruins.  It  is  large  and  popu- 
lous, has  a  good  trade  in  corn  and  salmon, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Tweed,  over  which  is 
a  handsome  bridge  of  15  arches.  It  sends 
93 


U  E  S 


B  E  T 


two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  147 
miles  N  of  York,  52  SE  of  Edinburgh,  and 
336  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  46  W. 
lat.  55  45  N. 

Berwick  JK'orth,  borough  in  the  county  of 
East  LoUiian  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  20 
miles  NW  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed.  Lon. 
2  33  W  lat.  56  5  N. 

Berwickshire,  county  of  Scotland,  some- 
times called  tlie  Mers ;  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  German  Ocean,  on  the  SE  by  the 
Tweed,  on  tlie  S  by  Roxburgshire,  on  the 
W  by  EdiiiburgshJre,  and  on  the  NW  by 
Haddingtonshire.  It  is  40  miles  in  length 
With  a  mean  width  of  18  ;  area  720  square 
miles.  Popuktion  In  1801,  30,621 ;  1811, 
30,779  ;  and  in  1821,  83,385.  Population 
to  the  square  mile,  46.  It  abounds  with 
corn  and  grass,  and  being  a  low  and  flat 
country,  is  sometimes  called  the  How 
[Hollow]  of  the  Mers.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Tweed  Leather,  Blackadder, 
Whiteadder  and  Eye. 

Benuick,  township  in  York  county, 
Maine.  Population  in  1810,  4455,  and  in 
1820,  (exclusive  of  South  Berwick)  2736. 

Berivick,  South,  post  town  of  York  coun- 
ty, Maine,  on  the  E  side  of  Piscataqua  ri- 
ver, about  seven  miles  from  York,  the 
county  town.  It  has  a  post  office,  and  an 
academy.  The  township  contains  3891  in- 
habitants. 

Benvick,  North,  post  town  of  \"ork  coun- 
ty, Maine,  10  miles  NW  from  York. 

Berwick,  South,  township  in  York  coun- 
ty, Maine    Population  in  1820,  1473. 

Berwick,  township  in  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1799, 
and  in  1820,  1207. 

Berwick,  village  with  a  post-office,  in 
Columbia  county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Sisquehannah  river,  oppo- 
site to  the  head  of  the  turnpike  road,  be- 
tween this  river  and  the  Lehigh,  a  branch 
of  the  river  Delaware.  It  is  16  miles  NE 
of  Cattawissey,  37  of  Northumberland,  and 
about  35  W  of  the  navigable  part  of  the 
Lehigh. 

Berwick,  sometimes  called  Abbotstown,  a 
town  of  York  county,  in  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania;  about  15  miles  W  of  Yorktown, 
and  lOOofPh.ladelphia. 

Bethany,  townsh  p  in  Genessee  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1691. 

Berwyn  Hills,  lofty  hills  at  the  NE  an- 
gle of  Merionethshire,  beneath  which 
spreads  the  fine  vale,  in  which  flows  the 
infant  river  Dee. 

Besangon,  ancient  and  populous  city  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Doubs  and 
late  province  of  Tranche  Comte.  The 
triumphal  arch  of  Aurelian,  and  other  Ro- 
man antiquities  are  still  to  be  seen.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  handsome,  and  the 
houses  are  well  built  with  freestone.  It  is 
94 


52  miles  E  of  Dijon,  and  208  SE  of  Paris, 
Lon.  6  2  E.  lat.  47  13  N. 

Bessarabia,  territory  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, between  the  Danube  and  the  Dnei- 
ster,  along  whose  banks  the  Tartar  inha- 
bitants rove  and  maintain  themselves  by 
their  cattle,  by  husbandry  and  by  robbery. 
Their  common  food  is  the  flesh  of  oxen 
and  horses,  cheese,  and  mare's  milk.  Ben- 
der is  the  capital. 

Bestricia,  town  of  Transylvania,  remark- 
able for  the  gold  mines  near  it,  85  miles 
NW  of  Hermanstadt,  and  90  E  of  Tockay. 
Lon.  23  45  E.  lat.  47  30  N. 

Betanzas,  town  of  Spain  in  Galicia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Mandeo,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic, 
20  miles  S  of  Ferrol.  Lon.  7  55  W.  lat. 
43  12 N. 

Betelfagni,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  famous 
for  the  vast  quantity  of  coflTee  bought  and 
sold  here  to  the  Europeans.  It  is  25  miles 
E  of  the  Red  Sea.  Lon.  44  30  E.  lat.  15 
40  N. 

Bethabara,  Moravian  settlement,  in 
Stokes  county.  North  Carolina,  4  miles  SE 
from  Bethany. 

Bethany,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania,     Population  in  1820,  193. 

Bethania,  post  town  of  Stokes  county. 
North  Carolina ;  a  Moravian  settlement, 
about  iour  miles  distam  from  Bethabara, 
their  capital  town,  10  SW  of  Germantown, 
and  15  NE  of  Huntsville.  It  has  about 200 
inhabitants. 

Bethel,  township  of  Berks  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, adjoining  to  another  township  of 
the  same  name,  in  Dauphin  county.  They 
are  both  watered  by  a  small  stream,  called 
the  Little  Swatara,  and  contain  about  2000 
inhabitants. 

Bethel,  township  of  York  county,  in  the 
district  of  Maine,  situated  chiefly  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Androscoggin  river. 

Bethel,  township  of  Windsor  county,  and 
state  of  Vermont,  about  40  miles  from 
Rutland  in  the  same  state. 

Bethel,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  299, 
and  in  1820,  324. 

Bethel,  township  in  Lebanon  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820, 3059. 

Bethel,  borough,  in  Lebanon  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  1437. 

Bethel,  township  in  Oxford  county, 
Maine.  Population  in  1810,  975,  and  in 
1820,  1267. 

Bethel,  township  in  Sullivan  county. 
New  York.     Popul.ition  in  1820,  1096. 

Bethel,    township    in    Berks    county, 
Pennsylvania.    Population  in  1820,  1294. 
Bethel,  township  in  Clark  county  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820.  970. 

Bethel,  township  in  Huron  county  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  164. 
Bethel,   township   in   Miami   county, 


D  E  T 


Ji  E  1' 


Ohio.    Population  in  1810,  506,  and  in 
1820,  1043. 

Bethel,  township  in  Bedford  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  1810,  1095,  and 
in  1820, 1083. 

Bethlem,  township  in  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey.  Population  in  1810,  1738, 
and  in  1820,  2002. 

Bethlem,  township  in  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut.  Population  in  1810, 1118, 
and  in  1820.  932. 

Bethlehem,  town  of  Palestine,  famous 
for  the  birth  of  Christ.  It  is  seated 
on  the  ridge  of  a  hill,  running  from  E 
to  W,  and  has  a  delightful  prospect.  It 
is  now  an  inconsiderable  place,  but  much 
visited  by  pilgrims.  Here  is  a  church 
yet  entire,  erected  by  the  famous  Hele- 
na, in  the  form  of  a  cross  ;  also  a  cha- 
pel, called  the  Chapel  of  the  Nativity, 
where  they  pretend  to  show  the  man- 
ger in  which  Christ  was  laid  ;  as  also 
another,  called  the  chnpel  of  Joseph  ;  and 
a  third  of  the  Holy  Innocents  A  ftw 
Greeks  reside  here,  k  is  six  miles  S  of 
Jerusalem.     Lon.  25  25  E.  lat  31  50  N. 

Bethlehem,  town  of  Austi  an  Br^i^ant, 
two  miles  N  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49  E. 
lat.  50  55  N. 

Berhkhem,  town  on  Albany  county  New 
York,  situated  on  the  W  side  cf  Hudson 
river  eight  miles  S  of  the  city  of  A.ba- 
ny.  The  township  is  famous  for  its 
dairies,  and  contained  3095  inhabitants 
in  1800. 

Bethlehem,  township  in  Albany  coun- 
ty. New  York.    Population  in  1820,  5114. 
Bethlehem,  township  m  Gr''.fto:i  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,    Population  in  1810, 
422,  and  in  1820,467. 

Bethlehem,  post  town  and  township  in 
Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania,  at 
lat.  of  40  37  N.  and  lon.  VV  C  1  46  E. 
The  united  brethren  were  settled  here 
by  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1741.  In  1800 
the  town  contained  543  inhabitants,  and 
the  township  1343.  In  1810,  the  town- 
ship contained  1436,  and  in  1820,  I860 
inhabitants,  principally  of  the  same  sect. 
The  buildings  are  not  remarkable  for 
grandeur  or  elegance  ;  but  are  gt  nerally 
comfortable.  They  have  one  house  for 
public  worship,  a  separate  apartment  for 
the  residence  of  the  single  brethren,  and 
another  for  the  sisters  There  likewise, 
is  a  seminary  for  the  education  of  your.g 
ladies,  in  which  are  taught  all  the  use- 
ful and  some  of  the  ornamental  branches 
of  education ;  and  so  great  is  the  repu- 
tation of  these  schools,  for  the  attention 
paid  to  the  morals  as  well  as  ths  litera- 
ry improvement  of  the  pupils,  as  to  in- 
vite them  from  Philadelphia  and  other 
capital  cities.  The  scenery  around  Beth- 
lehem, and  the  primitive  manners  of  its 


inhabitants,  give  the  place  an  aspect  of 
peculiar  interest  to  the  eye  of  a  travel- 
ler, and  render  it  emmently  calculated 
to  refine  the  taste,  and  preserve  the 
morals  of  the  students.  It  may  be  doubt- 
ed whether  the  world  affords  a  more 
pleasing  scene  than  can  be  enjoyed  in  a 
fine  summer  evening  in  Bethlehem,  when 
the  groups  of  beautiful,  simply  but  ele- 
gantly dressed,  and  happy  young  females, 
are  "  let  loose  from  school." 

It  is  the  principal  town  of  the  Moravi- 
ans, or  Unitas  Fratrium,  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, is  situated  on  the  north  or  left  bank 
of  the  river  Lehigh,  in  a  township  of  the 
same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  Manockicy 
crt'ek,  on  ground  descending  towards  the 
river,  and  towards  the  creek,  which 
gives  it  a  fine  appearance,  when  viewed 
from  the  south  or  west. 

It  is  closely  built  on  three  streets,  the 
principal  ones,  extending  north  and  south, 
and  the  other  two  running  from  this  to- 
wards the  ea.st 

The  pib'ic  buildings,  are  a  large 
Si07ie  Church,  built  in  the  Gothic  sryle 
and  plastered  utside  with  a  ejay  ce- 
ment It  is  M2  feet  'on.^,  and  68  fpet  wide, 
ol  a  propor*";onable  hti^ht  and  having 
a  small  tower  rising  from  the  centre  of 
the  top,  surm.junted  with  an  elegant 
dome,  in  which  is  a  small  bell.  It  is 
handsum  ly  furnislud  in  the  inside,  hav- 
ings rows  of  benches  on  each  side  for 
the  two  sexes.  A  Sif^trrhouse  or  build- 
ing for  the  uiimarried  women.  A  semi- 
nary f .  r  viung  ladies,  where  all  the  fe- 
males Moravian  children,  are  cducat'd, 
and  also  many  rthers  from  vari"us  p'lrts 
of  the  Unit'  d  States.  The  number  at 
present  is  one  hundred.  A  Public  Tu' 
•vern,  being  the  only  one  per:rritt(d  in 
tile  town,  v/here  of  course  all  strangers 
are  lodgtd.  Their  burial  ground,  i.s  in 
thfr  NE  part  of  the  town,  and  is  laid  out 
in  n-gular  al'eysand  walks,  planted  with 
trees  The  graves,  contrary  to  the  cus- 
tom of  citht  r  Christiaii.s.  are  laid  with 
their  feet  to  the  snuth  The  nunibt  r  of 
dwelling  houses  is  72.  b  sides  shops  and 
other  out-houses,  and  thf  y  ar  genf  rally 
built  of  stone  unly  one  story  higi..  f irtuing 
a  great  contrast  Avith  their  lart^e  church. 
Bethlehem  is  11  mi<..s  W  by  S  from  Eas- 
ton,  and  fifty  two  N  bv  W  fr"in  Phi- 
ladelphia H<^-re  is  a  wooden  bridge  over 
Lfthi>;h  400  feet  1'  ng  and  4  arche?. 

Bethlehem,  east  tovr.ship  in  Washing- 
ton county,  Per>',sylvania.  Population  in 
1810   1806,  and  iii  1820.  2239. 

Bethlehem,  west,  township  in  Wash- 
ington county.  Pennsylvania.  Population 
in  ISIO,  1849,  and  in  1820,  2187. 

Bethlehem,  townsii'p  in  Stark  countv, 
Ohio.     PoDulation  in  1820,  489. 


B  E  V 


BIB 


Bethlehemi  post  village  of  Clarke  county, 
Indiana. 

Bethtchem^s  Creek,  or  Coeymai^s  Kill, 
falls  into  tlie  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  7 
miles  below  Albany. 

Bethlehem  Crosn  Roads,  post  village 
Southampton  county,  Virginia. 

Bethlehem,  post  town  of  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  9  miles  south  from  Litch- 
field,  and    33    NNW    from   Wew    Haven. 

Bethune,  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  tlie  Straits  of  Calais  and  late 
county  of  Artois,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  a  rock,  by  the  river  Brette,  20  miles  E 
of  St.  Omer  and  120  N  of  Paris,     Lon.  2 

35  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Betley,  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  16  miles  NNW  of  Staf- 
ford and  156  of  London.  Lon.  2  10  W, 
lat.  53  5^. 

Betlis,  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan,  situa- 
ted on  a  steep  rock,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Turkey  and  Persia,  but  subject  to  its  own 
bey,  and  a  sanctuary  for  the  subjects  of  the 
neighbouring  powers.  It  is  150  miles  E 
of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  42  50  E,  lat.  37 
30  N. 

Betton^s  Island,  near  the  coast  of  Revilla- 
gigedo.     Lat.  55  21  N,  Ion.  WC  54  42  W. 

Bettshirg,  post  village  in  Jerusalem, 
Chenango  county,  New  York. 

Betuwe,  fertile  island  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  40  miles  long  and  10  broad,  contain- 
ing, in  that  space,  eight  cities,  and  several 
hundred  villages.  It  was  the  ancient  Bata- 
via,  and  formerly  gave  the  name  of  Bata- 
vians,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Dutch  Neth- 
erlands ;  and  it  was  principally  hence  that 
the  Dutch  spread  themselves  over  the  dif- 
ferent provinces. 

Bevecum,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  17 
miles  S  of  Louvain-    Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50 

36  N. 

Beveland,  N  and  S,  two  i'-;lands  of  the 
United  p^o^  inces,  in  Zealand,  between  tlie 
E  and  W  branches  of  the  Scheldt. 

Bevergorn,  town  of  Westphalia,  22  miles 
from  Munster. 

Beverley,  borough  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday,  and  two  churches,  beside  the 
minster.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Hull,  9 
miles  N  of  Hidl  and  182  of  London.  Lon. 
0  15  W,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Bex-eningen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
diocess  of  Paderborn,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Beve  and  Weser,  22  miles  E  of  Pader- 
born.    Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Beverly  Toxvnship,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
the  county  of  York,  lies  west  of  Flambo- 
rough,  on  Dundas-street. 

Beverly,  town  in  Essex  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, 15  miles  N  by  E  of  Boston,  and 
separated  from  Salem  by  a  bridge.  In 
1800  the  inhabitants  were  3881,  in  1810, 
4608,  and  in  1820,  4283. 
9S 


Beula,  small  town  in  Cambria  county 
Pennsylvania,  planted  chiefly  by  emigrants 
from  Wales,  (G  B)  about  60  miles  E  of 
Pittsburg. 

Bewcastle,  village  in  Cumberland,  on  the 
Leven,  said  to  have  been  built  about  the 
time  ^f  the  Norman  conquest.  The  church 
is  in  ruins  :  and  in  tlie  church  yard  is  an 
ancient  cross,  with  several  sculptures,  on 
which  are  illegible  inscriptions. 

Beivdley,  borough  of  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  one 
member  to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Severn,  14  miles  N  of  Worcester,  and 
128  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  52 
20  N. 

Bewley,  or  BemiUeii,  river  which  rises  in 
the  N  of  Inverness-shire,  and  flowing  along 
the  S  border  of  Ross-shire,  forms  the  fine 
estuary  on  which  stand  Inverness  and  Fort 
St.  George,  and  which  terminates  in  the 
frith  of  Murray. 

Bex,  village  of  Swisserland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  near  the  town  of  St.  Maurice, 
remarkable  for  its  delightful  situation,  and 
the  salt  works  near  it,  the  largest  of  which 
is  entered  by  a  passage  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock.  Travellers  who  have  the  curiosity 
to  explore  these  gloomy  abodes,  are  fur- 
nished with  lighted  torches,  and  dressed  in 
a  coarse  h.ibit,  for  defending  them  from 
the  drippings  that  fall  from  the  roof  and 
sides  of  the  passage, 

Beziers,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  lieratilt  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc.  It  is  seated  near  the  Royal  Canal, 
on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the 
Orbre,  12  miles  NE  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3 
18  E,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Bicifor,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  in  Negroland,  situated  to  the  E  of 
Benin,  on  the  river  Los-Camarones.  Lon. 
17  40  E,  lat.  6  10  N. 

Biava,  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro])er,  re- 
markable for  excellent  indigo,  50  miles  W 
of  Agra.     Lon.  80  50  E,  lat.  26  30  N. 

Bihb,  county  of  Alabama. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,551 

do.   do.    females    -        -        -        1.379 


Total  whites       .         .        -         . 

2,930 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

0 

do             do,        females 

^J. 

Slaves,  males      -         .         .         - 

oi  i> 

do,    females            ... 

373 

Total  population  in  1820  -  3,676 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agricilture      -  -  1,294 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  -  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -  -  0 

Populalion  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 


a  i  E 


B  I  y 


Sibcrach,  free  imperial  lown  of  Suabia. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  fustians,  and  is 
seated  in  »  pleasant  valley,  on  the  Reuss, 
17  miles  S\V  of  Ulm.  LiJn.  10  2  E,  lat.  48 
ION. 

Bicester,  or  Barcesier,  town  in  Oxford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday,  between 
Oxford  and  Buckingham,  13  miles  N  of  the 
former  and  57  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  10  AV,  lat.  51  5  IN. 

Bicha,  river  of  South  America,  enters 
the  Orinoco  near  the  fulls  of  Ature. 

Biche,  Maraia  a  la,  empties  itself  into 
lake  Ontario,  at  the  north-east  part  of  the 
township  of  Grantham,  Upper  Canada. 

Bidache,  town  of  Fraiice,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Basques,  seated  on  ihe^  river 
Bidouse,  12  miles  E  of  Bayonne,  Lon.  1 

9  W,  lat   43,  31  N. 

Bidassoa,  river  of  Spain,  wliich  has  its 
source  m  the  Pyrenees,  and  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Biscay  between  Andaye  and  Fonta- 
rabia. 

Biddcford,  seaport  and  town  corporate 
in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday  ; 
seated  on  the  Torridge,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge  of  24  arches.  It  is  a  well 
inhabited  trading  place  14  miles  S  by  W  of 
Ilfracombe,  and  203  W  of  London.     Lon.  4 

10  W  lat.  51  10  N. 

Biddeford,  port  of  entry,  and  post  town 
in  York  county,  Maine.  It  is  situated  on 
the  sea  coast,  near  caae  Porpoise,  23  miles 
S  by  W  of  Portland,  and  40  NE  of  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire.     Population  1560. 

Biddefovd,  a  township  in  York  county, 
Maine.  Population  in  1810,  1563,  and  in 
1820,  1738. 

Biddle,  hike,  one  of  the  sources  of  Bi^'- 
horn  river. 

Bieka,  Crab  island,  9  miles  SE  from  Porto 
Bico.     Lat.  18  N,  Lon  WC  11  45  E. 

Biesz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracovia,  re- 
markable for  its  mines  of  Vitrol ;  seated 
on  the  Weseloke,  50  miles  SE  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  49  50  N.. 

Biela,  town  of  I'iedmoiit,  capital  of  tlie 
Bellese,  near  the  river  Cerva,  20  miles  W 
of  Verc?il.     Lon.  7  58  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Biehg-07'o'd,  sti'ong  town  of  Bessarabia,  on 
lake  Vid^no,  near  the  Black  Sea,  42  miles 
SW  of  Oczakow.  Lon.  30  10  E,  lat.  45 
20  N. 

Bielsk,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Polachia,  near  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
river  Narew,  100  miles  NE  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  23  39  E,  lat.  52  40  N 

Bienne,  town  of  Russia,  in  ilie  govern- 
ment of  Smolensko,  80  miles  NE  of  Smo- 
lensko,  and  170  Wof  Moscow.  Lon.  3'o  5 
E,  lat.  55  40  N". 

Bienne,  town  of  Swisserland,  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  at  the  foot  of  Moiiot  Jura. 
It  is  17  miles  N\V  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  10  E, 
lat.  47  UN. 

N 


Bieiiveiiu,  a  bayou,  or  creek  of  Louisiana, 
purish  of  Orleans,  rises  to  tne  north  of  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  runs  east  into  Lake 
Borf^ne,  after  a  course  of  10  miles.  It  was 
by  the  route  of  this  channel  that  the  British 
army  readied  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
December  23,  1814. 

Bieroliet,  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  two 
miles  N  of  Sluys.   Lon.  3  39  E,  lat.  51  21  N. 

Bigbay,  settlement  and  post  village  of 
Illinois,  in  Johnson  county. 

Big  black,  river,  a  small  branch  of  the 
Mississippi,  rising  in  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
and  having  its  discharge  at  the  grand  gulf, 
62  miles  above  Natchez. 

Big-blue,  river  of  Indiana,  falls  into  Ohio, 
15  miles  W  from  Corydon,  dividing  Craw- 
ford and  Harrison  counties. 

Big  Bone  Lick  Creek,  small  stream  in 
Woodford  county,  state  of  Kentucky  ;  fa-  . 
mous  on  account  of  the  animal  bones  of  an 
enormous  size  that  have  been  found  here. 
Some  have  supposed  these  to  be  the  bones 
of  the  Mammoth,  and  others  of  a  non  des- 
cript  animal. 

.Big  drij,  branch  of  Missouri,  on  the  right 
of  that  stream,  about  150  miles  above  the 
Yellow-stone  river. 

Big-fats,  post  village  of  New  York  in 
Elmira,  Tioga  county. 

Biggleswade,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  one  of  the  great- 
est barley  markets  in  England.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ivel,  over  which  is  a  neat  stone 
bridge,  10  miles  NW  of  Bedford,  and  45 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52 
6  N. 

Bighorn,  river,  large  south-eastern  branch 
of  the  Yellow  Stone  river,  rises  in  the 
Rocky  or  Chippewan  mountains,  and  flow- 
ing NE  by  N  by  comparative  courses,  450 
miles  falls  into  Yellow  Stone  river  from  the 
rigiit  at  Manue's  Fort.  Lat.  46  N  lon. 
W  C  29  21  W. 

Big  Lick,  post  village  of  Bottelout  coun- 
ty Virginia. 

Big  Prairie,  town  of  Missouri  in  New 
Madrid  county. 

Big  River,  town  of  Missouri,  Jefferson 
county. 

Big  Rock,  \.QSf;w%\\\]i  of  Askansaw.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  328. 

Big  Sandy  river,  branch  of  Ohio,  having 
its  s:)urces  in  the  Cumberland  mountain, 
interlocking  with  those  of  tlie  Cumberland, 
Tennessee,  and  Great  Kenhavva,  and  flow- 
ing north-west,  about  150  miles  by"  com- 
parative courses,  fixlls  into  Olilo  Lat.  38 
27  N,  lon  W  C  5  30  W.  For  about  65 
miles  this  river  is  the  boundary  between 
Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

Big  Sandy  creek,  branch  of  Oconee  river 
in  Georgia,  falls  into  the  Oconee  about  20 
miles  qbove  Dublin. 

Uio^  Scionx  river,  branch  of  Missouri, 
•9/ 


B  I  L 


B  I  X 


fvom  tlie  left  having  its  source  between 
those  of  St.  Peter's  branch  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, and  St.  Jacques's  branch  of  Missouri, 
and  flowing  Swuth,  falls  into  the  latter  about 
800  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Big  Springs,  post  village  of  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  above  the  mouth  of  Lilile 
Conuococheague. 

Biff  Muddy  Creek,  post  Village  of  Illinois 
in  Ilandolph  county. 

Bigorre,  late  province  of  France,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Armagriac,  on  the  E  by 
Cumminges,  on  the  W  by  Beam,  and  on 
the  S  by  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  now  inclu- 
ded in  the  department  of  the  Upper  Py- 
renees. 

Big  Wahiui  Creek,  large  easterly  branch 
of  Sciota  river,  rises  in  the  north-eastern 
angle  of  Delaware  county.  Its  course  is 
nearly  south  50  miles  through  Delaware, 
across  Franklin  into  the  north  border  of 
Pickaway  coanty,  where  it  joins  the  Sciota. 

Bijinagur.     See  Bisnagur. 

Bijore,  province  of  Ilindoostan  Proper, 
between  the  rivers  Indus  and  Attock, 
having  Cabul  on  the  W,  the  Bockharian 
mountains  on  the  N,  Cashmere  on  the  E, 
and  Peishore  on  the  S.  It  is  40  miles  fr  m 
N  to  S,  and  30  from  E  to  W.  It  is  full  of 
mountains  and  wilds,  inhabited  by  a  savage 
and  turbulent  race. 

Bilboa,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Biscay, 
with  a  ^ood  harbour.  Its  exports  are 
wood,  sword-blades,  and  other  manufac- 
tures in  iron  and  steel.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  wholesomeness  of  its  air,  and  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  about  it.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  Ibaicabal  which  enters  the 
bay  of  Biscav,  50  miles  W  of  St.  Seba-tian, 
and  180  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  10  W,  lat. 
43  33  N. 

BiUleston,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  has  one  large  churcii, 
about  a  quai-ter  of  a  mile  from  the  town, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Breton.  The 
only  business  of  the  town  consists  in  spin- 
ning of  yarn.  It  is  12  miles  S  E  of  Bury, 
and  63  NE  of  London.  Lon.  0  55  E,  lat. 
52  16  N. 

Biledulgeiid,  county  of  Barbary,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Tunis,  on  thelE  by  Tripoli,  on 
the  S  by  Guerguia,  and  on  the  W  by  Tug- 
gurt.  It  lies  between  5  and  11  E  lon.  and 
28  and  32  N  lat.  The  air  is  wholesome 
but  hot,  and  the  soil  yields  a  great  deal  of 
barley. 

Bilevelt,  town  of  Germany  in  Westpiia- 
lia,  in  tlie  county  of  Ravensburg,  seven 
miles  SE  of  liavensburg.  Lon.  8  50  E, 
lat.  52  ION. 

Bill  Birs  Key,  small  island  near  the 
Spanish  Main  on  the  Musquito  shore. 

BiUei'icay,  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market 

on  Tuesday.     It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  before 

which  opens  a  bf^autiful  prospect  over  a 

rich  vallev,  to  the  Thames,  nine  miles  SW 

98 


of  Chelmsford,  and  23  E  of  London.    Loii, 
0  31  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Bellerica,  post  town  of  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts,  about  20  miles  NW  ot  Bos- 
ton, and  10  S  of  Dracut  on  the  Merrimack 
river.  It  contained  383  inhabitants  in 
1800. 

Billerica,  township  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  1289, 
and  in  1820,  1380. 

Billimead,  town  of  Vermont,  Caledonia 
county,  on  the  sources  of  the  Fatsamp- 
sick  river. 

Billingsport,  village  in  New  Jersey,  on 
the  river  Delaware,  about  12  miles  below 
Philadelphia.  Here  was  a  fortification  du- 
ring the  war  of  Independence,  which  de- 
fended the  channel  of  the  river. 

Billom,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment'of  Puy-de-Dome  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne,  15  miles  SE  of  Clermont.  Lon. 
3  28  E,  lat.  45  41  N. 

Bilma,  a  burning  desert  of  Africa,  to  the. 
SE  of  Fezzan,  between  21  and  25  N  lat. 

Bihden,  town  in  Leicestershue,  96  miles 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  51  W,  lat.  52 
35  N. 

Bilson,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Liege,  on  the  river  Demer,  15 
miles  N  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  29  E,  lat.  50 
50  N. 

Bimini,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  near 
the  Channel  of  Bahama,  eight  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  It  is  very 
woody,  and  difficult  of  access  on  account 
of  the  shoals,  but  is  a  very  pleasant  place, 
and  inhabited  bv  the  native  Americans. 
Lon.  W  C.  2  30  W.  lat.  25  0  N. 

Bimlipatam,  seaport  of  Golconda,  in  the 
Deccan  of  Ilindoostan,  seated  on  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  12  miles  N  of  Visagapatam.  Lon. 
83  5  E,  lat.  18  0  N. 

Binavos,  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, remark.ible  f.ir  good  wine  ;  seated  near 
the  Mediterranean,  20  miles  S  of  Tortosa, 
Lon.  0  :i5  E,  lat.  40  33  N. 

Binbrook,  township  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  Upper  Canada  ;  situated  between 
Saltfleet,  Glandford  and  Caistor. 

Binch,  little  fortified  town  of  Austrian 
Ilainault,  nine  miles  E  of  Mons.  Lon.  4 
15  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Binchester,  village  on  the  river  Were, 
near  Durham.  Several  inscriptions  and 
monuments  show  it  to  have  been  the  Ro- 
man Vinovium  ;  many  Roman  coins  are  dug 
up  here,  which  are  called  Binchester  Pen- 
nies ;  and  two  altars  have  been  discovered 
from  which  it  appear^  that  the  20th  legion 
was  stationed  in  this  place. 

Bincaza,  seaport  ot  Alrica,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tripoli,  140  miles  W  of  Derna. 
Lon.  19  10  E,  lat  32  20  N. 

Binfeld,  village  in  Berkshire,  in  Wind- 
sor forest,  three  miles  N  by  E  of  Gking- 
ham.    Binfield  was  the  scene  of  Pope's 


B  I  U 


B  I  R 


youthful  days,  and  here  he  wrote  his  Wind- 
sor Forest. 

Bingen,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
arclibishopric  of  Mentz,  seated  al  the  place 
wh^re  the  river  Nahe  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
with  a  stniie  bi'idfje  over  the  former.  It  is 
15  miles  W  by  s'  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  0  E, 
lat.  49  49  N. 

Jiingham,  town  in  Nottingliamshire,  with 
a  small  mai-ket  on  Thursday,  nine  miles  E 
of  Nottingham,  and  120  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Loii.  0  51  W,  lat.  52  58  N, 

Bingham,  post  town  of  Via  ne,  Somerset 
county,  on  the  east  or  left  side  of  ihe  Ken- 
nebec river,  above  the  Cariotunk  falls. 

BinghnmptoTt,  po-.t  town  and  seat  '>f  jus- 
tice ill  Broome  count}'.  New  York,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Unadilla  and  Chenango 
rivers,  145  miles  SW  from  Albany  and  40 
miles  SE  from  Ithica. 

Biobea,  river  of  South  .\merica  in  Chili, 
rises  in  the  Andes,  and  enters  the  bay  of 
Conception      Lat.  36  45  S. 

Bionieburg,  (own  of  Finland,  in  Sweden 
neir  the  mouth  of  the  Kune,  in  the  gulf  of 
Boh.-mia,  75  miles  N  ol  Abo.  Lon.  22  5 
E.  lat.  61  42  N. 

Bircli  Bay,  N\V  coast  of  America,  in  the 
guif  of  Georgia.  Lat.  48  5.3  N.  lon.  W  C 
45  27  W.  , 

Bir  Of  Beer,  town  of  Diarbeck  in  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  with  a  castle,  where  tiie  go- 
vern >r  resides.  It  stam'.s  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  Eupln-at'^s,  near  a  lugh  moi.ntain,  in  a 
fruitful  country.  It  is  50  miles  NE  of 
Aleppo. 

Bird^  small  island,  or  rather  rock  in  the 
head  of  Niagar ;  nver,  between  the  harbour 
of  Biifi'aio,  and  Fort  Erie. 

Bird,  towiisiiip  of  Ohio,  Brown  county. 

Bird  Islands,  a.  cluster  in  the  C=rit)b(an 
sea  opposite  to  the  coast  of  Columbia, 
about  50  miles  SE  from  Cura^oa.  Lat.  12 
N.  lon.  VV  C  10  E.  It  is  also  the  name  of 
many  inc'  nsiderable  islands  in  various  parts 
of  the  earth. 

Birdsborough,  post  town  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  right  '  side  of  the 
Schuylkill,  8  miles  below  Re:. ding. 

Birdsviile,  post  vdlage  of  Burke  county, 
Georgia. 

Birkenfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine  ;  sea:  ed  near  the  river 
Nahe,  25  miles  ESE  of  Tr>  ves. 

Birmah,  extensive  empire  in  Asia,  to  tlie 
S  of  the  bay  of  Bengal;  containing  the 
kingdoms  of  Birmah,  Cassay,  Aracan,  and 
Pegu,  and  all  the  VV  coast  of  Slam,  The 
kingdom  of  Birmah,  frequently  called  Ava, 
from  the  name  of  its  ancient  capital,  has 
Pegu  on  the  S,  and  occupies  both  sides  f 
the  river  Irrawaddy  to  the  frontiers  of  As- 
sam on  theN;  on  the  W  it  has  Aracan  and 
Cassay,  and  on  the  E  Chma  and  Upper 
Siam.     This  kingdom   was  conquered  in 


1752,  by  the  king  of  Pegu,  who  carried  the 
Birman   monarcli  prisoner  to   Pegu,   and 
caused  him  to  be  murdered  there  iq  1754. 
But  Alompra,  a  Birman  of  low  distinction 
who  was  continued  by  tlie   conqueror  as 
chief  at  Monchabon,  a  small  place  to  theN 
of  Ava,  revolted  against  the  Peguese,  got 
possebsion   of  Ava  in  176.3,  and  after  con- 
tinued battles,  with  various   sisccess,  be- 
came the   conqueror  of  Pegu,    in   1757. 
This  deliverer  of  his  country  continued  in 
a  state  of  warfare  to  his  death,  in  1760 ; 
and  his  successors  have  since  added  the 
other  countries,  which  mw  form   the  Bir- 
man empire.       The  climate  of  Birmah  is 
very  salubrious  ;  the  seasons  being  regular, 
and  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  seldom 
experienced.      'I'lie  soil  is  remarkably  fer- 
tile, producing  rice,  sugar  canes,  tobacco, 
indigo,  cotton,  and  all  the  tropical  fruits  in 
perfection ;  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Irra- 
waddy, which  runs  S    through  the  whole 
country,  is  produced  pure  amber,  and  the 
finest  teak  timber  in  the  world      The  king- 
dom of  Birmah  abounds  in  minerals  ;  it  has 
mines  of  gold,  silver,  rubies,  and  sapphires ; 
and  affords  amethysts,  garnets,  chrysclites, 
jasper,  load-sione,  and  marble.     The  gene- 
ral disposition  of  the  Birmans  is  strikingly 
coirated  with  that  of  the  natives  of  llin- 
doostan,  though  separated  only  by  a  nar- 
row  ridge  of  mountains,  in  several  places 
admitting  of  an  easy  intercourse.      The 
Birmans  are   a  lively  inquisitive  race,  ac- 
tive, irascible,    and   impatient  ;     but   the 
character   of  their  Bengal  neighbours    is 
known  to  be  the  reverse.     The  passion  of 
jealousy,  which  prompts  most  eastern  na- 
tions to  immure  their  women,  and  surround 
them  with  guards,  seems  to  have  little  in- 
fluence on  the  minds  of  the  Birmans ;  for 
their  wives  and  daughters  have  as  free  rn- 
tercourDC  with  the  other  sex  as  the  rules  of 
Eur  jpeau  society  admit.     The  Birmans  are 
extremely  fond  both  of  poetry  and  music. 
Tiieir  religion  is,  in  fact,  that  of  the  Hin- 
doos, though  they  are  not  votaiies  of  Bra- 
ma,  but  sectaries  of  Boodh.     Their  system 
of  jurisprudence  is  distinguished  above  any 
ot'ier  Hindoo  commentary  for  perspicuity 
and  good  sense.      The  emperor  of  Birmaii 
is  a  despotic  monarch;  and,  like  the   so- 
vereign of  China,  acknowledges  no  equal. 
The   prevailing  characteristic   of  the  Bir- 
man court  is  pride.     There  are  no  heredi- 
tary dignities  or  employments   in  the  go- 
vernment ;  fir  all  honours  and  offices,  on 
the  demise  of  the  possessor;  revert  to  the 
crown.     The  cap;tal  of  tlie  kingdom,  and 
metropolis  of  the  empire,  is  Ummerapoora. 
Birmingham,  tfiwn  in  Warwickshire,  with 
a   market   on  Thursday.     It  is  a  place  of 
great  antiquity,  and  stands  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  forming  nc;.rly    a,  halfmoon.      The 
lower  nart  is  filled   with  workshops  and 
99 


B  I  S 


B  I  S 


warehouses,  and  consists  ch'efiy  of  old 
building's.  The  upper  part  c  mtains  many 
new  and  regular  streets,  and  a  hunv'isome 
square..  It  iias  two  churches  ;  one  in  tl.e 
lower  part  of  the  town,  wliich,  though  l:ite- 
]y  cased  with  brick,  is  a  very  ancient  build- 
ing, with  a  loi'ty  spire ,  the  other,  a  grand 
modern  structure,  having  a  square  stone 
tower,  witli  a  cupola  and  turret ;  it  has  also 
two  chapels,  several  meeting-houses,  a 
large  school  endowed  by  Edv/ard  VI  an 
ekgant  theatre,  and  the  complctest  s-?t  of 
baths  in  tlie  kingdom.  Tne  hardware 
manufactures  of  Birmin:^ham  have  been 
noted  for  a  considerable  period  ;  but  of 
late  years,  by  great  additions  to  its  trade' 
from  a  vast  variety  of  articles,  sucli  as  me- 
tal but'ons,  buckles,  plated  gonds,  japann- 
ed and  paper  ware.  Sec.  it  has  risen  greatly 
in  population  ;  and  in  1811,  contained  up- 
ward of  70,000  inhabitaiits.  It  is  plentiful- 
ly supplied  with  dial  by  means  of  a  canal 
to  Wedn-sbury;  and  it  iias  a  ccmtnun na- 
tion with  the  Great  Trunk  from  t!ie  Trent 
to  the  Severn,  by  a  branch  passing  by  Wol- 
verhampton. The  improved  stram  en- 
gines, made  here  by  Bolton  and  Watt,  de- 
serve to  rank  high  am  mg  the  production 
of  human  ingenuity  ;  their  application  to 
various  mechanical  purposes,  and  particu- 
larly to  the  draining  of  mines,  places  them 
among^  the  mnst  valuable  inventions  of  the 
age.  Birmingham  is  IT  miles  NW  from 
Coventry  and  116  from  London.  Lon.  1 
50  AV.  1.1' .  52  30  N. 

Birmlrigliam,  township  in  Cliester  coun- 
ty, Penis\  Ivaiiia.  Population  in  1810, 
290,  and  in  1820,  323. 

Birmingham,  township  in  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsvivania.  Population  in  1810,  586, 
and  in  1820,  515. 

Birmingham,  town  hip  and  post  town  in 
Hifnlhigdon  county,  Pennsylvania.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  43. 

Birmingham,  post  town  of  Clarke  county, 
PL-nnsylvania. 

Birr,  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's  county, 
near  the  borders  of  Tipperary,  34  miles 
NE  of  Limmerick,  and  34  NNW  of  Kilken- 
ny. 

Birse,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, seated  on  the  Dee,  28  miles  W  of 
Aberdeen. 

Birtley,  ^  illage  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
10  miles  N  of  Durham,  noted  for  a  valua- 
ble salt  spring,  and  an  extensive  manufac- 
ture of  salt. 

Birviesca.  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
10  mdes  N  of  Burgos. 

Birza,  town  of  Poland,  in  Samogitia,  42 
miles  SE  of  Mittau. 

Bisaciai  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
UUeriore,  15  miles  NE  ot  Conza. 

Biscara,  town  of  Algers,  in  the  province 
of  Constantia,  and  the  chief  place  of  the 
100 


district  of  Zaab.  It  is  an  ancient  town, 
120  miles  SSW  of  Constantina.  Lon.  5  12 
W.  iat.  33  36  N. 

Biscay,  prov.nce  of  Spain,  97  miles  long 
and  50  broad;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  E  by  Upper  Navarre,  S  by 
Old  Castile,  and  W  by  Asturias.  It  con- 
tains tiiree  divisions  ;  Biscay  Pi  oper,  Gui- 
piiscoa,  and  Alaba.  This  province  is  a  kmd 
of  republic,  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility, 
under  the  protection  of  the  crown.  Here. 
are  neither  garrisons,  custom-houses, 
stamps,  nor  excise  ;  and  of  all  the  royal 
taxes,  none  are  known  but  the  donativo,  or 
gratuitous  donation.  Biscay  receives  by 
m.ere  condescension  a  corregidor  and  a 
commissary  of  marines;  but  does  not  per- 
mit any  order  of  the  Spanish  government 
to  be  executed  without  the  sanction  of  the 
province.  It  produces  apples,  vines 
and  grain  ;  an;l  has  also  wood  for  build- 
ing ships,  and  mines  of  iron  and  lead.  The 
Biscayans  are  stout,  brave,  nnd  choleric  to 
a  proverb:  and  the  lowest  labourer  deems 
himself  a  gentleman.  They  speak  the- 
ancient  Cantabrian  language,  which  has  no 
uflfinity  with  any  other  in  Europe.  Bilboa 
is  the  capital. 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  extensive  bay  of  the  At- 
lantic, between  Cape  Ortegal,  in  lon.  7  35 
W.  Iat.  43  48  N.  and  the  isle  of  Ushant,  in 
lon.  5^0  W.  Iat.  48  30  N. 

Biscay,  JVew,  province  of  Mexico,  noted 
for  its  silver  mines.  It  has  New  Mexico 
on  the  N,  and  Zacatecas  on  the  S  ;  the  Rio 
de  las  Nassas  runs  through. a  great  part  of 
it.  It  form>-  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
intendancy  of  Durango. 

Biscaiino,  island  in  the  Florida  channel. 
Lat.  25  '55  N  lon.  W  C  3  23  W. 

Bischo/sheim,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  .tlie  Tau- 
ber,  20  miles  SSW  of  Wur'zburg. — An- 
other seated  on  the  Rhom,  44  miles  N  by 
E  of  Wurtzburg. 

Bischof slack,  town  of  Germany  in  Camio- 
la,  with  a  good  trade  in  linen  and  worsted, 
17  miles  W  by  N  of  Laubach. 

Bischofswerda,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Misnia,  s- atcd  on  the  Weiseritz,  18  miles 
E  of  Dresden 

Bischofswerder,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Oberland,  on  the  river  Oss,  28 
miles  NE  of  Culm. 

Bischofzell,  town  of  Switzerland,-  in 
Thurgau,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Sitter  and  ThQr,  12  mdes  S 
of  Constance. 

Bischiviler,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  fortress,  14 
miles  W  by  N  of  Haguenau. 

BisegUa,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  on  a  hill,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  six 
mdes  E  of  Trani. 

Biserta,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  ofTunis, 


B  L  A 


B  L  A 


in  a  country  abounding  in  corn,  fruit,  oil, 
cotton,  and  other  valuable  productions.  It 
stands  on  a  canal,  which  communicates 
with  a  gulf  of  the  Mediierran(  ;jn,  37  miles 
N\V  of  Tunis,     Lon.  9  46  E  lat.  o7  10  N. 

Bishop  Auckland,  and  ioi-  oiher  places 
with  the  same  prefix,  see  Auckland,  &c. 

Bishops-castk,  borough  n  Shiopshire, 
wil.h  a  m.rket  on  Friday,  mush  frequented 
by  the  Welsh.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Clun,  8  miles  E  of  Montgomery,  and  159 
WNW  of  London. 

Bisigmmo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Boccona,  16  miles  N  of  Co- 
senza. 

Blsley,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  three 
miles  SE  of  Stroud.  It  has  a  large  church 
standing  on  an  eminence,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  broad  cloth. 

Bisnagur,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Sanore.  It  was  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Narsinga,  and  for- 
merly a  large  city.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Nigouden,  28  miles  SSE  of  Sanore, 
and  105  N  by  W  of  Chitteldroog.  Lon.  76 
2E.  lat.  15  20  N. 

Bisnee,  town  of  Bootan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict on  the  borders  of  Bengal  and  Assam. 
It  is  50  miles  ENE  of  Rangamuvty,  and  130 
SE  of  Tassasildon.  Lon.  90  45  E.  lat.  26 
27  N. 

Bistineau,  lake  of  Louisiana,  30  miles 
long  and  from  haif  a  mile,  to  three  miles 
wide,  lying  in  nearly  a  north  and  south  po- 
sition, receiving  Dacheet  river,  at  its  north- 
ern, and  falling  into  Red  river  at  its  south- 
ern extremity. 

Bistriez,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  a  ri- 
ver of  the  same  name,  142  miles  NE' of 
Col.^svvar,     Lon.  25  3  E.  lat.  4733  N. 

Bitche,  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Moselle  and  la:e  province 
of  Lorrain,  with  a  castle,  on  a  rock.  It  is 
sca'ed  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the 
Schwelb.  30  miles  N  to  W  of  Strasburg 
Lon.  7  44  E.  lat  49  5  N. 

Biionio,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  de  Bari,  ien  miles  WSAV  of  Bari,  and 
117  E  by  N  of  Naples,  Lon.  16  30  E.  lat 
41  .6  N. 

Black  Bay,  on  the  north  shore  of  lake 
Superior,  lies  a  little  east  of  Isle  de  Muiat- 
te,  and  west  of  Shanguenac,  Upper  Ca- 
nada, 

Black  Creek,  in  the  countv  of  Lincoln, 
discharges  itself  into  the  river  Niag-ra,  in 
the  township  of  Willoughby,  some  miles 
above  Chippewa,  Upper  Canada. 

Blackburn's  iSpi-ings,  post  village  of 
Tennessee,  Jackson  county. 

Blackford  town  of  Indiana,  in  Possey 
cougty. 

Blackheath,  post  town  of  Illinois,  in  Ran- 
dolph county. 

Blnck-ffnrse,  post  village  of  Burlington 


county.  New  Jersey,  17  miles  from  Tren- 
ton. 

Black-Horse-Tapern,  post  village  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  Chester  county. 

Black  Lake,  or  Oswegaic/ue,  lake  of  N. 
York,  in  St.  Lawrence  county.  It  receives 
Indian  river  at  its  southwest  extremitj^, 
and  extending  20  miles  in  a  northeast  di- 
rection, contracts  again  to  the  size  of  a 
small  river,  and  joins  the  Oswegatchie' se- 
ven mies  above  its  mouth  at  Ogdensburg. 

B  lack  Lake,  river  of  Louisiana,  rises  in 
the  pine  fores  s  in  the  NW  part  of  the  state, 
flows  south  60  miles,  expands  into  Black 
Lake,  a  sheet  of  water  about  10  miles  long, 
again  contracts  to  a  small  river,  turns  sputh- 
east  20  miles  and  joins  SaLne  river. 

Blackbank,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Armagh,  seven  miles  S  of  Armagh. 
Lon.  6  35  W,  lat.  5  20  N. 

Blackburn,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
maiket  «n  Monday.  It  carries  on  a  vast 
trade  in  calicoes  for  printing,  and  is  seated 
mar  the  Derwent,  203  miles  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  53  42  N. 

Blackheath,  elevated  plain,  SE  of  Lon- 
don, commanding  some  fine  prospects,  and 
adorned  with  many  villas. 

Black  Lick,  township  in  Indiana  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  965, 
and  in  1820,  1303. 

Black  Lick,  river  of  Ohio,  branch  of 
Big  Walnut. 

Black,  river  in  Vermont,  v>hich  rising  in 
Rutland  county,  passes  through  the  country 
in  a  SE  course  to  the  Connecticut  river, 
with  which  it  unites  near  Charleston  ;  and 
another  entering  lake  Memphrama^og. 

Black,  river  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
It  rises  in  Herkemer  couny,  and  running 
nearly  a  NW  course  tlirongh  Oneida, 
Lewis,  and  Jefferson  counties,  falls  into 
lake  Ontario,  at  Sackett's  Harbour,  eight 
miles  below  Brownsville,  after  a  compa- 
rative course  of  about  100  miles. 

Black,  river  of  North  Carolina,  which 
unites  with  Cape  Fear  river,  about  20 
miles  above  Wilmington,  in  the  same 
state. 

Black,  river  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Medina 
county,  over  which,  and  Cayahoga,  it  flows 
a  northerly  course  of  o5  miles  into  lake 
Erie. 

Black  Forest,  forest  of  Germany,  in  the 
W  of  the  circle  of  Suabia.  It  is  part  of 
the  ancient  Hercynian  forest. 

Black  Island,  township  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine.     Population  in  1820,  9 

Black  River,  township  in  Huron  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  354. 

Black,  river  of  Missouri,  main  northern 
branch  of  White  river,  rising  in  Missouri, 
and  flowing  E  about  180  miles,  turns  to 
S  and  SW  200  miles,  in  which  latter  dis- 
tance it  enters  Arkansas  territorj',  and  joins 
White  river.  It  is  augmented  by  a  great 
101  "        ' 


B  L  A 


B  L  A 


number  of  tributary  streams.  'J'he  coun- 
try it  waters  is  in  general  fertile,  and  pro- 
ductive in  grain  and  fruits. 

Black,  river  of  Lo'asana,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Ocatahoola,  VVasi.it  .u,  and 
Tensaw  ;  flows  soutii  by  avtrj-  circuitous 
channel  of  40  nnles,  falls  'into  Red  river 
30  miles  above  Us  mouth. 

Black  Ruck,  harbour,  Fairfield  cunty, 
Connecticut,  at  the  mouth  of  Ash  creek, 
3i  nnies  SE  f  om  Hridgep  rt. 

Black  Rock,  post  vihage,  Niagara  county, 
New  Yoik,  ort  the  riglit  bank  of  Niagara 
river,  two  miles  N  from  Bufal  e.  It  con- 
tains 40  or  50  houses,  and  about  200  inha- 
bitants. 

Black  Sea,  the  ancient  Euxine,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Taurica,  and  the  sea  of  Asoph  ; 
on  the  E  by  Mmgrelia,  Circassia,  and 
Georgia;  on  the  S  by  Natolia  ;  and  on  the 
W  by  Romania,  Bulgaria,  and  Bessarabia. 
It  lies  between  Ion.  2>2>  and  44  E,  and  lat, 
42  and  46  N. 

Black  Slocks,  post  village,  Chester  dis- 
trict.  South  Carohna. 

Black  Sivamp,  post  village,  St.  Peter's 
parish,  South  C:<rolma. 

Blackpool,  village  in  Lancashire,  much 
resor  ed  to  for  sea  bathing. 

Black  IValnut,  post  village,  Halifax  coun- 
ty, North  Caroinia. 

Black  Warrior,  river  of  Alabama,  large 
north-eastern  branch  of  Ti.mb.g.^t-e.  It 
rises  S  tVoni  -h.  great  bend  of  Tennessee, 
between  the  sources  of  the  Tombighee, 
Coosa,  and  Cuhaba,  and  is  navigable  at  high 
water  to  thi  falK,  about  120  nnles  from 
Huntsville,  forming  part  of  a  direct  chan- 
nel of  inland  navigation  from  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  through  tiie  Mobile  bay,  Mobile 
rjvvr,  Tombigbee,  &c.  to  the  central  and 
nor'.liern  parts  of  Alal)ama. 

Blackrvater,  r.ver  of  England,  joins  the 
Chelmer  at  Maiden,  and  flows  into  Black- 
water  bay. 

Black-vater,  river  of  the  south  of  Ireland, 
falls  uvto  the  sea  at  Yo'ighal  hay,  after 
having  traversed  the  counties  of  Cork  and 
■Water.*"ord. 

Blackwater,  river  or  creek  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, .rising  in  the  Northern  parts  of  Hills- 
boi  .ugh  county,  and  enters  the  Contacook 
in  Hopkinton. 

B'ackwater,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Prince  George's  county,  fl  :ws  SE  between 
Sussex  and  Surry,  and  between  Southamp- 
ton and  Isle  of  Wighl  c;>uniies,  turns  to 
the  S,  ai  d  unites  with  theN  'tta>»ay  almost 
on  the  line  between  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina 

Blachwaler,  creek  of  Pickaway  count}', 
Ohio 

Bladen,  county,  North  C.irolina,  on  both 
sides  of  Cape  Fear  river ;  bounded  SW 
by  South  Carolina  ;  by  Robeson  W  ;  Cum- 
berland NAY  ;  Sampson  and  New  Hanover 
102 


NE;  and  Brunswick  SE  ;  being  50  miles 
in  length,  by  a  mean  width  of  30 ;  area 
1500  square  miles ;  surface  generally  level; 
soil  of  middling  quality  ;  staples,  grain,  to- 
bacco, &c..    Chief  town,  Elizabethtown. 

Population  in  18^0. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,863 
do.    do.   females    -        -        -        1,709 
All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       ...  114 
Slaves 1,785 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females    ? 


5,671 


2,076 
2,270 


Total  whites      ....  4,346 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  78 

do.            do.        females  64 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        .  1,382 

do.     females           ...  1,406 


Total  population  in  1820    -        -        7,276 

or  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agrictdture      -         -        2,417 

do         in  Manufactures  -    .     -  0 

do.        in  Comm  rce       -        -  0 

Pop  lation  to  the  square  mile,  5  nearly. 

Blailetisburg,  town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  where  there  is  a  post 
oflice,  six  miles  from  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton, on  the  post  road  to  Baltimore,  and  35 
miles  from  i-he  latter. 

Ban'r-ivil/f.  post  village,  York  '(Uatrict, 
South  Carolina. 

Blair  Athol,  village  in  Perthshire,  in  an 
angle  formed  by  the  rivers  Tilt  and  Garry. 
CI  se  by  it  is  Bl^ir  Clastlt-,  a  castle  belong- 
ing to  the  duke  of  Athol;  and  in  its  vici- 
nity are  many  romantic  waterfalls.  Blair 
Atiiol  is  28  miles  NW  of  Perth. 

Hloisois,  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  department  of 
Loire  and  Cher. 

lilaize,  see  San  Blass,  cape  of  Flo- 
rida, at  the  miuth  of  Appalachicola  ri- 
ver, bttween  Apalachc  and  St.  Joseph's 
bays. 

Biakely,  post  town  of  Alabama,  si- 
tuated on  the  Tensaw  branch  of  Mo- 
bile river,  at  the  head  of  Mobile  bay. 
I'his  town  is  of  recent  constrnction,  not 
dating  farther  back  than  1816.  The 
ground  on  which  it  isbuilt  is  a  high  bank 
of  earth  The  harbour  is  spacious,  and 
water  sufficif  ntly  deep  for  any  vessels 
that  can  pass  the  bars  ;i  Mobile  bay, 
either  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  or  below 
the  mouth  of  Tensaw  river.  Biakely 
contains  about  600  inhabitants,  a  few 
stores,  and  a  bank.  Lat.  30  40  N.  Lon. 
W  CIO  44.  VV. 


B  L  A 


B  L  E 


Blakely,  township  in  Lucerne  county, 
Pennsylvania     Population  in  1820,  450 

Blakesburg.  town  of  Penobscot  coun- 
ty, Maine,  21  miles  N  from  Bangor. 

Blamont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mi^urthe  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  little  river  Ve- 
zouze,  12  miles  S  of  Luneville.  Lon.  6 
52  E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Blanchard's  Fork,  large  eastern  branch 
of  the  Auglaize  river.  It  rises  within 
about  one  mile  of  Scioto  river,  in  a  cen- 
tral part  of  Hnrdin  county,  and  runs 
northwardly  about  26  miles ;  then  turns 
west  and  flows  38  miles  further,  into  the 
Auglaize. 

jilanct  town  of  France,  in»the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  late  province  of  Ber- 
ry, with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  river 
Creusc,  35  miles  E  of  Poitiers.  Lon.  1 
13  E,  lat.  46  38  N. 

Bianco,  cape  of  South  America,  in 
Patagonia.  •  Lon.  64  42  W,  lat.  47  20  S. 

Blanco,  cape  of  Peru,  on  the  Snuth 
sea,  120  miles  SW  of  Guayaquil.  Lat. 
3  45  S.  lon.  W  C  6  W 

Blanco,  cape  of  North  America,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  forming 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
of  Popagayo.  Lat.  9  20  N.  lon.  W  C 
9  W. 

Blanco,  cape  of  North  America,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  43 
33  N.  lon.  W  C  47  W. 

tilanco,  cape  of  Africa,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  350  miles  N  of  the  rivt-r  Se- 
negal.    Lon.  17  10  W,  !at.  20  55  N. 

Blanco  Cape,  cape  of  Africa,  on  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  nearly  due  east  from  the 
Madeira  islands,  between  Cape  Cantin 
and  the  M  rbese  river.  Lat.  33  0  N, 
lon.  8  45  W. 

Blandford,  township  in  the  West 
Riding  of  the  county  of  York,  lies  to  the 
northward  of  Dundas  street,  adjoining 
Oxford,  on  the  river  Thames. 

Blandford,  township  in  Hampden 
county,  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
1820,  1515. 

Blandford,  post  town  of  Hampden 
county,  Massachusetts,  16  miles  NW  by 
W  from  Springfield. 

Blandford,  town  of  Prince  George's 
county,  Virginia,  includf-d  within  the  in- 
corporated limits  of  Petersburg,  from 
which  it  is  only  separated  by  a  small 
creek. 

Blanes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Tordera,  20  miles 
S  of  Gironne. 

Blankenberg,  town  and  fort  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  Flanders,  situate  on  the 
German  Ocean,  eight  miles  NE  of  Os- 
tend. 

Blakenbergy  town  of  Westphalia,  in 


the  duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  river  Sieg,  1~ 
miles  E  of  Bonn. 

Blankenburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.  The  castle  stands  on  a  craggy 
mountain,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  build- 
ings (if  the  kind  in  Germany.  It  is  30 
miles  SE  of  Wolfenbuttle.  Lon.  11  10 
E,  lat  51  51  N. 

Blannerhassetfs  Island,  a  remarkably 
beautiful  and  fertile  island  of  about  300 
acres,  in  the  Ohio  river,  opposite  Belpre. 
It  is  so  named  from  a  Mr.  Blannerhas- 
sect,  an  Irish  gentleman  of  large  fortune  ; 
who  having,  with  his  family,  left  Ireland 
in  1801,  purchased  and  removed  to  this 
island ;  where  he  reared  a  costly  and 
spletidid  edifice  for  his  dwelling  house. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  island  was 
laid  out  into  gardens  after  the  m(;st  ap- 
proved models  of  European  taste;  and 
the  whole  scenei'y  combined,  seemed  like 
the  fabled  fields  of  Elysium.  But  the' 
house  was  mcst  unfortunately  burnt  down 
in  December,  1810,  and  shortly  after- 
wards the  garden  was  totally  destroyed  ; 
and  few  or  no  vestiges  now  remain  of  its 
transient  splendour  and  nriai^nificence. 

Bleregnies,    See  Malplacjuet, 

Blabturen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
kingd^im  of  Wirtemburg,  with  a  castle 
on  a  hill.  Great  quantities  of  fustian- 
and  linen  cloth  are  made  here.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Arch  with 
the  Blau,  U  miles  W  of  Ulm.     . 

Blaye,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde  It  has  a  good  ci- 
tadel, and  a  fort  on  an  island  m  the  Gi- 
ronde, which  is  here  3800  yards  wide. 
Its  trade  consists  in  the  wines  fif  the  ad- 
j  icent  country.  Its  harbour  is  much  fre- 
quented, and  the  ships  which  go  to  Bour- 
deaux  ^re  obliged  ti  leave  their  guns 
here.  It  is  17  miles  N  of  Bourdcaux. 
Lon.  0  35  W,  lat.  46  7  N. 

Bledsoe,  county  of  East  Tennessee, 
bciunded  by  Marion  S  ;  Ftanklin,  War- 
ren, and  White  NW ;  Roane  N;  and 
Rhea  SE.  Length  35  miles ;  mean  width 
13;  area  455  square  miles  ;  surface  hilly, 
and  part  mountainous ;  soil  varied,  but 
in  some  parts  highly  productive  in  grain 
and  fruits.    Chief  town,  Pikeville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,842 

do.    do.    females  -        -        1,774 

Total  whites             -        -        -  3,616 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  15 

do.           do.        females,  '       13 

Slaves,  males            -        -        -  '^77 

do.    females         -        .        .  184 


Total  population  in  1820 
103 


4,005 


6  L  O 


B  L  O 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  o 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,054 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  116 

do.    in  Commerce  -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Blekingen,  province  of  Sweden,  in 
Gothland,  on  the  coast  of  the  Baltic.  It 
is  90  miles  long  and  21  brrad;  and, 
though  mountainous,  is  one  of  the  most 
agreeable  countries  in  the  kingdom  The 
principal  trade  is  in  potash,  pitch,  tar, 
tallow,  hides,  and  timber.  The  chief 
town  is  Carlscrona. 

Blenheim,  village  of  Suabia,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  three  miles  NE  of  Hoch- 
stet.  It  is  memorable  for  the  sign;^l  vic- 
tory over  the  French  and  Bavarians, 
gained  August  2,  1704,  by  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  and  prince  Eugene.  The 
Austrians  were  defeated  by  the  French 
near  this  place  in  1800. 

Blenheim^  township  in  the  W  Riding 
of  the  county  of  Yuik,  !'c  .  to  ihe  iM.ith- 
ward  of  Hu.idas-street,  opposite  Benford, 
tapper  Canada. 

Blenheim,  township  in  Schoharie  coun- 
ty, N-w  York.   P(ipulation  in  1320,  1.862. 

Blenheim,  post  town  in  Schoharie 
county.  New  York,  on  the  W  side  of 
"the  Schoharie  river,  40  miles  S  W  by 
W  from  Albany. 

Blere,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tidre  and  Loire,  on  the  river 
Cher,  18  miles  E  by  S  of  Tnurs 

Blessington,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  VVicklow,  seated  on  a  rising 
ground,  near  the  Liffey,  14  miles  SSW 
of  Dublin. 

Bletchingly,  borough  in  Surry,  which 
has  no  market ;  seated  on  a  hill,  four 
miles  E  of  Ryegate,  and  21  S  of  Lon- 
don. 

Bleurie,  seignory,  on  the  Sore!,  in  Bed- 
ford county,  T^nwer  Canada,  23  miles  SE 
from  Montreal. 

Blights  Island,  NW  coast  of  North 
Atnerica,  between  Point  Grauma  bay, 
and  Point  Freemantle,  30  mil's  N  from 
Montagu  Island.  Lat  60  52  N,  Ion. 
VV  C  69  17  W. 

Block  hland,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
13  miles  NE  from  M'>ntaug  Point,  the 
eastern  ►'Xtremity  i.t'  Long-  Islard,  and 
10  m^'es  SW  fr  m  Point  Judith.  It  is  the 
town  of  N?w  Short  ham,  in  Newport. 
county,  Rhode  Island  Population  1810, 
722;  and  in  18^0  9.5:'. 

Bloddey.  township  in  Ph'ladplnh'a  coun- 
ty, Pennsyi^-'*''ia,  on  the  Sdi'iyikiH  three 
m'les  from  Pliilaii-'ohia.  P 'ptiiation  in 
ISIO,  161.S,  and  in  1820,  2655 

BIoclczii!,  town  (jCIToII  ntl,  in   Overyssel, 
with  a  fort;  seated,  at    llie  mouth  or  the 
Aa,  ou  the  Zuydev  Zc-,   where  there  is  a 
104 


good  harbour,  eight  miles  NVV  of  Steen- 
wick.     Lon.  5  39  E.  lat.  52  44  N. 

Blois,  ciiy  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loire  and  Cher,  and  lately 
an  episcopd  see.  In  this  castle  Lewis 
XII  was  born,  and  here,  in  1588,  Henry 
III  caused  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  his 
brother  the  cardinal,  to  be  assassinated. 
The  principal  commerce  is  in  win  and 
brandy  :  and  the  chief  manufactures  are 
serges  and  ticken.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Loire,  37  miles  ENE  of  Tours,  and  100 
SSW  of  Paris.       Lon.  1  20  E.  lat.  47  35  N. 

Bloody-nm,  post  town  of  Bedfsrd  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Juniata  river^righi  miles  E  from  Bedford. 

Bloom,  po«t  town  of  Columbia  county, 
Penn.sylvania.     Population  1200. 

Bloom,  township  in  Columbia  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  1626. 

Bloom,  post  to»vn  oi  Fairfield  county, 
Ohio,  seven  mi!e    NW  f-orr.  Lancaster. 

Bloom,  township  in  Fairfield  county, 
Ohi...  Population  m  1810, 839,  and  in  1820. 
1613. 

Bloom,  township  of  Morgan  county, 
Ohio.     Popula  ion  in  1820,445. 

Bloom,  tovvnsiiip  of  Sciota  coimty,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  205.  . 

Bloomfidd,  post  town  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty, Maine,  right  side  of  Kennebec  river, 
seven  miles  E  fom  Norj'idgpwock. 

Bloomfield,  township  in  Somerset  coun- 
ty, M;in'f.     P.)pidation  in  1820,  889. 

Bloomjield,  post  town  of  Ontario  county, 
New  York,  eight  mdes  W  from  Canandai- 
gua. 

Bloomjield,  township  in  Ontario  county, 
NewYo  k.     PopulaUnn  in  1820,3621 

Bloomjield,  post  town  of  Essex  county, 
New  j>  r  ey,five  mile-  NW  from  Xe\\\.rk. 

Bh'imjield,  township  in  E^sex  county. 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  o0o5.' 

Bloomjield,  pos'.  town  »f  Crawford  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

Bloomjield,  township  in  Crawford  county, 
Pennsvlvania.  Population  in  1810,  114, 
andin  1820,  214. 

Bloomfidd,  post  village  of  Virginia  in 
Loudoi;  coi/Jity. 

Bloomjield,  post  village  of  Nelson  courity, 
Kentucky. 

Bloomjield,  township  and  post  town  in 
Trumbull  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820. 166. 

Blooiiific'd,  township  in  J?ckson  count}', 
Ohio,     i'opuktionin  1820,  318. 

BlooiiJ'ekl,  sm:-.ll  town  or  viii:iji-e  in  W:;vne  ' 
township,   n  thf  western  b.irders  of  Jeffer- 
son comty,   14  miles   we-terly  fr  m  Steu- 
btnviUe,  on  the   road  from  tliat  place  to 
Carliz. 

Bloomjield.  po=st  town  of  Pickaway  coun- 
tt',  upon  WVinut  plan's,  on  the  road  from 
Columbus  to  Chilr,  die  ;  17  miles  south 
from  Columbus,  and  8  N  from  Circleville. 


B  L  O 


B  L  L 


Hloomfield,  township  in  Knox  county, 
Ohio.     JP.ipulation  in  1820,  468. 

Bloomin^burff,  post  village  of  New  York, 
in  SuHivan  couifty. 

Bloomi7ig-dale,  village  on  the  Hudson,  se- 
ven miles  above  the  city  of  New  York. 

Blooming  Grove,  township  and  post  town 
in  Orange  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  1820,2219. 

lilooming  Grove,  town  of  Richland  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Blooming  Grove,  township  in  Richland 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  168. 

Bloomingsbtirg,  village  F.tyette  county, 
Ohio,  40  miles  SW  from  Columbus. 

Bloomivgtoji,  post  village  and  chief  town 
of  Monroe  county,  Indiana,  on  Bean-blos- 
som branch  of  White  river,  about  70  miles 
NE  from  Vincennes. 

Bloomsburg.  post  town,  of  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey 

Bloomsburg,  post  village  of  Halifax 
county.  Virginia. 

Bloomsville,  post  village  of  Ontario  coun- 
ty. New  York,  13  miles  W  from  Canan- 
daigua. 

Bloinez,  town  of  Poland,  in  Masovia,  20 
miles  W  of  Warsaw. 

Blore,  village  in  Staffordshire,  10  miles 
N  of  Utoxeter,  Its  heath  is  famous  for  a 
battle  between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lan- 
caster, September  1459,  in  which  Nevil 
earl  of  Salisbury,  for  York,  v^ith  500  men 
only,  defeased  lord  Audley  with  10,000. 
The  lattev  was  killed,  and  on  'he  spot  is 
erected  a  stone  cross  to  his  memory.. 

Blount,  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by 
the  Cherokee  lands  SSW  and  W  ;  Holston 
river  separating  it  from  Knox,  and  Roane 
NWandN;  and  by  Sevier  E;  length  38 
miles ;  mean  width  15  miles  ;  area  570 
square  miles;  surface  hilly;  soil  varied, 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  salted  provisions,  and 
some  cotton.     Chief  town,  Maryville. 

Population  in  ISIO. 

Free  white  males         -         -         -  4,122 

do.  do.  females  -  -  3,886 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     .         -         -         -  26 

Slaves         -         ...         -  805 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  m_ales          .  .       - 
do.  do.  females 

8,839 

5,119 
5,035 

Total  whites                 .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
t         do.              do.        females  - 
Slaves,  males     '  - 
do.    females    -        -        -        - 

10,154 

27 

27 

552 

•     491 

Total  population  in  1820 
O 

11,258 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        .  r.qne 

Engaged  in  AgMculture  -  1,531 

■  do.     .  in  Manufactures         -  ,137 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  lO 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20  nearlj'. 

Blount,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded  S  by 

Shelby  and  Jefferson  ;  W  by N  by 

Cotaco;  E  by and  SE  by  St.  Clair  ; 

length  32,  breadth  30 ;   area  960  square 
miles  ;  surface  hilly.     Staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,158 
do.  do.    females     -        .        -        1,088 


Total  whites      ....  2,239 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  none 

do.            do.      females  -  1 

Slave?,  males      .        _         -         -  fy 

do.    females            ...  gs 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,415 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  805 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  22 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Blonntsville,  post  town,  and  capital  of 
SuUivan  county,  East  Tenressee,  on  the 
Watauga  branch  of  Holston  rivei';  25  miles 
W  from  Elizabethtown,  and  109  tbove 
Knoxville. 

Blnc-earih,  river,  branch  of  Kansas  river. 

Blvi'field  Bay,  between  Luana  Point  and 
Cabarilla  Point,  island  of  Jamaica,  lat. 
18  10  N.  lon.WC.  1  25  W. 

Blue  Field,  river  of  Nortli  America, 
which  separates  Honduras,  from  Nicara- 
gtia,  and  is  discharged  inL«  Bluefields  Bay. 
Lon.  W  C  4  30  \Y .  lat.  12  N. 

Bine-Hill,  township  and  post  town  of 
Hancock  county,  Maine.  Population  in 
1820,  653. 

Blue  Lick,  Upper,  on  Lickirg  rive", 
Fleming  county,  Kentucky. 

Blue  Lick,  Lower,  see  Ellisville. 

Blue  Mountain,  sometimes  called  ITitta- 
tiny,  wss  originally  called  by  the  Indians 
Kaatatin  chunk,  which  is  said  to  signify 
"  main  or  principal  mountain."  It  crosses 
the  Delaware,  which  forms  a  deep  gap, 
through  it,  about  24  miles  above  Jiaston, 
and  running  WSW,  crosses  the  Lehigh, 
whicli  forms  also  a  gap,  through  it  and 
continues  nearly  the  same  direction  west- 
ward of  the  Susqiiehannah.  The  height 
of  this  mountain  is  at  three  points  in  the 
county  of  Nortiiampton,  as  follows  :  On 
the  Vilest  side  of  the  Delaware,  at  the  Dela- 
ware W:iter;::ap,  it  is  ibund  to  be  1250 
feet ;  on  the  west  side  of  Lehigh  Watergap, 
it  measures  1175  feet,  and  on  the  east  side 
of  Kunkles  Cap,  op  Allentown  road,  it  mea 
i05 


B  L  Y 


Ji  O  1) 


sures  1135  feet.  These  measurements  were 
taken  by  the  common  geometrical  method, 
and  will  give  the  average  height  of  the 
Mountain  in  the  county  of  Northampton, 
at  1186  feet.  The  Bkie  Mountain  so  far  as 
it  extends  in  Northampton  county,  is  a  very 
regular  ridge,  nearly  uniform  in  its  height, 
and  has  properly  but  four  pa-ses  or  Gaps, 
in  the  county.  These  are  the  Delaware 
Water  Gap,  the  Wind  Gap,  the  Lehigh 
Water  Gap,  and  Little  Gap,  between  the 
Wind  Gap,  and  Lehigh  Water  Gap.  The 
Mountain  is  in  all  places  steep,  thinly 
covered  with  poor  timber,  generally  rocky, 
and  unfit  for  cultivation. 

Blue  Ridge,  one  of  the  ranges  of  the  Ap- 
palachian, or  Allegany  mountains,  and  ge- 
nerally, though  erroneously  considered  the 
southeast  ridge  of  that  system.  It  extends 
from  the  Hudson  river  into  Georgia.  The 
great  Limestone  valley,  as  it  is  called  by 
pre-eminence  extends  along  the  NW  side 
of  the  Blue  ridge.  The  real  Limestone 
range,  is,  however,  much  more  limited  than 
generally  believed.  In  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  it  is  seldom  as  much  as  10 
miles  wide  from  the  foot  of  the  mountain, 
and  followed  by  clay  slate,  which  forms  the 
substrata,  on  the  NW  side  of  the  valley. 
The  line  of  separation  crosses  the  Delaware 
about  20  miles  above  the  borough  of  Eas- 
ton  ;  the  Lehigh  at  the  Slates  :  the  Schuyl- 
kill above  the  mouth  of  Maiden  creek ; 
and  the  Susquehannah  at  H  .rrisburg.  Be- 
tween the  Susquehannah,  and  Potomac, 
the  relative  distances  and  distinction  be- 
tween the  two  formations,  maintain  a  nea!-- 
ly  similar  position.  From  the  latter  stream 
SW  we  are  unprepared  to  mark  their  re- 
spective limits. 

The  entire  length  of  the  Blue  Ridge  as 
a  separate  range,  is  upwards  of  700  miles. 
Its  general  elevation  varies  considerably. 
In  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mary- 
land it  is  humble  ;  but  in  Bedford  county, 
Virginia  the  Peaks  of  Otter  exceed  5000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
and  are  the  most  elevated  part  of  the  Ap- 
palachian system  SW  from  Hudson  river. 

Slue  Rock,  post  town  and  township  in 
Muskingham  county,  Ohio.  Population 
in  1820,  557. 

Blue  Stone,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Tazewell  and  flows  NE  into  Kenhawa  ri- 
ver in  Giles  county,  having  an  entire  course 
of  40  miles. 

Blue  Water,  river,  southern  branch  of 
Missouri,  which  it  joins  nine  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Kansas. 

Bluff- Springs,  post  village,  Jefferson 
county,  Mississippi. 

Blufton,  town  of  Howard  county,  Mis- 
souri. 

Blyth,  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  with  a 
markel  oh  Thursday.  Here  are  some  re- 
mains of  a  castle  and  priorv.  It  is  23 
lOfi 


NNVV  of  Newark,  and  151  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Boardman,  township  and  post  town,  10 
miles  SE  from  Warren,  in* Trumbull  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  343,  and  in 
1820,  604. 

Boat-mn,  post  village,  Clermont  county, 
Ohio. 

Boat-yard,  post  village  of  Sullivan  county, 
Tennessee,  upon  the  Natouga  river  16 
miles  helow  Blountsville. 

Bobenhauseii,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wc- 
teravia,  with  a  castle,  three  miles  SE  of 
Francfort  on  the  Main,  and  seated  on  the 
river  Gersbrentz. 

Bobio,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  on  the  Trebia,  25  miles  SE  of 
Pavia.     Lon.  9  12  E  lat.  44  45  N. 

Bocat,  valley  of  Syria,  in  Asia,  in  which 
are  the  famous  ruins  of  Balbec. 

Bocca-Chica,x\\Q  entrance  into  the  har- 
bour of  Carthagena,  in  S.  America.  It  is 
defended  by  several  forts,  which  were  all 
taken  by  the  English  in  1741. 

Boea   del  Drago  the  W   entrance  into  , 
Chiriqui  bay,  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the 
isthftiusof  Darien.      Lat.  9  05  N.  Ion.  W 
C4  W. 

Boca  del  Toro,  entrance  into  the  bay  of 
Chiriqui  or  Almirante,  E  from  the  island 
Bocaloro.     Lat.  9  12  N.  lat.  W  C  3  45  W. 

Bocaloro,  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay 
of  Chiriqui  or  Almirante.  Lat.  9  12  N. 
lon.  W  C  3  50  W. 

BocauWs  Bay,  South  America  in  the 
straits  of  Magellan.  Lat.  54  S.  lon.  W  C 
5  54  E. 

Bocca  Tigris,  bay,  or  estuary  of  the 
river  Pekiang.  The  great  commercial  city 
of  Canton  stands  at  its  bead. 

Bochetta,  chain  of  mountains,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  over  which  is  the  road 
leading  from  Lombardy  to  Genoa.  On 
the  peak  of  the  highest  mountain  is  a  pass, 
whicii  will  hardly  admit  three  men  to  go 
abreist ;  this  pass,  is  properly,  the  Bochet- 
ta ;  for  the  defence  of  which  there  are 
three  forts.  It  is  the  key  of  Genoa,  and 
was  taken  in  1746  by  the  Austrians. 

Bockholt,  town  of  WestphaUa,  in  the 
diocess  of  Muns'er,  20  miles  E  of  Cleves. 
Lon.  6  22  E.  lat.  51  42  N. 

Boccing,  large  village  in  Essex,  adjoin- 
ing to  Braintree.  It  has  a  great  manufac- 
ture of  baize,  and  is  41  miles  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  40  E.kt.  51  56  N. 

Bodcau,  lake  of  Louisiana,  six  miles  W 
from  Lake  Bistineau.  It  discharges  its 
waters  into  lied  river  at  the  south,  and  re- 
ceives Bodcau  river  at  the  northern  extre- 
mity. 

Bodcau,  river  of  Louisiana,  and  Arksfti- 
saw ;  rises  in  the  latter  N.  lat.  33  40  W. 
lon.  W  C  17  interlocking  with  the  waters 
of  Little  river  of  the  South,  Little  Missou- 
ri, and  Dacheet :  the  entire  length  of  the 


B  O  E 


B  O  I 


Bodcau  is  about  100  miles,  one  third  of  rises  in  the  Pine  forests  between  Ope- 
which  is  in  Louisiana ;  it  enters  the  north-  lorsas  and  the  rapids  of  Red  river,  flow- 
east  extension  of  the  lake  of  the  same  ing  first  north-east,  turns  gradually  to 
name.  The  country  drained  by  the  Bod-  south-east,  enters  on  the  low  lands  south 
cau  is  hilly,  covered  with  pine  and  oak  of  Red  river,  and  after  continuing  to 
woods;  soil  thin  and  sterile.  flow  by  comparative  courses  60  miles, 

Bodega,  port  on  the  W  coast  of  North  unites  with   the  Crocodile  to  form  the 

America.    Lat.  38  21  N.  Ion.  W  C  47  W.  Courtableau  river. 

Bodet,  River  au.  Upper  Canada,  in  the  Boggs,  a  township  in  Centre  county, 

township  of  Lancaster,  falls  into  lake  St.  Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  847. 

Francis  east  of  Pointe  au  Bodet.  Bogota,  the  capital  of  New  Granada, 

Bodlio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county  qP  in  Terra  Firma.     See  Santa  Fe. 
Nice,  25  miles  NW  of  Nice.    Lon.  7  6  E^- '     Bogota,  river  of  South  America,  rising 

lat.  44  2  N.  in    the   mountains  near  Santa  Fe,  and 

Bodmin,  borough  in  Cornwall,  with  a  flowhig  to  the  SW,  falls  into  the  Mag- 
market  on  Saturday,  ft  sends  two  menj-  dalena.  It  is  rendered  in  a  i)eculiar  man- 
bers  to  parliament,  and  is  32  miles  NE  of  n^r  interesting  by  the  great  cataract  of 

l^nlt-nrMtf K      nnrl  ^lA.  \.V     Kir    S    ctf    f.nnrlon.  T'ennt^nHama 


Falmouth,  and  234  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  40  \V.  lat.  50  32  N. 

Bodon,  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bulgaria,  with  an  Archbishop's 
see  ;  seated  on  the  river  Danube,  26  miles 
W  of  Viden.      Lon.  25  54  E  lat.  44  10  N. 

Bodroch,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  100  m.iles  SE  of  Buda.  Lon.  19 
52  E.  lat.  45  55  N. 

Boeschot,  town  in  the  prcivince  of  Aus- 
trian Brabant,  seated  on  the  river  Nethe, 
12  miles  NE  of  MecliUn.  Lon.  4  42E.  lat. 
51  8N. 

Bog,  river  of  Poland,  which  runs  SW 
through   Podolia    and    Budziac    Tartary, 


Bohtvua,  kingdom  of  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Misinia  and  Lusatia,  on  the 
E  by  Silesia  and  Moravia,  ftn  the  S  by 
Austria,  and  on  the  W  by  Bavaria.  It 
is  200  miles  in  length,  and  150  in 
breadth,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  saffron, 
hops,  and  pasture.  In  the  mountains  are 
mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and,  in  some 
places  they  find  diamonds,  granates, 
copper,  and  lead.  The  Roman  catholic 
religion  is  the  principal ;  though  .  >ere 
are  many  protestants.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Muldaw,  Elbe,  and  Oder.  Their 
language  is  Sclavonian,  with  a  mixture 


?l!L"?i"\l?.L?^^l^;»!fil'  '°^^^^^''  ^^'^-   of  German.     It  is   an  integral  of  the 

^^^^^._^^  ^^p.^^     r^^^  capital  townjs 

Prague. 

Bohemia,  creek  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland,  which  unites  with  E!k  river  a 
few  miles  above  its  junction  with  Chesa- 

of  Mississippi,  and  P^^j^^j^^'r,  cape  of  Africa,  in  Negroland, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1412, 
and  doubled  by  them  in  1433.  Lon.  14 
27  W,  lat.  26  12  N. 

Boiano,  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  Molise,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
nines,  near  the  river  Tilerno,  45  miles  N 
of  Naples.    Lon.  14  40  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Bois  /i/a?zc,  island  of  Michigan,  in  the 
Detroit  river  opposite  Amherstsburg. 
Though  lying  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
off  the  eastern  shore  of  the  strait,  the 
main   ship  chaiihtl  passes  between  the 


kow  and  the  river  Dnieper. 

Bogdo,  mountain  of  Asia,  separating  the 
sources  of  the  Selenga  river  from  those  of 
the  Upper  Irtish  and  the  Dscherbehan,  or 
LTpper  Oby.  The  centre  of  the  Bogdo,  is 
about  95  E.  from  London,  lat.  45  N 

Boque  Chitto,  river 
Louisiana,  rises  in  Lawrence  county,  in  the 
former  state,  flows  SSE  through  Lawrence 
and  Pike  counties,  50  miles,  crosses  tlie  line 
between  Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  N  lat. 
31  turns  SE  through  St.  Tammany,  60 
miles  f.-.lls  into  Pearl  river,  about  40  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  tlie  latter.  Tiie  gene- 
ral character  of  the  country  drained  by 
Boque  Cliiito,  is  in  every  essential  respect 
simi  ur  to  that  watered  by  Pearl-  river. 

Boeuf,  Le,  laite  in  Erie  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania,   di'.c!iurices   its    waters    into  French 


creek,  branch  Of  Ohio.     The  postage  from  ,-    ,     ,  .  ■  u    i       i.     e 

LeBoeuf  to  Presquisle  on  lake  Erie  is  about   island  and  Amnerstsourg,  with  depth  of 
14  miles.  '  water  for  the  largest  vessels.     The  island 

'  BoeuKiown   of  Frankhn  countv.   Mis-    contains  between  one  and  two  hundred 

acres  of  excellent  land. 

Bois  Blanc,  lake  between  lake  Supe- 
rior and  the  lake  of  the  Woods. 

Bois-le-Duc,  large  well  fortified  town 
of  Dutch  Brabant,  between  the  Dommel 
and  Aa,  situate  among  Morasses,  22 
miles  E  by  N  of  Breda,  ^S  NE  of  Ant- 
werj),  and  45  SSE  of  Amsterdam.  It  is 
the  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name. 
Boeuf,  Banoii,  or  Creek  of  Louisiana,   It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1629,  and 


soun. . 

Bueiif,  river  of  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana. 
It  rises  in  the  ibrmer,  interlocking  its 
sources  with  those  of  the  Mason  and  Bar- 
thelemy,  Rows  -ou'.h,  enters  Louisiana,  and 
turns  to  SW  by  S.  Continuing  thyt  course 
upwards  of  100  mile^  between  Wu-iiitHU 
and  Mason,  joins  ihe  fonner  opposite  the 
west  end  of  Sicily  island,  at  N  lat.  31  47 


B  O  L 


B  O  L 


bv  the  French  in  1794.    Lon.  5  16  E, 
]ii  51  40  N. 

Baitnitz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Zoll,  remarkable  for  its 
baths,  and  the  quantity  of  saffron  about 
it.     Lon   19  10  E  lat.  48  42  N. 

Bokhara,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capi- 
tal of  Bokharia,  138  miles  W  by  Sof  Sa- 
marcand.    Lon    65  50  E,  lat.  39  15  N. 

Bokharia,  Bocharia,  or  Bucharia,  a 
general  name  for  all  that  vast  tract  of 
land  lying  between  Karazm,  and  the 
sandy  desert  biirdering  on  China.  It  is 
divided  into  Great  and  Little  Bukharia. 
Great  Bukharia  is  situated  between  34 
and  46  N  lat.  and  76  and  92  E  long.  It 
is  bounded  c  i  the  N  by  the  river  Sir  ;  on 
the  E  by  the  kingdom  of  Kashgar,  on  the 
S  by  Persia  and  the  peninsula  within  the 
Ganges,  and  on  the  VV  by  the  country  of 
Karazm.  if  is  an  exceeding  rich  and 
fertile  country ;  the  mountains  abound 
with  the  richest  mines ;  the  valleys 
are  of  an  astonishing  fertility  ;  the  fields 
are  covered  with  grass  the  height  of  a 
man,  and  the  rivers  abound  with  excel- 
lent fish.  Little  Bukharia  is  sufhciently 
p  ipulous  and  fertile  ;  but  the  great  eleva- 
tion of  its  land,  joined  to  the  height  of 
the  mountains  which  bound  it  in  several 
parts,  renders  it  much  colder  than  from 
its  situation  might  be  expected.  It  con- 
tains rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

,Bolabola  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  four  leagues 
l^W  of  Ot<iha.  Lon.  151  52  W,  lat.  16 
32  S. 

Bolao,  river  of  South  America,  in 
Quito,  rises  near  Cuenca,  and  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Guayaquil  opposite  the  island 
of  Puna.     Lat  3  S. 

Bolcan  or  Volcan,  town  r.f  South 
America,  in  Tncuman  on  the  river  Leon. 
Lon.  W  C  13  E,  lat.  23  20  S. 

Bolcheresk,  a  town  of  Kamtschatka, 
on  the  river  Bolchoireka,  22  miles  fi  om 
its  mouth,  in  the  sea  of  Okotsk.  Lon. 
156  37  E,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Bold  Fountain,  post  village  of  Vir- 
ginia in  Charlotte  county. 

Eoleslafie,  or  Bimtzlau.  a  town  of  Si- 
lesia, on  the  Bobar,  17  miles  NE  of  Lig- 
nitz.    Long.  16  10  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Bolingbroke,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  at  the 
source  of  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
Witham.  It  is  29  miles  E  of  Lincoln, 
and  131  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  7  E, 
lat.  53  12  N. 

Bolingbroke,  .post  town  of  Talbot 
county,  Maryland. 

BoUslaiv,  town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles 
NE  of  Prague.    Lon.  15  22  E,  Jat.  50 

25  N. 

103 


Bolkivoilz,  town  of  Silesia,  12  miles  S 
of  Glogaw.    Long.  16  29  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Bologna,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
Bolognese,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
a  university  It  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennine  mountains,  in  a  fruitful  plain 
and  salubrious  air.  The  river  Saronia 
runs  near  its  walls,  and  the  Reno,  which 
turns  400  mills  for  the  silk  works, 
through  the  city.  There  are  a  great 
number  of  palaces  particularly  the  Pa- 
lazzo Publico,  in  which  the  cardinal  le- 
gate, or  viceroy  of  the  pnpe,  resides.  In 
the  area  before  this  palace,  is  a  noble 
marble  fountain,  the  principal  figure  of 
which,  a  Neptune  in  bronze,  eleven  feet 
high,  the  workmanship  of  Giovanni  di 
Bologna,  is  highly  esteemed  The  ana- 
tomical theatre,  beside  its  museum,  is 
adorned  with  statues  of  celebrated  phy- 
sicians. The  church  of  St.  Pi  tronius  is 
the  largest  in  Bologna ;  and  on  the  pave- 
ment of  this,  Cassini  drew  his  meridiar. 
line.  There  are  168  other  churches. 
The  private  houses  are  well  built,  and 
the  city  contains  80  000  inhabitants. 
They  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
silks  and  velvets,  which  are  manufac- 
tured here  in  great  perfection.  The 
surrounding  country  produces  immense 
quantities  of  oil,  wine,  flaX,  and  hemp, 
and  furnishes  all  Europe  with  sausages, 
maccaroni,  liqueurs,  essences,  and  even 
lap-dogs.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennines,  22  miles  SE  of  Modena,  and 
175  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  21  E,  lat. 
44  30  N. 

Bolognese,  province  of  Italy,  boanded 
on  the  N  by  the  Ferrnrese  W  by  Mofle- 
na,  S  by  Tuscany,  and  E  by  Romagna. 
It  is  watered  by  many  small  rivers  and 
produces  all  s<  rts  of  grain  and  fruit, 
particularly  rich  muscadi'^e  graj)es. 
Some  miles  before  the  entrance  into 
Bologna,  the  country  seems  one  continued 
garden.  The  vineyards  are  not  divided 
by  hedges,  but  by  rows  of  elms  and  mul- 
berry-trees ;  the  vines  hangir.g  in  fes- 
toons, from  one  tree  to  another.  There 
are  also  mines  of  alum  and  iron.  Bolog- 
na is  the  capital. 

Bolsena,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimo- 
ny of  St  Peter,  on  a  lake  of  its  name,  18 
miles  NNW  of  Viterbo. 

Bolsovcr,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  has  a  spacious 
castle,  on  the  brow  of  a  hill  ;  and  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco  pipes.  It 
is  six  miles  E  of  Chesterfield,  and  145 
NNW  of  London 

Bolsvjaert,  town  of  Holland,  in  Fries- 
land,  near  the  'Zuyder  Zee,  10  miles  N 
of  Sloten. 

Bolton f  a  populous  town  in  Lancashire, 
Avith  a   market  on   Monday,    It  has  a 


BOM 


B  O  N 


canal  to  Manchester,  and  manufactures 
of  fustians,  counterpanes,  dimities,  cali- 
coes, and  muslins.  It  is  11  miies  'i^W  of 
Manchester,  and  197  NNW  of  London. 

Bolton,  town  of  Ricli^-iieu.  county 
Lower  Canada,  on  lake  M'  mphrama- 
gog. 

JBolton.  town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Worcester  couniy,  noted  for  its  fine 
limestone,  18  miles  NE  of  Worcestt-r, 
and  34'  W  of  Boston      Population  lOiO. 

Bolton,  township  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts  Population  in  1810, 
1037,  and  in  1830,  1229. 

Bolton,  township  in  Tolland  cr.unty, 
Connecticut.  Pupulatios  in  1810,  700, 
and  in  1820,  1607. 

Bolton,  township  in  Warren  countv, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820  1087.' 

Bolzano,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ti- 
rol, on  the  river  Eisach,  27  miles  N  of 
Trent.    Lon.  11  26  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Bo?nal,  town  of  Au.'»trian  Luxemburg, 
on  tiie  river  Ourt,  20  miles  S  of  Liege. 
Lon.  5  38  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Bombay,  island  of  Hindootan.  oiie  of 
the  three  presidencies  of  the  English 
East  India  ('■  mpany,  :)y  which  ih.  ir  ori- 
ental territories  are  governtd.  It  is 
situated  on  the  W  coast  of  the  Deccan, 
seven  miles  in  length,  and  20  in  circum- 
ference It  came  to  the  English  by  the 
marriage  of  Charles  II  with  Catharine 
of  Portugal.  It  contains  a  strong  and 
capacious  fortress,  a  large  city,  dock- 
yard and  marine  arsenal.  The  ground 
is  barren,  and  s;ood  water  scarce.  It 
was  formerly  C(>unted  very  uuhealthy  ; 
but,  by  draining  the  bogs,  aiifl  otiur 
methods,  thr  air  is  j^  rally  altered  tcr  the 
better-  It  has  arjunda^.ce  of  cocoa-mics, 
but  scarce  any  corn  or  cattle.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  several  natii.nsand  very 
numerous.  It  is  150  miles  S  of  Surat. 
Lon.  72  38  E  lat.  18  58  N. 

Bombay  Hook,  a  point  and  small 
island  \\\  the  Delaware  river,  i;;  Kent 
cour.ty,  Delaware,  17  miles  SE  by  S  from 
Reedy  island. 

Bomene,  seaport  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zealand,  on  the  N  shore  of 
the  island  of  Schovven.  Lon.  4  0  E,  lat. 
51  42  N. 

Bommd,  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  the  isle  of  Overilacke,  seven  miles 
W  of  William  stadt. 

Bnimnel,  handsome  town  of  Dutch 
Gueklerland,  in  the  island  of  Bommel- 
Waert,  seated  on  the  Waal,  six  miles  N 
E  of  Huesden 

Bommel-Waert,  island  of  Dutch 
Guelderland,  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Waul  and  the  Maese.  It  is  15  miles 
long  and  five  broad.  It  was  taken  bv 
the  French  in  1791. 


Bona,  seaport  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Constantina.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Hippo  Regius.  It 
has  a  trade  in  corn,  oil,  wax,  and  wool, 
and  is  270  milts  E  of  Alu>;iers.  Long.  7 
45  E,  lat.  36  52  N. 

Jionair,  fertile  island  near  the  N  coast 
of  I>rra  Firfna,  to  the  E  of  Curacoa. 
It  is  60  miles  in  circuit,  and  has  a  good 
harbour  and  road  on  the  SW  side.  Lon. 
W  C.  8  42  E,  lat.  12  10  N. 

Bonavista,  the  most  eastern  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands.  Lon.  22  47  W, 
lat.  16  0  N. 

Bonuvista^  a  cape  on  the  E  side  of  the 
island  of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  W  C. 
24  26  E   lat.  48  15  N. 

Bond,  county  of  lUir.ois,  on  both  sides 
of  Koskaskias  river ;  bounded  by  Jefferson 
SE  ;  Washington  S  ;  Mndison  W  ;  and 
the  Indian  country  N ;  length  30 ;  breadth 
18;  area  540  square  miles ;  surface  level 
or  moderately  hilly ;  soil  productive. 
Chief  towns,  Ripley,  Perrysville,  and  In- 
dependence. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  vvinte  males  -        - "      1,546 

.    do.    do.    females  -        -        1,336 

Total  whites             -        -        -  2,882 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  10 

do.           do.  •     females,  12 

Slaves,  males     ....  16 

do.    females          _        .        .  li 


Total  population  in  1820 


2,951 


Of  these  ; 

Foreiy:ners  not  naturalized        -  6 

Engaged  in  As;ricultui'e    '        -  283 

do      in  M-.i'-<uf?ctnres        -  104 

do.     i-;  Coiii-.iiv  rcf  -  8 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  nearly. 

tiondouy  kingdom  of  central  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  BaiBbnuk;  on  the 
SE  and  S  by  Tenda,  and  the  Simbani 
Wihlerness;  im  the  SW  by  Woolli ;  en 
the  W  by  Foota  Torra;  and  on  the  N  by 
Kajaaga.  The  country,  like  that  of 
Woolii,  is  very  generally  covered  with 
woods,  but  the  land  is  more  elevated,  and 
towards  the  Faleme  river  rises  into  con- 
siderable hills.  In  native  fertility  the 
soil  is  not  surpassed,  (according  to  Mr. 
Park,)  by  any  part  of  Africa.  From  the 
central  situation  i,f  Bondou,  between  the 
Gambia  and  Si-negal  rivers,  it  is  become 
a  place  of  great  resort,  both  for  the  Sla- 
tees,  who  t;enerally  pass  through  it,  in 
going  from  the  Coast  to  the  interior  coun- 
tries ;'  and  for  occasional  traders,  who 
frequently  com.e  hither  from  tlie  inland 
countries,  to  purchase  salt.  The  centre 
of  this  kingdom  is  about  8  W  London. 
Lat.  10  N. 

109 


BON 


BOO 


Bonne  Chew,  river  of  Upper  Canada, 
flows  into  thfc  Ottawa. 

Bonsecoura,  seigniory  of  Lower  Ca- 
nada, Richelieu  county,  o5  miles  NE 
from  Montreal. 

Bonaecours,  seigniory  Lower  Canada, 
in  Buckingham  county,  on  the  right  side 
of  St.  Lawrence  20  miles  SW  from»Qtje- 
bec. 

Bonaecaura,  seigniory  of  Lower  Cana- 
da, ill  Devon  county,  40  miles  below 
Quebec,  on  the  opposite  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence river. 

Bonsecoura,  bay  of  Alabama,  forming 
the  NE  curve  of  Mobile  bay,  extending 
towards  Pardido  bay. 

Bonka7nfito7n,  or  Bonuni,  village  of 
New  Jersey,  in  Middlesex  county,  about 
half  way  bitween  Brunswick  and  Wood- 
bridge. 

Bonifacio,  seaport  of  Corsica,  well  for- 
tified and  populous :  37  miles  S  of  Ajac- 
cio.     Lon  9  20  E.  lat  41  25  N. 

BonhoTUJne,  town  of  Missouri  St.  Lou- 
is county. 

Bonn,  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  and  the  residence 
of  the  elector,  whose  gardens  are  magni- 
ficent and  open  to  the  public.  It  contains 
12,000  inhabitants,  and  has  a  flourishing 
university.  It  is  seated  on  tht-  Rhine, 
ten  mi'es  S  bv  E  of- Cologne.  Lou:  7  12 
E.  lat  50  45li. 

Bonna,  or  Bona,  seaport  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Algiers.  It  was  taken 
by  Charles  V.  in  1535,  and  is  306  miles 
E  of  Algiers.    Lon. -6  15  E.  lat  36  2  N. 

Bonnefemme,  town  of  Missouri,  in 
Howard  county. 

Bonneseable,  town  oi  France,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Maine,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte,  15  miles  NE  of  Mans. 
Lon.  0  30  E.  lat.  48  11  N 

Bouncval,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
pu'-tmtnt  i)f  .Eure  and  Loire,   and  'ate 

EroviiiCe  of  Beiiuce.     It  is  seated  on  the 
loi'v,   eii;ht  mik-s   N   of  Cheautaudun. 
Lo'i.  1  20  E  lat.  48  12  N. 

Bo7ineviUe.  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Faucigny,  seated  on  the  river  Arve,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  the  Mole.  It 
is  20  miles  S  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  10  W. 
lat  46  32N. 

Bono,  post  town  of  Indiana,  in  Law- 
rence county,  on  the  east  fork  of  White 
river. 

BnnnetQimrre,  SeePamA  of  St.  Charles, 
in  Louisiana;  situated  along  both  banks 
of  the  Mississippi  coast,  bounded  E 
and  SE  by  ihe  parish  of  St.  Bernard, 
NE  by  lake  Pontchartrain,  and  pass  of 
Manchac,  N  by  lake  Manrepas,  and  VV 
bytheparisU  of  St.  John  Baptiste.  The 
only  arable  land  in  this  parish  is  on  the 
Mississippi ;  it  produces,  sugar,  cotton. 

^^      no  . 


indigo,  rice,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes, 
maize,  oranges,  peaches,  and  figs.  Na- 
tural  timber;  various  species  of  oak,  elm, 
ash,  and  hickory,  also  cotton  wood,  cy- 
press, willow,  and  sycamore. 

tio7iu7n.     See  BonhoTnme. 

Boodge-boodge,  town  of  Hindoostan 
Propel',  capital  of  the  rajah  of  Cutch, 
330  miles  NE  of  Surat.  Lon.  68  0  E» 
lat,  23  16  N 

Boone,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  the  left 
side  of  Ohio  river,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  great  Miami ;  bounded  NW  and  N  \yf 
Ohio  river  ;  E  by  Campbell ;  and  S  t^ 
Pendleton  ;  length  25  ;  mean  width  12  ; 
area  300  square  miles ;  surface  hilly  ; 
soil  productive,  in  grain  and  fruits,  sta- 
ples flour,  and  salted  provisions. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males            -        -  1,733 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,191 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       .       -  25 

Slaves      -----  656 


Total  population  in  1810, 


3,606 


Population  in  1820. 
Fri  e  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

do.             do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

males 
females. 

2,755 
■2,572 

5,327 

8 

11 

652 

584 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,582 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  4 

Engager'  in  Agriculture            -  1,821 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  191 

do.    in  Commerce             -  17 

Population  tothe  square  mile,  22. 

Boonesboro,  town  of  Kentucky,  in  Ma- 
dison C(nir:ty.  on  Kentucky  river,  about 
ahont  50  i.nik-s  above  Frankford. 

Boonesburg,  small  pu&i  town  in  Wash- 
ington county,  Maryland.  It  has  a  post 
office  about.  60  n-a'les  from  the  city  of 
Washington. 

BoonesUck,  See  Boonville. 
rBoonelcn,  post  village  of  Morris  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  29  miles  NW  from  New- 
ark. 

Boonville,  i)03t  town  of  Oneida  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  Black  river,  31  miles 
N  fr-  m  Utica.    Population  400. 

Boonville,  township  of  Oneida  coun- 
ty, New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
1294. 

Boonville,  formerly  Boonslick,  town 
Missouri  in  Howard  county,  on  the  right 


B  O  R 


R  O  R 


bank  of  Missouri  river,  opposite  Frank-  Eorgo,  town  of  Sweden,  on  tlie  gulf  of 

jjn,  Finland,  20  miles  NE  of  Helsingfors.  Lon. 

Bootan,   country  NE  of   Hindoostan  25  40  E,  lat.  60  34  N. 

Proper,   between  Bengal  and  Thibet,  of  Borgoforte,  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  duchy 

which  last  it  is  a  feudatory.     The  south-  of  Mantua,  on  the  river  Po,  10  mdes  S  of 

ernmost  ridge  of  the  Bootan   mountains  Mantua.     Lon.  10  53  E,  lat.  45  ON. 

rises  near  a  mile  and  a  half  perpendicu-  ^  ^or^-o-.San-liomnio,    epucopal   ^pwn  ot 

lar  above  the  plains  of  Bengal,  in  a  ho-  Italy,  mthe  duchy  of  Parma,  15  miles  NW 


rizontal  distance  of  only  15  miles;  and 
from  the  summit  the  astonished  travel- 
ler looks  back  on  the  plains,  as  on  an 
extensive  ocean  beneath  him.  The  ca- 
pital is  Tassasudon. 

Boffingen,  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia,  on  the  river  Egypt,  fouv  miles  E  of 
Awlan.    Lon  10  21  E.  48  55  N. 

Boothbay,  post  town  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty;  between  Sheepscut  and  Damariscot- 
ta  rivers,  10  miles  SE  from  VViscapet. 

Boothbay,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Maine.  Population  in  1810,  1582,  and  in 
1820,  1950, 

liopfiart,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles 
S  of  Coblentz.^j Lon.. 7.-35  E.  lat  50-,16  N. 

Borchf  town  of  the  Duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, on  the  Elbe,  14  miles  NE  of  Mag- 
deburg.    Lon.  12  2  E.  lat  52  19  N. 

Borchloen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  15  miles  NW  of  Liege. 
Lon.  5  31  E.  lat.  50  50  N. 

Boques,  ovlBoque,  creek  of  Ohio,  ri 


of  Parma.     Lon.  10  6  E,.  lat,  44  58  N. 

Borgo  di-SanSepii!chro,  episcopal  town 
of  Tuscany,  40  miles  E  of  Florence.  Lon. 
12  7  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Borgoval-di-taro  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Parma,  20  miles  SW  of  Par- 
ma.    Lon.  10  16  E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Borja,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  12 
miles  SE  of  Tarazona.  Lon.  1  16  W,  lat. 
42  6  N. 

Boriquen,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  near 
Porto-Rico.  The  English  settled  here,  but 
were  driven  away  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
uninhabited,  though  fertile,  and  the  water 
good.  Here  is  a  great  number  of  land 
crabs,  whence  some  call  it  Crab  Island, 
Lon.. 66  0  W,  lat.  18  ON. 

Bork-elo,  strong  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Zutphen,  on  the  river  Borkel, 
10  miles  E  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  18  E,  lat, 
52  UN. 

Bormio,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Ori- 
sons, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  the  state  of  Venice, 
on  the  E  by  the  territory  of  Austria,  and 
on  the  S  and  W  by  Caddea.     It  contains 


ses  in  Union,  and  enters  the  right  side  of  about  1000  inhabitants,  and  has  a  desolate 

Sciota,  in  Delaware  county.  appearance.     The  houses  are  of  stone  plas- 

BordentOTjn,  post  town  of  Burlington    tered  :  a  few  make  a  tolerable  figure  amid 

county.  New  Jersey,  seated  on  the  E  side   many  with  paper  windows ;  and  several, 

of  the  river  Delaware,  opposite  Bristol,   Hke  the  Italian  cottages,  have  only  wooden 

Pennsylvania,  11  miles  NE  from  Burling-   vvindow  .shutters.    It   is  40  miles  SE  of 

ton,   and   about  26  from    Philadelphia.    Cjjire.    I-on,  10  5  E,  lat.  46  25  N. 

This  town  possesses  a  considerable  trade.       Borneo,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  dis- 

being  the  common  rendezvous  of  a  line   covered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1521 ;  before 

of  stages  between  Philadelphia  and  Am-   the  discovery  of  New  Holland,  thought  to 

boy.  be  the  largest  m  the  world,  being  1800 

Boreham,  village  in  Essex,  three  miles   miles  in  circumference,    it  is  seated  under 

NE  of  Chelmsford,  famous  for  a  stately    the  equator,   that  line   cutting  it  almost 

fabric,  built  by  Henry  VIII.  which  though   through  the  middle.     It  is  almost  of  a  cir- 

now  ruinous,  was  once  the  most  magnifi-   cular  .figure,  abounds  with  gold,  and  the 

cent  building  in  this  country.  finest  diamonds  \\\  the  Indies  are  found  in 

Borgne,  lake  of  Louisiana  and   Missis-   its   rivers,  being  probably   washed  down 

sippi.    It  is  in  reality  the  western  extension    from  the   hills   by  torrents.     It   produces 

of  Pascagoula    sound.      It   communicates    likewise   rice,   pepper,    fruits,  and  bees'- 

with  thegulf  of  Mexico,  by  the  SE  pass,  SW    wax,  which  last  is  used  instead  of  money. 

from  Cat   Island ;    with    the    Pascagoula    The    beasts    are    oxen,    buffaloes,    deer, 

Sound,    by  the   passes  of  Christian    and    goats,  elephants,  tigers  and  monkeys.  This 

Marianne  ;  and  with  lake  Pontchartrain,  by    island  has  fine  rivers,  especially  toward  the 

the  Rigolets.     The  depth  of  water  through    W  and  S.     The  rainy  season  continues  for 

the  ship  channel  of  lake  Borgne  is,  at  low    eight  months  in  the  year,  and,  as  during 

tide,  about  six  feet.     It  is  from  the  mouth    that  time  all  the  flat  country  is  overflowed, 

of  Bienvenu  creek,  to  the  W  end  of  Cat   the  air  is  rendered  very  unhealthful,  and 

Island,  40  mdes  in  length,  with  a  mean    the  inhabitants  are  forced  to  build  their 

width  of  10  miles  between  the  opposite   houses  on  floats  which  they  make  fast  to 

shores  of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.    Lake   trees.    The  houses  have  but  one  floor  with 

Borgne  forms  one  of  the  great  channels  of  pai-titions  made  of  cane.    The  people  are 

entrance  into  Louisiana.  verv  sw:irth\',  and  go  almost  naked.   There 

"ill 


E  O  li 


BOS 


are  Mahometans  on  the  F.ea  coast;  but  the 
rest  are  Gentoos.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  large  and  populous,  with  a  good 
harbour,  and  seated  on  the  NVV  side.  l>on. 
112  27  F,,  lat.  4  55  N. 

Bornholm,  island  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  20 
miles  SE  of  8chonen  m  Sweden.  Lon. 
14  56  E,  lat.  54  55  N. 

Bornoa,  exterjsive  country  in  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  NW  by  Fezzan  ;  on  the 
N  by  the  desert  of  Bilma ;  on  the  SE  by 
Cashna  ;  and  on  the  SW  by  Nubia.  It  ex- 
tends from  12  to  22  degrees  of  E  lon.  and 
from  17  to  21  degrees  of  N  Jat.  The 
northern  part  is  poor,  and  like  the  rest  of 
the  provinces  of  Zaara  :  but  all  the  rest  is 
well  watered  by  springs  and  rivers  that 
tumble  down  with  a  dreaclfiil  noise  from 
the  mountains:  rendering  the  country  pro- 
lific in  corn,  grass,  and  fruits,  and  giving 
it  a  pleasmg  aspect.  The  eastern  and 
western  frontiers  are  divided  into  moun- 
tains and  valleys,  the  latter  being  all  co- 
vered with  flocks  of  cattle,  fields  of  rice 
and  millet,  and  many  of  the  mountains 
with  wood,  fruit-trees,  and  cotton.  The 
climate  is  said  to  be  characterized  by  ex- 
cessive, though  not  by  imiform  heat.  Two 
seasons,  one  commencing  soon  after  the 
middle  of  April,  the  otiier  a.  the  same  pe- 
riod in  October,  divide  the  year.  The  first 
is  introduced  by  violent  winds,  that  bring 
with  them,  from  the  SE  and  S  an  intense 
heat,  with  a  deluge  of  sultry  rain,  and  suoh 
tempests  of  '.hunder  and  lightning  as  de- 
stroy multitudes  of  tlie  cattle  and  many  of 
the  people.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
second  season,  the  ardent  heat  subsides  ; 
the  air  becomes  soft  and  mild,  and  tlie  wea- 
ther perfectly  serene.  T'le  complexion 
of  the  natives  is  black ;  but  they  are  not 
of  the  negro  cast.  The  capital  is  of  the 
fame  name. 

Bomou,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Rornou,  situated  in  a  flat  country.  Lat.  40 
7i. 

Borodino,  on  the  iloskwa,  village  of  Rus- 
sia, 90  miles  W.  from  Moscow,  .famous  for 
a  sanguinary  battle  between  the  French 
and  Russians,  Sc-])temiier  7th,  1812. 

BorougJi,  townsliip  in  Heaver  cotmty, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  244. 

Boroughbridgc,  borough  in  the  N  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday  ; 
seated  on  the  Ure,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment; and  is  17  miles  NVV  of  York,  and 
218  N  by  \V  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W, 
lat.  54  10  N'. 

Bnrrntodale,  dreary  district  in  the  S  part 
of  Cumberland,  abounding,  beyond  any 
other  part  of  the  world,  with  the  finest 
sort  of  black  lead  or  wad  ;  the  mines  of 
which  are  only  opened  at  intervals,  and 
then  carefully  closed  again,  lest  this  pre- 
cious substance  should  become  too  com- 
IIJ 


mon.     Copper,  lead,  and  calamine,  are  also 
found  in  this  tr  ct. 

Borrowstouwuss,  or  Boness,  village  of 
Lin;itligowshirp,  on  the  frith  of  Forth, 
surrounded  with  coal  pits  and  salt  pans.  It 
has  a  good  port,  but  its  trade  is  not  on  the 
increase. 

Bosa,  ancient  seaport  of  Sardinia,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  17  miles  SE  of  Algeri. 
Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Bosca-wen,  township  of  Hillsborough 
county.  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Merrimack  river,  about  10 
miles  N  of  Concord.  Population  in  1810, 
1,829,  and  in  ltf20,  2,113. 

Bosco,  or  Bosdd,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  seated  on  the  Arbe,  five  miles 
E  of  Alexandria.  Lon.  8  52  E,  lat.  44 
■54  N. 

Boscobel,  village  in  Shropshire,  nine  miles 
SE  of  Newport,  noted  for  the  Oak,  in 
which  Charles  was  hid,  and  saw  the  parlia- 
ment soldiers  pass  by  in  quest  of  him,  after 
the  battle  of  Worcester.  The  tree  is  now 
almost  cut  away  by  travellers. 

B'jsna  Serago,  large  and  strong  tow^n  of 
Turkey,  and  capital  of  Bosnia,  seated  on 
the  river  Bosna,  110  miles  SW  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  17  -57  E,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Bosnia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Sclavonia,  on  the  E 
by  Servia,  on  the  S  by  Albania,  and  on  the 
W  by  Croatia  and  Dalmatia.  Ceraio  is  the 
capital. 

Bosphorus,  ancient  name  of  two  remark- 
able straits  ;  the  T^iracian  Bosphorus,  now 
straits  of  Constantinople  ;  and  the  Cimme- 
rian Bosphorus,  now  straits  of  KafTa,  Za- 
bach,  or  Jenicale. 

Bossiney,  borough  in  Cornwall,  that  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Bristol  Channel,  17  miles  NW  of 
Launceston,  and  233  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bost,  strong  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Sablestan.-    Lon.  64  15  E,  lat.  31   50  N. 

Boston,  borough  of  Lincolnshire,  seated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Witham,  not  far  from 
its  influx  into  tlie  sea  ;  but  its  harbour  can 
admit  vessels  of  inferior  burden  only.  It 
has  a  navigation  from  Lincoln,  partly  by  the 
Witham,  and  partly  by  a  canal,  at  the  ter- 
mination of  which,  in  Boston,  is  a  large  and 
curious  sluice  ;  and  there  is  anotlier  canal 
to  Bourn,  it  is  a  flourishing  town,  with  a 
spacious  market-place,  and  the  tower  of  its 
Gothic  ch'irch  is  one  of  the  most  lofty  and 
eUgantof  the  kind,  and  a  nottd  seamark. 
It  is  37  miies  SE  of  Lincoln,  and  115  N  of 
London.    Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Boston,  seaport  and  city  of  Massachu- 
setts, m  SufiTolk  county,  on  a  fine  peninsula 
extending  into  Massachusett's  bay  about 
two  miles,  with  a   mean   breadth  of  one 


a  0  s 


EOT 


nille.  The  suiTace  on  which  the  city  siancis 
js  unchilatin_^,  and  gives  an  aEjreeable  va- 
riety to  the  streets,  and  affords,  with  the 
aid  of  the  buildings,  particularly  the  slate 
house,  some  very  fine  prospects  of  the  ad- 
jacent country,  bay,  and  inlands.  The  har- 
bour is  spacior.^s,  and  has  sufficient  water 
for  the  admission  of  the  largest  vessels, 
and  adequately  land-locked  for  their  pro- 
tection from  all  winds.  It  is  very  seldom 
so  much  incommoded  with  ice,  as  to  ren- 
der it  inaccessible  at  the  severest  seasons 
of  frost.  The  entrance  is  narrow,  and  de- 
fended by  forts  Warren  and  Independence. 

Boston  is  a  very  commercial  city,  and  in 
proportion  to  her  resident  population,  con- 
tains an  immense  mass  of  wealth.  In  point 
of  tonnage  the  sliipping.  of  Boston  stands 
next,  amongst  the  cities  of  the  United 
States,  to  New  York.  In  1815,  the  tonnage 
of  the  former  exceeded  143,000  tons.  I'o 
facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce,  agri- 
culture, and  internal  intercourse.  Boston 
is  connected  with  the  surrounding  country 
by  excellent  roads,  and  the  interior  of 
Massachusetts  and"New  Hampshire,  by  the 
Middlesex  canal.  This  city  is  indeed  flou- 
rishing and  prosperous.  It  is  not,  liowever, 
from  the  amount  of  its  capital,  or  the  ex- 
tent of  its  commerce,  that  Boston  founds 
its  m'>st  solid  claim  to  tlie  respectable  rank 
it  possesses  amongst  the  cities  of  tli.e 
Uniterl  Spates  ;  it  is  upon  the  number  and 
exalted  character  of  its  literary  institu- 
tions which  this  city  has  based  her  true 
grandeur.  It  WDuld  be  to  swell  this  arti- 
cle to  a  mucli  too  ext-  nsive  length  to  enu 
merate  its  various  literary  establishments ; 
we  may  tlierefore  notice  the  Atlienxum, 
with  18,000,  and  the  Boston  library  witli 
6000  volumes,  as  rich  stores  of  intellectual 
wealth  ;  and  as  in  a  scientific  point  of  view 
Cambridge  is  only  a  suburb  of  Boston,  v/e 
may  in  this  view  include  the  most  exten- 
sive collection  in  the  United  States,  ex- 
ceeding 2.5,000  volumes,  which  appertains 
to  the  university  in  the  former  place. 

The  natural  disadvantages  which  must 
have  existed  in  mutual  communication  be- 
tween town  and  country,  from  the  insular 
situation  of  Boston,  is  amply  obviated  by 
four  fine  bridges.  One  over  Chailes  river, 
fi'om  Boston  to  Charleston,  exceeds  1500 
feet  in  len;.,'-th,  with  a  breadth  of  42  feet ; 
West  Boston  bridge,  leading  to  Caml-.ridge, 
is  based  on  ISO  piers,  and  extends  3,483 
feet ;  Craigies  bridge  is  between  the  two 
former.  A  fourth  bridge  over  the  bay  to 
the  S\V  from  Boston,  with  a  wing  .dam, 
constructed  to  procure. by  aid  of  tlte  tide, 
an  immense  water  power,  intended  to  put 
in  operation  different  kinds  of  machinery. 

The  appenrance  of  the  streets  and  houses 
of  Boston  aObrds  ample  mmmments  of  the 
change  of  taste,  wealth,  and  viev.s  of  con- 
venience.    In  the  ancient  parts  of  t!;e  ritv. 
P 


the  streets  are  narrow  and  crooked ;  and 
the  houses  low  and  plain  ;  but  in  the  u  est- 
ern,  and  more  modern  quarters,  the  streets 
are  wide,  and  cutting  each  other  at  right 
angles;  and  the  houses  in  a  high  degree 
spacious,  splendid,  and  elegant. 

The  public  buildings  of  Boston  are  nu- 
merous and  spacious.  The  state  house, 
standing  upon  an  elevated  spot,  with  the 
park,  an  open  space  of  near  10  acres,  and 
a  fine  descending  slope  from  the  front  of 
the  edifice,  presents,  particularly  from  its 
dome,  an  expansive  prospect  over  the  har- 
bour, with  its  numerous  islands,  and  the 
adjacent  city  and  country.  The  new  court 
house,  a  fine  building,  reared  at  an  expense 
of  near  100,000  dollars  ;  Faneuil  hall;  an 
alms  ho'ise  ;  custom  house  ;  and  near  30 
places  of  public  worship  adorn  the  city. 

The  population  has  constantly  advanced; 
in  1800,  it  stood  at  24,93";"  in  1810,  at 
32,250 ;  and  in  1820,  at  42,526.  The  vi- 
cinity  is  also  very  populous,  v.'ell  cultivated, 
and  embellished  with  the  most  splendid 
country  seats  in  the  United  States:  115 
miles  from  Portland  in  Maine ,  40  miles 
from  Providence,  Rhode  Island  ;  100  from 
Hartford,  Connecticut ;  210  from  New 
York;  300  from  Fhi.adelphia ;  and  436 
from  Washington.  Lon.  W  C  5  58  E,  lat. 
42  22  N. 

Boston,  township  in  Niagara  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  686. 

Boston,  towns!;  p  in  the  western  part  of 
Portage  county,  Oliio.  Pojjulation  m  1820, 
270. 

Boswovth  J\Iaiket,  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  In 
its  vicinity  was  fough  the  famous  battle 
between  Richard  IH  and  the  earl  'f  Rich- 
mond, afterward  Henry  Vil,  in  which  the 
former  lost  his  crown  and  life.  It  is  seated 
en  a  hill,  13  miles  W  of  Leicester,  and  106 
NNW  of  London. 

Botany  Bay,  bay  of  New  South  Wales, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  and 
so  called  from  llie  great  quantity  of  herbs 
found  on  the  sliore.  The  pro nontorJes 
which  form  its  entrance  are  n..med  Cape 
Banks  and  Point  Solander  It  was  origin- 
ally fixed  on  for  a  colony  of  convlcs  from 
Great  Britain,  v.hich,  in  the  sequel,  took 
place  at  Port  JacksDU,  13  miUs  further  to 
the  N      Lon   151  21  E,  (at.  .34  0  S. 

Botany  Inland,  sir.all  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  the  SE  of  New  Caledonia.  Lon. 
167  17  v.,  lat.  22  27  S. 

Botesdale,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  'I'liursilay,  sealed  in  a  valley,  1.5  miles 
NK  of  Bury,  and  86  of  London. 

Butetotirl,  county,  on  the  sources  of 
Jumes  and  Roanoke  rivers;  bounded  by 
Franklin  S ;  Mon'comcrv  and  Giles  S 
W;  Monroe  W ;  Bath  X;  Rockbridge 
NE  ;  and  Bedfoid  SE  ;  length  40  ;  mean 
width  23  ;    area  1,120  squ.iro  niiles.     Km- 


B  U  T 


B  <)  fT 


bracing  a  part  of  the  great  limestone  and 
slate  valley  NW  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  much 
excellent  soil  exists  in  this  country,  though 
much  of  its  surface  is  mountainous.  Chief 
town,  Fincastle. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        6,305 
do.    do.  females             -        -        4,421 
AH  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        -        -        -  300 
Slaves 2^275 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Topulation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


13,301 


5,282 
5,211 


Total  whites       .        .         -        -  10,493 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  145 

do              do.      females  145 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        -  ^'^^^ 

o.    females            ...  l,olo 


Total  population  in  1820, 


13,589 


26 

3,358 

598 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures     -  ■ 

do.        in  Commerce         -        -  32 

Population  to  the  square  mile  12. 

Bothnia,  East,  province  of  Sweden,  in 
Finland,  on  the  E  side  of  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, between  the  provinces  of  Kimi  and 
Finland  Proper  and  Russia.  It  is  300  miles 
in  length,  and  from  90  to  220  in  breadth. 
On  the  seacoast,  and  toward  the  S,  the  land 
is  low  and  marshy,  and  the  summers  are 
often  so  cold  as  to  destroy  great  part  of  the 
crops.  The  inhabitants  are  thinly  spread 
over  this  large  space,  the  cattle  small,  and 
bears  numerous.  The  princip<il  exports 
are  timber,  butter,  whale  oil,  pitch,  and 
tar.  This  province  is  sometimes  called  Ca- 
jania,  and  the  capital  is  Cajaneburg. 

Bothnia,  West,  province  of  Sweden,  in 
Nordland,  on  the  W  coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.  It  is  230  miles  in  length,  be- 
tween  the  seacoast  and  Swedish  l.apland, 
and  from  25  to  50  in  breadth.  The  soil  is 
tolerably  fertile,  but  sudden  frosts  in  July 
often  destroy  the  crops ;  and  it  has  mines 
of  copper  and  iron,  and  numerous  forests. 
The  chief  articles  of  commerce  are  the 
skins  of  f  )xes,  ermins,  bears,  wolves,  and 
reindeer,  otters,  he.     The  capital  is  Uma. 

Bothnia,  Chdf  of,  sea  or  large-  gulf, 
branching  N  from  the  Baltic,  at  the  isle  of 
Aland,  and  bounded  on  the  W,  N,  and  E 
by  the  dominions  of  Sweden.  On  its  coasts 
are  many  small  islands. 

Botley,  village  in  Hampshire,  six  miles 
E  of  Southampton,  on  the  river  Hamble, 
noted  for  a  considerable  trade  in  flour. 

BoHenford,  village  in  Leicestershire,  on 
114 


the  confines  of  Nottinghamshire  and  Lin- 
colnshire, seven  miles  W  by  N  of  Grant- 
ham. Near  it,  on  a  lofty  eminence,  is  Bel- 
voir  castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Rutland.  In  the  church  are  several 
handsome  monuments  of  that  noble  family ; 
and  many  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
found  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Bottlehill,  post  town  of  Morris  county. 
New  Jersey,  16  miles  NW  from  Eliza- 
bethtown. 

Botzenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  on  the  river 
Elbe.    Lon.  10  48  E.  lat.  53  30  N. 

Bouchain,  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  late 
French  Hainault,  divided  into  two  parts 
by  the  Scheldt  It  is  nine  miles  W  of 
Valenciennes.    Lon.  3  21  E,  lat,  50  18  N. 

Bouchart,  town  of  France,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Touraine,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  situated  in 
an  island  of  the  river  Vienne,  15  miles 
SSW  of  Tours. 

Boucherville,  seigniory  Lower  Canada, 
Kent  county,  opposite  Montreal  island, 
on  the  right  side  of  St  Lawrence  river, 
about  12  miles  E  from  the  city  of  Mon- 
treal. 

Boudet.    See  Bodet. 

Boudry,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
county  of  Neufchatel.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat. 
47  1  N. 

Bouillon,  town  of  France,  in  the  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  and  territory  of  Lux- 
emburg. It  has  a  castle  seated  on  an 
almost  inaccessible  rock,  near  the  river 
Semois,  12  miles  N  of  Sedan.  Lon.  5 
20  E,  lat    49  45  N. 

Boulogne,  large  seaport  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
and  late  province  of  Boulonnois.  The 
harbour  has  a  mole  for  the  safety  of  the 
ships  ;  and  which  at  the  same  time  pre- 
vents it  from  being  choaked  up-  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lianne,  14 
miles  S  of  Calais.  Lon.  1  42  E,  lat.  50 
44  N. 

Boundbrook,  village  in  Somerset  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  Raritan. 

Bourbon  Land,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  departmeut  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable 
for  its  castle  and  hot  baths.  It  has  a 
large  marble  pavement,  called  the  Great 
Bath,  which  is  a  work  of  the  Romans. 
It  is  15  miles  SW  of  Autun.  Lon.  4  6 
E,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Bourbon  V  Archcmbeau,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  AUier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnois,  situated  in  a  bot- 
tom, near  the  river  Allier.  It  is  15 
miles  W  of  Moulins,  and  362  Sof  Pans. 
Lon.  3  5  E,  lat.  46  35  N. 


B  O  L 


«  O  L 


Bourbonne-les  Bains,  town  of  France 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Marne  and 
late  province  of  Champagne,  famous  for 
its  hot  baths.  It  is  17  miles  E  of  Lau- 
gres.     Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Bourdonnois,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Nivernois  and  Ber- 
ry, on  the  W  by  Berry  and  a  small  part 
of  Marche,  on  the  S  by  Auvergne,  and 
on  the  E  by  Burgundy  and  Forez.  It 
abounds  in  corn,  fruit,  pasture,  wood, 
game  and  wine  It  now  forms  the  de- 
partment of  Allier. 

Bourbon,  county  of  Kentucky,  between 
Kentucky  and  Licking  rivers;  bounded 
SW  by  Scott,  and  Fayette  ;  NW  by  Har- 
rison ;  NE  by  Nicholas ;  and  SE  by 
Montgomery  and  Clarke;  length  16'; 
breadth  11  miles ;  area  176  square 
miles ;  surface  rather  hilly  ;  soil  fertile. 
Chief  town,  Paris. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        i        4,S06 
do.     do.   fiemales    -        -        -        4,588 
All  other  free  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        -        -        -  168 
Slaves 2,307 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 


11,869 


6,109 
6,260 


Total  whites       ....  12,369 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  66 

do.             do.        females  64 

Slaves,  males      ...          .  2,595 

do.     females           -        -        -  2,570 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


17,664 


0 

2.058 

492 

77 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  100. 

Bourchemin,  seigniory  Lower  Cana- 
da, Richelieu  county,  35  miles  E  from 
Montreal. 

Bourdeaux,  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Gi'onde,  and  late 
province  of  Guienne.  It  is  built  in  the 
form  of  a  bow,  of  which  the  river  Ga- 
ronne is  the  string.  This  river  is  bor- 
dered by  a  large  quay,  and  the  water 
rises  four  yards  at  full  tide,  for  which 
reasons  the  largest  vessels  cau  come  up 
to  it  very  readily.  The  ancient  city  of 
Bordeaux,  though  considerable  in  point 
of  size,  was  ill  built,  badly  paved,  n-ith- 
out  police,  or  any  of  these  municipal 
regulations,  indispensably  requisite  to 
render  a  city  splendid  or  elegant.    It 


has  entirely  changed  its  appearance 
within  these  last  40  years.  The  public 
edifices  are  very  noble,  and  all  the  streets 
newly  built  are  regular  and  handsome. 
The  quays  are  four  miles  in  length,  and 
the  river  itself  is  considerably  broader 
than  the  Thames  at  London  bridge. 
The  ruins  of  a  very  large  amphitheatre 
yet  remain,  constructed  under  the  empe- 
ror Galienus,  built  of  brick  ;  likewise 
several  aqueducts.  It  is  87  miles  S  of 
Rochelle,  and  325  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
34  W.  lat.  44  50  N. 

Bourdines,  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  Namur,  five  mites  NW 
of  Huy.    Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Bourg,  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Bresse.  Near  this  place  is 
the  magnificent  church  and  monastery 
of  the  late  Augustins.  Bourg  is  seated  on 
the  river  Ressousse,  20  miles  SE  of  Ma- 
con, and  233  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  19  E,  lat. 
46  11  N. 

Bourg,  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Guienne,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  with  a  good  harbour  on 
the  Dorgogne,  near  tlie  point  of  land 
formM  by  the  junction  of  that  river  with 
the  Garonne,  which  is  called  the  Bec-d' 
Ambez.  It  is  15  miles  N  of  Bourdeaux. 
Lon.  0  30  W,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Bourg,  town  of  the  island  of  Cayenne, 
in  S  America.  Lon.  52  50  V/,  lat.  5 
2  N. 

Bourganeiif,  town  of  France,  lately 
in  the  pi'ovince  of  Marche,  now  in  the 
department  of  Creuse.  It  had  formerly 
an  archiepiscopal  see  and  university. 
Bourganeuf  is  seated  on  the  river  Tau- 
rion,  20  miles  NE  of  Limoges,  and  200  S 
of  Paris.     Lon.  1  35  E,  lat.  45  59  _N. 

Bourges,  ancient  city  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Cher  and  late  province  of 
Berry.  It  is  the  birth  place  of  Lewis 
XI.  the  Nero  of  France ;  and  the  cele- 
brated preacher  Bourdalone.  It  is  seated 
on  the  rivers  Aurou  and  Yevre,  25  miles 
NW  of  Nevers,  and  125  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  28  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Bourget,  town  of  Savoy,  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  six  miles  Nof  Chamber- 
ry.    Lon.  5  50  E.  lat.  45  41  N. 

Bourg-la-Reine,  a  town  of  France, 
one  league  S  of  Paris, 

Bourmont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  22  miles  E  by  N 
of  Chaumont.  Lon.  5  43  'E,  lat.  48 
14  N.      ^ 

BournT  tov/n  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
good  market  on  Satui'day.  It  is  seated 
near  a  spring  called  Bourn  Well-head, 
from  which  proceeds  a  river  tliat  runs 
through  the  town.  From  Bourn  is  a  na- 
vigable canal  to  Boston.  It  is  35  miles 
115 


u  u  ^\ 


B  O  W 


S  of  Lincoln,  r.nd  97  N  of  London.    Lon. 
0  20  W,  lat  52  42  N. 

liouro,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
tween the  Moluccas  and  Celebes.  It 
produces  nutmegs  and  cloves,  cocoa, 
and  banana  trees,  and  many  vrget^blts 
introduced  by  the  Dutch.  The  banks  of 
the  rivers  are  in^-sted  by  crocodiles  of 
an  astonishing  s*ze,  wiio  devour  such 
beasts  as  fall  in  their  way;  and  men  are 
protected  from  their  fury  by  no  other 
method  than  carrying  torches.  B  'uro  is 
50  miles  in  circumferer.ee.  Lon.  12"  25 
E,  lat  3  30  y. 

Bourton-on-thc-hill,  village  in  Glou- 
cestershire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  with  a 
fine  pn-sptct  into  Oxfordshire.  It  is 
five  miles  from  Stow,  and  30  from  Glou- 
cester. 

liourlon-on  tlie-ivater,  village  one 
mile  from  the  preceding  place,  watered 
by  a  river  that  rises  nedr  it,  which  here 
spreads  30  ftet  wide,  and  over  which  is 
a  stone  bridge.  Adjoining  to  it  is  a  Ro- 
man cainp,  when  coins  and  other  anti- 
quities are  dug  up. 

Boussac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment cif  Creuse  and  late  province  of 
Marche.  with  a  castle  ahiiost  inacces- 
sible, 25  milts  NE  of  Gueret. 

Bouto?i.  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean  12 
miles  SE  of  Cek-bes.  The  inhabitants 
are  small  but  well  shaped,  and  of  a  dark 
olive  complexion.  Th  ir  r^'ligion  is  Ma- 
hometanism.     Lon.  123  30  E,  lat  5  o  S. 

Bova,  an  episcopal  tov,?n  of  Naples, 
near  the  Appennines,  28  miles  SE  of 
Reggio.    Lon   16  20  E,  lat.  37  50  N. 

liovignes,  town  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  in  Namnr,  on  the  river 
Meuse,  ten  miles  S  of  Namur.  Lon.  4 
50  E,  lat.  50  19  N. 

Boviiia,  tou'nship  in  Delav/are  count}% 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1267. 

Bovino,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Capitanata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
pennines, 15  miles  NE  of  Benevento. 
Lon  15  15  E,  lat.  41  17  N 

Boiv,  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  a  river  that  falls  into  the  Taw, 
14  miles  NW  of  Exeter,  and  188  W  by 
S  of  London.   Lon.  3  49  W,  lat  50  50  N. 

Bonv.  or  Slra'Jbrd  le  Boiu,  a  considera 
ble  village  in  Middlesex,  two  mi  es  EN 
E  of  Londnn.  It  is  said  that  th  bridge 
here,  was  the  first  stone  one  built  in  Eng- 
land, and  that  from  its  arches  it  received 
the  name  of  Bnw  ^ 

Bow,  township  in  Rockingham  county. 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
729.  and  in  1820,  935. 

Boivdoin,  township  and  post  town  in 
Lincoln    county,    Maine.     Population  in 
1810, 1649,  and  in  1820,  1777. 
116 


Bo'wdoinham,  township  and  post  town 
in  Liuccln  county,  Maine  Population  in 
1810,  1412,  and  in  1820.  2259. 

Bovjerbank,  town  of  Penobscot  county, 
Maine,  near  Sebee  lake,  40  miles  NW 
from  Bangor. 

Bowers,  post  village  Essex  county, 
Virginia. 

Bowers,  post  town  of  Southampton 
county,  Virginia. 

Bonvling-green,  post  office  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Caroline  county,  Virginia,  on 
Marrocossac  creek,  a  branch  of  Matta- 
ponv  river,  50  miles  N  fnm  Richmond. 

Bcivling  green,  post  village  and  seat 
of  justice  VVarren  county,  Kentucky,  on 
Barren  river,  branch  of  Green  river,  91 
miles  NE  fri  m  Nashville,  and  184  miles 
SW  frcin  Ltxington,  Kentucky. 

Bo~i!)linff  Green,  township  in  Licking- 
county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  379, 
and  ill  1820,  479. 

Bowman's  VaUey,  lying  on  Bourn's  creek, 
between  Bowman's  and  Mahoopeny  Moun- 
tains, Luzerne  county,  Pennsylvsnia,  is  not 
very  populous,  and  the  land  generall}'  poor. 
It  is  about  two  miles  wide  and  15  miles 
l.>ng.  The  principal  population  is  near 
the  river. 

Boivmans  J\lountain,  called  the  Bald 
Mountain,  near  the  western  limits  of  Lu- 
zerne county,  is  a  high  regular  barren  range, 
whose  average  height  may  be  1000  feet. 
This  extends  fVom  the  East,  to  the  West 
Bi-aticlics  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  be- 
tween which  it  appeal's  to  have  no  other 
name,  tlian  those  mentioned,  except,  that 
in  a  small  territory,  on  the  head  of  Fishing- 
Creek,  the  inhabitants  call  it  the  JVorlli 
JMountam.  Westward  of  the  waters  of  the 
Siisqu  hannah,  it  forms  the  main  ridge  of 
Allegany  Mountains.  It  crosses  the  East 
Branch  of  Susquehannah,  at  the  mouth  of 
Tunkhannock  ar.d  Bowman's  creeks,  and 
extending  north  east-.vardly — it  is  called 
Tunkltamwck  Mountain,  and  terminates  in 
Susquehannah  count_v,  where  it  is  called 
the  Elk  Mountain. 

Bo-isijei-'s  Bluff,  precipice  of  liinestone 
rock,  forming  the  W  point  of  Washington 
harbour,  Green  bay,  lake  Michigan,  about 
100  miles  SW  from  Mackinaw. 

Bovyer,  Fort,  situated  on  Mobile  point. 
This  was  merely  a  small  water  battery 
erected  to  defend  the  main  pass  into  Mo- 
bile bay.  Here  on  Sept  15tli,  1814,  ma- 
jor  W.  Lawrence,  with  a  garrison  of  158 
'm:  n,  repulsed  an  attiick  m;ide  by  a  Bri- 
ti;-:!i  squadron,  of  which  the  Hennes  of  28 
g-.ins  was  destroyed  The  fort  was  invest- 
ed by  3  hind  and  naval  forcf  on  the  8th  of 
Feb.  1815,  and  surrendered  to  general 
Lambert,  by  m.ijor  Lawrence  on  the  10th 
of  the  sime'monlh  ;  and  on  the  ratification 
of  peace  w.is  restored  to  the  U.  S. 


»  li  A 


B  K  A 


Boviijersvllle,  post  town  Southampton 
county,  Virginia. 

Boxboroush,  townsliip  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810, 
388,  and  in  1820,  424. 

Boxford,  township  of  Esses  county,  in 
the  state  of  Mass?.chusetts,  about  16  miles 
W  of  Newbury  port. 

Boxford,  township  and  post  town,  Es- 
ses county,  Massachusetts,  15  miles  N 
from  Salem.  Population  in  1810,  880,  and 
in  1820,  906. 

Boxley,  village  in  Kent,  near  Maidstone, 
famous  for  an  abbey  of  Cisiertian  monks, 
founded  by  William  earl  of  Kent  in  1146, 
the  remains  of  which  still  exist.  In  this 
abbe}',  Edward  II.  granted  the  charter  to 
the  city  of  London,  empowering  them  to 
elect  a  mayor  from  their  own  body. 

Boxtel,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the 
river  Bommel,  eight  miles  S  of  Rois-leduc. 
Lon.  5  15  E.  lat.  51  32  N. 

Boxthude,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Bremen  seated  on  a  brook  which 
falls  into  the  Elbe,  12  miles  SW  of  Ham- 
burg.    Lon.  9  45  E.  lat.  53  26  N. 

BoycPs  creek,  post  village  of  Sevier  coun- 
ty, Tennessee. 

Boyd's  Landing,  post  office,  Caldwell 
county,  Illinois. 

Boydsto-wn,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice \n  Mecklenberg  county,  Virginia. 

Boyle,  post  town  Ontario  county,  New 
York. 

Boyle,  or  Abbey  Boyle,  borovigh  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Roscommon.  It  is 
seated  near  lake  Key,  23  miles  N  of  Ros- 
common. 

Boyleston,  West,  post  town,  of  Worcester 
county,  in  Massachusetts,  about  nine  miles 
E  of  Worcester.  It  Contains  about  630  In- 
habitants. 

Boyleston,  township  and  post  town,  Wor- 
cester county,  Ma?.sacliusetts.  Population 
in  1810,  800,  and  in  1820,  902. 

Boyleston,  West,  towiishij)  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachus  Its.  Population  in 
1810,  632,  and  in  1820,  886. 

Boyne,  river  of  Ireland,  which  vises  in 
Qu;"en's  county,  and  runs  l)y  Trim  and 
Cavan,  into  the  Irish  chaimel,  below  Drog- 
heda.  Here  the  decisive  battle  was  fought 
between  James  II  and  William  III. 

Boyolo,  town  of  Italy  in  the  duchy  of 
Mantua,  capital  of  a  territo'-y  of  the  same 
nam?,  subject  to  the  house  of  .\ustria.  It 
is  15  miles  SW  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  35  E. 
lat.  45  6N. 

Bnzra,  township  in  New  London  county, 
Connecticiit.  Population  in  1810,  960, 
and  in  1820, 1803. 

Braan,  river  •  •  Scotland,  which  descend- 
ing from  the  hills  of  Perthshire,  E  by  loch 
Tay,  falls  into  the  Tay  above  Dunkeld. 
Upon  this  river  is  a  grand  scene,  at  a 
place  called  the  Rumbling  Bridge.    Under 


an  arch,  thrown  over  a  narrow  chasm,  be- 
tween two  projecting  rocks,  the  river  is 
prccipiiated  in  a  fall  of  near  50  feet. 

Brabant,  duchy  of  the  Nethtilands, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Holland,  on  the  NE 
by  Guelderland,  on  the  E  by  L.ege,  on  the 
S  by  Namur,  and  on  the  W  by  Hainault, 
Flanders  ar.d  Zealand. 

Bracbiano,  town  of  Italy  in  the  patrimo- 
ny of  St.  Peter,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
12  miles  NW  ol  Rome.  There  are  some 
celebrated  baths  to  the  W  of  the  town, 
Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  42  N. 

Braceville,  township  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  380. 

Bracken,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Ohio  rivei  NE  ;  by  Mason  SE ;  by 
Harrison  S  and  SW;  and  by  Pendleton 
W ;  length  22,  mean  breadth  12 :  area 
264  square  miles ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil 
productive.  Staple,  grain,  flour,  tobacco, 
and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town  Augus- 
ta. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -         1,619 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,507 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  50 

Slaves  -  .        -        -  295 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 

Total  whiles 

Free  persons  of  colour,  male^ 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  -         - 

do.  females  .        .        - 


3,451 


2,294 
2,266 

4,560 

23 

21 

363 

313 

5.280 


Total  population  in  1820, 

Ofthe.'^e; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  993 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  153 

do.         in  C<;mmerce      -         -  29 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  23. 

BrnckloTv,  strong  town  of  Poland  in  Po- 
dolia,  on  the  river  Bog,  85  miles  E  of 
Kammieck.     Lon.  28  3o'e.  lat.  48  49  N. 

Brackley,  borough  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Ouse,  and  contains  two 
churches,  and  had  formerly  a  college,  now 
a  freescliDol,  It  lies  18  miles  S  of  North- 
amptcn,  and  64  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
10  W   lat.  52  2  N. 

Braddock's-Jield,  eight  miles  from  Pitts- 
burg, on  Turtle  creek,  Allega::y  couiity, 
Penr.sylvauia,  Here,  July  1755,  the  Bri- 
tish and  provincial  army  was  defeated  by 
the  French  and  Indians.  General  Brad- 
dock  was  mortally  wounded,  and  died 
shortly  after.    It  was  here  the  military  ta- 

iir 


BRA 


BRA 


ients  of  Geoi'ge  Washington,  then  a  pro- 
vincial major,  were  first  cor.spicuously  dis- 
ed. 

JBradJock's  bay,  S  side  of  lake  Ontario, 
at  the  mouth  of  Solomon  creek,  eight 
miles  W  from  Gencst  e  river, 

Bradsley,  or  Badsley,  village  near 
Broomtgiove,  in  Worcestershire,  whrre 
are  the  rums  '.;f  a  superb  abbey,  founded 
by  empress  Maud,  mother  of  Henry  II. 

Bradjield,  town  in  Esscx,  witli  a  marktt 
on  Thursday,  16  miles  N  of  Chelmsford. 
Lon.  0  20  E.  lat.  51  58  N. 

Bradford,  lown  in  Wilts,  with  a  market 
on  Monday.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  great- 
est manufacture  of  superfine  cloths  in  Eng- 
land, which  it  sitares  with  the  surrounding 
towns  of  Trowbridge,  Melksliam,  Corsham, 
and  Chippenham.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Avon,  11  miles  W  of  Devizes  and  102  of 
London,    Lon.  2  20  W.  lat.  51  20  N. 

Bradford,  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkbhire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  sealed  on  a  branch  of  the  Aire,  36  miles 
SW  of  York,  and  193  NNW  of  London, 
and  has  a  trade  in  shalloons,  everlastings, 
&c.  which  are  made  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Lon.  1  40  W.  lat.  53  49  N. 

Bradford,  towns!) ip  and  post  town  in 
Hislsborough  county,  New  II:.nipshire,  20 
miles  W  from  Concord.  Populalion  in 
1810,  1034,  and  in  1820, 1318. 

Bradford,  township  and  pf:st  town,  Es- 
sex county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  right 
bank  oi  the  Merrimack,  opposite  Haver- 
hill. Population  in  1810,  1369,  and  in 
1820.  1600. 

Bradford,  'East,  township  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1003,  and  in  1820, 1217. 

Bradford,  West,  township  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1219,  and  in  1820,  1739. 

Bradford,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Susquehannah  river; 
bounded  N  by  the  state  of  New  York ; 
E  by  Susquehannah  county  ;  SE  by  Lu- 
zerne ;  SW  by  Lycoming ;  and  \V  by 
Tioga;  length  38  miles,  mean  width  35; 
area  1330  square  miles  ;  features  hilly,  and 
rocky  ;  and  soil  varied.  On  the  Susque- 
hannah, and  other  streams,  large  bodies  of 
first  rate  all.ivial  s.'il  exists,  but  extensive 
tracts  of  broken  and  poor  land  spread  be- 
tween the  water  courses.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  salted  provisions,  live 
stock  and  lumber.  Chief  towns  Tioga,  aud 
Meansville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -        -         -        6,052 
do.    do.  females  -        -        5,467 

Total  •.vh.tes        .        -        .        .  11,519 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  18 

do.            do.     females  -  17 

118 


Slaves,  males       ....        none 
do.    females  ...        none 

Total  population  in  1820  -     11,554 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  2 

Engaged  m  Agriculture  -        3,076 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        none 

do.       in  Commerce  -        .       none 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Bradford,  township  in  Clearfield  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  572. 

Brady,  and  Easto-wn  Grant,  township  in 
Oxford  county,  Maine.  Population  in 
1820,  8. 

Bradley's  vale,  town  of  Vermont,  Cale- 
donia^vCounty,  on  the  waters  of  the  Pos- 
sampsick  river,  40  miles  NE  from  Mont- 
pelller. 

Bradleysville,  post  town  of  Litchfield 
county. 

Brae-Mar,  fertile  vale  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, surrounded  by  rugged  precipices. 
Here  the  earl  of  Mar  began  the  rebellion 
in  1715.      It  is  27  miles  NW  of  Aberdeen. 

Braga,  town  ot  Portugal,  capital  of  En- 
tre-Minlioe-e-Douero,  seated  on  the  river 
Cavado,  180  miles  N  of  Lisbon.     Lon.  8 

29  W.  lat.  41  42  N. 

Braganza,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Bra- 
ganza,  in  Portugal.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Sabor,  32  miles  NW  of  Miranda.      Lon.  6 

30  W.  lat.  42  2  N. 

Braila,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Walachia,  on  the  Danuhe.  It  has  a  castle 
taken  by  the  Russians,  in  1711,  but  after- 
ward given  back. 

Brailo-w,  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  on 
the  river  Bog,  50  miles  NW  of  Bracklaw. 
Lon.  28  0  E.  lat.  49  13  N. 

Brain  le  Comte,  town  of  Austrian  Hai- 
nault,  15  miles  SW  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4 
6  E.  lat.  50  41  N. 

Brainei'd,  chief  station  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners,  in  tlie  Cherokee 
nation ;  situate  on  the  Chickamaugah, 
branch  of  Tennessee,  about  145  miles 
WSW  from  Knoxville. 

Brcinard's  bridge,  post  village  in  Nassau, 
SE  part  of  Rensallaer  county.  New  York. 
^Braintree,  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday,  noted  for  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  baize.  It  is  12  miles  N  of 
Chelmsford,  and  41  NE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  40  E.  lat.  51  55  N. 

Braintree,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
in  tiie  state  of  Massachusetts,  about  eight 
miles  from  Bo  ton.  Population  in  1810, 
1357,  and  in  1820,  466 

Braintree,  town>-hip  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  on  Third  Bi\  i  ch,  creek  of 
Wnite  river. 

Braintree,  JVe^o,  see  JVew  Braintree. 

Braintrem,  post  town  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsvlvania,  on  the  SW  ?ide  of  the  rivei* 


li  R  A 


BRA 


Siisquehannah.     It   has  a  post  office  50    and  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Saguenal 
miles   above  VVillkesbarre,  and  303  miles    river. 


from  Washington. 

Brakel,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the  rivulet 
Brught,  12  miles  E  of  Paderborn.  ,  jLon.  9 
12  E.  lat.  51  46  N".' 

Bralio,   mountain   of  the   Alps,   in   the 


Brandy-wine,  a  considerable  stream  which 
rises  in  Cnesler  county,  Pennsylvania,  and 
empties  into  the  Delaware  river,  in  the 
state  of  Delaware.  It  is  distinguished  for 
the  numerous  merchant  mills  erected  near 
its  mouth.    These  nulls  are  employed  in 


country   of  the  ^Grisons,   which  separates  the  manufacture  of  flour,  gun-powder  and 

the  valley  of  Munster  from  the  county  of  paper.     The  commercial  facililiej,,  to  and 

Bormio,  from  these  mills  adds  much  to  their  value. 

Bramanl,'  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  river  The  commodities   are  shipped  from   the 

Arck,  35  miles  NW  of  Turin.      Lon.  7  5  mill  iioMses.     The  water  power  is  so  im- 

E.  lat.  45  23  N.  mense  as    lo  admit  indefinite  increase  of 

Bramber,  borough  in  Sussex,  that  sends  the  manutacturing  establishments, 
two   members   to    parliament.       It  is   47        Brandyivine,  township  in  Chester  coun- 


miles  S  by  W  of  London.      Lon.  0  12  W. 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Brampton,"  town  in  'Cumberland,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Itshin,  near  the  Picts  Wall.  It  is 
eight  miles  NE  of  Carlisle,  and  311  NNW 
of  London.     Lon.  2  40  ,W.  lat  54  58  N. 


ty,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1257,  and  in  1820,1431. 

Brandyivine,  township  in  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware.  Pf)pulation  in  1810, 
2275,  and  in  1820,  2796. 

Branford,  post  town  and  township,  New 
Haven  county,  Connecticut.     Population 


Brampt-m,  village  in  Herefordshire,  one    in  1810,  1932,  and  in  1820,  2230. 


mile  S  of  Ross.  Here  are  tlie  ruins  of  a 
magnificent  castle. 

Brancaster,  village  in  Norfolk,  the  ancient 
Branodunum,  a  considerable  Roman  city, 
where  ancient  coins  have  been  frequently 
dug  up. 

Branchon,  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  Namur,  on  the  river  Mehaigne, 
eight  miles  N  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  40  E. 
lat.  50  36  ]Sf. 


Brantrim,  township  in  Luzerne  county 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  525. 

Brant's  village,  on  Grand  river.  Upper 
Canada. 

Branska,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
river  Meiish,  35  miles  S  of  Weissemburg, 
Lon*  24  16  E.  lat.  46  0  N. 

Brassa,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands, 
where  is  the  noted  Brassa  Sound ;  in 
, which  1000  sail  may  at  once  find  commo» 


Brandels,  town  o(  Bohemia,  on  ihe  river  dious  mooring. 

Elbe,  10  miles  NE  of  Prague.     Lon.  14  45  Brassarv,  or  Cronstadt,  strong  town  of 

E.  lat.  50  15  N.  Transylvania,  on   the    river    Burczel,    50 

Brandenburgh,    country     of     Germany,  miles  E  by  N  of  Hermatistadt.     Lon.  25 

bounded    on    the    N  by   Pomerania    and  55  E.  lat.  46  35  N. 

Mecklenburg ;  on  the   E  by    Poland ;  on  Brasil,   an   extensive  country  of  South 

the  S    by  Silesia,  Lusatia,  Upper  Saxony,  America,  claimed  and  in  part  possessed  by 

and   Magdeburg;  and  on  the    W  by  Lu-  Portugal.     It   extends   along  the  Alantic 

nenburg.     It  is  divided  into  five  principal  Ocean  from  Cape  Orange,  lat.  4  N.  to  near 

parts;    the  Old    Marche,    Pregnitz,    the  lat.  33  S  and   from  Cape  St.  Rocque    lon; 

Middle  Marche,  Uncker  Marche,  and  the  W  C   44  E    to  the  mouth   of  the   Jivary 

New  Marche.      Berhn  is  the  capital :  and  river,  lon.  W  C  5  E  ;  extending  through 

the  principal  rivers  are  the   Elbe,  Havel,  39  degrees  of  latitude.     It  is  bounded  NE 

Spree,    Ucker,  Oder,    and  Warte.      The  by  the  A.thntic  Ocean  ;  N  by  Guayana  and 

greatest  part  of  the  inhabi;  ants  are  Luther-  Columbia;    NW    by    Columbia;  SW    by 

ans:  but  the  Roman  Catholics  are  tolerated.  Peru,   and  the   United  Provinces  of  La 

^ranJenSwr^A,  town  of  Germany,  divid-  Plata;'  and    SE   and    E    by    the   Atlantic 

ed  into  the  Old  and  New  Town,  by   the  ^^^^"' .    ^^    '^  intersected   by  a  cham  of 

Havel,  which  separates  the  fort  from  both.  n»"nt3ms  ranging  along  the  Atlantic  coast 

It  is  26  miles  W  of  Berlin.      Lon.  14  5  E.  ^^"^  ^  ^'^'^-  ^^  ^^  ^^-    '^""^    ''^P^'^*   »*  * 

lat.  52  45  N  country  of  such  vast  extent  must  present 

'          ,       * -i,          ■      c  cf  t^           .1  an   indefinite  variety  of  surface  and  soil; 

5ra,»io«,  vdlage   m  Suffolk,   seated  on  Bras.l  is.  however  in  general  rather  plain 

the    Little  Ouse,  over  which   is  a  bridge  ^j,^^  mountainous.     The  Amazon,  with  its 

anda^rryata   mile's  distance.      It  is  12  numerous   branches    water  and   feitilizes' 

mi  es       01  Bury.          ^  these  immense  regions,  affording  the  most 

Brandon,  post  town'  of  Rutland  county  extensive  tracts  of  productive  soil  in  one 

A'ermont,  16  miles  N  of  Rutland,  on  Otter  connected  body,   ever  united  under  one 

creek.     Population  1400.  sovereignty. 

Brandy  Pots,  islands  in  the  St.  Law-  The  Brasiis  is  about  2500  miles  in  length 

rence  river,  about  100  miles  below  Quebec,  and  breadth,  with   an  area  of  about  three 

119 


BRA 


B  R  E 


millions  of  square  miles.  It  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  fix  its  population ;  supposed  to  he 
about  2,000,000,  independent  of  the  abori- 
gines not  subject  or  tributary  to  the  crown 
of  Portugal.  '  It  is  divided  into  the  cap- 
tain generalships  of  Rio  Grand,  St.  Pauls, 
Minas  Ceraes,  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Pern.imbu- 
co,  Ceara,  Maranham,  Grand  Para,  Matta- 
grosso  and  Goias.  It  would  be  needless  to 
enumerate  the  productions  of  Brasll,  either 
mineral  or  vegetable  :  it  is  sufficient  to  ob- 
serve that  in  both  kingdoms,  the  objects 
are  almost  commensurate  with  all  that  can 
administer  to  the  wants,  comforts,  or  luxu- 
ry of  i.uman  beings. 

Brassos  a  Dios,  river  of  Texas,  in  the 
intendancy  of  St.  Louis  Potosi;  the  sources 
of  the  Brassos,  are  not  correctly  known, 
but  are  supposed  to  be  south  of  lied  river, 
about  N  lat.  33,  and  W  Ion.  W  0  29.  The 
length  of  this  river  exceeds  four  hundred 
miles ;  the  country  near  its  sources  is 
mostly  prairie,  with  narrow  borders  of 
woods  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  and 
some  of  its  branches.  The  quantity  of 
water  at  its  mouth  is  generally  reported  to 
be  about  10  or  12  feet. 

Brattleboro,  post  town  of  Vermont  in 
Windham  county  or  Whetstone  creek,  33 
miles  E  from  Bennington. 

Brnttleboroiigh,  town  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  River,  36  miles  E  of  Benning- 
ton, nine  S  of  Pultney,  and  has  about  2000, 
inhabitants.  The  post  office  is  445  miles 
from  Washington. 

Braubach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetera- 
via,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
eight  miles  S  of  Goblentz. 

Braunaiv,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river  Kiun,  25  miles 
SW  of  Paussau.  Lon.  13  3  E.  lat.  48  10 
N. 

Braunsburg,  town  of  Poland,  in  New 
Prussia,  with  a  commodious  harbour,  seat- 
ed near  the  Baltic,  50  miles  E  of  Dantzic. 
Lon.  20  6  E.  lat.  54  22  N. 

Braunfdd,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Soims,  with  a  handsome  palace, 
26  miles  N  by  W  of  Francfort.  Lon.  8  32 
E.  lat.  50  21  N. 

Brava,  town  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of 
Ajan,  with  a  pretty  good  harbour.  Tt  is 
80  miles  from  Magadoxo.  Lon.  43  25  E. 
lat.  1  20  N. 

Bravo,  one  of  the  Cape-de-Verd  Islands, 
remarkable  for  excellent  wine,  and  inhabit- 
ed by  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  24  59  W.  lat. 
'14  52  N. 

^mj/,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wicklenv,  seated  on  St.  Gen'g.''s  Chan- 
nel, 10  miles  S  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6  1  W. 
lat.  53  11  N. 

Bray,  village  in  Rerkshir?,  seated  on  tiie 
Thames,  one  mile  S  of  Maidenhead. 

Jtrrizza,  lown  and  island  on  the  coast  of 
120 


Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  opposite 
Spalatro,  and  subjects  to  Venice.  Lon. 
17  35  E.  lat.  43  50  N. 

Brechin,  borough  in  Angusshire,  washed 
by  the  river  Southesk,  over  which  there  is 
a  stone  bridge  of  two  large  arches.  It  is  a 
royal  borough,  and  with  four  others  sends 
a  member  to  parliament.  It  lies  at  eight 
miles  distance  from  Montrose,  and  the  tide 
flows  within  two  miles  of  the»town.  It  is 
70  miles  NTB  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  18  E, 
lat.  56  40  N. 

Breckenridge,  county  of  Kentuck}', 
bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  NW  ;  by  Har- 
din E  and  SE  ;  by  Grayson  S  ;  and  by  Ohio, 
and  Daviess  SW ;  length  38 ;  mean  width 
20  ;  area  760  square  miles  ;  surface  broken, 
and  soil  generally  productive.  Staples, 
gruin,  flour,  tobacco,  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town,  Hardensburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,529 

do.  do,  females  -        -        1,390 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  6 

Slaves         .        .        -        -        .  505 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites      -        -        -    . 
Free  persoRS  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


3,430 


3,233 
2,984 


7,485 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -        20,98 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  34 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Brecknock,  or  Brecon,  the  capital  of 
Brecknockshire,  called  by  the  Welsh  Ab- 
ber-Honddey,  and  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Honddey  and  Usk.  It  is  an  ancient 
place,  as  appears  by  the  Roma.n  coins  that 
arc  often  dug  up  liere.  It  sends  one  mem- 
ber  to  parliament,  and  Is  34  miles  NW  of 
Monmou*h,  and  162  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon,  3  22  W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Brecknock,  township  in  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  495, 
and  in  1820,  5b6. 

Brecknock,  township  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  890, 
and  in  1820,  1062. 

Brecknockshire,  county  of  S  Wales,  39 
miles  in  length,  and  27  in  breadth ;  area 
731  square  miles.  Bounded  on  the  E  by 
Herefo-'dsliirc  and  INIonmouthshire  on  the 


U  R  E 


B  R  E 


S  by  Glamorganshire,  on  the  VV  by  Car- 
marthenshire and  Cardiganshire,  and  on  the 
N  by  Kadnorshirc.  tt  is  full  of  mountains, 
some  of  which  are  exceedingly  high,  par- 
ticularly Monuchdenny  Hill,  not  far  from 
Brecknock ;  but  there  are  large  fertile 
plains  and  valleys,  wliicl)  yield  plenty  of 
corn,  and  feed  great  numbers  of  caltle. 
Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Wye  and  the 
Usk.  Population  in  1801,  31,6o3,  in  1811, " 
37,735,  and  in  1821,  43,613.  Population 
lo  the  square  mile,  60. 

JBreda,  city  of  Dutch  Brabant,  large 
populous,  and  well  built.  It  is  regularly 
fortified  after  the  modern  way,  and  is  one 
of  the  strongest  places  on  the  Duich  fron- 
tiers. It  is  scited  on  the  river  Meek,  in 
a  marshy  country,  which  may  be  overflow- 
ed  and  renderetl  inaccessible  to  an  army. 
It  is  22  miles  W  by  S  of  Bois-le-duc,  25 
NNE.  of  Antwerp,  and  60  S  of  Amsterdam. 
Lou.  4  50  E,  lat.  51  2,5  N. 

Bregentz,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Tirol.  It 
is  seated  on  the  lake  of  Constance,  70  miles 
NE  of  Appenzel.  Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  47 
27  N. 

Brehar,  the  most  mountainous  of  the 
Scilly  Islands,  30  miles  W  of  the  Land's 
End.     Lon.  6  42  W,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Brele,  river  of  France,  which  divides  th.e 
department  of  Lower  Seine  from  that  of 
Somme,  and  watering  Eu,  enters  the  Eng- 
lish channel. 

Bremgarten,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
free  lower  bailiwics,  watered  by  the  Reuss 
between  the  cantons  of  Zuric  and  Bern. 
The  inhabitants  dealt  chiefly  in  paper  ;  and 
are  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Town,  has  a  handsome 
bridge  over  the  Reuss,  and  is  10  miles  W 
of  Zuric.     Lon.  8  17  E,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bremen,  considerable  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  archbisliop's  see,  which  is  secularized. 
It  is  divided  by  the  .AVesfr  into  the  Old 
and  New  Town.  In  1739,  while  the  in- 
habitants were  asleep,  the  magazine  of 
powder  was  set  on  fire  by  lightning,  and 
all  the  houses  were  shaken,  as  if  there  iiad 
been  an  earthquake.  It  is  22  miles  E  of 
Oldenburg.     Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Bremen,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  lying  between  the  \Veser 
and  the  Elbe,  of  which  the  former  sepa- 
rates it  from  Oldenburg,  and  the  other 
from  Holstein.  The  air  is  cold ;  but  the 
country  is  fertile  and  well  peopled.  It 
formerly  belonged  to  the  Swedes,  but  was 
sold  to  the  elector  of  Hanover,  in  1716. 
In  the  winter  it  is  subject  to  inundations, 
and  particidarly  in  1617,  on  Christmas-day, 
several  thousand  cattle  were  drowned ; 
beside  several  hundreds  of  men.  Bremen 
is  the  capital. 

Bre7neiavoeriI,  town  of  German v,  in  the 
Q 


duchv  of  Bremen,  27  miles  N  of  Bremen. 
Lon. "8  45  E,  lat.  5o  33  N. 

Brent,  town  of  Devonshire,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday,  26  miles  S\V  of  Exeter,  and 
200  W  by  S  of  London.     Lon.  4  2  E,  lat. 

50  33  N. 

Brent,  river  in  Somersetshii-e,  which 
rises  in  Selwood  Forest,  on  the  edge  of 
Wilts,  and  falls  into  Bridgewater  Bay. 

Brente,  river  which  rises  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Trent,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, opposite  that  city. 

Brentford,  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  into  which  at  the  W  end  of  the 
town,  flows  a  rivulet  called  the  Brent. 
Here  the  freeholders  of  Middlesex  choose 
the  kniglits  of  the  shire.  It  is  divided  into 
Old  and  New  Brentford,  in  which  last  are 
the  cliurch  and  market-house.  It  is  seven 
miles  W  of  London.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 

51  26  N. 

Brentford,  township  in  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  15  miles  \vVrom 
Portsmouth.  Population  in  1810,  905,  and 
in  1820,  892. 

Brentwood,  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday.  It  stands  on  a  fine  emi- 
nence, 11  miles  WSW  of  Chelmsford,  and 
18  ENE  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  51 
36  X. 

Breiitvjood,  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
about  20  miles  southwestward  from  Ports- 
mouth. It  contains  about  1000  inhabitants. 

Brescia,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Brescia- 
no,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Garza,  95  miles  W  of  Ve- 
nice.    Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Bresciano,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  A'enice  ;  bounded  on  the  X  by  the 
country  of  the  Grisons  and  the  bishopric  of 
Trent ;  on  the  E  by  lake  Garda,  the  Vero- 
nese, and  the  Hantaan;  on  the  S  by  the 
Matituan  and  the  Creraonese  ;  and  on  the 
W  by  Cremasco,  Bergamo,  and  the  Valte- 
hne.  It  is  watered  by  several  small  rivers, 
and  is  full  of  towns  and  villages,  of  which 
Brescia  is  the  capital. 

BreseUo,  town  of  I^aly,  in  the  Modenese, 
on  the  river  Po,  27  miles  N  W  of  Modena. 
Lon.  10  41  E,  lat.  44  50  N,      « 

Bresknu,  large,  rich,  and  populous  town 
of  Germany,  capital  of  Silesia,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  and  a  imiversity.  It  is  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Oder  and  Ola,  which  last 
runs  through  several  of  the  streets.  All 
the  houses  are  built  with  stone,  and  i.s  sur- 
rounded by  good  walls,  strengthened  with 
ramparts  and  other  works.  There  are  two 
i.slands  near  it,  formed  by  the  Oder;  in  one 
of  which  is  a  church,  whose  tower  was 
burnt  by  lightning  in  1730;  in  the  other 
called  Tluim,  is  the  cathedral.  The  royal 
l)a!:.ce  was  obtained  by  the  Jesuits,  whei'e 
tliey  founded  a  university  in   1702.     The 


ERE 


a  u  I 


two  principal  churches  belong  to  the  Pro- 
testants ;  near  one  of  wliich  is  a  college.  It 
is  112  miles  NE  of  Prague,  and  165  N  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  17  8  E/lat.  51  3  N. 

Bresse,  late  province  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  department  of  Ain,  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Burgundy  and 
Tranche  Comte,  on  the  E  by  Savoy,  on  the 

5  by  the  Viennois,  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Lyonois. 

Bressici,  or  Brzesk,  the  capital  of  Pole- 
sia  in  Poland,  seated  on  the  river  Bog,  100 
miles  E  of  Warsaw.  It  is  a  fortified  town, 
and  has  a  castle  built  upon  a  rock.  Here 
is  a  sj'nagogue,  resorted  to  by  the  Jews 
from  all  the  countries  in  Europe.     Lon.  24 

6  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Bressuire,  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Poitou,  now  included  in  the 
department  of  the  Two  Sevres. 

Brest,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre  and  late  province  of 
Brittany,  with  a  castle  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock  by  the  sea-side.  The  streets  are  nar- 
row, crooked,  and  all  upon  a  declivity. 
The  quay  is  above  a  mile  in  length.  The 
arsenal  was  built  by  Lewis  XIV.  whose 
successor  established  a  marine  academy 
here  in  1752.  This  is  the  best  port  in 
France,  and  has  every  accommodation  for 
the  navy.  The  English  attempted  in  vain 
to  take  this  place  in  1694.  It  is  30  miies 
SE  of  Morlaix,  and  325  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
4  30  W,  lat.  48  22  N\ 

Bretagny,  or  Bntlaiuj,  late  province  of 
France,  150  miles  in  length,  and  112  in 
breadth.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  ocean 
except  on  the  E  where  it  is  united  to  An- 
jou,  Maine,  Normandy,  and  Poitou.  The 
air  Is  temperate,  and  it  has  large  forests. 
It  now  forms  the  departments  of  the  North 
Coast,  Finisterre,  Isle  and  Villaine,  Lower 
Loire,  and  Morbin.in. 

Breteuil,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  seated  on  the  Iton,  15  miles 
SW  of  Evreiix,  and  65  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  0  E,  lat.  48  56  N 

Breton,  Cape,  island  of  North  America, 
between  45  and  47  N  lat.  separated  from 
Nova  Scotia  by  a  narrov/  strait  called  Can- 
so,  and  is*  100  miles  in  length,  and  50  in 
breadth.  .It  is  a  barren  country,  subject  to 
fogsthronghout  tlie  year,  and  covered  with 
snow  in  the  winter.  There  is  an  excel- 
lent fishery  on  this  coast.  It  was  confirm- 
ed to  England  by  treaty  in  1763.  See 
Louisbourg. 

Breton,  island  of  Louisiana,  or  rather  two 
small  islands  lying  SW  from  the  Grand 
Gosier.  There  is  a  diannel  containing  12 
feet  water  between  the  inlands  of  Grand 
Gosier  and  Breton  island,  and  another  SW 
of  tlie  latter,  leading  into  Chandeleur  bay, 
with  18  feet  water.  N,  lat.  29  26  W,  lon. 
W  C.  2  20. 


Bretlon  Woods,  township  in  Cos  county;, 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810,  12, 
and  in  1820,  19. 

Brertelle,  post  office  in  Louisiana,  parish 
of  Natchitoches. 

Brevordl,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
24  miles  SE  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  25  E,  lat. 
52  2N. 

.  Brewers  Haven,  good  harbour  on  the 
N  end  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  on  the  coast 
of  Chili.  The  Dutch  landed  here  in  1643. 
designing  to  get  possession  of  some  part  of 
Chili ;  but  they  were  driven  from  thence 
by  the  Spaniards  and  natives.  Lon.  74  0 
W,  lat  42  30  S. 

Bre-wers,  post  town  and  township  of  Pe- 
nobscot countv,  Maine.  Population  in 
1820,  744. 

Breiver's  Lagoon,  on  the  coast  of  Hondu- 
ras to  the  NW  from  Cape  Gracios  a  Dios. 
Lon.  W  C.  7  40  W,  lat  15  48  N. 

Brewood,  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesdav,  10  miles  S  by  W  of 
Stafford,  and  130  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
5  W,lat   52  43  N. 

Brewster,  township  and  post  town  in 
Barns'able  county,  Massachusetts,  16  miies 
E  from  Barnstable.  Population  in  1810, 
1112,  and  in  1820,  1285. 

Brey,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Liege,  14  miles  N  of  Maestricht. 
Lon.  5  39  E,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Briangon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Alps  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  with  a  castle  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  manna 
gathered  in  its  neighbourhood,  which  at 
first  appears  on  the  leaves,  and  small 
branches  of  a  sort  of  pine  tree  ;  but  they 
make  incisions  into  the  bark,  to  get  larger 
quantities.  It  has  a  noble  bridge  over  the 
Durance,  and  had  a  handsome  church  ;  it 
is  17  miles  NW  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  25  E, 
lat.  44  46  N. 

Briaire,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret  and  Tate  province  of  Orlea- 
nois,  seated  on  the  Loire,  and  remarkable 
for  a  canal  of  communication  between  that 
river  and  tiie  Seine.  It  is  35  miles  SE  of 
Orleans,  and  88  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  47  E, 
lat.  47  40  N. 

Briar  Creek,  township  in  Columbia 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1719. 

Briar  Creek,  small  branch  of  Savannah 
river,  which  it  joins  between  Augusta  and 
Savannah. 

Bricksville,  township  in  Cuyahoga  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820",  315. 

Bridgend,  town  in  Glamori^anshire,  with 
a  market  on  Samrday  :  seated  on  tlie  Og- 
more,  which  divides  it  into  tno  parts, 
joined  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  7  miles  W 
by  N  of  Cowbridge,  and  178  W  of  London. 
Lon.  3  38  W,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Bridgehampton,  post  town    of   Suffolk 


B  R  1 


B  R  1 


count)-,  in  the  state  of  New  York ;  situated 
at  the  NE  end  of  Long  Island. 

Bridgenorth,  a  borough  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday ;  seated  on  the 
Severn,  which  divides  it  into  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Town,  joined  by  a  stone  bridge. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  20  mils  W  by  N  of  Birmingham,  and 
139  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  28  W,  lat.  52 
36  N. 

Bridgeport^  town  in  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  on  the  E  side  of  Sa  co  river,  oppo- 
site to  F.  rfield,  10  miles  SW  of  S  ratford 
ai'.d  10  NE  of  Norwalk.  Here  is  a  post 
office  304  miles  from  IFuBMngton. 

Bridgeport,  post  town  and  borough  of 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monongahela  river  at 
the  mouth  of  Dunlap's  creek,  Fayette 
county.  It  is  separated  from  Brownsville 
by  a  bridge  over  Dunlap's  creek  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  624. 

Bridglon,  township  and  post  town,  Cum- 
berland V  ounty,  Maine,  30  miles  NW  from 
Portland  Population  in  1810,  882,  and  in 
1820,  1160. 

Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Barbadoes,  situated  in  the  inmost  part  of 
Carlisle  Bay.  It  contains  1500  houses,  and 
would  make  a  figure  in  any  kingdom  of 
Europe.  The  streets  are  broad,  the  houses 
well  built  and  finished,  and  their  rents  as 
high  as  such  houses  would  let  for  in  Lon- 
don. The  wharves  and  quays  are  conve- 
nient, and  the  forts  strong.  Lon.  W  C 
26  24  E,  lat.  13  5  N. 

Bridgetown,  post  town  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimack, 
26  miles  above  Concord. 

Bridgetovjii,  principal  town  of  Cumber- 
land county.  New  Jersey,  14  miles  S  of  Sa- 
lem, 48  N  by  W  from  Cape  May,  and 
about  50  from  Philadelphia.  Here  isap-  st 
office  185  miles  from  Washington,  and  55 
miles  SSK  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  situated 
on  Cohawgie  river,  20  miles  from  ils  en- 
trance into  Delaware  bay.  Vessels  of  100 
tons  are  navigated  to  Bridgetown.  The 
shipping  of  the  place,  in  1815,  amounted 
to  near  15,000  tons. 

Bridgetotvn,  town  of  Queen  Anne  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  west  side  of  Tuckahoe 
creek,  8  miles  E  from  Centreville. 

Bridgetoiun,  post  office  of  Kent  county, 
iNlaryland,  on  the  north  side  of  Chester 
river,  20  miles  above  Chester. 

Bridge^vater,  borough  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday  and  Saturday, 
and  a  large  handsome  church.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Parret,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  and  near  it  ships  of  100  tons  bur- 
den may  ride  It  is  eight  miles  S  of  the 
Bristol  Channel,  31  SSW  of  Bristol,  and 
137  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  10  W, 
lat.  51  7  N. 

Bridgeymter,  township,   and   post  town 


in  Grafton  county.  New  Hampshire,  on  the 
Merrimack.  Population  in  1810, 1104,  and 
in  1820,  727. 

Bridge-water,  town  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  17  miles  NW  from  Windsor. 

Bridge-tvater,  post  town  in  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts,  22  miles  S  of  Bos- 
ton. In  1800  the 'ownship  contained  5,200 
inhabitants;  in  1810,  5157;  and  in  1820, 
5670. 

BHdgewater,  township  and  post  town  In 
Oneida  county,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  1,533. 

Bridge-water,  township  in  Somerset  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.  Population  in  1810,  2906, 
and  in  1820,  3147, 

Bridge^uater,  township  in  Susquehanna 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1,994 

Bridgeivnter,  post  town  of  Lucerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

Bridlington,  or  Burlington,  seaport  in  the 
E  riding  of  Yorkshire,  witli  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  near 
Flamborough-head,  with  a  commodious 
quay  for  ships,  and  is  a  place  of  good  trade, 
36  miles  N  of  Hull  and  208  of  London. 
Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  54  8  N. 

Bridport,  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  between 
two  rivers,  and  had  once  a  harbour,  which 
is  now  choked  up  with  sand.  It  is  12  miles 
W  of  Dorchester  and  135  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  52  AV,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Bridport,  post  town  and  township  of  Ad- 
dison county,  Vermont,  on  lake  Champlain, 
near  Crownpoint,  15  miles  S  from  Ver- 
gennes,  and  5  W  from  Middleburg. 

Brieg,  handsome  town  of  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
col.ege,  and  an  academy  for  the  nobility. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  20  miles  SE  of 
Breslaw.     Lon    17  35  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Breil,  town  of  the  United  Provinces,  ca- 
pital of  the  island  of  Voorn,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Maese,  13  miles  SW  of  Rot- 
terdam.    Lon.  4  23  E,  lat  51  50  N. 

Brientz,  lake  of  Swisserl md,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  three  leagues  long  and  one 
broad.  The  Aar  runs  through  the  wliolc 
extent  of  this  lake,  and  unites  it  to  that  of 
Thun. 

Brieux,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  Coast  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany,  with  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  seated  near  the  English  Channel,  50 
miles  NW  of  Rennes.  Lon.  2  38  W,  lat. 
48  31  N. 

Bviey,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Lorraine,  seated  near  the  river  Manse  ; 
30  miles  NE  of  St.  Michael. 

Bngg      See  Gland fordbridge. 

Blight  elms  ton,  or    Brighton,    seaport    in 
Sussex,  with  a  market  on  Thursday.     It  i>i 
the  station  of  the  packet-bouts  to  and  from 
i23 


B  R  I 


B  R  i 


Dieppe,  and  is  56  miles  S  of  London,  and 
74  NW  of  Dieppe.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  50 
52  N. 

Brighton,  post  town  of  Massacliusetts,  in 
Middlesex  county,  five  miles  W  from  Bos- 
ton.    It  is  the  cattle  market  of  B-ston. 

Bnghton,  township  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts,  Population  in  1810,  608, 
and  in  1820,  702. 

Brightoii,  township  and  post  town  jn  On- 
tario county,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  1,972. 

Brighton,  township  in  Beaver  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1320,  738. 

Brignolles,  town  of  Fr.nce,  iu  the  de- 
partment of  Var  and  lite  province  of  Pro- 
vence, famous  for  its  prunes.  It  is  seated 
among-  niouniains,  in  a  pleasant  country, 
325  miles  SSE  of  I'aris.  Lon  6  15  E,  lat. 
4^  24.  N. 

Bi-ihuega,  town  of  Spain  in  New  Castile, 
sealed  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Tujuna, 
43  miles  NE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  10  W, 
lat.  40  50  N. 

BnmJielJ.  post  town  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Coiniecticut  river.  It  contains  about  1500 
inhabitants. 

Brimjield,  township  and  post  town  in 
Hampden  countv,  Massachusetts.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  16 i2. 

Brlmfeld,  S.  township  in  Hampden  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  Population  in  1820, 
683. 

Bnm/ifield,  village  in  Gloucestersliire,  at 
the  sources  of  the  river  Stroud,  where  are 
the  foundations  of  a  caslle  long  destroyed. 
It  has  also  a  nunnery.  It  is  seven  miles 
SE  of  Gloucester. 

Brindici,  ancient  Brundusium,  seaport  of 
Naples,  in  Otranto,  with  an  archbishop's 
bee,  and  a  fortress.  It  is  seated  on  the 
gulf  of  "\'enice,  32  miles  E  of  Tarento. 
Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  40  45  N. 

BrinkleysviUc,  post  town  of  Halifax  coun- 
ty. North  Carolina. 

Brinn,  town  of  Moravia,  where  the  as- 
sembly of  the  states  meet.  It  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Zwitta  and  Swart,  53 
miles  N  of  Vienna,  and  27  SW  of  Olmutz, 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Brioude,  in  France,  the  name  of  two 
towns,  a  mile  distant  from  eacli  other,  now 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Loire,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Velay.  Old  Brioude  is 
seated  on  the  river  Allier,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  one  arch,  whose  diameter  is  173 
feet.  It  is  16  miles  S  of  Issoire,  and  225  S 
by  E  of  Paris.     Lon,  2  50  E.  lat.  45  16  N. 

Briqneras,  town  of  Piedmont  in  the  val- 
ley of  Lucern,  three  miles  from  the  town 
of  I  hat  name      Lon.  7  34  E,  3:it.  44  56  N. 

Brisach,   Old,  town  of  Suabia,  once  the 

capital  of  Brisgaw,   seated  on  the  Rhine, 

over  which  is  a"  bridge  of  boats,  25  miles  S 

of  Strasburg.    Lon.  7  49  E,  lat.  48  2  N. 

124 


Brisach,  JWiu,  fortified  town  of  France , 
in  the  cjepartment  of  Upper  lliiine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace.  It  is  built  oppo- 
site Old  Brisach,  about  a  mile  from  the 
Rhine,  and  23  S  of  Strasburg.  Lo;i.  7  40 
E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Brisgarv,  territory  of  Suabia,  on  the  S 
side  of  the  Rhine,  which  separates  it  from 
the  department  of  Upper  Rhine. 

Brissac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjou,  seated  on  the  river  Au- 
bence,  13  miles  S  of  Angers.  Lon.  0  27 
W,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bristol,  city  and  seaport  in  Gloucester- 
shire and  Somersetshire ;  to  which  last 
county  it  was  accounted  to  belong,  before 
it  formed  a  separate  jurisdiction.  In  wealth, 
trade,  and  population,  it  has  long  been 
reckoned  tlie  second  in  this  kingdom.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Avon 
with  the  Frnme,  10  miles  from  the  influx 
of  the  Avon  into  the  Severn.  Bristol  has 
a  prodigious  trade  ;  for  it  is  reckoned  that 
hence  2000  shij^s  sail  yearly.  The  tide 
rising  to  a  great  height  in  these  narrow  ri- 
vers, brings  vessels  of  considerable  bur- 
den to  the  quay.  But  the  largest  ships 
are  discharged  at  Kingroad,  four  miles  be- 
low the  city,  and  the  goods  are  brought  to 
the  quay  by  lighters.  There  are  some 
considerable  woollen  manufactures  ;  and 
no  less  than  15  glass-houses,  and  a  sugar 
refinery,  v.'hich  is  one  of  its  principal  ma- 
nufactures. For  supplying  the  city  with 
water  tiiere  are  six  public  conduits ;  and 
handsome  hackney  coaches  may  be  hired 
at  reasonable  rales.  Hither  is  a  great  re- 
sort in  t!ie  summer  of  invalids  as  well  as 
other  company ;  for  whose  accommodation 
and  entertainment  there  is  a  pump-room, 
ball-room,  coffee-house,  with  taverns,  and 
a  great  number  of  elegant  lodging  houses, 
both  below,  on  a  level  with  the  v.ell,  and 
above  in  tiie  delightful  village  of  Clifton, 
which  is  situated  on  the  brow  of  a  hill, 
from  whence  there  are  downs  extending 
several  m  les  where  the  company  ride  out 
for  exercise.  It  has  18  churches,  beside 
the  cathedral,  a  bridge  over  the  Avon,  a 
custom-house,  and  an  exchange.  The  Hot 
Well,  ab  )ut  a  mile  from  the  town,  on  the 
side  of  the  Avon,^is  much  resorted  to  :  It 
is  of  great  purity,  and  has  obtained  a  high 
reputation  in  consumptive  cases.  In  St. 
Vincent's  Rock,  above  this  well,  are  found 
tliose  native  chrystals,  .so  well  known  un- 
der  the  name  of  Bristol  stones.  Besides 
this  well,  there  is  a  cold  sprmg  which 
gushes  out  of  a  rock  on  the  side  of  a  river 
that  supplies  the  cold  b.ith.  Hf-rc  are  used 
sledges  instead  of  carts,  because  the  vaults 
and  common  sewers  would  be  injured  by 
them.  Bristol  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  has 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sa- 
turday, and  sends  two  members  to  parlia. 


15  \l  1 


B  R  1 


ment.  It  is  12  n.iles  WNW  of  Bath,  34 
SSW  of  Gl  c.  ster,  and  124  VV  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  ?  36  \V,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Bristol,  a  post  town,  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  on  Booth  hay,  12  miles 
SE  of  Wiscasset,  and  200  NE  of  Boston. 

Bristol,  township  and  post  town  in  Lin- 
cohi  count)',  Maine.  Population  in  1810, 
2,753,  and  in  1820,  2,946. 

Bristol,  township  in  Grafton  county.  New 
Hampshire.     Population  in  1820,  675. 

B'istol,  township  and  post  town  in  Hart- 
fo:*d  countv,  Connecticut.  Population  in 
1310,  1428,  and  in  1820,  1,362. 

Bristol,  county  of  Mass  'chusetts  ;  bound- 
ed N  by  Norfolk ;  E  by  Plymouth  ;  SE  by 
Buzzar.l's  bay  ;  and  W  by  Rhode  Island  ; 
length  35  ;  mean  width  17  ;  area  600  square 
miles.  It  is  generally  level,  though  some 
parts  are  hilly ;  soil  of  middling  quality. 
Chief  town,  Taunton. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  white  males        ...       17,578 

do.  do.  females  -  -  .  18,666 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        .  924 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males         ... 
do.  do.    females      ... 

37,168 

19,239 
20,871 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.              do.    females  - 
Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females 

40,110 

378 

420 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

40,908 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  86 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,641 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         2,136 

do.        in  Commerce       .        .  974 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  58. 

Bristol,  county,  of  Rhode  Island  ;  bound- 
ed N  and  NE  by  iua:i.5;i(.husetts ;  W  by 
Narragansett  bay  ;  E  by  Jiount  Hope  bay  ; 
length  10  miles;  mean  width  4;  area  40 
square  miles;  soil  in  general  rocky,  but 
productive  ;  surface  hilly,  and  very  plea- 
santly diversified.    Chief  town,  Bristol. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,372 

do.  do.     fen)aies  -         -         .  2,443 

All  other  pe-f-sons  except  Iiidians 

not  taxed         ....  221 

Slaves        -        .        .        .        .  37 


Total  populatlcn  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 


5  073 


2,554 


Free  white  females    -        -        -        2,779 

lotal  whites       ...        -  5,333 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  149 

do.            do.        females  153 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.    females           ...  2 

Total  population  in  1820    .        -        5,637 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  513 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  393 

do.        in  Commerce       .        -  381 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  140. 

Bristol,  township  in  Bristol  county,  Rhode 
Island,  including  Bris  ol  town.  Population 
in  1810,  2693,  and  in  1820,  3197. 

Bristol,  seaport,  post  town,  and  capital 
of  Bristol  county,  Rhode  Island,  13  miles 
N  from  Newport,  and  .15  S  from  Provi. 
dence.  The  site  of  this  town  is  in  a  high 
degree  pleasant,  on  a  point  of  land  between 
Taunton  river  and  Narragansett  bay.  It  is 
a  place  of  considerable  commerce ;  the 
shipping  in  1815  exceeded  6,900  tons  ;  and 
its  present  population  2700. 

Bristol,  township  in  Ontario  county.  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  2,429. 

Bristol,  borough  and  post  town  of  Bucks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  ri- 
ver, opposite  Burlington  in  New  Jersey  ; 
20  miles  above  Philadelphia,  and  12  miles 
below  Trenton.  Population  in  1810,  628, 
and  in  1820,  908. 

Bristol,  township  in  "Philadelphia  county, 
Pennsvlvania.  Ponulation  in  1810,  965, 
and  in  1820,  1,257.' 

Bristol,  township  in  Bucks  county,  Peim- 
sylvania.  Population  in  1810, 1,008,  and  in 
1820,  1667. 

Bristol,  township  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  212,  and  in 
1820,  313. 

Bristol,  township  in  Morgan  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  452 

Bristol,  bay  on  the  NW  coast  of  North 
America,  lying  between  the  peninsula  of 
Alaska,  and  cape  Newnbam.  Lon.  W  C 
from  80  to  85  W,  lat.  56  to  58  N. 

Bristol  Channel,  between  the  S  coast  of 
Wales,  and  the  counties  of  Somerset,  De- 
von, and  Cornwall. 

Britaiii,  or  Great  Britain,  the  most  con- 
siderable of  all  the  European  islands,  ex. 
tending  550  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  290 
from  E  to  W.  It  lies  to  the  N  of  France, 
from  which  il  is  separaied  by  the  Er.glisli 
Channel.  The  ancient  name  of  the  island 
v.as  Albion,  which,  in  process  of  time  gave 
wa\  to  that  of  Britain,  by  which  it  was 
known  to  Julius  Cx^ar.  The  general  di- 
vision o)  the  island  is  into  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Wales 

Hritnin,   .A'Vvf,  counlrv   in   N  America, 
12.-, 


B  R  0 


B  Jl  (J 


commonly  called  the  Esquimaux  country. 
It  is  subject  to  Great  Britain  ;  and  lies  be- 
tween 5U  and  70  N  lat.  and  between  50  and 
100  W.  ion.  There  are  innumerable  lakes 
and  morasses,  which  are  covered  with  ice 
and  snow  a  great  part  of  the  year.  The 
principal  settlements  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish Hudson's  Bay  Company  are  Churchill, 
Neison,  New  Severn,  and  Albany  on  the 
W  side  ot  Hudson's  Bay. 

Bri  am,  .'Vew,  i-land  to  the  N  of  New 
Guinea.  It  is  divided  into  two  islands  by  a 
strait  through  which  Capt.  Carteret  sailed 
in  1767.  New  Britain  lies  in  I-n.  152  19 
E,  and  lat.  4  0  S.  The  inhabitants  are 
black,  and  wooll\ -headed,  like  negroes,  but 
have  n')t  their  flat  nuses  and  thick  iips. 

Biives  la-Gaillarde,  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Correz  and 
late  province  of  Limosen.  It  is  seated  near 
the  confluence  ol  the  Correze  and  the  Ve- 
zere,  in  a  delightful  valley,  and  has  a  hand- 
some hospital  and  ollege ;  and  a  fine 
walk,  planted  with  trees,  which  surrounds 
the  town,  and  adds  to  the  beauty  of  its  si- 
tuation. It  is  37  miles  S  of  Limoges,  and 
220  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  25  E,  lat. 
45  15  N. 

Brixen,  town  of  Germany  in  the  Tirol, 
capital  of  the  bishopric  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  ot  the  Ritntz 
andEysoch,  15  mile-s  E  of  Trol,  and  40 
N  of  Trent.     Lon  11  47  E,  'at  46  45  N. 

Biixen,  bishopric  of  Germany,  ;n  the 
Tirol.  It  is  surrounded  with  mountains 
which  produce  excellent  wine.  Tiie  bi- 
shop is  a  prince  of  the  empire. 

Brizen  or  Brietzeji,  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  middle  niarciie  of  Erand^nburgh, seated 
on  the  river  Adah,  12  miles  NE  of  Wir- 
lemberg. 

Broadalbin,  township  in  Montgomery 
county.  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
2,428. 

Broad  Creek,  township  in  Sussex  coun- 
ty, Delaware.  Pfpulation  in  1810,  3,789, 
and  in  1820,  2,599. 

B'-oad  Creek,  post  village  in  Queen  Anne 
CO  nty,  Maryland. 

Broadfield,  postvillage  of  Virginia,  West- 
mor  land  county. 

Broadkiln,  to>."  nship  and  post  village  in 
Suss-x  county,  Delaware.  Population  in 
1820,2731. 

Broad  River,  river  of  South  Carolina,  at 
the  mouth  of  which  is  sea'ed  the  town  of 
Beau  tort. 

Broad  Hiver,  river  of  Georgia,  enters 
the  right  Mde  of  Savannah  river,  between 
Savannah  and  Lisbon. 

B^'ochviHe,  sea'  of  justice  for  the  county 
of  Leetis,  Upper  Canad. ,  on  the  left  bank 
of  St.  Lawrence,  16  miles  abo'-e  Prescott, 
It  !s  a  very  flourishing  place,  in  a  fertile, 
well  cultivated  neighbourhood. 

Brodcra,  principal  fortress  and  town  of 
126 


Hindoostan  Proper,  in  Guzerat,  in  the  NE 
part  of  the  tract  lying  between  the  rivers 
Tapty  and  Myhie.  It  is  95  miles  S  by  W 
of  the  former,  and  195  NE  of  the  latter. 
Lon.  7:i  HE,  lat.  22  15  N. 

Brod,  or  Brodt,  strong  place  of  Hungary, 
on  the  river  Save,  famous  fur  a  battle 
gained  by  the  Turks  in  1688.  It  is  20 
miles  SE  of  Posega.  Lon,  19  25  E,  lat. 
45  20  N. 

Brod-JYemiki,  or  Teutch-Brod,  town  of 
Bohemia,  s  ated  on  the  river  Sozawa,  20 
miles  S  by  E  of  Czazlaw.  Lon.  15  40  E, 
lat.  49  33  N. 

Broek,  town  of  We-tphalia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Berg,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name  ;  seated  on  the  Roer,  11  miles  N  of 
Dusseldorp,     Lon  6  53  E,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Boek,  beautiful  village  in  North  Hol- 
land, six  miles  from  Amsterdam.  The  in- 
habitants, though  peasants  only,  are  all 
rich.  The  streets  are  paved  in  mosaic 
work,  with  variegated  bricks.  The  houses 
are  painted  on  tiie  outside,  and  look  as  fresh 
as  if  quite  new.  The  gardens  are  adorned 
with  china  vases,  grottos  of  shell-work, 
irees,  and  flo  vers  ;  with  borders  composed 
of  minute  particles  of  glass,  of  different  co- 
lours, and  disposed  into  a  varietj' of  forms. 
Behind  th.e  h  uses  and  gardens,  are  mea- 
dows, full  of  cattle  grazing  ;  the  out  houses 
are  likewise  behind,  so  that  wagons,  carts, 
and  cattle,  never  enter  these  neat  streets. 

Broken  Bay,  bay  of  New  S  Wales,  on 
the  E  coast  of  New  Holland.  It  is  formed 
by  the  mouth  of  a  great  river  called  the 
Hawkesbur>.   Lon.  151  27  E,  lat.  33  34  S. 

Broken  Sxvord,  name  of  a  creek  in  the 
new  county  of  Crawfcrd,  running  sonth- 
vvesiwai-dly  into  Sai. dusky  river. 

Broken  Stra-!v,  township  in  Warren  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  379, 
and  in  1820,  902. 

Broken  Stra~w,  creek,  post  village,  Craw- 
ford county,  Pennsylvania. 

Brornberg,  city  of  Prussia,  in  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Posen,  capital  of  the  district  of 
the  Netze.  This  city  is  very  important,  as 
from  it  a  canal  extends  which  unites  the 
Vistula,  Oder,  and  Elbe  rivers,  by  connect- 
ing the  Bruhe  near  Bromberg,  wiih  the 
Netz  ne'ir  Nackel.  It  is  30  miles  NW 
from  Thorn,  and  160  miles  E  from  Berlin. 

Bromley,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  situated  on  the  river  Ravens- 
burn  Bromley  is  10  miles  S  by  E  from 
London.     Lon.  0  6  E,    lat.  51  23  E. 

Bromley,  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  w,.s  formerly  called 
Abbot's-Bromley,  and  afterwards  Paget's- 
Biom'e, ,  being  given  to  Lord  Paget  when 
Henry  VIII.  suppressed  the  abbies.  It  is 
^even  miles  E  of  Stidford,  and  130  NW  of 
London.     Lun.  1  35  W,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Bromley,  village  near  Bow,  in  Middlesex. 


li  R  O 

It  had  formerly  a  monastery,  the  church  of 
which  is  still  used  by  the  inhabitants. 

Brompton,  village  in  Middlesex,  two  miles 
W  by  S  of  London. 

Brompton,  village  in  Kent,  situated  on  an 
easy  ascent  from  Chatham,  and  containing 
the  fine  barracks  for  the  military  of  that 
garrison. 

Bromsgrove,  town  in  Worcestershire, 
seated  on  the  river  Salwarp.  It  is  a  pretty 
good  town,  15  miles  NNE  of  Worcester, 
and  115  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  W, 
lat,  52  25  N. 

Bromyard,  town  in  Herefordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  18  miles  W  of 
Worcester,  and  125  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Bronno,  town  of  Italy,  in  ihe  Milanese, 
10  miles  SE  of  Pavia.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat. 
45  6  N. 

Brooke,  the  most  northerly  county  of 
Virginia,  situated  in  an  angle  formed  by 
the  river  Ohio  and  the  state  of  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  bounded  W  and  N  by  Ohio  river  ;  E 
by  Pennsylvania ;  and  S  by  Ohio  county  in 
Virginia  ;  length  30  ;  mean  breadth  5  ;  area 
150  square  miles;  surface  extremely  hilly, 
though  the  soil  is  in  a  high  degree  fertile. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  and 
some  iron.     Chief  town,  Wellsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,819 

do.     do.  females    -        -        -        2,653 
All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       ...  59 
Slaves 332 


Total  population  in  1810     -  5,tf43 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .        3,152 
do.     do.  females    ...        3,018 

Total  whites       -        -        -        .  6,170 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  24 

do.             do.         females  34 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        .  191 

do.     females           -        -        -  192 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        6,611 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  9 

Engaged  in  Agricdtwi-e      -         -         1,526 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  237 

do.        in  Commi'rce       -         -  40 

Population  to  the  sq'iare  mile,  44. 

Brompton.,  town  of  Lower  Canada  in 
Buckingham  county,  on  S'-  Fvuicis  river. 

Brookfield,  township  in  Strafford  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  in 
1810,  QST,  and  in  1820.  690. 

Brookfii'ldy  town  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  17  miles  S  from  Moatpelier. 
Population,  14u0. 

Brookfidd,  township  and  post  town  in 


B  \\  O 

Worcester  county,  Massachusetts.  Po- 
pulation ill  1810,3170,  and  in  1820,  2,292. 

Brookfidd,  Korth,  township  and  post 
town  in  Worcester  county,  Massachu- 
setts     Population  in  1820,  1095. 

Brookfidd,  township  and  post  town  in 
Fairfield  county,  Connecticut.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  1037,  and  in  1820,  1159. 

Brookfield,  township  and  post  town  in 
Madiso  .  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  18 -'0,  4240, 

Brookfidd,  township  and  post  village 
in  Trumbull  county,  Ohio.  Population 
in  1810,  345,  and  in  1820,  524. 

Brookfield,  township  and  post  village 
in  Morgan  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  314. 

Brookhaven,  township  and  post  town 
in  Suffolk  county.  New  York.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  5,218. 

Brookhill,  post  town  of  Tennessee,  in 
Montgomery  county. 

Bookline,  township  in  Hillsborough 
county.  New  Hampshire.  Population  in 
1810,  528,  and  in  1820,  592. 

Brookline,  post  town  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire.  Population, 
550. 

Brookline,  township  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810, 784, 
and  it!  1820,  900. 

Brooklyn,  township  in  Windham  coun- 
ty, Connecticut.  Population  in  1810, 
1,200,  and  in  1820,  1,264. 

Brooklyn,  post  town  and  township  of 
King's  county.  New  York,  on  Long  Island, 
opposite  the  city  ot  New  York,  from 
which  it  is  only  separated  by  the  East 
river  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  The 
site  of  this  town  is  pleasantly  waving, 
and  gives  an  air  of  variety  and  openess 
to  the  streets  and  houses.  Many  of  the 
buildings  are  elegant,  and  the  adjacent 
country  in  a  nigh  staie  of  cuUiva'>un,  To 
tilt-  NE  of  th  ■  tf^kvn,  on  a  point  between 
E.ist  river  and  the  WallaliDUt  bay,  is  one 
of  the  United  States  navy  yards.  Pnpu- 
lation  in  1820,  7,175 ;  and  at  prese  t 
about  7,500. 

Brooklyn,  township  in  C'uyahoga  coun- 
ty, Ohio      Population  in  1820,  s'lS 

Brooks,  townshi})  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine.     Pc.'ulativn  in  18  ?0,  318. 

Brooksville,  township  in  Haricock 
courity.  Alrtine.    P-'i illation  io  i3.'0.  9r2. 

fsrook-oHle  post  town  i-i  M  nigom)  ry 
cour:y,  M^^rylfcnrl,  on  th':-  W  sidf-  -if  the 
rivoi  Pautuxent,  20  mik-s  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Brookville,  town  of  Indiana,  seat  of 
justice  for  Franklin  county,  on  the  point 
in  the  forks  oi'  White  river,  branch  of 
Great  Miami,  AQ  miles  NW  from  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  a  flourishing  village,  laid 
127 


B  K  (J 


B  li  O 


out  in  1811,  and  now  contains  more  than 
100  houses,  and  500  inhabitants. 

Broom  Loch,  and  an  extensive  salt 
■water  and  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Rosshire, 
on  the  W  coast  of  Scotland.  It  has  long 
been  noted  for  its  excellent  herrings, 
and  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  fishing 
stations  on  the  coast. 

Broome,  county  of  New  York,  bounded 
by  Pennsylvania  S;  Tioga  W;  Court- 
landt  and  Chenanj^o  N  ;  and  Del  ^ware 
E ;  length  43 ;  mean  width  -^0  miies  ; 
area  860  square  miles.  Surface  hilly, 
though  being  intersected  by  the  Susque- 
hanna river,  and  its  numerous  branches, 
the  soil  is  in  general  productive,  and  ni 
part  extremely  fertile.  Chief  town,  Che- 
nango. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white     :ales      -         -         -  4,210 

do.   do.     females  -        -  3,867 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  30 

Slaves 23 


Total  population  in  181 

.0 

,  males    - 
females 

8,130 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules 
do.  do.     females    - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

do.             do. 
Slaves,  males     - 
do,     females 

7,318 
6,937 

14,255 

33 

30 

8 

17 

Total  population  in  1820 


14,343 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  56 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        3,092 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  496 

do.         in  Comnierce       -         -  51 

Popidatlon  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

BrooTie,  township  and  post  town  in 
Schoharie  county.  New  York.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2,680. 

Brora,  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of  Su- 
therlandshire,  Scotland.  Here  is  a  coal 
mine  which  was  lately  worked,  and  the 
coal  used  in  the  manufacture  of  salt; 
but  it  cannot  be  carried  to  any  distance, 
as  it  takes  fit:e  on  being  exposed  to  the 
air.  Brora  is  40  miles  N  by  E  of  Inver- 
ness. 

Brora,  river  in  Sutherlandsbire,  which 
issues  from  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 
Above  the  town  of  Brora  it  forms  seve- 
ral fine  cascades ;  and,  below  that  vil- 
lage falls  into  the  British  Ocean. 

Brouage,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  and  late 
province  of  Salntonge.  Its  salt  works 
are  the  finest  in  France,  and  the  salt  is 

n'8 


called  Bay  salt,  because  it  lies  on  a  bay 
of  the  sea.  It  is  17  miles  b  <  f  R.  chelle, 
and  170  SW  of  Pans.  Lun.  1  4  W.  lat. 
45  52  N. 

Brouca,  town  of  Sicily,  on  the  S  side 
of  the  gulf  of  Caania,  15  rniles  S  of  Ca- 
tania.    Lon  15  30  E,  lat.  37  25  N. 

Brouershaven,  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  the  island  of  Schoneu,  nine 
miles  SW  of  Helvoetsluys,  Lon.  4  15 
E,  lat.  51  40  N 

Broue'.'e,  river  of  Indiana,  in  Vigo 
couniy,  falls  into  the  right  side  of  the 
Wabasli,  10  miles  above  Terre  liante. 

Broug/iion,  town  of  Lower  (xanada, 
Buckingham  couijty,  35  miles  S  from 
Qui^!:*ec. 

Brown,  a  southern  county  of  Ohio, 
borderin<^  f^n  Wn  Oiiio  I'iver.  It  i>.  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Clinton  and  Highland 
counties  ;  E  by  Highland  and  Adams ; 
b  by  the  Ohio  river ;  and  on  tiie  W  by 
Clermont  county.  It  is  .%  miies  long 
from  N  to  S,  by  17  broad  from  E  to  W ; 
and  contains  about  470  square  miles.  It 
contains  the  towns  of  Ripley,  the  tem- 
porary seat  of  justice,  and  Decatur. 
I'he  surface  of  this  county  is  in  general 
hilly,  but  its  soil  fertile. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        6,501 

do.     do.    females  •        -        6.217 

Total  whites             -        -       -  JJ,018 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  160 

do.            do.        females,  178 

Slaves,  males           ...  0 

do.    females         -        _       -  o 


Total  population  in  1820  -      13,356 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  22 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,727 

'  do.    in  Manutactures        -  327 

do.     in  Commerce  -  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30  nearly. 

Brother''s  Valley,  township  in  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Popalation  m  1810, 
1314,  and  in  1820,  1301. 

.Btou'H,  county  of  Michigan,  W  from  lake 
Michigan,  and  contiguous  to  Green  bay. 
Fort  Brown,  chief  town. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...  785 

do.  do.     females     -         -         -  166 


Total  whites       ....  951 

Free  pei  ,ons  of  colour,  males      -  1 

do.           do.        females    -  none 

Slaves,  males        ...        -  none 

do,    females             ...  none 

Total  population  in  1820             -  952 


B  R  O 


B  R  U 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


62 
60 
10 
16 


Fopulatioii  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 


tice  in  Jackson  county,  Illinois,  40  miles 
E  from  Ivaskaskias. 

Brownville,  town  of  Penobscot  county, 
Maine,  on  Pleasant  river,  40  miles  N  from 
Bangor. 

Bro-wnville,  township,  and  post  town,  in 


JBroxvn,  township  in    Lycoming  county,    Jefferson  cour\ty,  New  York,  on  the  right 


Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  322. 

Brown,  township,  in  Miami  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  349. 

Brown,  township  in  Stark  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  365. 

Broiviifield,  township  and  post  town  in 
Oxford  county,  Maine,  on  Saco  river.  Po- 
pulation in  1810,  388,  and  in  1820,  747. 

Broiunhebn,  township  in  Huron  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  282. 

Brottinington,  post  town,  Orleans  county. 


bank  ot  Black  river  eight  miles  NE  from 
Sackets  Harbour.  Population  in  1820, 
3990. 

Broyle,  harbour,  and  settlement,  E  side 
of  tlie  island  of  Newfoundland,  between 
the  city  of  St.  Johns,  and  Cape  Race. 
Lon.  W  C  24  30  E.  lat.  47  10.  N. 

BmceviUe,  post  village,  Knox  county, 
Indiana, 

Briichval,  town  of  Germany,  In  the  bish- 
opric   of  Spire,  seated  on  the  river  Satz , 


Vermont,  near  Barton   river,  55  miles  NE  five  miles  SE  of  Philipsberg-.     Lon.   8  36 

by  N  from  Montpelier.  E.  lat.  49  11  N, 

Bro-ivnsburg,  post  town,  of  Rockbridge  _    J^'^igg;  or  Broug,  town   of  Swisserland, 

county,  Virginia,  on  Hays  creek,  13  miles  i"  Argau,   sealed  on    the   river  Aar,  over 

NE  by  N  from  Lexington.  which  is  a  bridge.     It  is    22   miles  SE  of 

Brownshurg,  post    village,    Washington  Basil.     Lon.  8  4  E.  lat.  47  21  N. 
county,    Tennessee,    near    French   Broad        Bruges,  large  episcop.il  city  of  Austrian 

river,  15  miles  E  from  Greensville.  Flanders,   once  the  greatest  trading  town 

Brown's  corner,  post  village,  Kennebeck  i"}  Europe  ;  but  in  the  16th    centurv,  the 

county,  Maine.  civil   wars   occasioned  by   the    tyranny  of 

Brown's  cross-roads,   post    office,    Pike  l*'iillip  H.  drove  tiie  trade  first  to  Antwerp, 

count j^  Ohio.  and  then  to  Amsterdam,      It   is  seated  in 

Brown's  Passage,  between   Dundas  and  *  plain,  eight  miles  from  the  sea,  and  has  a 

Stephen's    islands,    NW    coast    of    North  communication  by  canals,  with  Ghent,  Os- 

America,  leading  into   Observatory  Inlet,  tend,  Sluys,  Newport,  Furnes,  Ypres,  and 

Lon.  W  C  53  23  W.  lat.  54  17  N.  Dunkirk.     Bruges  has   been    often  taken 

Bro-an's  Point,  cape,  S   extremity  of  th^  ?"^  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the  French, 

island   of  Tobago  in    Uie    West    Indies.  *"  ^"^^-      ^^  ^^  ^'S^^  ™'l^s  E  of  Ostend. 

Lon.  W  C  15  20  E.  lat.  11  10  N.  ■'^°"  o  5  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 


Brown'stown,  post  town  and  capital  of 
.Tackson  county,  Indiana,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  East  Fork  of  White  river,  100  miles 
W  from  Cincinnati,  and  45  N  from  Louis- 
ville. 

Brownsville,  township  in  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  769, 
Brownsville,    formerly  called  Red   Stone 


Bnigge,  or  Bruggen,  town  of  Lower 
Sajiony,  in  the  bishopiic  of  Hildesheim,  six 
miles  from  the  city  of  that  name.  Lon. 
10  5  E.  Lat.  52  6  N. 

Bnignelo,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
penines,  35  miles  SE  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9 
30  E.  lat.  44  15  N. 

Brule,  river  of  the  NVV  territory  of  the 


Old  Fort,  post  town  in  Fayette  county,  U.  S.  falls  into  the  SW  part  of  lake  Su 
Pennsylvanii  included  in  tiie  foregoing  perior. 
township ;  on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Mo- 
nongahela,  12  miles  NW  from  Union,  25 
SE  from  Washington,  and  35  S  from  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  in  the  centre  of  a  settlement 
composed  considerably  of  Friends.  This 
town  is  connected  with  Bridgeport  by  a 
chain  bridge  thrown  across  Dunlap's  creek, 
a  small  stream  of  wa'er  running  between 


Bnmetto,  strong  and  important  place  in 
Piedmont,  near  Susa,  which  it  defends. 

Brunsuttle,  seaport  of  Germany,  in  Hol- 
stein  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  13  miles 
NW  of  Gluckstadt.  Lon.  9  2  E.  lat.  54 
2N. 

Brunswick,  country  of  Germany,  in  the 


them.     Both   together  contain  "about  200  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  N 

houses,    and  in   1820,    1600    inhabitants,  by  Lunenburg,  on  the'W  by  the  circle  of 

Brownsville  is  in  a  flourishmg  state,  beinij  Westph:ilia,  on  the  S  by  Hesse,  and  on  the 

in  the  centre  of  a  well  cultivated  and  rich  E  by  Anhalt,  Ilerberstadt,  and  Magdeburg, 

country.       It  is  the  general  rendezvous  of  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Wesar,  Ocker, 

emigrants  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  on  and  Lyne.     It  is  divided  into  three  princi- 

their  passage  down  the  Ohio.  palitie's.        Wolfenbuttle,      Ceubenhagen, 

_BroYunm^/e,  post  village  of  Marlborough  and   Calenberg,  which    also  comprehends 

district.  South  Carolina.  the  duchy  of  Gottingen.     The  principality 

Brownsville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  ;us-  of  Wolfenbuttle  has  its  own  dukes ;  but 
H                                 "  1 29 


B  R  U 


fl  R  U 


the  other  two  belong  to   the   elector  of 
Hanover. 

Brumwick,  large  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  was  formerly  an 
imperial  and  hanseatic  town  till  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  dike  of  Brunswick  Wolfenbut- 
tle  in  1671,  who  built  a  citadel  to  keep  it 
in  awe.  In  the  square  before  the  castle  is 
a  famous  stone  statue,  with  a  lion  made 
of  block-tin,  done  after  the  life.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  about  24,000.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ocker,  55  miles  W  of  Magde- 
burg.    Lon.  10  42  E.  lat.  52  25  N. 

Brunstvick,  post  town  of  Georgia,  in 
North  America,  in  Glynn  county.  It  has 
a  safe  harbour  capable  of  containing  a  nu- 
merous fleet  of  men  of  war ;  from  its  situa- 
tion, and  the  fertility  of  the  inland  coun- 
try it  promises  to  be  a  place  of  conse- 
quence. It  is  70  miles  WSW  of  Savannah, 
and  752  from  Washington.  Lat.  31  10  N. 
lon,  8  2  W. 

Bnmswick,  township  In  Cumberland 
county,  Maine.  Population  in  1820,  2931. 
Brimswick,  township  in  Rensallaer  coun- 
ty. New  York.  Population  in  1820,  2318. 
Brunsivick,  South,  township  in  Middle- 
sex county.  New  Jersey.  Population  in 
1810,  2332,  and  in  1820,  2489. 

Bmns-anck,  JVew,  township  in  Middle- 
sex county.  New  Jersey.  Population  in 
1810,  3980,  and  in  1820,  4275. 

Brunsxuick,  city  of  New  Jersey,  in 
North  America,  situate  on  the  Raritan, 
12  miles  above  Perth  Amboy.  This  city 
has  a  considerable  inland  trade,  and  many 
small  vessels  belongs  to  the  port.  Here 
was  formerly  a  flourishing  college,  called 
Queen's  college,  which  has  of  late  declin- 
ed.    Population  about  6000. 

Brims-u>ick,  j\reiu,  in  North  America,  one 
of  the  two  provinces  into  which  Nova 
Scotia  was  divided  in  1784  ;  bounded  on 
the  W  by  New  England,  on  the  N  by  Ca- 
nada, on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  bay  of  Fundy  and 
Nova  Scotia.  St.  John's  is  the  capital. 
Population  about  60,000. 
Bnmsruick,  township  in  Schuylkill  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1974. 

Bruns-wick,  township  in  Medina  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 172. 

Brunswick,  township  of  Essex  county, 
Vermont,  65  miles  from  Montpelier,  on 
the  Connecticut  river. 
_  Brimsidck,  covmiy  of  Virginia,  on  both 
sides  of  Meherin  river ;  bi.unded  South  by 
North  Carolina ;  W  by  Mecklenberg,  and 
Lunenberg  ;  N  by  Nottoway ;  NE  by  Din- 
widdie  ;  and  E  by  Greenville  ;  length  27  ; 
breadth  21 ;  area  570  ;  surface  rather  rolling 
than  level ;  soil  of  middling  quality.  Sta- 
ples grain  and  tobacco.  Chief  town,  Percival. 

Population  in  1810 
Tree  white  males       -       -       .       2,884 
130 


Free  white  females    -        -        -       2,951 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 


taxed      .        .        .        .        - 
Slaves        -        .        .        .        . 

378 
9,308 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

15,411 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        - 
do.  do.   females     ... 

2,925 
2,964 

Total  whites      .... 

5,889 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.                do.    females 
Slaves,  males      -        -        .        - 
do.    females 

394 

323 

5,201 

4,880 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

16,687 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commerce 

■12 

5,130 

100 

39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30  nearly. 

Bruns-wick,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  ri- 
ver ;  and  bounded  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
by  South  Carolina  SW  ;  by  Bladen  NW  ; 
and  Cape  Fear  river  NE  and  E  ;  length  45 
miles  ;  breadth  28  miles  ;  area  1260  square 
miles ;  surface  level,  part  marshy ;  and  soil 
generally  poor  and  thin.  Chief  town, 
Smithville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        -        -       1,173 

do  do.  females  .  .  -  1,141 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        -      .  -        -  210 

Slaves         -        -        ,        .        -        2,254 

Total  population  in  1810  4,778 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       1,495 
do.  do.     females     -        i        .       1,442 

Total  whites         ....  2,937 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  101 

do.                do.    females    -  108 

Slaves,  males        ...        -  1,196 

do.    females    .        -        -        -  1,138 

Total  population  in  1820.    -        -       5,480 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -       1,761 

do.      in  Manufactures     -        -  88 

do.       in  Commerce  -        -  44 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4. 

Brunswick,  post  town,  seaport,  and  seat 
of  justice  in  Glyme,  district  of  Georgia,  on 
Turtle  river,  10  miles  S  from  Darien.  Lat. 
31  10  N, 


B  R  Y 


BUG 


Brussels,  fortified  city  of  Brabant,  and 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands . 
It  has  many  magnificent  squares,  public 
buildings,  walks,  and  fountains.  The  Ho- 
tel  de  Ville,  in  the  grand  market-place,  is 
a  remarkable  structure  :  the  turret  is  364 
feet  in  height,  aud  on  the  top  is  the  figure 
of  St.  Michael,  of  copper  gilt,  17  feet  high, 
which  turns  with  the  wind.  Here  is  a 
kind  of  nunnery,  called  the  Beguinage, 
which  is  like  a  little  town,  and  surrounded 
by  a  wall  and  a  ditch  ;  the  women  educa- 
ted here  are  allowed  to  leave  it  when  they 
choose  to  marry.  Brussels  is  celebrated 
for  its  fine  lace,  camblets,  and  tapestry  ; 
and  contains  80,000  inhabitants.  It  has  a 
communication  with  the  Scheldt  by  a  ca- 
nal, 20  miles  long.  It  was  bombarded  by 
marshal  Villeroy,  in  1695,  by  which  14 
churches,  and  4000  houses  were  destroyed. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  since.  It 
is  seated  partly  on  an  eminence,  and  partly 
on  the  river  Senne,  25  miles  S  of  Antwerp, 
and  148  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  18  E, 
lat.  50  51  N. 

Brush  Creek,  township  in  Scioto  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  288. 

Brush  Creek,  township  in  Highland 
county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  551, 
and  in  1820,  1173. 

Brush  Creek,  township  in  Muskingum 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  699. 

Bruton,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  silk  and  hosiery  ;  a  free-school, 
founded  by  Edward  VI. ;  and  a  stately 
almsliouse,  consisting  of  the  ruins  of  a 
priory.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Brue,  12 
miles  SE  of  Wells,  and  100  W  of  London. 

Brutus,  township  in  Cayuga  county, 
New  York.    Population  in  1820,  3579. 

Bruyeres,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  11  miles  ENE  of  Ept- 
nal. 

Bryan,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  ;  Liberty  S\V  ;  Tatu- 
all  and  Bullock  NW,  and  Effingham  and 
Chatham  NE  ;  length  35  ;  mean  width  12 ; 
area  420  square  miles ;  surface  level,  and 
soil  thin.  Staples,  grain,  tobacco,  and  cot- 
ton.    Chief  town.  Hard  wick. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        -  296 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -  261 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  6 

Slaves 2,264 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females  1 1 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        -        1,1 19 

do.    females  -        -        -        1,119 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  2,827 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ...  391 

do.  do.    females    -        -        -  368 

Total  whites       .        .        -        .  759 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  13 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commerce 


3,021 


1 
1,337 
24 
0 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  8  nearly, 

Bryansbrid^e,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Clare,  seated  on  tlie  Shannon 
eight  miles  N  of  Limerick. 

Brzesc,  fortified  town  of  Lithuania,  capi- 
tal of  Polensia,  or  the  palatinate  of  Brzesc, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  Here  is  a  large 
synagogue,  resorted  to  by  Jews  from  all 
parts  of  Europe.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Bug,  90  miles  S  by  W  of  Grodno.     Lon. 

24  6  E,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Brzesc,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  pala- 
tinate of  the  same  name.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  wall,  and  seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  95 
miles  WNW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  30  E, 
lat.  52  40  N. 

Brzesnitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Saatz,  with  manufactures  of  lace,  fire- 
arms, and  hardware,  24  miles  WNW  of 
Saatz. — Another,  in  the  circle  of  Prachin, 
18  miles  WNW  of  Pisek. 

Bua,  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  called  likewise  Partridge 
island,  because  frequented  by  those  birds. 
It  is  joined  by  a  bridge  to  the  town  of 
Traon. 

Buarcos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  on 
the  seacoast,  at  the  moutii  of  the  Mondego, 
27  miles  S  of  Aveira. 

Buccari,  or  Bnchari,  seaport  of  Morla- 
chia,  on  the  NE  partof  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
declared  by  the  emperor,  in  1780,  a  free 
port  for  commerce  with  the  East  Indies. 
It  is  12  miles  E  of  Fiume.  Lon.  14  26  E. 
lat.  45  17  X. 

Buchannes,  the  most  eastern  promontory 
of  Scotland,  to  the  E  of  Pcterliead  in 
Aberdeenshire,  in  lon.  1  34  W,  lat  57  27 
N.  Near  this  promontory  are  the  Bullers 
of  Buchan,  and  other  stupendous  rocks 
and  precipices,  much  admired  for  the  aw- 
ful grandeur  they  exhibited. 

Bncharla.     See  Bokhariu. 

Bucliau,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  nunner}', 
seated  on  a  small  lake,  called  Feyder  See, 

25  miles  SW  of  U!m. 

Buchau,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Saatz,  26  miles  SW  of  Saatz. 

Bucholz,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  mark,  seated  on  the  Dahmc,  23 
miles  SSE  of  Berlin. 

Bucharest,  strong  city  of  European  Tur- 
key, capital  of  Walachia,  where  the  hospo- 
dar  commonly  resides.  The  patriarchal 
church  is  large,  adjoining  to  the  palace  of 
^  131 


B  U   C 


li  u  c 


the  archbishop  ;  and  in  a  square,  near  the 
centre  of  the  town,  is  the  great  church  of 
St.  Georg'e,  the  patron  saint  of  Walachia. 
The  inhal^itants  are  estimated  at  60,000. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Domboriza,  35  miles  SSE 
of  Tergovist,  and  200  N  by  W  of  Adriano- 
ple.     Lon.  26  8  E,  lat.  44  57  N. 

Buchorn,  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the 
lake  of  Constance,  18  miles  ENE  of  Con- 
stance. 

liuck  Creek,  a  large  mill  stream  of  Clark 
county,  Ohio,  a  branch  of  Mad  river,  on 
■which  has  been  erected,  besides  a  consid- 
erable number  of  mills,  a  cotton  and  wool- 
len manufactory. 

Jiuckden,  village  in  Huntingdonshire,  5 
miles  S\V  of  Huntingdon.  Here  is  a  superb 
palace  of  the  bishops  of  Lincoln,  and  seve- 
ral of  the  prelates  have  been  interred  in 
the  church. 

Buckebitrg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Schauenburg,  with  a  castle  on 
the  river  Aa,  three  miles  ESE  of  Minden. 

Biickenham,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  by  N  of  Thet- 
ford,  and  93  NE  of  London. 

JBnckfastleigh,  village  in  Devonshire, 
three  miles  S  by  W  of  Ashbarton.  Here 
are  some  remains  of  an  abbey ;  and  many 
of  the  houses  are  built  with  materials  from 
its  ruins. 

BuckfielJ,  town  in  Oxford  county,  Maine. 
Population  in  1810,  1251,  and  in  1820, 
1501. 

Buchanan,  post  town  of  Virginia  In  Har- 
rison county. 

Buck-head,  creek  of  Georgia,  falls  into  the 
Ogrechee  river  60  miles  below  Louisville. 

Buckhorn- falls,  post  office  of  North  Caro- 
lina, in  Chatham  county. 

B  ckinghum,  borough  and  the  capital  of 
Buckinghamshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  almos.  surrounded  by  the  Ouse, 
over  which  are  three  stone  bridges.  There 
was  formerly  a  castle,  on  a  mount,  in  the 
middle  of  the  town.  Here  is  little  trade 
or  manufacture,  except  lacc-making,  and 
some  paper  mills  on  the  river.  Two  miles 
to  the  NVV  is  Stjwe,  tlie  celebrated  seat  of 
the  marquis  of  Buckingliam.  The  town 
sufiered  greatly  by  fire,  in  1725.  It  is  25 
miles  NE  of  Oxford,  and  55  N\V  of  London. 
Lon.O  5SW.lat.51  58  N, 

Buckinghamshire,  county  of  England,  39 
miles  long  and  18  broad;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Northamtonshire,  E  by  Bedfordshire, 
and  Middlesex,  S  by  Berkshire,  and  W  by 
Oxfordshire.  It  contains  318,400  acres  ;  is 
divided  into  eight  hundreds,  and  185  pa- 
rishes ;  has  15  market  towns;  and  sends 
14  members  to  parliament.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1801,  107,444  ;  in  ISll, 
117,650,  and  in  1821,  134,068.  Its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Thames,  Coin,  Ouse, 
and  Tame.  The  soil  is  rich,  being  chiefly 
chalk  or  marl ;  and  the  woods  of  the  hills, 
132 


chiefly  bsech,  form  a  considerable  article  of 
profit,  both  as  fuel  and  timber.  The  most 
general  manufacture  is  bone  lace  and  paper. 

Buckingham,  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
in  the  district  of  Three  rivers,  on  the  right 
side  of  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Buckingham,  town  of  Lower  Canada,  in 
York  county,  on  the  Ottawa  river. 

Buckingham,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  153, 
and  in  1820,  385. 

Buckingham,  post  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
Bucks  county. 

Buckingham,  county  of  Virginia,  bound- 
ed NW  and  NE  by  James  river ;  SE  by 
Cumberland  ;  and  SW  by  Prince  Edward, 
Churlotle  and  Campbell  counties  ;  length 
34,  and  mean  width  20  miles ;  area,  680 
square  miles,  surface  hilly  and  rocky ;  soil 
of  middling  quality.  Staples  tobacco, 
grain,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town, 
Maysville. 

Population'in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males               -         -         4,111 
do.     do.     females            -         -        3,669 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed                -        -  694 
Slaves 11,675 


Total  population  in  1810 

2,0059 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

o,65o 
3,692 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.        do.           females  - 
Slaves,  males              ... 
do.     females 

7,345 

150 

144 

5,138 

4,801 

Total  population  in  1820 

17,572 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agricidture         -         -      1,347 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  171 

do.        in  Commerce         •         -  130 

Population  to  the  sqware  mile,  26. 

Btickiiigham,  townsiiip  in  Bucks  count}-, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1,715, 
and  in  1820,  1862. 

Buckland,  town  of  Hertford  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  right  side  of  St. 
Lawrence,  20  miles  SE  from  Quebec. 

Buckland,  township  in  Franklin  county, 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1820, 
1037. 

Buckland,  post  town  of  Virginia,  in  the 
SW  part  of  Prince  Wilii&m  county,  on 
Broadrun  creek,  branch  of  Occuq»jhau 
river. 

Bucklerstoxt'n,  Berkeh'  county,  Virginia. 

Bucks,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Delaware,  bounded  SW  by  Philadelphia, 


B  U  1) 


B  U  E 


and  Montgomery,  N\V  by  Lehigh,  and 
Nordiampton  ;  and  on  the  NR  and  SE,  se- 
parated from  New  Jersey  by  the  Dela- 
ware river ;  length  S7  miles  ;  mean  width 
16  miles :  area  600  square  miles  :  the  surface 
hilly,  or  rather  rolling,  and  delightfully 
variegated ;  soil  in  general  excellent. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  cider, 
hay,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  articles 
of  minor  importance.  Besides  the  Dela- 
ware it  is  watered  by  the  Neshaminy,  and 
Tochicon  creeks,  both  fine  mill  streams  ; 
the  Perkiomen  also  rises  m  Bucks  county. 
It  is  abundant  in  mills,  and  presents  the 
aspect  of  a  well  cultivated  and  flourishing 
county.  Chief  towns,  Doylestown,  New- 
town, and  Bristol. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...      16,041 

do.  do.  females  -         -      15,336 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        .        .  983 

Slaves 11 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

32,371 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 
do.  do.  females        ... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        - 

do.    females    .... 

|18,147 
18,141 

36,551 

699 

582 

none 

2 

Total  population  in  1820  •        37,842 

Of  tiiese  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  69 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  5,100 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  2,188 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  25 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  63. 

Buckskin,  township  in  Koss  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  781,  and  in 
1820,  1331. 

Bucksport,  township  in  Hancock  countv, 
Mame.     Population  in  1820,  1658. 

Buckiotun,  town  of  Vlaryland  in  Dorches- 
ter county,  between  Blackwater  and 
Transqu:iking  creeks. 

Buckler' s-Iiavd,  village  in  Hampshire,  on 
Beauheu  river,  nine  miles  SSW  of  South- 
ampton. The  inhabitants  are  principally 
employed  in  ship-building,  and  many  fri- 
gates have  been  built  iiere. 

Buda,  or  Offoi,  the  capital  of  Lower 
Hungary,  situate  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on 
the  W  side  of  the  Danube,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  boats  to  Pest.  The  in!;ubitanis 
are  t-itiaia'.ed  at  25,000.  The  clmrches 
and  public  buillings  are  Iiandso;ne.  In 
the  adjacent  country  are  vinevards,  wiiiclt 
produce  excellent  wine ,  and  hot  baths 
t!;at  were  in  go  id  order,  with  magnificent 
rooms,  while  the  Turks  had  possession  of 


this  place.  The  Turks  took  it?in  1520, 
and  it  was  afterward  besieged  several 
times  by  tiie  Germans  to  no  purpose  till 
1686,  when  it  was  taken.  It  is  94  miles  E 
SE  of  Presburg,  and  200  NNW  of  Bel- 
grade.    Lo(..T9  5  E.  lat.  47  30  N. 

Budelich,town  of  Germany,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Treves ;  seated  on  the  Traen,  12 
miles  ENE  of  Treves. 

Budorich,  or  Biirich,  town  of  Germanj', 
in  the  duchy  of  Cleves ;  seated  on]|  the 
Ithine,  22  miles  SE  of  Cleves. 

Bitdin,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Bakonitz,  with  a  castle,  nine  miles  S  by 
W  of  Leutmeritz. 

Budingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wette* 
ravia  with  a  castle;  situate  on  the  Sam- 
bach,  25  miles  ENE  of  Frankfort. 

Budissen,see  Bmitzen, 

Budoa,  srong  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  and 
a  bisliop's  see.  It  sustained  a  seige  byjthe 
Turks,  in  1686,  and  is  30  miles  SE  of  Ra- 
gusa.     Lon,  18  58  E.  lat.  42  30  N. 

Budrio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bolognese, 
eight  miles  E  of  Bologna. 

Budwsis,  tortified  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
the  circle  of  Bechin,  and  lately  a  bishop's 
see.  In  ihe  environs  are  mines  of  gold  and 
silver.  It  is  seated  on  the  Muldau,  75 
miles  S  by  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  25  E, 
lat.  49  2  N. 

Biidzac,  see  Bessarabia. 

Buenaventura,  bay,  town  and  settle- 
ment of  New  California.  Lon.  W  C  42 
W.  lat.  34  20  N. 

Buenaventura,  seaport  of  South  America, 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of 
Choco  bay.  Lon.  W  C  0  10  VV.  lat.  3  55 
N. 

Buenos  Jlyres,  city  and  seaport,  the  capi- 
tal of  Paraguay  and  the  seat  of  a  late  vice- 
I'oyalty,  and  now  of  the  united  provinces 
of  La  Plata.  A  great  part  of  the  treasures 
and  merchandise  of  Peru  and  Ciiili  are 
brought  here,  which  are  exported  to  Spain. 
It  was  founded  by  Mendosa,  in  1535,  but 
afterward  abandoned ;  and  in  1544,  an 
other  colony  of  the  Spaniards  came  here, 
who  !efi  it  also  ;  but  it  was  rebuilt  in  1582, 
and  inhabited  by  Spaniards  and  the  native 
Americans.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  an 
elegant  cathedral,  a  small  Indian  church, 
two  monasteries,  five  convents,  a  college, 
a  beauiiful  square,  and  about  70,000  iniiabit- 
ants.  Tile  trade  Is  carried  on  with  the 
provinces  of  Peru  by  means  of  carts  drawn 
by  oxen,  wh;ch  travel  together  in  caravans^ 
The  country  around  is  quite  open  and 
level,  furnishing  every  species  of  American 
and  European  productions,  but  the  most 
extraordinary  c'vcumstance  is  the  propa- 
gati'-n  of '.atile.  wl'.ich  have  rr.'altiplied  so 
immensely  uiat  a  great  many  are  killed 
merely  for  their  hides.  The  trade  of  tiiis 
city  already  considerable  may  become  im- 
mense. Placed  upon  the  bank  of  the 
133 


B  U  F 


B  UA. 


Plata  river,  its  situation  would  enable  an 
enterprising  peop'e  to  form  it  'mto  an  em- 
porium rbr  the  merch  'ndize  o<'  the  wide 
spread  regiiinsdiained  by  lliat  ^.treim  and 
its  ntimrious  confiuenis.  At  nreseni  the 
exports  are,  gold,  .silver,  I)eef,  tallow, 
hides,  k.c. ;  and  imports  mar.ufactured 
goods,  p'mcipally  from  Great  Brita  n.  An 
extensive  inland  comm^-rce,  oy  caravans  is 
carried  on  over  tiie  Andes,  to  Ciuli  and 
Peru.  The  liarb  ur  is  vet  an  open  ro«d 
without  moles  or  quays,  but  the  advance  of 
commerce  in  the  hands  of  a  free  people, 
will  superinduce  the  necessary  improve- 
ments. Of  the  present  population  about 
one  third  are  civilized  Indians.  In  1806, 
Buenos  Ayres  was  surrendered  to  the  Eng- 
lish, under  major-general  (now  lord)  Be- 
resford ;  but  was  retaken  by  the  Spanish 
forces  about  two  months  afterwards,  when 
the  general  and  his  army  were  made  pri- 
soners of  war.  In  July,  1807,  the  English 
again  made  an  attack  on  this  place,  with 
10,000  men,  but  without  success.  It  has 
since  shared  the  vicissitudes  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  but  may  now  be  considered 
as  the  seat  of  a  new  and  rising  empire.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Plata,  220  miles  from  the 
ocean,  though  the  river  there  is  21  miles  in 
breadth.  Lon.  W  C  18  29  E.  lat.  34  25  .S. 
Buenos  Ayres,  province  of  South  Ame- 
rica one  of  the  United  provinces  of  La 
Plata;  bounded  SE  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean; 
SW  by  the  Colorado  nver ;  W  by  Cordova; 
and  NK  by  he  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  length  from 
the  SW  to  NE  400;  mean  width  200 
miles;  area,  about  80,000  square  miles. 
It  is  in  general  an  open  and  flat  country, 
with  a  soil  of  exuberant  fertility ;  and  situa- 
ted between  33  and  40  of  S  lat.  produces 
in  abundance  the  grains  and  fruits  of  a 
temperate  climate.  The  extent  of  its  un- 
wooded  plains,  however,  invite  to  and  su- 
perinduce pastoral  pursuits.  Agriculture 
is  too  much  neglected  and  the  attention  of 
the  inhabitants  drawn  to  the  rearing  of  cat- 
tle and  horses.  Manufactures  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  exist  in  their  most  incipient 
state.    Relative  population  uncertain. 

Buffalo,  lake,  of  North  America,  laid 
down  by  Heume.  Lon.  W  C  34  W.  lat. 
67  20  N. 

Buffalo,  port  of  entry,  post  town,  and 
seat  of  justice  in  Niagara  county.  New 
York,  on  lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of  Niagara 
river,  22  miles  above  Niagara  falls.  This 
town  is  admirably  situ-ited  to  become  a 
great  interior  mart.  BufFaloe  creek  is  of 
sufficient  depth,  12  feet,  to  admit  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  and  the  necessary  works 
to  meliorate  its  entrancejto  lake  Erie,  and 
to  facilitate,  the  ingress,  and  egress  of  ves- 
sels,arenowinan  inconsiderable  statelof  for- 
wardness. The  grand  canal  of  N.  York,  is 
intended  to  debouch  into  lake  Erie,  at 
134 


Buffalo  harbour.  The  town  is  built  upon 
an  elevated  and  dry  plain,  extending  in 
i;re<t  part  in  one  1  (Og  street  on  each  side 
ot  the  road,  leailin  ,  fr>m  the  harbour  to 
the  interior  of  New  Y.>rk.  This  fine  vil- 
I acre  was  urnt  by  the  British  m  the  late 
war,  but  ha:,  risen  in  au  improved  state 
from  its  tshes.  The  uresent  population  in 
the  village  separate  from  the  other  parts  of 
".he  township  i-xceeds  a  thousand. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Niagara  county. 
New  York,  including  Buffalo  village.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  2095. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Perry  county, 
Pennsylvania.      Population  in  1820,  875. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Union  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  in  1820,  2376. 

Buffalo,  West,  township  in  Union  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1183. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Washington,  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1416, 
and  in  1820, 1430. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Butler  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. Population  in  1810,  375,  and  in 
1820,  582. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Armstrong  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1110,  1150, 
and  in  1820,  1597. 

Buffalo,  township  in  Guernsey  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  285,  and  in 
1820,  482. 

Buffalo,  post  village  of  Virginia,  Mason 
county. 

Buffalo,  town  of  Pike  county,  Missouri. 

Buffalo,  creek  or  river  of  New  York, 
falls  into  lake  Erie  at  Buffalo,  and  forms 
the  harbour  of  that  town.  It  rises  by  se- 
veral branches  in  Niagara  and  Genessee 
counties. 

Buffalo,  creek,  of  Centre  and  Union 
counties,  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  W 
branch  of  the  Susquehannah  ;  after  water- 
ing a  fertile  strip  of  land,  called  Buffalo 
valley,  and  flowing  22  miles. 

Buffalo,  creek  of  Virginia,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, rises  in  Washington  county  of  the 
latter  and  falls  into  Ohio  river  at  Wells- 
burg,  in  Brooke  county  of  the  former. 

Buffalo,  creek  of  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, rises  in  the  former,  and  falls  into 
Broad  river  in  the  latter. 

Buffalo,  creek  of  Georgia,  branch  of 
Ocone  river,  which  it  joins  about  40  miles 
below  Milledgeville. 

Buffalo,  small  river  of  Mississippi  "in 
Wilkinson  county,  its  course  nearly  W  40 
miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  nine  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Homochitto.  The 
soil  watered  by  this  stream  is  generally 
hilly  but  fertile,  producing  cotton,  and 
maize  in  abundance. 

Buffalo,  small  branch  of  White  river, 
Arkansas  territory. 

Bug,  river  of  Europe,  the  south-eastern 
branch  of  Vistula.    It  rises  near  Lemburg, 


B  U  L. 


B  U  L 


and  flowing  NW  separates  Galicia  from 
"Volhynia,  as  far  as  the  town  of  Drohiczyn, 
where  it  leaves  Volhynia,  ainl  separates 
Galicia  from  Warsovia,  until  its  union 
with  the  Vistula,  20  miles  below  War- 
saw. 

Bugey,  formerly  province  of  Francp,  be- 
tween Franche  Compte,  Bresse,  Dauphiny 
and  Savoy ;  it  is  now  included  in  the  de- 
partment of the  Ain. 

Jiuen  .^yre,  see  Biiair. 

JSuffia,  province  of  Algiers,  in  Africa, 
surrounded  with  mountains,  and  very  fer- 
tile in  corn. 

Bugia,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, at  the  mouth  of  the  M^jor,  on  a  bay 
of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  75  miles  E  of 
Algiers.     Lon.  3  58  E.  lat.  36  49  N. 

Bidlth,  town  in  Brecknockshire,  seated 
on  the  Wye,  over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge 
into  Radnorshire.  It  has  a  market  on 
Monday  and  Saturday,  and  is  12  miles  N  of 
Brecknock,  and  171  Vf  by  N  of  London . 
Lon.  3  14  W.  lat.  52  8  N. 

Buis,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  lately  In  the  province  of 
Dauphiny,  40  miles  SW  of  Gap. 

Bukari,  small  but  well  built  town  of 
Hungarian  Balmatia,  with  a  harbour  on  the 
gulf  of  Bikeriza,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
ten  miles  NE  of  Veglia.  Lon.  14  59  E. 
lat.  45  29  N. 

Bulac,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  two 
miles  W  of  Grand  Cairo,  being  the  sea- 
port of  that  city.  On  the  N  side  of  it  is 
the  Calisch,  whose  banks  are  cut  every 
year  to  convey  the  waters  of  the  Nile,  by 
a  canal,  in  Grand  Cairo.  Lon.  51  22  E. 
lat.  30  2  N. 

Bulam,  island  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  Grande.  The  soil  is  good  ;  and  as 
it  was  uninhabited,  a  settlement  of  free 
blacks  was  formed  here,  in  1792,  by  the 
English,  who  purchased  it  of  the  neigh- 
bouring king,  but  has  been  since  entirely 
relinquished.      Lon.  15  0  W.  lat.  11  ON. 

Bulgaria,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Walachia,  on  the  E 
by  the  Black  Sea.  on  the  S  by  Romania 
and  Macedonia,  and  on  the  W  by  Servia. 
It  is  the  ancient  Moesia. 

Bulness  or  Bowness,  village  in  Cumber- 
berland,  at  the  end  of  the  Picts  Wall,  on 
the  Solway  Frith.  It  was  a  Roman  sta- 
tion, called  Blatum  Bulgium ;  and  hence 
Antoninus  began  his  Itinerary.  It  is  13 
miles  W  by  N  of  Carlisle. 

Bullitt,  county  in  the  state  of  Kentucky 
bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  W  ;  Salt  river 
SW  ;  Nelson  S  ;  Shelby  E,  and  Jefferson 
N  ;  length  30,  mean  width  10,  area  300 
square  miles  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil, 
though  varied,  in  general  productive. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town,  Shepardsville, 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -  -        1,717 

do.      do.     females  -         -         1,594 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed        .....  14 

Slaves         .         -        -         .        -  976 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females     - 

Total  whites      -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


4,301 


2,340 
2,238 

4,578 
5 

679 
566 

5,831 


none 
1,228 
265 
7 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  19. 

BuUelsburg,  post  town,  Kentucky,  in 
Boone  county. 

Bullock,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Bryan  SE ;  Tatuall  SW ;  Emanuel  NW  ; 
and  Scriven  and  Effingham  NE ;  length 
45;  mean  breadth  12;  area  540  square 
miles.  Surface  part  level,  and  part  hilly  ; 
soil  of  middling  quality.  Staples,  grain, 
cotton,  tobacco,  &c.  Chief  town,  States- 
boro. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...  930 

do.  do.     females    ...  931 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  18 

Slaves 426 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

2,305 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        .         .        - 

954 

do.   do.    females     ... 

922 

Total  whites       .         .         -        - 

1,877 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

4 

do.             do.         females 

0 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        - 

355 

do.    females    -         -        -         . 

342 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

2,578 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.         in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


4 

329 

1 

0 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  5  nearlj-. 

Bull's  Bay,  on  the  E  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, nearly  due  E  60  miles  from  Placentia. 
Lon,  W  C  24  30  E,  lat.  47  20  N, 

135 


Ji  U  11 


B  U  E 


Bidlskin,  township  in  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Youghiogamy  river. 
Population  in  1810,  1439,  and  in  1820, 
1,484. 

Bundela,  or  Bundleciind,  teriMtory  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  on  the  SW  of  the  river 
Junna,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  narrow 
tract  of  a  low  country.  Chatterpour  is  the 
capital.     Lon.  79  75  E,  lat.  25  0  N. 

B^incombe,  county  of  Nortii  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  S  Carolina  S  ;  Haywood  W ; 
Tennessee  NW  ;  Ashe  Ni: ;  and  Burke 
and  Rutherford  E ;  length  85  ;  mean  width 
25  ;  area  2,125.  Surface  generally  hilly 
and  mountainous  ;  and  soil  rocky,  though 
in  part  fertile.  Staples,  grain  and  flour. 
Chief  town,  Ashville. 

Population  In  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -        -        4,404 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,160 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  18 

Slaves 695 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -       9,277 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        4,861 
do.   do.    females    ...        4,606 

Total  whites       ....  9,467 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  19 

do.            do.        females,  14 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        -  530 

do.    females           -        -        -  512 


Total  population  in  1820    - 


10,542 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         2,796 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  16 

do.         in  Commerce        -         -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5. 

Bungay,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Tluirsday,  seated  on  the  Wavriey,  which 
is  navigable  hence  to  Yarmouth,  It  is  36 
miles  N  by  E  of  Ipswich,  and  107  NE  of 
London.  'Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  52  35  N. 

Buvgo,  kingdom  of  Japan,  in  the  island 
of  Ximo,  whose  capital  is  Lunay. 

Buntingford,  town  of  Herts,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday,  seven  miles  S  of  Royston, 
and  31  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  6  E, 
lat.  51  58  N. 

Bnragrag,  river  of  Barbary,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  at  the  town  of  Sallee. 

Bnrella,  or  Civita  Burrelln,  a'  town  of 
Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citerore,  20  miles  S 
of  Lanciano.     Lon.  14  4S  E,  lat.  41  58  N. 

Buren,  a   town   of  Dutch    Guelderland, 
whicli  gives  the  title  of  count  of  Buren  to 
the  prince  of  Orange.    It  is  22  miles  W  of 
Nimeguen.    Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  54  58  ?v'. 
136 


Buren,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bi« 
shopric  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Alme, 
10  miles  S  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  8  53  E, 
lat.  53  16  N. 

Buren,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  be- 
tween Arberg  and  Soleure. 

Burford,  town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Windrush,  and  noted  for  the  making  of 
saddles,  and  for  the  downs  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. It  is  17  miles  W  by  N  of  Ox- 
ford, and  71  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  33  W, 
lat.  51  49  N. 

Burford,  township  of  Oxford  county. 
Upper  Canada,  between  Windham  and 
Dundas-street. 

Burg,  town  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands, 
in  Zutphen,  seated  on  the  Old  Yisel,  18 
miles  E  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  6  15  E,  lat. 
52  59  N. 

Burgmo,  town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  ca- 
pital of  a  margravate  of  the  same  name.  It 
belongs  to  the  House  of  Austria,  and  is  26 
miles  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  25  E,  lat. 
48  28  N. 

Burgdorf,  a  handsome  town  of  Swisser- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Bern,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  pretty  large  and  seated  on  an  emi» 
nence,  eight  miles  NE  of  Bern.  Lon.  7 
19  E,  lat.'46  58  N. 

Burgess,  town  of  Leeds  county.  Upper 
Canada,  N  from  Bastard. 

Burgetstoivn,  small  post  village  in  Wash- 
ington  county,  Pennsylvania,  18  miles  NW 
from  Wasiiington. 

Bitrgh-iipon.Sands,  village  in  Cumber- 
land, near  Solway-Frith,  wliere  Edward 
the  First  died,  in  1307.  It  is  five  miles 
NW  of  Carlisle. 

Burgos,  town  of  Spain,  capital  'of  Old 
Castile,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The 
squares,  public  buildings,  and  fountains, 
are  fine,  and  the  walks  agreeable.  It  is 
seated  partly  on  a  mountain,  and  partly  on 
the  river  Aranzon,  95  miles  E  by  S  of  Leon, 
and  117  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  W,  lat. 
42  20 N. 

Burgundy,  late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  three  departments 
of  Cote'd'Or,  Saone,  Loire,  and  Yonne. 
It  is  112  miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth  : 
bounded  on  the  E  b\  Franche  Compte ;  on 
the  W  by  Bourbonnols  and  Nivernois;  on 
the  S  by  Lyonois,  and  on  the  N  by  Cham- 
pagne. It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits,  and  ex- 
cellent wines. 

Burhanponr,  city  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
Deccan,  the  caphal  of  Candfish,  and,  at 
one  period,  of  the  Deccan  also.  It  is  yet 
a  flourishing  city,  and  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  delightful  country,  225  miles  E 
by  N  of  Surat.  Lon.  76  19  E,  lat.  21  25 
N. 

Bnrick,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Cleves,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  opposit'? 


B  U  « 


BUR 


Wesel,  ir  miles  SE  of  Cleves.    Lon.  6  18 
E,  kt.  51  32  N. 

Burke,  county  of  North  Carolina;  bound- 
ed by  Rutherford  S  ;  Buncomb  W  and  N 
W  ;  Wilkes  and  Iredell  NE  ;  and  Lincoln 
SE  ;  length  60;  mean  width  22  ;  area  1320 
square  miles ;  sui'face  hilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous ;  soil  varied ;  staples  grain, 
flour,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town 
Morganton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,876 

do.  do.  females  ...  4,638 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  60 

Slaves      ' 1,433 


•  Total  population  in  1810 
Population  In  1820. 


11,007 


Free  white  males 
do.    do,    females    • 

5,801 
5,618 

Total  whites       -         -         -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males      -         -         -         - 
do.     females 

11,419 

31 

44 

950 

967 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

13,411 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Engaged  in  Ag-riculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce       -    .     - 

0 

3,799 

188 

15 

Population  to  the  squire  mile,  10. 

Burke,  covinty  of  Georgia;  bounded  by 
Ogeeciite  river  or  Emanuel  SVV;  Jeffer- 
son NW  ;  Richmond  N  ;  Savannah  river  E  ; 
and  Scriven  S  ;  length  40 ;  mean  width 
24 ;  area  960  square  miles.  Surface  rather 
waving,  and  soil  generally  of  middling  qua- 
lity.    Chief  town,  Waynesboro- 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         -        -        -  3,127 

do.     do.  females  -         -  2,851 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed         -        -        -  75' 

Slaves 4,580 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


10,634 


2,941 
2,732 


'i'otal  w'lites       .         -         -         .  5,673 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  39 

do             do.      females  44 

Slaves,  males      ....  2,973 

do.     females             -        -        -  2,847 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  7 

Engaged  in  \griculture  -         4,277 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  103 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  27 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Bnrkhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  on  the  river  Saltz,  27  miles  N  by 
W  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  40  17  No 

Bmlington.     See  Bridlington. 

Bwiini;tnn  Bay,  forming  the  extreme 
western  part  of  lake  Ontario ;  or  rather  a 
separate  lake,  as  the  surf  has  tlirown  up  a 
bar  of  sand  and  pebbles.  Over  the  outlet  a 
good  bridge  has  been  erected. 

Burlington,  post  town,  pott  of  entry,  and 
se:a  of  justice  m  Chittenden  county,  Ver- 
mont, situated  on  the  E  side  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  four  m.les  S  of  Onion  river,  and  20 
miles  northerly  of  Vergeimes.  The  situa- 
tion is  healthy  and  plea-ant,  which  induced 
the  leg  slature  to  pass  a  law  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  a  university  at  this  town.  Be- 
side many  other  public  establishments,  the 
university  of  Vermont  is  l-cated  m  this 
town.  It  has  a  library  exceeding  1000  vo- 
lumes, and  a  piiilosophical  apparatus  ;  and 
is  ui'dtr  the  government  of  a  president,  5 
professors,  and  2  tutors.  Income  about 
1200  dollars  annually,  arising  chiefly  from 
land.     Students  about  30. 

Burlington,  township  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810, 
4'71,  and  in  1820,  508.  • 

Burlington,  townsliip  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  1467, 
and  in  1820,  1360. 

Burlington,  townsliip  and  post  town  of 
Otsego  county.  New  York,  Population  in 
1820,  2,457. 

Burlington,  county  of  New  Jersey ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  ;  Glou- 
cester SW;  Delaware  river  and  Hunting- 
don coun'y  NW  ;  and  Middlesex  and  Mon- 
moutl)  NE ;  length  40 ;  mean  width  12J 
miles  ;  area  500  square  miles  ;  surface  ge- 
nerally level,  and  soil  sandy,  though  pro- 
ductive. The  staples  of  this  county  are 
grain,  flour,  salted  provisions,  with  hay, 
garden  vegetables,  fruit,  and  other  neces- 
saries for  the  Philadelphia  market.  Chief 
towns,  iMount  Holly  and  Burlington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...       11,894 

do.  do.     females  -         -       12,046 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -        -        -  946 

Slaves 93 


Total  population  in  1820, 


11,576 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 


Total  whites 


24,979 


13,533 
13,946 

27.^^74 


13? 


r  E 


BUR 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males  660 

do.            do.        females  601 

Slaves,  males            ...  40 

do.     females          ...  42 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      28,822 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  210 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        4,042 

do.        in  Manufaciures  -        -        1,585 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  ^75 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  58  nearly. 

Burlington,  ancient  city  in  Burlington 
county.  New  Jersey;  seated  on  the  SE 
bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  opposite  to 
Bristol,  ani  20  miles  above  Philadelphia. 
It  was  founded  in  1677,  and  called  New 
Beverley;  it  has  a  safe  harbour  for  fehip- 
ping,  with  a  considerable  depth  of  water. 
The  municipal  jurisdiction  is  vested  in  a 
mayor  and  aldermen.  The  buildings  are 
principally  of  bricks,  and  constructed  in  a 
plain  commodious  stile,  with  a  large  gar- 
den lot  to  each  house.  There  is  an  epis- 
copal church,  two  or  t^ree  meeting-houses, 
a  considerable  brewery,  a  court-house,  and 
jail  in  this  town,  though  the  seat  of  justice 
has  been  lately  removed  to  Mount  Holly. 

Burlington,  township  in  Burlington 
county.  New  Jersey,  including  Burling- 
ton city.  Population  in  1810,  2,419,  and 
in  1820,  3,758. 

Burlington,  township  in  Bradford 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in 
1820,  560. 

Burlington,  township  in  Lawrence 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  140. 

Burlington,  small  town  of  Belmont 
county,  Ohio,  about  four  miles  above 
Wheeling. 

Burlington,  township  of  Licking  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Burlington,  township  of  Geauga  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Burli7ig[on,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Lawrence  county,  Ohio.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio  ri- 
ver, at  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
county ;  75  miles  southeasterly  from 
Chillicothe,  and  120  miles  in  the  same  di- 
rection from  ('olumbus.  Lat.  38  30  N, 
Ion.  W  C  5  27  VV. 

Burmali,  see  Birmalu 

Burntcoat  Island,  township  in  Han- 
cock county,  Maine.  Population  in  1820, 
218. 

Bu7mt-Corn, post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Monroe  county,  Alabama. 

Burillsville,  township  in  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  Population  in  1810, 1834; 
and  in  1820,  2164, 

Burnham,   town  in   Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  and  Saturday.     It  is 
seated  near  the  sea,  29  miles  NW  of  Nor- 
138 


■wich,  and  126  NE  of  London.    Lon.  0  48 
E.  lat  53  4  N. 

Burnham,  town  in  Essex,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Crouch,  which  is  here  called 
Burnham  Water.  The  Walfleet  and 
Burnham  oysters  are  the  products  of  the 
creeks  and  pits  of  this  river.  Burnham 
is  11  milts  SE  of  Maiden. 

Burnley,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday  35  miles  SE  of  Lan- 
caster, and  208  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
15  W,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Burntisland,  borough  in  Fifeshire,  on 
the  frith  of  Forth,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour. It  is  seated  under  a  stupendous 
rock,  10  miles  NW  of  Edinburgh-  Lon. 
3  5  W,  lat   56  8  N. 

Burramfiooter,  river  of  Asia,  which  ri- " 
ses  near  the  head  of  the  Ganges,  in  the 
mountains  of  Thibet.  It  first  takes  its 
course  to  the  E  directly  opposite  to  that 
of  the  Ganges,  and  winding  with  a  rapid 
current  through  Thibet,  where  it  is  na- 
med Sampco,  or  Zanchin,  it  washes  the 
border  of  the  territory  of  Lassa,  and  pro- 
ceeds SE  to  within  220  miles  of  Yunan, 
the  westernmost  province  of  Chma  :  then 
turning  suddenly  to  the  W  through  As- 
sam, it  enters  Bengal  on  the  NE.  where 
it  assumes  the  name  of  Burrampooter. 
It  then  makes  a  circle  round  the  western 
point  of  the  Garrow  mountains,  and  al- 
tering its  course  to  S,  meets  the  Ganges 
about  40  miles  from  the  sea,  after  having 
meandered  for  more  than  2000  miles. 
During  the  last  60  miles  before  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Ganges,  it  forms  a  stream 
which  is  regularly  from  four  to  five  miles 
wide  ;  and,  but  for  its  freshness,  might 
pass  for  an  arm  of  the  sea.  Common  de- 
scription fails  in  an  attempt  to  convey  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  this 
mn;;n;ficent  object. 

Bursa,  or  Prusa,  one  of  the  largest  ci- 
ties of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  of.Becsan- 
gil.  It  stands  upon  several  little  hills, 
at  the  foot  of  mount  Olympus,  and  on 
the  edge  of  a  fine  plain  full  of  fruit  trees. 
The  mosques  are  elegant,  as  are  the  ca- 
ravansaries Bursa  is  99  miles  S  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  29  5  E,  lat.  39  22  N. 

Burton,  a  flourishing  post-township  in 
Geauga  county.  It  is  principally  settled 
with  farmers ;  but  contains  the  village  of 
Burton,  in  which  is  a  post-office,  and  a 
store.  Population  in  1810,  517;  and  in 
1820,  506. 

Burton,  township  in  Stafford  county, 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
194 ;  and  in  1020,  209. 

Burton  ufion-Trent I  town  in  Stafford- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  had 
formerly  a  large  abbey ;  and  over  the 
Trent  is  a  famous  bridge  of  freestone,  a 


BUS 


B  U  T 


quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  supported  by 
37  arches.  It  consists  chiefly  of  one  long 
street,  which  runs  trom  the  site  of  the 
abbey  to  the  bridge,  and  has  a  good  mar- 
ket for  corn  and  provisions.  It  is  12 
miles  NE  of  Litchfield,  and  124  NNW  of 
London.    Lnn.  1  40  W,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Burtonsville,  post-village  of  Virginia, 
in  Orange  county. 

Burton,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
markrt  nn  Monday;  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Trent,  3U  miles  N  of  Lincoln, 
and  164  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36 
W,  lat.  53  40N. 

Burton,  town  in  Westmoreland,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday  ;  seated  in  a  valley, 
near  a  hill  called  Farleton-Knothili,  11 
miles  N  of  Lancaster,  and  247  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Burville,  town  in  Anderson  county, 
Tenessee,  on  the  north  side  of  Clinch 
river,  30  miles  north  of  Knoxville.  Here 
is  a  post  office,  570  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Bury,  town  in  Lancashire,*with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  Irwe'.l, 
and  noted  for  its  fustian  manufacture, 
and  the  coarse  goods  called  half-thicks 
and  kerseys.  In  1787,  the  theatre  fell, 
and  buried  under  its  ruins  more  than 
300  persons,  many  of  whom  were  killed 
or  much  bruised.  Bury  is  36  miies  SE 
of  Lancaster,  and  190  NNW  of  London. 
Lon  2  24  W,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Bury,  St.  Edmunds,  borough  in  Suf- 
folk, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  The  situation  is  veiy  plea- 
sant, and  the  air  is  supposed  to  be  the 
best  in  England  ;  for  which  rtasnn  it  is 
frequented  by  genteel  people.  The  no- 
ble ruins  of  its  abbey,  are  still  standing 
near  the  two  churches,  which  are  both 
large,  and  seated  in  one  churchyard.  Bu- 
ry sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
took  its  name  from  St.  Edmund  the  king, 
who  was  buried  here,  after  being  mur- 
dered in  a  wood.  The  assizes  are  held 
here.  It  is  14  miles  E  of  Newmarket, 
and  72  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  E, 
lat  52  22  N, 

Bush,  small  river  in  Hartford  county, 
Maryland,  which  falls  into  Chesapeake 
Bay,  near  its  head. 

Huskill,  creek  of  Northampton  county 
Pennsylvania,  falling  into  the  Delaware 
at  Easton  It  is  between  20  and  30  miles 
long,  and  one  of  t!ie  finest  mill  streams 
in  the  state. 

Bushkill,  township  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1262. 

Bushkirk's-bridge,  post  village  of  New 
York,  in  Waslungton  county. 

Bushwick,  township  in  Kings  county, 
New  York.    Population  in  1820,  930. 
139 


Bushwick,  town  of  Kings  county,  Long 
Island  ;  New  York  :  3  miles  from  Brook- 
lyn, and  nearly  opposite  to  Corlaers-hook, 
part  of  the  city  of  New  Y.>rk. 

Bussletown,  thriving  village  in  Phila- 
delphia county,  PennsylVcinia,  1  i  miles  N 
by  E  of  the  city.  Here  is  a  post  oifice, 
and  about  20  dwelling  houses. 

Bustard,  river  of  Lower  Canada,  en- 
ters St.  Lawrence  near  Manicor!;ar  point. 

Buteshire,  county  of  Scotland,  consist- 
ing of  the  islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inch- 
marnoc,  ana  some  others  of  smnller  note, 
which  lie  in  the  frith  of  Clyde.  They 
are  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures,,  and 
there  is  a  con.siderab!e  herring  fishery. 
This  shire  sends  a  member  to  parliament 
alterncvtely  with  Caithnesshire. ,  Area 
200  square  miles.  Pupu'ation  in  1801, 
11,791;  in  1811,  12  033;  and  in  1821, 
13,797 :  to  the  square  mile,  68. 

Butler,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  be- 
tween the  Allegany  and  Beaver  rivers: 
biiunded  S  by  Allegany;  W  by  Beaver; 
NW  by  Mercer  ;  N  by  Venango  ;  and 
E  by  Armstrong:  length  35;  mean  width 
24 ;  area  840  square  miles ;  surface 
hilly  ;  but  soil  generally  fertile  and  well 
watered.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey, 
fruit,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions: 
chief  town,  Butler. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,802 

do.    do,    females  -        -  .     3,534 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  lo 

Total  population  in  1810  -        7,345 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        - 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites    .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    -        .        .        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820  -      60,193 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  T3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,038 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  434 

do,     in  Commerce  -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Butter,  township  in  Butler  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  458; 
and  in  1820,  472. 

Butler,  borough  and  post  town  in  But- 
ler county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in 
1810,  225. 

Butler,  county  of  Ohio;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Preble  and  Montgomery  counties;  E 


B  TI  T 


BUT 


by  Warren  county;  Sby  Hamilton  county 
and  W  by  Indiana.  It  is  27  miles  long  from 
Eto  W  by  18  bmad  from  N  toS  containing 
430  square  miles.  The  land  is  mostly  of 
an  t'xceilent  quality  for  farming,  its  wa- 
ters arc-  thi  Grtat  Miami  rivtr.  Dick's 
Indiati,  St.  Clair,  Four  Mik,  and  Seven 
Mile  creeks.     Cliief  town,  Hamilton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -        -        .        5  745 

do.  do.    females  -        -        5,326 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...  79 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,082 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  -        -        _ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


11,15U 


11,206 
10.582 


Of  these  : 

Fr.reigiiers  not  naturalized        -  0 

Eiie,agf(t  in  Aj^ricuhiire  .  374 

do.     in  Manufactures        -  18 

do     in  Commerce  -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile  3|  nearly. 

BiLtler,  county  ot  Alabama  ;  bounded 
S  by  Cunecuh  ;  W  by  Monroe  and  Wil- 
cox ;  Montg  mery  N  ;  and  by  Htnry  E  : 
length  6i  ;  mean  width  30 ;  area  1900 
square  miles :  surface  generally  flat  or 
gently  rolling  ;  with  a  thin  soil,  except 
along  the  streams.  Staple,  cotton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  451 

do.     do.  females     -         -         .  384 


Total  whites       ....  835 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  1 

do.            do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males      -         -         -  278 

do.     females            •         .         •  291 


—.^ Total  population  in  1820     .         -         1,405 


21,746 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  134 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,961 

do         in  Mariufactures        -        1,022 

do.        in  Commerce     .        .  59 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  45 

Butler,  township  in  Columbiana  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  516;  and 
in  18  ?0,  998 

Butler,  county  of  Kefitucky  on  Green 
river,  bout;d  d  S  by  Logan  ;  W  by  Muh- 
lenberg ;  N W  by  Ohio ;  NE  by  Grayson  ; 
and  r)E  by  Wanen :  length  oi ;  mean 
width  25;  and  825  square  miles;  surface 
gently  wavin^.  or  hilly  ;  soil  fertile.  Sta- 
ples, grain,  flnur,  fruit,  live  stock,  and 
salted  provisions.  Chief  town  Morgan- 
town 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  970 

do.     do.    females  -        -  929 

All  other  persons  excipt  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -  8 

Slaves      -        -•        -        -        - 


273 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males  _        _        _ 

do.    females         -       -        - 

140 


2,181 


1,336 
1,275 

2,611 

237 

235 

0 

0 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  505 

do.         in  Vlannfactures  •-  7 

do.        in  Commerce       -         .  1 

Popalatlon  to  the  square  mile,  l-J  nearly. 

Broad  Mountain,  or  fourth  large  ridge 
from  the  Biue  Mount.commences  its  eastern 
extremity  in  Noithampton  county,  near 
t')e  head  of  Pokono  creek,  and  cros.ses  the 
Lehigh  at  tlie  "  Turn  hole,"  extends  west- 
erly to  the  river  Sdiuyikill.  i's  average 
height  is  about  1000  fret  above  its  base. 

Butter  Island,  to\vn--hip  in  Ihnicock 
county,  Maine.  Population  in  1810,  10, 
an  !  iii  1820,  11. 

Butter,  township  in  Darke  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  .323. 

Butter,  township  in  Montgomery  counlv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 1646. 

Butrinto,  ancient  Buthrotum,  seaport  of 
Kiiro;)ean  Turkey,  in  Albania,  and  a  bish- 
op's see;  seatrd  on  the  canal  of  Corfu,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  30 
miles  S  of  Chimara.  Lon.  20  9  E.  lat.  39 
40  N. 

Butter  A'ritts,  township  and  post  town  in 
Otsego  county.  New  York.  Papulation  in 
1830,3601. 

Button''s  Islands,  in  Hudson's  Strait.  Lon. 
WC  11  50  E.  lat.  60  30  JST. 

Butto7ih  Bay,  the  N  part  of  Hudson's 
nay,  through  which  afempts  have  been 
m.de  to  discover  a  N\V  passage  to  China. 
It  IS  so  called  from  Sir  Thomas  Button, 
who  here  lost  his  ship,  and  came  back  in  a 
sloop  built  in  the  country.  Tl  lies  between  . 
60  and  66  N  lat. 

Putfermilk    Falls,    T.ucernp    countv,    so 


CAB 


CAB 


called  from  the  colour  of  the  water,  below  it 
is  a  fall  of  about  15  feet,  over  a  rock  form- 
ed.by  a  creek  o(  the  same  name,  on  which 
are  iome  fine  mills. 

Butra^o,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Lozova,  30  miles  N  by  B  of 
Mi.drid.     Lon.  3  5W.  lat.  40  46  N.     . 

liuttenuortb,  lown  of  England,  in  Lan- 
cashire, two  miles  from  Rockdale.  Popu- 
lation, 482r. 

Bvttermere  Water,  lake  in  Cumberland, 
eight  miles  SW  of  Keswick,  two  miles 
li>ng',  and  nei:rly  one  broad.  This  lake  is 
called  tlie  Upper  Lake,  and  near  a  mile 
from  it,  to  the  NE  is  the  Lower  called 
Cromach  wa  er. 

Butzaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 
opric ot  Schweriii,  17  miies  SW  of  Ro- 
stock.    Lon.  11  55  E   lai.  54  0  N. 

Buxton,  village  in  Derbyshire,  at  the 
entrance  of  tlie  Peak.  Thr  warm  waters 
of  Buxton  are  the  bath  consisting-  of  nine 
springs,  St.  Anne's  well  and  St.  Peter's 
well;  32  miles  NW  of  Derby,  and  160 
NN  W  of  London , 


Buxton,  town  of  York  county,  in  the 
district  of  Maine.  It  is  situated  near  the 
moulh  of  Saco  river,  and  about  115  miles 
norsheastward  from  Boston.  Population 
'in  1810,  2324,  and  in  fl20,  2590. 

Buzbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetera- 
v.a,  atid  in  the  county  of  Solms,  29  miles 
N  bv  E  of  Francfort.  Lon.  8  44  E.  lat. 
50  23  N. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  noted  bayon  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts,  rimning  up  between  Bris- 
tol county  and  the  peninsula  of  Barnestable. 

Bybi^rry,  township  in  Philadelphia  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  765, 
and  in  1820,  876, 

Byfield,  village,  and  parish  of  Essex 
county,  Massachusetts.  Dummer  Acade- 
my, and  an  Acad<-my  for  young  ladies,  are 
located  at  this  place. 

i'i/c/iow,  town  of  Lithuania,  on  the  Dnie- 
per, 180  miles  SW  of  Wilna.  Lon.  30  0 
E.  lat.  53  38  N. 

Byzantium,  see  Constantinople. 


(]Cj=  Proper  names,  particularly  those  derived  from  the  Arabic  are  often  spelt  with 
a  K  or  C  indifferently  ;  therefore  those  which  cannot  be  found  under  one  of  those 
letters,  may  be  sought  for  under  the  other. 


Caana,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  river 
Nile,  whence  they  transport  corn  and 
pulse  to  Mecca.  Some  fine  fhonuments, 
covered  with  hieroglyphical  characters, 
have  been  found  here.  It  is  320  miles  S  of 
Cairo.     Lon.  20  23  E.  lat.  26  30  N. 

Cabarras,  Coio't  house,  principal  seat  of 
justice  in  Cabarras  county,  North  Carolina, 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Rocky  river,  a 
branch  of  the  great  Pcdee,  23  m.iles  S  of 
Salisbury,  and  57  S  by  W  of  Salem,  the 
Moravian  town.  Here  is  a  post  office 
439  miles  from  Washington. 

Cabarras,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  by  Montgi>mery  SE ;  Mecklen- 
berg  SW;  Eredell  NAV ;  and  Chowan  N. 
It  is  in  form  of  a  triangle  24  by  20  ;  and 
extending  o»er  an  area  of  240  square 
miles.  SurLce  broken  and  even  in  part 
mountainous  ;  wnh  a  soil  of  middhng  qua- 
lity.    Chief  town  Concord. 

Population  in  1810- 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        2,484 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2,437 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  3 

Slaves  -  -        - 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 


1,234 
6,158 


2,8.50 


Free  white  females    -        -        -        2,762 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 
do.   females 


Total  population  in  1820,  7,228 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         2,029 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  11 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Cabeca  de  Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  with  a  castle,  12  miles  SW  of 
Portalegro. 

Cabbin-Pnint,  village  and  post  office, 
Surry  county,  Virginia. 

Cabell,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  N"V.  ;  Mason  and  Kenhawa  NE ; 
Giles  and  Tazewell  SE;  and  by  Kentucky 
or  Rig  Sandy  river  SW  ;  length  50  ;  mean 
widtli  o5  ;  area  1750  square  miles.  It  is  a 
mountainous,  hilly,  and  rocky  region  witli 
much  fertile  soil,  well  watered  and 
Wooded. 

Population  in  1810. 
Fr;.  e  white  males         -         -         -         1,345 

do.  do.  females  •        -        1,126 

141 


A  B 


o  A  1; 


All  othei-  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  ... 

Slaves         -        - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites      .        .        :        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females   - 

Slaves,  males       .... 
do.  females 


25 
221 


2,7ir- 


2,241 
2,147 

4,388 

2 

7 

206 

186 

4,789 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalizi^d  -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         10,90 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  180 

do.         in  Commercie       -         -  7 

Population  to  t!ie  square  mile,  2 A  nearly. 

Cabelloburg,  post  town  of  Amherst  coun. 
ty,  Virginia,  215  miles  SW  from  Washing, 
ton. 

Cabello,  or  Cavdlo  Porto,  sea  port  of 
Columbia,  in  the  province  of  Venezuela. 
It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  gulf  of  Triste,  85  miles  W  from  Cara- 
cas.    Lon.  WC  9  10  E,  lat.  10  25  N. 

Cabenda,  seaport  of  Africa,  in  Congo, 
100  miles  SE  of  Loango,  sabject  to  Portu- 
gal.    Lon.  12  2  El,  lat.  4  5  S. 

Cabotia,  or  British  J\''orth  America,  north 
from  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  This 
comprehensive  term  has  been  adopted  by 
the  British  geographers,  and  includes 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Lower  Ca- 
nada, Upper  Canada.  East  Main,  New  South 
Wales,  and  all  other  British  territories  in 
North  America,  from  those  we  have  named 
to  tlie  extreme  known  regions  towards  the 
Northern  Ocean. 

Cabot's  Head,  Upper  Canada,  very  large 
promontory  running  into  lake  Huron,  west 
(jf  Gloucester,  or  Matchedash  bay,  and 
embays  a  large  part  of  that  lake  at  its 
easternmost  extremity,  stretching  itself 
towards  the  Manitou  islands. 

Cabreria,  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
about  seven  miles  S  of  Majorca.  It  has  a 
large  harbour  defended  by  a  strong  castle. 

Cabul,  or  Kahxd,  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper^  bounded  on  the  W  by  Persia,  on 
the  North  by  the  Hindoo-ko,  on  the  NE 
by  C.'iferis'an,  and  on  the  E  by  Cashmere, 
and  on  the  S  by  Candahar.  It  is  a  country 
highly  diversified  ;  consis.fing  of  moimtains 
covered  wiih  eternal  snow  ;  hills  of  moder- 
ate height  and  easy  ascent ;  rich  plains  and 
stately  fores  s;  and  these  enlivened  by  in- 
numerable streams.  It  produces  every  ar- 
ticle necessary  to  human  life,  with  the 
most  delicate  fruits  and  flowers.  It  is 
sometimes  called  Zabulistan,  from  Zabul 
142 


one  of  the  names  of  Ghizni,  which  was  tiie 
ancient  capital  of  the  country.  This  pro- 
vince is  subject  to  the  king  of  Candahar. 

Cabul,  or  Kabul,  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince o'  Cabul,  and  of  the  dominions  of  the 
kinrg  of  Candahar,  seated  near  the  foot  of 
the  Hind()"-ko,  and  the  source  of  the 
Atoctk,  whicii  runs  near  it.  la  a  political 
light  it  is  considered  as  the  gate  of  Ihdia 
towards  Tartaw.  It  is  680  miles  NW  of 
Delhi.     Lon  68  58  E,  lat.  34  36  N, 

Cacaca,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
with  a  fort  upon  a  rock.  The  Moors  re- 
took it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1534.  Lon. 
2  53  W,  lat.  35  2  N. 

Caceres,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura, 
famous  for  its  fine  wool,  and  seated  on  the 
Sabrot,  22  miles  SE  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  5 
44  E,  lat.  39  11  N. 

Cachan,  or  Cashan,  town  of  Persia,  in 
Irac  Agemi,  where  they  carr}'  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  silks,  silver  and  gold 
brocades,  and  fine  earthen  ware.  It  is 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  55  miles  N  by  W  of 
Ispahan.     Lon.  51  55  E,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Cachao,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  Tonquin,  on  the  W  side  of 
the  river  Iloti,  80  miles  from  the  gulf  of 
Tonquin.  The  factories  purchase  silks 
and  lackered  w.ire,  as  in  China.  Lon.  105 
31  E,  lat.  22  10  N. 

Cache,  township  and  settlement  in  Phil- 
lips county,  Arkansas  on  White  nver. 
Population  in  1820,  178. 

Cacheo,  town  in  Negroland,  seated  on 
the  river  St.  Domingo.  It  is  subject  to 
the  Portuguese,  who  have  three  forts,  and 
carry  on  a  great  trade  in  flax  and  slaves. 
Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Cacoiigo,  small  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the 
river  Zaire.  The  inhabitants  have  a  con- 
siderable trade  ;  and  tlieir  manners,  reli- 
gion and  government,  are  the  same  as  in 
Loango.     It  lies  in  lat.  5  0  S. 

Cacorla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on 
the  rivulet  Vega,  between  two  moimtains. 
It  is  15  miles  ESE  of  Ubeda.  Lon.  2  55 
E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Caddo,  township  in  Clark's  county,  Ar- 
kansas.    Population  in  1820,  617. 

Cadenac,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  late  province  of  Querci, 
on  the  river  Lot,  27  miles  ENE  of  Cahors. 
Lon.  2  0  E,  lat  44  32  N.      _. 

Cadene:,  town  of  I'rance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  28  miles 
SE  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5  30  E,  lat.  43 
42  N. 

Cadillac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde  and  late  province  of  Gui- 
enne,  sealed  on  the  Garonne,  with  a  hand- 
some casile,  15  miles  SE  of  Bourdeaux. 
Lon.  0  22  W.  lat.  44  40  N. 

Cadiz,  a  large  and  rich  city*  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  a 
bishop's  see.  and  seated  on  an  inland,  18 


C  A  E 


C  A  E 


miles  in  length  and  nine  in  breadtli ;  but 
the  N\V  eiul,  wlierc  the  city  stands,  is  not 
two  broad.  It  has  a  communication  with 
the  continent,  by  a  bridge.  The  bay 
formed  by  it  is  12  miles  in  length  and  six 
in  breadti).  The  S  side  is  inaccessible  by 
sea  because  it  is  edged  with  cr^g-gy  rocks  j 
and  two  forts,  the  Puntal  and  Malagorda, 
command  tiie  passage  into  the  harbour. 
•  Except  the  Calle  Ancha,  all  the  streets  are 
narrow,  ili-paved  and  insutFcrably  'stinking 
The  rooPs  are  flat,  covered  with  an  impene- 
trable cement,  and  few  are  without  a  tur- 
ret for  the  purpose  of  commanding  a  view 
of  the  sea.  High  above  all  these,  stands 
the  tower  of  signals.  Here  fiagfc  are  hung 
out  on  the  first  sight  of  a  sail,  marking  the 
size  of  the  ship  and  the  nation  it  belongs 
to.  The  public  walk  or  Alameda  is  plea- 
sant in  the  evening.  The  sea  air  prevents 
the  trees  from  tiiriving,  and  destroys  all 
hopes  of  future  shade.  Westward  of  the 
Alameda  is  Camposanto,  a  largechplanade, 
the  only  airing  for  coaches.  Opposite  to 
it  is  the  fortre^s  of  St.  Sebastian,  built  on  a 
neck  of  land  running  out  into  ihe  sea. 
The  round  tower  at  the  extremity  is  sup- 
posed to  Jiave  saved  the  city  in  the  earth- 
quake in  1755,  from  being  swept  away  by 
the  fury  of  the  waves.  The  inhabitant-^^ 
are  computed  at  100,000.  It  is  a  very  an- 
cient place,  being  built  by  the  Phenicians  ; 
it  was  afterwards  a  Roman  town ;  ami  there 
are  still  several  remains  of  Roman  antiqui- 
ties. It  is  45  miles  W  of  Gibraltar,  and  90 
W  by  S  of  Malaga,  ^on.  6  11  W,  lat  ^6 
31  N. 

Cadiz,  a  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  is  a  thriving 
town,  situated  in  a  township  of  tiie  same 
name,  on  the  road  from  Wheehng  to  New 
Philadelphia,  20  miles  from  the  former,  and 
30  from  the  latter. 

Cadiz,  township  in  Harrison  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  2472. 

Cadiz,  town  in  Harrison  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  5.37. 

Cadorc,  the  capital  of  the  district  of  Ca- 
dorino,  in  Italv,  15  miles  N  of  Belluno. 
Lon.  12  0  E,  lat.  46  28  N. 

Cai/orJno,  province  of  Italy  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Fri- 
uh  Proper,  on  the  S  by  the  Bellunese,  and 
on  the  N  by  Brixen.  The  chief  town  is 
Cadore, 

Cadron,  township  in  Pulaski  county, 
Arkansas.     Popidation  in  1820,  717. 

Cadsand,  island  on  the  N  coast  of  Flan- 
ders, at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  whicli 
river  it  commands. 

Caeii,  considerable  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Calvados  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lower  Normandy,  of  which  it  was 
the  capital.  It  has  a  celebrated  university, 
and  an  academy  of  literature,  and  the  m- 
habitants  are  compiited  at  40.000.  Wil- 
14.? 


Ham  the  conqueror  was  buried  here  in  tlic 
abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  which  he  founded. 
The  river  Orne  runs  through  the  city,  to 
Which  the  tide  brings  up  large  vessels. 
It  is  65  miles  W  by  S  ot  Rouen,  and  125 
W  of  Puns      Lon,  0  17  VV.  lat.  49  11  N. 

C'oer,  for  some  pi  icts  tljat  begins  thus,  as 
Caen  1  iff,  see  under  Car. 

Caeruavon,  townshijj  of  Lancaster  conn- 
ty,  and  svate  ot  Pennsylvania.  It  is  water- 
ea  by  little  C;,nestogoe  creek,  and  bounds 
on  Berks  county  on  he  NE.  The  popu- 
lation is  about  lOUO  persons, 

Caermailheiisliive,   county    of  S.  Wales, 

48    mues  long,   and  25   broad,  area 

square  miles.  It  is  bounded  S  by  Bristol 
channel;  W  by  Pen-br:  ke^hire,  N  by 
C..rdig..nshi.e  ;  and  E  by  Breckn  cksliire, 
and  lilaniorganshirc.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Towy,  Cotli),  and  T.ive ;  of 
winch  the  first  abouna^"  wuh  excellent 
salmon.  It  contains  228,000  acres  ;  js  di- 
vided hiio  eiglit  hundreds,  and  145  pa- 
riches  ;  and  nas  six  market  town^.  In  180l, 
the  ii.iiabitanu  amounted  'o  67,317'  in 
1811,  77,287;  and  in  1821,  90,.239.  It 
abounds  with  ancient  forts,  camps,  and 
tumuli.  Near  Ca.  rmarthen,  tnw;>rds  the 
E  may  De  seen  the  rums  ot  Kstelk,  Kar- 
ly,  and  stveri.1  vast  caverns,  snpr-osed  to 
ha*  been  c  .pper  mines  of  the  Ron.ans. 
J^ar  thi<  spat  is. a  f.;untain,  which  ebbs 
and  Hows  twice  in  24  liouis.  The  county 
and  ciiy  send  each  a  member  to  parlia- 
ment. 

Caermarthen,  borough  of  Wales,  capital 
of  Cuermartnenbuire,  with  a  market  on 
Wc-iJnebday  and  Saturday.  It  i.-,  seated  on 
the  Towy,  over  v.hich  is  a  stone  bridge,  to 
whiCh  small  vessels  may  come  up.  It  was 
firiified  witii  a  wall  and  a  ensile,  now  in 
ruins;  and  on  the  E  s.de  of  the  lown,  near 
the  river,  are  ihe  remains  of  a  monastic 
building  of  considerable  extent.  Caermar- 
t:.en  is  a  county  of  itsell,  governed  by  a 
mayor.  There  are  iron  and  tin  mines  in  the 
neighbourhood.  It  ,s  24  miles  SE  ut  Car- 
digan, and  220  VV  bv  N  of  London.  Lon. 
4  23  \V.lai.9212N, 

Caernarvonshire,  county  of  N.  \\'ales, 
bounded  on  ttie  N  and  W  by  the  sea,  on 
the  S  by  Meiioiiethshire,  and  on  the  E  di- 
vided from  Denb  ghshire  by  the  river 
Conway.  It  is  about  50  miles  in  length, 
and  20  in  breadth.  It  contains  310,000 
acres:  is  divided  into  seven  hundreds, 
and  68  parishes  ;  has  one  city  and  five 
market  touns;  and  sends  two  members  to 
parhariient.  In  1801,  the  mhabltants 
amounted  to  41,521  ;  .n  1811,  to  49,336; 
and  in  1821,  to  57,958  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Conway  and  Seint.  Tnis 
count)  being  the  m.  st  rugged  district  of 
N.  Wales,  may  be  truly  called  the  British 
Alp."..  Us  central  part  is  occupied  by  the 
famed  Snowdon  ;  and  the  prospects  around 


G   -K 


C  A  H 


are  rude  and  savage  in  the  highest  degree, 
but  not  without  a  mixture  of  beauty,  when 
the  dimensions  of  the  vales  admit  the  va- 
rieties of  wood,  water,  and  meadows.  The 
soil  in  the  valleys  on  the  side  next  Ireland 
is  pretty  fer'ile,"  especially  in  barley;  great 
numbers  of  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  gnats, 
are  fed  on  the  mountains ;  and  the  sea, 
lakes,  and  rivers,  abound  with  variety  of 
fish.  Copper  mines  have  been  worked  in 
various  parts  of  these  muunt.^ins,  as  well 
as  lead ;  and  quant, ties  ot  stone  excel- 
lent for  hones,  are  dug  near  Snowdon ;  to 
the  dreary  region  of  which  the  rich  vale  of 
Conway  below  forms  a  pleasing  contrast. 
The  chief  man'.ifacture  is  woollen  clo  h. 

Caernarvon,  borough  and  seaport  of 
Wales,  capital  of  Caernarvonshire ,  with  a 
market  on  Sat'irday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
strait  of  the  sea,  called  Menai,  near  its^n- 
trance  into  Caernavon  bay,  and  carries  on 
a  considerable  trade  with  Ireland,  and  ttie 
principal  English  ports  It  ht.s  a  celebrat- 
ed castle,  built  by  Edward  I.  in  which 
his  son  Edward  il,  the  first  prince  of 
Wales  was  born.  Caemarvon  is  governed 
by  the  constable  of  the  castle,  who  is  al- 
ways mayor.  Here  are  salt  water  b;<ths, 
and  elegant  hot  and  cold  baths,  which 
are  much  fi-equenied  during  tae  season. 
It  is  seven  miles  SW  of  o!  Ban;,'or,  andi44 
N  W  of  London.       Lon  .4  20  W   lat.  5c,  -{^ 

Caernarvon,  or  Chi/rchtown,  post  town  ot 
Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  see  Car- 
narian.  ... 

Caerleon,  town  in  Monmouthshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  was  a  Roman 
town,  as  is  evident  from  the  antiquities 
found  here  ;  and  it  has  the  niins  of  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  on  the  Usk,  19  miles  SW 
of  Monmouth,  and  148  \V  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  3  0  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Caerphillv,  town  oi  Wales,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
The  ru<ns  of  its  ceh  brated  castle  more  re- 
serrble  that  vY  a  city  than  a  sin[jle  edifice. 
It  is  seated  between  'he  Taate  and  Itutn- 
ney,  sev;  ii  miles  N  of  C,:rflifr,  and  160  W 
ofL:mdon. 

Caer-xent,  village  in  Monmouthshire, 
four  mdes  SW  of  Chepstow.  It  is  t^e 
Venta  Siiurum  of  the  Roman:;,  'iuce  crowd- 
ed with  pabces  and  temples  ;  but  now  the 
buildings  within  1*3  raiuLd  walls  ..re  only 
a  church  and  a  fev/  scatt  red  house;,  t'  e 
rest  of  he  area  being  laid  out  in  fi>  Ids  I'lid 
orcl'.ards,  wh"ie  a  es«elated  piaement,  and 
numerous  other  antiquities  have  been  dis- 
covered. 

Caerviys,  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesda} ,  five  miles  W  of 
Flint,  and  212  NW  of  London. 

Ccesars  Cree^-,  township  in  Greene  coun- 
ty^ Ohio.  Population  in  1810,649,  and  in 
1820,11.31. 

144 


Caffa,  or  TheoJosia,  the  largest  town  ot 
the  Crimea,  with  an  excellent  road  and  har- 
bour. It  was  taken,  in  1265,  by  ^he  Ge- 
noese, who  made  it  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing towns  in  A.sia.  It  was  taken  from 
tliem  by  the  Venetians,  in  1297,  but  soon 
recjvti-ed;  however,  in  1474,  the  Tartars, 
assisted  by  the  Turks,  finally  expelled 
them.  It  was  the  last  post  in  the  Crimea 
of  which  the  Genoese  retained  the  sove- 
reignty. Caffa  was  the  Theodosia  of  the 
ancients  ;  a  name  which  has  been  restored 
to  it  since  the  Russians  became  possessed 
of  the  Crimea.  It  contains  about  20.000 
inhabitants,  and  is  constantly  well  garrison- 
ed. The  trade  consists  in  wax,  furs,  l.mb- 
skin  leatiier,  horses,  and  female  slaves ; 
most  of  the  latter  arc  brought  from  Cir- 
cassia,  and  are  here  sold  at  from  4  to  800 
pounds  each,  in  proportion  to  their  charms. 
Caffa  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Black  sea, 
at  the  foot  of  some  high  mountains,  65 
miles  E  by  N  of  Sevastopol,  and  130  SE 
of  Pi  ecop.     Lon.  35  20  E-  lat.  45  0  N. 

Caffy,  Strait  of,  the  ancient  Cimmerian 
Bosphorus,  a  strait  that  forms  the  commu- 
nication between  the  Black  sea  and  the  sea 
of  Asoph,  and  a  separation  between  Europe 
and  Asia. 

Caffraria,  a  very  extensive  country  of 
Africa  bounded  on  the  N  by  Negroland 
and  Abyssinia,  on  the  W  by  part  of  Gui- 
nea, Congo,  and  the  sea  ;  on  the  S  by  the 
Cape  (if  Good  Hope,  and  on  the  E  by  the  sea. 
Cagli,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  the  duciiy  of  Urbino,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appennines,  20  miles  S  of  Urbino.  Lon. 
12  42  E,  lat.  43  J6  N.- 

Cagtiari,  an  ancient  and  rich  city,  capi- 
tal of  Sardinia,  wi'h  an  archbishop's  see,  a 
university,  i  castle,  and  a  good  harbour. 
Lon.  9  14  E.  lat  39  27  N. 

Cahaba,  river  of  Mabama,  rises  in  the 
angle  between  the  Cosa  brunch  of  Alaba- 
ma, and  the  Black  Warrior  branch  of  Tom- 
bigbee  river,  and  flowing  S  over  Shel- 
by, Catiawba,  and  Dtdlus  counties,  joins 
the  Alabma  at  the  town  of  Cahawba,  after 
a  comparative  course  of  120  miles.  It  wa- 
ters much  good  land. 

CflAa^Q,  county  of  Alabama  ;  bounded 
W  by  I'ucknloosa  ;  N  by  Shelby  ;  E  by 
the  Coosa  river;  and  S  by  Montgomery 
ai-d  Dallas ;  length  55 ;  breadth  43  ;  area 
2265. 

This  was  one  of  the  counties  not  in- 
cluded in  the  census  of  1820. 

Cahaba,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Dallas  county,  Alabama,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cahaba,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ala- 
bama river.  It  is  also  the  seat  cf  the  late 
government. 

Cahoes  Falls,  in  the  Mohawk,  3  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Hudson  at 
Water^rd.  The  descent  is  about  70  feet 


C  A  1 


C  A  L 


It  is  a  sublime  and  interesting  feature  in  bank  of  the  Nile,  100  miles  S  of  its  mouth. 

American  scenery.  Lon.  31  18  E,  lat.  30  3  N. 

Cahokia,  post  town  in  Illinois  on  the  E       Cairo,  post  town  of  Greene  county, New 

side  of  the  river  Mississippi,  64  miles  N  York,  formerly  called  Canton,  10  miles 

by  VV  of  Kaskaskias.aiid  5  from  St  Louis,  above  Catskill  town  on  Catskill  creek. 

Cahors,  considerable  town  of  France,        Cairo,  town  of  Illinois,  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Ohio  river. 


in  the  department  of  Lot  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Querci,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  university.  It  is  stated  on  a  peninsula 
made  by  the  river  Lot.  and  built  part- 
ly on  a  craggy  rock.  There  are  three 
bridges  over  the  river.  The  cathedral  is 
a  Gothic  structure,    and    has    a    large 


Cairo,  township  in  Green  county.  New 
Y.  rk.     P  pulation  ill  1820,  :2353. 

Cairoan,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, and  next  to  the  city  of  Tunis  for 
trade  and  number  of  inhabitants.  It  is 
situate  near  a  sandy  desert,  where  are 


square  steeple.     Cahors  is  50  niiles  NW    found   many  vestiges  of  former  niagni- 


of  Alby,  and  287  S  of  Paris 
E  lat  44  26  N. 

Cajanaburg,  capital  of  E  Bothnia,  in 
Sweden,  on  lake  Cajania  300  miles  NE 
of  Abo.     Lon.  27  45  E,  lat  64  13  N. 

Cajazzo  or  Cajizzo,  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  in  Terri  di  Lavora,  22  miles 
NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  34  E,  lat.  41 10  N. 

Caicos,  islands  of  the  West  Indites,  to 
the  N  of  St.  Domingo,  which  take  their 
name  from  the  principal  one.  Lon.  W  C 
5  30  E,  lat.  21  40  N. 

Caifonff,   large   £..._  ^-^ -  -,•    - 

China,  seated  on  the  Hoang  ho,  in  the 
province  of  Honan.  When  besieged  by 
the  rebels  in  1642,  they  cut  the  dikes  of 
the  river,  which  drowned  300,000  of  the 
inhabitants.    Lon.  113  27  E,  lat.  35  0  N. 


Lon.  132  .ficence;  it  stands  on  the  river  Magrida, 60 
miles  S  by  E  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  26  E, 
lat.  36  5  N. 

Caistor,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  Near  it  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  mona.stary,  and  many  Roman 
vestiges.  It  is  12  miles  SW  of  Grimsby, 
and  165  N  of  London. 

Cats  tor,  township  in  the  county  of  Lin- 
colnshire, Uppi-r  Canada,  lies  between 
Biiibrook  and  Gainsbumugh,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  the  river  Welland. 
„  .  -  ,  J  1  •..       f        CcJ!iV/i77e5s-5/zirf,  most  northerly  county 

Caifong,   large   and^populous  aty^of   ^f  Scotland,  35  miles  long  and  20  broad  , 

boui.ded  on  the  N  by  Pentland  frith  ;  E 
and  SE  by  the  German  Ocean ;  and  W 
by  Southerlandshire.  The  S  angle  is  oc- 
cupied by  mountains ;  and  a  vast  ridge 
of  hills  forms  the  SW  boundarv  ending 
Cailloma,  town  of  Pennsylvania,  near  in  a  promontory  called  the  Ord'of  Caith- 
the  source  of  the  Apurimac,  between  ness,  which  runs  nut  into  the  sea.  The 
Caygo  and  ^requipo,  nearly  50  miles  from  rest  of  the  county  may  be  deemed  an  im- 
the  latter  and  160  from  the  former.  Lon.  mense  morass,  interspersed  with  some 
W  C  5  30  E,  lat  15  30  S.  fruitful  spots,  producing  oats  and  barley. 

Caimans,  or  more  correctly  Caymans,  and  others  affording  pasture  for  sheep 
a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  Caribbe-  and  black  cattle.  Itsother  chief  products 
an  sea,  to  the  NW  of  Jamaica.     Lon.  W    are  butter,  cheese,  yarn,  skins,  feathers. 


C  5  W,  lat.  19  15  N. 

Ca-Ira,  post  village  in  Cumberland 
county,  Virginia. 

Cairngorn,  mountain  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween the  counties  of  Banff  and  Murray. 
It  rises  in  a  conical  form  1750  feet 
above  the  level  of  a  small  lake  near  its 
base,  which  is  the  source  of  the  Avon, 
and  4050  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ; 
its  sides  clothed  with  firs,  and  its  top 
generally  covered  with  snow.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  beautiful  rock-crystals,  much 
esteemed  by  lapidaries. 

Cairo,  or  Grand  Cairo,  a  large  city. 


and  kelp.  It  sends  a  member  to  parlia- 
ment alternatt-ly  with  Buteshire.  Eng- 
lish is  chiefly  spoken  on  the  coast,  but  in 
the  highlands  the  Ga-lic  prevails  Popu- 
lation in  1801,  22,600;  in  1811  23,il9 ; 
and  in  1821,  30,238.    Wick  is  the  capital. 

Cakct,  town  of  Persia,  near  moun'- 
Caucasus.  Its  trade  consists  chiefly  in 
silk     Lon.  46  15  E    lat.  So  0  N. 

Caiabar,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Be- 
nin, capital  of  a  country  of  the  same 
name.  'Ihe  Dutch  have  a  factory  here. 
It  is  140  miles  SSE  of  BtTiiii.  Lon.  7  15 
E,  lat.  3  40  N. 

Calabria,   country  of  Naples,  divided 


capital  of  Egypt.     It  consists  of  three  into  the  pi  evinces  of  Calabria,  Critericre, 

towns,  about  a  mile  apart ;  Old  Cairo,  and  Calabria  Ulteriore,   or  Hither  and 

New  Cairo,  and  the  port  termed  Bulac.  Further  Calabria.    The  first  is  bounded 

The  population  is  estimated  at  3U0.000.  on  the  S  by  Calabria  Uteriore,    N  by 

Old    Cairo   is  now  reduced  to  a  small  Basilica,  and  W  and  E  by  the  Miditer- 

place.    New  Cairo  is  a  mile  from    the  ranean.    Cosenza  is  the  capital.    Cala- 

river,  and  seven  mi'es  incircn  nference.  bria  Ultirii.re  is  washed  by  the  M  diter- 

This  city  was  taken  by  the  French  un-  ranean  on  the  SE  and  W ;  and  bounded 

der  Buonapart,  in  1798,  and  retaken  by  by  Calabria  Citeriore  on  the  N :  Catan- 

the  British  in  1801.  It  stands  on  the  right  zaro  is  the  capital. 

T  145 


C  A  L 


C  A  L 


Calahorra,  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  old  Castile,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  wliich 
extends  to  the  ElDro,  70  milt  s  E  of  Bur- 
gos.    Lon  2  7  W  Ut.  42  12  N. 

Calais,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  straits  of  Calais  and  late 
province  of  Picardy,  with  a  citadel.  It 
is  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  one  side 
of  which  is  towards  the  sea.  The  forti- 
fications are  good ;  but  its  greati^st 
strength  is  its  situation  among  the  marsh- 
es, which  may  be  overflowed  at  the  ap 
proach  of  an  enc-my.  In  time  of  peace 
there  are  packet  boats  wliich  go  tv.'ice 
a  week,  betwe^  n  Dnvf-r  and  Calais.  It  is 
21  m  Ips  ESE  rf  D.)ver,  and  152  N  of  Pa- 
ris.    Lon.  1  56  E,  l:it.  50  58  N. 

Calais,  township  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, Maine.  Population  in  1810,  372  ;  and 
in  1820,  418, 

Calais,  post  town  of  Washington  cnun- 
ty,  Maine,  on  the  Passamaquoddy  rivt  r, 
36  miles  NE  from  M  ichias.  Population 
370      . 

Calais,  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  about  100  NE  of  Bi  nning- 
ton.  and  9  miles  N  from  M 'ntpt-lier. 

Calais,  St  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte  and  late  province  of 
Maine,  sixteen  miles  NW  of  Vtndome. 

Calamata,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea  It  stands  on  the  river 
Spinarza,  eight  miles  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean.    Lon.  21  55  E,  lat  37  0  N. 

Calamianes,  three  small  inlands  of 
Asia,  between  Borneo  and  the  Philippines, 
and  N  of  Parago,  Lon.  118  5  E,  lat.  11 
ON, 

Calatajud  town  of  Spain  in  Arragon, 
at  the  confluence  of  Xalnn  and  Xiloca, 
•with  a  castie  on  a  rock,  37  miles  SW  of 
Saragosa.    L'ln.  1  9  VV,  lat.  41  42  N, 

Calatrava  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, the  chief  place  -if  the  mditary  order 
of  the  knights  of  Ca'atrava.  It  is  seated 
near  the  (iuadiana,  80  miles  S of  Madrid. 
Lon  3  20  W.  lat.  39  4  N. 

Calben,  town  of  (iernany.  in  the  old 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  good 
castle  32  miles  N  of  M;igdeburg. 

Calcar,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Cleaves, 
seated  near  the  Rhine  eight  mil's  SE  of 
Cleaves.    Lon.  5  55  E  lat.  51  4u  N. 

Calcasiu  river  nf  Louisiana,  rises  in 
the  pine  woods.  20  miles  S  of  N.'tchito- 
ches.  The  Calcasiu  is  very  remarkable 
for  its  alrjinst  perfect  compliance  with 
the  curve  of  thf  Sabne,  the  two  r  vers 
beinj*  a  trifling  d.-viation  fnm  35  miUs 
asu' der,  the  entire  length  of  the  fcrmer : 
and  like  the  Sabine,  the  Calcasiu  r  ceives 
the  largest  tributaries  from  the  right 
After  an  entire  course  of  70  miles,  thi 
Calcasiu  enters  the  lake  of  the  same 
name,  at  lat,  30  8  N,  lon.  W  C  16  23  W. 
146 


This  stream  rises  in  a  forest  of  pines, 
which  tree  composes  nine  tenths  of  all 
the  timber  found  on  its  banks.  About 
10  miles  in  a  direct  line  above  the  head 
of  the  lake  Calcasiu,  the  forest  begins  to 
become  chequered  with  prairie, copses  of 
timber  gradually  become  more  scattered, 
and  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  trees  entire- 
ly disappear.  On  the  left  side  the  open 
prairies  skirt  thf  river  15  or  20  miles 
higher  than  on  the  oppcsite  shore.  In 
the  prairie  between  Calcasiu  and  M  r- 
mtrtau,  are  scattered  copies  of  wood 
mostly  pine,  witii  a  few  oaks  ;  sqil  poor 
and  thin  V  ry  little  of  ihe  whole  sur- 
face watered  by  Calcasiu  is  fit  for  cul- 
ture, though  high,  dry,  and  well  watered 
with  limpid  and  excellent  spring  water. 
One  immense  i^ine  forest  covers  thecoun- 
try  around  by  Calcasiu  north  of  the  prai- 
ries. The  tide  flows  up  the  Calcasiu  as 
far  as  the  head  of  the  prairies, 

Calcasiu  Lake,  of  Louisiana,  is  about 
30  miles  in  letigth.  and  10  or  12  miles 
widr,  communicates  with  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  a  channel  of  about  8  or  10  miles 
in  h  ngth,  and  from  one  mile  to  200  yards 
wide.  At  the  mouth  of  this  cutlet  is  a 
bar,  having  not  more  than  four  feet  wa- 
t  r.  The  lake,  like  that  of  Sabine,  is 
shallow,  not  ha\'ing  more  than  506  feet 
water  in  any  part,  and  near  the  shores 
not  more  than  two  or  three.  The  barks 
of  Calcasiu  outlet  and  lake  are  some- 
thing higher  than  those  of  the  Sabine  ; 
but  on  each  the  entire  absence  of  timber 
preclude  settlement, 

Catcalaijres,   province    of  Peru,  NE 
'  from  Cuzco. 

Calcuifa  or  Fort  William,  the  empo- 
rium of  Benga',  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
the  Hoogly,  or  western  arm  of  the  Gan- 
ges, lOu  miles  from  the  sea,  in  the  bay 
of  Bengal.  It  is  a  modern  city,  having 
risen  on  the  site  if  the  village  of  Govin- 
pour,  about  90  years  ago.  It  extends 
from  the  western  point  of  Fort  William, 
along  the  banks  of  the  river,  almost  to 
the  village  of  Cossipoor,  four  miles  and 
a  half;  the  breadth,  in  many  parts,  in- 
considerable In  1756  Calcutta  was  taken 
by  the  sonbah  of  Bengal,  who  forced  the 
feeble  garrison,  to  the  amount  of  145  per- 
sons, into  a  j)rison  called  the  Black  Hole, 
a  cube  of  18  fei^t,  out  of  which  only  23 
came  alive  It  was  retaken  the  next 
year;  the  vict<  ry  of  Plassey  f. Slowed; 
and  the  inhuman  soubah  was  deposed, 
and  put  to  d-,ath  by  his  succ; ssor.  Im- 
medintelv  after  this  victory  the  erection 
of  Fort  William  comm'-nc>d,  which  is 
superior  to  any  fortress  in  India.  Cal- 
cutta is  1030  miles  NNE  of  Madras, 
Lon.  88  28  E.  lat  22  23  N. 

Caldnvell,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 


C  A  L 


€  A  L 


tice  in  Warren  county^  New  York,  on 
lake  George. 

Caldivtll,  township  in  Warren  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  723. 

Caldwell,  township  in  Essex  county, 
New  Jersey.  Population  in -1810,  2235, 
and  in  1820,  2020. 

Caldwell,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  both 
sides  ot  Gunnberland  rivi-r  ;  bounded  SVV 
by  Tennessee  river  ;  NVV  by  Livingston  ; 
NE  by  Hopkins ;  SE  by  Christian ;  and 
S  by  Tenne  ssee  ;  length  40  ;  mean  width 
20  ;  area  8GG  square  miles.  Surface  ge- 
nerally level ;  soil  fertile.  Staples,  grain, 
tobacco,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town,  Eddyville. 

Population  in  1810. 
'Free  white  males       -        -        -      2,027 

do.     do.    females  -        -       1,658 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        _        _        -  4 

Slaves         ...        -        -         579 


Total  population  in  1810 


4.268 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males    - 

3,906 

do.    do.    females 

3,661 

Total  whites     .        -        -        . 

7,567 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

10 

do.            do.        females 

1 

Slaves,  males            _        _        _ 

709 

do.     females        .        -        _ 

735 

Total  population  in  1820 

9.022 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  - 

2,-225 

do.         in  Manufactures 

59 

do.        in  Commerce 

16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Caledonia,  county  of  Vermont ;  bound- 
ed by  Washington,  SW ;  Essex  NE 
and  E ;  CoiiiK  cticut  river  SE ;  and 
Orange  S ;  length  37 ;  mean  width  14 ; 
area  about  500  square  mi'es ;  surface 
hilly,  ami  in  part  miuntair.Qus:  soil  ge- 
nerally productive  in  grain  and  pas- 
turage.    Chief  town,  Domville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        9,472 

do.    do.     females  -        -      .  S),239 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxt d      -        .        -        .  29 

Total  population  in  1810  -      18,740 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        8.2  )4 

do.    do.    females  -        -        8,387 

Total  whites  -        -        -      16,641 

Free  pei-sons  of  colour,  males  9 

do.  do.        females,  19 


Slaves,  males  .       .        -:  0 

do.    females         ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -      16,669 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  272 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,930 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  387 

do.    in  Commerce  -  53 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

Caledonia,  post  town  of  New  York, 
W  from  Genessee  river,  on  the  road 
from  Avon  to  Batavia  ;  30  miles  W  from 
Canandaugua,  and  17  E  from  Batavia. 
Gvpsum  abounds  in  the  township. 

Caledonia,  township  in  Genessee  coun- 
ty N.-W  York.    Population  in  1820, 2,645. 

Caledonia,  village  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Missouri. 

Caledonia,  JVew,  a  large  islaiid,  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean,  extending  from  19  to 
22  S  !at.  and  fr-  m  163  to  167  E  Ion  It 
was  discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in  1774. 
The  inhabitants  are  s'out,  tall,  and  in 
g  nera!  well  proportioned,  their  hair  and 
beards  black,  and  much  frizzled,  so  as 
to  be  somewhat  wooliy  in  some  indivi- 
duals. 

Calenbcrg,  a  princip  ility  of  Lower 
Saxony,  which  constitutes  a  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  and  the  principal  towns  are 
Hanover  and  Gittingm  it  taki  5  its 
nan^e  from  an  aucient  c>;siie.  now  in  ruins, 
seate'd  on  the  Leine,  17  miles  S  of  Han- 
over. 

CaUiucQ,  town  on  the  c<  ast  of  Chiii, 
inhabited  by  Spaniards,  Mestees,  and 
Indians,  ISO  miles  S  of  Vaidivia.  Lon. 
W  C  3  23  E,  lat.  42  4Q  S. 

Call,  city  of  New  Granada,  in  the 
province  of  Popayan,  in  a  valley  of  the 
Andes  on  the  river  Cauca ;  20  miles  E 
from  Bonaventura.  Lon  W  C  1  0  E, 
lat.  3  15  N.   ■ 

CuUaqua.  port  of  the  West  Indies,  in  the 
west  i-art  of  St.  Vincents. 

California,  general  name  of  the  western 
coast  of  Nrrtii  America,  from  Cape  St. 
Lucas  N  lat.  22  52  to  N  lat.  42,  or  through 
nearly  20  degrees  of  latitude.  It  is  divided 
iito  two  parts,  Old  California  andNew  Cali- 
fornia. 

OM  California  was  discovered  under  the 
direction,  and  in  part,  by  the  personal 
observation  of  Ccrttz,  the  conqueror  of 
Mtxico,  and  found  to  be  a  long  n  .rrovv 
peninsula  extending  ti  rough  11  degrees  of 
latitude,  and  united  to  the  continent  to  the 
NW,  by  a  neck  of  land  reaching  from  the 
m  uth  of  I  he  Colur.;do  river,  westward  160 
miles  to  a  bay  since  called  San  Dii  go.  A 
chain  of  mountains  ranges  through  this  ex- 
tensive peninsula.  "  The  sky,"  says  Hura- 
117 


C  A  L 


GAL 


boldt, "  is  constantly  serene,  of  a  deep  blue, 
and  without  a  cloud."  The  Cerro  Giganta, 
the  highest  peak  of  its  mountains  reaches 
to  near  5,000  feet  Tlie  oil  is  s  ndy  and 
arid,  mkI  rain  scanty  and  unfrequent. 
Springs  of  fresh  water  are  also  rare.  It 
extends  over  56,000  square  miles,  with  a 
population  of  not  more  than  10,000.  To- 
ward the  close  of  the  17th  century,  the  Je- 
suits formed  several  settlements  here,  and 
endeavoui'ed  to  govern  the  natives  with 
the  same  policy  and  authority  that  they  ex- 
ercised in  their  missions  in  Paraguay.  They 
seem  studiously  to  have  depreciated  the 
climate  and  soil  of  the  country ;  but  on 
their  expulsion  from  the  Spanish  domin- 
ions, the  court  appointed  don  Joseph  Gal- 
vez  to  visit  this  peninsula.  His  account  of 
the  country  was  favourable  ;  he  found  the 
pearl  fi-hery  on  its  coast  to  be  valuable, 
and  he  discovered  mines  of  gold  of  a  pro- 
mising appearance.  On  the  few  spots 
where  wa'er  is  found,  the  soil  is  excellent ; 
and  it  is  reported  that  vines  gr-w  naturally 
in  the  mountains,  and  that  the  Jesuits, 
when  they  resided  here,  made  abundance 
of  wine,  in  taste  approachmg  to  that  of 
Madeira.     The  chief  town  is  Loreto. 

New  California,  extends  from  Old  Cali- 
fornia to  the  utmost  limits  of  the  Spanish 
claims,  on  the  North  Ami  rican  coast  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  or  from  the  thirty  tiiird  to 
the  forty  second  degree  of  N  lat.  about  600 
miles.  The  breadth  inland  is  trifling,  and 
the  interior  unknown,  or  at  least  very  im- 
perfectly explored.  The  whole  extent  ac- 
tuall}  peopled  by  civilized  inhabitants,  does 
not  exceed,  if  it  amounts  to  16,000  square 
miles  The  soil  is,  liowever,  as  remarkable 
for  its  fertility  and  abundance  of  limpid 
water,  as  is  that  of  Old  California  for  its 
arid  sterility.  The  climate  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  North  America,  being  milder  than 
that  of  the  Atlantic ;  the  inhabitants  ot  New 
California  enjoy  more  temperate  seasons 
than,  does  those  of  the  United  States,  from 
the  Carolinas  to  Connecticut,  inclusive. 
According  to  Humboldt,  this  is  a  very 
flourishing  and  valuable  colony.  The 
same  chain  of  mountains  which  ranges 
through  Old  California,  reach  into  and  in- 
tersect also.  New  California.  Monterey  is 
the  capital.     Population  in   1803,   15,562. 

California,  gulf  of  North  America,  ex- 
tends from  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado 
river,  between  Sonora  and  Old  California, 
in  a  south  east  direction  800  miles.  It 
gradually  widens  from  its  head,  at  the 
moutli  of  the  Colorado,  to  its  mouth  be- 
tween Cape  Palmo  in  Old  California,  and 
Mazatlan  in  Sonora,  where  it  is  about  120 
miles  wide.  It  is  full  of  islands  and  shoals, 
and  is  very  difficult  to  navii^ate.  Prom 
Old  CaVirbrnla,  no  stream  of  any  great  con- 
sequence enters  this  gulf;  but  from  Sono- 
ra, it  receives,  beside  the  Colorado  and 


Gila,  the  Ascension,  Hiaqul,  Mayo,  Fuerte, 
Inaya,  Culiacan,  labala,  Rostla ;  and  a  brook 
which  forms  Mazatlan  harbour. 

Calitoor,  fortress  of  the  island  of  Ceylon, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  riv^-r  of  the  same  name, 
28miles  S  ot  Columbo. 

Calix,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Bothnia, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  en- 
trance Into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  22  miles  W 
of  Tornea 

Calla  Calla,  river  of  Chili,  rises  in  the 
Andes,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Valdivia. 

Calland^s  Store,  post  office  of  Virginia, 
in  Pittsylvania  county. 

Callah,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Mascara,  which  has  a  considerable  trade, 
and  the  greatest  market  for  carpets  in  the 
country.     It  is  40  miles  E  of  Oran. 

Callender,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
muslin  ;  seated  on  the  river  Teath,30  miles 
WSW  of  Perth. 

Callao,  sesport  of  Peru,  with  the  best 
harbour  on  the  coast,  and  a  large  and  safe 
roadstead  defended  by  the  Islands  Callao 
and  St.  L  <urence.  In  the  pori  every  com- 
modity is  to  be  procured  that  vessels  may 
be  in  need  of.  The  town  was  almost  to- 
tal y  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in  1746. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name^ 
five  miles  W  of  Lima,  of  which  it  is  the 
port.  Lon.  Washington  City  0  02  E,  lat. 
12  2  S. 

Calle,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Constantina,  where  the  French  have  a 
factory  established  for  a  coral  fishery,  and 
trade  for  grain,  wool,  leather,  and  wax.  It 
stands  on  a  rock,  almost  surrounded  by  the 
sea,  36  miles  E  oi  Bona 

Callen,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kilkenny,  10  miles  SW  of  Kilkenny. 

CiiHiance,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Dow- 
latabad  ;  the  houses  built  of  rose  wood,  and 
covered  with  thatch.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Kaknah,  74  miles  W  of  Beder,  and  150 
SSE  of  Aurungabac. 

Callington,  borough  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  cloth  ;  situate  on  the  Lynher,  12  miles 
S  of  Launceston,  and  216  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don. 

Calloma,  town  of  Peru,  celebrated  for  its 
silver  mines,  70  miles  N  by  E  of  Arequipa, 
and  170  S  of  Cusco. 

Calmar,  strong  seaport  of  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  Smaland,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  deputies 
"f  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway,  were 
appointed  to  assemble  for  the  election  of 
a  king,  according  to  the  Union  of  Calmar. 
On  an  eminence,  half  a  mile  from  the  town, 
is  the  ancient  castle,  now  converted  into  a 
distillery,  150  miles  SW  from  Stockholm. 
Lon.  16  27  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cabiu  E;  township  in  Chester  county, 


C  A  L 

Pennsylvania.    Population  in   1810,  974, 
and  in  182t),  1162. 

Calm,  TV;  township  in  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1003, 
and  in  1820,  1182. 

Cable,  borough  in  Wiltshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  25  miles  E  of  Bristol,  and 
88  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  59  W,  lat.  51 
30  N. 

Calvados,  a  department  of  France,  com- 
prehending part  of  the  late  province  of 
Normandy. 

Calvert,  a  county  on  the  Western  shore 
of  Maryland;  situated  between  Chesapeak 
bay  and  Patuxent  river,  and  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Anne  Arundel  ounty  r  length  26 ; 
mean  width  8  ;  area  20®  square  miles ;  sur- 
face generally  level  or  rolling  ;  soil  of  mid- 
dling quahty.  Staples,  grain  and  tobacco. 
Chief  town,  Prince  Frederick. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,841 

do.  do.  fem.iles  -  -  -  1,839 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  388 

Slaves 3,937 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -        8,005 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       1,899 
do.    do.  females  -         -        1,902 

Total  whites        -        -         -         -  3,801 

Free  persoiis  of  colour,  males      -  342 

d.>.              do.      females  -  354 

Slaves,  males       ...         -  1,830 

do.    females             -        -        -  1,838 

Total  population  in  1820  -       4,365 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  12 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,219 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  165 

do.       in  Comtnerce  -         -  71 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Calumet,  Grand,  on  the  Ottowa  river, 
on  the  south  side,  above  the  Portage  de 
Montague,  Upper  Canada. 

Calumet,  Point  au,  on  lake  Superior, 
Upper  Canada,  on  the  N  shore,  the  first 
peint  W  of  river  du  Chene,  between 
which  places  the  coast,  consisting  of  per- 
pendicular rocks,  is  dangerous 

Calvi,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  eight  miles  N  of  Capua. 
Lon.  14  19  E  lat.  41  15  N 

Calvi,  town  of  Corsica,  on  a  craggy 
mountain  and  gulf  of  the  same  namt, 
with  a  strong  fortress,  and  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  32  miles  SW  of  Bastia.  Lon. 
9  16  E-,  lat.  42  26  N. 


G  A  M 

Ca77i,  or  Grant,  river  which  rises  in 
Herts,  and  running  NE  by  Cambridge  in- 
to the  isle  of  Ely,  there  falls  into  the 
Oiise,  to  which  river  it  is  navigable  from 
Cambridge. 

Camana,  small  district  of  Aquipo.  ly- 
ing along  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon  W  C 
3  E,  lat  16  S. 

L'amaron,  cape  of  Honduras,  on  the  N 
side  of  that  country,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Tinto.  Lon.  W  C  6  50  W,  lat  15 
50  8. 

Camarones,  large  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Patagonia,  falling  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  44  45  S.^ 

Camarat,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Fiiiisterre  and  late  province 
of  Brittany.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name. 

Lavihay,  large  city  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Guzerat  Its  pro- 
ducts  and  manufactures  are  inferior  to 
those  of  few  towns  in  India  ;  for  the  coun- 
try abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  and  silk ;  and 
cornelian  and  agate  stones  are  found  in 
its  rivers.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for 
embroidery;  and  some  of  their  quilts  have 
been  valued  at  4j/  It  is  subject  to  the 
Puonah  M^hrattas,  is  the  port  of  Amena- 
bad,  from  which  it  is  distant  56  miles. 
Lon.  72  10  E,  lat.  22  25  N. 

Cambodia,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Laos,  on  the  E  by  Cochin- 
China  and  Ciampa,  and  on  the  S  and  W 
by  the  gulf  and  kingdom  of  Siam  ,  divi- 
ded .by  a  brge  river  ca  led  Mecan,  or 
Cambodia,  which  annually  overflows  the 
country  in  tiu  rainy  season,  between  June 
and  October. 

Cambodia,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
sam-  name  in  Asia,  s-ated  on  the  river 
Mecan,  or  Cambodia.  15'J  miles  from  its 
mouth.     Lon.  104  5  E,  lat.  13  10  N 

Cambray.  fortified  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Cambresis.  It  has  a  citadel 
and  fort,  and  a  considerable  manuiacture 
ot  cambricks,  which  took  their  name 
from  this  city  It  is  seated  on  the  Scheldt, 
22  miles  SE  of  Arras,  anil  102  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Cambray,  or  Govcrneur,  post  office  of 
New  York,  in  St  Lawrence  county,  on 
the  Oswegiitchie  river. 

CambrenJs,  late  province  of  France,  25 
miles  in  length  :  boundi  d  on  the  N  and 
E  by  Hainalt,  on  the  S  by  Picardy,  and 
on  the  W  by  Artois.  Cambray  is  the  ca- 
pital, and  it  is  now  comprehended  in  the 
depyrtn^ent  <  f  the  N.rth. 

Cambria,  township  in  Niagara  county, 
on  Niaj^ara  river.  New  York.  Population 
in  i8-;6.  1134 

Ca772bria,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  be- 
tween the  Allegany  mountains  and  Lau- 
149 


C  A  M 


CAM 


rel  hill :  bounded  by  Sotnerset  S ;  West- 
moreland SW ;  Indiana  W  ;  Ciearfieid 
N,  and  Huntingdon  and  Btdford  E: 
length  36;  mean  width  20;  area  720 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly  and  rocky  ; 
soil  generally  of  middling  quality.  Sta- 
ples, grain,  flour,  whiskey,  salted  provi- 
sions, and  live  stock.  Chief  town,  Ebens- 
burg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,685 
do.  do.     females     -        -    "    -        1,582 

Total  whites       -        -        .        -        3,267 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  .9 

do.  do.      females  11 

Total  population  in  1820  -        3,287 


88 
614 

145 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.     in  Manufactures 

do.     in  Commerce         -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile  4. 

Cambria,  town  in  Cambria  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  868; 
and  1820,  604.  . 

Cambridge,  the  county-town  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  seat  of  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity. It  takes  the  name  of  Cambridge 
from  the  bridge  over  the  Cam,  which  di- 
vides the  town  into  two  pai'ts  It  is 
principally  remarkable  for  a  much  cele- 
brated university ;  consisting  of  13  col- 
leges, 4  halls,  several  schools,  and  a  very 
extensive  library.  It  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  two  for  the  borough 
and  two  for  the  university,  it  is  17  miles 
S  of  Ely,  and  51  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  4  E,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Cambridge,  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Berkley,  on  the  river  Cam. 

Cambridge,  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  and  a  flourishing 
university,  which  consists  of  four  elegant 
brick  houses,  and  is,  with  respect  to  its 
library,  philosophical  apparatus,  and  pro- 
fessorships, the  first  literary  institution 
in  America.  It  was  eiitabiished  by  the 
original  settlers  of  Massachusetts  in  1638 
Its  officers  are  a  president,  20  profes- 
sors, 2  tutors,  4  proctors,  and  a  regei;t. 
The  library  is  the  most  extensive  in  the 
United  States  ;  and  the  necessary  philo 
sophical  and  chemical  apparatus  very 
complete.  Attached  to  it  also  a  botani- 
cal garden,  cabinet  of  mintrals,  and  an 
anatomical  museum.  The  buildings  are 
ext'TiSive  and  appropriate  In  1818,  the 
stu''enLs  amounted  to  nearly  400,  and  the 
>vhi  1e  number,  according  to  Mr.  Morse, 
educated  in  this  seminary,  from  its  in- 
stitution up  to  1818,   amounted  to  4442. 

Cambridge^  West,  township  in  Middle- 
I'TO 


sex  county,  Massachusetts.    Population 
in  IblO,  971;  and  in  1820,  1064. 

Cambridge,  township  in  Middlesex 
count) ,  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
18 :0,  2323,  including  West  Cambridge; 
and  in  18 jO,  1518. 

Cambridge,  township  in  the  county  of 
Stormoiit.  lies  to  the  S  and  in  the  rear  of 
Clarence. 

Cambridge,  township  in  Washington 
county.  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
2491. 

Cambridge,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Dorchester  county,  Maryland,  on 
Chcptank  river.- 

Cambndge,  p<st  town  of  South  Caro- 
lina, Abbeville  district,  130  miles  NW 
fnin  Charleston  It  contains  60  or  70 
houses,  auf!  from  250  to  350  inhabitants. 

Cambridge,  town-ship  and  post  town  in 
Wills  creek,  Guernsey  county,  Ohio,  25 
milts  E  from  Zanesville.  Population  in 
1810,  474 ;  and  in  1820,  688.  The  vil- 
lage had  in  1820,  300  inhabitants,  besides 
those  of  the  township. 

Ca?nbridgeshire,  county  of  England,  50 
milts  long,  and  25  broad;  bounded  on 
the  NW  by  Lincolnshire,  NE  by  Nor- 
folk, E  by  Suffolk,  S  by  Essex  and  Hert- 
fordshire, and  W  by  the  counties  of 
Huntingdon,  Bedford,  and  Northampton, 
It  contains  500,000  acres;  is  divided  into 
15  hundreds,  and  64  parishes ;  has  a  ci- 
ty, a  university,  and  eight  market  towns ; 
and  sends  six  members  to  parliament. 
In  1801,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was 
89,.346;  and  1811,  101,109;  and  in  1821, 
121,909.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Ouse,  Nen,  and  (/am.  The  southern  and 
eastern  parts  are  pleasant  and  healthy; 
hut  the  northern  part,  called  the  isle  of 
Ely,  is  low  and  fenny,  from  the  conflu- 
ence of  many  rivers.  All  the  waters  of 
the  middle  part  of  England,  which  do  not 
flow  into  the  Thames  or  the  Trent,  run 
into  these  tens  ;  and  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  year,  they  are  sometimes  overflowed 
by  water,  or  appear  covered  with  fogs. 
See  /Bedford  Level 

Cambrilla,  town  -i  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
surrc^indfd  by  a  wall,  and  sf-ated  near 
the  sea,  14  miles  W  by  S  of  Tarraj^ona. 

Camden  Ea&l,  township  of,  in  thf  mid- 
land district,  lies  northerly  of  Ernest- 
town,  Upper  Canada. 

Camdtn.  township  in  the  county  of 
Kent  called  also  Camden  West,  lies  on 
the  N  side  of  the  river  Thames,  oppo- 
site fo  Howard. 

Ccmde?!,  township  and  post  town  of 
Lincoln  county.  Maine.  Population  in 
1810. 1607,  and  in  1820,  1825. 

Cdmdev,  township  in  Oneida  county, 
Ni  w  York.     P  pulation  in  1820,  1772. 

Camdeji,  post  town  of  Gloucester  coun- 


Cam 


C  A  IM 


ty,  ^ew  Jersey,  opposite  Philadelphia. 
It  is  a  flourishing  village,  fxttiiding  ajting 
the  river  The  houses  are  neat,  and  n^a- 
ny  elegant.    Population  about  650. 

Camden,  post  town  of  Kent  county, 
Delaware,  4  miles  SVV  trom  Dover. 

Camden,  county  of  North  Carolina : 
bounded  by  Albemnrle  sound  SJi  ;  Pas- 
quotank county  and  river  SW  ;  Virginia 
N,  and  Currituck:  and  North  river  NE  : 
length  38  ;  mean  width  6 ;  area  228  ; 
surface  level,  and  soil  thin  and  general- 
ly sterile.     Chief  town,  Jonesboro. 

Population  in  1810. 


marshy.      Staples  sugar,   cotton,  i-ice,  to- 
bacco, &c.     Ciiief  town,  Jefferson. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  rr.ales      -         -         -  .  426 

do.    do.     females  -         -  375 

All   other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  17 

Slaves 2,460 


Free  whit-r  males 

1,950 

do.  do.     females     ... 

1,936 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -         -         -        - 

48 

Slaves        -         .         -         .        . 

1,411 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

5,345 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

2,194 

do.  do.    females 

2,248 

Total  whites       .... 

4,442 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

50 

do.              do.    females  . 

67 

Slaves,  males     .        -        - 

964 

do.    females           -    ,     - 

782 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         . 
do.  do.     females    .        -        - 

Total  whites       -        .         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males     .        -         -         - 

do     females  .        .         . 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


5,278 


624 
654 


1,278 

92 


1,213 


5,402 


Total  population  in  1820    -        -        6,305 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  23 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  1,889 

do.        in  Manufiictures           -  1 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  27. 

Camdeji,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Kershaw  district.  South  Carolina,  on  the 
left  '^ide  ot  tiie  Wateree  river,  36  miles  NE 
from  Columbia  ;  and  110  NE  from  Augus- 
ta.  It  contains  200  houses,  and  about  1000 
inhab  rants:  the  common  buildings  neces 
sary  for  judicial  psirposes;  an  Ac;idemy, 
and  several  places  of  public  worship.  The 
river  is  navigable  fr>rii  the  ocean  for  boa's 
and  I)  her  ves-^els  of  7^  tons,  which  rend- 
ers Cjmden  a  place  of  considerublf^  trade. 
Two  ba  tl's  were  fought  here  during  ti'e 
revolutionary  war ;  one  August  16th,  1780, 
in  which  thf  army  of  the  United  Spates  un- 
dfr  General  G;'ies,  Wiis  defeated  by  the 
Br  tish  under  lord  C</rriWiillis ;  the  other 
April  3rd,  1781,  between  General  Greene, 
and  !or  1  Rawdon. 

Camden,  county  of  Georgia,  forming  t'le 
SF.  in^V.  ot  that  state,  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocr.an  •  bounded  by  that  ocean  E ;  b3 
Fl.- "ida  S  a/id  SW,  on  the  W  limits  un- 
cerrain ;  and  by  Glynn  N;  lengih  28; 
mean  vvidth  25;  area  7W  square  miles; 
surface  flat ;  soil  sandy,  and  in  some  parts 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  20 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  225 

do.         in  ManiifacUires  -  2 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  none 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5  nearly. 

Camden,  port,  NW  coast  of  America,  in 
Prince  Frederick  Sound.  Lon.  W  C  56  45 
lat.  56  55  N. 

Camelford,  borough  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the  river 
Camtl,  24  mdes  W  of  Launceston,  and  229 
W  b)  S  of  London.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. A  great  quai.tiiy  of  yarn  is  spun  in 
this  place  and  its  neighbairliood,  Lon.  4 
55  \\.  lat.  50  42  N.  '  ■ 

Camels  rump,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the 
Green  mountains,  20  miles  SE  from  Bur- 
lington. 

Camenno,  ancient  and  populous  town  of 
Ita'y,  in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near 
the  Appennines  and  the  river  Chiento,  37 
miles  SVV  of  Ancona.  Lt)n.  13  0  E.  lat. 
43  15  N. 

Camdlus,  tov.'nsliip  and  post  town  of  On- 
ond-ga  countv.  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,5791. 

Caminha,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  the 
f)roi  ii.ce  o^  Enire-Drutro-e-Minho,  at  die 
mouth  of  the  river  Minho,  12  miles  N  of 
Viana.     Lon.  8  29  W.  lat.  41  50  N. 

Cammiv,  district  of  Prussiaii  Pomerania, 
converted  into  a  pi'incipalit}',  in  favour  of 
the  housi"  of  Brandenburg,  by  the  treaty  of 
Wes'ph:.!ia.     Ci  Ibf^rg  is  the  capital. 

Cammin,  seaport  ot  Prussian  Pomerania, 
m  the  princip.ility  of  the  same  name  ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Oder,  opnosite  the  isle  of  Wol- 
lin,  30  miles  N  of  Sletin.  Lon.  14  55  E. 
lat.  54  4  N. 

Campagna,  or   Campania,  town  of  Na- 
1.51 


CAM 


CAM 


pies  in  Princlpato  Ulteriore,  with  a  bish- 
op'-: see,  40  miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lofi.  15 
19  E.  lat.  40  35  N. 

Campagnia  di  Roma,  anciently  Latium, 
province  oi  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesasticai  State, 
extending  60  milfs  SE  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean, to  the  frontiers  of  Napl-s,  formerh 
the  most  delightiul  and  most  populous 
country  in  the  world  ;  few  villages,  little 
cultivation,  •  and  scarcely  any  inhabitants 
are  now  to  be  seen  ;  no  trees,  no  enclo- 
sures; nothing,  in  short,  but  the  scattered 
ruins  of  temples  and  'ombs,  which  present 
the  idea  of  a  country  depopulated  by  pes- 
tilence.    Rome  is  the  capital. 

Campaign,  creek  of  Ohio,  in  Gallia  coun- 
ty, fallmg  into  Ohio  river,  eight  miles 
above  Gallpolis, 

C'am/)6e/?,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  N 
by  James  river ;  NE  by  Buckingham :  SE 
by  Charlotte  ;  S  by  Roanoke  river  or  Hali- 
fax and  Pit  sylva'  ia,  and  SVV  by  B.  dford; 
lengh  28;  mean  widtn  20;  area  560  ;  sur- 
face hilly ;  and  soil  varied.  Staples,  grain, 
flour  and  tobacco.  Chief  town,  Lynch- 
berg. 

Populition  in  1810, 
Free  white  males        -        -         -        2,845 
do.     do.     females  -        .        2,525 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  263 

Slaves 5,363 


All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       -        -        -  *     9 
Slaves        .....  438 

Total  population  in  1810     -  3,060 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.  females    - 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males      -        - 
do.     females           - 

3,906 
3,661 

7,567 
10 

1 
709 
735 

Total  population  In  1820    - 

9,022 

Total  population  in  1810  -      11,001 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  \yhite  males         -         -         -        4,286 
do.  do.    females     .        -        -       4.161 

Total  whites        ....  8,447 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  327 

do.           do.      .females    -  350 

Slaves,  males        _        .        .        .  3,718 

do,    females             -        -        -  3,727 

Total  population  in  1820  -      16,569 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  52 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,103 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  449 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  163 

Population  to  the  square  mi'e,  30  nearly, 

Campbell,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  both 
sides  (;f  Licking  river,  opposite  to  the  city 
of  Cincinnati ;  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river 
N  and  NE  ;  by  Pendleton  S  ;  and  by  Roane 
W  ;  length  32  ;  mean  width  10  :  are;-.  320 
sqnare  miles  ;  surf.ice  hilly,  soil  productive. 
Staples,  grain  fl'ur,  whiskey,  live  siock, 
salted  provisions,  and  fruit.  Chief  town, 
Newport. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,340 
do.    do,  females    ...        1,265 
152 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  none 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        2,225 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  39 

do.         in  Commerce       -        -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30  nearly. 

Campbell,  county  of  E  Tennessee,   in  a 
triangular  form,  bounded  by  Kentucky  N 
by  Clinch  river  SE  ;  and  by  Anderson  SW 
length  35  ;    mean   width   12  ;  area  420 
surface  hilly,  and    in  part   mountainous 
soil  fertile   in  the  valleys  and  along    the 
streams.      Staples,  grain,  flour,  fruit,  and 
salted  provisions.      Chief  town,  Jackson's 
boro'. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.  do.     females  -        -         . 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        - 
Slaves        -        -        .        -        - 


1,288 
1,210 

58 
103 

2,660 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,095 
do.    do.    females     -        -        -        1,988 

Total  whites       -         -        -         -  .     4,093 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  20 

do.            do.        females  15 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  55 

do.     females            ...  61 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        4,244 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,052 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  30 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

CampbelPn  Point,  cape  of  the  NW  coast 
of  North  America,  at  Cooke's  inlet,  SE 
side.    Lon.  W  C  72  75  W,  lat.  60  6  N. 

Campbell's  Grove,  post  village,  Iredell 
countv,  North  Carohna. 


C  A  N 


C  A  N 


Cauipl/eli's  Jfills,  post  otiicc  wl  Abbeviiic 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Ctimpbell's  Station,  post  office  of  Knox 
county,  Tennesse, 

GampbeWs  ViUc,  post-viilag-e,  of  Green 
county,  Kentucky. 

Campbellton,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire,  situated  on  a  bay  toward  the  S 
extremity  of  tlie  peninsida  of  Caniyre,  of 
which  it  is  the  capita!.  It  has  a  fjood  liar- 
hour,  and  is  now  a  considerable  place,  for 
wiiich  it  is  prjncipslly  indebted  to  its  being 
tlie  general  rendezvous  of  the  fishing  ves- 
sels tliat  annually  visit  the  W  coast.  It  is 
ten  miles  W  of  the  isle  of-  Arran.  Lon. 
5  42  W,  lat,  53  29  N. 

Campbellto-u<n,  post  village  of  Steuben 
county,  New  York. 

Campbell tovj7i,  post  village  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsjdvania. 

CampbelltuiBii,  post  village  of  Edgefield 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Campd-en,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
u  market  on  Wednesday,  22  miles  NE  of 
Gloucester,  and  87  WNW  of  London.  Lon. 

1  50  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Cavipden,  town  of  the  United  Provinces 
in  Overyssel,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  port 
almost  choked  up.  It  was  taken  by  the 
butch  in  1578,  and  by  the  French  in  1672  : 
but  they  abandoned  it  in  1G7j.  It  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Y.-.selj  on  the  Zui- 
der  Zee,  44  miles  NE  of  Amsterdam.  Lon. 
5  55  E,  lat.  52  38  N. 

Campeaclnj ,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  in- 
tendancy  of  Merida,  W  side  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Yucatan,  on  the  E  coast  of  a  bay  of 
tile  same  name.  It  is  noted  for  logwood, 
which,  however,  does  not  grow  very  near 
it.  It  is  defended  by  a  good  wall,  and 
strong  forts,  but  is  neither  sj  rich,  nor  car- 
ries on  such  a  trade  as  fonaerly,  it  having 
been  the  port  for  the  sale.  Lon..  W  C  12 
50  W,  lat.  20  0  X.  See  Ihnduras. 
■  Campoli,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  23  miles  N  bv  E  ef  Aquila.  Lon. 
43  57  E,  lat.  42  42  N.'- ' 

Campo  Major,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  300  miles  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  74  0 
W,  Lit  38  5 J  N". 

Campredon,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
at  the  foot  of  the  I'yrenees,  and  on  tlie  ri- 
ver Ter,  45  miles  N  of  liarceloiia.     Lo\i. 

2  16  W,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Campion,  townsliip  and  post  town  in  Graf- 
ton couiitv,  New  Hampsliire.  Population 
in  1810,  873,  and  in  1820, 10,47. 

Canaan,  post  town  and  township  .in  So- 
merset cotmty,  Maine.  Population  in  1810, 
1,275,  and  in  1850,  1,470. 

Canaan,  township  and  post  town,  Graf- 
ton county.  New  Hamps'iire.  Population 
in  1810,  1,094,  and  in  1820,  1,193. 

Canaan,  township  and  post  town,  I^itch- 
field  county,  Connecticut.     Population  in 
1810,  2.202,  and  ia  1820,  2,332.. 
TT 


Canaan,  township  and  post  town,  Co- 
lumbia county.  New  York.  Population  in 
1810,  2,079. 

Canaan,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  229, 
and  in  1820,  526. 

Canaan,  township,  Athens  county,  Ohio, 
Population  in  1820,  345. 

Canaan,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1810,  158. 

Canada,  or  the  province  of  Quebec.  By 
the  royal  proclamation  of  the  7th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1763,  this  province  was  hounded  on 
the  E  by  the  river  St.  John,  and  from 
thence,  by  a  line  drawn  from  the  head  of 
that  river  through  lake  St.  John,  to  the 
S  end  of  lake  Nipissing;  irom  whence  the 
line,  crossing  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and 
lake  Champlain  in  the  45th  parallel  of  N 
latitude,  passes  along  the  high  lands  which 
divide  the  rivers  that  empty  themselves 
into  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  from  those 
which  fall  into  the  sea  ;  and  also  along  the 
N  coast  of  the  Have  de  Chaleurs,  and  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Cape 
Hosiers;  and  from  thence,  crossing  the 
mouth  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  by  the  W 
end  of  the  island  of  Anticosti,  terminates  at 
the  river  St.  John. 

An  act  of  parliament  passed  in  1774,  has 
removed  tlie  northern  and  western  limits 
of  the  province  of  Quebec,  adding  to  its 
jurisdiction  all  the  lands  comprised  be- 
tween the  northern  bounds  of  New  York, 
the  western  line  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Ohio, 
the  Mississippi,  and  the  southern  bounda- 
ries of  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

Canada,  Upper,  commences  at  a  stone 
boundary  on  the  N  bank  of  the  lake  St. 
Francis,  at  the  cove  west  of  Pointe  au  Bo- 
det,  in  the  hmii  between  the  township  of 
Lancaster  and  the  seigniory  of  New  Lon- 
gueiul,  running  along  the  said  limit  in  the 
d'.recuon  of  N  34  degrees  \V,  to  the  west- 
ernmost angle  of  the  seigniory  of  New  Lon- 
gueiul;  thence  along-  the  .north-western 
boundary  of  the  seigniory  of  Vaudreuil, 
running  N  25  degrees  E  until  it  strikes  the 
Ot'awa  river,  and  ascends  by  it  into 'lake 
"i'immiskamian  ;  and  from  the  head  of  that 
lake  by  a  line  drawn  due  north,  until  it 
strikes  tlip  boundary  line  of  Hudson's  bay, 
including  all  tli.e  territory  to  the  westward 
and  southward  of  the  said  line,  to  the  ut- 
most extent  of  the  country  known  by  tljp 
name  of  Canada. 

Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  Eastern, 
Midland,  Home,  and  Western  Districts, 
and  subdivided  into  19  comities,  viz.  Glen- 
gary,  Stormont,  Dundas,  Grenville,  Leeds, 
Franteiiac,  Ontario,  consistmg  of  the  islands 
in  the  lake  of  that  name,  Addin.gton,  Le- 
nox, Prince  Edward,  Hastings,  Northum- 
berland, Dtu-ham,  York,  consisting  of  two 
Ridings,  Lincoln,  consisting  of  four  Ridings, 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Ess^-x,  Kent 

"  15": 


(J  A  X 


(J  A  X 


These  counties  are  divided  into  town- 
ships, ordinarily,  of  9  by  12  miles.  They 
send  16  representatives  to  the  provincial 
parliament,  who,  with  a  legislative  council, 
are  called  together  once  every  year.  The 
representatives  are  elected  for  four  years, 
to  serve  in  the  assembly,  unless  the  parlia- 
ment be  sooner  dissolved  by  the  person  ad- 
ministering the  government. 

The  land  in  the  townships  adjoining  the 
St.  Lawrence  is,  for  the  most  part,  fertile, 
and  under  as  high  a  state  of  cultivation  as 
can  be  expected  from  the  time  it  has  been 
settled  ;  the  first  improvements  being  made 
since  the  peace  of  1783,  v,'hen  all  was  in  a 
state  of  nature,  and  heavily  timbered. 

There  are  now  between  30  and  40  m.lls 
in  the  extent  mentioned,  on  this  river,  the 
most  remarkable  of  which  are  on  the  Ga- 
nanoque.  Good  roads  have  been  opened, 
and  bridges  well  constructed;  some  of 
them  over  wet  lands,  and  the  mouths  of 
creeks  and  rivers  of  very  considerable  ex- 
tent ;  and  the  first  settlers  have  been  able, 
ty  their  very  great  industry,  to  erect  com- 
fortable houses. 

In  the  rear  of  tlie  townships,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  are  upwards  of  twenty  others, 
in  which,  settlements  have  commenced,  to 
tlie  southward  of  the  Ottawa  or  Grand  ri- 
ver, which  many  of  them  front ;  others  are 
well  supplied  by  the  waters  of  the  Radeau, 
and  river  Petite  Nation,  with  tiie  Guna- 
iioque  lakes  and  streams,  all  of  which  af- 
ford abundance  of  situations  for  mills. 
These  rivers,  like  most  others  in  Canada, 
abound  in  carp,  sturgeon,  perch,  and  cat- 
fish ;  the  ponds  afibrding  green  and  other 
turtle,  with  fish  of  various  sorts.  Tlie  lands 
in  their  vicinity  are  differently  timbered, 
according  to  their  quality  and  situation. 
The  dry  lands,  <vhich  are  generslly  high, 
bear  oak  and  liickory  ;  the  lov/  grounds 
produce  walnut,  ash,  poplar,  cherry,  syca- 
more, beecli,  maple,  elm,  &c.  and  in  some 
places  there  are  swamps  full  of  cedar  and 
cypress. 

The  banks  of  most  of  the  creeks  abound 
in  fine  pine  timber,  and  the  creeks  them- 
selves afford  in  general  good  scats  for  saw 
mills ;  materials  for  building  are  readily 
procured. 

The  heads  of  the  rivers  Jladeau  and  Pe- 
tite Nation,  communicate  by  short  por- 
tages, or  carrying  places,  with  the  waters 
which  fall  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  pro- 
mise to  afTbrd  great  advantages  to  all  kinds 
of  inland  communication.  The  forks  of  the 
Radeau,  about  which  are  the  tnwnsliips  of 
Oxford,  Marlborough,  and  Gower,  promise 
to  be,  at  some  future  period,  an  emporium 
for  interior  commerce. 

The  birch  canoes,  which  go  to  the  north- 
west countiy,  pass  up  the  Ottawa  river 
with  merchandize,  and  return  with  peltries. 

All  the  townships  on  the  north  side  of 
15,4 


lake  Ontario,  are  well  watered  by  smaii 
streams,  at  the  moutlis  of  which  are  ponds, 
and  low  land  capable  of  being  drained  and 
converted  into  meadows. 

Tiie  number  of  inhabitants  1806  was 
80,000,  composed  chiefly  of  emigrants  from 
New  England  and  New  Jersey. 

Canada,  Loiuer,  extends  from  lat.  45  to 
52  N,  and  from  Ion.  14  E,  to  3  30  W  from 
Washington  city  ;  bounded  S  by  the  United 
States ;  W  by  Upper  Canada ;  N  by  the 
territories  of  tlie  Hudsen  Bay  Company ; 
and  B  by  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  reach- 
ing about  500  miles  from  S  to  N  ;  and  500 
from  E  to  W;  with  an  area  of  120,000 
square  miles.  It  is  divided  into  four  large 
districts,  Montreal,  Three  Rivers.  Quebec, 
and  Gaspe,  which  were  again  in  1792,  sub- 
divided into  21  counties,  Bedford,  Buck- 
ingham, Cornwallis,  Devon,  Dorchester, 
Effingham,  Gaspe,  Hampshire,  Hertford, 
Huntingdon,  Kent,  Leinster,  Montreal,  St. 
Maurice,  Nortlwimherland,  Orleans,  Que- 
bec, Richlieu,  Suirj',  Warwick,  and  York. 
The  original  grants  ot  land  in  tower  Ca- 
nada weie  made  in  general  under  the  name 
of  seigniories,  upon  the  principles  of  feu- 
dal tenure,  and  now  compose  a  third  spe- 
cies of  civil  division,  next  in  order  to  the 
counties.  The  grants  made  by  the  British 
government  since  its  domination  in  Cana- 
da, have  been  laid  out  in  townships,  and 
founded  on  free  and  common  soccage. 

In  a  state  of  nature  Lower  Canada  was 
covered  with  an  immense  forest  of  very 
lofty  timber,  much  of  which  yet  remain. 
The  settlements  extend  along  or  near  the 
streams,  in  general  where  the  soil  is  most 
iertl'.e,  and  means  of  navigation  most  at- 
tainable. In  tlie  angle  N  from  lat.  45  N,  to 
the  St.  Lawrence  river,  the  soil  is  gene-^ally 
very  productive,  ar.d  settlements  advancing 
rapidly.  Eastward  of  this  triangle,  to  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  country  is  hilly, 
broken,  b;<rren,  and  but  very  thinly  settled.  ' 
From  the  Mingan  settlement,  on  the  N 
side  of  tlie  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  to  a  short 
distance  above  Quebec,  the  left  shore  of 
that  great  stream  is  rocky  and  precipitous. 
This  range  of  hills  leaves  the  river  below 
the  mouth  of  St.  Maurice,  and  extends  to- 
wards ihe  Ottawa,  which  it  intersects  about 
120  miles  above  its  junction  with  St.  Law- 
rence. A  very  productive  body  of  land  is 
enclosed  betveen  this  ridge  and  the  re- 
spective rivers.  Beyond  this  latter  tract, 
and  the  margin  of  the  streams,  the  country 
to  the  northward  is  but  very  imperfectly 
known. 

The  air  of  all  Canada  has  been  noted 
for  its  purity  and  general  serenity.  The 
soil  of  such  a  vast  extent,  necessarily  in- 
cludes every  v:<riety  ;  tliougii  the  general 
character  may  be  given  as  productive. 
Population  has  constantly,  but  irregularly 
advanced  since  the  British  conquest.    Ii\ 


C  A  N 


0  A  N 


x?63,  it  was  supposed  to  contain  about 
70,000  inhabitants  ;  in  1775,  90,000,  and  in 
1814,  335,000.  Of  this  mass,  more  than 
two  thirds  are  descendants  of  the  original 
French  emigrants,  who  with  a  considerable 
part  of  those  from  the  British  islands,  ren- 
der;the  Horn  ui  Catholic  religion  most  pre- 
valent in  the  colony.  This  ritual  is  under 
the  pastoral  guidance  of  one  bishop,  nine 
vicars  general,  and  upwards  of  200  paro- 
chial curates. 

The  civil  government  of  Lower  Canada, 
is  adminisiered  by  a  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  exccut'.ve  council,  and  legislative 
council  appointed  by  the  king;  with  a  house 
of  representatives  elected  by  the  people. 

For  the  defence  of  the  Canadas,  a  regu- 
lar mihtary  establishment  is  maintained  by 
the  British  government,  amounting  in  com- 
inon  to  between  20,000  and  30,000  men. 
This  force  is  stationed  at  various  points, 
along  the  great  line  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  commerce  of  the  Canadas,  is  confined 
at  present,  to  one  outlet  the  Si.  Lawrence. 
The  completion  of  the  Grand  Canal  of 
New  York,  will  slowly  divest  a  s!\-.ire  of 
the  trade  of  the  Upper  Province  to  New 
York.  The  exports  of  this  extensive  coun- 
try, have  been  aug'menting  in  more  than  a 
ratio  with  the  mean  increase  of  population. 
In  1769,  they  amounted  to  163,105/. ;  and 
in  1815,  to  1,156,000/.  and  the  imports,  to 
upwards  of  600,000/.     ' 

Canada,  East,  a  creek  of  New  York,  ri- 
sing ill  Montgomery  and  Herkimer  coun- 
ties, flows  SSW,  about  20  miles  into  the 
Mohawk,  which  it  enters  at  Openheim. 

Canada,  West,  the  largest  northern 
branch  of  the  Moliawk,  rises  in  Montgome- 
ry county,  and  flowing  first  west  20  miles, 
to  tlie  borders  of  Oneida,  turns  to  tlie  SE, 
and  flowing  in  that  direction  20  miles,  falls 
into  the  Mohawk,  at  Herkima. 

Canada,  Creek,  north-western  brancli  of 
Wood  creek,  in  Oneida  covui'.y.  New  York. 

Canada-wan,  creek  of  New  York,  in  Cha- 
tauque  county,  enters  lake  Erie  about  2^ 
miles  W  from  Dunkirk. 

Canadaway.     See  Fredoiiia. 

Canadea,  township  in  Alleganv  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1S20,  696. 

Canadian  River,  tiie  great  south-western 
branch  of  Arkansaw  river,  rises  by  two 
large  branches  in  the  mountains  of  New 
Mexico,  and  flowing  by  comparative  courses 
about  600  miles  each,  unite  at  N  lat.  55, 
and  18  degrees  W  from  Washington  City. 
Below  the  confluence  of  the  two  principal 
branches,  the  Canadian  Fork  continues  E 
40  miles,  where  it  unites  with  the  Arkan- 
saw, rtceiving  in  the  intermediate  distance 
another  large  branch  from  the  SVV,  For 
the  true  position,  course,  and  relative  ex- 
tent of  the  Canadian  Fork,  the  public 
stands  indebted  to  Major  Long. 

Canandaiffua,  lake  of  New  York,  in  On- 


tario county,  15  miles  in  lengtfi,  and  1  mile 
mean  width.  It  receives  a  num!)er  of 
creeks,  and  discharges  its  waters  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Canandaigua,  into  an  outlet  which 
flows  NE  20  miles,  joins  Mud  creek  at 
Lyons. 

Canandaigua,  ppst  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Ontario  county,  New  York,  on  a 
rising  plain  at  tlie  outlet  of  Canandaigua 
lake.  It  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  and 
thriving  villages  in  tlie  interior  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  extending  in  one  street  near 
two  miles  from  the  lake.  Many  of  the 
houses  are  ediiices  vying  in  architectural 
magnificence  with  those  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing commercial  sea  ports.  The  style  of 
building  and  gardening-,  are  so  tastefully 
displayed  as  to  give  to  Canandaigua  a  pe- 
culiarly interesting  aspect  to  the  passing 
traveller.  Lon.  W.C  00  17  W,  lat.  42  54 
N ;  207  miles  W  from  Albany,  and  90  B 
from  Bufla'o. 

Canandaigua,  township  in  Ontario  coun- 
ty. New  York,  including  the  village  of  the 
ssnie  name.     Population  in  1820,  4,680. 

Cannnjokairy,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  in  the  State  of  New  York  ;  situated 
on  the  Mohawk  river,  about  40  miles  west- 
ward from  Schenectady.  Population  in 
1820,  4,677.     . 

Canano're,  large  seaport  on  the  coast  of 
Mahibar.  It  was  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan, 
regent  of  Mysore,  to  the  English  East  In- 
dia  Company,  in  1792.  Lon.  74  10  B,  lat. 
12  0  N. 

Cantira,  province  on  the  coast  of  Mala- 
bar, subject  to  tlie  regent  of  Mysore.  Its 
most  northerly  port  is  Onore,  in  lat.  14 
20  N. 

Canard,  small  river  of  Upper  Canada, 
f.ills  into  Detroit  river,  between  Amhersts- 
burg  and  Sandwich. 

Canaria,  or  The  Grand  Canary,  prin- 
cipal of  the  Canary  islands,,  about  180 
miles  frona  the  coast  of  Africa,  which 
gives  name  to  the  whole.  It  is  a  fruitful 
islnnd,  and  famous  for  the  wine  that  bears 
its  name  ;  t!ie  temperature  of  its  air  is 
delighrful ;  and  it  abounds  with  good  wa- 
ter, with  trees,  herbs,  and  delicious  fruits. 
Here  are  two  wheat  harvests,  in  Februa- 
ry and  May,  and  the  corn  makes  bread 
as  white  as  snow.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
and  27  brnad  ;  and  lies  18  leagues  \V  by 
S  of  Fuertaveutura.  Lon.  15  34  W,  lat. 
28  14  N. 

Canary  Islands,  anciently  called  the 
Fortunate  IslaTids,  on  account  of  their 
temperate  healthy  air  and  excellent 
fruits,  are  seven  in  number,  lying  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  near  the  continent  of 
Africa ;  namely,  Palma,  Ferro,  Gomera, 
Teneriffe,  Canaria,  Fuertaventura,  and 
Luncerota ;  to  which  may  be  added  se- 
veral smaller  isles,  as  Graciosa,  Roccas, 
155 


t.  A  .\ 


t    A  jS 


Aliegvanza,  St.  Clare,  Infierno,  and  Lob- 
os.  From  these  islands  the  Canary  birds 
originally  came.  The  NE  point  of  these 
is  in  Ion.  15  38  VV,  lat.  28  13  N. 

Canary,  the  capital  ot  the  island  of  Ca- 
naria.  with  a  bishop's  sec,  an  inquisition, 
supreme  council  of  tUe  Seven  Islands, 
and  a  castle  seated  on  a  hill.  They  have 
sugar  houses,  in  which  a  great  quantify 
of  sugar  is  made.  The  wine  called  Sack, 
has  hence  been  often  termed  Canary.  It 
is  computed  that  10,000  hogsheads  are 
sent  annoally  to  England  in  time  of  peace. 
Lon.  1.5  50  VV,  lat''28  4N. 

Cancalle,  bay  on  the  cosst  of  France, 
10  miles  E  of  St.  Maloes,  where  the  Eng- 
lish made  a  descent,  under  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  in  1758,  and  hence  proceed- 
ed to  burn  the  ships  at  St.  Malots. 

Candahar,  rich  trading  city  of  Asia, 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name. 
While  the  Persian  and  Mogul  empires 
\vere  severally  undiA'ided,  it  was  the  fron- 
tier fortress  of  Hindoostan  towai^ds  Per- 
sia ;  and  was  esteemed  the  key  of  the 
western  provinces  of  the  latter,  and  not 
unfrequently  changed  masters,  although 
very  strong  by  situation,  being  surround- 
ed by  fens  and  rocks.  It  is  145  miles 
SW  of  Cabul.  Lon.  67  15  E  lat.  33  0  N. 

Candahar,  kingdom  of  Asia,  between 
the  river  Indus  and  Persia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cabul.  on  the  E  by  Lahore,  on 
the  SE  Ijy  Moultjm,  and  on  the  VV  by 
Persia  The  dominions  of  the  king  of 
this  country  extend  westward  to  the 
neiiJjhbourhocd  of  the  city  of  Tarslush  ; 
including  generally  Cabul,  Candahar, 
Chizni,  Gaur,  Paishawur,  Korasan,  and 
Seistan  :  this  tract  is  not  kss  than  800 
miles  in  length  ;  its  breadth  is  not  well 
known,  and  on  the  E  side  of  the  Indus, 
he  possesses  the  territory  of  Cashmere, 
and  seme  districts  above  the  city  of  At- 
tnek.  Ashmed  Abdalla  the  founder  of 
this  kingdom,  was  originally  the  chief  of 
an  Afghan  tribe,  named  Abdal,  (whence 
the  name  Abdalli)  who  was  stript  of  his 
country  by  Nadir  Shah,  in  1739  On  the 
death  of  Nadir,  he  suddenly  appeared 
among  his  former  subjects,  and  erected  a 
considerable  kingdom  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Persia,  adding  to  it  most  of  the  pro- 
vinces to  the  VV  of  the  Indus,  which  had 
been  ceded  by  the  Great  Mogul  to  Nadir 
Shah,  together  with  Cashmere  on  theE 
of  that  river. 

Candia,  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
formerly  Crete,  and  to  the  S  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago. The  capital  of  the  same 
name,  though  populous  formerly,  is  little 
bttter  than  a  desert,  there  being  nothing 
but  rubbish,  except  at  the  bazar  or  mar- 
ket-jdace  ;  and  the  harbour  of  Candia  is 
now  fit  for  nothing  but  boats;  but  the 
156 


walls  of  the  towns  are  stariding,  and  it  is 
the  see  of  a  Greek  archbisliop.  This  isl- 
and was  taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1G69, 
after  a  war  of  25  years.  It  was  attempt- 
ed to  be  retaken  by  the  Venetians,  in 
lCi9'2,  without  effect.  The  products  are 
corn,  wine,  oil,  wool,  silk,  and  excellent 
honey.  The  cUmate  of  Candia  is  delight- 
ful. The  heat  is  never  excessive ;  and 
in  the  plains  violent  cold  is  never  felt.  In 
the  warmest  days  of  summer  the  air  is 
cooled  by  breezes  fn-m  the  sea.  Except 
Deceml^er  and  January  the  whole  year  is 
one  continued  fine  day.  The  sky  is  al- 
ways unclouded  and  serene  ;  the  winds, 
mild  and  refreshing  breezes.  The  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  a  great  number  of 
odnriferous  plants  In  a  word,  from  the 
hills,  the  vales,  and  the  plains,  on  all  hands 
there  arise  the  most  exquisite  perfumes, 
which  embalm  the  air,  and  I'ender  it  a 
luxury  to  breathe  it.  Candia  is  200  miles 
in  length,  and  50  in  breadth.  It  is  500 
miles  SVV  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  25  IS 
E.  lat.  35  18  N. 

Candia,  a  township  in  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire.  Population  in 
1810,  1290;  and  in  1820,  1273. 

Candcish,  rich  and  populous  province, 
in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
the  Poonah  Marattas.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Malwa  >  on  the  E  by  Uerar ;  on 
the  S  by  Dowlatabad,  and  on  the  W  by 
Baglana. 

Candlemas  Isles,  near  the  coast  of 
Sandwich  Land.    Lon.  27  13  W,  lat  57 

10  s.  • 

Candoi;  township  in  Tioga  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1655, 

Ca7idy,  kingdom  of  Ceylon,  containing 
about  a  quarter  of  the  island.  It  is  full 
of  hills,  whence  rivulets  proceed,  which 
abound  with  fish.  The  inhabitants  are 
dexterous  in  turning  these  rivulets  to  wa- 
ter their  land,  which  is  fruitful  in  rice, 
pulse,  and  hemp.  The  king  is  absolute, 
and  his  subjects  are  idt  laters. 

Candy,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon.  It 
was  often  burnt  by  the  Portuguese,  when 
thev  were  masters  of  these  coasts.  Lon. 
80  42  E,  lat.  7  45  N. 

Cane,  Grotto  del,  famous  grotto,  on 
the  banks  of  Lake  d'Agano,  seven  miles 
from  Puzzoli,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
A  suffocating  vapour  rises  a  foot  above 
the  bottom  of  this  cave,  and  is  destruc- 
tive to  animal  life.  A  dog  having  his 
head  held  in  this  vapour,  is  convulsed  in 
a  few  minutes,  and  soon  aftt  r  falls  motion- 
less to  the  earth.  The  fellows  who  at- 
tend at  the  cave,  have  always  some  mise- 
rable dogs,  with  ropes  about  their  necks, 
ready  for  this  cruel  purpose. 

Can  fa,   considerable  town  of  the  isl- 


C  A  N 


C  A  IS 


and  of  Candia,  v/itli  a  good  harbour. 
Tne  environs  are  adorned  with  forests  of 
olive-trees,  mixed  with  fields,  vineyards, 
gardens,  and  brooks,  bordered  with  myr- 
tle-trees, and  laurel-roses.  Lon.  24  15  E, 
lat.  35  20  N. 

Canesus,  small  lake  of  Ontario  coun- 
ty. New  York,  discharges  its  waters  into 
Genessee  river. 

Caneto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Manfuan, 
on  the  river  Oglio,  often  taken  and  reta- 
ken by  the  French  and  Austrians.  It  is 
20  miles  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  22  E, 
lat.  45  9  N. 

Cancadea,  post  town  of  New  York,  in 
Allegany  county, 

Canjield  small  town  with  a  post  office, 
in  Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  28  miles  N 
by  W  of  Foi't  M'Intosh,  and  321  from 
Washington. 

Vanfield,  township  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  494 ;  and  in 
1820,  78r. 

Canina,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  N  part  of  Albania,  a 
province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  lying 
near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
eight  miles  N  of  Valona.  Lon.  19  25  E, 
lat  41  12  N.     See  Joanino 

Cannay,  one  of  the  western  isles  of 
Scotland,  SW  of  tiie  isle  of  Skye,  This 
island  is  fertile,  and  is  noted  for  vast  ba- 
saltic columns,  which  rise  above  each 
other  to  a  great  height,  in  many  succes- 
sive ranges,  each  separated  from  the 
other  by  a  stratum  of  pebb'y  concretions. 
On  the  E  side  of  the  island,  the  tops  of 
an  immense  number  of  these  columns  ap- 
pear at  lov/  water,  formini^  a  sort  of  cause- 
way of  surprising  extent,  the  surface  of 
■which  is  smooth  and  regular,  like  on  or- 
dinary paved  street. 

Canister,  township  in  Steuben  county, 
New  York.     PopuUtion  in  1820,  891. 

Cannaughqiiensing,  town  of  Butler  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.     Population  1300, 

Cannaveral,  cape  of  Florida.  N  lat.  28 
22  lon.  W  C  3  55  W.  It  was  off  this 
cape,  April  29th,  1814,  that  the  British  brig 
Epervier  of  32  guns,  and  128  men,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  U.  S.  sloop  Peacock,  captain 
Warrington,  after  an  action  of  42  minutes. 

Cannonball,  river,  branch  of  Missouri, 
from  the  W,  below  the  Mandan  village, 
iind  above  the  Wetai'hoo. 

Camiouche,  river  of  Georgia,  branch  of 
the  Ogechee, 

Cannonsburg,  township  in  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
440. 

Cannonsburg,  post  villige  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Washington  county,  on  the  road 
from  Pittsburg  to  Washington,  18  miles 
from  the  former,  and  7  from  the  latter 
place.    It  is  the  seat  of  Jefferson  college, 


formerly  an  Academy,  but  changed  from 
the  latter  to  the  former  in  1802.  The  col- 
lege is  under  the  direction  of  a  president, 
and  2  professors.  The  library  contains 
about  1000  volumes,  and  the  philosophical 
apparatus  is  respectable. 

Canobia,  town  or  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
on  lake  Maggiore,  35  miles  NNW  of  Mi- 
lan.    Lon.  8  44  E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Canoe- Camp,  post  village  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Tioga  county. 

Catioga,  small  creek  of  New  York,  be- 
tween Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes,  discharges 
into  Seneca  outlet. 

Canoge,  the  ruins  of  which  are  at  present 
of  great  extent,  is  a  town  of  Ilindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Agra,  seated  on 
th.e  Ganges,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Calini.  It  is  now  reduced  to  the  size  of  a 
middling  toWn.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
built  more  than  1000  years  before  the 
Cliristian  era,  and  to  have  been  the  capital 
of  all  Hindoostan,  under  the  predecessor  of 
Porus,  who  fought  against  Alexander.  In 
the  6th  century,  it  was  said  to  contain 
30,000  shops,  in  which  betel-nut  was  sold. 
It  is  127  miles  SE  of  Agra.  Lon.  80  13  E, 
lat.  27  3  N. 

Cannniait,   island   in    Xarraganset   bay, 
belonging  to  the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated ;  the        .'1 
inhabitants  are  about  600.  t|i 

Canosa,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Barri.  Betv/een  Canosa  and 
the  river  Osanto,  are  still  some  traces  of  the 
ancient  town  of  Canna:,  in  the  plain  of 
which  was  fought  the  celebrated  battle  be- 
tween Hannibal  and  the  Romans.  Lon.  16 
32  E,  lat.  41  30  N,  lon.  \V  C  16  05  E. 

Caiis'j,  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  North 
America  on  a  strait  which  sepai'utes  Nova 
Scotia  from  Cape  Breton.  Near  this  town 
is  a  fine  fishery  for  cod.  Lon.  55  W,  lat. 
45  20  N.  _  . 

Canstat,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  two 
miles  NE  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  19  14  E,  lat. 
48  53  N.  ' 

Canlal,  department  of  P'rance,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Auvergne, 
The  capital  is  St.  Flour. 

Cantaziiro,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citeriore.  It  is  seated  near  the 
sea,  20  miles  E  of  Nicastro.  I-on,  16  47 
E,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Canterbury,  ancient  city,  the  capital  of 
Kent,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  the  metro- 
politan of  all  England.  The  cathedral,  a 
large  structure,  was  once  famous  for  the 
shrine  of  Tiiomas  Becket,  to  which  so 
great  was  the  resort,  and  so  rich  the  offer- 
ings, that  Erasnuis,  who  was  an  eye  wit- 
ness of  its  wealth,  says,  the  whole  church 
and  chapel  in  which  he  was  interred,  glit- 
tered with  jewels.  But  Henry  VIII.  in 
1538,  not  oniv  pillaged  this  rich  shrine,  but 
'  157 


(v  A  ,N 


C  A  V 


caused  tlie  saint  to  be  cited  in  court,  tried, 
and  condemned  as  a  traitor ;  ordering  his 
name  to  be  struck,  out  o!  the  culen.iar,  his 
bones  to  be  burnt,  and  his  ashes  tiirown 
into  the  air.  In  this  catliedral  are  intt-rred 
Ht-nry  IV.  and  Edward  tiie  Black  Prince. 
The  city  has  lilcewise  14  parish  ciiurclies; 
the  remains  of  many  Roman  antiquities ; 
and  an  ancient  castle,  witli  walls  and  a 
deep  ditch.  It  is  g-overned  by  a  ma\or, 
and  possesses  a  share  of  the  silk  manufac 
tures  introduced  by  the  Walloons,  who 
have  here  a  church  under  the  cathedral. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  on  the  river  Steur,  26  miles  ESE  of 
Rochester  and  56  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Canterbury,  post  town  and  township  in 
Rockingham  countv.  New  Hampshire. 
Population  in  1810,  1526,  and  in  1820, 
1696. 

Canterbury,  post  town  and  township  in 
Windham  con: :ty,  Connecticut  Population 
in  1810,  1812,  and  In  1820,  1984. 

Canterbury,  post  village  of  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  between  West-Point  and  New- 
burgh. 

Canterbury,  post  village  in  Kent  county, 
Delaware,  between  Camden  and  Frede- 
rica. 

Canton,  or  Quangtong;  one  of  the  southern 
provinces  of  China  ;  bounded  on  tiie  NE  by 
Fokien  :  on  the  N  by  Kiangsi,  on  the  Why 
Quan-si,  and  the  kingdom  Tonking,  and 
every  where  else  by  the  seas.  The  coun- 
try is  diversified  with  iiilis  and  plains,  and 
the  soil  is  in  general  so  fertile  that  it  pro- 
duces two  crops  annually.  Canton  is  the 
capital. 

Canton,  large,  populous,  and  wealthy 
city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of 
that  name,  stands  on  the  river  Pekiang. 
It  is  a  sea  port,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  th.e 
empii'e.  The  number  of  inhabitants  was 
computed  at  1,000,000,  but  later  calculations 
have  made  them  considei'ably  less.  Lon. 
333  12  E,  lat.  23  7  N. 

Cantoji,  township  and  post  town  in  Nor- 
folk county,  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
1810,  1353,  and  in  1820,  1268, 

Canton,  township  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  1374, 
and  in  1820,  1322. 

Canton,  township  and  post  town  in  St. 
Lawrence  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  1820, 1337. 

Canton,  township  in  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1335, 
and  in  1820,  1276. 

Canton,  township  in  Bradford  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  569. 

Canton,  township  in  Stark  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1810,  846,  and  in  1820, 
1398. 

Canton,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice  in 
158 


Stark  county  Ohio,  on  the  Nimishiilen 
creek,  over  which,  in  the  vicinity  of  t'.e 
village  four  fine  bridges  have  b?en  erect- 
ed, NW  from  Steubenville  58 ;  and  NE 
fr^m  Zanesville  90  miles. 

Canton,  small  village  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio 

Canton,  land  district  of  Ohio,  includes 
part  ot  Stark,  and  all  of  Wayne  and  Rich- 
land counties;  and  is  composed  of  XXI 
ranges  of  townships,  comprehended  be- 
tween the  Greenville  treaty  line  on  the 
S'luth,  and  the  Cmnecticut  Western  Re- 
serve on  the  north,  excepting  the  seven 
easternmost  ranges  which  beleng  to  the 
Steubenville  district.  The  Land  office  for 
this  district  is  at  Worcester  in  Wayne 
county. 

CanttcelPs  Bridge,  on  the  Appoquini- 
mink,  post  town  in  Castle  county,  Dela- 
ware, nine  miles  S  from  St.  Georges,  and 
19  from  New  Castle. 

Caney  Fork,  branch  of  Cumberland  ri- 
ver, rises  in  Warren  White  and  Jackson 
counties,  in  Tennessee,  and  flowing  NW 
enters  Smith  county,  and  falls  into  Cum- 
berland at  Carthage. 

Cantyre,  the  southern  division  of  Argyle- 
shire,  in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow  peninsu- 
la between  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the 
Fritii  of  Clyde.  To  the  S  the  peninsula 
terminates  in  a  great  promontory,  sur- 
rounded by  a  group  of  dangerous  rocks, 
called  the  Mull  of  Cantyre.  The  soil,  in 
general,  is  fertile. 

Caorlo,  small  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nince,  on  the  coast  of  Venetian  Friuli,  20 
miles  SW  of  Aqueileia.  It  has  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Lon. 
12  30  E.  lat.  45  42  N. 

Capaciu,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citenore,  16  miles  S  of  Salerno. 
Lon.  15  3  E.  lat.  40  20  N. 

Cape,  township  in  Cumberland  count}', 
Maine.    Popuiation  in  1820,  52. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  township  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maihe.  Population  in  1810, 
1415.  and  in  1820, 1688. 

Cape  Girardeau,  county  of  MissOHri» 
bounded  by  Mississippi  river  NE ;  New 
Madrid  county  S  ;  St.  Francis  river  W, 
and  St.  Genevieve  county  N  ;  length  48  ; 
mean  width  25  ;  area  1200  square  miles ; 
surface  mostly  level,  and  in  p^irt  liable  to 
annual  submersion.  Soil  fertile  ;  staples, 
some  cotton,  Indian  corn,  live  stock,  &c. 
Chief  towns,  Jackson  and  Girardeau. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.  females 


2,658 
2,400 

5,058 

25 
20 


CAP 


GAP 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


432 
433 


5,968 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  26 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         -         -  l,6r5 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  229 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  39 

Population  to  the  sq'iare  mile,  5. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of,  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Afiica,  discovered  by  the  Por- 
tuguese navigator,  Bartholomew  Diaz,  in 
1493,  who  gave  it  th'.-  name  of  Cabo  Tor- 
meuioso,  from  the  boistenus  weather  which 
he  metwi  h  near  it ;  but  Emunuel,  kmg  of 
Portugal,  on  the  return  of  Diaz,  changed 
its  name  to  that  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
from  the  hope  he  enter'ained  of  findir.g  a 
passage  beyond  it  to  India ;  and  in  this  he 
wa'^  not  deceiveil,  for  Vasco  de  Gama,  hav- 
ing doubled  thi  cape  on  the  20th  Novem- 
ber, 1497,  proceeded  to  India,  and  landed 
at  Calicut,  on  the  22d  of  May,  1498.  The 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  first  touched  at 
by  the  Dutch  in  1600,  and  1650,  they  es- 
tablished a  settlement  at  this  place,  of 
which  they  held  undisturbed  p.^ssession 
for  near  150  years.  Here  is  a  neat  town 
called  Cape-town,  rising  in  the  midst  of  a 
desert,  surrounded  by  black  and  dreary 
mountains.     See  Cape  Town. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  colony,  extends  over 
all  the  souihern  regions  of  Africa  ;  bovind- 
ed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  VV  ;  by  the  great 
South  Sea  S  ;  by  C;,fFtrlaiid  NE  ;  and  by 
the  deserts  of  .interior  Africa  \  ;  length 
from  W  10  E  600  miles  ;  mean  width  200  ; 
area,  abnut  120,000  square  m.les  It  is 
divided  into  the  districts  of  the  Cape, 
Zwellingdara,  Stellenbosch,  and  Graafrey- 
net.  This  fine  Dutcli  colony  surrendered 
by  capitulation  to  the  British  in  1795,  but 
restored  in  1802,  by  tlie  treaty  of  Amiens. 
It  again  surrendered  to  tlie  British,  in 
1806  ;  and  now  forms  part  of  their  domin- 
ions. 

Cape-Toivn,  capital  of  the  cape  colony, 
stands  on  the  W  side  of  Table-bay,  in  Ion. 
18  23  E.  lat.  33  56  S.  See  Hottentots, 
Country  of  the.  To  the  SE  of  the  tov/n  are 
some  vineyards,  which  yield  the  famous 
wine  called  Constantia.  Tiie  store-houses 
of  the  Dutch  E.  India  Company  are  situate 
next  the  water,  and  the  private  buildings 
lie  beyond  them,  on  a  gentie  ascent  toward 
the  mountains.  The  caslle,  or  principal 
fort,  which  commands  the  road,  is  on  the 
E  .'■ide  ;  and  another  strong  fort,  called 
Amsterdam  Fort,  is  on  the  W  side.  The 
streets  are  broad  and  regular  ;  and  the 
houses,  in  general,  are  built  of  stone,  and 
white  washed.  Here  are  two  churches ; 
one  for  the  Calvanists,  the  established  re- 


ligion, tiic  other  for  the  Lutherians.  The 
slaves  are  lodged  and  boarded  in  a  spaci- 
i.us  liou-e,  wliere  they  are  iikew.s;-  ke[:t  at 
work:  th-se  slaves,  a  few  Hottent -ts  ex- 
cepted, were  all  originally  brought  fom 
the  E.  Indii's,  and  principally  front  Malac- 
ca. Another  great  building  setves  as  a 
hospital  for  the  sailors  belonging  to  the 
Dutch  E.  India  ships  which  touch  here : 
it*  is  situate  clo'ie  to  the  Company's  gar- 
dens to  ^>  hich  t!ie  convulescents  liave  free 
access.  The  inhabitants,  though  stout  and 
athletic,  have  not  all  that  phlegm  about 
tliem  which  is  the  characteristic  of  the 
Dutch  in  general.  The  ladies  are  lively, 
g'lodnature!',  familinr,  and  gay.  The  in- 
habitants, in  generid,  travel  in  a  kind  of 
covered  wagons,  drawn  by  oxen,  which 
better  suit  the  roughness  of  the  country 
than  inor-  elegant  vehiclrs ;  but  stime  of 
the  principal  people  keep  coaches,  which 
are  drawn  by  hcses.  The  moiuitains  be- 
hind Cape  town  are.  the  Table  Mountain, 
which  is  the  highest;  the  Sugar-lof,  so 
named  from  its  form;  tiie  Lion's  head, 
Charles  Motm*^,  and  James  Mount,  or  the 
Lion's  RutTip.  From  these  mountains  des- 
renl  several  rivulets  which  flow  into  the 
d'ffer-nt  bays,  as  Table  Bay,  False  Bay, 
&c.  The  view  fom  thf  Table  nionntain 
is  very  extensive  ;  and  along  the  Vi  llpya 
and  rivulets,  imong  these  mountains,  are 
a  great  nunber  of  plantations. 

Cape  Breton,  very  irregular  island  in  the 
gulf  of  S;t.  La'-rence,  about  100  miles  in 
length,  and  forming  a  part  of  the  provi.  ce 
of  Lower  Canada,  separated  from  Nova 
Scotia  by  the  Strait,  or  gut  of  Canso.  The 
s'lores  of  th  s  island  is  remarkable  for  the 
antiquity,  and  abundance  ot  its  fisheries. 
The  interior  of  the  island  is  fer-ile,  and 
abounds  with  mineral  coal.  Population 
about  3000. 

Cape  Charles,  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  peninsula,  between  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  and  C'lesapeak  bay 

Cape  Cod,  remarkable  point  of  land  in 
Massachtisetts,  extending  in  form  of  a  long 
narrow  peninsula,  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  forms  a  part  of  Barnstable  county.  The 
extreme  NW  point  of  this  Cape,  is  at  Ion. 
W  C  6  48  E,  'at.  42  06  N. 

Cape  Cod  Bay,  between  Cape  Cod 
peninsulas,  and  Barnstable  and  Plymouth 
county,  in  Massachusetts. 

Cape  Fare^uell,  southern  extremity  of 
Greenland.  Lon.  W  C  33  E,  lat.  59  58  N. 
Cape  Fear,  southern  extremity  of  Smith's 
island,  at  the  mouih  of  Cape  Fear  river. 
North  Carolina.  Lon.  W  C  1  25  W,  lat. 
33  32  N. 

Cape  Fear  River,  the  most  considerable 
river  which  flows  entirely  in  North  Caroli- 
na. It  risrs  principally  in  Rockingham  and 
Guilford  counties  ;  whence  it  pursues  a 
SSE  course  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
159 


C  A  1' 


c  A  j: 


Cape  Henry,  opposite  Cape  Charles,  the 
point  to  the  8E,  off  the  mouth  of  Chesa- 
peak  bay. 

Cape  Hinlitpen,  in  Sussex  county,  Dela- 
ware, opposite  Cape  Mav,  from  which  it  is 
distant  NW  22  miles,  Lon.  W  C  1  57  E, 
lat.  38  44. 

Cape  Hops,  light  house  NW  point  of 
Martha's  vineyard. 

Capelle,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Picardy,  eight  miles  NE  of  Guise,  taken 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1636,  but  retaken  the 
year  after.     Lon  3  50  E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Cape  May,  point  of  land  in  the  state  of 
New  Jersey,  formed  by  the  Atlantic  0(-ean 
and  the  bay  "f  Delaware.  Lon  W  C  2  18 
E,  lat.  38  56  N. 

Cape  May  Court  House,  post  village  and 
seat  of  justice  in  Cape  May  county.  Now 
Jersey,  situated  a  few  miles  N  from  Cape 
May,  34  SE  of  Bridgetown,  and  74  from 
Philadelphia,  in  tlie  lat.  of  39  N  and  75  W. 
See  Midillelo-u>7i. 

Cape  Miiy,  county  of  New  Jersey,  the 
southern  extremity  of  that  s^ate  ;  bounded 
SE  by  the  At  antic  Ocean  ;  W  by  Delaware 
bay  ;  NW  by  Cuinberlaod  ;  and  by  Tuck;i- 
hoe,  and  Great  Egy  Harbor  rivers  NE  ; 
length  31  ;  m^an  width  10  ;  area  310  square- 
miles ;  surface  level;  soil  sandy.  Chief 
town,  Middletown. 

Population  in  1310. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .         1,803 

do.  do,  fen>aies  -  -  -  1,637 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t.ixed         -         -         -         -  111 

Slaves 81 


Total  population  in  1810     -         -        3,632 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,095 
do,   do.     females    -         -         -         1,957 

Total  whites       -         .         -         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males       .... 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820  -        4,265 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  21 

Engaged  in  Agricidture      -         -  377 

do.         in  Manufactures  -         -  &^ 

do.        in  Commerce       ■•         -  69 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14  nearly. 

Capestan,  town  of  France,  in  '.he  depart, 
ment  of  Aude  and  late  province  of  Lan^uc- 
doc,  near  the  river  Aude,  and  the  famous 
canal  of  Languedoc.     Lon.  3  ,8  E,  lat.  43 

Cabc   St,  Michael,  sei^iorv  of  f.-o\ver 
160 


Canada,  in  Surry  count}',  iiearly  opposite 
Quebec. 

Cape  Vincent,  village  of  Jefferson  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 

Caplwri- Springs,  post  village  Virginia,  in 
Frederick  county. 

Capitannta,  province  of  Naples ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  K 
by  Terra  di  Bari,  on  the  ■  S  by  Basilicata 
and  Principato  Ulteriore,  aiid  on  the  W  by 
."Molise  and  Abruzzo..  The  capital  is  Man- 
fredonia. 

Capitanata,  town  of  New  Granada,  60 
miles  from  Tunja. 

Capo  Fino,  a  barren  rock,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Genoa,  with  a  castle  on  its  eastern 
peak.  Near  it  is  a  small  harbour  of  the 
same  name,  13  miles  B^SE  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
8  56  E,  lat  44  20  N.' 

Capo  D'lstria,  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
Istria,  on  the  gulf  of  Triest,  whose  princi- 
pal revenue  consists  in  wine  and  salt.  It 
is  8  miles  S  of  Triest.  Lon.  14  6  E,  lat. 
45  49  N. 

Cupolica,  small  river  of  Mexico,  in  the 
intendancy  of  Oaxaca,  flows  into  the  gulf 
of  Tehuantepec.  Lon.  W  C  19  W,  lat. 
16  N. 

Caprala,  isle  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
to  the  NE  of  Corsica,  on  which  it  depends. 
It  has  a  sti'ong  castle,  and  is  15  miles  in 
circumfeience.     Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  43  5  N, 

Caprann,  nearly  coinciding  with  the  an- 
cient Coronaea  of  Bocstia,  now  Livadia  ;  it 
is  a  village  on  the  ancient  Cephisus. 

Capri,  island  of  Naples,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, pposite  Soretito,  famous  for  being 
tiie  rereat  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  A 
vast  quantity  of  quails  co.me  here  every 
year,  farming  the  principal  revenue  of  the 
bishop,  who  is  hence  called  tlse  Bishop  of 
Quails.  It  is  five  miles  in  length  and  two 
in  breadth. 

Capri,  capital  of  ati  island  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  stronjj  castle.  It  was  once  a 
delightful  place,  embellished  with  magni- 
ficent works,  which  were  demolished  after 
the  death  of  Tiberius.  Lon.  14  8  E,  lat. 
40  .11  N. 

'Captain  John's  Mills,  post  village  Mont- 
gomery county,  Marylmd. 

Captina,  creek  of  Ohio,  rising  in  the  SW 
angle  of  Belmont  county,  and  falling  into 
the  Ohio  river  opposite  Captina  island,  23 
miles  by  wat^r  below  Wheeling. 

Capita,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  dl  La- 
vora,  with  an  archbisiiop's  see.  It  is  two 
miles  from  tlic  ancient  Capua,  and  was 
built  out  of  its  ruins.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1707  ;  and  is  seaterl  i;n  the 
Volturno,  15  miles  N  of  Naples,  Lon.  14 
19  E,  lat.  4L  7  N. 

Caraccas,  province  of  South  America, 
in  the  republic  of  Columbia,  included  in 
the  W  part  of  the  province  of  Venezuela. 
It   is  bounded   on  the  N  by  the  gulf  of 


C  A  IL 


CAR 


Mexico,  on  llie  E  by  Cumaiia,  ruid  on  the 
S  by  New  Granada.  Tiie  coast  is  rocky 
and  mountainous,  interspersed  with  small 
fertile  valleys,  blessed  in  genei-al  witii  a 
clear  air  and  wholesome  climate.  The 
chief  town  is  Caracas. 

Caracas,  or  -%.  Jago  de  Leon,  capital 
of  Caracas.  It  is  situated  in  an  elevated 
valley  between  two  mountains,  2,900  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  much  sub- 
jected to  earthquakes,  one  of  which  oc- 
curred March  26tb,  1812,  which  reduced 
great  part  of  the  city  to  ruin,  and  the  popu- 
lation from  upwards  of  32,000,  to  less  than 
20,000  persons.  I.on.  W  C  10  14  E,  lat. 
10  34  N. 

Caramania,  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  the  S  part  of  Natolia.  Most  of  the  houses 
have  turrets  so  contrived  as  to  cool  tiie 
rooms  in  summer.     Stalalia  is  tlie  capital, 

Caramanta,  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
lying  on  both  sides  the  river  Cauca  ;  bound- 
ed on  tlie  N  by  the  district  of  Carthagena, 
on  the  E  by  New  Granada,  on  the  S  and  W 
by  Popayan  and  Pananna.  It  is  a  valley 
surrounded  by  high  mountains,  and  there 
are  rivulets  whence  the  natives  get  very 
good  sr.lt. 

Caramanta,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
that  name  in  Terra  Firma,  republic  of  Co- 
lumbia, seated  on  the  Cauca,  240  miles 
ISINE  of  Popayan.  Lon.  75  IS  W,  lat.  3 
18  N. 

Carangas,  small  province  of  Peru,  in  the 
Andes  to  t!te  E  oft'  Aiica,  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  Desaguadura. 

Cu  -anso,  incoi  siderable  island  in  the  E 
Ind  es,  near  Bombay,  It  affords  nothing 
but  somti  rice,  fowls  and  goats. 

Curar:',  town  ot  luscany,  in  the  princi- 
palit)  of  Massa,  betwf-en  Massa  and  Sar- 
zana,  five  mdes  from  each.  Near  tiiis  place 
are  quarries  of  marble  i>f  various  colours. 
Lo  >.  9  55  E,  lat.  44  5  N 

Carasii,  river  of  Nalolia,  which  rises  in 
(Jarimania,  crosses  part  of  Aluduia,  ^d 
falls  into  the  M.-diterranean. 

Carasu  JMeslro,  river  of  Romania,  which 
rises  in  inojint  Ilhodope,  and  falls  into 
the  Arcliipelago. 

C'vasui,  l^ke  in  Bulgaria,  said  to  be  55 
milfs  in  circumfcence,  and  to  contain 
several  islands.  It  is  formed  by  a  branch 
of 'he  Daii'.ibe,  not  far  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Black  Sea. 

Caravacca,  town  of  Spain',  among  the 
mountains  near  the  river  Segura,  in  Mur- 
cia.  It  is  50  miles  NW  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  38  5  N, 

CaraveUe,  cape  of  the  island  of  Martinico, 
on  the  NE  coast.  Lon.  W  C  16  04  E,  lat. 
14  55  N. 

Carcassone,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 

the  department  of  Aude  and  late  province 

of  Languedoc.     Here  are  manufactures  of 

all  sorts  of  cloth.    It  is  15  miles  W  of  Nar- 

X 


bonne,  antl  400  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  25  E, 
lat,  43  14  N. 

Cardiff,  borough  of  S  Wales  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a  maiket  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  large  and  well  built  town, 
and  has  a  castle,  a  wall,  and  four  gates.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Taafe,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  with 
Bristol.  Cardiff  is  12  miles  E  of  Cow- 
bridge,  and  164  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  12 
W,  lat  51  30  N. 

Cardigan,  county-town  of  Cardiganshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday ; 
situated  on  the  river  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a 
handsome  stone  bridge.  The  walls  and 
castle  are  gone  to  ruin.  It  is  governed  by 
a  mayor,  sends  one  member  to  parliament, 
and  is  33  miles  "NE  of  St.  David's  and  225 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  4  38  W,  lat.  52 
10  N. 

Cardigan  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cardigan- 
shire, at  the  moutii  of  the  Tyvy,  extending 
to  Barsey  island  in  Carnarvonshire.  It  is 
40  miles  from  one  cape  to  the  other,  and 
affords  secure  shelter  for  ships. 

Cardiganshire,  county  of  S  Wales,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Merionethshire  and  Mont- 
gomeryshire, on  the  E  by  Radnorshire  and 
Brecknockshire,  on  the  S  by  Carmarthen- 
shire, and  Pembrokeshire,  and  on  the  W 
by  Cardigan  Bay.  It  extends  42  miles  from 
N  to  S,  and  20  from  E  to  W  ;  and  is  divi- 
ded into  five  hundreds,  containing  six  mar- 
ket-towns, and  64  parislies,  extending  over 
500,000  acres.  It  lies  in  the  diocess  of  St. 
David's,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. The  air  is  milder  here  than  in  most 
parts  of  Wales.  To  the  S  and  W  are  plains 
fruitful  in  corn  ;  but  the  N  and  E  parts  are 
a  continued  r  dge  of  mountains,  liowever 
tliere  are  cattle  bred  in  all  parts  ;  but  they 
have  neitiier  wood  nor  coals  of  their  own 
for  fuel.  They  h?ve  fish  in  plenty  with 
fowls  b)th  tame  and  wild.  Near  the  rivers 
are  great  numbers  of  ottei-s  ;  and  in  the  val- 
leys  ave  several  lakes.  The  mountains 
abound  with  veins  of  lead  and  silver  ore  ; 
and  the  mines  have  been  worked  several 
times  to  great  advantage  :  Sir  Hugh  Mid- 
dleton  is  said  to  have  cleared  2000/.  ii 
month,  for  several  years  together,  which 
enabled  him  to  bring  the  New  River  water 
lo  London  ;  but  he  expanded  the  whole  on 
tliat  great  object.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Tyvy,  the  Rydal,  and  tlie  Istwith. 
Population  ISUl,  42,956;  in  1811,  50,260; 
and  in  1821,  5r,311. 

Cardona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
v\ith  a  castle.  Near  it  is  an  inexhaustible 
mountain  of  salt,  of  several  colours,  which, 
when  washed,  becomes  white ;  and  there 
are  vineyards,  which  produce  excellent 
wine.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
the  river  Cardenero,  30  m^les  NW  of  Bar- 
celona.    Lon.  1  30  E,  lat  41  36  N. 

Carelia,  eastern  part  of  Finland  It  be- 
161 


C  A  K 


0' A  R 


longed  formerly  to  Sweden,  but  now  to 
Russia.     See  Wibjirgh, 

Carentan,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Channel  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  an  ancient  castle,  eight 
miles  from  the  sea.  Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  49 
16  N. 

Cares,  or  Kareis,  town  of  F.uropean  Tur- 
key, in  Macedonia,  17  miles  SE  from  Sa- 
lonica. 

Carew,  village  of  Wales,  on  an  arm  of 
Milford-haven  ;  remarkable  for  its  ruins. 

Carfagnano.  See  Castel  JS'uovo  di  Car- 
Jagnaiio. 

Carhaix,  town  of  France,  in  the  depait- 
ment  of  Finisterre,  on  the  river  Yer,  19 
miles  S  of  Morlaix. 

Carham,  village  in  Northumberland,  five 
miles  E  of  Kelso.  Near  it  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  English  and  Danes,  in 
winch  11  bishops  and  two  English  counts 
were  slain,  beside  a  great  number  of  sol- 
diers. Here  likewise  was  a  battle  be- 
tween the  EngUsh  and  Scots,  in  1018,  in 
which  the  latter  were  victorious.  In  1370, 
sir  John  Liburne  was  defeated  near  this 
place,  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Scots. 

Carlaco,  gulf  of  South  America,  in  Cu- 
mana,  extending  between  the  continent 
anil  a  long  narrow  peninsula  terminated  by 
cape  Araya,  NW  17  miles  from  the  city  of 
Cumana. 

Cariaco,  small  river  falling  into  the  gulf 
of  the  same  name. 

Cariaco,  tfWn  of  Cumana,  at  the  head  of 
the  Cariaco  gulf. 

Cariati,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ci- 
teriore,  near  the  gulf  of  Taranto,  25  miles 
K  of  St.  Severino. 

Caribbean  Sea,  that  part  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  lying  between  Cuba,  St.  Domiii- 
£jo,  and  Porto  Rico  on  the  N,  and  the  re- 
public of  Columbia. 

Caribbe  Islands,  the  most  eastern  islands 
of  the  West  Indiis,  divided  into  Wind- 
ward and  Leeward  islands. 

Cariboenf,  island  in  lake  Superior  about 
100  miles  NW  from  the  falls  of  St.  Mary. 

Carical,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  where  the  French  had  a  settlement, 
which  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1760. 
It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  branch  ol  the 
Cavery,  eight  miles  S  of  Tranguebar. 

Carignun,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment or*  Ardennes.  It  was  formerly 
called  Ivoix,  and  belonged  to  Luxemburg  ; 
but  was  ceded  to  Louis  XIV.  who  chang- 
ed the  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Chiers, 
eight  miles  E3E  of  Sedan. 

Carigiian,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated 
on  the  river  Po,  12  miles  S  by  W  of  Turin. 

Cariman  Java,  cluster  of  islands  to  the 

north  of  Java,  at   the  principal   of  which 

ships  touch  for  refreshment,  in  their  vov- 

age  to  Borneo.  Lon.  110  13  K.  lat.  5  56  S, 

T62 


Cavinacoii,  chief  of  the  Granadilhi 
islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  16  miles  NNE 
of  Granada.  It  produces  much  cotton,  and 
bus  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  61  22  W,  lat. 
12  28  N. 

Carinola,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  seated  near  Mount  Massico,  25 
miles  NW  of  Naples. 

Carinthia,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria,  E  by  Stiria,  S  by  Carnio- 
la  and  Friuli,  and  W  by  Tyrol  and  Salz- 
burg. It  is  mountainous  and  woody,  bmt 
yields  good  pasturage,  and  abounds  in  ex- 
cellent iron  and  lead.  Clagenfurt  is  the 
capital. 

Canon  Crow,  creek  of  Louisiana,  form- 
ing part  of  the  limit  between  Opelousas 
and  Attacapas. 

Carisbrook  Castle,  ancient  castle,  near 
Newport,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  one  mile  S 
of  Newport,  remarkable  for  its  castle  and 
church,  which  are  both  very  ancient.  The 
church  had  once  a  conveni  of  monks  an- 
nexed, part  of  which  is  now  a  farm-house, 
still  retaining  the  name  of  the  priory. 
The  cajtle  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  was 
the  prison  of  Charles  I.  in  1647,  before  he 
was  delivered  to  the  parliament  forces. 
It  is  now  the  seat  of  tlie  governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  has  a  strong  garrison. 

Carisio,  or  Castel  Rosso,  episcopal  town 
of  Greece,  at  the  S  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Negropont.     Lon.  24  35  E.  lat.  38  4  N. 

Corlentini.     See  Lentini. 

Carlingford,  borough  and  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Lowth,  with  a  castle 
on  a  rock.  It  is  noted  for  excellent  oys- 
ters, and  seated  on  Carlingford  bay,  21 
miles  N  of  Drogheda.  Lon.  6  0  W.  lat. 
54  UN. 

Carlinxuark,  village  of  Scotland,  at  the 
N  corner  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  seven  miles 
NE  of  Kirkcudbright,  with  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cotton. 

Carlisle,  city  and  the  capital  of  Cumber- 
land, v.'ith  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturd;iy.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
contains  about  12,000  inhabitants.  Car- 
lisle has  co'siderable  manufactures  of 
coarse  linens,  cottons,  calicoes,  muslins, 
whips,  and  fish-hooks.  In  1645  it  surren- 
dered, through  famine,  to  the  parliamenta- 
ry forces,  .-ifter  a  blockade  of  eight  months. 
It  was  taken  by  the  rebels  in  1745,  but  re- 
taken by  tlve  duke  of  Cumberland.  It  is 
60  miles  S  of  Edinburgh,  and  301  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  2  53  W.  lat.  54  46  N. 

Carlisle,  township  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  672, 
and  in  1820,  681. 

Carlisle,  post  village  and  township  in 
Schoharie  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  1820,1583. 

Carlisle,  post  town  and  capital  of  Cumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  south  side 
of  Conedogw  innetcreek,  1 18  miles  W  by  ^' 


tC  A  K 


C  A  Ji  . 


from  Harrisburg',  37  N  by  W  of  York,  about 
NW  from  Lancaster,  and  118  from  Phila- 
delphia. The  county  was  divided  from 
Lancaster,  and  Carlisle  made  tlie  principal 
seat  of  justice  of  Cumberland  county,  Jan- 
uary, 1749-50.  The  town  is  pleasantly 
situated,  and  the  houses  are  built  princi- 
pally with  bricks  and  limestone,  plain  and 
commodious.  The  streets  are  laid  out  in 
straight  li:ies,  and  of  a  convenient  wid.h. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  seminary  of  learnmg-, 
called  Dickinson  c  }Ileje,  founded  in  1783, 
which  after  languishing  many  years,  has 
been  revived  by  the  exertions  of  individuals, 
and  by  a  liberal  grant  from  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania.     See  Dickinson  College. 

Carlisle,  post  town,  borough,  and  town- 
ship in  Cumberland  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Popul  tion  in  1810.  2491,  and  in  1820,  2908. 
Carlisle,  posit  village,  of  Kentucky  Bour- 
bon county. 

Carlisle,  post  village  of  Nicholas  county, 
Kentucky. 

Carloiv,  or  Catherloug-h,  county  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  province  of  Leinster,  28  miles 
in  length,  and  eight  in  breadth  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  VVicklov/  and  Wexford,  on 
the  W  by  Queen's  county  and  Kilkenny, 
and  on  the  N  by  Kildare. 

CarloiB,  or  Catlierlo ugh, town  of  Ireland, 
in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Barrow,  16  miles  NE  of  Kilkenny.  Lon, 
7  14  W.  lat,  52  48  N. 

CarloTvitz,  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  38  miles  NW  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  20  5  E.  lat.  44  45  N. 

Carlscrona,  or  Carlscroon,  se'iport  of 
Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Blekingen.  It 
derives  its  origin  and  name  From  Charles 
XL  who  first  laid  the  foundations  of  a  new 
town  in  1680,  and  removed  the  fleet  from 
Stockholm  to  this  place  on  account  of  its 
advantageous  situation  in  the  centre  of  the 
Swedish  seas.  The  town  contains  about 
11,000  inhabitants  ;  and  the  suburbs  are 
fortified,  toward  the  land  by  a  stone  wall. 
Formerly  vessels  in  this  port,  when  careeit- 
ed  and  repaired,  were  laid  upon  their  sides 
in  the  open  harbour;  until  a  dock  was 
hollowed  in  the  solid  rock,  in  1724,  capa- 
ble of  receiving  a  first  late  man  of  war. 
A  project  for  constructing  30  covered 
d'lcks,  anil  other  improvements,  was  begun 
in  1759  :  but  tliey  have  proceeded  slowly. 
One  dock  was  finished  in  1779,  and  gives 
an  idea  of  the  expense  and  greatness  of  tlie 
plan ;  the  bottom  ar.d  sides  are  of  hewn 
granite  ;  rows  of  granite  pillars  support  the 
roof,  and  be.ir  leather  the  appearance  of  a 
colonade  to  a  temple  than  a  receptacle  for 
ships.  Carlscrona  is  220  miles  SW  of 
Stockholm.     L  n.  15  26  E.  lat.  56  20  N. 

Carlstadt,  capital  of  Croatia,  on  the  river 
Kulp,  140  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  21 
E.  lat.  56  2  N. 

Cofhtacltfiown  of  Sweden,  in  Werme- 


land,  on  the  island  of  Tingwalla,  wliich  is 
formed  by  two  branches  of  the  Clara  Kibe, 
It  is  a  bishop's  see.  The  town  contains 
1500  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a  trade  in 
iron  and  wood  across  lake  Wenner.  It  i* 
133  miles  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  13  43 
E.  lat,  59  16  N. 

Carlstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  the  Maine, 
16  miles  N  of  Wurlzburg.  Lon.  9  12  E. 
lat.  49  56  N. 

Carmagniola,  tv^Wn^  town  of  Piedmon*, 
wit!)  a  strong  citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1691,  but  retaken  by  prince  Eu- 
gene the  same  year.  It  is  seated  on  a 
small  river,  which  runs  into  the  Po,  14 
miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  45  E.  lat  44  51 
N. 

Carmel,  a  mountain  in  Palestine,  noted 
for  having  been  the  retreat  of  the  prophet 
Elias,  and  for  a  monastery  of  Carmelites. 
It  is  50  miles  N  of  Jerusalem, 

Carmd,  post  town  and  township  in  Pe- 
nobscot countv,  Mame.  Population  in 
1820,  153. 

Carmel,  post  town  and  township  in  Put- 
nam county,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  2,247. 

Caniii,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 
White  cour.ty,  Illinois,  on  the  Little  Wa- 
bash, 20  miles  above  its  mouth,  42  N  from 
Shawneetown. 

Carnarvon.     See  Caernarvon. 
Carnarvon,  township  in  the  SE  part  of 
Berks  coimty,   Pennsylvania.     Population 
in  1810,  723,  and  in  1820,  829. 

Carnarvon,  township  in  the  NE  part  of 
Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  i,084,  and  in  1820,  1,412. 
Carnatic,  country  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  extending  from  the  Guntoor 
clrcar,  along  the  whole  coast  of  Coromsn- 
del,  10  Cape  Cormorin  ;  including  its  ap- 
pendages, which  are  Tanjorc,  Maravar, 
Trichinopoly,  Madura,  and  Tinevelley.  It 
is  570  miles  from  N  to  S,  but  no  where 
more  than  120  wide,  and  commonly  no 
more  than  75.  The  annual  revenue  of  the 
nabob  of  Arcot,  its  sovereign,  is  stated  at 
about  1,500,000/  out  of  which  he  pays  a 
subsidy  of  160,000/.  to  the  English  East 
India  company  toward  the  expense  of  their 
military  establlsh.ment.  The  British-  pos- 
sessions in  the  Carnatic  are  confined  chiefly 
to  the  tract  called  the  .Taghire,  whose  an- 
nual revenue  is  150,000/.  There  is,  be- 
sides, a  land  revenue  dejjendent  on  Ma- 
dras, of  725,000/.  The  Carnatic  is  rich, 
fertile,  and  populous  ;  and  contains  an  in- 
credible number  of  fortresses  ;  public  mo- 
numents too,  tlie  unequivocal  marks  of  ci- 
vilization and  opulence,  are  more  common 
here  than  in  the  northern  parts  of  India. 
In  1787,  the  East  India  company  took  the 
Avhcile  administration  of  the  Carnfitjc,  anrl 
163 


A   I.' 


C  A  K 


tlie  collection  of  the  nabob's  revenues,  into 
their  own  hands.     Arcot  is  the  capital. 

Carnesrilk,  county  town  of  Frankin 
county,  Georgia,  about  60  miles  N\V  of 
Columbia. 

Carniola,  a  province  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Carinthia  and  Stiria,  on  the  E  by  Sclavonia 
and  Crotia,  on  the  S  by  Morlachia  and  Is- 
tria,  and  on  the  W  by  Fiiuli.  It  is  full  of 
rocks  and  mountains,  some  of  which  are 
cultivated,  others  naked  and  barren,  and 
others  continually  buried  in  snow.  Lau- 
bach  is  the  capital. 

Carolina,  ^Xortli,  one  of  the  United  Sta'es 
of  North  America  i  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Virginia ;  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic  ;  on  the 
S  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  on 
theW  by  Tennessee.  It  is  460  miles  long, 
and  110  broad  ;  divided  into  eight  districts 
and  62  counties.  This  coun'ry  is  seated 
between  t'.ie  extremities  of  heat  and  cold  ; 
the  heat  being  more  troublesome  in  sum- 
mer, than  the  cold  in  winter.  The  air  is 
generally  serene  and  clear  the  greater  part 
of  the  year,  but  in  February  the  inhabitants 
have  a  custom  of  burning  the  woods,  which 
causes  such  a  smoke  as  would  seem  to  pro- 
ceed from  a  thickness  in  the  air.  Beside 
the  vegetable  products  common  to  Ame- 
rica, there  are  ground  peas  which  run  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  are  covered 
by  hand  with  a  hglit  mould,  and  the  pods 
grow  under  ground  ;  they  are  eaten  raw  or 
roasted,  and  taste  much  like  a  hazle  nut. 
Cotton  also  is  universally  cultivated  here. 
The  most  remarkable  of  tlieir  trees  is  the 
pitch  pine,  which  affords  pitch,  tar,  turpen- 
tine, and  various  kinds  of  lumber.  Among 
their  medicinal  herbs  and  roots,  this  coun- 
try abounds  with  the  ginseng,  Virginia  and 
Seneca  snake-root,  and  lion's-heart,  a  sove- 
reign remedy  for  the  bite  of  a  serpent. 
The  indigo  is,  however,  inferior  to  what 
comes  from  the  Caribbee  Islands.  The 
inhabitants  of  this  state  were  estimated,  in 
1790,  at  210,000  whites,  and  60,000  ne- 
groes.    Newbern  is  the  capital. 

North  Carohna  is  now  (1822)  divided 
into  the  following  counties,  which,  in  1820, 
contained  the  relative  population  annexed 
to  each  respectively. 

Anson 


Ash 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Beaufort   - 

Bladen 

Bertie 

Brunswick 

Camden     - 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Carteret    - 

Columbus 

Chatham    • 


164 


14,534 
4,335 

10,542 

13,411 
9,850 
7,27& 

10,805 
5,480 
6,347 

14,446 
8,098 
5,609 
3,912 

12,661 


Chowan     - 

Craven 

Cabarras 

Caswell 

Uuplin 

Edgecomb 

Franklin 

Guilford 

Granville 

Gates 

Green 

Hyde 

Halifax 

Hertford    - 

Havwood 

Iredell 

Jones 

Johnson 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Mecklenburg    - 

M.^rtin 

Moore 

Montgomery     - 

Northampton    - 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pitt 

Pasquotank 

Person 

Perquimai5s 

Rutherford 

Rockingham 

Richmond 

Randolph 

Robeson 

Rowan 

Surry 

Stokes 

Sampson 

Tyrrel 

Wilkes      - 

Wake 

Washington 

AVarren 

Wayne 


6,464 

13,394 

7,241 

13,253 

9,741 

13,276 

9,741 

14.511 

18,222 

6,837 

4,53.3 

4,967 

17,237 

7,712 

4,073 

13,071 

5,216 

9.607 

6,799 

18,147 

16,895 

6,320 

7,12S 

8,693 

13,242 

8,185 

10,866 

7,016 

23,492 

10,001 

8,008 

9,029 

6,857 

13,351 

11,474 

7,637 

11,331 

8,204 

26,009 

12,320 

14,033 

8,908 

4,319 

9,967 

20,102 

3,986 

11,158 

9,040 

638,829 


The  population  of  North  Carolina  is 
composed  of  the  following  elements — 
whites,  419,200 ;  free  coloured  persons, 
14,612 ;  and  slaves,  205,017.  Area  of  the 
state,  48,000  square  miles.  Population  to 
the  square  mile,  13,  in  1820.  Lying  be- 
tween lat.  33  50,  and  36  30  N. 

North  Carolina,  is  natur.ally  divided  into 
three  sections ;  sea  sand  alluvian ;  the 
hilly  region  above  the  falls  of  the  rivers; 
and  the  mountainous  section.  Through 
the  sea  sand  border,  the  rivers  find  tlieir 
way  to  the  sea,  over  extensive  flats  and 
bars,  rendering  the  coast  of  this  state  the 
least  favourable  to  navigation  of  any  of  the 


C  A  11 


O  A  It 


maritime  states  of  the  United  States. 
Cape  Fear  river,  with  18  feet  water  over 
its  bur,  is  the  best  entrance  into  the  inte- 
rior of  North  Carolina.  Extensive  canal 
improvements  have  been  projected,  and 
partially  executed  ;  but  hith.  rto,  the  trade 
of  the  northern  waters  of  North  Carolina 
has  centred  in  Virgniia  ;  w  hilst  that  of  tlie 
interior  of  the  state  has  generally  foujid  its 
discharge  at  Chai-leston  in  South  Carolna. 
Laudable  efforts  are  makiiig,  to  open  an 
easy  amd  direct  communication  with  the 
Ocean,  which  the  advance  of  wealth  and 
popula'ion,  will  no  doubt  ultimately  effect. 

The  interests  of  education,  formerly 
much  neglected,  is  at  present  fostered  in 
this  state.  Besidt  s  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  there  are  upwards  of  50  Acade- 
mies in  operation.  The  government  of  the 
state,  is  essentially  similar  to  the  other 
states  of  our  confederacy,  consisting  of  a 
senate  and  house  of  commons,  annually 
chosen.  The  governor  is  rather  tiie  crea- 
ture of  the  legislature  than  the  people, 
being  chosen  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses. 
The  staples  of  tV.is  state,  are  some  grain, 
and  flour,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  lumber, 
and  tobacco.  Raleigh  is  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment. 

Carolina  South,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  N.  America ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
Atlantic,  on  the  N  by  North  Carolina,  and 
on  the  S  and  SW  by  the  river  Savannah, 
which  divides  it  from  Georgia ;  its  western 
boundary  has  not  yet  been  accurately  ascer- 
tained. It  is  200  miles  long,  and  125 
broad ;  divided  into  29  counties.  Beside 
Indian  corn,  wheat,  &c.  for  home  con- 
sumption, large  quanti'ies  of  tobacco,  and 
some  indigo  tmd  wheat,  are  raised  for  ex- 
portation. Their  rivers  are  large,  and 
abound  with  delicate  fish  ;  besides  water 
fowl  of  different  kinds. 

South  Carolina,  agreeable  to  the  census 
of  1810,  contains  the  following  districts, 
■with  the  annexed  population. 

City  of  Charleston  -        24,780 

The  parishes  of  St.  Andrews, 
St.  .lohns,  Colleton,  and  St. 
Philip  -        -        -        33,130 

St.  Thomas,  St  Dennis,  St, 
Stephen,  Christ's  church, 
St.  James,  Santee,  St.  Johns,     * 


and  Berkley 

22,302 

Chester  district 

14,189 

Laurens 

17,682 

Marlborough  - 

6,425 

Union      .        _        - 

14,126 

Pendleton 

27,022 

Newbern 

16,104 

Maj'ion 

10,201 

Lexington 

8,083 

Williamsburgh 

-       .    8,716 

Lancaster 

8,716 

Darlington 

10,949 

Edgefield 

25,119 

Georgetown    - 

17,603 

Chesterfield    - 

6,645 

Horry      -        -        - 

5,025 

Barnwell 

14,750 

Abbeville 

23,167 

Greenville 

14,530 

Orangeburgh 

15.653 

Sumpter 

25,369 

Beaufort 

32,194 

York       - 

14,936 

Richland 

12,321 

Colleton 

24,404 

Spartanburg    - 

16  989 

Fairfield 

17,174 

490,309 

Of  this  mass.  231,812  are  Avhites ; 
251,783  slaves  ;  and  6,714  free  people  of 
colour.  Area  of  the  state  24,000  square 
miles.  Population  to  the  square  mile, 
20,  in  1820.  Lying  between  lat.  32  0  and 
35  8  N. 

South  Carolina,  like  North  Carolina, 
is  naturally  divided  into  three  sections, 
those  of  the  sea  sand  alluvion  ;  hilly 
above  the  river  falls,  and  mountainous. 
The  former  extends  fi  oni  the  coast  about 
100  miles,  and  is  int.  rsected  by  a  num- 
ber of  rivers,  winding  in  slugi^ish  chan- 
nels towards  the  sea  coast.  None  of  the 
rivers  in  this  state,  are  navigabie  to  any 
considerable  distance  inland.  The  San- 
tee, is  united  to  the  harbour  of  Charles- 
ton, by  a  canal  22  miles  in  length  This 
artificial  channel,  opens  to  Charkston  the 
commerce  of  the  interior  of  both  North 
and  South  Carolina.  The  ridge  of  hills, 
give  rise  to  the  appropriate  distinction 
of  lower  and  upper  country,  difTering 
from  each  other  in  every  essential  re- 
spect. The  lower  country,  with  a  soil 
flat  and  sandy,  covered  with  pine,  is  in 
general  sterile,  interspersed  with  marsh- 
es, and  in  summer  and  autumn,  more  or 
less  unhealthy.  The  hilly  region,  is 
ushered  in  advancing  from  the  sea  coast 
by  the  sand  hills,  or  hillocks,  which  ex- 
tend for  20  or  30  miles,  and  gradually 
merge  into  other  and  more  elevated  lulls, 
which  lead  into  a  finely  diversified,  fer- 
tile, well  watered,  and  healthy  country. 
This  latter  region,  is  terminated  by  the 
mountains,  which  are  confined  to  the 
extreme  NW  angle  of  the  state.  On 
the  lower  or  sandy  tract,  the  banks  of 
the  streams  are  in  many  places  compo- 
sed of  excellent  soil,  upon  which  rice  and 
cotton  are  extensively  cultivated.  The 
middle,  or  sand  hill  zone,  partakes  of 
the  gt-neral  character  of  the  sea  sand 
alluvion,  with  the  exceptions  noted,  both 
have  an  arid  and  barren  aspect.  The 
soil  of  the  upper  country  is  most  produc- 
165 


CAR 


CAR 


live ;  cotton  is  there  also  the  common 
staple. 

bchools  are  numerous  in  South  Caro- 
lina ;  and  at  Columbia.  Beaufort,  Abber- 
ville,  and  Williamburgh,  colleges  have 
been  erected.  Collegiate  establish- 
ments have,  however,  in  most  cases 
languished  in  the  southern  sections  of 
the  United  States.  Thirty  thousand 
dollars  have  been  appropriated  in  South 
Carolina,  by  legislature  benefaction  to 
support  free  schools. 

The  government  of  South  ('arolina,  is 
vested  in  a  governor,  senate,  and  house 
of  representatives  ;  the  senate  quadren- 
nially, and  the  I'epresentatives  biennially 
elected.  The  governor  chosen  by  joint 
ballot  of  both  houses. 

In  proportion  to  extent  of  surface, 
South  Carolina  is  a  very  productive  state. 
In  1818,  its  exports  placed  it  in  the  third 
rank  of  agricultural  value.  The  princi- 
pal staples  are,  cotton,  rice,  lumber, 
pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  maize,  and  other 
minor  articles.  Charleston,  is  the  most 
extensive  seaport  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  Atlantic  border,  south  of  Balti- 
more. Columbia  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. 

Caroline,  post  village  of  Tioga  county, 
New  York. 

Caroline,  township  in  Tioga  county, 
including  the  foregoing  village.  New 
York.     Population  in  1820.  1608. 

Caroline,  county  of  Maryland,  between 
the  W  boundary  of  Delaw  ,re,  and  Tucka- 
hoe  river,  bounded  E  by  Delaware  ;  S  by 
Dorchester  county  W  ;  by  Talbot ;  and 
NVV  by  Queen  Anne  ;  length  30 ;  mean 
M^idth  8 ;  area  240  square  miles ;  surface 
level,  and  soil  sandy.     Chief  town,  Denton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       3,539 

do  do.  females  -  .  -  3,393 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •  .  -  .  1,001 
Slaves 1,520 


Engaged  in  Manufactures    -        -  272 

do.       in  Commerce  -        -  97 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

CaroUne,  county  of  Virginia,  between 
the  Rappahannock,  and  North  Anna  ri- 
vers; bounded  SE  by  Essex,  King  and 
Queen,  and  King  William ;  SW  by  Hano- 
ver or  North  Anna  river;  NW  by  Spot- 
sylvania ;  and  NE  by  Rappahannock  river  ; 
length  30 ;  mean  widtli  20 ;  area  600 
square  miles ;  surface  hilly ;  and  soil  ge- 
nerally composed  of  sand  or  clay,  varying 
very  greatly  in  quality.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief  town  or  rather 
seat  of  justice,  Bowling-green. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -       3,159 

do.      do.     females  -         -        3,293 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 328 

Slaves         .        .        -        .        _       10,764 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females     - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males 
do.     females    .        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820.    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Engaged  in  Agricult-.tre 
166 


9,453 


3,645 
3,499 


10,108 


7 
2,057 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popfilation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females     - 


17,544 


3,145 
3,352 


Total  whites 

. 

6,497 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

,  males 

227 

do.            do. 

females  - 

259 

Slaves,  males 

- 

5,413 

do.    females 

. 

5,586 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not 

taxed 

- 

26 

Total  population  in  1820  -       18,008 

Of  these ; 
Fo.'-eigners  not  naturalized  -  none 

Eng'aged  in  Agriculture     -         -         4,624 
do.        in  Manufactures  -  286 

do.        in  Commerce        -  31 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Carondelet,  or  Vider  Poche,  post  village 
of  Missouri,  in  St.  Louis  county,  six  miles 
below  St.  Louis  and  opposite  Cahokla. 

Carondelet,  Canal  of,  a;  New  Orleans,  ex- 
tends from  the  bayou  St.  John,  two  miles 
to  a  basin  in  the  rear  of  the  city.  Vessels 
drawing  five  feet  water  enter  the  basin. 
By  tills  channel,  water  communication  is 
open- from  New  Orleans  into  lake  Port- 
ch  rtain. 

Caronitchico,  or  Pava^tia,  river  of  Co- 
lumbia in  South  America,  rises  at  N  iat.  4 
and  flowing  nearly  north  f*lls  mto  the  right 
side  of  the  Orinoco,  at  N.  Iat.  8  30  after 
a  comparative  course  of  upwards  of  three 
hundred  miles.  Its  mouth  is  about  100 
miles  be  ow  Angostura,  or  St.  Tome. 

Carora,  city  of  Columbia,  in  Venezuela, 
H-O  miles  W  from  Valentia  ;  and  70  miles 
SW  fi  om  Coro. 

Carpathian  or  Krapasc  Jilountains,  moun- 
tains which   separate  Hungary  and  Tran- 


(•  A  n 


C   A  K 


sylvania  from  Poland,  and  Transylvania 
from  Wallachia,  and  Moldavia. 

Carpenters- Point,  post  village,  of  Orange 
county,  New  York. 

Carpentras,  episcopal  town  of  France,  in 
the  late  province  of  Pr'veiice,  and  capital 
of  Venaissin.  Before  the  French  revolu- 
tion, it  was  subject  to  the  pope.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Anson,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  14  miles  NE  of  Avignon.  Lon. 
5  6  E.  lat.  44  8  N. 

Carpi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese, 
with  a  castle,  ei'xht  miles  N  of  Modena. 
Lon.  11   16  E.  lat.  44  41  N. 

Carpi,  town  of  Italy  in  the  Veronese, 
sealed  on  the  Adige,  24  miles  SE  of  Ve- 
rona.    Lon.  11  39  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Carribean.    S  e  Caribbean  Sea. 

Carrick  on  Sure,  towti  of  Ireland,  in 
Tipperary,  14  miles  N\V  of  Waterford. 
Lon.  7  10  W.  lat.  52  24  N. 

Carrickfergiis,  populous  borough  and 
seaport  of  Ireland,  in  Anrim,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  on  a  bay  in  the  Irish 
Channel,  of  the  same  name,  85  miles  N  of 
Dublin.     Lon.  5  46  W,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Carron,  river  of  Siir'.int^shire,  which 
rises  on  the  S  side  of  the  Cliamtjsey  H  lis, 
and  flows  into  he  Frith  of  Forth,  bi  low 
Falkirk.  Its  stream  is  small  and  scarcely 
deserves  the  notice  of  the  traveller ;  yet 
there  are  few  rivers  which  have  been  the 
scene  of  so  many  memorable  transactions. 
When  the  Roman  empire  was  in  its  glory, 
the  banks  of  Cairon  were  its  boundaries 
on  the  NW,  and  Antonius'  w-ill,  which  v.'as 
raised  to  mark  the  limits  of  that  vast  em- 
pire, ran  parallel  to  this  river  for  several 
miles.  Two  miles  from  its  source,  it  forms 
afine  cascade,  called  the  Fall  ot  Anchinlilly. 

Carron,  village  in  Sterlingshire,  Scot- 
land, remarkable  for  its  extensive  foundry, 
belonging  to  the  Carron  Company,  on  the 
river  Carron,  one  mile  from  Falkirk,  con- 
sisting of  the  greatest  iron  works  in  Eu- 
rope. All  sorts  of  iron  goods  are  made  in 
it,  from  the  most  iriflmg  :  r'icle  to  a  cannon 
that  discharges  a  ball  •*'  42  pounds.  Th  . 
short  piece  of  ordnance  c  Ud  a  carronade, 
was  first  made  here,  and  ience  received  its 
name-  These  works  were  erected  in 
1761 ;  before  which  time  there  was  not  a 
single  house  on  the  spot.  At  pr.  sent  the 
buildings  are  of  vast  extent,  an  1  the  ma- 
chinery, constructed  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  is 
the  first  in  Britain,  both  in  elegance  and 
correctness  ;  6500  tons  of  iron  are  smelted 
annually  from  the  miiieral  widi  pit-coa!, 
and  cast  into  cannon,  cylinders,  &c.  in  one 
place,  where  coal  is  converted  into  coak, 
by  dischargmg  it  of  its  sulphur,  and  the 
fire  spreads  of  course  over  a  large  surt:  ce, 
the  volumes  of  smoke,  the  spiry  fl:m,es, 
and  the  suffocating  heat  of  the  glimmer- 
ing air,  are  wonderfully  affecting ;  and  at 
night,   its    glare    is   inconceivably   grand. 


How  ^ast  the  fire  is  wc  may  conceive, 
when  we  are  told  that  it  often  burns  100 
tons  of  coal  in  a  day.  The  fite  of  the  fur- 
nace thus  roused  becomes  a  glowing  spot, 
which  tlie  eye  can  no  more  look  at  than  at 
the  sun.  Under  such  intense  heat  the 
rugged  stone  instantly  dissolves  in  streams 
of  liquid  iron. 

Carri]i7ig  river,  sometimes  called  Port- 
age  river,-  river  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
S\V  piirt  of  lake  Erie. 

Cartago,  city  and  capital  of  Costa  Rica, 
in  Guaiimaia,  on  the  Cartago  river,  60 
miles  above  its  mouth  into  the  gulf  of  Ni- 
coya ;  and  100  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
St.  Juano  river.  Lon.  W  C  5  40  W.  lat.  9 
50  N. 

Cartago,  small  river  of  Costa  Rica,  flows 
into  the  gulf  of  Nicoya. 

Cartago,  city  of  South  America,  near  the 
Magdalena  river,  200  miles  NE  by  N  from 
Popayan,  and  100  W  from  Santa  Fe  de 
Bogota.     Lon.  1  0  E.  lat.  4  40  N. 

Cart,  name  of  two  rivers  in  Renfrew- 
shire, distinguished  by  the  appellations  of 
Black  and  White. 

Cartama,  town  of  Spain  in  Granada,  at 
the  foot  oi  a  mountain  near  the  river  Gua- 
da!a  Medma,  eight  milts  NW  of  Malaga. 
Lon.  4  43  \^ .  lat.  o6  40  N. 

Cartama",  river  of  Columbia,  in  New 
Grenada  in  the  province  of  Autioquia, 
flows  into  the  Cauca. 

Carter,  county  of  Tennessee,  on  the 
sources  of  the  Watanga  branch  of  Holstou 
river;  bound,  d  by  North  Carolina  E  and 
SE ;  by  Washington  county  SW ;  and  by 
Sudiv^n  NW.  It  is  in  form  of  a  triaiiglcj 
each  side  34  miles ;  area  560  square 
miles ;  surface  hilly  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous ;  soil  in  general  rather  sterile  :  though 
with  some  exceptions  of  excellent  land. 
Staples,  gruin,  fiour,  &c.  Chief  to\^n,  Eli- 
zabethtovvn. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males         ...         1,939 
do.     do.     females      ...        1,969 
All  other  persons  except  Indiar.s  not 

taxed  .....  none 
Slaves 262 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        .        - 
do.  do.   females 

Total  whites       .        .        -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .        .         -        . 

do.    females  -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

167 


4,190 


2,306 
2,178 

4,484 


4 
177 
168 

4,835 


C  A  14 


C  A  R 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  980 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -''  311 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  none 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Carteret,  county  in  North  Carolina, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  and  SE; 
Onslow  VV  ;  Craven  N  ;  and  Pamlico  Sound 
NE ;  length  60 ;  mean  width  10 ;  area 
600  square  miles ;  soil  sandy,  and  in  ge- 
neral sterile ;  and  surface  flat,  and  in  part 
marshy.    Chief  town,  Beaufort. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1 ,778 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,757 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ...        -  106 

Slaves 1,172 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -       4,823 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...       2,056 
do.  do.  females         -         -         -       2,115 

Total  whites                 -        -        -  4,171 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  62 

do.              do.        females  -  47 

Slaves,  males       .        -         .         -  655 

do.    females    ....  674 

•  Total  population  ih  1820  •  5,609 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        .  3 

Enijaged  in  Agriculture  -  664 

do.        in  Manufictures  -  167 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  275 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Carter'' s-store,  post  office  Virginia  in  Ha- 
lifax county. 

Carte^sviUe,  post  town  oi'  '\'!tL;inia  in 
(>umbe  land  otintv,  or  Jam-is  iliver  50 
mde-  above  Kic'iip  nd. 

Carteret  Islaml,  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  seen  b\  capuiii!  Cirteret  in 
1"^57.  It  :s  sx  leagues  iongirom  E  to  W. 
Lon.  159  14  E.  iat.  8  26  S. 

Carthage,  f'.inow^  city  -f  aj^t^quity  in  Af- 
rica, wiiiuh  for  m;inv  years  d  sputeJ  the 
enr.pire  of  tiie^worid  wi'h  licne,  but  vas  at 
length  de-troyed  by  the  Rom  ns.  Some  of 
the  ruir,5  are  to  be  sesn  on  the  coast  of  <  'le 
Mediterranean,  10  miles  NE  of  Tunis, 
near  a  promontory  called  Cape  Carthage. 
Lon.  10  25  E.  lau  36  50  N. 

Carthage,  town  of  New  Spain,  in  Costa 
Rica,  with  a  bishop's  see,  360  mile.  WNW 
of  Panama,     Lon.  85  45  W.  Iat.  10  15  S. 

Carth.'ige,  post  tovi  n  of  Jefierson  county. 
New  York. 

Carthage,  post  town  of  New  York,  in 
Monroe  county,  at  the  lower  falls  of  Ge. 
nessee  river,  about  30  miles  NW  from  Ca- 
nandaigua, 

J  68 


Carthage,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Smith  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  N  side 
of  Cumberland  river,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Caney  Fork  river,  about  60  miles  above 
Nashville. 

Carthage,  township  in  Athens  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  312. 

Carthage,  village  of  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  seven  miles  from  Cincinnati. 

Carthage,  or  J\1oore  Court  Jfouse,  post 
town,  and  the  principal  seat  of  justice  of 
Moore  county.  North  Carolina,  about  40 
miles  from  Fayetteville,  and  390  from 
Washington. 

Carthagena,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Murcia, 
built  by  Asdrubal,  a  Carthaginian  general, 
and  named  after  the  city  of  Carthage.  It 
has  the  best  harbour  in  Spain,  but  nothing 
else  very  considerable.  It  was  taken  by 
Sir  John  Leake  in  1706,  but  the  duke  of 
Berwick  retook  it.  It  is  seated  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  27  miles  S  of  Murcia. 
Lon.  0  8  W,  Iat.  37  37  N. 

Carthagena,  a  province  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Columbia,  bounded  on  the  W  by 
the  isthmus  of  Darien  ;  on  the  NW  and  N 
b}'  the  Carribbean  Sea ;  on  the  E  by  Santa 
Mar'ha;  and  on  the  S  by  Antioquia.  Po- 
pulation, whites,  70.000  ;  civilized  Indians, 
15,000  ;  and  about  8,000  black  slaves. 

Carthagena,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Carthagena,  in  Columbia,  one  of  the  most 
populous,  opulent,  and  beautiful  cities  in 
South  America.  Its  Iiarbour  is  one  of 
the  safest  and  best  fortified  in  tiie  re- 
public of  Columbia.  This  was  not  the 
only  circumstance  to  whicii  Carlhaiiena 
owed  Its  splendour  and  importance  ;  it  was 
chosen  as.  the  po  t  in  wh.icli  the  galleons 
s!mu  d  fir.st  begin  to  trade,  on  their  arrival 
from  Europe,  and  lo  which  thcj-^gft'cre  di- 
rerted  to  selvn-n,  m  order  to  ju-epare  tor 
their  voyage  hoi.iev  ard.  The  lort.ficati.ms 
both  of  t'e  cii_-  ai-d  aubarb^  are  built  after 
he  modern  manner  and  lii'ed  with  free 
stoDf.  The  streets  are  broad,  uniform, 
anfl  well  pavf-d.  All  tite  houses  are  built 
of  s:!<ne  or  brick,  only  ore  stoiy  high,  neat, 
a  d  famished  with  balconies  of  wood, 
whicii  is  xnov'  d;;rable  in  wiat  climate  than 
iron,  the  latter  being  soi^n  com  tied  by  the 
acrimonious  qua! ;ty  of 'he  atmospheie.  It 
was  taken  by  the  F,r.,vhsh  in  1585,  and  by 
the  French  in  1697.  who  found  a  t;reat 
booty :  but  admiral  A'ernon,  in  1741,  though 
he  had  taken  the  castles,  was  ob  iged  to 
abandon  the  fciege  Lon.  W  CO  50  E,  Iat. 
10  24  N. 

Carimcl,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Moud;ty,  and  a  handsome  church, 
built  like  a  cathedral.  It  is  .seated  among 
the  hills  called  Cartmel  Fel's.  not  far  from 
the  sea,  and  near  the  river  Kent,  12  miles 
N  by  W  of  Lancaster,  and  260  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  3  6  W,  Iat.  54  12  N. 

Carva;  township  and  post  town  of  Ply.- 


CAS 


GAS 


mouth  couiitv,  Massachusetts.     Fopulatiou 
in  1810,  858"  and  in  1820,  839. 

Car-war,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Mala- 
bar, subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore.  It 
is  60  miies  S  by  E  of  Goa.  Lon,  74  3-1  E, 
lat.  15  0  N. 

Casada.  See  Cosdangu. 
Casa  Grande,  extensive  ruins  of  Mexico, 
in  Sonora,  on  the  Rio  Gila.  These  ^  ery 
extensive  and  curious  remains  are  evi- 
dently of  Aztec  construction,  though  se- 
parated above  1000  miles  from  the  other 
existing  monuments  of  that  anciently  ci- 
vilized people.  The  ruins,  which  are 
known  by  pre-eminence  as  la  Casa  Grande, 
are  situated  on  a  plain  near  the  bank  of 
the  Gila.  Lon.  W  C  36  25  W,  lat.  33  40 
N.     See  Huhis  of  America. 

C'asal,  town  of  Italy  in  Montserrat,  with 
a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Po,  S7  miles  NE  of  Turin. 
Lon.  8  27  E,  lat.  45  18  N. 

Casal  Jlluffgiore,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan.  It  was  forced  to  surren- 
der to  the  French  in  May  1796,  and  is 
seated  on  the  river  Po,  20  miles  SE  of  Cre- 
mona.    Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Casal  J^'uova,  town  of  Naples,  in  Cals- 
bria  Ulteriore.  A  terrible  earthquake  hap- 
pened here  in  1783,  by  which  the  princess 
Gerace,  .md  upwards  of  4000  inhabitants, 
lot  their  lives. 

Casanar-a,  or  Cassinnrs,  river  of  Suth 
America  in  Columbia,  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Varinas,  and  flows  east,  through 
the  plains  of  Ca-sanara,  and  falls  nto  the 
Meta,  about  200  miles  above  the  junction 
of  the  latter  with  the  Orinoco. 

Casbin,  or  Caswin,  a  town  of  Persia,  in 
Irac  Agemi,  where  several  of  the  kings  of 
Persia  have  resided.  It  is  supposed  to 
stand  near  the  ancient  Ecbatana.  Nadir 
Shah  built  a  palace  here,  enclosed  by  a 
wall  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference  ; 
likewise  tiie  town  is  encircled  by  a  wall 
four  miles  in  circuit.  I'  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  and  is  seated  near  the  high  moun- 
tain Ei'.vend,  where  there  are  fine  qiar^ies 
of  white  marble,  130  miles  N  of  Ispahan. 
Lon.  52  16  E,  lat  35  30  N. 

Cascais,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es'rama- 
dur:i,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Tajo,  17  miles  E 
of  Lisbon.  Lou  8  43  W,  lat.  38  40  N. 
Cascliaxv.  See  Cassovia. 
Casco  Bay,  bay  of  North  America,  state 
of  Maine,  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and 
Cape  Small  Point.  It  is  25  miles  wide,  and 
interspersed  with  small  islands.  Lon.  69 
30  W,  lat  44  5  N. 

Casey,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded  by 
Adair  and  Washington  W;  Mercer  N; 
Lincoln  NE ;  and  Pulaski  SE ;  length  30 
miles ;  mean  widlh  12 ;  area  360  square 
miles ;  surface  hilly :  soil  productive.  Chief 
town,  Casevville. 

V 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  while  males        -         -        -  1,547 

do.  do.     females     .         -         -  1,454 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         -         -  4 

Slaves 237 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.   do.    females    -        -        - 

Total  whites       .         .         -         - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males      .        -         -         - 

do.     females  .        .         . 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  .\griculture 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


3.252 


1,901 
1,975 

3,876 
13 

4 
224 
232 

4,349 


0 

1,033 

46 

18 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Cash-Clafi,  settlement  and  post-office, 
Johnson  county,  Illinois. 

Canhel,  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  13  miles  NW 
of  Clonmel.  Lon.  7  33  VV,  lat.  52  26  N. 
Cashgur,  or  Caskgar,  city  of  Asia, 
capital  of  a  country  of  the  same  name. 
It  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  Himmala 
mountains,  and  enjoys  a  good  tradc^with 
the  neighbouring  countries.  Lon.  73  25 
E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Cashmere,    province    cf   Hindoostan 
Proper,  subject  to  th^  kingof  Candahar, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Indus,  on  the  N 
by  the  Himaleh  mountains,  on  the  E  and 
S  by  L  ihore.    The  valley  or  country  of 
Cashmere  is  80  miles  long,  and  40  broad ; 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  romantic  beau- 
ties, the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  tem- 
perature cf  the  atmosphere,     Particulars 
may  be  accounted  for,  when  it  is  con- 
sidered, that  it  is  an  elevated  and  ex- 
tensive   valley,    surrounded    by    steep 
mountains  that  tower  above  the  regions 
of  snow  ;  and  that  its  soil  is  composed  of 
the   mud   deposited  by  a  capital  river, 
which  originally  formed  its  waters  into  a 
lake  that  covered  tht-  whole  valley,  un- 
til it  opened  itself  h  passag'   through  the 
mountains,  and  Kft  thi*  fertilized  valley 
an  ample  field  to  human  industry.  a:.d  to 
the  accommodation  of  a  happy  nice     It 
appears  that  the  periodical  rains,  which 
almost  deluge  the  rest  of  India,  are  shut 
out  of  Cashmere  by  the  height  of  the 
mountains,  so  that  only   light  showers 
fall  there  ;  these  however  ai  e  in  abun- 
dance enough  to  feed  some  hundreds  of 
169 


C  A  S 


CAS 


cascades,  which'^  are^  precipitated  into 
the  valley,  from  every  part  of  this  stu- 
pendous and  romantic  bulwark  that  en- 
circles it.  The  soil  is  the  richest  that 
can  be  conceived,  and  its  productions 
those  of  the  temperate  zone.  A  vast 
number  nf  streams,  from  all  quarters  of 
the  valley,  bring  their  tribute  to  the 
Chelum,  "the  parent  of  the  soil,  and  a 
large  navigable  river.  Many  lakes  are 
spread  over  the  surface,  and  some  of 
them  contain  floating:  islands.  Tn  a  word, 
the  whole  scenery  is  beautifully  pictu- 
resque :  and  a  pan  of  the  romantic  cir- 
cle of  the  mountains  makes  a  part  of 
every  landscape.  A.11  Cashmere  is  holy 
land,  and  miraculous  fountains  abound. 
They  are  constantly  subject  to  earth- 
quakes ;  and,  to  guard  against  the  most 
terrible  effects,  all  their  houses  are  built 
of  wood.  Among  other  curious  manu- 
factures  of  Cashmere  is  that  of  shawls  ; 
and  the  delicate  wool  of  which  thev  are 
made,  is  the  product  of  a  species  of  goat 
of  this  country,  or  of  the  adjoinine, 
Thibet.  Here  are  bred  a  species  of 
sheep,  called  Hundoo,  which  are  em- 
ployed in  carrying  burdens.  The  Cash- 
mereans  have  a  language  of  their  own, 
said  to  be  anterior  to  that  of  the  San- 
scrit;  and  a  religion  too,  it  is  thought, 
different  from  that  of  the  Hindoos. 

Cashme}-e,  large  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  province  or  valley 
of  Cashmere.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Chelun,  285  miles  E  by  S  of  Cabul. 
Lon.  73  11  E,  lat.  33  49  N. 

Cashna,  extensive  empire  of  Africa, 
part  of  the  region  called  Negroland  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Fezzan  and  Zahara, 
on  the  S  by  the  Niger,  and  on  the  E  by 
Zamphara  and  Bornou.  It  resembles 
Bornou  in  climate,  soil,  and  natural  pro- 
ductions, and  in  the  colcAir,  genius,  reli- 
gion and  govevnment  of  the  people.  The 
rains,  indeed,  are  less  violent  than  those 
of  Bornou.  A  thousand  towns  and  villa- 
ges are  said  to  be  included  in  this  em- 
pire, which,  like  Bornou,  consists  of  dif- 
ferent tribes  or  nations,  subject  to  the 
dominion  of  one  ruling  power. 

Cashna,  capital  of  the  empire  of  Cash- 
na ;  in  Africa,  970  miles  S  by  W  of  Me- 
surata,  in  16  20  N  lat. 

Casimir,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Lublin.  Lon.  22  3  E,  lat.  51 
0  N. 

Casfiian  Sea,  great  inland  sea  of  Asia  ; 
bounded  on  theN  by  the  country  of  the 
Kalmucks,  on  the  E  by  a  tribe  of  the 
Turcomans,  on  the  S  by  Persia,  and  on 
tiie  VV  by  Georgia  and  Circassia.  It  is 
680  miles  in  length,  i-eckoning  from  Gu- 
rief  to  Medshetifar,  and  in  no  part  mere 
^haj)  260  miles  in  breadth.  It  has  no 
.1  ~c> 


tide  ;  and,  on  account  of  its  frequent 
shoals,  is  navigable  only  for  vessels  draw- 
ing from  9  to  10  feet  water  ;  it  has  strong 
currents,  and  its  water  is  salt.  There 
are  certain  winds  that  domineer  over  it 
with  such  absolute  sway,  that  vessels  are 
often  deprived  of  every  resource,  and  in 
the  whole  extent  of  it  there  is  not  a  port 
that  can  truly  be  called  safe.  The  sur- 
face of  this  lake  or  sea,  has  been  found 
bv  recent  admeasurement,  upwards  of 
320  feet  depressed  below  that  of  the 
Euxine  or  Black  sea. 

Ca.i/iian,  small  lake  of  Vermont,  in 
Greensborough,  Caledonia  county,  Ver- 
mont. 

Cassa7io,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mil^in,  with  a  castle,  memorable  for 
the  defeat  of  Prince  Eugene  by  the  duke 
de  Vendome,  in  attempting  to  force  the 
passage  of  the  Adda  Cissano  is  seated 
on  the  Adda,  1.5  miles  NE  of  Milan. 
Lon.  9  24  E.  lat.  45  30  N. 

Cassano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  35  miles- 
N  of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lat.  39 
55' N. 

Casscl,  capital  of  the  landgravate  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New  Town.  The  streets  are  broad,  the 
market  places  spacious,  and  there  are 
four  churches.  The  castle,  or  palace, 
whence  there  is  an  extensive  and  de- 
lightful prospect,  is  built  of  free  stone. 
The  gardens,  the  arsenal,  and  the  cabi- 
net of  curiosities,  deserve  the  attention 
of  travellers.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fnlda, 
40  miles  S  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  29  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

CasscI,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  late  French 
Flanders,  seated  on  a  mountain,  whence 
may  be  seen  32  towns,  and  the  German 
Ocean,  though  50  miles  from  it.  It  is 
10  miles  NE  of  St.  Omer.  Lon.  2  36  E, 
lat.  50  48  N. 

Cussel,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  situated  on 
the  Rhine,  opposite  Mentz,  with  which 
it  has  a  communication  by  a  bridge  of 
boats. 

Cassina,  lake,  so  named  by  Mr.  School- 
craft, in  honour  of  General  Cass.  It 
forms  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Mississip- 
pi river,  above  lake  Winnipeg. 

Cassina,  Cos/iJia,  or  IVassaria,  county 
of  the  interior  of  Africa,  on  the  Niger. 
See  Cashna  and  JVassana. 

Casskjuari,  river  of  South  America, 
in  Columbia.  It  is  that  singular  stream 
which  Hows  from  Orinoco,  into  the  Rio 
Negro,  and  forms  a  connect- ng  channel 
between  the  basins  of  the  Orinoco  and 
Amazon  rivers.    According  to  Tanner's 


CAS 


CAS 


map,  this  remarkable  separation  takes 
place  at  Lon.  W  C  10  40  E.  lat.  3  N. 

Cassovia,  or  Cas/iaiv,  strong  town  of 
Hungary,  with  a  fine  ar?enal,  seated  near 
the  river  Horat,  55  miles  NE  of  Agria. 
Lon.  21  25  E,  lat.  46  48  N 

Castanovitz,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia, 
seated  on  the  river  Unna,  which  divides 
that  country  from  Turkey.  Lon.  17  19 
E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Castelamara,  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Citjriore,  wiUi  a  bishop's  see  ;  and 
a  good  harbour,  15  miles  SR  of  Na])les. 
Lon.  14  35  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Castel-.irii0inese,  sea])ort  of  Sardinia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  20  miles  NE  of  Sas- 
saria.    Lon.  9  1  E,  lat.  40  56  N, 

Cast  el  daldo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Veronese,  on  the  river  Adige,  35  miles 
SE  ot  Verona.  Lon.  12  7  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 
Castelbar,  town  of  Irejand,  in  the 
county  ot  Mayo,  35  miles  N  of  Galway. 
Lon.  "9  15  W,  lat.  53  54  N. 

Cast  el- Branca,  town  of  Portugal,  capi- 
tal of  Beira,  situated  on  the  river  Lvra, 
38  miles  NW  of  Alcantana.  Lon.  6  40 
W,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Castel-di-Vide,  town  in  Portugal,  in 
A'.Liitejo,  eiuht  miles  N  of  Portalegre. 
Lun.  7  31  VV,  iat.  39  15  N. 

Castel,  Foiu,  town  of  Sjjain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, on  ail  inaceessible  eminence,  near 
the  river  Fulvia,  15  miles  W  of  Gironna. 

CastelGondolfo,  village  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  ntar  Lake  Aibano.  Ntar  tliis 
village  is  the  villa  Barbarini,  wiihin  the 
gardens  'of  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  im- 
mense palace,  built  by  the  emperor  Do- 
mitian.    It  is  10  miles  S  by  E  of  Rome. 

Cartel- Jaloux,  town  of  France,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Guienne,  now  in  the 
department  of  Let  and  Gaonne.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  Avance,  2(J  miles  E  of  Ba- 
zas.    Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N 

Castel-JVuovo,  town  of  Venetian  Dal- 
matia,  situated  on  vhe  gulf  of  Cataro,  12 
miles  N  by  W  of  Cataro.  Lon.  18  29  E, 
lat.  42  36  N. 

Castel- Rodrigo,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Tra-losMontes,  30  miles 
NW  of  Cividad-Rodrigo.  Lon.  6  22  W, 
lat.  41  0  N. 

Casiel-Nuovo-di-  Carfag7ia7ia,  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Aindenese,  with  a  strong 
fort  It  is  the  capital  of  the  valley  of 
Carfagnana,  and  seated  on  the  river  Ser- 
chio,  17  miles  above  Lucca.  Lon.  10  40 
E  lat  44  5  N. 

Castellarie,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Alps,  and  late 
province  of  Province.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Verdon,  in  a  hilly  country,  27  miles 
S  by  E  of  Senez.  Lon.  6  34  E,  lat.  43 
55  N. 


Castellon,  town  of  Spain,  in  Calalonia, 
five  miles  NW  of  Roses.  Lon.  24  58 
E,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Castebiaudary^  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Aude,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  on  an  eniintnce.  The 
Languedoc  Canal  here  forms  a  basin 
about  3600  feet  in  circumference.  Cas- 
telnaudary  is  15  miles  W  of  Curoassonne. 
Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  43  19  N. 

Castiglionc,  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  Man- 
tuan,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  on  August  5,  1796.  It  is  20 
miles  NW  Qf  Mantua.  Lon.  10  32  E, 
lat.  45  23  N. 

Castile,  principal  and  most  opulent  of 
the  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was  for- 
merly divided.  It  now  forms  the  two 
provinces  of  Old  Castile  and  New  Cas- 
tile. 

Castile  Old,  province  of  Spain,  192 
miles  in  length,  and  115  in  breadth; 
bounded  on  theS  by  New  Castile,  on  the 
E  by  Arragon  and  Navarre,  on  the  N  by 
Biscay  and  the  Asturias,  and  on  the  \V 
by  Leon.    Burgos  is  the  capital. 

Castile,  A^eiu,  or  Toledo,  jjrovince  of 
Spain,  200  miles  in  length,  and  134  in 
breadth ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Old  Cas- 
tile, on  the  E  by  Arragon  and  \'alencia, 
on  the  S  by  Murcia  and  Andalusia,  and 
on  the  W  i)y  Estramadura.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts ;  Argaiia  to  the  N, 
Mancha  to  the  E,  and  Sierra  to  the  S. 
Madrid  is  the  capital. 

Castile  del  Oro,  or  Ne.iv  Castile,  in 
America.     See   Terra  Firma. 

Castillara,  tov/n  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mantua,  six  miles  NE  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  54  E,  lat  45  14  N. 

Castillon,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  and  late  province 
of  Guienne ;  famous  for  a  victory  gained 
by  the  French  over  the  English  in  1451. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  25  miles 
E  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  44 
52  N. 

CastiTie,  post  town  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Penob- 
scot bay,  4  miles  S  of  Penobscot,  in  the 
lat.  of  44  24  N,  and  lon.  W  C  29  E. 
It  is  a  placs  of  considerable  foreign 
trade. 

Castinr,  township  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine,  including  the  above  post  town. 
P.>pulation  in  ISIO,  1036,  and  in  1820, 
975. 

Castle-Cary,  town  in  Somersetshire,^ 
v/lth  a  market  on  Tuesday,  12  miles  SE  of 
Wells,  and  112  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
2  32  W.  lat.  51  5  N. 

Castle-Comb,  town  in  Wiltshire,  so  call' 
ed  from  iis  ancient  castle.  It  formerly 
had  a  mar'rct.  It  is  12  miles  N^'Pi  'n' 
IVith. 


CAS 


GAT 


Castle-Hedingham,  ^■illage  in  Essex, 
seven  miles  SW  of  Sunbury, 

Castle- Rising,  borough  in  Norfolk,  which 
had  a  market,  now  disused,  on  account  of 
its  harbour  being  choked  up,  but  it  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  ana  sends  tw  o  mem- 
bers to  parliitment.  The  castle,  whence  it 
has  its  name,  has  now  fallen  int  •  ruins.  It 
is  seven  miles  NE  of  Lynn,  and  lOS  NNE 
of  London.     L.^n.  0  30  E.  lat.  50  52  N. 

Castleton,  village  m  the  peak  of  Derby- 
shire, at  the  foot  of  a  rock  above  250  feet 
high,  on  which  are  the  remains  of  a  cas- 
tle, ascribed  to  William  Peverel,  natural 
son  of  the  Conqueror. 

Castleton,  pest  town,  in  Rutland  county, 
state  of  Vermont,  si  uated  20  miles  E  of 
Moimt  Ir.dependence,  containing  about 
1200  inhabitants. 

Castleton,  post  village,  Rensallaer  coun- 
ty. New  York. 

Castletoivn,  township  of  Richmond  coun- 
ty, Stattn  Island,  New  York.  It  is  situat- 
ed on  Staten  Island,  and  contained,  in 
1820,  1527  inhiibiunts. 

Castletoivn,  capital  of  the  isle  of  Man, 
with  a  c jsile,  but  of  no  great  importance, 
on  account  ot"  its  distance  from  the  rockj- 
and  shallow  harbour.  Lon-  4  35  W.  lat. 
5-3  55  N. 

Caston,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  market 
on  Monday,  10  miles  NNW  of  Norwich, 
and  113  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  22  E,  lat. 
52  48  N 

Castor,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Si.turilay,  15  miles  NE  of  Lin- 
coln, and  159  N  of  London  Lon.  0  9  W. 
lat.  53  30  N, 

Caitres,  'own  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tar'i,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
gutdoc,  of  which  it  was  re:  ently  an  epis- 
copal see.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine  valley,  on 
the  Agout,  20  miles  S  of  Alby.  Lon."2  20 
E.  lat .'43  27  N. 

Castri,  'own  of  European  Turkey,  an- 
cient Delphi. 

Castro,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
of  St.  Peter,  40  miles  N  W  of  Rome,  Lon. 
11  54  E.  lat.  42  23  N. 

Castro,  mari  ime  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  six  miles  S  of  Olranto.  Lon. 
18  31  E  lat.  40  16  N. 

Castro,  town  ot  South  Am.=rica,  in  Chili, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Chiioe.  It  is  180 
miles  S  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  75  5  W.  lat.  42 
4S. 

Castro-Marino,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garve.  I  is  strong  by  situation,  and  seat- 
ed near  the  mouth  of  the  Guadiana,  55 
miles  S  of  Beja.  Lon.  7  12  W.  lat.  37  6N. 
Castro-Vereyna,  town  of  Peru,  remarka- 
ble for  mines  ot  silver,  good  tobacco,  and 
wholesome  air.  It  is  125  miles  SE  frim 
Lima.     Lon.  W  C  2  16  E  Lt.   12  50  S. 

Caswell,    county    of    North     Cai  oiina ; 
bounded    by  Vircrinia,  or  Dan   river  N; 
172 


Person  E ;  Orange  S ;  and  Rockingham 
W ;  20  miles  square ;  area  400  square 
miles ;  surface  hilly ;  soil  of  middling 
qualitv.     Chief  town,  Leasburg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         3,818 
do.     do.    females     .         -         -        3,725 


Total  whites       -         .        -        .  7,543 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  164 

do.          do.         females  129 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        .  2,771 

do.     females            .        ■        -  2,645 

Total  population  in  1820   ^      -      12.253 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  20 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        3,541 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  481 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  54 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

Cat  Island,  Guanahanni,  or  St,  Salvador, 
one  of  the  Bahamas.  This  was  the  first 
land  ot  America,  discovered  by  Columbus, 
October  12th,  1492. 

Cat  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Louisiana, 
and  Mississippi,  about  six  miles  long  by 
^  mile  mean  widtii ;  lying  between  the 
passes  of  Marianne  and  SE.  It  was  on  the 
outside  of  this  island  that  the  British  fleet 
lay  during  the  invasion  of  Louisiana,  1814, 
and  1815 ;  53  miles  NE  by  E  from  New- 
Orleans. 

Catabambee,  town  and  province  of  Peru, 
SW  from  Cusco. 

Catahoola,  parish  of  Louisiana,  bounded 
bv  Concordia  E  and  SE  ;  Rapides  S  and 
S  W  :  and  by  Ooachit  a,  N  W  and  N ;  length 
80 ;  mean  width  25 ;  area  2000  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly,  in  the  SW  part,  and 
level  in  ihe  NE.  It  is  nearly  intersected 
into  two  equai  sections  by  Ouachitta  river. 
The  soil  is  in  general  extremely  sterile, 
and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Some  very 
productive  tracts  lie  along  the  streams, 
upon  the  small  prairies,  and  on  Sicily 
Island.  Staples,  cotton,  live  stock  and 
lumber.  No  town  of  any  consequence. 
See  Ocatahoola. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -  479 

do.  do    females  -        -  329 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ...  8 

Slaves 348 


Total  population  in  1810              -  1,164 

Popidation  in  1820. 

Fre  white  males         ...  870 

do.  do.  females                -         -  654 

Total  whites       -         -         -         -  1,524 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  9 

do.           do.      females   -  3 


C  A  T 


Slaves,  males 
do.  females 


391 
360 

2,287 


12 
716 
157 

24 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foresfjners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 
do.         in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce       - 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Catahoola,  river  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  the 
parishes  of  Natchitoches  and  Ouachitla, 
and  flowing  SE  enters  the  parish  of  the 
same  name,  expands  into  a  lake  300  miles 
in  length  by  from  3  to  6  miles  wide,  turns 
E,  contracts  again  to  a  river  of  about  70 
yards  wide,  flows  10  miles  and  joins  the 
Ouachitta  and  forms  Blackriver,  after  an 
entire  comparative  course  of  120  miles. 
The  country  dramed  by  the  Catahoola  is 
generally  sterile  pine  woods.  See  Ocata- 
fioola. 

Catahoola,  lake  of  Louisiana.  This 
lake  is  one  of  a  species,  perhaps  peculiar  to 
.Louisiana.  It  is  a  natural  reservoir,  filled 
and  emptied  by  turns.  When  the  Missis- 
sippi river  is  rising,  it  throws  a  volume 
over  the  iniermediate  space  into  the  Oua- 
chitta which  thus  swelled  forces  the  cur- 
rent to  repulse  into  the  Catahoola  lake, 
v/hich  then  becomes  filled  ;  h\iX  as  the 
Mississippi  depresses,  the  water  drains 
from  the  lake,  and  in  autumn  its  bottom 
becomes  one  great  meadow  of  succulent 
herbage,  with  the  river  Winding  its  devi- 
ous way  through  its  wide  spread  plain. 

Catabaiv,  river  of  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, rises  in  the  latter,  and  flowing  SE  by 
S  into  the  latter,  and  takes  the  name  of 
Wateree,  joins  tiie  Congaree,  and  together 
forms  the  Santee.     See  JVateree. 

Catalina,  harbour  on  the  east  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  S  from  Cape  Bonavista. 
Lon.  VV  C  24  50  E.  lat.  48  40  N. 

Catalonia,  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  E  and  S  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  on  the  W  by 
Arragon  and  Valencia.  Its  greatest  extent 
from  E  to  W  is  112  miles,  and  from  N  to 
S  148.  It  is  155  miles  in  length  and  100 
in  breadth.  The  air  is  wholesome  ;  and  it 
is  full  of  high  mountains,  covered  with 
forest  and  fruit  trees.  It  abounds  m  wine, 
corn,  and  pulse,  and  there  are  several 
quarries  of  marble  of  all  colours,  chrystal, 
alabaster,  amethysts  and  lapis  lazuli.  Bar- 
celonia  is  the  capital. 

Catamain,  river  of  South  America,  in 
Quito,  talis  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S  trom 
Gape  B;anco. 

Catania,  celebrated  city  of  Sicily  on  a 
gulf  ot  the  same  nyme,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  iiniversily,  tne  only  one  in  the 
island.  The  land  about  it  is  fenile  in  corn, 
excellent  wine  and  fruits 


C  A  T 

troyed  :  and  in  1593,  it  was  entirely  swal- 
lowed  up  by  an  earthquake,  which  buried 
18,000  people  in  the  ruins.  It  is  52  miles 
SW  of  Messina.  Lon.  15  29  E.  lat.  c>7  36 
N. 

Catanzaro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  13  miles  SAV  of  Belcastro.  Lon. 
16  48  E.  lat.  39  0  N- 

Cataract  nver,  branch  of  Columbia, 
which  it  joins  from  the  north  200  miles 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Cataraugus,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  Pennsylvania  S  ;  by  Chatauque  W  ; 
by  Erie  N  ;  Gennesee  NE,  and  Allegany 
E  ;  length  39  ;  mean  width  36  ;  area  14U0 
square  miles ;  surface  hilly ;  and  soil  pro- 
ductive.    Chiet  town,  Hamilton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         2,250 

do.  do.    females     -        -        -        1,834 


Total  whites       -        .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 
do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males 

do.     females       -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,084 
2 
2 

none 

2 

4,090 


none 
none 

lor 

6 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.     in  Manufactures 
do.     in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  S. 

Catarmigiis,  river  of  New  York,  in  Ca- 
taraugus  county,  falls  into  lake  Erie. 

Catarwism,  townsliip  and  post  town, 
Columbia  county,  Pennsylvania.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2520. 

Cataro,  town  of  Venetian  Dalmatiji,  with 
a  castle,  and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  a 
gulf  of  its  own  name,  30  miles  W  of  Scu- 
tari. Lon.  18  40  E.  lat.  42  40  N. 
Cateaii.  See  Chateau  Cambresis. 
Catenate,  gulf  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  by  which  the  Baltic  communi- 
cates with  the  ocean. 

Catharineslaf,  or  Bcatterrinendaf,  go. 
vernment  of  liie  Russian  empire,  divided 
into  two  provinces;  namely,  Catharinen- 
slaf,  which  includes  New  Russia,  and  the 
late  government  of  Asoph  :  and  Taurida 
which  includes  the  Crimea. 

Catharineslaf,  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  built  by  the  late  empress 
of  Russia ;  and  its  name  signifies.  The 
Glory  of  Catharine.  It  is  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  tiie  Kiltzin  and  Samara,  178 
miles  NE  of  Cherson.  Lon.  35  15  E.  lat. 
47  23  N. 

Catharine's,   St.  principal  island  on  the 

By  an  eruption     coast  of  the  S  part  of  Brasil,  with  a  har- 

•■ •      '•—      It  is  27 


of  Etna,  m  1603,  it  was  aijioit  tjtaHy   des-  hour  defended    bv  several  forts. 

173 


C  A  T 


G  A  U 


miles  long,  but  not  more  tlian  six  broad. 
Lon.  W  C  27  43\V.  lat.  27  35  S. 

Catherine's,  St.  island  on  the  coast  of 
Georgia,  in  the  lat.  of  31  30  N.   on  81  W. 

Catharine,  I'^wnship  in  Tioga  county, 
New  Y'  r!c.     Popuhitioii  in  1621/,  j^816. 

Cat/ierine,  S  .  crtek  of  Adam's  coun- 
ty, Miisisbippi,  falls  into  the  Mississippi 
river,  II  milts  below  Natchez. 

Catherines,  post  town  of  Tioga  county, 
New  York. 

Calmandu,  capital  of  Napaul,  in  Hin- 
dodstan  PropL-r,  445  nniles  E  of  Delhi. 
Lon  84  51  E.  lat.  28  6  N. 

Calo,  township  and  pobt  town  of  Cayu- 
ga county,  New  York.  Population  ifi 
1820,  4021. 

Catoche,  Cafie,  NE  promontory  of  Yu- 
catan, in  N  America,  where  the  Enghsh 
adventurers  from  Jamaica,  first  attempt- 
ed to  cut  logwood.  Lim.  W  C  8  50  W, 
lat.  22  10  N.     bee  Honduras. 

Catskill,  post  tuwn  in  Green  county, 
New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W  sidt-  of 
Hudson  rivtr,  at  the  mouth  of  Catskill 
creek.  8  miles  fron)  the  city  of  Hudson, 
and  114  N  of  New  Yurk. 

Catskill,  township  in  Green  county, 
Ni'V/  Ycik.     Population  in  IbiO,  3510. 

Catskill,  crtek  ot  Greene  couity,  New- 
York,  rises  in  the  Catskill  mountains, 
ard  falls  into  the  Hudson  river  at  the 
town  of  Catskill 

CatfikiU,  mountains,  rai.-ges  through 
Nt  w  York,  in  tiie  counties  ot  Sullivan, 
Ulster,  Greene,  and  Schoharie.  Some 
of  the  i-'eaks  of  these  mountains  in  Wind- 
ham, (iretne  county,  exceed  3,500  feet, 
the  Rou:;d  top,  3,804,  and  High  peak, 
3,718. 

Cat  lack,  or  Cut  tack,  the  capital  of 
Orissa,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
JDeccan.  It  is  a  post  of  consequence  on 
the  Mahanuddy,  as  it  lit  s  on  the  only  road 
between  Bengal  and  the  Northern  Cir- 
cars.  Cattack  is  seated  on  the  Maha- 
nuddv,  near  its  influx  into  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  220  miles  SW  of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
86  1  E,  lat.  20  51  N. 

Cattarick,  village  near  Richmond,  in 
the  .W  riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  a 
brid>!,e  over 'the  river  Swale,  and  a  sort 
of  cataract  near  it,  from  which  it  seems 
to  have  derived  its  name.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  great  city  in  the  time  of  the 
Romans,  one  of  whose  highways  crossed 
the  river  here,  on  the  banks  of  which  are 
the  foundations  of  great  walls,  and  a 
mount  cast  up  to  a  vast  height.  Many 
coins  and  urns  have  been  dug  up  here. 
The  final  destruction  of  this  city  was  by 
the.  Danes 

Cattaro,  town  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
on  the  E  side  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  at 
•he  head  of  the  gulf  of  Cattaro.  30  miles 
174 


SSE  from  Ragusa.     Lon.   18  58  E,  lat. 

42  22  N. 

Caitatuessy,  thriving  post  town  on  the 
E  bank  ot  Susquehannah  river  in  Co- 
lumbia county,  Pennsylvania,  at  the 
distance  of  21  miles  E  by  N  of  North- 
umberland, and  150  miles  NW  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Catwick,  village  of  Holland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  near  which  the  only 
branch  of  the  Rhine  that  retains  its  ori- 
ginal name,  is  lost  in  the  sands.  It  is  6 
miles  N  by  W  of  Leyden. 

Caitca,  river  ot  South  America,  the 
south  western  branch  of  the  Magdaiena, 
in  New  Granada,  rises  near  the  city  of 
Popayan,  at  2  30  N  lat  and  flowing  north, 
a  little  east,  joins  the  Magdaiena  at  9 
30  N  lat.  after  a  comparative  course  of 
350  miles. 

Caucassian  mountains,  are  part  of  an 
immense  chain,  extending  from  Europe 
to  India  ;  from  the  Dardanells  to  the 
sources  ot  the  Indus,  Sihon,  Ganges,  and 
Burrampooter. 

Caucasus  very  high  mountain  of  Asia, 
being  one  of  that  great  ridge  of  moun- 
tains that  runs  betwten  th>  Black  and 
Casp.an  seas.  ( )f  this  ridge  mi  unt  Cau- 
casus is  the  highest  and  most  difhcult  to 
pass.  The  tt-p  of  some  ot  the  peaks, 
rise  to  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  but 
the  other  j-arts  are  very  fruittul,  abound- 
ing in  honey,  corn,  fiuits,  hogs  and  large 
cattle. 

Caucasus,  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  divided  into  the  two  provinces 
of  Astracanand  Caucasus.  The  province 
of  Caucasus  comprises  the  Cuban,  and 
ail  that  district  to  the  E  and  S,  now  in 
the  possession  of  Russia,  between  the 
rivers  Don  and  Cuban,  and  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  extending  as 
far  as  the  confines  of  Georgia. 

Caudcbec,  rich  and  populous  trading 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  Seine,  IB  miles  NVV  of  Rouen.  Lon. 
1  26  E,  Lit.  49  31  N. 

Caug/inawQgo,  post  town  in  Mont- 
gomery county.  New  York,  on  the  river 
Mohawk,  30  milts  VV  by  N  of  Schenec- 
tady, and  206  NNVV  of 'New  York. 

Caune,  town  of  France,  ir.  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seated  near  the  mountains,  where 
the  river  Agout  has  its  source.  It  is  21 
miles  NE  of  Castres.     Lon.  2  43  E,  lat. 

43  40  N. 

Cauterets,  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Upper  P)  renees  and 
late  province  of  Bigorre,  noted  for  its 
mineral  water.  It  is  18  miles  SW  of 
Bagneres. 


C  A  X 


« .  A  Y 


Cauvery,  or  Caverij,  considerable 
river  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
which  rises  annong  the  Gauts,  and  water- 
ins^  Seringapatam  and  Tanjore,  enters 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths,  be- 
tween Curldalore  and  Trichinoply. 

Cava,  considerable  and  populous  town 
of  Naples,  in  Principatn  ('iteriore,  with  a 
bishop's  see ;  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Metelian,  three  miles  W  of  Salerno. 
Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Cavaillon,  town  of  France,  in  Venais- 
sin.  It  lately  had  an  episcopal  see,  and 
was  subject  to  the  pope.  It  is  seated  on 
the*Durance,  20  miles  SE  of  Avignon. 
Lon.  5  17  E,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Cavaillon,  town  of  St.  Domingo,  on 
the  NW  Peninsula,  16  miles  W  by  S 
from  St.  L  luis. 

Cavan,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,- 47  miles  in  length,  and 
23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Fernaanagh  and  Monac;han,  on  the  E  by 
the  latter  county  and  Louth,  on  the  VV 
by  Leitrim,  and  on  the  S  by  Lonford, 
West  Meath  and  East  Meath.  It  has 
but  two  towns  of  any  note,  Cavan  and 
Kilmore.  It  sent  six  members  to  the 
Irish  parliament,  and  it  contains  37 
parishes. 

Cavan,  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Cavan,  60  miles  NW  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  7  23  W,  lat.  54  51  N. 

Cavendish,  post  town  of  Windsor 
county,  Vermont ;  situated  on  the  N  s'de 
of  Elack  river,  between  Weathersfield 
and  Ludlow,  32  miles  SE  of  Rutland 
river,  containing  1016  inhabitants. 

Cavele,  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of  the 
island  of  Luconia.    See  Manilla. 

Caviana,  island,  at  the  moutii  of  the 
Amazon  river,  about  100  miles  in  cir- 
cuit.   Lon.  W  C  28  E,  lat.  0  10  N. 

Cavina,  town  in  the  islai^d  of  Manilla, 
with  a  strong  cas'le,  a  harbour  and  a 
dock.  It  is  10  miles  from  the  city  of 
Manilla. 

Canvood,  town  in  the  K  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  VWdnesf'sy.  12 
miles  S  of  York,  and  186  NW  rf  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  low.  lat.  53  47  N. 

Caxamarca,  town  of  Ptru,  capital  of  a 
terri  ery  of  its  own  name,  on  the  river 
Tuiiguragua.  It  was  noted  for  a  sump- 
tuous palace  belonging  to  the  Incas  and  a 
magnificent  temple  dedicated  to  the  sun. 
It  is  300  miles  NNE  of  Lima.  Lon.  W 
C  0  32  E,  lat.  7  25  S. 

CaxamarquUla,  city  and  province  of 
Peru,  on  the  river  Tunguragua,  to  the 
north  of  Caxamarea. 

Caxatamba,  city  and  province  of  Peru, 
nearly  midway  between  Lima  and  Caxa- 
marea.   Lon.  VV  C  0  30  W,  lat.  10  30  S. 

Cnxton,  town  ii^  Cambridgeshire,  with 


a  market  ou  Tuesday,  10  miles  W  by  S 
of  Cambridge,  and  49  N  of  London.  Lon . 
0  10  W,  lat.  10  0  N 

Caija,  river  of  Portugal  which  rises 
near  Portalegre,  and  running  SE  divides 
Spain  from  Portugal,  and  falls  into  the 
Guadiana,  at  Badajoz. 

Caija/wga.    See  Cuyahoga, 

Cayambe  Urcu,  one  of  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Andes.  It  is  19,386  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Ocean,  150  miles 
NE  from  Chimborazo,  and  nearly  on  the 
Equator. 

Cayenne,  rich  town  and  island  on  the 
coast  of  Guiana,  in  South  America,  ca- 
pita! of  the  French  si  ttlements  there,  and 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Dutch  colony 
of  Surinam.  The  French  settled  here  in 
1635,  but  left  it  in  1654,  and  it  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  possession  of  the  E.-.glish, 
French,  and  Dutch  ;  but  the  latter  were 
expelled  by  the  French  in  1677.  The 
island  is  about  16  miiesin  circumference, 
and  is  only  separated  from  the  continent 
by  two  rivers.  By  a  particular  forma- 
tion, uncommon  in  islands,  the  land  is 
highest  near  the  water-side  and  low  in 
the  middle.  Hence  it  is  so  full  of  moras- 
ses, that  all  communication  between  the 
different  parts  of  it  is  impt.ssiblC:  without 
taking  a  great  circuit.  Cayenne  pepper, 
sugar,  and  coffee,  are  the  principal  com- 
modities.    Lon.  W  C  24  45  E,  lat  5  N. 

Cuycs,  seaport  of  the  NW  part  of  St. 
Domingo,  50  miles  W  from  St  Louis. 
Lon.  W  C  4  E,  lat.  19  12  N 

Cayuga,  lake  of  New  York,  commen- 
ces at  the  mouth  of  Fall  creek,  in  Tom- 
kin's  county  and  exit  nding  nearly  north, 
with  a  mean  width  of  2  miles ;  40  miles 
to  the  village  of  Cayuga,  where  it  again 
contracts  into  a  small  rivtr,  which  a 
short  distance  bilow  Cayuga,  unites 
with  the  Seneca  outlet.  Cayuga  lake, 
forms  part  of  the  natural  channel  of 
water  communication  from  the  grand 
canal  of  New  York,  to  the  Susquehannah 
river.  A  stfam  boat  aln-ady  runs  be- 
tween I  hica  and  Cayuga. 

Cayuga,  county  of  New  York  ;  bound- 
ed S  by  Tomkins;  W  by  Cayuga  lake, 
Cayuga  outlet,  and  Seneca  county  ;  NW 
by  lake  Ontario;  N  by  Oswego,  and  E 
by  Ononda.fo,  and  Courtlan.i  ,  length  55  ; 
m.ean  width  IS^  ;  area  740  square  miles , 
surface  in  general  hilly,  with  a  V(  ry  pro- 
ductive soil.  Staples  grain,  f^our,  whis- 
key, live  stock,  salted  meat,  butter, 
cheese,  8cc.     Chief  town,  Auburn. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -      15,352 

do     do.    females  -        -      14,330 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           .        ,        -  S6 

Slaves r.5 


C  E  L 


C  E  L 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     - 
do.  do.  females 


29,843    i'ree  white  females 


5,725 


19,862 
18,796 


Total  whites    ....  38,658 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  119 

do.           do.        females,  72 

Slaves,  males    -        .        -        .  17 

do.    females          -        .        .  31 


Total  whites       ....  11,923 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  874 

do             do.      females  909 

Slaves,  males       ....  1,296 

do.    females            -      '-        -  1,046 


Total  population  in  1820 


38,897 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  211 

Engaged  in  .\!l;i  iculture  -        7,69.5 

do.    in  Mii'.iufactures        -        1,773 

do.    in  Commerce  -  127 

Population  to  thf  square  mile,  52. 

Cayuga,  post  town  in  Cayuga  county, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Cayuga  outlet,  on 
the  road  from  Auburn  to  Geneva,  10 
miles  from  the  form'  i',  and  12  from  the 
latter  place.  A  st.  am  boat  now  plies 
between  Cayuga  and  Ithaca. 

Cavu^a.  creek  of  New  York,  rises  in 
Gennessee,  and  flowing  W  into  Er  e 
cnunty,  joins  Boffiio  river  .i  miles  abuve 
its  miiuth  at  Htiffilo  harbour. 

Cuiju'a,  township  in  Tioga  county, 
New  Yuik     Population  in  1820,  1839. 

Cazenovia,  post  t:\vnot  Madison  C')iiiity, 
New  York  .  near  the  head  of  Chenengo 
river,  aho^it  40  miles  W  from  Utica,  and 
130  W  from  Albany. 

Cazenovia,  township  in  Madison  county, 
New  York      Pojnda'ion  in  1820,  3,909. 

Cczimer,  town  of  L.ittle  I'o'aiH,  in  the 
palatinate  of  l,u"^lni,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
80  miies  E  of  Zarnaw.  l^on.  22  3  E,  lat. 
51  0  N. 

Ci'lin,  <.ne  of  tlie  most  south,  rly  of  the 
Phil'.ppine  moun'.ains. 

Ceci'.  coun'y  of  Maryland,  forming  the 
NE  ar.i^'e  of  the  state;  boimded  >f  ijy 
Prnnsylvaii^u ;  B  by  Delaware;  S  by  Kent 
county,  and  VV  by  Cliesupcake  bay,  .nd 
S\isqnehanna river;  !fnp;th  21;  mean  v/iJth 
12;  ar  a,  2.50  .<quar'.  miles;  surface  gene 
rally  level,  though  not  actually  Hat ;  soil 
vai'ed;  mich  .sfood  land  on  the  stre.in;S  ; 
slapiis  >;ra:'i,  Hour,  f  uit,  whiskey,  and 
salnd  ;neat.     Ch  (  ftown,  Elkton. 

Popirl.ition  in  1810. 
Free  white  mules        -        -        .        5.036 

do.     do.  females  .        .        4  616 

All  o  her  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed         -        -        -  947 
Slaves         -         -         -^      -         -         2,467 


Total  population  in  18-0, 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

176 


13,066 


S,19[ 


16,048 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  141 

Engaged  in  .\griculture  .         5,045 

do.        in  Manufactures   -        -         1,453 

do.        in  Commerce         -        -  268 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  60. 

Cecil,  township  in  Washington  county, 
P.ennsvlvania.  Population  in  1810,  1,167, 
and  in  1820,  1,154. 

Cedar  Creek,  township,  Sussex  coimty, 
Delaware.  Population  in  1810,  3,874,  and 
in  1820,  2,280. 

Cedar,  creek  of  Rockbridge  count)', 
Virginia,  is  a  small  stream  falling  into  the 
left  side  of  James  river.  The  natural 
bridge  over  this  civek,  which  gives  name 
to  the  county,  is  in  itseli  a  very  curious 
phenomeaori,  which,  there  are,  however, 
in  .\merica,  several  others  >  f  a  similar  na- 
ture      See       atwal  Bridges. 

Cedar,  to  n  of  Missouri,  in  Howard 
coun  y. 

Cedar-crce\-moHth,  post  village  of  Frank- 
lin county,  Kentucky. 

Cedar,  la';e  i)f  British  North  America, 
between  lake  Winmpig,  and  the  Soskat- 
chv'witie  river.  Lon.  W  C  22  30  VV,  lat. 
5:!,  N 

Cedar  Pa.nt,  rape  of  St  Mary's  county, 
Maryland,  SE  ^  de  of  the  mouth  of  Pa- 
tuxent  river. 

Cedar  Point,  in  Charles  county,  Mary- 
hind,  at  the  mouth  uf  Naniemy  or  Nanje- 
nioy  I-  ver. 

Cedi-m,  villageTiWBf^ppr  Canada,  on  the 
lef.  bank  of  Si.  La  >  rence,  30  miles  above 
Montreal. 

Cedarville,  post  town,  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, iVew  Jersey. 

Cedonga,  town  of  Naples,  in  Pri'>cipato 
Ultenore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  at 
the  fo't  of  the  Ap;)<?iiniues,  12  miles  NVV 
of  vielfi.     Lon.  15  38  E,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Cefalojiia,  consi  lerab'e  island  of  the  Me- 
diterranean, on  the  coast  of  Livadia,  and 
opposite  the  gulf  o*'  Len-mto.  It  is  fertile 
in  od,  and  excellent  muscadine  wine.  It  is 
subjeci  to  the  Venetian.s,  and  the  capital  is 
of  the  same  name.  Lon  20  36  E,  lat.  38 
22  N.  ' 

Cefalu,  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley 
of  Demons,  with  a  castle,  and  a  bishop's 
see.     Lon   13  58  E,  lat.  38  25  N. 

Ce'ano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  UI- 
teriore,  a  mile  from  the  lake  of  Celano 
Lon.  13  39  E,  lat.  41  56  N. 


C  E  N 


C  E  R 


Celaya.     See  Silcc, 

Celebes,  or  Macassar,  island  in  tlie  In- 
dian Ocean,  to  the  E  of  Borneo.  The  heat 
would  be  insupportable  but  for  the  N 
winds  and  the  rains,  whicli  overflow  this 
country,  and  for  whicli  reason  the  inhabi- 
tants build  their  houses  on  piles  of  wood 
ten  feet  high.  The  fruits  are  ripe  all  the 
year.  The  natives  are  Mahometans,  and 
the  best  soldiers  in  these  parts.  The  Dutch 
have  strong  forts  here,  by  which  they  keep 
tiie  natives  in  awe.  Lon.  from  116  to  124 
E,  lat.  from  1  30  N  to  5  30  S. 

Cenada,  ancient  tovvn'of  Italy,  in  Trevi- 
sano,  with  a  bishop's  see,  18  miles  N  of 
Trevigio.     Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Cents,  mountain  which  is  a  part  of  the 
Alps,  and  separates  the  marquisate  of  Susa 
from  the  Morianne. 

Centei-ville,  post  town  of  Fairfax  county, 
Virginia,  eight  miles  from  Fairfax  court 
house,  and  26  from  Washington. 

Centre  Harbour,    township  in  Strafford 
county.  New   H  mpshlre.     Population  in 
.    1810,  349,  and  in  1820,  486. 

Centre,  county  of  Pennsylvania;  bounded 
by  Huntingdon  S  ;  Clearfield  VV  ;  Lycom- 
ing NW,  isr.  and  NE ;  Union  E;  and  Mif- 
flin SE.  Length  58  ;  mean  width  26  ;  area 
1,500  square  miles.  Surface  mountainous, 
and  soil  in  general  rocky  and  sterile,  though 
much  good  land  skirls  the  streams,  parti- 
cularly  the  W  branch  of  Susquehanna. 
Stiples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  live  stock, 
salted  meat,  and  lumber.  Chief  town,  Bel- 
lefonte. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        -        5,521 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  5,045 
.\11  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  114 

Slaves         -         .         .         -         .  1 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      10,681 

Population  in  1320. 
Free  white  males       .        .        -        7,082 
do.    do.    females    -         -         -         6,594 

Total  wliites       ...         -  13,676 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  55 

do.            do.        females  55 

0    Slaves,  males      ...        -  0 

do.     females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820     •        ■       13,786 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturahzed  -  50 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,807 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  874 

do.        in  Commerce       .         -  27 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Centre,  township  in  Indiana  count  v,Penn- 
Z 


sylvania.    Population  in  1810,  777,  and  in 
1820,  937. 

Centre,  township  in  Union  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  in  1820,  2094. 

Centre,  township  in  Green  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Population  in  1820,  795. 

Centre,  township  in  Butler  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. Population  in  1310,  742,  and  in 
1820.  972. 

Centre,  township  in  Monroe  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1,292. 

Centre,  township  in  Morgan  county, 
Oliio.     Population  in  1820,  277. 

Centre,  township  in  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  1,103,  and  in 
1820,  1,437. 

Centre  furnace,  post  office  of  Centre 
county,  I'eiinsylvania. 

Centre -harbour,  post  town  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  Stratford  county,  on  VVlnnipiseo- 
gee  lake. 

CV«<)ew7/e, township  in  Allegany  county. 
New  York      Population  in  1820,  421. 

Ccntreville,  post  village,  Crawford  coun- 
ty, PennsyKania. 

CentrcviUe,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Queen  Anne  county,  Maryland,  on 
Corsica  creek,  branch  of  Chester  river,  12 
miles  S  from  Chester,  and  36  SE  from  Bal- 
timore.    In  this  town  there  is  an  academy. 

Centrerille,  post  village  of  Fairfax  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  Bull  run,  on  the  road  fr  m 
"VVas'.iington  city  to  Haymarket,  and  War- 
renton. 

CentreviUe,  post  v^illage  of  P^-ndleton 
district.  South  Carolina. 

CentreviUe,  post  village,  Lexington 
county,  Kentucky,  with  an  academy. 

CentreviUe,  post  town,  Fairfield  coun'y, 
Ohio,  on  the  road  between  Lancaster  and 
Columbus,  and  14mde&  from  each. 

CxntreinUc,  post  to'vn  of  Montgomery 
county,  Ohio,  nine  miles  SB  from  Uayton. 

Ceritrevilli,  post  tow  n  and  seat  o'  jus- 
tice in  Wayne  county,  Indiana,  on  tlif  main 
fork  of  the  West  branch  of  White  water 
river. 

Cepbalonia.     See  Cefalonia. 

Cepetu,  town  of  P  ru,  on  the  Faticaco 
lake,  60  miles  NW  from  La  Puz. 

Ceram,  isl.md  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  one 
of  ihe  Moluccas,  to  the  W  of  New  Guinea, 
140  mik »  in  length,  and  40  In  bread;h  It 
is  mountainous  and  woody ;  and  the  Dutch 
once  had  a  fortress  to  keep  the  natives  in 
subjection,  and  to  defend  vhe  Spice  Islands, 
having  destiovcd  the  clove-trees  here. 
Lon.  trom  126  to  129  E.  lat.  3  0  S. 

Cerdiipia,  small  district,  partly  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  i)artly  o''  France, 
in  the  deptrtment  of  the  Eastern  Pyre- 
nees, and  la'c  province  ff  Rousf'lton. 
Puycerda  is  the  capital  of  the  Spanish 
part,  and  Mont  Lewis  of  the  French, 
^  177 


C  E  U- 


CfH  A 


Ceretita,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Oiteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on 
a  rock,  12  miles  NW  of  St.  Severino.  Lon. 
17  2  E.  lat.  39  23  N. 

Ceres,  township  in  M'Kean  count)', 
Pennsylvania.  Populatipn  in  1810,  142, 
and  in  1820,  425. 

Ceret,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Roussillon,  with  a  magnificent 
bridge  of  one  arch  over  the  Tet.  It  is  12 
miles  from  Perpignan.  Lon.  2  46  E.  lat. 
42  36  N. 

Cerigo,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the 
S  of  the  Morea,  and  to  the  N  of  Gandia, 
formerly  known  by  the  name  of  Cytherea, 
and  noted  for  being  the  birth  place  of 
Venus.  It  is  45  miles  in  circumference, 
full  of  mountains,  and  has  a  small  town  of 
the  same  nsme.  Lon.  23  22  E.  lat.  36  20  N. 

Cerines,  seaport  of  Cyprus,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  Greek  bishop's  see.  Lon.  33  35 
E,  lat.  35  59  N. 

Certiey,  J\''orth,  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, near  the  downs  where  Cirencester 
races  are  run.  In  an  adjacent  field  is  a 
camp  of  considerable  extent.  It  is  four 
miles  fi'om  Cirencester. 

Certosa,  celebrated  Carthusian  monaste- 
ry in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  four  miles  from 
Pavia.  Its  park  is  surrounded  by  a  wall 
20  miles  in  circumference,  and  contains 
several  villages. 

Cervera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on 
a  river  of  its  own  ncjme,  22  miles  NW  of 
Tarragona.     Lon.  1  9  E.  lat.  41  25  N. 

Ceri'ia,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  10  miles  SE  of  Ravenna.  Lon.  12 
17  E.  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cesena,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with 
a  bishop's  see ;  seated  on  tlie  Savio,  15 
miles  SE  of  Ravenna.  Lon.  12  20  E.  lat. 
44  25  N. 

Cette,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seated  at  the  place  where  the 
Canal  of  Languedoc  begins,  between 
Montpelier  and  Agde,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea.    Lon.  3  42  E.  lat.  43  23  N. 

Ceva,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  Tanaro, 
\yith  a  fort,  eight  miles  SE  of  Mondovi.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  April  1796. 
Lon.  8  10  E.  lat.  44  26  N. 

Cevennes,  mountainous  country  in  the  S 
of  France,  in  which,  after  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  a  remnant  of  the 
persecuted  Huguenots  took  refuge. 

Ceiitnt  seaport  of  Africa,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  John,  king  of  Portugal,  took  it  from 
the  Moors,  in  1415,  but  it  now  belongs  to 
Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  straits  of  Gib- 
rahar.     Lon.  5  20  W.  lat.  35  50  N. 

Ceylon,  large  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
250  miles  in  length,  and  195  in  breadth. 
178 


In  general  the  air  is  very  good,  and  though 
the  country  is  full  of  mountains,  there  are 
fertile  valleys.  In  some  places  there  are 
rich  mines,  whence  are  got  rubies,  sap- 
phires, topazes,  and  other  stones  of  less 
value.  The  Portuguese  were  the  first  Eu- 
ropeans who  settled  on  this  island  ;  but  the 
Dutch  soon  drove  them  away,  and  estab- 
lished themselves  on  all  the  principal  places 
along  the  coast.  In  February  1796,  all  the 
Dutch  forts  and  settlements  were  taken  by 
the  English.  Lon.  from  80  to  82  E.  lat. 
from  6  to  10  N. 

Chablais,  province  of  Savoy,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  on  the 
E  by  Vallas,  on  the  S  b}'  Faucigny,  and 
on  the  W  by  the  Genevois.  Thonon,  is 
the  capital. 

Chablis,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Yonne  and  the  province  of  Bur- 
gundy, remarkable  for  white  wines  It  is 
15  miles  E  by  N  of  Auxerre.  Lon.  3  59 
E.  lat.  47  42  N. 

Charco,  a  vague,  indefinite,  and  now  ob- 
solete term  for  the  plains  of  Tucuman,  and 
adjacent  places. 

Chactarvs,  nation  of  Indians  residing  in 
the  state  of  Mississippi,  and  Alabama,  on 
the  waters  of  Tombigbee,  Pearl,  Pasca- 
goula  and  Big  Black  Rivers. 

Chceronea.     See  Caprana. 

Chactoole.     See  Chailkatok. 

Chagre,  fort  of  South  America,  in  the 
province  of  Darien,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  to  the  SVV  of  Porto-Bel- 
lo.  It  was  taken  by  Admiral  Venion,  in 
1740.     Lon.  W  C  2  30  W.  lat.  9  20  N, 

Chagiie,  river  of  North  America,  in  the 
province  of  Panama,  rises  on  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien  between  the  bay  of  Panama,  and 
Point  San  Bias,  at  N  lat.  9,  lon.  W  C  1  30 
W.  and  flowing  west  by  comparative 
courses  60  miles,  turns  to  north  30  miles, 
falls  into  the  Caribbean  sea,  between  Porto 
Bello  and  Conception.  It  is  navigable  only 
a  short  distance  for  sea  vessels  to  Cruces  ; 
but  for  boats  down  stream,  it  is  the  channel 
of  commerce  between  the  two  Oceans. 

Chagrine,  river  of  Ohio,  in  Cuyahoga,  and 
Geauga  counties,  running  nearly  along  the 
line  of  separation,  but  entering  lake  Erie  in 
the  former. 

Chagrin,  township  and  post  town  Cuya- 
hoga county,  Delaware,  Population  in 
1820,  733. 

Chais-Dim,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Velay.  Its  Benedictine  abbey 
was  much  celebrated.  It  is  12  miles  E  of 
Brioude.     Lon.  3  4  E.  lat.  45  15  N. 

Chaidea.     See  Irac  ^irabia. 

Chaleur,  large  bay  of  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  separating  New  Brunswick, 
from  Lower  Canada,  Ristigouche  rive? 
enters  its  head,  lat.  48  N. 


C  il  A 


C  H  A 


Chalons-sur-Saone,  ancient  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  late- 
ly an  episcopal  see  in  the  provinc:'  of  Bur- 
gundy ;  on  the  Saone,  35  miles  S  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  4  57  E.  lat.  46  47  N. 

Chalons-siir-Marne,  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Marne,  lately  an  epis- 
copal see  in  the  province  of  Champagne. 
It  contains  15,000  inhabitants;  on  the  ri- 
vers Marne,  Mau,  and  Nau,  40  miles  SVV  of 
Verdun,  and  95  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  27  E. 
lat.  48  57  N. 

Chamby  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Buvaria,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  own 
name,  seated  on  the  river  Chamb,  '2>7  miles 
NE  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  12  55  E.  lat.  49 
14  N. 

Chamberry,  populous  town,  the  capital  of 
Savoy,  with  a  castle.  It  is  watered  by 
many  streams,  which  have  tlieir  sources  in 
St.  Martin's  Hill,  and  run  through  several 
of  the  streets.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1792.  It  is  27  miles  NE  of  Grenoble, 
and  85  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  5  50  E.  lat.  45 
35  N. 

Chambersburg,  post  town,  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Fianklin  county,  Pennsylvania; 
situated  on  the  Conegoctieague  creek,  11 
miles  SW  of  Shippensburg,  50  of  Carlisle, 
and  143  W  of  Philadelphia.  Tnis  is  a 
thriving  town,  being  seated  in  the  bosom 
of  a  very  ferliie  limestone  valley,  and  a  po- 
pulous settlement.  Lon.  W  C  0  32  W. 
lat.  39  57  N. 

Chumbly,  seigniory,  and  town  of  Lower 
Canada,  in  Bedtord,  and  Kent  counties,  on 
the  left  o^nk  of  the  Ssrelle  river  12  miles 
SE  oy  E  from  Montrcrd. 

diamond,  town  ot  France  in  the  de- 
partment ol  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lyonois,  with  a  strong  castle,  on 
the  river  Giez,  17  miles  S  of  Lyons.  Lon. 
4  55  E.  lat.  45  29  N. 

Champagne,  late  province  of  France, 
162  miles  in  length,  and  112  in  breadth, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hainault  and  Lux- 
emburg, on  ihe  E  by  Lorrain  and  Franche 
Comte,  on  the  S  by  IB'.irgundy,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Isle  of  France  aisd  Sois^onnois. 
It  now  forms  the  department  of  Ardennes, 
Aube,  Marne,  and  Upper  Marne. 

Champaign,  .'ounty  of  Osiio-  bounded  by 
Logan  NW,  undN;  by  Union  NE  ;  Madi- 
son E  ;  Clark  S  ;  and  Miami  W  %  length 
29 ;  width  16 ;  area  460  square  miles. 
Surface  generally  level,  and  part  flat,  and 
swampy ;  soil  exuberantly  fertile,  produc- 
ing grain,  particularly  maize,  and  fruits  in 
abundance.     Chiefiown,  Urbana, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ... 

do.  do.    females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed     -        -        -        . 
Slaves     .  - 


3,302 
2,936 

65 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -        6,303 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,366 
do.  do.    females      ...         3,964 

Total  whites       ....  8,330 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  67 

do.              do.    females  -  82 

Slaves,  males     .        -        -        .  no  e 

do.    females           ...  none 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        8,479 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  16 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,677 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  285 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  IS. 

Champion,  township  and  post  town,  Jef- 
ferson county.  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  2080. 

Champion,  village  of  Ohio,  in  Geaug£( 
county,  Painseville  township. 

Champion,  township  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio. 

Champlain,  lake  of  North  America,  ex- 
tending (rom  Whitehall  in  New  York,  in  a 
north  direction,  112  miles,  to  Ashisland  in 
Canada,  with  a  width  from  1  to  16  miles. 
Its  shores  are  mostly  bold  and  rock}',  in 
some  places  they  are  precipitous.  From 
the  NW  angle  it  receives  the  discharge  ot* 
lake  George,  from  the  S  Wood  creek, 
Paulet  and  Hubberton,  and  from  the  east. 
Otter,  Onion,  La  Moelle,  and  Mississque 
rivers.  From  the  W ;  Bojiquet,  Sable,  Sa- 
ranac  and  Chazy.  Its  outlet  is  the  river 
Sorelle.  Considerable  commerce  is  carri- 
ed on  upon  this  lake,  amounting  to  perhaps 
8000  tons  ot  shipping.  Lake  Champlain  is 
now  united  to  Hudson  river  by  a  navigable 
canal,  cut  from  Whitehall  to  a  point  on 
Hudson  river  below  Glenn's  Falls.  This 
lake  was  discovered  and  named  by  M. 
Champlain,  first  governor  of  Canada,  in 
1611,  In  1814,  a  British  fleet  and  ar.my 
attacked  Plaisburgii,  in  Clinton  county,  at 
the  mouth  of  Saranac.  On  the  lllh  Sep- 
tember this  fleet  was  attacked,  defeated, 
and  nearly  entirely  captured  by  a  squadron 
of  United  States  vessels,  and  the  nivadmg 
army  compelled  to  retreat  precipitately  in- 
to Canada. 

Champlain,  townsh'p,  and  post  town  in 
Clinton  county.  New  York.  Population  in 
182a,  1611. 

Chancay,  province  of  Peru,  on  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean ;  bounded  N  by  Santa,  W  by 
the  Pacific,  S  by  Cereado,  E  by  Canta, 
a:»d  NE  by  Cax  .tamba. 

Chancay,  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name,  is  50  miles  NW  from  Lima, 
Lon.  W  C  0  10  W,  lat.  10  20  S. 

Chavceford,  upper  Township  and  p^st 
179 


<     H" 


0  li  A 


village  in  York  count)',  Pennsylvania. 
Population  in  1810,  966,  and  in  1820, 
1248. 

Chanceford,  lower,  township  in  York 
county,  Pennsylvania,  Population  in 
1810,  818,  and  "in   1820,  955. 

Chancha,  rich  and  considerable  town 
of  Egypt  five  miles  from  Cairo,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  desert  which  leads  to 
M'lunt  Sinai. 

Chanda,  considerable  city  of  Berar,  in 
the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  subjt-ct  to  the 
chief  of  the  Eistern  Mahrattas.  It  is 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  (iodavery.  70 
G.  miles  S  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  79  40  E, 
lat.  20  10  N. 

Chandernagorey  large  town  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  in  Bengal.  It  was  a 
French  settlement,  and  had  a  very  strong 
fort,  destroyed  by  Admiral  Watson  in 
1757  ;  and,  in  179.3,  the  English  again  dis- 
possessed the  French  of  this  settlement. 
It  is  a  ntat  and  pretty  large  town,  and  is 
seated  two  leagues  and  a  half  above  Cal- 
cutta, with  an  excellent  harbour. 

Chandler s-ville,  post  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  situated  on  a  river  of  the 
same,  about  10  miles  SE  of  Machias. 

Chandler's  Gore,  township  in  Oxford 
township,  Maine.  Population  in  1810,  9, 
and  in  1820,  42. 

Chang  hai.  town  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince 01  Kiang-nan.  In  this  town,  and 
the  villages  dependant  on  it,  are  more 
than  200,000  weavers  of  common  cotton 
eloth. 

Chanmann'mg,  city  of  Thibet,  which 
has  been  the  residence  of  the  grand  La- 
ma. It  is  130  miles  W  of  Lassa.  Lon. 
89  45  E,  lat.  31  0  N. 

Channeray,  village  in  Ross-shire,  near 
the  Frith  of  Murray,  30  miles  W  of  El- 
gin. 

Chan-si,  province  of  China,  and  one 
of  the  smallest  in  the  empire,  is  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Petchcli,  on  the  S  by  Hnnan, 
on  the  VV  by  Chen- si,  and  on  the  N  by 
the  Great  wall.  The  climate  is  healthy 
and  agreeable,  and  the  soil  generally  fer- 
tile, though  the  country  is  full  of  moun- 
tains. 

Chan-tong,  province  of  China,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Petcheli  and  part  of  Ho- 
nan,  on  the  S  by  Kiang-nan,  on  the  E  by 
the  sea.  and  on  the  N  by  the  sea  and 
part  of  Pt  tcheli.  The  country  is  well 
•watered  by  lakes,  streams,  and  rivers. 

Chapala  lake  of  Mexico  in  Guadalaxa- 
ra,  it  is  50  ;i)iles  long,  and, about  20  wide, 
united  <it  its  eastern  extremity  with  the 
river  St  Jago,  or  TolTiiotlan. 

Chapell    Hill    post  town    of  Orange 

county.   North  Carolina,   situated  on  a 

branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  ab  ut  14  uiiies 

S  of  Hillsborough,  and  24  W  of  Raleigh. 

180 


The  situation  in  an  elevated  and  broken 
country,  is  pleasant  and  healthy.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina. This  seminary  was  incorporated 
in  1788,  and  liberally  sujjported  by  pub- 
lic donations,  and  private  benefaction. 
The  ri  VI  nues  are  at  present  ample. 
The  officers  are,  a  president  and  4  pro- 
fessors. The  students  exceed  one  hun- 
dred 

Chafxel  in  Frith,  town  in  Derbyshire, 
with  a  poor  iviarket  on  Saturday,  seated 
on  the  confines  of  the  Peak,  seven  miles 
SE  of  Manchester,  and  165  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  1  55  VV,  lat  53  22  N. 

Chafiel  island,  bay  of  Honduras. 

Chaliman,  township  in  Lycoming  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
SJ5. 

Chajitico,  town  in  St.  Mary's  county, 
Maryland,  12  miles  NVV  of  Leonard- 
town,  and  56  from  Washington.  Here 
is  a  post  office. 

Charabon,  seaport  on  the  N  coast  of 
Java,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  150  miles  E 
of  Batavia.     Lon  109  10  E  lat.  6  0S. 

Charadra,  ancient  Charadrus,  traver- 
ses the  plain  of  Marathon,  and  enters  the 
strait  between  Atlica  and  Negropont. 

Charaton,  east,  and  Charaton  west, 
two  rivers  of  Missouri,  rising  in  the  an- 
gle between  Les  Moines  river,  and  Grand 
river,  and  flowing  south,  falls  into  the 
Missoui'i,  220  miles  above  St  Louis,  and 
120  below  the  mouth  of  Kanses  river. 

Charcas,  province  of  South  America, 
on  the  sources  of  the  Madeira,  and  Pil- 
comaya  having  Potosi  S ;  Andes  W  ; 
Cochabamba  N ;  and  E  by  indefinite 
limits.  It  is  included  in  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  La  Plata.  Lon.  W  C  10  E, 
lat.  20  S. 

Chard,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday ;  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  six  milts  W  of  Crewkerne,  and 
141  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  18  W, 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Chardon,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Geauga  county,  Ohio,  12  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  and  160  NE 
from  Columbus.    Population  in  1S20, 430. 

Charente,  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of  Angoumois. 

Charente,  Lower,  department  of 
France,  consisting  of  the  two  late  provin- 
ces of  Aunis  and  Saintonge.  Saintes  is 
the  capital. 

Charente,  river  in  the  W  of  France, 
the  ancient  Carantaiius,  rises  in  Upper 
Vienne,  and  after  a  course  of  about  100 
raiies,  falls  into  the  sea,  8  miles  below 
Rochefort.  It  is  navj -able  to  Rochefort 
for  vessels  of  large  tonnage. 

Charente,  department  of  France, 
bounded    by   Lower    Charente,    Deux 


C  H  A 


C  II  A 


Sevres,  Vienna,  Upper  Vienne,  and  Dor- 
dogne.  Population  3  ^0,000  ;  square  miles 
2240.    Capital  Angouit-me. 

Charente,  Lo-wer,  dt.'partment  of  France, 
bounded  by  the  Atlaniic  Ocean  W,  and^in 
the  interior  by  Gironde,  Dordogne,  Deux- 
Sevres,  and  La  Vendee.  Topulation 
400,000 ;  area  2800  square  miU  s. 

Charenton,  the  namt  of  two  towns  in 
France,  the  one  upcn  he  Marmaude,  m 
the  department  of  A  Her,  the  other  on 
the  river  Seine,  four  miles  S  of  Paris ; 
once  famous  for  its  protesiant  church. 

Churstte,  post  town  of  M'ssouri,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Missouri  river,  50  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  that  stream. 

Charite,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  and  late  province  of  Ni- 
vernois.  The  town  derives  its  name  from 
the  charity  of  the  late  prior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine Clunistes,  upon  whose  bounty  it 
subsisted  in  a  time  of  scarcity.  Lon.  3  10 
E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Charkof,  or  more  correctly  Kharkof,  pro- 
vince of  Russia,  on  the  sources  of  the 
Vorskla  branch  of  the  Dnieper,  and  the 
Donetz  branch  of  the  Don.  Charkof  the 
capital  is  on  the  Donetz.  Loii.  36  26  E, 
lat.  50  N. 

Charlesburg;  post  town  of  Montgomery 
county  Maryland,  26  miles  N  of  Washing- 
ton. 

Charles  City,  town  of  Virginia,  in  a  coun- 
ty of  the  samp  name,  on  the  N  side  of  .Tames 
river,  35  m  les  SE  of  Richmond,  and  167 
from  Washington. 

Charlemont,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  seated  on  the  river 
Blackwater,  six  miles  S  of  Dungannon. 
Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  54  44  N 

Charlemont,  fortified  town  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  ceded 
to  the  French  by  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  25  miles  SW  of 
Namur.     Lon.  4  40  E,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Charlemont,  township  in  Franklin  county, 
Massachusetts.     Population  in  1820, 1,081. 

Charlemonte,  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  about 
1000  inhabitants. 

Charleroy,  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  the  county  of  Namur,  built  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1666.  It  lias  been  frequently 
taken  and  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sam- 
bre,  18  miles  W  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  30  E, 
lat.  50  20  N. 

Charles,  county  of  Maryland,  on  the  Po- 
tomac ;  bounded  by  St.  Mary's  and  Patux- 
ent  river  E  ;  by  Pnnce  George  N  ;  and  by 
Potomac  river  W  and  S  ;  length  30,  mean 
width  15;  area  450  :  surface  hilly  ,  soil  in 
part  sandy,  and  in  general  of  middling  qua- 
lity. Staples,  grain,  flour,  tobacco,  &c. 
Chief  town,  Port  Tobacco. 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males       ... 

3.668 

do.  do.     females 

3,730 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

412 

Slaves         .        .        .        .        _ 

12,435 

Total  poj)ulation  in  1810    - 

20,245 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -         -         . 

3,103 

do.  do.    females    -        •        - 

3,411 

Total  whites       .         .         .         - 

6,514 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

274 

do.            do.        females 

293 

Slaves,  males            -         .         - 

4,787 

do.     females         ... 

4,632 

Total  population  in  1820 


16,500 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners- not  naturalized  -  27 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        6,070 

do.        in  Manufaciures  -         -  327 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  47 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

Charles,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Labrador, 
NE  from  the  straits  of  Bellisle.  Lon.  W  C 
21  40  E,  lat.  52   25. 

Charles,  Cape,  of  Virginia.  See  Cape 
Charles. 

Charles  City,  county  of  Virginia,  on  the 
peninsula  between  James  and  Chickaho- 
miny  rivers  ;  bounded  by  the  James  SE 
and  SW  ;  Henrico  county  NW;  and  by 
the  Ciiickahominy  river,  or  New  Kent,  and 
James  city  counties  NE  ;  length  26 ;  mean 
vvidtii8;  area  200  miles;  surface  hilly  or 
rolling  ;  soil  thin,  or  of  middling  qMality. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  a  post  village,  25  miles  SE  from 
Richmond. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...  ^846 

do.  do.     females     -        .        -  9J0 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  387 

Slaves 3,023 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

5,186 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

837 

do.   do.    females     . 

- 

913 

Total  whites 

_ 

1.750 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

,  males    - 

287 

do.             do. 

females 

251 

Slaves,  males 

. 

1,531 

do.    females    - 

- 

1,436 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        5,255 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,813 

181 


G  H  A 


OH  A 


Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  24 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Charles,  river  in  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts, wiiich  flows  into  Boston  harbour, 
near  that  lovvn. 

Charles,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  SW 
part  of  tlie  strait  entering'  into  Hudson's 
Bay.     Lon.  75  15  W,  lat.  62  10  N. 

Charles,  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Ireland,  at  the 
entrance  of  Kinsale  harbour.  Lon.  2  23 
W,  lat  51   1  N. 

Charleston,  township  and  post  town  in 
Montgomery  county,  New  York.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  5,365. 

Charleston,  Rhode  Island.  See  Charles- 
town. 

Charlestoiun,  district  of  South  Carolina, 
between  Santee  and  Combahee  rivers ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  ;  Colle- 
ton SW  ;  Orangeburgh  and  Sumpter  NW  ; 
and  Santee  river,  or  Williamsburgh,  and 
Georgetown  districts  NE  ;  length  55^  ; 
mean  w.dth40;  area  2,230  square  miles; 
surface  in  general  level,  part  flat  and  marshy 
or  sandy  The  soil  partakes  of  the  variety 
of  features;  some  tracts  are  in  a  high  de- 
gree productive  ;  in  general  it  is  however 
of  middling  quality.  Staples  rice  and  cot- 
ton.    Chief  town,  Charleston  city. 

Population  in  1810,  exclusive  of  the  city. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,454 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,989 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       -  311 

Slaves 33.714 


Total  population  in  1810 

>s 
lies 

58,468 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wuite  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  perhons  of  colour,  mal 
do.             do.        fern  J 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

4.538 
4,185 

8723 
985 

1,155 
22,955 
21,614 

Total  population  in  1320 

55.432 

Of  these : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  151 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -      28,6/'6 

do.    in  Mtnufactures        -  925 

do     in  Commerce  -  532 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25  ne-irly. 

Charleston,     City,    and     sciip  ;rt    in 

Charleston  district,  S«5uth  Carolina,  at 

the  junction  of  Cnrper  and  Ash'rv  rivers. 

Lon   W  C  2  54  VV,  79  54  W  froio  L^n- 

don;  lat.  32  50  N    112  miles  SSE  from 

Columbia;  and   550  SSW   from  Wtsh- 

ton.     Ashley  river  is  navigabU  20  miks 

above  the  city  hy  vessels  of  considerable 

182 


burden  ;  but  it  being  placed  on  a  low  spot 
of  ground,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Ocean,  it  is  subject  to  be  inundated  by 
high  tides,  and  has  often  suffei'ed  from 
this  cause,  as  well  as  by  fires  and  tre- 
mendous whirlwinds.  The  harbour  is 
united  to  Santee  river  by  a  fine  naviga- 
ble canal,  22  miles  in  length,  which 
opens  to  its  merchants  the  trade  of  the 
interior  of  South  Carolina,  and  North 
Carolina.  The  harbour  has  two  chan- 
nels of  entrance,  the  deepest  of  which 
admit  vessels  drawing  16  feet  water. 
The  entrance  of  the  harbour  is  defended 
by  a  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  al)out  six 
miles  below  the  city.  This  fort  repelled 
the  attack  of  a  British  fleet  under  Sir  P. 
Parker;  in  the  revolution  war,  with  a 
very  destructive  effect  to  the  assailants. 

Cliarleston  is  nevertheless  a  capital 
of  great  riches  and  commerce  ;  the  ex- 
ports of  1803  amounting  to  g7,811,108  ; 
and  in  1815,  its  tonnage  exceeded  36,470 
tons. — The  banks  of  the  rivers  above  and 
below  the  town  are  beautified  with  fine 
plantations,  and  walks,  interspersed  with 
rows  of  trees.  The  streets  that  lie  E 
and  W,  run  in  straight  lines,  from  river 
to  river,  and  are  intersected  by  others  at 
right  angles,  tliough  they  have  one  com- 
mon fault  of  being  too  narrow,  some  of 
them  being  not  above  35  feet  wide  Most, 
if  not  all  of  them  are  provided  with  sub- 
terranean drains  that  carry  off  the  water 
and  filth  of  the  city. — The  houses  lately 
built  are  principally  o*  brick,  and  some 
of  them  in  a  style  of  co;V)j).irJitiv(r  gran- 
deur and  elegance.  The  chief  public 
edifices  are  an  exchange,  a  stat;  b',;ase, 
a  bank,  an  avmtiury.  and  r  public  aims- 
house,  with  ten  or  a  dozen  placet)  of  reli- 
gious w.  rship.  Here  are  two  banks,  be- 
sides a  branch  of  the  United  States'  bank. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  is  a  very  respecta- 
ble foundation,  consisting  of  a  large  and 
spacious  budning,  where  150  children  are 
protected,  clothed,  fed  and  educated,  A 
Library  Society  formed  sosr.e  years  past, 
have  now  a  library  exceeding  13,000  vol- 
umes. This  city  has  kept  full  pace  with 
the ''tlier  great  se^p'Tt  towns  of  the  Uni<ed 
States.  In  1790,  the  inliabitan's  amounted 
to  16,359,  in  1800,  to  18,711.  T.s  subse- 
quent advance  is  seen  by  the  annexed  table. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .        5,863 

do.  do.  females  -  -  .  5,705 
All  other  persons  «;xcept  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -        -        1,472 

Slaves  -  .        -        .       11,671 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 


24.711 


5,323 


G  II  A 


c  ir  A 


Free  white  females 


5,330 


Total  whites               -        -        -  10,653 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  623 

do.                do.       females  852 

Slaves,  males              -        -        ■  5,695 

do.   females               ...  6,957 


Total  population  in  1820,  24,780 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  425 

Engaged  in  Agnculture  -  164 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  887 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -        1,138 

Cliarleston,  post  town,  township,  and  seat 
of  justice  in  Clarke  county,  Indiana,  near 
the  Oliio  river,  and  the  mouth  of  Eleven 
mile  crctrk,  15  miles  above  Louisville. 
Population,  1550. 

Charleston,  town  on  the  SW  side  of  the 
island  of  Nevis,  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is 
the  seat  of  government,  and  defei^ded  by  a 
fort.     Lon.  W  C  14  30  E,  lat.  16  40  N. 

Charleston,  island  at  the  bottom  of  Hud- 
son's Bay.    Lon.  79  5  W,  lat.  52  3  N. 

Charlestoivn,  JVew,  town  of  Penobscot 
county,  Maine,  28  miles  NNW  from  Ban-^ 
gor. 

Charlestoxvn,  township,  and  alternately 
with  Keene,  seat  of  justice,  in  Cheshire 
county.  New  Hampshire,  on  Connecticut 
river,  42  miles  W  from  Concord,  and  30  S 
from  Dartmouth  college.  A  fine  bridge 
over  the  Connecticut  river,  unites  this 
beautiful  village  with  the  opposite  shore  in 
Vermont.  Lat.  43  14  N.  Population  in 
1810,  1501,  and  in  1820,  1702. 

Charlestoivn,  the  principal  town  of  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Massachusetts,  opposite  to 
Boston,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Charles  river,  over  which  is  constructed  an 
elegant  bridge.  This  town  stands  upon  the 
elevated  peninsula  between  Mystic  and 
Charles  rivers.  Besides  the  Boston  bridge, 
leading  into  Prince  street  in  tiiat  city, 
another  leads  over  the  inner  harbour  to 
Cambridge,  Bridges  cross  also  Mystic 
rivers,  and  open  communication  with  Mai- 
den, Chelsea,  and  Salem.  The  state  prison 
of  Massachusetts,  is  located  in  this  town ; 
and  on  the  point  opposite  Lynn  and  Ship 
street  in  Boston,  the  United  States  have  a 
navy  yard,  extending  over  about  60  acres, 
on  which  have  been  erected  the  necessary 
buildings  to  carry  on  the  business,  and  ac- 
commodate the  officers  and  men  attached 
to  the  establishment.  The  battle  of  Breeds, 
generally,  though  erroneously  called  Bun- 
ker's Hill,  was  fought  in  this  town,  June 
17th,  1775. 

Charlestoiu7i,  township,  includincr  the 
preceding  town,  in  Middlesex  coun'y,  Mas-* 
sachnselts.  Population  in  1810,  4959,  and 
in  1820,  6591. 

CJtarlestoxvit,    township    in  Washington 


county,  Rhode  Island.   Population  in  1810, 
1174.  and  in  1820,  1160. 

Charlesto-ivn,  post  town,  Washington 
county,  Rhode  Island.  It  is  remarkable  for 
being  the  residence  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  Narragansett  Indians  tliat  still  remain 
(to  the  number  of  350)  in  this  state. 
They  are  peaceable  and  well  disposed 
toward  tiie  government,  and  speak  the 
English  language. 

Charlestoivn,  township,  and  post  town  in 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  7  miles 
above  Norristown.  Population  in  1810, 
1580,  and  in  1820,  2069. 

Charlestoivn,  post  town  in  Cecil  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of  North  East 
river,  near  its  mouth,  10  miles  W  of  Elk- 
ton  and  47  E  by  N  of  Baltimore. 

Charleslo-uin,  post  town  of  Jefferson 
county,  Virginia,  73  miles  NW  from  Wash- 
ington City. 

Charlestoivn,  village  of  Kenhawa  countj', 
Virginia,  on  the  point  of  confluence  above 
the  junction  of  Kenhawa  and  Elk  rivers. 

Charlestoivn,  Brooke  county,  Virginia. 
See   Wellsbtirg. 

Charlestoivn,  post  town  and  township, 
Portage  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Cuyahoga 
river,  4  miles  west  from  Ravenna. 

Charleville,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
countv  of  Cork,  30  miles  N  of  Cork.  Lon. 
8  30  'W,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Charleville,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Ardennes  and  late  province 
of  Champagne.  The  streets  are  as  straight 
as  a  line,  and  the  houses  of  an  equal  height, 
covered  with  slate.  Here  is  a  magnificent 
square,  and  in  the  centre  a  handsome  foun- 
tain. It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  near  Me- 
ziers,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  bridge 
and  a  causeway,  15  miles  NW  of  Sedan, 
and  115  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  45  E,  lat.  49 
50  N. 

Cliarlotte,  county  of  New  Brunswick ; 
bounded  by  the  bay  of  Fundy  S,  and  by  the 
St.  Croix  and  Passamaquoddy  Bay  W. 
Chief  town,  St.  Andrews. 

Charlotte,  post  town  on  the  E  side  of 
Lake  Champlain,  in  Chittenden  county, 
Vermont ;  at  the  distance  of  10  miles  S  of 
Burlington,  and  13  N  of  Vergennes. 

Charlotte,  post  village  Monroe  countj-. 
New  York,  on  Braddock's  bay. 

Charlotte,  town,  Charlotte,  county  Vir- 
ginia.    See  Mart/ville. 

Charlotte,  county,  Virginia,  on  Staunton 
river  ;  bounded  by  Lunenburg  E  ;  Mecklen- 
burg SE;  Hahfax,  or  Roanoke  river  SW; 
Campbell  NW ;  Buckingham  and  Prince 
Edward  NE  ;  length  33  ;  mean  breadth  18  ; 
area  600  square  miles  ;  surface  pleasa  ily 
variegated  by  hill  and  dale,  and  well  water- 
ed. Part  of  the  soil  along  the  streams  ex- 
cellent. Staples,  grain,  flour,  tobacco,  live 
stock,  and  some  salted  provisions.  Chief 
town,  Maryville. 

183 


C  H  A 


C  ii  A 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  mates       -        .        .  2,691 

do.     do.     females  -        -        -  2,663 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  210 

Slaves 7,597 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         .        ■        . 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites        .        -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

df).  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males       -        .        -        - 

do.    females  -        ,        - 

Total  popvdation  in  1820 


13,161 


2,515 
2,490 


13,290 


Of  these  ; 
I'oreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,703 

do.        in  Manufactures  -       1,782 

do.       in  Commerce         -        -  32 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Charlotte,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Mecklenburg  county,  North  Carolina ;  situa- 
ted on  Sugar  Creek,  a  branch  of  Catahaw 
river,  46  miles  S  of  Slatesville,  and  about 
the  same  distance  SW  of  Salisbury. 

Charlotte,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Dickson  county,  Tennessee,  on  Jone's 
creek,  30  miles  N  from  Nashville. 

Charlotte,  village,  South  Carolina,  at  the 
junction  of  Tugaloo  and  Broad  rivers. 

Charlotte,  river,  bay  and  harbour,  west 
coast  of  East  Florida.  The  river  rises  in 
the  interior  of  the  Peninsula,  and  flows  west 
into  the  bay.  Lon.  W  C  4  30  E,  lat.  26 
30  N. 

Charlotteburg,  town,  Brunswick  county, 
North  Carolma. 

Charloltehall,  post  office,  St.  Mary's  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  near  the  Patuxent  river,  56 
miles  SE  from  Washington. 

Charlottenbirrg,  town  of  Brandenburg,  3 
miles  from  Berlin  on  the  Spree. 

Charlotte's,  Queen,  Island,  island  in  the 
South  Sea,  first  discovered  by  Captain 
Wallis  in  the  Dolphin.  It  has  abundance 
of  good  water,  cocoa-nuts,  palm-nuts,  and 
scurvy  grass.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a 
middle  stature,  and  dark  complexion,  with 
long  hair  hanging  over  their  shoulders. 

Charlotte's  Town,  Prince  Edward's  island, 
in  the  bay  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  on  a  deep  bay 
south  side  of  the  island. 

Churlotts-to-cvn,  formerly  Jlonseau,  the 
capital  of  Dominica,  21  miles  SE  of  Prince 
Rupert's  Bay,  on  a  point  of  land  on  the  S  W 
side  of  the  island.  Lon.  61  25  W,  lat.  15 
25  N. 

Charlottesville,  town  of  Norfolk  county, 
TJpper  Canada,  on  lake  Eric 
184 


Charlottesville,  post  town  and  tlie  capital 
of  Albemarle  county,  Virginia,  situated  on 
Kivannali  river,  42  miles  E  by  S  of  Staun- 
ton, and  85  NW  of  R.chmond. 

Here  the  central  college  of  Virginia,  was 
located  in  1817.  This  institution  has  not 
yet  went  into  operation. 

Charlton,  townsiiip  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  2180, 
and  in  1820,  2131. 

Charlton,  township  and  post  town,  Sara- 
toga county.  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  1953.' 

Charlton,  village  in  Kent,  on  an  eminence 
that  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  Thames. 
Charlton  is  six  miles  ESE  of  London. 

Charlton,  island,  of  James  Bay.  Lon.  W 
C  3  W,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Charmes,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province  of 
Lorram,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  over  which 
is  a  handsome  bridge,  eight  miles  E  of 
Mirecourt.     Lon  6  17  E,  lat  48  21  N. 

Charnxvood,  or  Charley  Forest,  a  rough 
open  tract  in  the  NW  part  of  Leicester- 
shire. 

Charolles,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy.  It  has  a  ruinous  castle,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Reconce,  24  miles  WNW 
of  Macon.     Lon.  4  24  E,  lat.  46  28  N. 

Charon,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  entei-s 
lake  Superior. 

Charost,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  and  late  province  of  Berry, 
seated  on  the  Arnon,  six  miles  NE  of  Is- 
soudun.     Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Chartiers  Creek,  of  Washington  and  Al- 
legany counties,  Pennsylvania ;  rises  near 
Washington  in  the  former,  and  flowing 
NNE  into  the  latter,  falls  into  Ohio  river, 
4  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  navigable  at 
high  water,  for  boats  going  aown  stream 
from  Morganza,  at  its  main  forks,  2  miles 
from  Cannonsburg. 

Chartiers,  township  in  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1747,  and  in  1820,  1330. 

Chartres,  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  ofBeauce.  The  cathedral  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  France,  and  its  steeple 
much  admired.  The  principal  trade  con- 
sists in  corn.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  45 
miles  SW  of  P.iris,  Lon.  1  34  E.  lat.  48 
27  N. 

Chartreuse,  or  Grand  Chartreuse,  lately 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  monasteries  in 
France,  eight  miles  N  of  Grenoble,  now 
converted  into  a  kind  of  arsenaL  Lon.  5 
49  E.  lat.  45  20  N. 

Charibdis,  famous  whirlpool,  in  the  Strait 

*of  Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  opposite 

the  celebr.itcd  Scyila,  in  Itaiy.     According 

to  the  poets,   it   was  very  formidable  to 

marinerb  ;  but  it  is  ^wl  to  have  been  en- 


C  H  A 


€  H  A 


tirely  removed  by  tlie  dreadful  earthquake 
in  1783.  On  diving  into  it,  there  were 
found  vast  gulplis  and  whii.lpools  below, 
which  produce  all  the  commotion  on  the 
suifiice  of  the  water. 

Chataho'iche,  river  of  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  Florida  ;  rises  in  the  Appalachian 
mountains,  and  flowing  by  comparative 
courses  about  300  miles  joins  ihe  Flint 
and  forms  the  Appalachicola  ;  ivJiich  see. 

Chatanyhquc,  lake  in  Chatauque  county. 
New  York,  near  the  line  which  divides 
that  state  from  Pennsylvania,  and  about  ten 
miles  from  the  SE  side  of  lake  Erie.  The 
waters  of  this  lake  are  discharged  by  the 
Conewango,  creek  into  the  Allegany  river 
at  Warren. 

Chatauque,  county  of  New  York,  form- 
ing the  SVV  angle  of  that  state  on  lake 
Erie  ;  bounded  by  Pennsylvania  S  and  SW  ; 
by  lake  Erie  NW  ;  by  Erie  county  in  New 
York  NE  ;  and  by  Cattaraugus  E  ;  length 
on  Pennsylvania  37  miles  from  east  to  west 
and  19  wide  from  north  to  south  ;  the  re- 
sidue in  form  of  a  triangle,  37  miles  base, 
with  an  altitude  of  19.  The  whole  area 
1050  square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and 
rocky,  with  a  very  productive  soil.  Staples 
grain,  whiskey,  flour,  live  stock,  and  salted 
provisions.    Chief  town,  Mayville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        6  590 
do.    do.  females  -        -        5,965 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 
do.        do.  females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures    - 

do.        in  Commerce 


12,555 


12,568 


none 

1,892 

207 

16 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  12, 

Chaieaii-JBryant,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Britanny,  with  an  old  castle,  24 
miles  S  of  Rennes.  Lon.  1  16  VV.  lat.  47 
46  N. 

Chateau-  Chambresis,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  lute  pro- 
vince of  the  Cambresis,  U'ith  a  magnificent 
pulace,  which  belonged  to  the  archbishop 
of  Cambray.  It  is  famous  for  a  ^reaty  con- 
cluded between  Henry  IL  of  France  and 
Philip  II  of  Spain  ;  and  is  12  miles  SE  of 
Cambray.     Lon.  3  40  E.  lat.  13  7  N. 

Chateuu-Chmoti,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Nievee,  and  late  province 
of  Nivernois,  '.vi.th  a  cori?'iderab!e  inanufac- 
A  ■► 


ture  of  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yonne, 
near  the  source  oi  that  river,  36  miles  E  of 
Nevers.     Lon.  4  8  E.  lat.  47  0  N. 

Chateau-Daxiphin,  strong  castle  of  Pied- 
mont; 18  miles  W  by  Nof  Saluces.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  and  Spaniards  in 
1743,  and  restored  in  1748,  by  the  treaty 
of  Aix  la-Chapelle. 

Cnateau-ilu-Loir,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the 
department  of  Sarte  and  late  province  of 
Maine,  famous  for  sustaining  a  siege  of 
seven  years  against  the  count  of  Mans.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Loir,  22  miles  SE  of  Mans, 
and  97  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  30  E.  lat.  47 
40  N. 

Chateau-Dun^  ancient  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and 
late  provmce  of  Beauce.  Here  is  a  castle, 
and  a  holy  chapel,  built  by  the  famous 
coimt  of  Duuois.  The  streets  are  straight ; 
the  houses  uniform  ;  and  the  great  square 
is  very  spacious.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  Loire,  30  miles  N  of  Blois, 
and  72  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  22  E.  lat.  48 
4N. 

Chateaugan,  river,  rises  in  New  York, 
Franklin  and  Clinton  counties,  and  enter- 
ing Lower  Canada,  flows  NE  into  Lake  St. 
Louis.  Tiie  country  from  which  this 
stream  takes  its  source  is  low  and  swampy. 

Chateaugay,  post  village,  of  Clinton 
county,  New  York. 

Chateauguay,  township  and  post  tov/n, 
in  Franklin  county.  New  York.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  828. 

Chaieauguay,  seigniory.  Lower  Canada, 
Huntingdon  county,  on  tiie  Chateaugay 
river  15  miles  S  W  from  Montreal. 

Chateau- Gontier,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  and  late  province  of  Maine, 
seated  on  the  river  Maine,  with  a  castle. 
It  has  a  mineral  spring;  its  trade  consists 
in  linens  ;  and  it  is  22  miles  NW  of  An- 
gers, and  147  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  36  E. 
lat.  47  47  N. 

Chateau- iMndon,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  lately 
had  an  Augustine  Abbey,  seated  on  a  hill, 
five  miles  S  of  Nemours,  and  50  S  by  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  38  E.  lat.  48  11  N. 

Chateaidin,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partm-nt  of  Finisterre  and  Lte  province  of 
Britann}',  18  miles  N  of  Quimper,  on  the 
river  Auzon  where  there  is  a  salmon- 
fisiiery. 

ChateauMeillant,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cher,  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  nine  miles  E  of  Chalre.  Here  Is  a 
castle,  with  a  tower  said  to  have  been  built 
by  Julias  Csesar. 

Chnteaunei/f,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher  and  late  .province  of 
Berry,  16  miles  S  of  Bourges.  It  is  the 
name  of  two  other  inconsiderable  towns  of 

S'raiicf. 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


Cliateaunenf,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Beauce,  12  miles  NE  of  Chartres. 

Chateauneuf,  twwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Lo:re  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjoii,  seated  on  the  Sarte,  12 
miles  N  of  Angers. 

Chateau- Renand,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  20  miles  \W  of 
Amboise,  and  88  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  1 
W.  lat.  47  33  N. 

Chateuroux,  town  of  France  in  the  late 
province  of  Berry.  It  has  a  manufacture 
of  cloth,  and  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  plain, 
on  the  Indre,  15  miles  SW  of  Issoudun, 
and  148  S  ot  Pans.  Lon  1  5  E,  lat.  46 
46  N. 

Cliateau-Thierry,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aisne  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence 
seated  on  the  river  Maine.  It  is  the  birth 
place  of  the  inimitable  La  Fontame ;  and 
is  27  miles  SW  of  Rheims,  and  97  NW  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  o:^  E.  lat.  49  2  N. 

Chatel,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  8  miles  E 
of  Mirecourt. 

Cfiatel-Chalon,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Jura  and  la'e  provmce  of 
Franche  Comte,  remarkable  for  its  late 
Benedictine  nunnerv,  20  miles  S  of  Dole. 
Lon  5  38  E.  lat.  46  46  N. 

Chatellerauh,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vienne  and  laie  province 
of  Poitou,  seated  on  the  Vienne,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  It  is 
noted  for  its  cutlery,  watchmaking,  and  the 
cutting  of  false  diamonds.  It  gives  the 
title  of  duke  to  the  Scotch  duke  of  Hamil- 
ton It  is  22  miles  NN'E  of  Poiviers,  and 
168  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  44  E.  lat.  46 
50  N. 

Chatham,  town  in  Kent,  adjoining  Ro- 
chester, and  seated  on  the  Medway.  It  is 
one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the  royal 
navy ;  and  the  yards  and  magazines  are 
furnished  wiih  all  sorts  of  naval  s'ores.  It 
has  about  500  houses,  mostly  low,  and 
built  with  brick  ;  the  streets  are  narrow 
and  paved  ;  and  it  contains  about  3000  in- 
habitants. The  principal  employment  of 
the  labouring  hands  is  ship  building  in  the 
king's  yard  and  private  docks.  It  has  a 
market  on  Saturday,  a  church,  a  chapel  of 
ease,  and  a  ship  used  as  a  church  for  the 
sailors.  It  is  31  miles  ESE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  E.  lat.  51  22  N. 

Chathamy  township  of  Kent  (jounty,  Up- 
per Canada,  on  lake  St.  Clair. 

Chatham,  town  of  York  county.  Lower 
Canada,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ottawa  river. 

Chatham,  town  of  Northumberland  coun- 
ty, New  Brunswick,  on  Miramachi  river. 

Chatham,  township  in  Coos  countv.  New 
186 


Hampshire.  Population  in  1810,  201,  and 
in  1820,  298. 

Chatham,  township  and  post  town,  Barn- 
stable county,  20  miles  E  from  Barnstable, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  1334, 
and  in  1820,  1630. 

Chatham,  township,  opposite  Middle- 
town,  Middlesex  county,  Connecticut. 
Population  in  1810,  3258,  and  in  1820, 
3159. 

Chatham,  township  and  post  town,  Co- 
lumbia county.  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  3372. 

Chatham,  township  and  post  town,  Mor- 
ris county.  New  Jei'sey,  13  miles  NW  f  om 
Ehzabeth  town.  Population  in  1810, 2019, 
and  in  1820,  1832. 

Chatham,  village  in  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Nev\port  turnpike, 
16  miles  SW  from  West  Chester. 

Chatham,  county  of  North  Carolina,  on 
both  sides  of  Cape  Fear  river;  bounded  by 
Randolph  W;  Orange  N;  Wake  NE; 
Cumberland  SE,  and  Moore  S  ;  length  33 ; 
width  26;  area  860  square  miles;  sirface 
hilly,  and  soil  varied.  Staples,  grain,  to- 
bacco, &Co    Chief  town,  Pittsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         -                -  4,609 

do.     do.     females              -        -  4,491 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  242 

Slaves 3,635 


Total  population  in  1810  -      12,977 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        -        4,312 
do.  do.     females     -        -        -        4,355 

Total  whites       -        -        -        -  8,670 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  100 

do.            do.        females  -  83 

Slaves,  males      -        -         -         -  1,909 

do.     females            -        -        -  1,899 

Total  population  in  1820  -       12,661 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  3,407 

do.        in  Manulactures          -  135 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14. 

Chatham,  post  town  of  Chesterfield,  dis- 
trict South  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Pedee  river,  100  miles  from  Columbia. 

Chatham,  coun'y  of  Georgia;  bounded 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  ;  Ogeechee  river 
or  Bryan  SW  ;  Effingham  NW  ;  Savannah 
river  NE ;  length  27  ;  mean  width  15  ;  :.rea 
400  square  miles.  Surface  level,  and  in 
part,  low  and  marshy.  Soil  in  general, 
ra  her  sterile,  though  tracts  of  very  fertile 
land  is  found  along'' the  rivers.  ■  Staples 


C  H  A 


C  H  A 


rice,  cotton,    tobacco,    and    some  sugar. 
Cliief  town,  Savannah. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -         -         -  355 

do.   do.     females  -        -  364 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -         .         .  48 

Slaves         -        -        -        .        .        7,553 


Total  population  in  1810,  including 

Savannah        ....        8,320 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        ,        - 
do.  do.    females    -        -        - 

Total  whites       .        -        .        , 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males    -        -        -        - 

do.    females  .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


7,214 


1 

3,995 

21 

none 

Population  to  the  square  mile  18,  exclu- 
sive of  the  town  of  Savannah. 

Chatham-Four-Corners,  post  office  Co- 
lumbia county.  New  York, 

Chatham,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon,  W  C  100  W,  lat.  43  '•0  S._ 

Chatham,  island.  Pacific  '  i.  Ijon. 
W  C  95  W,  lat.  13  32  S. 

Chatham,  strait,  on  the  Norti.  vest  coast 
of  North  Aaierica,  between  King  George 
and  Admiralty  islands.  Lon.  W  C  57  W, 
lat.  58  N. 

Chastillon-Les-Dombes,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ain  and  late  province 
of  Bresse,  12  miles  W  of  Bourg. 

Chatillon-sur-Indre,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Indi'e  and  late  province 
of  Berry,  10  miles  S  of  Loches.  Lon.  0 
55  E.  lat  47  22  N. 

Chatillon  siir  Loire,  town  of  France,  14 
miles  NE  from  Aubigny. 

Chatillon  sur  JUame,  town  of  France,  in 
the  depari.ment  of  Marne  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  27  miles  S  of  llheims.  Lon. 
4  5  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Chatillon-sur-Seine,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  divided  into  two  by  the 
river  Seine.  It  has  ironworks  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood, and  is  36  miles  NW  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  4  35  E,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Chatre,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  laie  province  of  Berry, 
seated  on  the  river  Indre,  37  miles  from 
Bourges.  Ii  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  cattle.     Lon.  1  55  E,  lat.  46  c,5  N. 

Chaisworth,  village  in  the  Peak  of  Der- 


byshire, near  the  river  Derwent,  six  miles 
W  of  Chesterfield.  It  vas  the  prison  of 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  for  17  years,  in 
memory  of  which  the  new  lodgings  tliat 
are  built,  instead  of  the  old,  are  called  the 
queen  of  Scots  apartment. 

Chaudiere  Falls,  on  the  Ottawa  river, 
Upper  Canada,  36  feet  high.  Tiiey  are  a 
little  above  the  mouth  of  the  river  lladeau, 
and  below  lake  Chaudiere. 

Chaudiere  Lake,  is  formed  by  the  widen- 
ing of  the  Ottawa  river,  above  tiie  moutli 
of  the  river  Radeau,  and  below  lake  Chat, 
Upper  Canada. 

ChmuUere,  Riviere  a  la,  or  Catfish  Creek, 
runs  into  lake  Erie,  west  of  Long  Point, 
Upper  Canada. 

Chaudiere  River,  of  Lower  Canada,  rises 
on  the  hilly  region  from  which  the  Con- 
necticut and  Kennebec  iiave  tiieir  sources. 
It  flows  nearly  north  from  Megantic  lake, 
about  100  miles,  and  falls  into  St.  Lawrence 
6  milf  s  above  Quebec,  It  was  by  the  chan- 
nel of  this  stream,  that  general  Arnold 
reached  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  early  in 
the  revolutionary  war.  It  is  a  precipitous, 
and  unnavigable  stream.  The  scsnery 
along  its  banks,  has  excited  the  admiration 
of  all  travellers,  who  have  visited  iLs 
banks. 

Chaulness,  town  of  France,  7  miles  SW 
from  Peronne. 

Chaidness,  town  of  France,  20  miles  ESE 
from  Paris. 

Chanmont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne  and  late  province 
of  Champagne.  The  ]5rincipal  gate  of  the 
church  of  the  college  is  much  admired. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Marne,  14  miles  S  of  Joinville.  Lon.  5  9 
E,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Chanmont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  province  of  the 
isle  of  France,  30  miles  NVV  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  7  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Chanmont,  po-.t  village  of  New  York, 
Jefferson  county,  on  Chaumont  bay. 

Chanmont,  bay  of  lake  Ontario,  JefTerson 
county.  New  York,  to  the  north  off,  and 
communicating  by  a  strait  with  Sacket's 
Harbour. 

Chaiinv,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  on  the  river  Oise,  20  miles 
E  of  Noyon.     Lon.  3  IS  E,  lat.  49  17  N. 

Chaves,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province 
of  Tra-los-Montes,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  on  the  river  Tamega.  Between 
the  town  and  the  suburb  Magdalena  is  an 
old  Roman  stone  bridge.  It  is  30  miles 
SW  of  Braganza.  Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  41 
45  N. 

Chazy,  two  small  rivers  of  New  York, 
Clinton  cou  ity,  fidls  into  tlie  west  side  of 
lake  Champlain,  in  the  township  of  Cham- 
plain. 

Chatv,  township  and  post  town,  Clinton 
387 


C  H  E 


CHE 


county,  New  York,  186  miles  N  from  Al- 
bany.    Population  in  1820,  2313. 

Cheadle,  town  in  SafFoidshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  tiie  most 
fertile  part  of  the  Moorland,  12  miles  NE 
of  S  aftbrd.     Lon.  1  56  W,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Cheam  villak^e  in  Surrv,  adjoining  to 
which  is  the  siie  of  the  vill  ge  of  (Joding- 
.ton,  or  Cudington,  wl)ere  Henry  VIII. 
built  the  palace  of  Nonsuch,  si  much  cele- 
brated by  Camden  and  Heutzner,  for  its 
magnificence.  Cheam  is  13  miles  SSW  of 
London 

Cheat,  river  In  the  state  of  Virginia, 
which  rises  in  Randolph  county,  and  after 
running  a  northwardly  course  falls  uito  the 
Monongaheia,  near  the  line  thai  divides 
that  state  frum  Pennsylvania.  At  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Monongaheia  it  is  about  200 
yards  wide. 

Chebree'dn,  town  of  Poland  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Russia,  and  palatinate  of  Belskow. 
Lon.  23  51  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Chebukto,  harbour,  near  Halifax,  in  No- 
va Scotia.  Lon.  W  C  13  18  E,  lat.  44 
45  N. 

Chebuotequion,  is  one  of  the  lakes  on  the 
communication  between  lake  Simcoe  and 
the  Rice  Lake,  Upper  Canada. 

Chedabucto,  bay  of  the  NE  C'  ast  of  Nova 
Scotia;  openiig  into  the  strait  between 
Cape  Breton  and  Nova  Scotia.  Lon.  W  C 
15  50  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

ChcJev,  village  in  Somersetshire,  famous 
for  its  cheeses,  which  are'  as  large  as  those 
of  Cheshire,  It  is  three  miles  E  of  Ax- 
bridjije. 

Chedxvorth,  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
four  miles  WSW  of  Northlech,  situated  on 
the  declivity  of  two  hills.  In  this  parish, 
in  1760,  a  Roman  Bath  was  discovered ; 
and  near  it  is  a  tumulus,  in  which  great 
quantities  of  human  bones  have  been 
found. 

Cheeks- Cross-Roads,  post  office,  Hawkins 
county,  Tenness.-*. 

Cheitore,ov  Otidipour,t&w.n,  in  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  in  Hipdoostan  Proper. 
It  was  a  fortress  and  city  of  great  extent, 
situated  on  a  mountain ;  but  it  has  been  in 
ruins  since  the  time  of  Aurungzebe,  in 
1681,  and  had  once  before  experienced  a 
like  fate  from  the  hands  of  Acbar  in  1567. 
It  is  120  miles  S  by  E  of  Nagpour.'  Lon. 
74  56  E,  lat.  25  21  N. 

Chelm,  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia, 
capital  of  a  palatinate  of  its  own  name,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  100  miles  ESE  of 
Warsaw,     Lon,  23  29  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Chehner,  river  in  Essex,  which  rises  near 
Thaxted,  and  flows  by  Duftmow  and 
Chelmsford  to  Maiden,  where  it  joins  the 
Blackwater,  and  forming  the  estuary  called 
Blackwater  Bay,  or  Maiden  water,  enters 
the  German  Ocean, 

Chelmsford,  county  town  of  Essex,  sUua* 
188 


ted  in  a  beautiful  valley,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  CheliTier  and  Can,  with  a  market  on 
Friday.  In  1793  an  aci  of  parliament  was 
obtained,  to  make  the  Chelmer  navigable 
hencf  to  Maiden,  Chelmsford  is  21  miles 
WSW  of  Colchester,  and  29  ENE  of  Lon- 
don.    L  n.  0  33  E,  lat.  51  43  N, 

Chelmsford,  post  town  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  22  miles  NW  of 
Boston,  and  about  1300  inhabitants. 

Chelmsford,  township  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massarhusetts.  Population  in  1810, 
1396,  and  in  1820,  1535. 

Chelmsford,  verv  flourishing  post  village 
of  Middlesex  county,  M  ssachusetts,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Me.  rimack  nver,  26  miles 
NW  from  Boston,  Here  the  Middlesex 
canal  joins  the  Merrimack  river  by  several 
locks. 

Chelsea,  fine  village  situated  on  the  N 
bank  of  the  river  I  hames,  a  mile  W  of 
Westminster,  remarkable  for  a  magnificent 
hospital  of  invalids  and  old  decrepit  sol- 
diers, and  for  the  noble  rotundo  in  the 
garden  of  Ranelagh  h  use,  to  which  a  great 
dealo^'fine  companv  resort  in  summer,  and 
which  is  one  of  the  noblest  structures  of 
the  kind  in  Eur  <pe.  Here  is  also  an  ex- 
cellent  physic  garden,  belong. ng  to  the 
company  of  apothecaries. 

Cfhelsea,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 
Orange  county,  Vermont,  40  miles  N  from 
Windsor.     Population  1350. 

Chelsea,  township  and  post  town  in  Suf- 
folk county,  Massachusetts,  3  miles  NE 
from  Boston.li  I'nJpuIation  in  1810,  594,  and 
in  1820,1 

CheUecn  in.nding,  post  village,  and  port 
in  Norwitit,  New  London  county,  Connec- 
ticut. On  the  point  between,  and  at  the 
junction  of  the  She'iucket  and  Yaatic  rivers, 
14  miles  above  New  London. 

Cheltenham,  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday  ;  and  noted  for 
its  mineral  waters,  v.hich  are  somewhat 
like  those  of  Scarborough.  It  is  nine  miles 
NE  of  Gloucester,  and  95  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  21  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Cheltenham.     See   Chiltenham. 

Chelnm,  or  Jhylitm,  river  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  being  the  westernmost  of  the  five 
eastern  branches  of  the  river  Indus.  It 
rises  above  Cashmere,  waters  that  city,  and 
flowing  through  the  province  of  that  name, 
in  a  SE  direction,  joins  the  Indus  below 
Movdton.  It  is  joined  by  a  vast  number  of 
streams  in  its  course.  This  river  is  the 
famous  Hydaspes  of  Alexander  and  'is 
sometimes  called  Behut. 

Chemali,  vdlage  of  Natolia. 

CItemiur,  river  of  Indiana,  falling  into 
lake  Michigan, 

Chemnitz,  town  of  Saxony,  36  miles  WSW 
from  Dresden.     Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Chemnitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles  SE 
from  Dresden. 


t;  H  E 


<;  H  E 


Chemung,  post  town  and  township  in 
Tioga  county,  New  York.  Population 
1350. 

Chenal  Ecarte  Isle,  Upper  Canada,  near 
the  entrance  of  the  river  St.  C  air,  into 
lake  St.  Clair,  east  of  Harsan's  island ;  it 
cont  ins  about  300  acres  of  arable  land ; 
the  other  parts  are  meadow  and  marsh. 

Chenal  Ecarte,  Isle  de,  Upper  Canada,  in 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  town- 
ship of  Cornwall,  contains  from  seven  to 
eight  hundred  acres  ;  the  soil  is  good. 

Chenal  Ecarte  River,  Upper  Canada,  runs 
nearly  parallel  to  the  river  Thames,  and 
empties  itself  at  the  entrance  of  river  St. 
Clair. 

Chanango,  river  of  New  York,  one  of 
the  main  constituent  branches  of  Susque- 
hannah,  rises  in  Madison,  and  flowing  SSW 
100  miles  joins  the  Siisquehannali  at  Bing- 
hampton  in  Broome  county. 

Chenango,  township,  in  Broome  county, 
New  York.     Pupidation  in  1820,  2626. 

Chenango,  coun  y  of  New  York,  bounded 
by  Broome  S  ;  Cortland  W  ;  Madison  N  ; 
Otsego  and  Delaware  E  ;  length  36  ;  mean 
width  25  ;  area  900  square  miles  ;  surface 
hilly,  and  soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits, 
and  pasturage.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
whiskey,  fiuit,  live  stock,  salted  provisions, 
and  lumber.    Chief  town,  Norwich. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -      11,408 

do.      do.     females  -        -      10,207 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 76 

Slaves        .        -        -        -        -  13 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        . 
do.  do.    females     .        -        - 

Total  whites      -        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males      -        -         -         - 

do.    females  ... 


21,704 


15,758 
15,261 

31,019 
93 
96 

4 

31,215 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  12 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         4,996 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  743 

do.        in  Commerce        -  54 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34. 

Chenango,  post  town  Broome  county, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  river  with 
the  Susquehannah. 

Chene,  Isle  du,  in  lake  Ontario,  lies  off 
the  east,erly  shore  of  Marysburgb,  Upper 
Canafla,  and  close  to  the  land. 

Chene,  Pointe  an.  on  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, lies  east  of  River  de  la  Traverse,  and 
nearly  opposite  to  St.  Regis,  Upper  Ca- 
nada. 


Chene,  Portage  du,  on  the  Ottawa  river, 
immediately  below  lake  Chaudiere,  Upper 
Canada. 

Chene,  Riviere  du,  runs  into  the  bay  of 
Miciiipicoten,  lake  Superior,  west  of  nver 
Michipicoe.i,  Upper  Canada. 

Chene,  Blane,  small  river  of  Arkansaw, 
the  South  branch  of  Little  Mis  ouri. 

Chene,  river  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  the 
marshes  SE  from  the  English  Bend  below 
New  Orleans ;  flows  parallel  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  falls  into  Chandelenr  bay, 
about  10  miles  E  from  Fort  St  Philip.  An 
inlet  connects  the  Chene  with  the  Terre 
aux  Boeufs  river. 

Chen  si,  one  of  the  most  extensive  pro- 
vinces of  China,  bordering  on  the  great 
wall.  It  is  divided  into  tv/o  parts,  the 
eastern  and  western,  and  contains  eight 
cities  of  the  first  rank,  and  106  of  the  se- 
cond and  third.  In  Chen-si  are  rich  gold 
mines,  which,  for  political  reasons  are  not 
allowed  to  be  opened.  Singan-fou  is  the 
capital. 

Chen-yan,  or  J\loiig-den,  capital  of  East- 
ern  Chinese  Tartary  (or  country  of  the 
Mantchew  Tartars)  and  of  a  department  of 
the  same  name,  which  is  bounded  on  the 
S  by  the  great  wall  of  China. 

Chepelio,  island  in  the  bay  of  Panama, 
three  miles  from  the  city  of  Panama,  which 
it  supplies  with  provisions  and  fruit.  Lon. 
80  15  W.  lat.  8  46  N. 

Chepachet,  post  village  of  Rhode  Island. 
Providence  county,  on  Chep;.chet  creek. 
It  is  a  very  flourishing  manufacturing  vil- 
lage. 

Chepstow,  town  in  Monmouthshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Wye,  near  its  conflu- 
ence  with  the  Severn.  It  is  walled  round, 
has  a  handsome  high  bridge  over  the  river, 
and  sends  provisions  and  other  commodities 
to  Bristol.  The  tide  is  said  to  rise  higher 
here  than  in  any  other  part  of  Europe,  it 
swelling  to  50  ov  60  feet  perpendicular  It 
is  18  miles  N  of  Bristol,  and  127  YV  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  36  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Cher,  river  of  France,  rises  near  Belle- 
garde,  and  after  a  course  of  150  miles,  joins 
the  Loire  a  liitle  below  Tours. 

Cher,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Berry.  Bourges 
is  the  c.ipital. 

C/ierasco,  considerable  tovin  of  Piedmont, 
caprtai  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  cijadel,  to  which  the  duke  of  Sa- 
voy retired  in  1706,  during  the  siege  of  Tu- 
rin. It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Sturia  and  Tanaro,  upon  a  mountain  24 
miles  SE  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  58  E,  lat.  44 
45  N. 

Chera-ai  Court  House,  principal  sea'  of  jus» 
tice  in  Dar'ing'on  district,  S  Carolina,  situ- 
ated on  the  S'side  of  Black  creek,  a  bra'ich 
of  the  Great  Pedee.  Here  is  a  post  office 
424  miles  from  Washington, 
189 


CHE 


<J  H  E 


Cherbourg,  seaport  of  France  in  <he  de- 
partneiit  oT  the  Channel  and  late  province 
of  Normandy.  It  i^^  remaik.-ible  for  thesea- 
figiit  bf-'ween  the  English  and  French  in 
1692,  when  the  latter  were  bt-at,  and  up- 
wards of  Iwfniy  of  tl'Cir  men  of  war  buini 
near  c.  pe  1^  Hog-iie.  Th<  E  gli  h  la^  d  d 
here  in  Ang-ust  1758,  t.)i>k  die  town,  with 
the  ships  in  the  basni,  demolished  he  forti- 
iic.tioiis  and  ruined  the  other  works  \vhich 
ha  1  been  1  ng  b  gun  for  ihe  purpose  of  rn- 
larging  the  harlx.ui-,  and  reiidt-ring  it  more 
safe  and  convenient.  Chf,  bourg  i^  50  miles 
NW  ■  f  Caen.     Lon.  1  33  E,  l:.i.  49  38  N. 

Cheresoul,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asi.i,  capi- 
tal  of  Curdistan,  150  miles  N  of  Bagdad. 
Lon  44  15  E,  hit.  :!>5  50  N. 

Cherokee-corner,  post  village,  Georgia,  in 
Oglethorpe  county. 

Cherokees,  nation  of  Indians  residing  in 
Te  ness^e,  Alabama,  and  Mi.-sis-ippi. 
Sen  ol  aid  Missionary  establishmems  have 
been  e^tahlis  led  amongst  thib  people  ;  but 
more  efficacious  means  of  civilization  have 
bet'n  mtroduced  through  the  agency  of 
agrculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  The 
Cherokee^  have  ma^.e  the  most  extensive 
and  effective  advance,  in  he  arts,  and 
modes  of  poli-hed  Ife,  of  any  nation  of  In- 
dian-: within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States. 

C/ierrii- creek,  rises  at  the  foot  of  the 
Blue  Mouiit  on  the  N  side,  in  Northampton 
county,  near  the  V.'indgap,  and  running 
ENE  along  tiie  fo  t  of  the  mountain,  falls 
into  the  Deiavv;ire,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
Wat(  rgap ;  ii  :s  not  navig.ble,  rapid,  and 
has  S'"v  r  1  mills  erected  in  it. 

Cherrvfield,  towns-np  in  Washington 
couiitv,  ii  ine,  30  miles  W  from  M.ichias. 
Populaiior.  in  1810,  181,  ;indi;i  1820,  2il. 

Cherry  Jshind,u\  t lie  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
W  C  80  W  iai.  11  2rs. 

Cherry  Island,  in  the  Northern  Ocean, 
between  Norvav  and  Greenland.  Lon.  20 
5  E,  tat.  74  oO  N. 

Cherry  Valley,  posf  town  in  Otsego  coun- 
ty, New  York,  12  miles  NK  of  Cooper's 
town,  and  60  W  of  \.b.  ny.  It  is  an  ancient 
establishment.  The  houses  built  m  the  old 
Dutch  mode. 

Cherry  Valley,  township  in  Otspgo  coun- 
ty. New  Y..rk.  Including  the  village,  po- 
pul^-irn  \r,  1820,  3684. 

Cherry  Tree  (,ewiship  in  Venango  coun 
ty,  Pcnn.'^ylvania.  Pupul.ition  in  1810,  391, 
and  in  182i.i,  297. 

Cherryton.  seaport  of  the  Eastern  shore 
of  N'irg>  'ia,  N  nhampton  county. 

Cherryville.  post  village,  No'thampton 
couiitv,  IVnns)  ivinia,  on  the  Berwick  r-  ad, 
13^  miles  NW  fro  n  Bethlehem,  and  four 
from  the  Lehigh  watergap. 

Cherso,  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  with 
a  town  of  tiie   san'e  name,  near   Croatia, 
belonging  to  the  Venetians.     The  soil  is 
190 


stony ;  but  it  abounds  in  wine,  cattle,  oilj 
and  excellent  honey.  Lon.  14  40  E.  lat. 
45  11  N 

Cherson,  capital  of  New  Russia,  in  the 
govt  r  m  nt  of  Cadiarineslaf  Ii  is  a  new 
town  erected  by  Ca  !iari.ie  II.  on  the  N 
b  nk  of  tht^  Dneiper,  10  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Ingulec.  It  is  intended  to  be 
th  prncipal  mait  of  ;dl  the  commod.ti.-s  of 
export  and  import.  It  has  a  dock,  for  the 
conr-Tociion  of  large  vessels  from  which 
several  men  of  war  and  mercliant  ships 
have  been  already  launched.  It  is  suppli- 
ed Witn  fuel  by  reeds  only,  of  which  there 
is  an  int  xhuustible  forest  in  the  shallows  of 
the  Dneipcr,  opposite  the  town.  Rails, 
and  even  temporary  houses,  are  made  of 
them.  They  are  tall  and  strong,  and  af- 
ford shelter  to  various  kinds  of  aquatic 
birds,  some  of  which  are  very  beautiful. 
The  fori  ificaiions  are  made,  and  the  plan- 
tations formed,  by  malefactors,  who  amount 
to  .'.onie  hundreds.  In  1787,  the  empress 
made  a  triumphant  journey  to  this  capital, 
and  met  the  empeor  Joseph  II.  Her  in- 
tention it  is  said,  was  to  be  crowned  here 
queen  of  Taurica,  and  empress  of  the 
East.  But  the  design,  whatever  it  was, 
did  not  take  place  ;  and  she  was  content  to 
have  inscribed  over  one  of  the  gates  of  the 
city,  "  Throtjgh  this  gate  lies  the  road  to 
Byzantium  "  In  this  place,  in  1790,  the 
excellent  Mr.  Howard,  so  well  known  for 
his  pians  of  reform  of  the  different  hospitals 
anu  prisons  of  Europe,  fell  a  victim  to  his 
in.'efatitrable  humanity.  Cherson  is  50 
miles  E  of  Ocz.kow.  Lon.  33  10  E.  lat. 
46  5  N. 

Chertsey,  town  in  Surry,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  in  a  low  wet 
situation  not  far  from  the  river  Thames, 
over  which  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge  of 
seven  arches.  It  is  seven  miles  W  of  Kings- 
ton, and  20  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  20 
W.  lat.  51  25  N. 

Cherz,  ancient  town  of  Poland,  in  Maso- 
via,  15  miles  from  Warsaw.  Lon.  21  8 
W.  lat.  52  1  N. 

Chennpeuk,  bay,  has  its  entrance  between 
Cape  C^  ar  es  and  Cape  Henry  in  Virg  nia, 
18  miks  wide,  and  it  exvend-  180  miles  to 
the  N,  dividing  Virgiiiia  fronn  Maryland, 
through  this  ex'ent  it  is  from  seven  to  18 
miles  bro  d,  and  generally  nine  fathoms 
deeo ;  affording  man>  commodious  har- 
bours, and  a  safe  navigation.  It  receives 
the  Si.squeh;'nn.ih,  P  tomac,  Rappahan- 
noc,  York,  .md  James  Kivers,  which  are  all 
large    nd  navigable. 

Chesapeuk,  town,  post  village  of  Cecil 
coui  t).  Mar}  la;id. 

Chesham,  town  in  Bucks,  with  a  market 
on  Wcdnesdav,  12  mile.s  SE  of  Ailesburv, 
and  29  \V  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  W. 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Ches/iire,  English  county  palatine,  bound- 


CHE 


c;  H  B 


ed  on  the  N  by  Lancashire,  on  the  NE 
by  Yorkshire,  on  the  E  by  Derbyshire,  on 
the  SB  by  StafFordshire,  on  the  S  by 
Shropshire,  on  the  VV  by  Denbighshire  and 
FUntshire,  and  on  the  NW  by  the  Irish 
Sea.  This  county  extends  33  miles  from 
N  to  S,  and  42  from  E  to  VV,  without  in- 
cluding a  peninsula  13  mdes  in  length  and 
six  in  breadth,  which  projects  into  the  Irish 
Sea,  or  a  narrow  tract  of  land  which 
stretches  between  Lancashire  and  Derby- 
shire, to  Yorkshire,  on  the  NE.  Popula- 
tion in  1801,  191,751 ;  in  Ifill,  227,031 ; 
and  in  1820,  270,098.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  cheese  and  rock  salt. 

Cheshire,  county  of  New  Hampshire, 
forming  the  SW  angle  of  the  state  ;  bound- 
ed S  by  Massachuset's,  W  by  Vermont,  or 
Connecticut  river,  N  by  Grafton,  and  E  by 
Hillsborough ;  60  miles  in  length  ;  mean 
width  20 ;  area  1200  square  miles  :  sur- 
face hilly  and  rocky,  but  delightfully  va- 
riegated, well  watered  and  the  soil  pro- 
ductive in  grain,  fruits  and  pasturage. 
Chief  towns,  Keene  and  Ciiarlestown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .      20,438 

do,  do.  females  -        -      20,489 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        .        -  61 

Slaves none 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


40,988 


22,275 
23,021 


Total  whites                 -        -        -  45,996 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  36 

do.             do.        females  -  44 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -        .  none 

do.    females    -        -        -        -  none 


Total  population  in  1820 


45,376 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        ,  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  7,968 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  1,620 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  82 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38, 

Cheshire,  township  and  post  town, 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  140 
miles  WNW  from  Boston,  Population 
in  1810,  1,315,  and  in  1820,  1,202. 

Cheshire,  post  town  of  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  13  miles  N  from 
New  Haven,  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Epis- 
copal Academy  of  Connecticut. 

Cheshire,  township,  including  the  pre- 
ceding post  town,  in  New  Haven  county, 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  2,2<S8, 
and  in  1820,  2,281. 


Cheshire,  township  in  Gallia  countj, 
Ohio     Population  in  1820,  446. 

Chesnut  Creek,  of  Virguiia,  enters 
the  Great  Kenhawa  river,  near  the 
North  Carolina  line. 

Chesnut-hill .  post  town  and  township, 
Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania.  Po- 
pulation,  1  026. 

Chesnut-hill,  post  village,  Jackson 
county,  Georgia 

Chesnut  ridge,  one  of  the  ridges  of 
the  Appalachian  mountains,  extending 
from  Maryland  through  the  counties  of 
Fayette,  Westmoreland,  and  Indiana, 
in  Pennsylvania. 

Chester,  the  capital  of  Cheshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  a  very  ancient  city,  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Rismans,  and 
plainly  appears  to  have  been  a  Roman 
station,  by  the  many  antiquities  which 
have  been  and  are  still  discovered  about 
the  town ;  the  walls  are  near  two  miles 
in  circumference,  and  there  are  four 
gates,  towards  the  four  cardinal  points 
It  has  a  strong  castle,  in  which  is  the 
shire-hall,  and  10  churches,  besides  the 
cathedral.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  is  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  20 
miles  S  by  E  of  Liverpool,  38  SW  of 
Manchester,  and  182  NW^  of  Londoni 
Lon.  3  3  W,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Chester,  town  of  Lunenburg,  SE  coast 
of  Nova  Scotia,  on  Mahone  bay,  25  mdes 
S  from  Windsor,  and  20  SW  from  Ha- 
lifax. 

Chester,  post  town  of  Rickingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,*  25  miles  SE 
from  Concord. 

Chester,  township  in  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire.  P.  pulation  in 
in  1810,  2,030,  and  in  1820,  2,262. 

Chester,  post  town  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  17  miles  SW  from  Windsor. 

Chester,  post  town  of  Hambden  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  20  miles  NW  from 
Springfield. 

Chester,  township  in  Hampden  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  182u,  1,526. 

Chester,  post  village,  Connt  cticut,  in 
Saybri'ok  Middlesex  county. 

CAes^er,  post  village  in  Goshen,Orange 
county.  New  York. 

Chester,  post  town  of  Warren  county, 
Ntw  York,  90  miles  N  from  Albany, 
and  25  miles  NW  from  Whitehall. 

t  hester,  township  in  Warren  countv. 
New  Ycrk.     Population  in  18:o   1.018.' 

Chtsttr,  West.     See  West  Chester. 

Chester,  post  town  of  Morris  county. 
New  Jersey. 

Chester,  township  in  Morris  countv, 
191 


c  n  E 


C  H  K 


New  Jersey.    Population  in  1810,  1,175, 
and  in  182U,  *212. 

Chester,  township  in  Burlington  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.  Population  in  1810, 
1,839,  and  in  1820,  2,253, 

Chester,  county  of  Pennsylvania; 
bounded  by  Maryland  SW  ;  Lancaster 
W  ;  Berks  NW  Montgomery  NE  ;  and 
Delaware  county,  and  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware SE  ;  length  about  38  ;  mean  width 
19^  miles  ;  area  732.  This  county  is  ex- 
trtmely  diversffied  in  its  surface.  The 
western  parts  towards  Lancaster  county 
is  hilly,  and  even  mountainous,  whilst 
those  sections  skirting  Maryland  and  De- 
laware, though  not  level,  are  much  less 
elevated  than  the  W  and  NVV  parts  of 
the  county.  Octararo  creek.  North-east 
river,  and  Elk  river  rise  in  the  SW  part 
of  Chester  county,  and  flow  southward 
into  Maryland,  fall  into  the  Snsquehan- 
nah,  or  Cnesapeak  bay.  The  centre  of 
thr  cwunty  is  dr.iined  by  the  sourcfs  of 
Brandy  wine,  Chester,  Ridley,  and  s^ime 
smaller  creeks  entering  Delaware  river. 
The  Schuylkill  limits  the  county  on  the 
NE.  The  sdil  is  aiso  greatly  varied  ; 
changing  from  rocky  to  the  pioductive 
limestone  valleys  extending  from  the  ri- 
ver Schuylkill  SW  across  the  waters  of 
the  Brandywine.  The  stapU  s  are  nu- 
merous, consisting  of  every  article  of  agri- 
cultural production  suita()le  to  the  cli- 
mate.    Chiet  town,  West  Chester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -     19.143 

do.     do.    females  -        -    18,632 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .  -  _  .  1,814 
Slaves         .        -        .        _        .  7 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     - 
do.    do.    females 


39,596 


21,270 

20,444 


Tot  a',  whites     -        -        -        -  41  714 

Free  persons  o^  colour,  malf-s  l,''i92 

do.            do.        females  1,242 

Slaves,  malf  s           _        -        _  3 

do.     females        -        -        _  4 

Total  population  in  1820  -      44,455 

Of  these  ; 
Foreii!;ners  not  naturalized      -  416 

Engaged  in  AgricHiture  -        -        7.032 

do.         in  Maiiufac  ures       -        2,659 

do.         in  Comm'-  rce  -  139 

Populatirri  to  the  square  mile,  60. 

Chester,  borough  on  Dd'iware  river, 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  15  milf-s 
SW  from  Philadelphia.  Population  in 
1820,  657.  This  is  a  very  ancient  town, 
and  was  the  seat  of  the  first  Jjeeislacure, 
19  2 


after  the  arrival  of  William  Penn,  but 
has  long  been  stationary  in  point  of 
growth. 

Chester,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  in- 
cluding the  borough,  1056,  and  in  1820, 
638,  t  xclusive  of  tlie  burough. 

Chester,  river  of  the  Eastern  shore  of 
Maryland,  and  Kent  county,  in  Dela- 
ware ;  rises  in  the  latter,  and  flowing 
nearly  SW  into  the  former,  separates 
Queen  Anne  and  Kent  counties,  and  falls 
into  the  Chesapeak  bay  at  Love  Point. 

Chester,  post*  town  of  Shenandoah 
county,  Virginia,  17  miles  SW  from 
Winchester. 

^Chester,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Orlio.     Papulation  in  1820,  551. 

Chester,  township  in  Clinton  county, 
Ohio,     Population  in  1820,  1,171. 

Chester,  township  in  Geauga  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  269. 

Chester,  township  in  Knox  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  697. 

Chester,  district  of  South  Carolina, 
on  Wateree  river;  bounded  by  Fairfield 
S ;  Broad  river  or  Union  W ;  York  N  ; 
Catawba  river,  or  Lancaster  E  ;  length 
22,  width  18 ;  area  about  400  square 
miles  Surface  pleasantly  diversihed  by 
hill  and  dale,  and  well  watt  red.  Soil  of 
middling  quality.  Staples,  grain,  tobacco, 
livestock,  8cc.    Chief  town,  Chesterville. 

Popu  ation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        4,3  >9 

do.    do.    females  -        -        4,383 

All  other  pirsons  except  Indians 

not  taxtd      -        -        -        -  14 

Slaves      -----        2,743 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popuhtion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do,    females 


11,479 


4,890 
4.721 


Total  whites             -        -        -  9,811 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  20 

do.            do.        females,  16 

Slaves,  males            -        -        -  2,294 

do.     females          -        -        -  2  248 


Total  population  in  1820 


14,389 


Of  these ; 

Foreign- rs  not  na'uralized        -  25 

Eiig.ig..  d  in  Agriculture  -        4,767 

do     in  Manufactures        -  334 

do.     in  Cc^mmcrce  •  45 

Population  to  the  square  mile.  36  nearly. 

Chester,  river  of  West  Florida,  flow- 
ing into  Pt  nsacola  bay. 

Chesterjield,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  handsome 
church,  remarkable  for  its  carved  spire 


C  H  E 


(:'  it  E 


Chesterfield  is  seated  on  a  hill,  between 
the  rivulets  Ibber  and  Rother,  22  miles 
N  of  Derby,  and  149  NNVV  of  London. 
Lon.  1  27  W,  lat  53  18  N. 

Chesterfield,  township  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine.  Population  in  1810,  430; 
and  in  1820.  612. 

Chesterfield,  post  town  of  New  Hamji- 
shire,  Cheshire  county,  11  miles  SW 
tVomKeene. 

Chesterfield,  township  in  Cheshire  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  Population  in  1810, 
1839;  and  in  1820,2110. 

Chesterfield,  township  and  post  town 
in  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts. 
Population  in  1810,  1408;  and  in  1820, 
1447. 

Chesterfield,  post  town  and  township 
of  Essex  county,  New  York,  on  the  point 
between  the  riviere  an  Sable  and  lake 
Champlain;  18  miles  ii  from  Pittsburgh. 
Population,  6 67. 

Chesterfield,  township  in  Bjrlington 
county.  New  Jersey.  Population  in  1310, 
1839 ;  and  in  1820,  2087. 

Chesterfield,  county  of  Virginia,  oppo- 
site Richmond,  between  James  and  Ap- 
pomatox  rivers;  bounded  by  Powhatan 
NVV ;  James  river  NE ;  and  SE  by  S  the 
Appomatox  river ;  length  30 ;  mean 
width  \^;  area  about  480  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  of  middlini?  quali- 
ty in  general,  though  considerable  tracts 
upon  the  streams  are  in  a  high  degree 
productive.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and 
tobacco.    Chief  town,  Manchester. 

Population  in  1310. 
Free  white  males        .        .        -        1,863 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,829 
All  other  persons  e.xcept  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        _  2T2 

Slaves         .        ,        .        .        .        6,015 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules 
do.   do.     females    - 

Total  whites 

l-'ree  persons  of  colour,  Juales 

do.  do,       females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


9,979 


822 


477 

470 

5,007 

4,506 

18,003 


iingtcn  SE  ;  and  Kershaw  and  Lancaster 
districts  or  Lynch  creek  SW ;  k.ngili  30 ; 
mean  width  36;  area  780  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly  ;  soil  sandy  in  general,  and 
of  middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Ches- 
terville. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...       1,951 

do.     do.     females      .        -         -        1,916 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  r.ot 

taxed 158 

Slaves         -        -        -        .        .        1,639 


Total  population  in  1810     - 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  65 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         2,995 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  501 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  21 

Popidation  to  the  square  mile,  ot. 

Chesterfield,  district  of  S  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  N  Carolina  N  ;  Alarlborough 
flisUrct  o.r  Great  Pedee  river  E  ;  Dar- 


S^S^Hii 


Population  in  1S20. 

Free  white  mal  s 

- 

2,173 

do.  do.   females     - 

- 

2,239 

Total  whites 

^ 

4,412 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

,  males 

91 

do.                 do. 

females 

80 

Slaves,  mules 

- 

1,032 

do.    females 

- 

1,030 

^'otal  population  in  1820 


6,645 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        2,034 

do,        in  Manufactures  -        -  138 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  29 

Population  to  the  square  mile. 

Chest erfi.eld,  chief  town  of  Chesterfield 
district,  S  Carolina,  en  Thompson's 
creek,  a  branch  of  Great  Pedee',  159 
miles  N  from  the  city  of  Charleston. 

Chesterfield,  inlet  or  strait,  extending 
to  an  unknown  distance  westward  from 
Hudson's  Bay;  outlet  lon.  WC  13  20  VV, 
lat.  63  30  N. 

Chesterfield,  Key,  N  side  of  the  island 
of  Cuba. 

Chestertotvn,  seaport,  post  town,  and 
seat  of  justice  for  Ktnt  county,  Marj'- 
land  ;  on  the  right  bank  of  Chester  river, 
40  miles  SSE  from  Baltimore.  Lon  WC 
1  E,  lat.  39  13  N.  Population.  700.  A 
very  respectable  academy  exists  in  this 
town.  The  remains  of  Washington  col- 
lege, founded  there  in  1782,  but  subse- 
quently removed. 

Chesterville,  post  town  of  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  on  sandy  river,  30  miles 
NW  from  Augusta. 

Chestnut  Hill,  township  in  Xorthamptoa 
coiintv,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
1128,'and  in  1820,  1026, 

Chesiincook,  lake  of  Maine,  crossed  by 
the  line  between  S  'mersett  and  Penobscot 
counties.  It  receives  from  the  NW,  the 
Upper  Penobscot,  and  several  lesser 
breams. 

Chetimaches,  lake  of  Louisiana,  between 
the  Atchafalaya  and  Teche  Fivers,  is  about 
^Q  miles  in  length,  with  a  breadth  froro 
193 


L    il    I 


^■:  H  j 


one  to  six  miles.  It  is  shallow,  and  envi- 
roned by  a  low,  annually  inundated  and 
uninhabitable  country.  At  high  water,  it 
communicates  in  every  direction  with  the 
Atchafiilaya,  and  at  all  seasons,  at  its  SE 
extremity  with  the  Teche  river. 

Chetican  Ilmd,  cape  on  the  NW  coast  of 
the  island  of  Cape  Kreton.  Lon.  W  C  16 
14  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Cheveanx,  Point  mix,  on  the  north  shore 
of  lake  Ontario,  and  to  the  eastward  of 
river  Ganaraska,  Upper  Canada. 

Cheviot,  England,  district  in  Northum- 
berland, to  the  SW  of  Wooller,  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland,  famous  for  the  free 
chace,  ranch  used  here  by  the  Ens^lish  and 
Scots  gentry.  The  adjacent  country  being 
hilly  is  called  the  Cheviot  Hills,  of  which 
one  la  so  high  that  it  is  seen  60  miles  off, 
and  is  the  first  land  discovered  by  ships 
coming  from  the  E.  This  is  the  Cheviot 
famous  for  the  fierce  encounter  between 
the  English  and  Scots  under  the  earls  Per- 
cy and  Douglas,  which  is  celebrated  in  the 
ballad  of  Chevy  Chace. 

Chevrotiere,  river  of  Lower  Canada,  flows 
into  St.  Lawrence  from  the  Xorth,  40  miles 
above  Quebec. 

C/^frt/>a,  province  of  Guatimala;  bounded 
NW  and  N  by  Vera  Cruz  ;  E  by  Yucatan  ; 
SE  by  Vera  Paz;  and  SW  by  Guatimala 
Proper.  It  is  an  inland  country,  drained 
by  the  Sumasinta  and  Tabasco  rivers,  flow- 
ing into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Central  lat. 
16  30  K. 

CIdapa-el-  Heal,  town  in  North  America, 
5n  the  province  of  its  own  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  Its  principal  trade  consists 
in  cocoa-nuts,  cotton,  and  sugar.  Lon.  W 
C  16  low,  lat.  17  10  N. 

Chiarensa,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  opposite  the  island  of  Zante. 
Lon.  21  35  E,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Chiavi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bresclano, 
where  the  Imperialists  defeated  the  French 
m  1701.     Lon.  10  17  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Chiaro  Monte,  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  moun- 
tain, 25  miles  W  of  Syracuse.  Lon.  14  59 
E.  lat.  37  3  N. 

CIdavenna,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  under  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  a  trading 
place,  esp'ecially  in  wine_  and  delicute 
fruits ;  but  its  chief  support  is  the  transport 
of  merchandise,  it  being  the  principal  com- 
munication between  the  Milanese  and 
Germany-  Chiavenna  is  seated  near  the 
lakes  of  Chiavenna  and  Como.  Lon.  9  19 
E,  lat.  46  19  N. 

Chiavenna,  Laghctto  di,  small  lake  of  the 
country  of  the  Grisons,  in  Swisserland, 
near  the  town  of  Chiavenna,  remarkable 
for  its  delightful  views,  which  are  wild  and 
magnificent.  It  Is  surrounded  by  barren 
rocks,  craggy,  and  rising  into  spires  sprink- 
led with  snow.  The  bases  of  these  dread- 
194 


ful  precipices  are  lost  in  the  overshadowed 
water,  dangerous  on  account  of  its  malig- 
nant vapours,  and  aflfording  no  asylum, 
scarcely  a  landing  place,  to  the  crews  of 
those  frail  boats,  which  are  caught  unwa- 
rily ?n  the  violent  storms  to  which  it  is  sub- 
ject. 

Chicago,  small,  but  very  important  river 
entering  lake  Michigan  at  its  southern  ex- 
tremity. The  country  over  which  it  flows, 
is  a  low  flat  prairie.  Its  mouth  is  obstruct- 
ed by  a  bv.r,  over  which,  vessels  drawing 
more  than  3  feet  water  cannot  enter, 
though  inside  adequate  depth  is  found  for 
ships  of  almost  any  tonnage.  The  postage 
between  Chicago  and  Uiviereaux  Plains, 
a  branch  of  Illinois,  is  only  about  9  miles. 
At  high  water,  vessels  of  considerable  size 
already  pass,  and  a  canal  is  contemplated 
to  unite  lake  Michigan  with  Illinois. 

Chicama,  small  river  of  Peru,  falls  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  20  miles  NW  from 
Truxillo-    Lat.  7  45  S. 

Chicasatos,  nation  of  Indians,  settled  on 
the  h«ad  branches  of  the  Tombecbe,  Mo- 
bile, and  Yazoo  rivers,  in  the  NW  of  Geor- 
gia, and  NE  of  Alabama. 

Chickapee,  river  of  Massachusetts,  rises 
in  the  counties  of  Franklin  and  Worcester, 
flows  SW  into  Hampshire,  where  it  turns 
W,  and  falls  into  Connecticut  river  at  North 
Springfield. 

Chichas  y  Tarija,  province  of  South 
America,  in  Potosi,  now  appertaii\ing  to  the 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata.  It  is  drain- 
ed by  the  Rio  Grande  and  Pilcomayo  ;  and 
bounded  W  by  the  Andes  Central  lati- 
tude 24  S,  lon.  W  C  10  E. 

Chichester,  England,  capital  of  Sussex, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  surrounded  with  a  wall,  which  has 
four  gates  answering  to  the  four  cardinal 
points;  from  which  run  two  streets  that 
cross  one  another  in  the  middle  and  form 
a  square,  where  the  market  is  kept,  and 
where  is  a  fine  stone  piazzo  built  by  bishop 
Red.  The  principal  manufacture  is  malt 
and  needles.  Its  market  is  noted  for  fish, 
vvhe.it,  barley,  malt  and  oats :  the  finest 
lobsters  in  England,  are  bred  in  the  Lavant, 
and  it  is  observable,  that  this  river  unlike 
most  others  is  very  low  in  winter,  but  in 
summer  often  overflows  its  banks.  It  is  61 
miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  48  W,  lat, 
50  50  N. 

Chichester,  township,  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
951,  and  in  1820,  1010. 

Chichester,  Utiper,  tuwns'iip  in  Delaware 
countv,  Pennsylvania.  Poi»u!ationin  1810, 
417,  and  in  1820,  413. 

Chichester,  Lower,  township  in  Delawsre 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
511,  and  in  1820,  502. 

Cldckahominy,  ri  er  of  Virginia,  branch 
of  James'  river,  rises  in  Hanover,  and  flow- 


0  ir  1 


C  II  I 


jng  SE,  separates  Henrico  and  Charles' 
city  from  Hanover ;  New  Kent  and  James' 
city,  falls  into  James'  above  Point  Comfort. 
It  is  navigable  for  12  feet  vessels,  8  miles. 

Chickasatv  Jlgency,  post  office,  Mississip- 
pi, loU  miles  bW  from  Hmitsville. 

Chickasaw  Bluff,  higli  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  115  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Ohio,  at  the  NW  angle  of  the  state  of 
Mississippi, 

CIdckasa-Mhay  River,  north  eastern,  and 
main  branch  of  Pascagoula.  (See  Pasca- 
goula  )  The  Chickasawhay,  rises  in  the 
Choctaw  country.  N  lat.  32  40,  flows 
nearly  south,  through  pine  forests,  crosses 
Wayne  and  Greene,  and  enters  Jackson 
county,  on  the  borders  of  which,  at  N  lat. 
30  57,  it  joins  Leaf  river  and  forms  Pasca- 
goula. The  entire  length  of  Chickasawhay, 
is  about  120  miles. 

Chickasawhay,  post  office,  Greene  coun- 
ty, Mississippi. 

Chidley,  Cape,  on  the  north-eastern  coast 
of  Labrador,  has  Davis'  Straits  NE,  and  the 
bay  of  Unguva  SW.  Lon.  W  C  12  10  E, 
lat.  60  12  N. 

Chielef a,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
the  Morea.  It  was  taken  by  the  Venetians 
in  1685  ;  but  the  Turks  retook  it.  Lon. 
22  28  E,  lat.  36  35  N,  12  miles  W  from 
Kolikithia. 

Chiemsee,  lake  of  Germany,  In  Bavaria, 
which  contains  an  island  and  town  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
island  is  17  miles  in  circumference,  and  the 
town  is  22  miles  VVS  W  of  Saltzburg. 

Chieri,  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  seated 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  in  a  pleasant 
country,  bounded  on  all  sides  by  hills 
covered  with  vines.  It  is  eight  miles  E  of 
Turin. 

Chifti,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Abruz- 
zo  Citcriore,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  ri^'er  Pes- 
cara,  eight  miles  SW  of  Pescara.  Lon.  15 
7  E,  lat.  42  20  N. 

Chifuncte,  river  of  Louisiana  in  St,  Tam- 
many, rises  in  the  north  part  of  that  parish, 
flowing  SSB  50  miles,  falls  into  lake  Pont- 
chartrain,  in  a  direction  nearly  north  from 
the  city  of  New  Orleans,  There  is  depth 
of  water  at  the  mouh  of  the  Chifuncte 
sufficient  to  admit  vessels  drawing  six  or 
seven  feet  water,  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the 
Bogue  Falaya. 

C/j/!§-n(?rit-,  bay  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  NW 
arm  of  the  bay  of  Fundy. 

Chig-ivsll,  vi.lage  in  Essex,  10  miles  NE 
of  London.  It  is  no'ed  for  a  free-school, 
founded  by  archbishop  Harsnett,  who  had 
been  vicar  of  this  place,  and  lies  buried  in 
the  church. 

Chihuahva,  city  of  the  internal  provin- 
ces of  Spain  in  North  America ;  situ;itt.d 
near  the  river  Conchos,  a  branch  of  liio- 
granddlff  Norte,  in  the  province  of  New 


Biscay.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Internal 
Provinces,  and  environed  by  some  very 
rich  mines.  Population  12,000.  Lat.  2S 
50  N,  lon.  W  C  27  20  W. 

Chili,  large  country  of  South  America, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discover- 
ed by  Diego  d'Ahnagro  in  1525,  extending 
from  the  desert  of  Attacamas.  S  lat.  24 
30,  to  Chiloe  S  lat.  44.  The  mountainous 
part  of  it  is  possessed  by  the  Puelches, 
Araucns,  and  other  tribes  of  its  original 
inhabitants,  who  are  still  formidable  neigh- 
bours to  the  Spaniards.  That  part  of  Chili, 
tiierefore,  which  may  be  properly  deemed 
Spanish,  is  a  narrow  district,  extending 
along  the  coast,  from  the  desert  of  Ataka- 
mas  to  the  island  of  Chiloe,  above  900  miles. 
Though  bordering  on  the  torrid  zone,  it 
never  feels  the  extremity  of  heat,  being 
screened  on  the  E  by  the  Andes,  and  re- 
freshed from  the  W  by  cooling  sea-breezes.. 
The  fertility  of  the  soil  corresponds  with 
the  benign  ty  of  the  climate,  and  is  won- 
derfully accommodated  to  European  pro- 
ductions. The  most  valuable  of  these, 
corn,  wine,  and  oil,  abound  in  Chili,  as  if 
they  had  been  native  in  the  country.  Here 
all  the  fruits  imported  from  Europe  attain 
to  fi.ll  maturity  ;  and  the  animals  not  only 
multiply,  but  improve.  The  horned  cattle 
are  of  larger  size  than  those  of  Spain  ;  and 
its  horses  excel  in  beauty  and  spirit  the  fa- 
mous Andalusian  race,  from  which  they 
sprung.  Nature,  too,  has  enriched  Chili 
witii  valuable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  lead.  The  population  of  Chili,  has  been 
for  the  last  two  centuries  increasing,  and 
at  present,  besides  the  independent  tribes 
of  natives,  exceeds,  it  is  probable  1,500,000. 
Since  Februar),  1818,  this  fine  country  has 
been  virtually  one  of  the  civilized  nations 
of  the  earth,  and  was  by  the  government 
of  the  United  States  so  recognised,  in  the 
Congressof  1821— 22. 

Chilka,  lake  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindco- 
stan,  which  bounds  the  five  Circars  on 
the  N.  It  lies  on  the  coast  of  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  and  seems  the  effect  ot  the  breach 
of  the  sea  over  a  flat  sandy  surface, 
whose  elevation  was  something  above  the 
level  of  the  country  within.  It  commu- 
nicates with  the  sea  by  a  very  narrow  but 
deep  opening. 

Chilian,  province  of  Chili,  bounded  on 
the  E  by  the  Andes ;  on  the  N  by  Maule ; 
VV  by  Itata,  and  S  by  Arauco. 

Chillau,  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Chillau  river.  Lon. 
VVt:  6  E.  lat.  55  30  N. 

Chilkolhe,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Ko.ss  county,  Ohio,  on  the  bank 
of  the  river  Kciota,  45  miles  S  from  Co- 
lumbus, and  73  E  by  N  frrm  fJincinnati. 
Lon.  VVC  5  5:i  W,  lat.  39  20  N.  The 
site  of  the  town  is  a  plain,  or  river  level, 
195 


R  H  I 


o;  II  I 


but  tiie  adjacent  countiy  vises  into  bold 
hills  of  from  200  to  SOO'feet,  affording  a 
fine  diversity  of  surface.  It  Wiis  laid  out 
ill  1796,  and  in  1810  the  t'.wi.'ship  con- 
taint-d  1369,  and  in  1820,  2426  inhabitants. 
There  are  in  this  town  two  printing  of- 
fices, three  banks,  and  about  thirty  mer- 
cantile stores.  Manufacturing  establish- 
ments are  numerous  and  flourishing,  con- 
sisting of  cotton  spinning  factories,  oil, 
fulling,  fl  )ur,  and  saw  mil's. 

Chilkoihe,  land  district,  is  composed  of 
thr  9  westeriimnst  of  the  22  ranges  of 
townships  of  the  United  States  army 
lands.  The  refugee  tracts,  and  the  seven 
westernmnst  of  the  22  ranges  of  town- 
ships of  the  United  States  lands  south  of 
the  refugee  tract.  It  includes  parts  of 
Delaware,  Knox,  Licking,  Frank  ii.  Fair- 
field, Pickaway,  Ross,  Athens,  Hccking, 
Lachfor,  Lawrence. P  ke,Sciota,and  G^- 
lia  counties,  but  nr  t  the  whole  if  either. 
Chillkoihe,  township  in  Ross  county, 
Ohio,  P(.pul  <tion  in  1810,  1369  ;  and  in 
1820,  2426,  including  the  town  of  Chili- 
cothe. 

Chilicothe,  Old,  township  in  Ross  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  199. 

Chilo,  town  of  Ohio,  in  (Mermont  coun- 
ty, on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river.  See 
j^echanickberg. 

Chillisqaque,  township  in  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania.  Population 
in  1810,  1505 ;  and  in  1820,  1035. 

Ch'tlmark,  township  in  Dukes  county, 
P.Iassachusetts,  in  the  island  of  Martha's 
vineyard.  Population  in  1810,  723 ;  and 
in  1820,  695. 

Chiloe,  group  of  islands  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Southern  Chili.  They  extend 
nearly  parallel  to  the  coast  in  a  gulf  of 
the  same  name.  The  principal  island, 
from  which  the  archipelago  is  named,  is 
about  105  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  30 
vvide,  lying  between  lat.  41  50,  and  43 
10  S. 

Chilfianzinco ,  qity  of  New  Spain,  in- 
tendancy  of  Mexico ;  situated  on  the 
southern  slope  of  Analuac,  3542  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  surrounded 
by  beautiful  fields  of  wheat  and  orchards, 
on  the  road  from  Mexico  to  Acapul- 
co.    Lat.  17  40  N,  Ion.  WC  22  20  W. 

Cliilquesy  Mosques,  small  province  of 
Peru,  SW  iVom  Cusco,  on  the  sources  of 
the  Crand  Para  central -latitude,  14  S. 

CMliern,  chain  of  chalky  hills',  running 
from  E  to  W  through  Buckingliamsiiiie, 
aud  forming  the  S  part  of  the  coupty. 
They  are  covered  in  various  p;irts  with 
woods  :  and  some  of  the  eminences  are  of 
consideraijie  height,  and  alFurd  rich  pros- 
pects. The  air  on  these  heights  is  ex- 
tremely hcahhful ;  the  soil,  though  stony, 
produces  good  crops  of  wheat  and  barle\'. 
195 


I'his  district  belongs  to  the  crown,  which; 
for  time  immemorial,  has  had  an  officer 
under  it,  with  the  title  of  Steward  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds. 

Chiinborazo,  mountain  of  Soutli  America, 
in  the  chain  of  the  Andes  Lat.  1  20  S, 
about  100  SW  from  Quito.  This  immense 
cone  can  be  seen  far  intu  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  presents  to  the  eye  of  the  mariner  a 
most  magnificent  object.  It  rises  accord- 
ing to  Humboldt,  to  21,440  feet.  That 
illustrious  traveller  ascended  its  slope  as 
high  as  19,300  feet,  the  highest  point  on 
the  globe  ever  aicended  to  by  man.  It  is 
covered  for  several  thousand  feet  by  per- 
j)etual  snov/,  and  generally  surrounded  by 
fogs. 

China,  extensive  country  in  Asia,  be- 
tween 98  and  123  E  Ion.  and  21  and  42  N, 
lat.  It  is  1330  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  1030 
fiom  E  to  VV ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
Yellow  and  the  China  sea,  S  by  the  latter 
sea  and  the  kingdoms  of  Tonquin,  Laos, 
a-nd  Birmah,  W  by  Tibet,  and  N  by  Tar- 
tary,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  great 
wall.  This  stupendous  wall  exceeds  every 
thing  of  human  art  and  industry  that  is 
read  of  in  history  ;  and  is  said  to  have  been 
built  about  the  year  1160,  to  prevent  the 
frequent  incursions  of  the  Mongols.  It 
extends  along  a  hiliy  surface  1500  miles  in 
length  ;  the  breadth,  in  many  parts,  is  up- 
wards of  15  feet  at  the  top  ;  and  it  is  flank- 
ed with  towers  at  the  distance  of  300  feet : 
the  materials  of  which  the  whole  is  com- 
posed are  so  close  and  solid,  that  it  is  yet 
almost  entire.  China  is  divided  into  15 
provinces,  which  are  Pe-tche-li,  Kiang-nan, 
Kiang-si,  Fo-kien,  Tche-kiang,  Houquang, 
Ho-nan,  Chan-tong,  Chan-si,  Chen-si,  Se- 
tchuen,  Quang-tong,  Quang-si,  Yun-nan, 
and  Koei-tcheou.  These  provinces  con- 
tain 4402  walled  cities,  divided  into  classes, 
the  civil  and  the  military ;  the  civil  class 
containing  2045,  and  the  military  2357. 
The  civil  class  is  again  divided  into  three 
other  classes  ;  the  hrst  are  called  fvti,  the 
second  icheov,  and  the  third  sMen.  Ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  the  population 
of  China,  delivered  to  lord  Macartney,  in 
1793,  by  a  Chinese  mandarin,  the  number 
of  inhabitants  VT  as  not  less  than  333,000,000; 
but  from  the  calculations  in  Neuhoff's 
travels  the  population  is  about  230,000,000. 
The  climate  and  soil  are  various,  as  the  dif- 
ferent provinces  are  nearer  to,  or  remote 
from  the  S  ;  severe  cold  being  fait  at  Pe- 
king, while  the  southei'n  provinces  are 
exposed  to  excessive  heat.  Here  are 
several  large  lakefr;  the  principal  of  them 
are  the  Po-yang,  in  Kiang-si,  250  miles  in 
circumference ;  the  Tung-ting,  in  Hou- 
quang, above  200  miles  in  circumference  ; 
t!)e  Tai,  part  of  which  extends  into  Kiang- 
nan  ;  the  Hong-tse,  and  the  Kao-yeou,  in 
the   province   of   Kiang-nan.     The   chief 


('.  li   ; 


C  H  I 


rivers  are  the  Kian-ku  and  the  Hoan-ho ; 
beside  which  there  is  an  infinitude  of  great 
and  small  rivers,  and  fine  canals,  one  of 
which,  called  the  Grand  Canal,  surpasses 
any  ihing  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  By 
this  canal,  and  some  rivers,  there  is  a  com- 
munication by  water  between  Peking  and 
Canton,  the  two  extremes  of  the  empire, 
except  the  interruption  of  a  day's  journe)^, 
by  a  mountain  in  the  province  of  Kian^^-si. 
This  inland  navigation,  upwards  of  1400 
miles,  is  effected  from  Peking  by  passing 
down  the  Peiho  to  tlie  influx  of  the  Eu-ho, 
then  up  that  river  to  the  entrance  of  the 
grand  canal,  and  along  that  canal  to  the 
Kianku ;  then  up  that  river  into  the  Foyang 
lake,  and  thence  up  the  river  that  runs 
through  Kiang-si ;  then  over  the  mountain 
before-mentioned,  and  down  the  river  of 
Canton.  'J'lie  manufactures* of  China  em- 
brace almost  every  article  of  industry  ;  but 
t]ie  most  noted  are  porcelain,  silk,  cotton, 
and  paper.  The  internal  commerce  of  the 
country  is  immense,  but  the  external  trade 
is  unimportant ;  the  chief  export  is  that  of 
tea,  which  is  sent  to  England.  In  several 
of  the  provinces,  the  land  yields  two  crops 
a  year;  yet,  though  the  husbandman  culti- 
vates  it  with  such  care  as  not  to  lose  the 
smallest  portion  of  ground,  the  country  has 
been  often  desolated  by  famine.  One  great 
cause  of  the  scarcity  of  gram  is  the  prodi- 
gious consumption  occasioned  by  the  com- 
position of  wines,  and  of  a  sj)irituous  liquor 
called  rack.  The  numerous  mountains  of 
China  (which  are  chiefly  in  the  N  and  W 
parts)  contain  mines  of  iron,  tutenag,  cop- 
per, quicksilver,  gold,  and  silver :  but  those 
of  gold  and  silver  are  little  worked,  that 
the  people  may  attend  to  the  more  useful 
labours  of  agriculture.  Quarries  of  marble, 
coal,  lapis  lazuli,  jasper,  rock  crj  stals,  gra- 
nite, and  a  kind  of  sonorous  stones  of  which 
musical  instruments  are  composed,  are 
abundant ;  and  here  is  potter's  earth  of  such 
various  and  superior  kinds,  that  the  fine 
porcelain  of  China  is  unrivalled.  Beside 
the  fruits  peculiar  to  the  country,  it  produ- 
ces the  greater  part  of  those  of  Europe  ; 
but  (excepting  the  grapes  and  ])omegra- 
nates)  they  are  much  inferior.  Oranges 
were  first  brought  us  from  China.  Here 
are  also  lemons,  citrons,  the  tse-tse,  a  kind 
of  fig  peculiar  to  China ;  the  li-tchi,  of  the 
size  of  a  date,  its  stone  covered  with  a  soft 
juicy  pulp,  of  an  exquisite  taste,  but  dan- 
gerous when  eaten  to  excess  ;  the  long-yen, 
or  dragonseye,  its  pulp  white,  tart,  and 
juicy,  not  so  agreeable  to  the  taste,  but 
more  wholesome  tlian  the  li-tcin.  The 
Chinese  excel  in  the  art  of  managing  kitch- 
en gardens,  and  have  a  number  of  vegeta- 
bles unknown  to  us.  They  cultivate  "even 
the  bottom  of  their  waters ;  the  beds  of  their 
lakes,  ponds,  and  rivulets,  producing  crops 
ttnknown  to  us,  ])articularly  of  the  pitsi,  or 


water  chestimt,  the  fruit  of  which  (found 
in  a  cover  formed  by  its  root)  is  exceed- 
ingly wholesome,  and  of  a  very  delicate 
taste.  Among  the  trees  peculiar  to  China 
is  the  tallow-tree,  the  fruit  of  which  is 
white,  of  the  size  of  a  small  walnut,  and  the 
pulp  has  the  properties  of  tallow  ;  the  wax- 
tree,  producing  a  kuid  of  wiiite  wax  al- 
most equal  to  that  made  by  bees  ;  the  tsi- 
chu,  or  varnish  tree,  which  produces  the 
admirable  Chinese  varnish  ;  the  tie-ly-mou, 
or  iron  wood,  the  wood  of  which  is  so  hard 
and  heavy  that  it  sinks  in  water,  and  the 
anchors  of  the  Chinese  ships  are  made  of 
it ;  the  camphire-tree  ;  the  bamboo  reeds, 
which  grow  to  the  height  and  size  of  a 
large  tree,  and  beside  being  used  as  natu- 
ral pipes  to  convey  water,  are  employed  for 
numberless  other  purposes;  the  tea-plant, 
&c.  with  cotton,  betel,  and  tobacco :  the 
flowering  shrubs,  flowers,  herbs,  and  medi- 
cinal plants,  are  too  numerous  to  be  reci- 
ted. In  the  mountains  and  forests  are 
wild  animals  of  every  species ;  but  that 
valuable  quadruped,  the  muskdeer,  is  pe- 
culiar to  this  country.  Of  its  birds,  the 
most  beautiful  in  China,  and,  perhaps  in 
the  world,  is  the  kinhi,  or  golden  fowl. 
The  complexion  of  the  Chinese  is  a  sort  of 
tawny,  and  they  have  large  foreheads, 
small  eyes,  short  noses,  large  ears,  long 
beards,  and  black  hair  ;  and  those  are 
thouglit  to  be  the  most  handsome  who  are 
the  most  bulky.  The  women  aflisct  a  great 
deal  of  modesty,  and  are  remarkable  for 
their  little  feet  Tiie  men  endeav^'ur  to 
make  a  pompous  appearance  when  they  go 
abroad  ;  aiid  yet  their  houses  are  mean  and 
low,  consisting  only  of  a  ground  floor. 
Theij'  towns  are  so  much  alike,  that  those 
who  know  one  are  acquainted  with  all. 
Learning,  with  the  arts  and  sciences  in 
general,  is  much  cultivated  in  this  country. 
Their  writing  is  very  particula; ;  for  every 
letter  is  a  word,  and  consequently  they 
have  as  many  letters,  or  ciiaracters,  as 
words  in  their  language.  Their  religion  is 
paganism.  They  allow  polygamy,  and  keep 
their  wives  pretty  close.  Burials  are  not 
permitted  in  cities  or  towns,  and  their  se- 
pulchres are  commonly  on  barren  hills  and 
n>ountair.s.  They  pretend  to  have  a  great 
veneration  for  their  ancestors;  and  some 
keep  images  of  tlicm  in  tiieir  houses,  to 
which  they  pa)  a  sort  of  adoiation.  They 
liave  laws  which  regidate  the  civilities  and 
ceremonious  salut, lions  chey  pay  to  each 
other,  for  winch  reason  they  always  appear 
to  be  extremely  good-natured  ;  and  yet 
they  are  as  deceitful  as  any  people  in  the 
world.  The  gove.nment  is  absohite,  and 
the  emperor  has  tiie  privilege  of  liaming 
his  successor  ;  liut  the  ciiief  mandarin  has 
permission  to  tell  him  of  his  fuilts.  He 
looks  upon^iis  subjects  as  his  ciuldren,  and 
professes  to  govern  them  with  paternal'af' 
■[97 


1.   ti  i 


t'ection.  Their  empire  is  very  ancient,  and 
they  pretend  tliat  it  existed  many  thousand 
years  before  Noah's  flood  :  it  is  generally 
allowed  to  have  commence  d  2500  years  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ.  The  Chinese  em- 
pire now  includes  Tibet,  the  greatest  part 
of  Tartary,  Corea,  and  numerous  islands  on 
the  S  and  E  coasls  of  China,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Lieu-kieu,  Formosa,  and  Hai- 
nan. The  annual  lievenues  of  the  crown, 
according  to  Sir  George  Staunton,  are  said 
to  be  66  OOO.OUOZ.  sterling  ;  and  the  army 
in  the  pay  of  China,  including  Tartars, 
amount  to  1,000,000  infantry  and  800,000 
cavalry.     Peking  is  the  capital. 

China,  township  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  894. 

China,  townsh  p  in  Genesee  count)', 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  780. 

China-Grove,  post  office,  Georgeiown 
district,  South  Carolina. 

Chinca,  seaport  of  Peru,  seated  on  a  river, 
in  a  valley  of  its  own  name,  90  miles  S  of 
Lima.     Lon.  W  C  0  45  E,  lat.  13  10  S. 

Chine,  La,  village  of  Lower  Canada,  6 
miles  from  Montreal  upon  the  same  island. 
It  is  the  upper  part  of  that  city  ;  here  all 
boats  arrive  from,  and  depart,  whicii  are 
employed  in  the  commerce  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence or  Otlawas  rivers.  A  canal  is  now 
cutting  from  La  Chine  to  Montreal,  in  or- 
der to  obviate  the  dangers  of  the  interve- 
ning rapids  of  St.  Louis. 

Cliinon,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  with  a  castle,  in 
which  Henry  II.  king  of  England  expired. 
Chinon  is  the  birth  place  of  Rabelais  and 
of  Quillet.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vienne,  10 
miles  N  of  Richelieu,  and  150  SW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  22  E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Chinsura,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal.  It  is  a  settlement  of  the  Dutch, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Hoogly,  nearly 
midway  between  Chandernagore,  and  the 
old  town  of  Hoogly.  It  contains  several 
good  houses,  and  a  church,  with  a  little 
mole  projecting  into  the  river.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1795. 

Chiny,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  capital 
of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  in  Austrian 
Luxemburg,  57  miles  W  of  Luxemburg. 
Lon.  5  37  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Chios,  Scio,  or  A7o,  by  the  Turks  called 
Saki  Saduci,  an  island  lying  near  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor,  about  100  miles  W 
of  Smyrna.  It  is  mountainous  and  rocky, 
and  about  100  miles  in  circuit.  The  num- 
ber of  its  inhabitants  is  almost  incredible, 
having,  besides  others,  upwards  of  a  mil- 
lion of  Greeks,  who  have  300  churches 
here,  besides  chapels  and  monasteries. 
It  abounds  with  excellent  wines ;  and  from 
thence  the  ancients  had  their  nectar. 

Chios,  capital  of  the  above  island.  It 
stands  on  the  E  coast,  is  as  we!I  built  as 


most  of  the  towns  in  the  Levant,  tlie  Ge* 
lioese  having  been  long  in  the  possession 
of  it.  The  natives  pretend  that  Homev 
was  born  here,  and  show  a  place  they  call 
his  sch'iol,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Epos,  about 
four  miles  from  the  city.  Lon.  27  5E,  lat. 
38  6  N. 

Chiourlic,  ancient  town  of  Romania,  with 
the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  47  miles  VV  of 
Constantinople      Lon.  27  57  E,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Chiozzo,  anciently  Fossa  Claudia,  a  town 
and  island  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Ve- 
nice, with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  harbour  de- 
fended by  a  fort.  It  is  18  miles  S  of  Venice. 
Lon   12  9  E,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Chippenham,  borough  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parlia(pent ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Avon,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  of  16 
arches,  21  miles  E  '^f  Bristol,  and  94  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  8  W,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Chippe-cvan,  mountains  of  North  America. 
This  great  chain  is  the  principal  spine  of 
that  continent,  and  by  various  names,  ex- 
tends from  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  to  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  through  60  degrees  of  lati- 
tude, or  4,150  miles.  In  Mexico,  it  is 
known  as  by  the  general  term  Anahuac. 
Farther  north,  the  Spaniards  designate  it 
as  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico.  In  the 
United  States,  it  is  known  as  the  Rocky 
mountains.  In  Cabotia  or  British  America, 
by  its  true  native  name  Chippewan,  or 
Chippewyan.  In  Mexico  and  Guatimala, 
it  rises  into  Volcanic  summits,  elevated  far 
above  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  Po- 
pocatepetl, Citlaltepetl,  or  Peak  d'Oriza- 
ba,  Pico  Frailes,  and  Corede  Perote,  all 
Tise  above  13,500  feet.  In  the  United 
States,  the  elevation  of  this  chain  remains 
undetermined,  but  must  be  considerable, 
from  the  length  and  rapidity  of  the  streams 
flowing  from  its  opposite  sides. 

Chippetvaij,  small  river  or  creek,  Lincoln 
county,  Upper  Canada,  falls  into  Niagara 
river,  at  the  village  of  Chippeway. 

Chi/ifieivay,  village  of  Lincoln  county. 
Upper  Canada,  on  Niagara  river,  at  the 
mouth  of  Chippeway  creek.  Here  a  san- 
guinary battle  was  fought  between  the 
British  and  the  United  States  armies, 
Ju'y  5th,  1814. 

Chifitierjay ,  river  of  the  United  States 
NW  territory,  rises  with  the  Montreal, 
and  other  streams  of  lake  Superior,  pur- 
sues a  SW  course,  and  falls  into  the  left 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  at  lake  Pepin. 
Lat.  44  30  N,  lon.  WC  14  58  VV. 

Chijifieiva,  township  in  Beave  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  443. 

ChJ/ifienva.  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Ohio     Population  in  18^0,  681. 

Chirambia,  remark'ible  cape  of  South 
America,  30  miles  NV'  from  Choco  bay. 
It  is  the  point  of  separation  on  the  Pari- 


C  H  ) 


C  il  O 


lie  Ocean,  between  Raposa  and  Novita. 
Lon.  WC  3  30  W,  lat.  4  15  N. 

Chirigui,  river  and  district  of  Vera- 
qua,  on  the  Pacific  side. 

Chiame,  or  Cistne,  ancient  Cyssus,  N 
lat.  38  24 ;  seaport  of  NatoUa,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  40  miles  SW  by  W  from  Smyr- 
na, and  nearly  opposite  to  the  southern 
point  of  the  island  of  Scio,  on  the  ancient 
Clazomenian  promontory  ;  famous  for 
two  naval  battles.  One  in  which  the  fliet 
of  Antiochus  king  of  Syria  was  defeated 
by  the  Romans,  AC  192.  The  second 
in  1770,  when  a  large  Turkish  fleet  was 
destroyed  by  the  Russians.  See  Myon- 
neaaus- 

Chiswell,  isles  on  the  NW  coast  of 
North  America,  group  lying  near  the 
mainland,  between  cape  Elizabeth  and 
Montague  island.  Lon.  WC  71  4  VV,  lat. 
59  33  N. 

Chiawick,  village  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
Thames.  Here  is  Chiswick  House,  a  ce- 
lebrated villa  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire, 
built  by  the  earl  of  Burlington,  after  a 
design  of  Palladio.  In  the  church  yard 
is  a  monument  to  Hogarth  with  an  epi- 
taph by  Garrick.  It  is  five  miles  W  by 
S  of  London. 

Chitor,  capital  of  a  province  W  the 
same  name  in  the  Hither  India.  ■  This 
city  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  seat  of 
Porus'  dominions,  who  engaged  Alexan- 
der. It  lies  256  miles  NE  of  Surat,  and 
is  subject  to  the  Gi'eat  Mogul.  Lon.  76 
10  E.  lat.  2^  30  N. 

Chitor,  city  of  Piedmont  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po,  tt- n  miles  N  of  Turin  ;  it 
■was  taken  by  the  French  after  a  trail  ant 
defence  in  1705,  but  recovered  by  the 
confederates  the  following  year :  it  is 
subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  Lon.  7  35 
E,  lat  45  12  N. 

Chitro,  tow^n  of  Macedonia,  on  the  bay 
of  Salonichi,  where  the  mother,  wife, 
and  son  of  Alexander  were  murdered  by 
Cassander ,-  and  where  Perseus  was  de- 
feated by  the  Romans.  Lon  22  35  E,  lat. 
40  20  N. 

Chittenden,  county  of  Vermont,  on  lake 
Champlain,  on  both  sides  of  Onion  rivtr  ; 
bounded  W  by  lake  Champlnin  ;  NE  by 
Franklin;  SE  by  Washinge  n,  and  S  by 
Ad'lism;  length  30;  mean  width  "1;  area 
630  ;  surface  in  the  wester;',  jan  W\y, 
and  in  the  east  rn  rnnuMtaiiious.  Tiie 
whole  w  11  watered;  sol  pr  dnotive  in 
grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Bur- 
lington. 

Populauon  in  1810. 
Free  white  ir.ales        -        -        -       9,223 

do  dc.    feniaies      -        -  8,330 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        •        .       -        .  ,         67 


Total  population  in  1810  18,120 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males        -        -        ■        8,176 
do.  do.     females     -         -  7,757 

Total  whites        ....    15,933 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  55 

do.                do.    females    -  67 

Slaves,  males         ...         -  0 

do.     females 0 

Total  population  in  1820.    -         -      16,055 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -         -  217 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       .         -  2,607 

do.       in    Manuf  ctures    -        •  668 

do.        in  Commtrce          •         -  81 

Population  lo  the  -.quare  mile,  25. 

Chittenden,  town  of  Rutland  county, 
Vermont,  30  miles  NW  from  Windsor. 
Population.  450. 

Chitterdroog,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  117  miles  N  by 
W  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  15  E,  lat. 
14  5  N. 

Chitieningo,  large  creek  of  Madison 
county.  New  York;  is  one  of  the  feeders 
of  the  Grand  Canal,  which  it  crosses,  and 
flows  into  Oneida  lake. 

Chittinham,  township  in  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810, 
783 ;  and  in  1820,  956. 

Chivas,  town  of  Piedmont,  which  has 
been  several  times  taken  and  retaken  It 
is  so  advantageously  situated  near  the 
river  Po,  that  it  is  called  the  key  of  Ita- 
ly It  is  12  miles  NE  or  Turin.  Lon.  7 
i7  E  lat.  45  13  N 

Chiusi,  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
poorly  peopled,  on  account  of  its  un- 
wholesome air,  It  is  35  miies  SE  of  Sien- 
na.    Lon.  10  52  E,  lat  43  U  N. 

Chiutaye,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
capital  of  Natolia  proper,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Grand  Seignior  before  the 
taking  of  Cunstantinonle  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Ay  ila,  7S  miles  E  of  Bursa. 
Lon  30  47  E,  lat.  39  30  N 

Choco,  province  of  South  Amrrica.  in 
New  Granac'a.  It  has  Darien  N,  B'ru- 
qiie  W  ;  aud  Novita  S:  watered  by  the 
rivf-r  Atr:.to.    Central  lai   7  N 

Choconut,  creek  of  Susquehannah 
county  Pennsylvania  is  the  diicha^'ge  of 
Silver  lake,  flows  north-easterly  into 
New  Yv  rk  and  fall  into  Susquehannah 
river,  a  short  distance  below  Chenango 
point 

Choconut.  township  of  Susquehannah 
couHtv,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  mouth  of 
199 


c  n  o 


(J  H  it 


Choconut  creek.  Population  in  1820,  508. 
See  Cocoamit. 

Choctaw,  river  of  Florida  and  Alaba- 
ma, rises  in  the  latter,  and  flowing  into 
the  former,  falls  into  St.  Rosa  bay.  1  his 
river  rises  in  the  pine  woods,  between 
the  source  of  Yellow-water  and  some 
creeksfalling  into  Apalachicola  river,  and 
has  a  nearly  southern  course  of  60  or  70 
miles  into  the  bay  of  St.  Rosa. 

Choctaw,  nation  of  Indians,  residing  on 
the  waters  of  Tombigbee  river,  in  Mis- 
sissippi and  Alabama,  The  Choctaws 
reside  to  the  SW  from  the  Chicasaws. 
These  nations  have  both  for  upwards  of 

20  years  been  in  considerable  numbers 
migrating  over  the  Mississippi  river. 

Choczim,  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the 
Dniester.  It  surrendered  in  1788  to  the 
Russians  and  Austrians?  but  was  restor- 
ed to  the  Turks  at  the  subsequent  peace. 
It  is  110  miles  NVV  of  Jassy.  Lon.  26  25 
W,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Chalet,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anj  ^u,  with  a  castle,  ITO 
miles  SVV  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  47 
ION. 

Cholula,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  (jf  Putbla,  60  n.iles  SE  by  E  from 
Mexico.     Pipulatinn,  16,000.     Lon.  \VC 

21  20  W,  iat.  19  Id  N. 

Cholula.  ancient  republic  of  Mexico, 
corresponding  nearly  to  tlie  district  ap- 
pertaining to  the  present  city  of  Cholula. 

Cholula,  ancient  pyramid  of  Mexico, 
in  the  intendancv  of  Puebla.  It  is  177 
feet  high.  Lon.'VVC  21  20,  W,  lat.  19 
2N. 

Chonat,  episcopal  town  of  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Merich,  25  miles  E  of  Segedin  Lon. 
21  4  E,  lat.  46  :0  N. 

Chonos,  !<rnup  of  is'ands  on  the  coast 
of  Chili.  South  from  Chili,  extending 
from  44  to  47  S. 

Cho/uan/c,  river  of  Maryland  and  De- 
laware, rista  in  the  latt<-r,  by  Choptank 
creek,  and  in  the  fnrmer  by  Turkahoe 
creek;  which  unite  bt-fweeu  Caroline 
and  Talbot  counties,  and,  after  a  SW 
course*  of  45  miles,  ('[lens  into  a  --ine  bay, 
and  turns  to  NW,  iH  m'les  it  joins  the 
Ch.  snneake  bay,  between  Cook's  point 
and  Tilghman's  island. 

Chofiuvifth,  river  in  the  Rncky  m'  un- 
tains.  tails  into  the  right  side-  of  the  Koos- 
koshee,  a  branch  of  Lewis  river. 

Chorg-(s,  tdwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  th'.  Upper  Alps  and  late  jjro- 
vince  of  Danpliny,  burnt  by  the  duke  ( f 
Savoy  in  i692.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Gup. 
Lon.  6  23  E,  lat.  44  35  N. 

Chorleu,  town  ©f  Lancashire,  with  a 
200 


market  on  Tuesday,  It  is  seated  near 
the  source  of  a  rivulet  called  Chor,  not 
far  from  the  river  Yarrow,  six  miles  SSE 
of  Preston,  and  205  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  42  W,  hit.  53  38  N. 

C/iotva?i,  river  of  North  Carolina,  form- 
ed by  the  united  streams  of  the  Mehe- 
rin,  Notaway,  and  Blackwatcr,  all  rising 
in  Virginia,  but  flowing  into  North  Caro- 
lina. The  Chowan  opens  by  a  very  wide 
estuary  into  Albemarle  sound. 

Chowan,  county  of  North  Carolina,  on 
the  N  side  of  Albemarle  sound  ;  bound- 
ed by  Chowan  river  \V ;  Gates  N  ;  Per- 
quimans E;  and  Albemarle  sound  S: 
length  22  ;  mean  width  9 ;  area  200 
square  miles.  Surface  flat,  and  in  part 
swampy.  Soil  in  general  of  middling 
quality.    Chief  town,  Edenton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -       -        1,186 

do.     do.    females  -        -        1,223 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           _        _        _  99 

Slaver, 2,789 


5,297 


1,402 

1,437 


6,464 


13 
2,151 

216 
55 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     - 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites    -        -        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  mciles     .... 

do.    females  -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreign?  rs  not  naturalized 
En.t;:aged  in  .\i-'riculture 
do      in  Manufactures 
do.    in  Commerce 
Pfipulation  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

Chowle,  town  on  the  coast  of  Malabar, 
with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  which 
s  fortified.  It  is  \5  miles  S  of  Bnmbav. 
Lon.  72  45  E,  iat.  18  42  N. 

Chremnifz,  chief  mine  town  in  Upper 
Hungary  90  miles  NE  of  Presburg.  Lon. 
19  27  E,  lat   48  59  N. 

Christchurch,  borough  in  Hampshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a  pret- 
ty gord  town,  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  mtmbers  to  parliiment,  and  is 
seated  at  the  cnnrluence  of  tht  Avon  and 
Stotir,  9?  miles  SVV  of  London.  Lon.  1 
46  W   lat  50  45  N. 

ChV'stchurch,  jiarish  of  Charleston  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

Chri<itian,  county  of  Kenturky  or  Cum- 
berland river;  bounded  by  Tennessee  S  : 


O  M  K 


cut; 


Gaidwell  SW  ;  Hopkins'  and  Muhlen- 
berg N  ;  and  Logan  E ;  length  42 ;  mean 
width  25 ;  area  i050  square  miles ;  sur- 
face level,  and  soil  productive.  Chiet  town, 
Hopkinsville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        •        -        -  4,781 

do.  do.  females                -         -  4,381 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             .        .        ,  19 

Slaves 1,703 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites      ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        .        - 
do.  females 


10,889 

3,55j 
3,390 

6,943 
13 
12 

1.731 
1,760 

10.459 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Chnsiian,  tov/nship  in  Lawrence  county, 
Arkansas.     Population  in  1820, 1222. 

Christian  Sound,  opens  between  Capes 
Ommamay  and  Decision,  and  extending 
SE  off  King  George's  island,  unites  Prince 
Frederick  Sound  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  W  C  57  W.  lat.  of  the  opening  into 
the  Pacific  56  15  N. 

Cliristiania,  city  of  Southern  Norway,  in 
the  government  of  Aggerhuys,  situated  at 
the  extremity  of  a  fertile  valley,  forming  a 
semicircular  bend  along  the  shore  of  the 
beautiful  bay  of  Biorning,  which  forms  the 
N  extremity  of  the  gulf  ofChristiania.  The 
castle  ot  Aggerhuys  is  built  on  a  rocky 
eminence  on  the  W  side  of  the  bay,  at  a 
.small  distance  from  the  city.  Christiania, 
is  30  miles  from  the  open  sea,  ant!  290  N 
by  W  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  10  50  E.  lat. 
59  6  N- 

Christiana,  post  village  in  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware ;  seated  on  Christiana 
creek,  mne  miles  above  Wilmington,  and 
37  SW  from  Philadelphia. 

Christiana,  township  in  New  Castle,  De- 
laware. Population  in  1810,  including 
the  vill  ige  of  the  same  name,  6698,  and  in 
1820,  8355. 

Christiana,  creek  of  Delaware,  is  formed 
by  the  Red  Clay,  and  White  Clay  creeks, 
and  Christiana  creek  proper,  which  unite 
near  Christiana  bridge,  turns  to  NE  and 
joins  the  Brandyv/ine,  at  Wilmington. 
V'c^scls  d'-.w,'ing  14  feet  water,  ascend  ':o 


Wilmmgton,  and  those  of  five  or  six  to 
Christiana  bridge. 

Christian,  Great,  small  island  between 
Crete,  and  Santorm,  it  is  the  ancient  Asca- 
mia.     Lon  25  15  E.  lat.  56  20  N. 

Chnstianople,  strong  seaport  of  Sweden, 
on  the  Baltic,  and  capital  of  Bl.  kin^^en. 
It  is  13  miles  NE  of  Carlescroon.  Lon.  16 
47  E.  lat.  56  26  N. 

Christianburg,  fort  of  Africa  on  the  gold 
coast  of  Guinea,  subject  to  the  Danes. 
Lon.l  55E.  lat.  4  ION. 

Christiansand,  city,  and  government  of 
Norway,  on  the  SW  coast.  The  haroour 
is  excellent.    Lon.  8  03  E.  lat.  58  08  N. 

Christiansvi//e,  post  town  in  Mecklen- 
burg county,  Virginia,  on  the  Meherin  ri- 
ver, 243  miles  from  Washington. 

Christina,  St.  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
S;m-h  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Marquesas. 
Lon.  139  9  W  lat.  9  56  S. 

Christmas  Island,  island  in  the  N.  Paci« 
fic  Ocean,  so  named  by  C.ptain  Cook,  on 
account  of  his  first  landing  there  on  Christ- 
mas day.  It  is  45  miles  in  circumference, 
uninhabited,  and  destitute  of  fresh  water ; 
but  has  abundance  of  fine  turtle.  Lon. 
157  30  VV.  lat.  1  59  N. 

Christmas  Sound,  sound  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Terra  del  Fuego.  Lon,  70  2  W.  lat. 
55  21  S. 

Christopher,  St.  or  St.  Kitt's,  one  of  the 
Leeward  Islands  in  the  West  Indies,  60 
miles  W  of  Antigua.  It  was  formerly  in- 
habited by  the  French  and  English  ;  but, 
in  1713,  it  was  ceded  to  the  latter.  It  is 
20  miles  in  breadth,  and  seven  in  length, 
and  has  high  mountains  in  the  middle, 
whence  rivulets  flow,  which  are  of  great 
use  to  the  inhabitants.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1782,  but  restored  the  n.  xt  year. 
Basseterre  is  the  capital. 

Chucuito,  province  of  Upper  Peru,  now 
.appertaining  to  the  united  provinces  of  La 
Plata.  It  lies  along  the  west  side  of  lake 
Titicaca,  SE  from  Arequipa.  Cbicuitathe 
capital  is  on  the  lake.  Lon.  W  C.  6  30  E. 
lat.  16  30  S. 

Chuadto,  lake.  See  Titicaca. 
Chxidleigh,  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  m  Sat'fi^^  ;  seated  near  the  river 
Teigne,  nine  milePSW  of  Exeter,  and  185 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  39  W .  lat.  50 
38  N. 

Chmar,  fort  of  Ilindoos'an  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Allahabad.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ganges,  20  miles  above  the  Benares, 
and  IS  built  on  a  rock,  which  is  fortified  all 
round  by  a  wall,  and  towers  at  v.irious  dis- 
tances. At  the  end,  overlooking  the  ri- 
ver, is  situated  the  citadel,  v/bich  has  form- 
erly  been  strong.  This  fort  is  said  to  be 
of  the  highest  antiquity,  and  originally 
built  by  the  Hindoos.  In  the  citadel  is  an 
altar,  consisting  of  a  plain  black  marble 
slab,  nr*  wh''-h  the  tutelarv  deilv   of  llr* 


C  H  U 


C  i  N 


place  is  tradititionally  supposed  to  be  seat- 
ed at  all  times,  except  from  sunrise  till 
nine  in  the  morning',  when  he  is  at  Be- 
nares ;  during'  vvliich  time,  from  the  super- 
stition of  toe  H'ndoos,  attacks  may  be 
made  with  a  prospect  of  success.  Ciuinar 
has  always  been  considered  as  a  post  of 
great  consequence  on  the  Ganges,  from  its 
insulated  situation,  projecting  forward  to  a 
great  extent,  and  being  of  considerable 
height.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attempted 
by  the  English  in  1764  ;  the  nest  year  it 
was  surrendered  to  tliem  :  they  restored 
it  to  the  Nabob  of  Gude  at  the  subsequent 
peace;  but  in  1772  it  was  finally  ceded  to 
the  English  by  that  prince,  in  exchange  for 
Allahabad.  At  this  place  is  kept  the  ma- 
gazine of  ammunition  and  artillery  for  the 
brigade  of  Cawnpore.  It  is  385  miles  N  W 
of  Calcutta.     Lon.  85  50  E.  lat.  25  10  N. 

Chunaub,  or  Jenaub,  river  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  one  of  the  five  eastern  branches  of 
the  Indus.  It  runs  through  Cashmere  and 
Lahore,  between  the  Chelum  and  the  Rau- 
vee.  Its  general  course  is  from  NE  to 
SW,  and  after  leaving  Jiimmoo,  is  through 
a  flat  country,  gradually  approacliing  to 
the  Chelum.  It  is  united  with  both  these 
rivers  at  some  distancf  above  Moultan. 
Its  junction  with  the  Chelum,  about  50 
miles  above  Moultan,  is  effected  with 
great  violence  and  noise,  and  no  less  dan- 
ger to  navigators.  The  Chunaub  is  the 
Acesines  of  Alexander. 

Chun-te-fon,  city  of  China,  in  tiie  pro- 
vince of  Petcheli,  with  nine  populous  ci- 
ties of  the  third  rank  under  its  jurisdiction. 

C/aiquibaniba,  town  of  Peru,  near  Cama- 
na,  and  Arequipa.      It  is  the  cap.tal  of  the 
'  district  of  Condesuyos. 

Church  Creek,  pest  town  o''  Dorchester 
county,  Maryland,  seven  miles  SW  from 
Cambridge. 

Chnrch-Siretton,  town  in  Shropshire, 
with  a  mas  ket  on  Thursday,  14  mdt  s  S  of 
Shre'ttsbwrv,  and  153  \VN\V  of  London. 
Lon.  2  46WJat.  52  32  N. 

Churchill  Fort,  fort  or,  Church-hill  river, 
on  the  E  sid  '.f  Hudson's  Bav.  I.on.  4  3 
W.  iat.  58  48  N. 

C'iurci\-hill,  post  town  o^  Queen  Anns' 
countj,  Maryland,  sitiiaied  nn  Sc^uth  Easi 
C":ek,  a  branch  of  Ci  es'ei  ;iv<-r,  .'ib(  ut 
nin-  miles  E  r>y  S  of  Chester  ;o«vr,  and  the 
sara;     hstance  N  by  E  of  (kntrtvillp. 

Ckwch  Hill,  post  village  o!  Spartansberg 
district,  Houto  Carolina. 

Church  Ml!,  cape  in  Hudson's  bay,  40 
miles  E  tiom  the  mouth  o»  Ci-iiKh  Hill 
river.     Lon.  WC  16  VV    lat.  58  54  N. 

Church  Hill,  river  (/f  N;  w  S;  nth  Wales, 
failing  into  Hudson'.s  bay  at  Fort  Clu  rcli- 
bilt,  29  miles  from  the  cape  of  the  same 
name. 

Church   Fori,  on  Hudson's  bay,  at   the 
mputh  of  Cburcli-bills'  river. 
30.2 


Vh^isan,  island  on  the  E  coast  of  China, 
where  the  English  East  India  company  had 
once  a  f  .ctory.    Lon.  124  0  E  lat.  30  0  N, 

Chnseslan,  province  of  Modern  Persia, 
corre?ponding  in  some  degree  to  the  an- 
cient Susiana,  bounded  N  by  Irac  Agrmi ; 
E  by  Farsistan  ;  S  by  the  Persiaii  Gulf,  and 
W  by  the  Tigris  river. 

Ciampa,  or  Chiampa,  kingdom  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  E  and  S  by  the  Indian 
ocean,  on  the  N  by  Cochin-China,  and  on 
the  W  by  Camb  nlia. 

Cicasica,  province  and  city  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  La  Plata,  on  the  river  Dessa- 
gudro,  and  VV  froni  C  chahamba.  Central 
latitude  18  S,  lon.  W  C  9  E. 

Cicero,  township  in  Onondaga  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1303. 

Ciclui,  or  Cicltijh,  frontier  town  of  Dal- 
matia,  on  a  rocky  hill  on  the  W  bank  of 
the  Narentha.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Turks  by  the  Venetians,  in  1694.  Lon.  18 
22  E.  lat.  43  29  N. 

Cilicia,  now  the  SE  part  of  Caramania  in 
Asiatic  Turkey.  This  singular  triangular 
Valley  occupies  the  region  adjacent  to  the 
NE  angle  of  the  Mediterr;<nean,  between 
that  sea,  Pamphylia,  Cappadocia,  Arme- 
nia, and  the  mountains  of  Anianus. 

Cillei/,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Carniola.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on  the  Saan, 
36  miles  NE  of  Laubach.  Lon.  15  15  E, 
lat.  46  31  N. 

Cimbrisham,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Scho- 
nen.    Lon.  13  30  E.  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cinaloa,  called  also,  San  Felipe  de  Sa7i' 
tiago,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  Intendancy  of 
Sonara.  Lon.  W  C  30  50  W.lat.  25  50  N. 
Population  10,000. 

Cincinnati,  is  a  large  commercial  city, 
and  seat  of  justice  for  Hamilton  county, 
Oiiio.  It  is  situnted  on  the  north  bank  of 
Ohio  rver,  opposite  Newport  in  Kentucky, 
and  about  20  miles  fror.i  the  mouth  of  the 
Grrat  Miami  river,  at  the  SW  comer  of 
the  st-.tc  T!ie  town  was  laid  off  in  Janu- 
ary, 1789,  adjacent  to  fort  Washington ; 
wirich  had  been  erected  during  the  autuma 
previous.  It  was  settled  by  emigrants 
from  New  .Tersey,  and  the  New  England 
slates;  but  did  not  extensively  improve, 
un  d  after  Gen.  Wayne  had  defeated  the 
hostile  Ino'ans  in  August,  1794.  Sincethat 
p^riod,  hnwevrr,  i»,  tor;ether  with  the  ad- 
jacent country,  h;.s  rapidly  progressed  in 
population,  wealth  and  internal  improve- 
ments; 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  two 
pre>byterian,  two  methodist,  one  episcopa- 
lian, and  onf  friends'  meeting  houses  ;  be- 
side  an  elegant  and  costly  court  house  and 
j  dl,  and  two  extensive  market  houses  ;  one 
of  which,  called  the  lower  market,  is  built 
with  triple  rows  of  pillars  300  feet  long. 
The  markets  are  held  in  them  four  davs  irt 


CI  N 


C  i  N 


a  week,  two  days  at  eacb,  alternately.  Here 
are  also  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments for  cotton  and  woollen  goods  ;  for 
paper,  and  for  siU'Cr,  brass,  copper  and 
iron  wares,  and  machinery  of  various  des- 
criptions. Here  are  also  four  printing 
offices,  three  of  which  print  weekly  news- 
p.ipers;  likewise  four  book  stores,  a  type 
foundary,  and  a  manufactory  for  making 
cards  for  carding  machines.  One  of  the 
machines  in  this  establishment  is  a  great 
specimen  of  human  ingenuity.  By  the 
simple  process  merely,  of  a  boy  turning  a 
small  crank,  the  wire  is  drawn  from  areel, 
cut  oflT  at  a  suitable  length,  bent  into  card 
teeth,  the  leather  perforated,  and  the  teeth 
set  therein,  all  by  the  one  process  above 
mentioned. 

In  January,  1819,  a  Medical  College  was 
established  here,  by  the  Oliio  legislature  ; 
and  during  the  same  month,  the  L'incSnnati 
college  was  also  chartered  ;  both  of  which 
are  now  progressing,  with  a  prospect  of 
becoming  useful  institutions  for  tlie  west- 
ern country.  The  faculties  of  bo'.h  col- 
leges are,  in  some  measure,  united,  and 
both  occupy,  conjointly,  the  public  edifices 
designed  for  then*  accommodation. 

Cincinnati  was  formerly,  the  seat  of  the 
old  territorial  government,  until  1800  ;  and 
in  January,  1819,  vi^as  incorporated  as  a 
city.  Bistance,  south  by  west  from  D;n/- 
toii  52  miles,  110  SW  from  Columbus,  93 
W  by  S  from  Chilicothe,  and  82  N  by  E 
from  Frankfort  in  Kentucky.  Lat.  39  6 
N.  Ion.  7  25  W. 

The  following  account  of  the  local  situa- 
tion of  Cincinnati ;  and  enumeration,  and 
description  of  the  various  public  edifices, 
and  improvements,  are  taken  from  Doctor 
Daniel  Drake's  valuable  "Picture  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  the  Jliami  country,"  published 
in  1815, 

"  lis  site  is  the  eastern  part  of  a  tract  of 
alluvial  or  bottom  land,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  a  chain  of  ridges,  on  the  W  by  Mill- 
creek,  on  tile  S  by  the  river,  and  on  the  E 
by  Deer  creek,  a  brook  which  originates  ia 
the  n^ig  bouring  uplands,  The  area  of 
this  pi  am  is  about  four  square  miles.  It  is 
imequaliy  elevated,  and  the  upper  and 
lower  tables  have  received  from  the  inha- 
bitants, t!)e  names  of  Flill  and  Hotom. 
The  latter  (gradually  w;dening)  s  rt^tclips 
v/ej-twnrdly,  from  the  mouth  of  Deer  creek 
wh;  re  it  is  but  200  feet  broad,  to  the  inter- 
val lands  of  Mill  creek.  Its  medium 
breadth  is  about  800  feet.  The  northwest 
portioiis  of  this  slip  are  the  lowest.  T!iey 
hi'-ve  been  overflown  a  few  times  since  t!ie 
se  tlem;nt  of  ihe  town,  and  in  March 
1793,  ihe  whole  uf  tins  p  ain  was  inunda- 
ted. Tiie  Hill  rises  ub.nii.  50  feet  ,l)ovetlie 
Bottom.  The  ascent,  whicli  is  :a  first 
steep,  soon  becomes  gradual,  and  continues 
for  the  distance  of  "nearly  1000  feet,  when 


the  surface  declines  gently  to  the  base  of 
the  ?.d joining  highlan:ls — The  medium 
breadth  of  this  table  is  about  one  mile.  Its 
western  portions  are  imeven,  and  towards 
Mill  creek  descend  to  tlie  level  of  tite 
Bottom.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  ri, 
ver,  the  valley  has  nearly  the  ^ame  expan- 
sion. The  ranges  of  hills  bordering  these 
extensive  plains,  intersect  each  other  in 
such  directions  as  to  compose  an  imper- 
fect square,  tiirough  the  northeast  and 
southwest  angles  of  which  the  Ohio  enters 
and  passes  out.  Being  variously  divided 
by  streams  and  rivulets,  lying  at  different 
dis'ances  from  the  town,  and  having  a 
dense  covermg  of  tall  trees,  hese  ridges 
aft'^)rd  a  pleasant  termination  to  the  view. 

"  Phdadelphia  seems  to  have  been  the 
model  after  which  that  portion  of  this  town 
first  laid  out,  was  planned.  Between 
Broadway  and  Western  Row  there  are  six 
streets,  each  66  feet  wide,  running  from  the 
river  N.  169  W,  and  lying  396  feet  asunder. 
These  are  inters  cted  at  right  angles  by 
others  of  the  same  width,  and  at  the  Ertme 
distance  from  each  other;  except  Water 
and  Front  street,  and  Second  and  I'hird 
street,  tiie  former  of  wliich  are  nearer,  and 
the  latter,  on  account  of  tiie  brov/  of  the 
Hi:],  more  distant.  Not  a  single  alley, 
court,  or  diagonal  street,  and  but  one  com- 
mon v/as  laid  out.  The  blocks  or  squares 
were  each  divided  into  eight  lots,  99  by 
198  feet,  except  those  lying  between  Se- 
cond  and  Third  street,  which  made  ten 
lots  each  ;  and  those  between  Front  and 
Water  s'reet.  The  out-lots,  81  in  num- 
ber, contain  four  acres  each,  and  lie  chief- 
ly in  the  north  of  the  town.  This  pla:i 
was  not  deposited  in  the  public  archives 
for  r.^cord  until  tiie  29th  of  April,  1802. 
Tiie  s  r.'ets  m  tliat  part  of  the  town  L-id 
out  by  John  C.  Symmes,  are  but  60  feet 
wide.  Titose  intersecting'  the  river  ran 
north  44  degrees  west,  and  lie  at  the  same 
distance  from  each  other  as  tlie  streets  in 
•tlie  or:ginr.l  town ;  but  tlie  cross  streets  are 
nearer,  and  IiCnce  the  lots  of  this  quarter 
are  shorter.  The  plan  of  this  survey  was 
not  recorded  by  thejjroprietor  till  the  12th 
of  September,  1811.  Trie  reseivalioii  of 
the  Genera!  GiVernment  was  surveyed  so 
as  to  oiiiiect  the  pla's  jtist<lescri''>ed.  The 
dilTeicnt  subdivisions  w:ll  be  best  under- 
stood by  a  reference  to  tne  engraved  plan. 

"  The  new  Presbytenan  cluirch  is  a  very 
spacious  brick  edifice,  measuring  68  by  85 
feet.  Its  eastern  and  narrower  front  looks 
towards  Main  strset,  and  is  cornered  witli 
square  turrets  crowned  wi  ii  cupolas  From 
tiie  rear  is  an  octagonal  projection,  for  a 
v-'itrv.  Ti'C  roof  is  of  a  common  form. 
The  height  i\-«m  the  ground  lo  t!ie  caves 
is  oidy  4j  (c;.t,  to  the  top  of  the  cupola  80, 
which  is  less  than  either  side  including  the. 
lowers,  and  hence  the  aspect  of  the  Hnild- 
20? 


jng  IS  low  and  hcaw. — 'llic  siair  cases  arc 
in  liie  basements  of  the  Utrrets,  and  are 
entered  without  passing  into  the  bouse. 
The  inside  is  divided  into  one  hundred 
and  twelve  pews,  and  five  capacious  aisles. 

"The  Episcopalian  church,  in  Sixth 
street,  is  a  handsonse  and  commodious 
brick  edifice,  40  by  55  feet,  well  furnished 
with  doors  and  windows,  ornamented 
with  a  balustrade,  and  finished  inside  with 
taste. 

"The  Cincinnati  college  on  "Walnut 
street,  in  the  rear  of  the  Presbyterian 
church,  is  an  extensive  two  story  brick 
edifice,  consisting  of  two  oblong  wings,  ex- 
tending from  Walnut  street  88  feet  deep. 
Near  the  front,  t!iey  are  connected  by  an 
apartment,  for  stair  cases,  18  by  30  feet,  out 
of  whiclj  arises  a  dome  capped  peristyle, 
designed  for  an  obsei-vatory.  The  front  of 
this  intermediate  apartment  is  to  be  decor- 
ated with  a  colonnade,  forming  a  hand- 
some portico,  12  feet  deep  and  30  feet 
long.  The  front  and  each  side  are  orna- 
mented witli  a  pediment  and  Corinthian 
cornice.  The  aspect  of  the  building  is 
liglit  and  airy. 

"  Tlie  buildings  of  tlie  Cincinnati  Manu- 
facturing Compan)',  on  the  bank  above 
Deer  creek,  are  numerous  and  extensive  ; 
the  main  edifice  is  150  feet  long,  from  20 
to  S7  feet  wide,  and  from  two  to  four 
stories  high. 

"  The  most  capacious,  elevated  and  per- 
manent building  in  this  place,  is  the  Steam 
Mill,  erected  in  the  years,  1812,  '15  and 
'14,  on  the  river  beach,  upon  a  bedof  hori- 
zontal limestone  rocks,  and  in  high  floods 
is  for  its  svhole  length  e^rposed  to  the  cur- 
rent. The  foundation  is  62  by  87  feet, 
and  about  10  feet  thick.  Its  height  is  110 
feet,  and  the  number  of  stories  nine ,  includ- 
ing two  above  the  caves.  To  the  height 
of  40  feet,  the  wall  h  battered,  or  drawn  in  ; 
above,  it  is  perpendicular.  The  cornice  is 
of  brick,  und  the  roof  of  wood,  in  the  com- 
mon style.  It  has  24  doors  and  90  win- 
dows. The  limestone  with  which  it  was 
built  were  quarried  at  various  places  in  the 
bed  of  the  river,  and  measure  in  tlie  wall 
6,620  perches,  Besid-s  this,  it  swallowed 
up  90,000  bricks,  14,800  bushels  of  lime, 
and  81.200  cubic  feet  of  timber.  Its 
weight  is  estimated  at  15,655  tons.  Through 
the  bu  Iding  there  is  a  wall  dividing  each 
story  in'.o  two  untrqual  apartments  the  one 
designed  for  manufacturing  flour ;  the 
other  for  receivmg  wool  and  cotton  ma- 
chinery, a  flax  seed  oil  mill,  fulling  mill, 
and  s^iveral  other  machines. 

Popuhtif>n  in  1810. 
Free  white  malos         ...         1,358 

do.  do.  females  -  .  _  1,100 
All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  82 

Slaves  -  ...         none 


"I'otal  population  in  1810, 
Population  in  1820. 


2,540 


Free  white  males        ... 
do.     do,    females     - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do,                do.       females 
Slaves,  males              .        .        . 
do.   females 

Total  population  in  1820, 

4,919 

4,290 

9,209 

219 

214 

none 

nones 

9,642 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 

240 

99 

753 

313 

2»4 


Cincinnati,  land  district  in  Ohio,  and  In- 
diana, extends  W  from  the  Virginia  military 
tract  and  of  Symmes'  purchase.  It  in- 
cludes all  Miami,  Dark,  Prebble  and  Mont- 
gomery ;  and  part  of  Champaign,  Warren, 
Butler  and  Hamilton  counties,  with  a  con- 
siderable  extent  in  Indiana. 

Cincinnaiusy  township  in  Courtland  coun- 
ty, Nev/  York,  Population  including  the 
city  of  the  same  name,  in  1820,  885. 

Ci?ieif,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Liege,  eight  miles  E  of 
Dinant,    Lon,  4  57  L  lat.  50  18  N. 

Cinque  Ports,  certain  ports  on  the  coast 
of  Kent  and  Sussex,  so  called  by  way  of 
eminence,  on  account  of  their  superior  im- 
portance, as  having  been  thought  bj'-'our 
kings  to'merit  a  particular  regard  for  their 
preservation  against  invasion.  Tiicy  were 
five  in  number,  when  their  first  charter  was 
granted  by  AVilliam  I.  in  1077.  These 
were  Dover,  Hastings,  Ilythe,  Romney,  and 
Sandwich  ;  to  which  were  afterward  added, 
Winchelsea,  Seaford,  and  Rye.  That  king 
appointed  a  constable  of  Dover  Castle 
(who  is  now  called  Lord  Warden  of  the 
Cinque  Ports)  and  invested  him  with  the 
command  of  these  parts,  whose  inh.ibitants 
had  considerable  privileges. 

Cinthiania,  post  town  of  Kentucky,  in 
Harrison  county,  on  a  branch  of  Licking 
river,  13  miles  N  from  Paris. 

Cinira,  cape  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadu- 
ra,  called  the  Rock  of  Lisbon,  on  the  N 
side  of  the  entrance  of  the  Tajo.  On  it  is 
a  town  of  the  same  name,  14  miles  W  of 
Lisbon,     Lon.  9  30  W,  lat.  38  46  N, 

Ciotaf,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart, 
ment  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  defended  by  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  famous  for  Muscadine  wine, 
and  is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Laquee,  be- 
tween Marseilles  and  Toulon.  Lon.  5  46 
E,  lat.  43  12  N, 

Circars,  J\''orther?i,  five  provinces  on  the  , 
W  coast  of  the  bay  of  Bengal,     They  were 
originally    denominated    Northern,    from 


G  ] 


C  L  A 


tiieir  position  in  respect  to  Madras,  ou 
which  they  depend.  Of  the  five  Northern 
circars,  Cicacole,  Rajamunihy,  EUore,  and 
Condapilly  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
Enghsh,  and  Guntoor  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
Nizam.  The  first  four  extend  from  the  N 
bank  of  the,Kistna  to  Cliilka  Lake  ;  forming 
a  narrow  slip  of  country  350  niiK  s  ion^,  and 
from  26  to  75  broad,  bounded  by  mountains 
and  extensive  forests  on  llie  side  opposite 
the  sea.  The  Enghsh  circars  had  been 
ceded  to  the  French,  by  t)ie  Nizam  of  the 
Deccan,  in  1753  -,  hut  ihey  were  conqiiered 
by  colonel  Clive  in  1759,  and  pindict-  ar. 
aimual  revenue  of  360,1/00^  See  Gun- 
toor. 

Circassia,  large  country  of  Asia,  situated 
between  45  and  50  degress  of  N  latitude, 
and  between  40  and  50  of  E  Icngiude  It 
is  bounded  by  Russia  on  the  N  ;  by  Astra- 
can  and  the  Caspian  sea  on  the  E  ;  by 
Georgia  and  Dagistan  on  the  S  ;  and  by  the 
river  Don,  the  Halus  Meotis,  and  the  ijiack 
St  a  on  the  W.  This  country  has  loiv^  been 
celebrated,  for  the  extraordinary  beauty  of 
its  women  ;  and  here  it  was  that  the  prac- 
tice of  inoculating  for  the  small  pox  first 
began.  Terki,  the  principal  city,  is  ,-eated 
in  a  very  spacious  plain,  very  swampy, 
towards  the  sea  side,  in  43  deg.  23  min. 
N  latitude  ;  it  is  about  three  vversts  in  com- 
pass, well  fortified  with  ramparts  and  bas- 
tions in  the  modern  style,  wel'  stored  with 
cannon,  and  has  always  a  considerable  gar- 
rison in  it,  under  the  command  of  a  govrr- 
nor. 

Cirencester,  considerable  borough  in 
Gloucestershire,  with  a  market  on  \i>  nday 
and  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Churn, 
and  was  a  p'ace  of  great  accouiit  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans.  The  ruins  of  the 
walls  and  streets  are  to  be  seen  in  the  ad- 
jacent meadows  wliere  many  Roman  coins, 
checquered  pavements,  and  inscrip'iins  of 
marble,  have  been  found.  It  liad  aiso  a 
castle  and  an  abbey.  Many  Roman  Hnti- 
quities  have  been  discovered  ;  and  here 
the  Roman  roads  crossed  each  other.  It  is 
oneoftiie  greatest  marts  in  England  for 
wool,  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  18  miles  SE  of  Gloucester,  and  89 
W  of  London.     Lnn.  1  58  W,  lai  51  43  N. 

CircleviUe,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Pickaway  county,  Oiiio,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Sciota  river,  at  VV  Ion  W  C 
5  5,  lat.  39  36  N,  26  nniles  below  Colum- 
bia. It  derives  its  name  from  some  an- 
cient work?  in  a  rude  circular  form,  on 
the  site  of  which  it  is  situated.  The  ad- 
jacent courstry  is  amongst  the  most  fertile 
of  the  Ohio  valley. 

Cirenza,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Ba- 
silicata,  with  a  bishop's  see.  h  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Brandonn,  at  the  t-iot  of 
the  Appennines,  97  mih-s  E  of  Naples. 
Lon.  16  leE,  lat.  40  44  N. 


Cittadello,  seaport  and  capital  of  Mi- 
norca, on  the  W  side  of  that  island.  Lon. 

3  34  E,  lat.  39  54  N. 

Citta-di-Castdlo,  populous  city  of  Ita- 
ly, capital  of  a  county  <:f  the  same  name, 
in  Umbra,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Tiber,  27  miles  SW  of  Urbino. 
Lin.  12  3  8  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Citta-JVouva,  city  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Aiicona,  containing  lb  church- 
es and  convents  within  its  walls,  and  15 
without.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 10  milfs  S  of  Lor-c-tto.  Lon.  13  40 
E.  lat  43  16  N. 

Citta-Mjuva,  seaport  of  Venetian  Is- 
t'ia,  with  a  bishi.p's  set-,  60  miles  E  of 
Venice     L  n    14  2  E,  lat.  4:5  36  N 

Cicy- Point,  post  town  and  post  of  en- 
try, in  Pri>!ce  Gv-orge  county,  Viri^inia, 
on  James  at  th-.-  mouth  ot  Apjwmattox 
river.  20  miles  belovy  Richmond. 

Ciudad- RftaL  town  of  hpain,  capital  of 
Mancha.  The  inhabitants 'are  noted  for 
dressing  leather  for  gicvcs.  It  is  two  miles 
from  ti^e  Guadiana,  and  90  S  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  3  25  W,  lat   38  58  N-  ^ 

Ciudad-Rodrigo,  town  of  Sjiain,  in  Le- 
on, with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
river  Aquada.  40  miles  SW  of  Salaman- 
ca,    Lon.  5  58  W,  lat.  40  33  N. 

Civita  di-Friuli^  small  but  ancient  town 
of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  seated  on  the 
Natisona,  10  miles  Eot  Udena.  Lon.  13 
15  E,  iHt.  46  12  N 

Civita-di-Penna,  ancient  town  of  Na- 
ples, iii  Ambruzza  Ulteriore,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see,  near  t^e river  Salino,  35  miles 
NE  of  Aquila.  Lon.  14  52  E,  lat.  42  27 
N. 

Ci-vita-Castilana,  town  joi  Italy,  in 
Campagua  di  Romana,  on  a  high  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  which  is  a  river,  which  falls 
into  the  Tiber,  it  is  25  miles  NW  of 
Rome,    Lon.  12  35  E,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Civita-  Vecchia,  seaport  t.f  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Pi  ter,  with  an  arse- 
nal. Here  the  pope's  galUys  were  for- 
merly stationed,  and  it  was  a  free  port ; 
but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It  is  35 
miles  NW  of  Rome.  Lon  11  51  E,  lat. 
42  5  N. 

Clucka?}>us,  river  of  United  States,  en- 
ter   tlijc  Wallamut,  of  Columbia. 

Clackmannan,  small  t'>w!»  in  Scotland, 
and  capical  oi  the  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  N  shore  of  the 
Forth,  atid  stands  on  a  hill,  on  the  top  of 
which  IS  a  castle,  com man^ ling  a  n^ble 
prospect.  A  large  square  tower  in  this 
castle  derives  its  name  from  the  illus- 
trious Rob  rt  Bruce,  whose  great  sword 
atid  casque  are  here  preserved.  A  large 
sword  is  also  shown,  said  to  have  be- 
longed to  Sir  John  Graham,  the  faithful 
attendant  of  the  heroic  Wallace,  It  is 
205 


OLA 


C  b  A 


23  miles  N  by  E  of  Glasgow.    Lon.  3  40 
W,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Clackmannan&hrre,  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  E  bv  Fifcshire,  on  t'lf'  N 
and  W  by  Pertlishire,  and  on  the  S  by 
the  Forth.  It  is  ei^ht  miles  in  length, 
and  five  in  breadth.  The  country  is 
plain  and  fertile  towards  the  Frith,  pro- 
ducing corn  and  pasture  in  abundance. 
This  shire,  with  Kinross,  sends  one  mem- 
ber  to  parliament  It  is  watered  by  the 
rivers  Forth  and  Dt-van.  Population  in 
1801,  lu.858;  in  1811,  10,010;  and  in 
1821.  13  263. 

Clagenfurt,  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal  of  C  rinthia,  5  J  miles  SVV  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Claiborne.,  county  of  Mississippi ; 
bounded  NW  by  Mississippi  and  Big- 
black  rivers,  E  bnundinj^  county  uncer- 
tain, and  S  by  Jefferson  ;  surface,  except 
along  the  bounding  rivers,  hilly;  length 
32,  mean  width  12,  area  384 ,  soil  varied, 
productive  on  the  alluvion  of  tiie  streams, 
but  towards  the  eastern  part  sterile  pine 
woods.  Staple,  cotton.  Chitf  town,  Gib- 
son-port. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  899 

do.    do.    females         -        -  653 

All  other  persons  exc  pt  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -  12 

Slaves      -----       1,538 


Total  population  in  1810 

'S 

lies 

5.102 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  mal 
do.             do.        fema 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

1,599 

1,241 

2,840 
19 
17 

1,515 

Total  population  in  1820  -        5.963 

.  Ofthts^  : 

F'ireigiiei"s  not  natur3lized        -  0 

Engaged  in  A.'ilif.ijltare            -  1,983 

do.    in  M  injfdcture.3        -  0 

d       in  Cov:imei'"e             -  0 

Population  to  tht  square  mi'e,  12. 

Claiborne^  Fort,  post  town  on  tlie  le 
ba'ik  "f  A.iHbama  rivtr,  in  M  nro-  coun- 
ty, .^^a'jama,  al  the  hea.l  of  Schooner 
navigation,  25  miles  E  from  fort  bt.  Ste- 
phens 

Claibornt,  county  of  Tennessee,  be- 
tween Clinch  and  Powell's  i-ivers:  bound- 
ed by  Virginia  N ;  by  Hawkins  county  in 
Tennessee  E  ;  Clinch  river,  or  Granger, 
20'-; 


and  Knox  SE ;  and  Powell's  river,  oi- 
Campbell  NW  :  length  40 ;  mean  width 
10  miles ;  area  400  square  miles :  surface 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous;  soil  of 
middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Taze- 
well. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        -        ,        2,277 

do.  do.  females  ...  2,159 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .         .        ,  35 

Slaves 327 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        4,798 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.   do.    females    -        -        - 

Total  whites      -        -        -        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do,        females 

Slaves,  males      -         .         -         . 

do.     females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        5,508 

or  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  4 

Engaged  in  .\grculture      -         -         1,397 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  15 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14  nearly. 

Clameci,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre  and  late  province  of 
Nivernois.  Clameci  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Beuvron  and  Yonne,  112 
mi'esS  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  36  E,  lat. 
47  28  N. 

Clafiham,  village  in  Surry,  noted  for 
many  handsome  villas,  which  chiefly  sur- 
round a  beautiful  cimmon.  In  the  old 
p.in-h  church  divine  service  is  perform- 
t.d  at  tunerals  only  ;  an  elegant  new 
church  hiving  been  erected  on  the  com- 
mon, but  without  an  adjoining  cemetery. 
Clapii.uTi  is  three  miies  SVV  of  London. 

Clara  St  small  island  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Peru,  in  the  hav  of  Guaiaquil, 
70  mdes  SW  of  Guaiaquil.  Lon.  82  20 
W  lat.  2  20  S, 

Clare  St.,  small  island  or  rather  rock, 
one  of  th'-  Canaries,  between  Lancerota 
and  A  Iegrall^a. 

Clare,  town  of  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Monday  The  ruins  of  a  cast'e  and 
of  a  collrgiate  cliurch  are  still  visible  ; 
and  here  is  a  manufacture  of  baize.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Stour,  15  miles  Sof  St. 
Edmunti's  Bury,  and  56  NE  of  London. 
Lo!.   0  3o  E,  lat.  52  12  N, 

Clare,  county  of  Ireland  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  55  miles  in  length, 
and  38  in  breadth :   bounded  on  the  E 


C  i:  A 


U  JL  A 


and  S  by  the  Shannon,  which  separates  it 
from  Tipperary,  Limeric,  and  Kerry ;  on 
the  W  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  N  by 
Galway.  It  contains  two  rnarktt-towns 
and  73  parishes,  and  before  the  union 
sent  four  members  to  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment. 

Clare^  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a 
couiuv  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  NW 
of  Limeric.    Lon.  8  46  W.  lat  52  52  N. 

Claremont,  township  in  Chesliire  cmn- 
ty.  New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
2094  ;  and  in  1820,  2090. 

Claremont,  county  in  Sumpter  district, 
South  Carolina, 

Clarence,  township  in  Niagara  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  3278. 

Clarence,  township  in  Stnrmont  coun- 
ty, Upper  Canada,  on  the  Ottawa  river. 

Clarence,  Duke  of,  straits,  on  the  N  W 
coast  of  North  America,  between  duke 
of  York  and  pi-ince  of  Wales  islands ; 
and  between  prince  of  Wales  island  and 
Point  Barry.  Lon.  W  C  56  W,  lat.  56  30 
N. 

Clarendon,  post  town,  Rutland  county, 
Vermont,  30  miles  W  from  Windsor. 
Population  1820,  1800. 

Clarendon,  township  of  Vermont,  situa- 
ted in  Rutland  county,  about  40  miles  NE 
of  Benning-ton,  and  containing  2000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Clarendon,  village,  three  miles  E  of  Salis- 
bury, where  Henry  11.  summoned  a  council 
of  the  barons  and  prelates,  in  1164,  who 
enacted  the  laws,  called  the  Constitutions 
of  Clarendon  ;  and  here  were  two  palaces 
built  by  king  John. 

Clarens,  or  CA«^i/Za>' J,  village  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  delightfully 
situated  not  far  from  Vevay,  on  an  emi- 
nence, whose  declivity  slopes  gradually 
towards  the  lake  of  Geneva. 

Claridon,  township  in  Geauga  county, 
Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  588. 

Claritza,  seaport  of  European  Turkey, 
in  the  ancient  Thessaly,  to  the  south  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Peneus.  Lon.  22  54  E, 
lat.  39  45  N. 

Clark,  township  in  Clinton  countv,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1210. 

Clark,  township  in  Brown  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1892. 

Clark,  interior  county,  Ohio;  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Champaign,  east  by  Madi- 
son, south  by  Green,  and  on  he  west  by 
Montgomery  and  Miami  counties.  It  is  29 
miles  long  from  east  to  wes',  ind  17  Uroad 
from  north  to  south ;  and  c  ntaining  400 
square  miles.  Soil  generally  fertile.  Chief 
town,  Springfield. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,970 


Free  wiiile  females 
Total  whites 


4,521 


Total  whites       -         .        -         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 
do.  do.  females 

laves,  males  .         -         . 

do.     females       -        -        - 


Total  population  in  1820 


9,535 


or  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  od 

Eng;igt-d  in  Agriculture       -         -         1,256 
do.     in  Manuf^iCtures  -  221 

do.     in  Commerce         -        -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24  nearly. 
Clark,  county  of  Illinois;  boundaries  and 
extent  undefined.     It  is  on  the  waters  of 
Kaskaskia  and  Little  Wabash. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...  490 

do.     do.    females     -        -        -  440 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     ■ 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        . 

do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Clark,  county  of  Arkansas ;  boundaries 
and  area  uncertain. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


930 
0 
1 
0 
0 

931 

0 

204 

13 

0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males     - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufictures 

do.        in  Commerce 


522 
448 

970 

0 

0 

o7 


1,040 


0 

250 

0 

0 


Population  to  the  square  mde,  uncertain. 

Clarke,  county  of  Georgia ;  bounded  by 
•TacBson  NW  ;  Ma'".isou  NE ;  OgU^thorpe  E ; 
Greene  S,  and  Morgan  SW ;  k-ngth  21 ; 
mean  width  11:  area  230  square  miles; 
surface  hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Athens. 

307 


L  A 


C  L  A 


Population  in  IBli. 
Free  while'males 

do.  do.    females    -  -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -  -        . 

Slaves        -        .        .  _        . 

Total  population  in  1810  - 


soil  generally  very  productive.  Chief  town, 
2,475    Charleston. 
2,355        Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  mnles      -        -        -        2,943 
30        do.  do.     females  -        -        2,606 

2,405    All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...  40 

7,265    Slaves 81 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females    - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

do.            do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.     females 

males     - 
females. 

2,757 
2,528 

5,285 

14 

7 

1,801 

1,760 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


8,867 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        2,756 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  134 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  36 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38. 

Clarke,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Madison  and  Fayette  SW ;  Bourbon 
NW;  Montgomery  NE,  and  Estill  SE ; 
length  25  ;  mean  width  8  ;  ai-ea  200  square 
miles;  surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil 
productive.     Chief  town,  Winchester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,210 
do.    do.  females             -        -        4,053 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        ...  23 
Slaves 2,695 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures    - 

do.        in  Commerce 


10,981 


4,098 
3,847 

7,945 

20 

21 

1,735 

1,728 

11,449 


2 
6,423 
215 
41 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  57. 

Clarke,  county  of  Indiana  ;  bounded  by 
the  Ohio  river  SE ;  Harrison  SW  ;  Wash- 
ington W,  and  NW  ;  Jennings  N,  and  Jef- 
ferson NE;  length  26;  mean  width  19; 
area  500  square  miles.  Surface  hillv,  but 
208  • 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  -        -       _ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males    .       -        .        . 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


5,670 


4,478 
4,093 


8,709 


Of  these ; 
ForeijTners  not  naturalized  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,590 

do.        in  Manufactures        -         '  389 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22  nearly. 

Clarke,  county  of  Alabama  ;  bounded  W 
by  Tombigbee  river,  N  by  Marengo,  and 
E  by  Monroe  ;  length  45  ;  mean  width  14 ; 
area  640  square  miles.  Surface  rather 
hilly,  and  except  on  the  stream.s  soil  sterile. 
Chief  town,  Jackson. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       2,030 

do.    do.  females  -        -        1,748 


Total  whites        .        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  m  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Conri'iierce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain . 

Clarhesvillc,  post  office  Green  county,. 
Pennsylvania. 

ClarkesviUe,  post  town,  and  the  capital  of 
Montpnmery  county,  Tennessee  ;  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  Cumberland  river,  about 
45  miles  NW  of  Nashville,  and  790  from 
Washington. 

ClarkesviUe,  post  town  of  Clarke  county, 
Indiana,  at  the  lower  part  of  the  rapids  of 
Ohio. 

Clarksbo'rouirJh  post  town,  Jackson  coun- 


5,839 


7' 

1,820 

84 

29 


C  L  A 


C  L  v. 


ty,  Georgia,  on  a  branch  of  Oconee  river, 
10  miles  S  from  Jefferson. 

Clarksburg,  township  and  post  town  of 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on  Hoo- 
sack  river,  33  miles  NNW  from  Lenox. 
Population  in  1810,  231,  and  in  1820,  274. 

Clarksburg,  post  town,  Montgomery 
couniy,  Maryland. 

Clarksburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Harrison  county,  Virginia,  on  the  riglit 
bank  of  the  Monongahela,  40  miles  SSW 
from  Morgantown. 

Clarksburg,  post  town  In  Jackson  county, 
Georgia  ;  situated  on  the  N  fork  of  the  Ap- 
palachy  river,  110  miles  NVV  of  Augusta, 
and  704  from  Washington . 

Clarksburg,  town  of  Ross  county,  Ohio, 
16  miles  NVV  from  Chilicothe. 

Clark's  Ferry,  post  office,  Cumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Clark^s  Fork,  river,  one  of  the  great 
branches  of  the  Yellow  Stone,  falls  into 
that  stream  from  the  south,  about  100  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Bighorn  river. 

Clarkson,  township  in  Genesee  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1320,  1612. 

Clark''s  River,  the  great  middle  branch 
of  Columbia  river,  rises  in  the  Chippewan 
mountains,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of 
ihe  Missouri,  flows  SW,  W,  and  NW,  by 
a  course  of  about  800  miles,  joins  Lewis' 
river,  and  forms  the  Columbia. 

Clarksioivn,  township,  post  town  and  seat 
of  justice,  Rockland  county,  New  York. 
Population  in  1820,  1808. 

Clarksville,  post  village,  Clinton  county, 
Oliio,  8  miles  from  Wilmington. 

Clavernck,  township  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty. New  York.     Population  in  1820,  2813. 

Clavei-ack,  post  town  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty, New  York,  five  miles  E  ot  Hudson. 

Claude,  St.  handsome  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Jura  and  late  province  of 
Franclie  Comte ;  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  between  three  high  mountains,  on 
the  river  Lison,  and  owes  its  origin  lo  a  ce- 
lebrated abbey,  built  in  425,  in  t'nis  then 
barren  and  uninhabited  country.  The  ca- 
thedral is  extremely  elegant.  In  this  ci;y 
are  many  public  fountains  with  large  ba-iin-. 
It  is  "o5  miies  NW  of  Geiieva.  Lon.  6  18 
B.  lat.  45  24  N. 

Clausenburg,  town  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  river  Samos,  60  miles  NW  of  Harm  .n- 
stadt.  On  one  of  the  gates  is  an  inscription 
in  honour  of  the  emperor  Trajan.  Lon. 
23  20  E.  lat.  46  53  N. 

Clay,  town  in  Norfolk,  seated  on  an  arm 
of  the  sea,  belv/een  two  rivers,  20  miles 
NW  of  Norwich.  Here  are  some  large 
salt-works. 

Clay,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  the  head 
waters  of  Cumberland  and  Kentucky  ri- 
vers;  boimded  by  Knox  SE;  Rockcastle 
W  :  Madison,  Estell  and  Floyd  N  ;  and 
Flovd  E ;  length  50  ;  mean  v.'idth  about  40 
D  d 


miles  ;  area  2000  square  miles ;  surface 
very  hilly  and  rocky ;  soil  in  some  few 
places  productive,  but  in  general  of  mid- 
dling quality.     Chieftown,  Manchester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,202 

do.  do.     females  -         -         1,055 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  ta.xed         ....         none 
Slaves 141 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -         2,398 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .        -        .        2,112 
do.  do.    females    -        -        -        1,906 

Total  wliites       -         -         -         -  4,018 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  40 

do.             do.        females  50 

Slaves,  males            ...  180 

do.     females          .        -        -  105 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -         4,393 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,455 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  499 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^  nearly. 

Clay-ponds,  light-house,  on  Cape  Cod, 
Massachusetts. 

Claysville,  post  village,  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvunia. 

Clayton,  eastern  townsliip  of  Perry  coun- 
ty, Oiiio,  oa  tiie  waters  of  Hockhocking 
nver. 

Clear,  Cape,  promontory  of  a  little 
island  on  the  8  of  Irei.snd.  Lon.  11  45  W. 
lat.  51  18  N. 

Clear,  creek  of  Ohio,  joining  the  Great 
Miami,  from  the  left  in  the  NE  corner  of 
But  cr  county. 

Clear  Creek,  township  in  Warren  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  m  1820,  2444. 

Clear  Creek,  township  in  Richland, 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  309. 

Clear  Creek,  township  in  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  Population  in  1810, 1126,  and  in 
1820,  1174. 

Clearfield,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  waters  of  S'.isqueliannati;  bounded  by 
Indiana  W  ;  Jcfferr^on  NW  ;  M'Kean  N  ; 
Lyconiing  NE,  andC-n're  SE  :  length  45; 
breadth  32  ;  area  1425.  This  county  is 
yet  but  very  thinly  peopled,  though  much 
of  the  soil  is  excellent,  and  the  climate 
dehghifu!.  It  is  a  true  Alpine  region  rich 
in  the  most  varied  scenery.  Ci-arfieid  is 
drained  by  the  higher  creeks,  and  west 
branch  of  Susq".eh mnah,  p.articularly  Sin- 
namahtning,  and  Mushannon  cre'ks.  Some 
of  the  waters  of  Toby's  creek,  Sa"i!y  ere  k, 
and  .Mohiilbuctitun  branches  of  AlLgany 
209 


C  L  £ 


CLE 


rivei"  rise  on  ahd  flow  from  the  western 
part' of  this  countj'.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally broken,  and  mucli  of  it  mountainous. 
There  are  extensive  indicatians  of  metalic 
ores,  particularly  iron.  Chief  town,  Clear- 
field. 

Population  in  1810. 

!Pree  whiles,  maies             -         -  437 

do.      do.     females          -         -  403 

All  other  pei'sons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 53 

Slaves         -        -        -        •        -  none 


875 


1,307 
1,000 

2,307 

18 

17 

none 

none 

2,342 

9 

708 

none 

1 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popvilation  ia  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females     - 

Total  whites      -        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce     - 
Population  to  the  squire  mile,  1^. 

Clearfield,  township  in  Butler  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  288; 
and  in  1820,  515. 

Clebury,  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  river 
Rea,  28  miles  SE  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
136  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  23  W,  lat. 
52  21N. 

CleraCy  or  Clairac,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Guienne,  now  in  the  department 
of  Lot  and  Garonne.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Lot,  10  miles  NW  of  Agen.  Lon. 
0  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Clermont,  county  of  Camden  district. 
South  Carolina ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
Wateree  river,  which  divides  it  from 
Richland  county,  in  the  same  state.  It 
contains  5000  inhabitants. 

Clermont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse  and  late  territory  of 
Barrois,  127  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
.9  E,  lat.  49  34  N. 

Clermont,  town  of-France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  37  miles  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  25  E,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Clertnont,  considerable  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and 
late  province  of  Auvergne,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  Many  Roman  antiquities  are 
found  in  the  neighbourhood.  There  are 
also  some  mineral  springs  ;  and  that  of 
21.0 


the  suburb  St.  AUyre  has  formed  a  natU" 
ral  bridge  over  the  brook  into  which  it 
falls :  it  is  called  the  Mineral  bridge, 
and  carriages  may  pass  over  it.  Cler- 
mont contains  30,000  inhabitants,  and 
has  manufactures  of  ratteeqp,  druggets, 
serges,  and  leather.  It  is  the  birth  place 
of  the  celebrated  Pascal ;  and  is  300 
miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  10  E,  lat.  45 
47  N. 

Clermont,  town  in  Columbia  county. 
New  York,  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  ri- 
ver, and  15  miles  S  of  the  city  of  Hudson, 
The  township  has  1150  inhabitants.  The 
post  office  is  361  miles  from  Washing] 
ton. 

Clermont ,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  E  and  SE ;  Hamilton  W  ; 
Warren  N,  and  Brown  E :  length  32 ; 
mean  width  13 ;  area  416  square  miles. 
A  great  portion  of  the  soil  is  of  first  rate 
quality.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  salt 
provisions. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males       ...        4,981 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,947 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  27 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -         9,965 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        8,090 
do.   do.    females     -        -        -        7,701 

Total  whites       ....  15,791 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  ,  -  13 

do.            do.        females  16 

Slaves,  mules      ...         -  0 

do.    females   .        -        -        -  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -       15,820 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  26 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  2,824 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  727 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  30 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38. 

Clermont,  township  in  Columbia  coun- 
ty, New  York.    Population  in  1820, 11  )4. 

Clery,  village  in  France,  nine  mi  es 
SW  of  Orleans,  once  famous  for  the  pil- 
grimage to  our  lady  of  Clery.  Here  was 
the  tomb  of  that  monster,  Lewis  XL  who 
appeared,  in  white  marble,  as  the  saint 
and  the  patriot  king. 

Gierke's  Islartd,  lies  in  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Kamt- 
schatka  and  that  of  North  America.  It 
was  discovered  by  captain  Cook  in  1788, 
and  was  so  named  in  honour  of  captain 
Clerke,  his  second  in  command.  A  land- 
ing could  not  be  effected.    Near  its  E  ex- 


C  L  I 


O  I,  i 


tremity,  is  a  little  island,  i-emarkable  fov 
having  three  elevated  rocks  upon  it.  It 
is  quite  uninhabited.  Lon.WC  92  30  W, 
lat.  63  15  N. 

Cleveland,  township  in  Cuyahoga  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  547,  and  in 
1820,  606. 

Cleveland,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cuyahoga  river,  on  lake  Erie. 
Population,  605.  It  has  a  bank,  styled 
the  Commercial  bank  of  lake  Erie,  and 
a  printing  office.  Distance  54  miles  N 
from  Warren,  131  NW  from  Pittsburgh 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  150  NE  from  Co- 
lumbus    Lon.  4  44  W,  lat.  41  31  N. 

Cleves,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  divided  into  two  parts 
by  the  Rhine.  It  is  a  fine  country,  de- 
lightfully variegated  with  hills,  woods, 
fields,  towns,  and  villages ;  and  is  subject 
to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Cleves,  city  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
the  duchy  of  Cleves.  It  is  seated  on 
the  eastern  side  of  three  lulls,  about  a 
mile  wi  t  of  the  Rhine  ;  with  which  it 
communicates  by  means  of  a  canal,  which 
is  large  enough  for  great  barges.  It  has 
a  castle  built  by  Julius  Caesar.  It  has 
been  often  taken  and  retaken :  the  last 
time  by  the  French,  in  1794.  It  is  15 
miles  SEof  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  50  E,  lat. 
51  45  N, 

C/c7;es,town  of  Virginia,  King  George's 
county,  on  the  Rappahannock. 

Cleybrook,  Great  and  Little,  two  vil- 
lages in  Leicestershire,  on  the  NW  side 
of  Lutterworth.  They  are  supposed  to 
have  been  a  part  of  Cleycester,  situated 
one  mile  to  the  W,  which  was  a  flourish- 
ing city  of  the  Romans,  and  where  their 
bricks  and  coins  have  been  frequently 
found. 

Clief,  town  in  Northamptonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  30  miles  NE  of 
Northampton,  and  88  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  37  W,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Clifford,  township  in  Susquehannah 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
681. 

Clifton,  village  in  Westmoreland,  three 
miles  SSE  of  Penrith,  noted  for  a  skir- 
mish between  the  king's  forces  and  the 
rebels  in  1745,  in  which  the  latter  had 
the  advantage. 

Cl-fton.  village  in  Gloucestershire,  near 
Bristol,  noted  for  the  hot  well  in  its  neigh- 
houi'hood,  upon  the  lower  Avon,  at  the 
foot  -if  St  Vincent's  rock. 

Clifton,  town  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada. 

Clinch,  navigable  river  of  the  state  of 
Tennessee,  which  rises  in  Clinch  moun- 
tain, and  after  running  through  Powell's 
vallev,  flows  into  the  Tennessee  river  at 
211 


SVV  point,  or  Kingston,  and  forms  Ten- 
nessee. 

Clinch,  mountain  of  Tennessee,  ranges 
between  Clinch  and  Holstnn  rivers. 

Clinton,  town  of  Buckingham  coui.ty. 
Lower  Canada. 

Clinton,  county  of  New  York;  l-.onnd- 
ed  by  Lower  Canada  N  ;  Lake  Cham- 
plain  E  ;  Essex  county  S;  and  Franklin 
W ;  length  40  ;  mean  width  3,5  ;  area 
1400  square  miles.  It  forms  the  NE  an- 
gle of  the  state.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
and  in  part  mountainous.  Soil  s^enerally 
indiflFerent.    Chief  town,  Platsburgh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        4,196 

do.    do.     females  -        •        3,745 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  32 

Slaves      -----  29 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  jSSO. 
Free  white  males  -    .    - 

do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females         -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


8,002 


6,510 
5,462 

11,972 

48 

48 

0 


12,070 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  „  ^^^ 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  3,044 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  763 

do.    in  Commerce            -  119 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Clinton,  tov/nship  in  Dutchess  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  6611. 

Clinton,  county  of  Lincoln,  Upper  Cana- 
da, on  lake  Ontario. 

Clinton,  township  and  post  village,  Kcr.- 
nebec  countv,  Maln^.  Population  in  ISlQ, 
1050,  ar.d  in  1820, 1356. 

Clinton,  ^.o\\•ns\\^p  and  post  town,  Knox 
county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  7I4, 
and  in  1820,834. 

Clinton,  township  in  Franklin  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  518. 

Clinton,  township  in  Jackson  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  338. 

Clinton,  county  of  Ohio,  on  the  waters  of 
Little  Miami,  bounded  by  Warren  Vt' ; 
Green  and  Fayetve  N ;  Clinton  E ;  Higli- 
Lmd  SE  i  and  Hrown  S  ;  length  22;  me.nn 
width  IS;  ara  360  square  miles.  Sur- 
face diversified  by  hiil  antl  dale  ;  sod  ge- 
nerally highly  productive.  Chief  town, 
Wilmington. 


C  L  O 


C  O  A 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males          -                 -  1316 

do.     do.     females              -        -  1,349 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         .         .         .  9 

Slaves         -        .        .        -        .  none 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.   females    -        -        - 

2,674 

4,104 
3,935 

Total  whites       -         -         -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.           do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males      _        .        .        - 

do.     females            -        -        . 

8,039 

34 

22 

none 

none 

Total  population  In  1820 

8,085 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  3 

Enj^aged  in  .\griculture      -        -  1,315 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  168 

do.       in  Commerce        -         -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Clinton,  post  village,  Oneida  county,  N. 
York,  on  Oriskanr.y  creek,  nine  miles  M^ 
SW  from  Uiica.  Hamilton  college,  near 
this  village  was  incorporited  in  1812,  and 
from  the  lib  pal  support  given  by  public 
and  private  patronage  is  a  flourishmg  insti- 
tution. It  IS  under  the  direction  of  a  pre- 
sident, three  pro'essors,  and  two  tutors ; 
tlie  students  about  70. 

Clinton,  seat  of  justice,  and  post  town  of 
Jones  county,  Georgia,  20  miles  W  from 
Milledgeville. 

CUntonville,  post  village  of  Onondago 
county.  New  York. 

Clissa,  fort  of  Dahnatia,  taken  from  the 
Turks  by  the  Venetiais.  It  is  seated  on  a 
craggy  mountain,  six  miles  N  of  Spalatro. 
Lon.  17  31  E.  lat.  44  10  N. 

Clisson,  town  of  Fr.mce  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Bri'tagne,  on  the  river  Seure,  12  miles  S 
■  of  Nantes.     Lon.  1  28  W  lat.  47  1  N. 

Clithero,  borough  in  Lancasliire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  seated  near  Pendil  Hill, 
36  miles  SK  of  Lancaster,  and  213  NNW 
of  London      Lon.  2  21  W.  lat.  53  54  N. 

Clock7>ilIe,  post  village,  Madison  county. 
New  York. 

Clos^her,  episcopal  town  and  borough 
of  Ireland,  in  Tyrone.  Lon.  6  50  W.  lat. 
54  30  N. 

Clonmel,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  seated  on  the  river 
Sure,  19  miles  SE  of  Tipperary.  Lon.  7 
27  W,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Cleud,  St,  town  of  France,  fjiir  miles  W 
212 


of  Paris,  seated  on  the  Seine, ,  Here  was 
lately  a  magnificent  royal  palace,  gardens, 
fcnd  a  beautiful  cascade. 

Clover  dale,  post  office,  Virginia,  in  Bo- 
tetourt county. 

Clover  Gcrden,  post  village  of  Chatham 
county  N'-rth  Carolina. 

ClougbJ\£ills,  post  office,  Laurens  South 
Carolina. 

Clozvay,  rivi  r  and  lake  of  British  North 
America.  The  lake  lies  about  30°  W  from 
W  C  at  lal.  62  30  N  and  discharges  its  wa- 
ters to  the  SW  which  flowing  about  200 
miles  enter  Great  Slave  Lake.  Lon.  W  C 
35  VV  lat  62  N. 

Cloyne,  episcopal  town  and  borough  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  16  miles  E 
of  Cork      Lon.  SOW,  lat.  41  54. 

Cluny,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
m'  nt  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its  late  fa- 
mous Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Grosne,  10  miles  NVV  of  Macon.  Lon. 
4  33  E.  lat.  46  24  N. 

Cliise,  town  of  Savoy,  in  Faucigny,  seat- 
ed on  the  Arve,  22  miles  SE  of  Geneva. 
Lon  6  29  E.  lat.  45  57  N. 

Cltvyd,  c;  lebrated  vale  of  Denbighshire, 
extending  from  its  upper  end  to  the  Irish 
Sea,  above  20  miles ;  its  breadth  varying 
from  tiiree  to  eight,  according  to  the  ap- 
proach or  recess  of  the  high  motintains  en- 
closing it,  through  which,  in  different 
parts,  are  gaps  formed  by  nature  for  en- 
ti'ances.  A  river  of  the  same  name,  which 
rises  in  the  middle  of  the  county,  runs 
along  this  vale,  and  having  entered  Flint* 
shire,  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea. 

Clyde,  river  in  Scotland,  which  arises  in 
Annandale,  falls  into  the  sea  over  against 
the  Isle  of  Bute. 

Clyde,  river  of  Orleans  county,  Vermont, 
which  falls  into  lake  Memphramagog,  at  its 
SE  corner. 

Clydesdale,  wild  district  in  the  S  part  of 
Lanerkshire.  Amid  the  mountains  here, 
particles  of  gold  have  sometimes  been 
washed  down  by  the  rains  and  streams  of 
water  ;  but  this  tract  is  chiefly  remarkable 
for  producing  metals  of  inferior  worth. 
The  veins  of  lead  lie  mostly  N  and  I'2,  and 
their  thickness,  which  seldom  exceeds  40 
feet,  varies  grea'ly  in  different  pans.  The 
scanty  pasture  here  feeds  some  sheep  and 
cattle. 

CoalMines,  post  office,  Chesterfield 
county,  Virginia. 

Co'ils-Mouth,  post  office,  Kenhawa  coun- 
t}',  Virginia. 

Coanaminc,  river  of  Guiana. 
Coast  Castle,  Cape,  principal  settlement 
of  the  English  on  the  coast  of  Giiinea,  with 
a  strong  citadel.  It  is  30  miles  E  by  N 
of  St.  George  del  Mina.  Lun.  0  0  lat.  5 
6  N. 


c  o  c 


COD 


Coatlan,  river  of  M  "xico,  falls  into  tiie 
Pacific  Ocean.     See  Gucvetlan. 

Coatesville,  post  office,  Ciiester  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Cobagua,  riv-r  of  Soulh  America. 

Cobagua,  island  in  the  Carib;;ean  sea. 
Lon.  VV  C  13  34  E,  lat.  10  50  NT. 

Cubbescomte,  river,  Kennebec  conniy, 
Maine,  the  drain  of  a  number  of  small  lak(-S 
between  Kennebec  and  Amiroscogi^in, 
which  unite  in  the  town  of  Gardner,  and 
enter  the  right  side  of  Kennebec  river. 

Cobham,  village  in  Dinwiddle  couii'y, 
Virginia ;  situated  on  the  S  side  of  James' 
river,  opposite  to  James'  town,  and  about 
12  miles  S  of  Williamsburg. 

Cobijah,  seaport  of  Peru.     Lat.  22  24  S. 

Coblentz,  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves ;  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Rhme  and  Moselle,  50  mdes 
NE  of  Tr.  ves.     Lon.  7  32  E,  lat  50  24  N. 

Cobleskill,  township  and  post  town  of 
Schoharie  county.  New  York.  l:*opula'ion 
in  1820,  2440. 

Cobscook,  post  town,  Maine,  in  Washing- 
ton county. 

Coburg,  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  college,  a  f.rt,  and  a 
castle.  This  town,  and  its  principality,  be- 
longs to  the  house  of  Saxony.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Itch,  20  miles  N  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 
11  18  E,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Coca,  river  of  Colombia,  is  the  north 
western  branch  of  the  JVapo,  which  see. 

Coca,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  near 
which  is  a  strong  castle  for  state  prisoners. 
It  is  seated  among  mountains,  at  the  con- 
fluence  of  the  Morvedro  and  E,ez(-na,  25 
miles  XNE  of  Segovia.     Lon.  3  34  W,  lat. 

41  irN. 

Cochabamba,  province  of  the  United  pro- 
vinces of  La  Plata ;  bounded  \V  by  the 
Andes  ;  S  by  Charcas,  and  dfained  by  the 
sources  of  the  Para,  and  Magda  ena  rivers. 
It  is  a  fine  healthy  and  fertile  country,  of 
about  4,500  square  miles,  and  peopled  by 
100,000  inhabitants.  Central,  lon.  W  C  11 
E,  lat.  18  S. 

Cochinm,  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  formerly  imperial.  It  was  forced 
to  surrender  to  the  French  in  1794,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  25  miles  SW  of 
Coblenlz.     L'.n.  7  2  E,  lat.  50  12  N, 

Cochin,  seaport  on  <  he  coast  of  Malabar, 
in  Travancore.  It  is  a  Dutch  -ettl  ment, 
and  was  captured  by  the  British  fleet  in 
1795.  It  .s  120  m.les  S  bv  E  of  Calcut, 
Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  10  0  N 

Cochin  China,  k'ngdom  uf  Asia;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  the  Eastern  Ocean,  on  the  N 
by  Tonquin,  on  the  \V  by  Cambodia,  and 
on  the  S  b\  Ciampa. 

C'jc/iran's  Store,  post  village,  North  Caro- 
lina.  Person  countu. 


LochransviVe,  post  \'illage,  Chester  coun- 
ty, l^eiins\lvahia. 

Cjche,  county  of  E;tst  Tennessee ;  bound- 
ed by  Nortii  Carolina  SE  ;  Sevier  and  Jef- 
ferson W  j  J  fFe;-oii  N,  and  Grei-ne  NK  ; 
lerigth  22  ;  mean  vvidil>  17  ;  area  374  sqiare 
miles  Surface  mount  inuus,  and  soil  gi  ne- 
rally  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Ne.'  port. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -         -         -  2,438 

do.    do.    females  -         -  2,264 

All  other  persons  except  Indi;  ns 

not  taxed         ....  16 

Slaves 436 


Total 

population  in  181C 
[julationin  1820. 

), 

•. 

5,154 

Po, 

Free 

white  males 

. 

. 

2,229 

do. 

do.     females    - 

- 

- 

2.180 

Total  whites 

4,409 

Free 

persons  of  colour, 

males 

. 

13 

do.             do. 

femah 

:S 

2 

Slave! 

5,  males     . 

. 

_ 

193 

do. 

females 

. 

. 

275 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,892 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  ,\t;Ticultiire     -         -         1,408 

do.         in  Manufac  ures  -  60 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Cocker,  river  which  rises  in  the  S  of 
Cumberland,  and  flowing  tlirough  the 
lakes  of  Buttermere,  Croniack-water,  and 
Lowes-water,  joins  the  Derwent,  IdcIow 
Cocke  rmouth. 

Cockermozith,  populous  borough  .in  Cum- 
berland, with  a  m  Tket  on  Mondi.y.  It  lies 
between  the  Derwent  and  Cocker,  over 
which  latter  are  two  stone  bridges ;  and 
between  two  hills,  on  one  of  which  stands 
a  handsome  church ;  and  on  the  other  a 
stLtely  castle.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  27  miles  SW  of  Carlisle, 
and  290  XNW  ot  London.  Lon.  3  25  W, 
lat  54  42  N. 

Cocoamit,     See  Choconut. 

Coconato,  town  of  Piedmont,  remarkable 
for  being  the  birth  place  of  Columbus.  It 
is  20  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  9  E,  lat.  45 
5N. 

Cod,  Cape,  on  the  S  side  of  Boston  Bay, 
in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  in  North 
America.     Lon.  70  18  W,  lat,  42  0  N. 

Cndogno,  towi.  of  Italj'  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan.  It  wr.s  taken  by  the  French  in 
May,  1796.  It  is  seated  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  th.e  Adda  and  Po,  33  miles  E  of 
Pavia.     Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Corlorur,  creek  of  Pennsvlvania,  in  York 
213 


(;  Q  1 


G  O  I. 


county,  flows  nearly  north,  through  the  bo- 
rough of  York,  falls  into  the  Susquehannah. 

Codorus,  township  in  York  county,  Penn- 
sylvan  a.  Population  in  1810,  1975,  and  in 
1820,  2183. 

Cod's  Fe'Tt/,  post  office,  Wabash  county, 
Illinois. 

Coesfeld,  town  of  Germany  in  the  terri- 
tories of  the  bishop  of  Munster,  where  he 
often  resides.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Burkel,  22  miles  SW  of  Munster.  Lon.  7 
30  E,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Coevordeii,  fortified  town  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Overyssel,  seated  in  a  morass, 
30  miles  S  of  Groningen.  Lon.  6  44  E, 
lat.  52  44  N. 

C'oei/mans,  township  and  post  town,  Al- 
bany count}"^,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  2872. 

Coghnaivago,  Indian  village,  Huntingdon 
county,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  right  side  of 
St.  Lawrence  river. 

Cognac,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Angoumois,  with  a  castle,  where 
Francis  I.  was  born.  It  is  remarkable  for 
excellent  brandy,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Cliarente,  17  miles  W  of  Angoulesme. 
Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  45  44  N. 

Cogni,  ancient  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia, 
in  Caramania,  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  fruits,  pulse,  and  cattle.  Here  are 
sheep,  whose  tails  weigh  30  pounds.  It  is 
270  miles  SR  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  35 
56  E,  lat.  37  56  N. 

Cohansti,  river  of  New  Jersey,  which 
rises  in  Salem  count)',  and  enters  the  bay 
of  Delaware,  about  8  miles  below  Green- 
wich. 

Cohasset,  seaport  and  post  town,  in  Nor- 
folk countv,  Massachusetts,  about  25  miles 
NE  of  Igoston. 

Cohasset,  township,  including  the  forego- 
ing post  town,  Norfolk  county,  Massachu- 
setts. Populatiim  in  1810,  994,  and  in 
1820,  1699. 

Coimhettore.  province  and  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Mysore.  Since  tlie  defeat  and  death  of 
Tippoo  Sultan,  it  belongs  to  tlie  E  st  In- 
dia  Cmipany.  It  is  100  miles  S  by  E  of 
Seringapatam.     L-n.  77  10  E,  ht.  10  5  N. 

Coimhra,  town  of  Portugal,  capital  of 
Beira,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  un  ver- 
sity.  It  stands  on  a  mountain,  by  the  side ' 
of  the  river  Mondego,  100  miles  NE  of 
Lisbon,  in  a  very  pleasant  country,  abound- 
ing in  vineyards,  olive  trees,  and  fruits. 
Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Coire,  'own  of  Ssvisser'and,  capital  of  the 
country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  situated  at  t:>e 
fo'it  of  the  Alps,  in  a  rich  p  ain,  and  is  sur- 
j'oiinded  by  ancient  brick  wails,  with 
square  and  round  towers,  in  the  style  of 
fortification,  prior  to  the  invention  of  gun- 
powder. The  streets  are  narrow  and 
214 


dirty ;  and  the  inhabitants  .ire  computed 
at  3000.  It  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  48 
mil's  S  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  25  E,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

Coitsville,  township  in  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1810,  429,  and  in 
1820,  541. 

Cokalaldskit,  river  of  the  United  States, 
rises  m  the  Chippewan  mounta  ns,  and 
flowing  NW,  falls  into  Chark's  river.  Lon. 
W  C  35  W,  lat.  47  N. 

Cokenhausen,  strong  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Livonia,  on  the  river 
Dwina,  50  miles  SE  of  Riga.  Lon.  25  50 
E,  lat,  56  30  N. 

Col,  one  of  the  Western  Islands  of  Scot- 
land, nine  miles  SW  from  the  point  of  Ard- 
namurchan,  in  Argyleshire.  It  is  rich  in 
corn  and  pasture,  and  abounds  with  fish, 
Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  57  0  N. 

Colallco,  township  in  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsvlvania.  Population  in  1810,  4024, 
and  in  1820,  4590. 

Colbrook,  township  in  Litchfield  county, 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  1243, 
and  ii,  1820,  1274. 

Colberg.  seaport  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
remarkable  for  its  salt-works.  It  wa-  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1761,  but  restored  at 
the  subsequent  peace.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Persant,  on  the  Baltic,  60 
miles  NE  of  Stettin.  Lon.  15  39  E,  kt.  "54 
21  N. 

Colchester,  borough  of  Essex,  governed 
by  a  mayor,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence 
OR  the  Coin,  which  is  navigable  to  a  place 
called  Hythe,  where  the  custom  house  is 
situated.  In  1811.  the  irimber  of  inhabi- 
tants was  12,544,  It  is  22  miles  SW  of 
Ipswich,  and  51  ENE  of  London.  Lon.  0 
58  E,  lat.  51  53  N. 

Colchester,  township  of  Essex  count}'. 
Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Erie,  below  Mai- 
den. 

Colchester,  town  of  Chittendon  county, 
Vermont,  at  the  mouth  of  Onion  river. 
Population  660 

Colchester,  p  st  town  and  township.  New 
London  county,  Connecticut.  In  this  town 
was  located  in  1801,  an  Academy  v/hich  has 
since  become  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
institutions  in  the  United  States. 

Colchester,  township  and  post  town,  Dela- 
ware county.  New  York.  It  is  mountain- 
ous, and  watt  red  by  the  head  streams  of 
the  river  Delaware.  Population  in  1820, 
1064. 

Colchester,  town  in  Fairfax  county,  Vir- 
ginia, 16  miles  S  by  W  of  Alexandria,  and 
26  irom  W  -  ington,  being  situated  on  Oc- 
qnakan  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Potomac 
river. 

Coldirigliam.  he.ithy  tract  near  the  roast, 
in  the  county  of  Berwick,  in  Scotland,  an- 
cientlv  noted  for  a  nunnerv,  built  in  the 


COL 


G  U  L 


12th  century  by  Edgar,  king  ot'  Scotland. 
Ebba,  one  of  the  abbesses,  renowned  in 
tradition  for  her  chastity,  gave  ramc  to  the 
nei^iibouring  nroinontory  called  St.  Abb's 
Head. 

Coldinff,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jutland, 
remarkable  for  its  bridge,  over  which  all 
the  cattle  pass,  that  go  from  Jutland  into 
Holstein,  and  pa\  a  small  toll,  which  brings 
in  a  considerable  revenue  'o  the  king. 
Here  is  a  royal  paiace,  containing  a  suite  of 
190  rooms.  It  is  situated  at  the  extreniity 
of  a  bay  of  the  Little  Hclt,  50  miles  S  b>  E 
of  Wiburg,  on  an  eminence  in  a  pleasant 
country  abounding  with  game.  Lon.  10 
15  E,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Cold  Spring,  post  office,  New  Jersey,  in 
Cape  May  county. 

Cold  Spring  Cove,  near  Burlington,  New 
Jersey. 

Coldstream,  town  in  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick, seated  on  the  Tweed,  ov<r  which 
is  a  handsome  bridge.  Lon.  2  5  W,  lat. 
55  36  N. 

^  Cold  Stream  Mi'Is,  post  office,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Virginia. 

Colebrook  Dale,  in  Shropshire  ;  a  wind- 
ing glen  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  be- 
tween two  vast  hills,  which  break  into 
various  forms,  being  all  thickly  covered, 
and  forming  beautiful  she^t..  of  hanging 
woods.  Here  are  the  most  considerable 
iron  works  in  England  ;  and  a  c  .nous 
bridge  over  the  Severn,  constructed  en- 
tirely of  ca- t-iron. 

Colebrookdale,  township  in  Berks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  P  [juiation  in  1810, 
792  ;  and  in  1820,  1046. 

Colebrook,  post  t<iwn  and  township  of 
Coos  county,  New  Hampshire.  Papula- 
tion in  1810,  325 ;  and  in  1820,  470. 

Colebrook,  township  and  post  town  of 
Litchfield  county,  in  the  state  of  (Con- 
necticut, situated  on  the  W  branch  if 
Farmington  river,  between  Barkhamp- 
stead  and  Norfolk.  In  contains  1250  in- 
habitants. 

Colenet,    Cafie,  cape  of  the  island  of 
New  Caledonia,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean 
Lon.  164  56  E,  lat.  20  3o  S- 

Colerain,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Londond':'rrv,  on  the  river 
Bann,  25  miles  NE  of  Londonderry.  Lon. 
6  39  W,  lat.  55  16  N. 

Colerain,  township  in  Bedford  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  876' ; 
and  in  1820,  986. 

Colerain,  post  town  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts. 

Colemin,  township  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Papulation  in  IblO, 
834  ;  and  in  1820,  1088. 

Colerain,  post  town  of  Berr.ie  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Cola-ain,  post  village  in  Camden  coun- 


ty, Georgia,  on  St.  Mary's  river,  30  miles 
above  St.  Mary's. 

Colerain  towns'/ip  6  miles  square,  ia 
the  NE  corner  of  Ross  county  ;  in  which 
is  situated  the  town  ot  Adclphi.  Popu- 
lation in  1810.  t>46;  and  in  I82u,  866. 

Coleran,  town.ship  ot  Belmont  county, 
NE  trom  Clainsville  Population  in  1810, 
471 ;  an^'  in  1820,  778. 

Colerain,  township  in  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  E  side  of  the  Great  Miami 
river,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  op- 
posite to  Crosby.  Population  in  1810, 
1058  ;  and  in  1820,  1906. 

Colerain,  tov/nship  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  hourded  north v/ard 
by  th..  line  that  divides  this  state  trom 
Vermont 

Colerain  township  of  Bt-df'  rd  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  near  the  N 
line  which  divides  Maryland  and  Penn- 
sylvania, and  contains  about  3000  inha- 
bitants 

Coleshill,  town  in  Warwickshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Coin,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  11  ir.iles  N 
W  ot  Coventry,  and  105  ot  London.  Lon, 

1  35  W.  lat.  52  32  N 

C  o/r.vt;?£7e,post  viilageof  Windsorcoun- 
ty.  New  York. 

Colesvi'le,  pust  village  of  Montgomery 
countv,  Maryland. 

C^lesvi'le,  post  town  of  Chesterfield 
county,  Virginia,  152  miles  from  VVabh- 
iugton. 

Cohford.  town  in  Glor.cestershire.  with 
a  market  on  Tursdav.  14  miles  S  tif  Here- 
ford, and  123  W  b\  N  of  London.    L:n. 

2  40  W,  lat.  51  48  N. 

CoUma,  town  of  Mexico,  caj-ital  of  a 
fertile  vallty  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  near  the 
N  rtli  Pacific  Oc  an,  300  mdes  W  of 
Mexico,  in  the  intenduicy  of  Vaila(!olid, 
near  a  volcinic  mountain  Lon.  W  C 
26  10,  lat     9  .ON. 

Cdioure.  seaport  vi  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  th.-  Eastern  Pyrenees  and 
late  i)ri)vince  of  R.  usilion.  It  is  a  small, 
but  a  stroni;  town,  seated  at  the  fi^t  of  the 
Pyrtnees,  10  n  ilesSEof  Ptrpignb'n.  Lon. 

3  8  E.  lat.  42  34  N. 

Colin,  village  of  Bfhemia,  28  miles  E 
from  Prague  ;  remarkab'e,  as  being  the 
scene  of  a  sanguinary  battle,  June  17th, 
1757,  in  which  th'  Prussians,  under  Fre- 
d<  rick  the  Gn  at,  were  def'  ated  by  the 
Austrians  under  marshal  Daun. 

Colle.  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany.  10 
mil.  s  NW  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  7  E,  lat.  43 
16  N. 

I'oUege  Grant  township  in  C'os  county. 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  182"  33. 

Collfge,  townships,  are  tv/o  tracts  of 
land,  each  miles  square,  situated  in  the 
215 


COL 


COL 


centre  of  Athens  county,  Ohio,  adjoining 
each  other,  the  one  on  the  N,  the  other 
S.  Through  the  northernmost,  runs  the 
Hockhocking  river,  adjactnt  to  many 
parts  of  which  are  several  tracts  of  ex- 
cellent land.  The  names  ot  those  town- 
ships arose  from  the  circumstance  of 
their  having  been  granted  as  a  donation 
to  the  college  of  Athens;  the  right  of 
soil  to  which,  belongs  exclusively  to  the 
said  college. 

College^  township  of  Ohio,  six  miles 
square,  in  the  western  border  of  Butler 
county,  belonging  to  the  Miami  universi- 
ty.   See  Oxford. 

Colleton,  district  of  South  Carolina  ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
Charleston  district  SE ;  Beau-ort  SW  ; 
Barnwell  and  Orangeburgh  N\V  ;  and 
part  of  Charleston  NE  :  length  57,  mean 
width  30 ;  area  1700  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  flat ;  and  soil,  except  on 
the  streams,  of  indifferent  quality.  Sta- 
ples, rice,  cotton,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  Waterborough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      2,344 

do.    do.    females  -        -      1,946 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .  -  -  .  211 
Slaves 21,858 

Total  population  in  1810  -      26,359 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    - 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites    - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  _        _        _ 

do.     females        -       -       _ 


Total  population  in  1820  -      26,373 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  3 

Engaged  in  Agricultiu'e  -        -        1,060 

do.         in  Manufactures       -  5 

do.        in  Commerce  -  52 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Collmore's-'ridge,  plantation  in  Lincoln 
county,  Maine. 

Cnlniar,  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  U])per  Rliine,  and  late 
province  of  Uj^per  Alsace.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  111,  35  miles  S  bv  W  of 
Strasburg.     Lon.  7  27  E,  lat  48  5  N. 

C'olmars,  town  of  France,  now  in  ihe 
department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  latelv  in 
the  province  of  Provpnce,  20  milts  E  of 
Digne.     Lon.  6  33  E.  lat.  44  7  N. 

Cobnagarod,  tov;n  of  Russia,  in  an  island 
formed  by  the  river  Dwina,  with  an  arch- 


bishop's  see,  30  miles  SE  of  Archangel. 
Lon.  39  42  E,  lat.  64  14  N. 

Co/7i,name  of  several  of  the  small  rivers 
in  England,  the  chief  of  which  rises  near 
Clare  in  .SuflTnlk,  and  passing  by  Haistead 
and  Colchester,  in  Essex,  falls  into  the 
German  Ocean,  b.tween  Mersey  Island 
and  the  mainland.  In  the  inlets  and 
pools,  at  the  mouth  of  this  river,  are  bred 
the  famous  Colchester  oysters. 

Culnbrook,  town  of  Bucks,  with  a  nnar- 
ket  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the  river 
Coin,  17  miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  25 
VV,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Colne,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  seated  on  a  hill,  36 
miles  SE  of  Lancaster,  and  214  NNW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  53  50  N. 

Cohiei,  cape  of  New  California,  SW 
from  the  town  of  St.  Thomas,  and  bay  of 
Virgins.  Lon.  W  C  40  50  W,  lat.  31  40 
N. 

Colocc,  town  of  South  America,  in  the 
Upper  part  of  Santa  Crug  de  la  Sienna, 
on  the  river  Guapey.  Lon.  W  C  12  50 
E.  lat.  13  20  S 

Colochina,  ancient  town  of  Turkey,  in  the 
Morea,  50  miles  SE  of  Misitra.  Lon.  23 
22  E.  lat.  36  32  N. 

Colocza,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Da- 
nube, capital  of  the  county  of  Bath,  with 
an  archbishop's  see,  57  miles  SE  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  29  E.  lat.  46  38  N. 

Cologna,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan, 
26  miles  S  W  of  Padau.  Lon.  17  27  E.  lat. 
45  14  N. 

Cologne,  electorate  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  duchy  of  Cleves  and  Cuelderland, 
on  the  E  by  the  duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  S 
by  the  archbishopric  of  Treves,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  duchy  of  Juliers.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  fertile  countries  in  the  empire, 
abounding-  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life. 

Cologne,  ancent  city  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  famous  university,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Rhine,  17  miles  E  of  .Ju- 
liers.    Lon.  7  10  E.lat.  50  55  N. 

Colombia,  republic  of  South  America, 
composid  of  the  former  vice  royalty  of 
New  Granada  and  the  captain  general- 
ship of  Venezuela,  or  Caracas.  It  is  bound- 
ed by  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the  mouth  of 
Tumbez  river.  South  America,  lat.  3  45  .S, 
to  Dnlcebay,  in  North  America,  lon.  W  C 
5  10  V*'.  Itit  8  30  N  ;  thence  crossing  the 
Isthmus  between  Dnlce  and  Carlago  bays, 
mcliiding  the  provinces  of  Panama,  and 
Veragiia,  on  the  gulf  of  Nicaragua  :  thence 
along  the  Carribean  sea,  and  Atlantic 
Ocean,  to  Cape  Nassau,  between  Spanisli 
and  Dutch  Guyana,  lon.  W  C  18  22  E.lat. 
8  N  ;  thence  S  to  Issequibo  river,  and  up 
that  stream  to  its  source  in  the  mountains, 
separating  Colombia  from  the  Portuguese 


COL 


COL 


territories:  thence  VV  along  thosa  moun- 
tains, to  the  source  of  the  Orinoco,  wliere 
the  bounilary  indues  to  S\V,  and  continues 
in  that  direciion  to  the  Rio  Negro  at  Fort 
de  Saint  Jose.  Here  commences  an  artifi- 
cial hmit  which,  in  a  direction  something 
W  of  S,  continues  to  St.  Fernando  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  lea  on  the  Amazon  ; 
thence  wp  the  latter,  the  Tunguragaa,  and 
Lauricocha,  to  the  foot  ol'ihe  Andes  at  Ion. 
W  G  1  30  W.  lat.  6  20  S ;  thence  crossing 
the  Andes,  and  turnmg  to  NVV  by  N  be- 
tween Jaeii,  and  Piur.i,  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning at  Tumbez. 

Th:s  vast  empire  includes  besides  innu- 
merable smull^r  sireams,  the  entire  waters 
of  the  Orinoco,  and  Magdalena,  toijether 
with  tiie  northwestern  confluents  of  the 
Amazo  >.  In  respect  to  climate,  it  em- 
braces from  Pom  (iail  na-,  10  20  N.  to  the 
banks  of  the  Lauricocha,  at  the  southern 
extension  of  Jaen,  lat.  6  S.  It  includes, 
independent  of  minor  indentings,  on  the 
Pacfic  Ocean  17u0  miles  of  sea  coast ;  1700 
miles  on  the  Cafribl)ean  sea  ;  and  300  miles 


on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  giving  an  aggre- 
gate navigable  ocean  border  of  o700  miles. 
Tlie  interior  land  frontier  exceeds  2400 
mdes,  the  wliole  yielding  an  outline  of 
6100  miles.  Within  this  wide  perimiter, 
are  enclosed  all  the  varieties  of  soil  from 
the  frozen  summits  of  Chimborazo,  Cayam- 
be  Urcu,  and  Cotopaxi,  to  the  almost  illi- 
mitable plains  of  Cassinare,  and  the  allu- 
vial Delta  of  the  Orinoco.  The  ocean  lim- 
its present  a  front  to  the  commerce  of  Asia, 
one  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  and 
one  to  Europe  and  Africa.  In  the  interi- 
or the  highly  navigable  confluents  of  the 
Amazon,  and  Orinoco  renders  these  exten 
sive  regions  accessible  at  almost  everv 
point  by  water.  It  is  obvious  that  in  this 
greatly  diversified  expanse,  every  vegeta- 
ble production  of  the  earth  can  be  matur- 
ed with  ease,  and  in  abundance.  The 
whole  surface  amounts  to  within  a  small 
fraction  of  1,100,000  square  miles.  The 
following  table  is  taken  from  an  official 
statement  in  the  Columbian  Gazette,  pub- 
li.hed  at  Bogota,  and  republished  in  the 
Aurora. 


17-=:== 


Departments 

Provinces 

Provincial  po- 

Departmenta 

Senators. 

Represenla 

pulation. 

population. 

tives, 

fGuayana 

45,000 

2 

Orinoco 

J  Cumana 
^.  Barcelona 
Lvi»igaretta 

70,000 
45,000 

o 
2 

15,000 

175,000 

4 

1 

Venezuela 

C  (J:iracas 
I  Rarinas 

350.000 
80,000 

430,000 

4 

12 
3 

rCoro 
j  Truxillo 
A  Merida 

30,000 

1 

Suha 

33,400 
50,000 

1 

2 

l^Maricaibo 

48,700 

162,100 

4 

2 

fTunja 

200,000 

7 

j  Socoro 

150,000 

S 

Boyacca 

"^  Piiiiplona 

75,000 

3 

I^Casanare 

19,000 

444,000 

4 

1 

I^Bogola 

172,000 

6 

Cundinamar- 

I  Antioquia 
■>  Mariqiiita 

104,000 
45,000 

3 
2 

ca 

I^Neiba 

50,000 

371,000 

4 

^ 

Cauca 

r  Popayan 
I  Choco 

171,000 

6 

22,000 

193,000 

4 

1 

#-Carthagena 

170,000 

6 

Magdalena 

3  Santa  Martha 

6:.700 

2 

V  Rio  Hacha 

7,000 

239,300 

4 

1 

Quit') 

250,000 

3 

Quijos,  Majas 

35,000 

1 

Cuenca 

78,000 

3 

Jaen 

13,000 

1 

Mainas 

56,000 

1 

Loja 

48,000 

2 

Guayaquil 

90,000 

550,000 

3 

Panama] 

50,000 

2 

Veragua 

30,000 

80,000 

1 

2,644,800 

28 

90 

2i; 


C  U  L 


G  O  L 


The  former  seven  provinces  known  un- 
der the  i^eneral  name  of  Quito,  has  not 
been  distributed  into  departments  or  sena- 
torial districts  ;  nor  h;id  the  two  North 
Ameiicm  provinces  of  Panama  and  Vera- 
gua.  It  is,  however,  supposed  ihat  the  en- 
suing' congress  will  compr.se  those  nine 
provinces  into  three  deparuntnts,  which 
from  the  senatorial  ratio  of  four  senators  to 
each  department  will  raise  that  body  to  50 
members.  From  (he  apportionment  of  re- 
presentation already  adopted,  toe  nine  pro- 
vinces, will  have  five  memliers,  augmenting 
the  lowei'  house  to  ninety  five, 

Colombo,  town  of  Ceylon,  and  seat  of  the 
British  establishmen  s  on  that  island.  Lat. 
7  4N. 

Colombotz,  castle  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Holj^aria,  on  a  hill,  under  which  is  the 
stroll}^  pass  of  Urania. 

Colomey,  or  Colomia,  town  of  Poland,  in 
Red  Russia,  seated  on  the  river  Pruth,  42 
miles  SE  of  Hahtz.  Lon.  25  40  E.  lat.  43 
41  N. 

CoIoTina,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna. 

C'oloi-ado,  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  Pro- 
vincias  Internas,  or  rather  unconquered 
country,  N\\  of  Sonera,  and  New  Mexico. 
This  stream  rises  in  the  mountains  which 
give  also  source  to  the  confluents  of  Mis- 
souri, Columbia  ar.d  Rio  Grande  del  Norte, 
at  N  lat.  41,  and  W  Ion  from  W  G  35.  Its 
general  course  is  SW  by  S  receiving  nu- 
merous antl  large  branches  from  the  east, 
joins  the  Uio  Gila,  N  lat,  33,  dilates  into  a 
vt  ry  wide  estuary,  which  has  received  the 
distinctive  name  of  the  guif  of  California. 
The  regions  watered  by  this  great  river  is 
very  defectively  known.  Its  entire  length 
if  the  gulf  is  included  exceeds  1200  miles, 

Colorado,  r.ver  of  Mexico,  province  of 
Texas,  rises  in  the  unexplored  country  be- 
tween the  Red  and  Rio  Grande  rivp-rs,  and 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  N  lat.  29,  W 
lo...  \Y  C  19. 

Colorado,  river  of  South  America,  rises  in 
the  Andes  S  lat.  32,  and  pursuing  a  SK 
course  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocewn  at  lut. 
40  S  after  an  entire  length  of  700  miles 
by  comparative  courses. 

Colorno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmasan, 
reir  die  Po,  eight  miles  from  Parma.  The 
duke  of  Parma  had  a  pleasure  house  here, 
vk'liich  was  o-e  of  the  mosi  ,ielik:htful  in 
Italv,  and  the  gardens  were  very  fine.  Lon. 
10  22  E.  lat.  44  54  N. 

Colos-ivar,  hr^e  to'.'n  of  Transylvania, 
where  the  states  meet.  It  is  se;i'ed  on  the 
river  Sam- s,  37  miles  NW  of  Wei,-sem- 
burg,  £.nd  120  E  by  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  23 
15  E.  lat  46  53  N. 

Colraiiie,  towns'iip  in  Franklin  county, 
Massuchuset's.     Population  in  1820,1961. 

Coloiiri,  anrient  Salamis.  small  island  of 
Greece,   ix  miles  W  from  Athens. 

Columbia,  Oregon,  or  liiver  of  the  West. 
This  is  amongst  the  most  singular  streams 
218 


in  America.  W  of  the  Chippewan  moun» 
tains,  a  valley  extends  nearly  parallel  to 
the  coa^t  of  the  Pjcific  Oce>n,  along  which 
another  nameless  chain  extends  to  an  un- 
known distance.  The  intervening  valley 
is  about  350  mile»  wide,  and  very  hilly  and 
broken  where  known.  In  this  valley 
about  N.  lat.  54  rises  the  extreme  north- 
ei'n  source  of  Columbia,  which  flowing  S 
upwards  of  400  miles,  receives  Clarks  ri- 
ver from  the  NE.  B  low  the  moutb  of 
Clarks  river  the  Columbia  assumes  a  SW 
course  200  miles,  receives  at  N  lat.  46  10 
Lewis's  river  fr  m  tlie  NE  Below  the 
mouth  of  Lewis's  river,  the  Columb  a  con- 
tinues to  fl  vv  S  as  low  as  N  lat.  46,  where 
it  urns  abruptly,  and  assumes  from  that 
P'int  TO  it!>  moutli  a  genend  course  nearly 
W.  The  Multnom.h  or  gn-ai  t^outhcrn 
branch  of  Columbia  joins  that  stream  288 
miles  by  water,  below  the  mouth  of  Lew- 
is's river.  Thus,  the  Columbia  is  formed 
by  four  large  branches,  the  Columbia  pro- 
per, Clark's  river,  Lewis's  river  and  Mult- 
nomah. 

Of  these  branches,  the  first  and  last  are 
very  imperfectly  known.  The  Columbia 
proper  enlerlocks,  in  the  Chippewan 
mountains  with  the  sources  of  the  Unjiga, 
and  Siishishawin  rivers.  When  seen  by 
M'Kenzie,  it  was  a  stream  of  considerable 
size,  but  from  that  point  to  the  mouth  of 
Cliik's  river,  the  intermediate  tributaries 
of  C  ilumbia  are  unknown. 

Clark's  rivf^r  rise  s  by  a  great  number  of 
branches  in  the  Ch  ppewan  range,  enter- 
locks  with  the  sources  ot  Missouri,  and  S 
brunch  of  Sashashawin  rivers.  The  ex- 
treme southern  source  of  Clark's  river,  is 
about  N  lat.  45,  ;.nd  W  lon  W  C  34  30  ; 
it  thence  flows  NW  by  N  500  miles  be- 
yond N  lat.  49,  gradually  curves  W  and 
SW,  finally  joins  the  Columbia  after  an  en- 
tire  comparative  course  of  upwards  of  500 
miles. 

Lewis's  river  rises  at  N  lat.  43,  enter- 
locks  with  the  sources  of  the  Arkansaw, 
Plate,  and  Yello'vst.me  river,  it  thence 
flows  W  iwo  hundr-.d  miles  and  assumes  a 
northern  course  of  200  miles,  receives  its 
northern  br.nch,  a  1  rge  tributary  s  ream 
of  above  200  miles  in  length.  Bdow  the 
mouth  of  t'te  northern  branch,  Lewis's  ri- 
ver curves  gradually  to  tlie  "W  2ij0  miles, 
unites  witli  the  Columbia,  after  an  entire 
cour  e  of  oOU  miles. 

The  M'iti  omah,  draws  its  waters  from  a 
terra  incignila  The  Spanish  tiavellers 
fro  n  Mex'co,  ascend  ngtiir-  C  lorado,  to  its 
source,  found  to  the  N  of  that  river  two 
streams  flowing  wo-stwai.i,  to  one  of  which 
they  gave  the  name  of  Rio  de  Buenaven- 
tura, and  to  'he  other,  and  most  northerly, 
that  of  Riode  San  Clementini.  From  ana- 
logy with  the  otiier  rivers,  and  the  general 
configuration  of  that  part  of  N.  America  the 
San  Clementini,  is  supposed  to  be  the  ex- 


COL 


COL 


treme  SE  ource  of  the  Multnomah.  If  so,  Colmnbia,  pnst  town,  Maine  in  Washing- 
thai  river  rLs!  s  at  N.  lal.  41,  and  \V  Ion.  W  ton  ciuiity,  20  miles  \V  from  Machias, 
C  34,  and  has  an  entire  comparative  course  Columbia,  township  in  Washington  coun- 
of  7<Ji)  II. deb.  Its  month  ac.  ordin;^'  to  ty,  Maine,  including  the  foregoing  post- 
Clark  and  Lewis  is  aUUyaros  m  widtli  with  t«n.  P.ip.ihdon  in  1810,  511,  and  in 
all  the  common  yppcrtrjiices  of  a  very  con-  1820,  537. 

siderable  length  of  course.  Columbia,  township  in  Coos  county,  N. 

The  great  valley  or  basin  of  Columbia,  is  Hampsiiire     on    Connecticut    river,    110 

considerably  elevated  above  th.e  surfacf  of  '■"•'fs    N  from  Concord.       Population  in 

the  Pacific  Ocean.      C. ark's,  Lew  s's  and  1820,281. 

Coiumoiapr-per.  are   precipitated  over  a  .  Columbia,  post  town.  \\ mdaam  county, 

series  of  ledges,  wliich  enrich  the  scenery,  ^o""  cticut. 

but  interrupt     the    navigation    of    those  Columbia,  township  m  Windham  coumy, 

streams.     Though  not  actually  determined  Connecticut,  including  the  precechng  pos. 

there  is  liUle  doubt  but  that  the  Mul-.no-  town.       Population  in  1810,  8o4,  and    in 

mah,  is  also  precipitated  from  a  tahle  land,  1820,941,                         ^ 

the  level  of  the  tides.     It  is  probable  that  Columbia,  county  of  New  \_ork,  on  tr.e 


the  tide  Hows  higher  in  the  Multnomah, 
than  in  the  main  stream,  in  which  it  is  ar- 
rested about  50  mdes  above  the  mouth  of 
Mulmomah. 

The  Columbia  is  one  of  the  largest  ri- 
vers of  America,  compared  to  its  lenj^th, 
which  if  estimated  by   the  Columbia  pro- 


E  s'de  of  the  Hudson  river,  bounded  by 
Cinnecticut  SE :  Duchess  county  S; 
Hudson  river  W ;  Renselaer  county  N  ; 
and  Massachuseils  E;  length  32;  mean 
width  19 ;  area  about  60l»  square  miles. 
Sit  ace  extremely  varied  by  valley,  hill, 
and  mountain.  The  soil  is  equally  varient 
in  qual.ty.      This  county  is  well  cultivated 


per,  vvould  be  upwards  ot  1000  miles,  by  ,„d     ,oductive   in  grain,   fruit   and   pas- 

Sf;''.V''''''l?^^,'^'''p2yH'''^''o'';  turage.       Staples,  |ra.n,  flour,    whiskey, 

900  miles,  or  Multnomah  800  miles^       But  beef,  nork,  butter,  cheese  and  live   stuck, 

if  the  length  of  the  Columo.a  and  Multno-  chieVtown,  city  of  Hudson, 
rtirth  above  then- junction  be  added  the  en-        Ponula'on  in  1810 

tire  length  of  the  who]-  strea^n,from  source  ^^^^  \,\\\^<i  males 


to  source  would  be  1700  miles. 

Below  tide  v/ater  the  C'llumbia  rolls  on 
to  its  mouth  with  an  immense  volume  of 
four  or  five  miles  w.de  abo  it  150  miles. 


do  do.  females  -  -  • 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  '         -        '         - 

Slaves  .  -  .  -  - 
Total  population  in  1810 


15,538 
15,123 


Population  in  1820. 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males 

do.     females     -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820.    - 

Of  these; 


The  Columbian  basin  is  upwards  of  900 
miles  from  S  to  N,  aid  400  miles  mean 
width,  or  covering  an  area  of  360,000 
square  miles.  Of  this  expanse  the  U.  S.  Tree  white  rna'es 
possess  by  discovery  and  treaties  from  N  ^^'  "°-  lemales 
lat,  42  to  49,  or  4S'3  mdes  N  and  S,  wh  re 
the  basin  is  at  least  450  miles,  mean  width  : 
of  course  the  U.  S.  claim  near  220,000 
square  miles,  watered  by  the  Columbia, 
and  its  confluents. 

Betv.en  Columbia  and  Colorado  rivers, 
stretche>  a  region  of  more  than  700  miles 
bv  500  miles,  or  above  350,000  square 
miles,  which  is  utterly  unexplored.  This 
is  a  wide  field  for  future  enterprise. 

From  the  concurrent  testimony   of  all  Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 

travellers  :md  voyagers,  wlio   have  vi^ited  Engaged  in  Agriculture 
the  west  coa'-t  of  N    America.  The  climate        do.       in    Manuf  ctures    - 
is  much  mo;e  mdd   than   in    similar  lati-        do.       in  Commerce 

tudes,  in  the  Mississippi,  B-siii  or  Atlantic  Population  to  the  square  mile,  64  nearly, 
slope.      This  incrt-ased    w  rmih    on    the         Columbia,   post   village,    St.    Lawrence 

western   coast  of  America  is   in    perfect  county.  New  York. 

analogy  with  the  plienomena  of  climate  on         Columbia,  townsliip  in  Herkimer  county, 

the  opposing  continent.     As  far,  therefore.  New  York.    Population  in  1820,  2051. 
as  the  seasons  are  concerned,  our  Colum-         Columbia,   po>t  town  and  town.sliip   in 

bian  territory  will  be  more  habitable  than  Lancaster  county,    Pennsylvania,    on    the 

will  be  the  corresponding  latitudes  east  of  Susqueh  nnah    rivor,  11    miles   SWbyW 

the  Ciiippewan  mouDtams.     As  in  Eii.ope  fom  Lancaster.    At  this  village  a  very  fine 

and  Asia,  the  zones  of  vegetable  life  will  be  bridge  has  been  erected  over  the  Susque- 

found  to  cut  thos.e  of  latitude  obliquely  in  hannah  river.     Population  in  1820, 1891. 
N.  Amerira.  f-'thnvh'a,  county    of  Pcnnsvlvania,   on 

'    2!9 


18,0"S 
18,433 

36,516 

525 
528 
474 
387 

38,330 


133 

7,604 

2,175 

271 


i.:  o  L, 


COL 


bolh  sides  of  the  Susquehannah  river, 
bounded  SW  and  W,  by  Northumberland 
NW,  by  Lycoming;  E  by  Luzerne;  and 
SE  by  Schuylkill ;  !ength  52  ;  mean  width 
22;  area  abou'  709  square  miles.  Sur  ace 
much  variegaved  b\  mount  in-,  hids,  val 
lies,  and  by  the  fine  bottoms  of  the  Susque- 
hann-ih  Thr  soii  of  the  river  alluvi  .1 
lands  <f  the  first  qjality,  that  of  toe  moun- 
tains rocky  and  s'cnle.  S;  pKs,  grain, 
whiskey,  fruit,  live  stock,  salted  provisions 
and  Imber.     Cliie'town,  Danville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        3,955 
do.  do.  females  -        -        8,643 


Total  whites    -        -        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males    .        .       .       - 
do.    females 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


11,171. 
11.443 


17,621 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  52 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,288 

^do.     in  Manufactures        -  888 

do.    in  Commerce  -  40 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Columbia,  township  in  Bedford  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  823. 

Columbia,  District  of,  seat  of  the  United 
States  general  government.  It  is  composed 
of  a  tract  of  10  miles  square,  lying  nearly 
in  a  NE,  SW,  and  NW,  and  SE  direction, 
on  both  sides  of  the  P<.'towmac.  It  was 
formed  out  of  part  of  Prince  Georges  and 
Montgomery  counties  in  Maryland,  and  part 
of  Fairfax  county,  Virginia  ;  and  was  ceded 
by  Maryland  and  Virginia  respectively  to 
the  United  States  in  1790,  and  in  1800,' be- 
came the  seat  of  he  United  S  ates  general 
government  It  now  contains,  besides  the 
city  of  Washington,  properly  so  called, 
Alexandria  and  Georgetown.  See  these 
places  under  their  respective  heads.  It  is 
under  the  immediate  gi>vernment  of  Con- 
gress, and  for  local  pui'poses,  subdivided 
into,  Washington  City,  c;mnty  of  Washing- 
ton, Alexandria,  and  Georgetown.  The 
surface  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  is 
generally  but  very  pleasantly  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale.  The  soil  in  its  natural  state, 
rather  sterile.  The  climate  is  esteemed 
very  healthy.  The  following  tabl  s  will 
exhibit  the  progressive  advance,  and  state 
of  the  population  in  1820. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        8,140 

do.  do.  females  -        -        7,949 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ....        2,549 
Slaves         .....        5,395 


Total  whites                 -        -        -  22,614 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  1,731 

do.             do.        females  -  2,317 

Slaves,  males       ....  3,007 

do.    females     .        .        ,        .  3,370 


Add  to  the  above. 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manuf.  ctures 
do.       in  Commerce 


33,039 

564. 

853 

2,184 

512 


Total  population  in  1810 

320 


24,033 


Total  population  in  1820  *        37,152 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  371. 

From  its  po-^ition,  Columbia  is  necessa- 
rily the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  and  in- 
creasing commerce.  Ti'e  first  falls  in  the 
Potomac  at  Georgetown,  has  been  passed 
by  a  navigable  casial ;  and  other  canals  have 
been  formed  at  various  place;-  on  the  Poto- 
mac and  Shenandoah  rivers,  which  have 
opened  to  Columbia,  the  rich  interior  of 
Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  The 
quantity  of  flour  and  other  domestic  pro- 
duce, brought  down  the  Potomac  annually, 
is  very  considerable.  The  principal  ship- 
ping interest  of  this  district,  centers  at 
Alexandria,  but  extensive  business  is  also 
done  at  Georgetown.  The  amount  of  ex- 
ports in  1817,  amounted  to  near  1,800,000 
dollars,  and  the  sh-pping  to  about  21,750 
tons.  At  the  junction  of  the  East  branch 
with  the  Potomac,  the  Urited  States  have 
a  Navy  yard,  to  which  vessels  of  the  largest 
tonnage  can  ascend. 

A  college  has  been  organised  in  Wash- 
ington City ;  as  have  also  a  medical  society, 
a  botanical  society,  and  the  Columbian  in- 
stitute. 

Columbia,  post  town  of  Fluviana  cotnity, 
Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  Rivanna 
river,  45  miles  above  Richmond,  and  35 
from  Charlotteville. 

Columbia,  post  town,  Richland  district. 
South  Carolina.  It  is  also  the  capital  of 
the  state  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Congaree, 
immediiitely  below  the  confluence  of  Broad 
and  Saluda  rivf-rs.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
upon  ground  considerably  elevated  above 
the  neighbouring  streams  Boats  of  large 
draught  a.-cend  thus  high,  and  a  steam  boat 
has  recently  been  built,  intended  to  ply  be- 
tween '^olumbia  and  Charleston.  Besides 
the  ordinary  buildings,  suitable  to  legisla- 
tive and  judicial  proceedings,  and  for  reli- 
gious purposes,  a  college,  under  the  title 
of  the  "  South  Carolina  College,"  was  es- 
tablished in  this  town  in  1801,  under  the 
direct  patronage  of  the  state.  It  has  now 
a  president,  4  professors,  2  tutors,  and 
above  100  students.,  with  an  excellent  li- 


COL 

brary,  exceeding  5,000  volumes.  It  is  in- 
deed one  of  the  most  flourishing  institu- 
ti..'ns  in  the  United  States  ;  south  vest  from 
the  Potomac. 

Columbia,  county  of  Georgia  ;  b  mnded 
bv  Savannah  rivir  or  North  Carolina  NK  ; 
H.chmoiid  SE ;  Warren  SW,  and  Wilkes 
and  Lincoln  NW;  surface  rather  waving 
than  hilly  ;  some  vcy  productive  soil,  w  th 
much  of  a  middling  quality.  Staples,  gr  lin, 
and  coUon.     Chief  town,  Aplmgt  n. 

Popidation  in  1810 
Free  wliite  males  ...       2,637 

do.     do.     females      -         -         •        2,592 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed       ....         -  33 

Slaves         .....        5,980 


U  U  L 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.   females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .         .        - 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do.     females    -        -        - 

Total  whites       .... 
Kree  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      -        .        .        - 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mal  s        -        - 
do.  do.   females 


11,242    Total  population  in  1820 


5,529 
5,250 

99 

10,878 


11,238 
10,635 

21,873 

91 

69 

0 

0 

22,033 


2,663 
2,550 


Total  whites       -        .        -        -  5,213 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  32 

do.                do.     females  30 

Slaves,  males       ....  3,763 

do.    females            ...  3,657 


Total  population  in  1820     -        -      12,695 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  8 

Engaged  in  Agricnltui'e      -         -        4,048 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  39 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  7 

Population  to  'he  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Columbia,  post  town  and  stat  of  justice, 
Maury  coimty  Ten  essee,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Duck  river. 

Columbia,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
.\dair  county,  Kentucky. 

Columbia,  towns)  ip  in  Cayah  'ga  county, 
Ohio,  Population  in  1810,  205,  and  in 
1820,  181. 

Columbia,  township  and  post  town,  Ham- 
ilton county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1810, 
2U51,  and  in  1820,  2814. 

Columbia,  township  in  Me'gs  county, 
Ohio.     Popul  tion  in  1820,  128. 

Columbia,  post  village  of  Indiana,  in  Gib. 
son  county. 

Columbia,  township  in  Lawrence  county, 
Arkansas.     Population  in  1820,  520. 

Columbiana,  county  of  Ohi' ;  bounded  by 
Pennsylvania  E  ;  Jefferson  and  Harrison  S  ; 
Stark  'W,  and  Portage  and  Trumbull  N  j 
length  30  ;  breadth  3U.  It  would  contain 
900  square  miles,  if  a  small  triangle  of  36 
square  miles  were  not  cut  fiom  the  SE  cor. 
ner  by  the  Ohio  river,  leaving  864  square 
miles.  Surface  extremely  broken,  and 
billy,  though  the  soil  is  in  most  parts  fer. 
tile.  This  county  abounds  in  iron  ore  and 
mineral  coal,  and  with  excellent  mill 
Etreams.    Chief  town,  New  Lisbon. 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  243 

Engaged  in  Agricidlure      -         -  3,427 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        •  1,029 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Columbiana,  post  town  of  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  waters  of  Great  Bea- 
ver, 10  miles  NNE  from  Nevv  Lisbon. 

Columb,  St.  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  a  hill  10 
m'les  W  of  B.^dmin.  Lon.  4  52  W,  lat.  50 
20  N. 

Columbton,  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  woollen 
manufacture,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Columb,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge.  It 
is  12  miles  NE  of  Exeter,  and  164  W  of 
London.     Lon.  3  23  W,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Columbus,  post  town.  New  York,  Che- 
nango county.     Population  in  1820,  18U5. 

Columbus,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  South  Carolina  SW;  Robeson 
NW ;  Bladen  NE,  and  Brunswick  SE  ; 
length  32 ;  mean  width  13  ;  area  about  400 
square  miles  Surface  fiat,  Iv  ing  between 
the  Wagim^w  river,  and  Great  Swamp 
creek.  Soil  generally,  but  of  middling' 
quality.    Chief  town,  Whitesville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males              -        -  1,081 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,211 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           _        _        -  27 

Slaves 7Qo 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

Total  wliites 

Fiee  pc-rsons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.  females 

221 


3,022 


(;  o  M 


C  O  M 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


453 
460 


3,912 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  natiu-ilized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Aj^riculture         -        -         516 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  0 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9^. 

Columbus,  post  town,  seat  of  justice,  and 
capital  .;f  the  state,  Frariklin  c;>uiity,  Oido, 
on  t!ie  left  bank  of  the  Sciota  river,  -15 
miles  above  Chilicothe,  and  110  miles  NE 
from  Cmcinnati.  This  town  was  laid  out 
in  1812,  and  in  182U,  contai  led  upwards  of 
200  houses,  and  moi  e  than  140U  inhabitants. 
Beside  the  ordinary  public  buildings,  f  r 
stale  and  county  purposes,  it  contains  a 
penitentiary,  a  nuniber  ot  piace5  of  public 
worsh  p,  some  scliools,  iw^  printing  offices, 
and  a  number  of  m:  rcantile  stoes 

Cohimna,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  with  an  archbishop's  see, 
50  miles  SE  of  Moscow.  I.on.  38  25  E, 
iat.  55  5  N. 

Com,  populous  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agenii,  100  m  les  N  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51 
56  E,  lat.  34  5  N. 

Comachio.  episcopd  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
FeiTaiesf.  Tlie  air  is  bad,  for  wiiicii  rea- 
son it  IS  inhabited  by  a  few  fislu  rmen  on- 
ly. It  is  sf  aled  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
27  miles  SE  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  12  10  E,  lat. 
44  45  N. 

Comachio,  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese, 
between  the  two  moviths  <  f  the  river  E'o. 
It  is  10  miles  in  circumference  ;  but  dry  m 
several  places,  and  on  one  part  a  town  of 
the  same  name  i'^  built. 

Comanagotta,  town  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  Firma,  10  nules  W  of  Comana.  Lon. 
64  40  W,  lat.  10  10  N. 

Coinb-Mbey,  village  in  Warwickshire,  '3 
miles  from  Covfntry,  once  famous  for  a 
I'ich  abbey  The  cisurch  is  demohshed, 
but  the  abbey,  modernized,  is  the  soal  of 
lord  Craven. 

Combahee,  river  o'"  Son'.h  Carolina,  rises 
between  Savar.nah  and  SaiMee  rivers,  and 
flows  SE,  uito  St.  Helena  Sound. 

Comb-J^Iartin,  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  's  seated  on  the 
British  Channel,  <  here  it  has  an  inlet  which 
I'uns  through  tl'C  town.  It  is  but  a  small 
place  five  miles  E  of  Ilfracomb,  and  176 
W  by  S  of  London,  L<.n.  4  2  W,  lat.  51 
13  N 

Comines,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment i.f  the  North  and  late  French  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  die  Lis,  five  miles  S  W  of 
Menin.     Lon.  3  4  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

C'o;«/i^,  small  river,  rising  on  the  limit 
between  Lo'.iisiai:a  and  Mississipji,  and 
flowing  nearly  S,  crosses  New  Feliciana  in 


the  latter  state,  and  falls  into  the  Amite,  12 
miles  E  from  B.iton  Rouge. 

Commercey,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment ot  Meuse  and  la  e  duchy  ot  Har, 
with  a  magnificen.  castle,  built  by  canhnal 
de  Retz.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  .Meuse, 
160  aides  E  of  Paris.  Lo  i.  5  44  E.  lat.  48 
40  N. 

Como,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, x\ith  a  bishop's  see  ;  siuiuteu  in  a 
valley,  enclosed  by  fertile  mils,  on  the  S 
ex  reinity  of  a  lake  ot  the  same  name. 
Tue  houses  are  neatly  built  of  stone  ;  and 
the  catheilrul  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  white 
marble,  hewn  fiomthc  neighbouring  quar- 
ries. Como  is  80  miles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon. 
9  7  E,  :at.  45  45  N. 

Como,  the  largest  lake  in  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese.  It  is  88  miles  in  circumference, 
but  not  above  six  miles  over  in  any  one 
part. 

Comora  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Zanguebar 
and  tiie  N  part  of  the  island  of  Madagas- 
car. They  are  callefi  Hinzuan,  Mayoita, 
Mohilla,  Angt  zeia,  and  Comora.  See  Uin- 
zuun. 

Comorin,  Cape,  the  most  southern  point 
of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  Lon.  77 
32  E,  lat  7  50  N. 

Comorta,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
so  well  fortified,  that  the  Turks  could  never 
take  it.  The  greatest  part  of  tiie  inhabi- 
tants are  of  the  Greek  religion.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  in  the  island  of  Sibut,  70 
miles  S  b)' E  of  Vienna.  Lon  18  5  E,  lat. 
47  46  N. 

Compeigne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tJise  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  It  has  a  paiuce,  in  which 
the  kings  ol  France  otlen  rtsided.  The 
Maid  of  Orleans  was  taken  prisoner  here, 
in  1430  It  is  -eated  near  an  extensive 
forest,  ai  the  confluence  oi  the  Aisne  and 
Oiise.  45  miles  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  55  E, 
lat.  49  25  N. 

Compostella,  celebrated  town  of  Spain, 
capital  of  (ialicia,  with  an  archbish'  p's  see, 
and  a  university  'fhe  archbis!  op  is  one 
oi'  tiie  ricliest  prelates  in  Sjiain,  having 
70,000  c;o«ns  a  \ear.  From  this  ionn  the 
mditary  order  of  St.  Jago,  or  St.  James,  had 
its  orij;in.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
formed  by  the  Tanibra  and  Ulla,  265 
miles  NW  of  JVladnd.  Lon.  8  17  W,  lat. 
42  52  N. 

Compostella,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guada- 
laxana,  ntar  the  mouth  of  the  Santiago 
river.     Lon.   W  C  27  30  W,  lat.  21   15  N. 

Compton,  tov;nship  in  Bc^rgen  county. 
New. Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  2818. 

Conujobary,  post  town  in  .Montgomery 
county,  New  York,  on  the  S  side  of  -Moiiock 
river,  41  miles  W  by  N  of  Schenectady,  and 
57  NW  of  Albany. " 


(JON 


U  O  N 


Cona-waiigo,  small  river  flowing  tiom 
Chatauque  and  Casada  lakes,  Chatauqiie 
county,  New  York,  and  entering  I'eniisyl- 
vania,  falls  into  Allegany  river  at  Warren. 

Concan,  low  tract  of  country,  on  the  W 
coast  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  From 
this  tract  rises  abruptly  that  stupendous 
wall  of  mountains  called  the  Gauts.  It  is 
subject  to  the  Mahruttas,  and  lies  between 
15  and  20  degrees  X  lat. 

Concarneau,  sc'poi't  of  France,  in  the 
departiTient  of  Finisterre  and  la'e  provi  ce 
of  Brittany,  with  a  castle  12  miles  SE  of 
Quimp  r.'   Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  47  46  N". 

Conception,  seaport  of  Ver  igua,  in  the 
Caribbean  sea,  9U  miles  \V  from  Panama. 
Lon.  W  C  3U  2U  \\,  lut.  8  N. 

Conception,  small  town  or  post,  on  the 
coast  of  New  California.  Lon.  W  C  42  25 
W,  Lit.  34  40  N. 

Conception,  bay  of  Newfoundland,  be- 
tween tlie  point  of  Grates,  and  Cape  St. 
Francis.  Central  latitude  47  40,  N  lon.  W 
C  24  E. 

Conception,  town  of  New  Granada,  on 
the  Meta. 

Conception  del  Pao,  town  of  Colombia,  in 
Venezaela.  .Lon.  VV  C  11  50  E,  lat.  8 
45  N. 

Conception,  town  of  Chili,  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  with  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  very 
large  harbour.  It  has  been  often  tak  n 
and  ravaged  by  the  native  Americans,  and 
is  seated  on  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  230 
miles  N  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  W  C  3  40  E, 
lat.  36  40  S. 

Conchas,  river  of  .Mexico,  in  Durango, 
rises  in  a  range  of  mountains  in  the  western 
part  of  that  province,  and  flows  first  south, 
th-^n  east,  finally  turns  nearly  to  due  north, 
falls  into  the  right  bank  of  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte,  a  little  above  N,  lat.  31,  after  a 
comparative  course  of  about  300  mile.s. 

Concord,  township  in  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  m  1810, 
2393,  and  in  1«20,  2838. 

Concord,  post  town  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Ha.npsliire,in  the  foregoing  town- 
ship, ft  is  the  seat  of  the  st-^te  government, 
and  stands  on  the  we»t  bank  'f  Merrimack 
river,  60  miles  N\W  from  B  ston,  at  N 
lat.  43  12  N,  lon  W  C  5  30  E  From  its  po- 
sition, and  by  means  of  the  Middlt- sex  ca- 
nal, and  other  improvements  i  i  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Merrimack,  Concord  lias  a  direct 
water  communication  with  Boston,  and 
Newburyport,  and  is  a  place  of  consideraMe 
inland  commerce.  It  has  now  about  200 
houses  and  1000  inhabitants. 

Concord,  township  in  Grafton  coiin.ty. 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1810, 
1126,  and  in  1820,  1126. 

Concord,  township  in  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  163"3i 
and  in  1820,  1788. 

Concord,  post  town,  Vermont  in  Esstx 


county,  on  Connecticut  river,  40  miles  ENE 
from  .Montpelier. 

Ccncord,  river  of  Massachusetts,  rising  in 
Norfolk,  but  having  most  of  its  sources  and 
course  in  Middlesex  county ;  it  falls  into 
the  M  rrimac  belov/  Chelm.-ford.  The 
fine  Middlesex  canal  is  chiefly  supplied 
with  water  by  this  stream. 

Concord,  post  town,  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts,  18  mdes  NW  from  Boston. 
It  is  alternaiely  witii  Cambridge,  the  seat 
of  justice  for  the  county. 

Concord,  township  in  Erie  county,  New 
York,  south  from  Buflldoe.  Population  m 
1820,  278. 

Concord,  township  in  Saratoga  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  571. 

Concord,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Chester  creek.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  1061,  and  in  1820.  1032. 

Concord,  post  town  of  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  on  Bcoad  creek,  branch  of  Nan- 
tikoke  river,  on  the  road  from  Georgetown 
to  Laurel  county 

Concord,  post  village  of  Campbell  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Concord,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Cabawas  county.  North  Carolina,  30  miles 
SW  fp-m  Salisbury. 

Concord,  township,  Erie  county,  Penn- 
sylvania     Population  in  1820,  53- 

Concord,  township  of  Favette  count}', 
Oiilo      P  .pulation  in  1820. 347. 

Concord,  township  of  Highland  cotinty, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1035. 

Concord,  township  in  Mi.  mi  county, 
Ohio  Population  in  1810,  679,  and  in 
1820,  591. 

Concord,  township,  Ross  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1810,  1277,  and  in  1820, 
2234. 

Concord,  township  of  Delaware  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  209. 

Concord,  township  in  Champaign  county, 
Oliio.     Population  in  1820.  507. 

Concord,  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, M  ssouri. 

Concoidia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mirand  )la,  on  the  river  Sechia,  five  mi  es 
VV  of  Mirandoia.  Lon.  11  13  E.  lat.  4^/; 
52  N. 

Concordia,  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
P'ri'ili,  with  a  bishop's  see,  28  miies  SSW 
ot  Udina.  It  is  now  Imo^t  ruined,  and  the 
bishop  resides  at  Porto  Gruaro. 

Concordia,  parish  of  Loui^iana  on  the  W 
side  of  the  Missi'^.^ppi ;  bouiulfd  by  the 
Mi'<siSKippi  river  E  and  SE ;  by  Red, 
Black,  andTensau  riv  rs  SW  and  W;  and 
by  Washttan  N  ;  length  112;  mean  widh 
15;  area  about  1680  squire  miles;  sur» 
face  a  uniform  alluval  fiat,  most  part  of 
which  is  annually  •ul.'mf'rged  by  the  over- 
flow of  the  Mississippi  and  Washi'aii  ri- 
vers. Like  most  other  parts  of  Louisiana, 
liable  t'j  such  periodical  overflow  only  the 
2'?i 


CON 


C  O  N 


comparatively  elevated  river  margins  are 
capable  of  cultivation.  W.iat  soil  can, 
however,  be  made  arable  is  exuberantly 
productive.  Cotton  is  vtie  most  abundant 
staple.     Chief  town,  Concordia. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -        -        .  469 

do.  do.    females      -        .        -  850 


Total  whites 

Free  personsof  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males     .        .        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


727 
6 
6 

949 


2,626 


Of  these ; 

Foreignere  not  naturalized          •  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculf  ire      -        -  1,496 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  3 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  none 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  I5. 

Concordia,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Concordia  parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  opposite  Natchez. 
P.ipula  ion  about  150. 

Coudavir,  tort  in  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  and  the  principal  post  ofGnntoor, 
one  of  the  five  C'rcars.  !•  is  strongly  sit- 
uated on  a  mountain,  16  miles  W  of  Gun- 
too»-. 

Conde,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
dep.irtme  t  of  the  North  a:id  French  part 
of  Hiiiiiault.  Tt  has  a  castl^ ,  and  gave  the 
title  of  prince  to  a  branrh  of  'he  late  ro\aI 
family.  Conde  is  se  ted  on  the  Sche  d', 
sev-n  miles  \  F.  of  Vlencennes,  a- d  117 
N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  39  E.  lat.  50  27 
N. 

Conde,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvi'dos,  and  I'te  province  of  N<>r- 
mandv.  Ft  is  15  miles  VV  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  37  W.  lat.  48  50  N. 

C'ondecedo,  cape  of  North  America,  in 
Yucii'iin,  100  miles  W  o:  Merida.  Lon. 
W  C  27  W.  lat.  20  50  N. 

Condestiios  de  ^ireqnipa,  province  of 
Peru,  on  the  Pacific  Oce;m. 

Condom,  large  tov.  nof  France,  in  the 
dep  irttnent  of  Gers,  and  late  provitice  of 
Gascopy.  It  was  l.itelv  an  ep}sco!)al  see; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Raise,  22  miles  VV  of 
Aurh.     Lon.O  36  E.  lat.  44  1  N 

Condore,  capital  of  a  Tiumber  of  islands, 
in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  produces  man- 
goes, which  grow  on  trees,  as  large  as  ap- 
ple-trees; the  fruit  isoftlie  size  o*  a  small 
peach,  and  when  rip'  has  a  plensant  smell 
and  t:ste.  The  inh  bitants  a-e  small  in 
stature,  vve'1  shaped,  and  of  a  dark  olive- 
complexion  ;  their  faces  are  long,  with 
black  straight  hair,  small  black  eyes,  high 
noses,  thin  lips,  white  teeth,  and  little 
mouths.  The  English  East  India  Compa- 
224 


ny  had  a  settlement  here  in  1701  ;  but  tite 
factors  falling  oit  with  the  natives,  most  of 
tUem  nere  murdered,  and  the  rest  driven 
t'lence  in  1705.  Lon.  107  26  E.  lat.  2  40 
N. 

Condrien,  town  of  F:ance  in  the  depavt- 
mciit  of  Rhone  and'  l^o  re  and  l.te  pro- 
vince o*"Lyonois,  rematkahle  fur  its  excel- 
lent wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  fo'  t  of  a 
hdl  near  the  Xhone  17  m  les  S  of  Lyons. 
Lon.  4  53  E.  lat  45  23  N. 

C'lnecocheagiie,  small  river  of  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Maryland,  ri  esin  the  former  by 
two  brmchrs  ;  one  iieading  on  the  bound- 
ary between  Perry  and  Fr.inklin  couny, 
and  between  North  and  Ttiscarora  moun- 
tains, and  the  other  near  Cliambersburg, 
enterlockmg  with  the  sources  of  the  Cone- 
dogwinil.  The  two  branches  fi<w  to  the 
S,  unite  between  Greencastles  and  Mes- 
sersb'irg,  and  entering  Mary  and  falls  into 
the  Potomac  at  Williamsport.  This  river 
from  Ciiambersbur.^  to  it*  mou  h  nearly 
separates  the  slate  and  limestone  ranges. 
Se     Kitt'itijiny  Fid'ei/. 

Confcvh,  river  o'  A'abama,  rises  SRfr  ^m 
the  junction  of  the  Coo-a  and  the  Ta  la- 
po'isi,  and  assum  ng-  a  SW,  direction,  is 
augmented  by  a  great  number  of  large 
creeks  from  the  N,  continues  by  compa- 
ra'ive  courses  about  120  m'd^s,  where  it 
passes  N  lat.  31,  and  enters  F'onda  and 
turns  to  nearly  S,  pursues  that  directioti 
g  neralK,  but  by  a  curve  t  ■  t'le  westward 
is  finally  lost  in  the  bay  of  St.  Marta  dc 
Galvez,  or  northern  arm  of  Fensacola  Bay. 
See  Connecvh 

CojirdosrivhiPt,  small  river  of  Cumber- 
land countx ,  Pennsylvanii,  ri-inpr,  however, 
in  tiie  northeastern  part  o^  Frinklin  coun- 
ty, lis  f  ourse  is  nearly  NE  between  North 
and  South  Moimtains,  and  pas  in^  ai)oiit 
one  mile  north  from  Carlisl-  fail-  i.ito  the 
S'lsquehannah  abotit  two  miles  a^'ove  Har- 
risburg.  Similar  to  the  Conecocheague, 
the  Conedogwinet,  though  not  uniformly, 
yet  generally  separates  the  sl.ite  and  lime- 
stone ranges. 

Conemmigh,  river  of  Penn--ylvania,  rises 
in  Cambria,  aiid  Someiset  coun'ies,  and 
assuming  a  cotirse  to  NW,  pierces  fi:e 
Laurel  Mountain,  and  separating  Indiana 
and  Armstrong  from  Westmor^hnd  conn- 
t\,  joins  the  Aileganv  about  70  miles  above 
Pit  sburg.  \'auiable  salt  wuks  have  been 
erected  on  this  river  near  the  mou  h  of 
Loyalliannon  creek.  T'.ie  salt  water  was  a 
comparatively  recent  discovery,  but  yidds 
at  present  above  100  bushels  of  salt  per 
d  em. 

Conemaugh,  village  of  Cambria  count}', 
Pennsylvania.     P-pnlation  in  1820,  II6. 

Conemmtgh,  to-*nship.  Cambria  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Populaiion  in  1820,  807. 

Cone-nmugh,  township,  Indiana  county, 
Pcnns^/lvania.     Population  in  1820, 1555. 


C  ©  N 


C  0  N 


Connemaugh,  township  ia  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
S78. 

Coneque?iessi7isr,  township,  Butler  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
977. 

Conestoffoe,  small  river  of  Lancaster 
county,  rising  on  the  borders  of  Chester, 
Berks,  and  Lebanon  county,  and  flowing 
SE  throug-h  the  centre  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty falls  into  the  Susqaehannah  river,  about 
10  miles  below  Columbia,  and  an  equal 
distance  SE  from  the  city  of  Lancaster. 
This  fine  stream  drains  one  of  the  most 
productive  and  best  cultivated  tracts  in 
the  United  States 

Conestoe^oe  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty.    Population  in  1820, 1805. 

Cone-ivago,  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  sepa- 
rating  Lancaster  and  Dauphin  counties,  and 
falling  into  the  Susquehannah  river  four 
miles  below  Middletown 

Conexuago,  a  much  more  considerable 
stream  than  the  preceding,  rising  in  Adams 
county,  Pennsylvania,  and  flowing  NE  into 
York,  over  which  it  passes  to  the  Susque- 
hannah into  which  it  falls  five  miles  below 
Middletown, 

Conewago,  township  in  York  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  945. 

Coneiaago,  township  of  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,839. 

Coiieivango,  towiiship  in  Warren  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  892. 

Coiijlans,  name  of  several  inconsiderable 
villages  in  France,  and  one  in  Savoy. 

Coiigaree,  river  of  South  Carolina,  form- 
ed by  the  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers.  Below 
the  junction  of  the  two  latter  at  Columbia, 
the  former  flows  30  miles,  and  unites  with 
*Jie  Wateree  to  form  the  Santee. 

Congleto7i,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Dane,  seven  miles  S  ot  Macclesfield,  and 
164  NW  cf  London.  Lon.  2  10  W.  lat.  53 
8N. 

Congo,  country  of  Africa,  between  the 
equinoctial  line  and  IS  degrees  of  S  lat. 
containing  the  kingdoms  of  Loango,  Con- 
go, Angola,  •;n(i  Benguela.  It  was  dieco- 
vered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1481,  and  is 
bounded  on  tlie  N  by  Benin,  by  the  inland 
part  of  Africa  on  tlie  E,  by  Matamon  on  the 
S,  and  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  W.  It 
is  sometimes  called  Lower  Guinea  ;  and  the 
Portuguese  have  a  great  many  settlements 
on  the  coast,  as  well  .is  in  the  inland  coun- 
try. 

Com,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  that  name,  witli  a  citadel.  It 
surrendered  to  the  French  in  April  1796. 
It  Is  seated  on  the  confluence  of  the  Gresse 
and  Sture,  35  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  745 
E.  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cmingsech,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
Ff 


county  of  the  same  name,  20  miles  N  of 
Constance.    Lon,  9  20  E.  lat.  47  50  N. 

Congo  river.     See  Zaire. 

Congress,  township  in  Wayne  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  :n  1820,  250. 

Conhocton,  branch,  one  of  the  constitu- 
ents of  the  Tioga,  rises  in  the  NW  part  of 
Steuben  county.  New  York,  flows  SE  70 
miles,  and  joins  the  Canisteo  at  Painted- 
Post,  and  forms  the  Tioga. 

Conhocton,  township  of  Steuben  countv. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1560. 

Coni,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  that  name,  with  a  citadel.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  in  April  1796.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Greese 
and  Sture,  35  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  45 
E,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Coiiington,  village  ia  Huntingdonshire, 
near  Stilton. 

Coniston-Mere,  lake  in  Lancashire,  whicli 
afl^ords  plenty  of  char.  It  is  five  miles  W 
of  Wiuandermere, 

Connaught,  province  of  Ireland,  1.30 
miles  long,  and  84  broad ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Leinstcr  and  Munster,  on  the  S  by 
the  latter  province,  on  the  V/  and  N  by  the 
Atlantic,  and  on  the  NW  by  Ulster. 

Connecticut  River  ;  this  noble  stream  rises 
on  the  border  of  Lower  Canada,  and  flow- 
ing nearly  south,  separates  New  Hampshire 
from  Vermont,  and  thence^  crosses  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut,  eniers  Long 
Island  Sound. 

Connecticut,  is  amongst  the  most  curious 
of  the  Atlantic  rivers.  Its  extreme  northern 
sources  are  in  a  hilly,  though  not  moun- 
tainous country,  at  N  lat.  45  10,  interlock- 
ing with  the  sources  of  the  St.  Francis, 
branch  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  with  those 
of  the  Kennebec  ;  and  thence  assuming  a 
course  of  a  little  west  of  south,  down  a 
valley  between  two  ranges  of  mountains, 
.ns  far  as  N  lat.  42  43.  Thence  crossing 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  in  a  direc- 
tion nearly  due  south  to  Middletown  in  the 
latter,  where  it  turns  to  north-east,  and  fi- 
nally enters  tije  sound  at  41  16  N  lat.  Its 
entire  basin  is  about  280  miles  in  length, 
with  a  mean  width  of  45,  draining  an  area 
of  12,600  square  miles. 

Thougli  the  basin  of  Connecticut  is  al- 
most entirely  on  a  primitive  rock,  and 
though  passing  one  small  ridg-e  of  moim- 
tains  near  Middletown,  it  is  nevertheless 
navigable  for  vessels  drawing  10  feet  water 
to  that  place  ;  ibove  the  mountain  pass  36 
miles,  following  the  windings  of  the  stream ; 
and  by  vessels  drawing  7^  feet  to  Hartford, 
15  miles  still  higher.  The  latter  place  is 
at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  but  tiiough 
considerably  obstructed  by  falls,  rapids,  and 
shoals,  the  navigation  of  this  river  has  been 
so  much  improven,  by  dams,  locks,  and 
22.^ 


CON 


CON 


short  canals,  as  to  admit  boats  of  consiclefa= 
ble  tonnag'e  to  ascend  to,  and  descend 
from  tlie  fifteen  mile  falls  above  Haverhill, 
upwards  of  250  miles,  follow  ng  the  stream 
from  Long  Island  Sound.  This  is  very  con- 
siderably the  deepest  inland  navigation  in 
the  United  States,  east  from  the  Hudson. 

Connecticut,  state  of  the  United  States, 
has  the  following  limits  : 

On  Long  Sound         -        -        96  miles 
New  York  -        -        81 

Massachusetts      -        -         85 
Rhode  Island        -        -         50 

Area  4,750  square  miles  ;  3,040,000 
acres ;  extending  from  N  lat.  41,  to  N  lat. 
42,  and  Ion.  W  C  from  4  18,  to  5  12  E, 

The  coast  of  this  state  is  finely  diversi- 
fied by  harbours,  of  which  New  Haven, 
New  London,  Bridgeport  and  Norwich, 
are  the  principal ;  the  Connecticut  opens  a 
navigation  to  sea  vessels  to  Hartford,  and 
the  Thames  to  Norwich.  The  state  is  also 
traversed  in  every  direction  by  good  roads. 
The  face  of  the  country  is  most  delight- 
fully varied  by  mountains,  hills,  and  dales, 
which  added  to  the  well  calculated  aspect 
of  the  farms,  and  the  neatness  of  the  build- 
ings, gives  to  the  physiognomy  of  Connec- 
ticut, a  most  seductive  appearance. 

The  manufacturing  industry  of  this  statej 
has  been  carried  to  a  greater  comparative 
extent  than  any  other  state  of  the  United 
States.  Its  manufactured  and  agricultural 
staples,  embrace  a  great  variety  of  articles, 
such  as  tin  ware,  nai'.s,  glass,  hats,  fire 
arms,  &c.  horses,  mides,  butter,  cheese, 
Indian  corn,  beef,  pork,  &c. 

Connecticut  being  settled  in  the  first 
instance  by  an  enhgbtened  people,  the  in- 
terests of  education  has  been  ever  enter- 
woven  in  her  colonial  and  state  policy. 
Yale  College  in  New  Haven,  is  at  the  head 
of  her  literary  institutions.  This  respecta- 
ble seminary  has  produced  some  of  the 
most  finished  scholars  in  the  United  States. 
Several  other  literary  establishments  exist 
in  the  state,  the  principal  of  which  are  a 
theological  cspiscopal  seminary  in  New 
Haven  ;  Bacon  Academy  in  Colchester  ;  an 
Episcopal  Academy  in  Cheshire,  and  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  at  Hartford. 

In  1790,  Connecticut  contained  237,946 ; 
and  in  1800,  251,002  inhabitants.  Its  sub- 
sequent  advance  in  population,  can  be  seen 
by  the  following  tables. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

Slaves         -         .         -        . 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


-  130,80r 

-  136,374 


Total  population  in  1810, 

2.?fi 


126,373 
128,806 

6,453 
310 

261,942 


Total  whites       ....  267,181 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  3,863 

do             do.      females  4,007 

Slaves,  males      -        .        .        .  57 

do.    females            .        =        .  60 

All  other  persons        ,        .        i  100 

Total  population  in  1820,  -    275,248 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  568 

Engaged  in  \griculture  -      50,518 

do.        in  Manufactures   -         •       17,541 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -       3,581 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  58, 

For  internal  purposes,  Connecticut  is 
subdivided  into  the  following  counties, 
having  the  population  in  1820,  respectively 
annexed  to  each. 

Hartford  -  -  .  .  47,264 
New  Haven  -  -  .  39,616 
New  London  -  -  -  35,943 
Fairfield  ...  -  42,739 
"Windham  ...        31,684 

Litchfield  -        .        -        41,267 

Middlesex  -        -        -        22,405 

Tolland     ....        14,330 


275,248 


C'onnecuh,  coimty  of  Alabama ;  bounded 
by  Florida  S  ;  Monroe  W,  and  NW  ;  But- 
ler N,  and  Covingtoai  E.  It  is  36  miles 
each  side,  except  an  angle  of  about  112 
square  miles  at  its  NW  corner,  which 
leaves  an  area  of  1184  square  miles.  Sur- 
face rather  waving  than  hilly.  Only  good 
sod,  on  the  streams.  Chief  town,  Sparta, 
Staple  cotton. 

Popidation  in  1S20; 
Free  wliite  males       .        -        .        2,021 
do.    do.    females     .        -        -        1,748 


Total  whites       -        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 
do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males      - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         ■  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        1,847 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  58 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4|^. 

Conneought,  creek  of  Ohio,  falls  into  lake 
Erie. 

Conneought^   township   in  Erie    countVj 
Pennsylvania.    Population  in  1820-  631. 


C  O  Is 


C  O  N 


C'o7iiteought,  post  town,  Ashtabula  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Conneoughteey  township  in  Erie  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  438, 

Connelsville,  post  town  and  township  in 
Fayette  county,  Pennsylvania,  standing  on 
the  NE  sifle  of  Yoghigany  river,  12  miles 
NE fiom  Union,  31  W  from  Somerset,  and 
ahout45  SE  of  Pittsburg.  Population  1820, 
600. 

Connor,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Antrim,  with  a  bishop's  see,  six  miles  N  of 
Antrim.     Lon.  6  6  E,  lat.  54  59  N. 

Connotten,  or  more  correctly  Gradcnlmt- 
ten,  creek  of  Ohio,  falls  into  Ohio,  6  miles 
above  New  Philadelphia. 

Conqiiet,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre  and  late  province  of 
Bretagne,  with  a  good  harbour  and  road. 
It  is  12  miles  W  of  Brest.  Lon.  4  41  W, 
lat,  48  23  N. 

Conrad's  Store,  post  office,  Rockingham 
county,  Virginia. 

Constable,  township  and  post  town  in 
Franklin  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  1820,  637. 

Constance,  city  of  Suabia,  with  a  bishop's 
see  ;  seated  on  the  Ithine,  between  the 
upper  and  lower  lakes  of  Constance.  It  is 
35  miles  NE  of  Ziiric.  The  inhabitants 
scarcely  amount  to  3000.  Lon.  9  10  E,  lat. 
47  38  N. 

Constance,  Lake  one  of  the  most  con- 
siderable lakes  of  Swisserland,  which  it 
separ«tes  from  Suabia,  that  part  excepted, 
where  the  city  of  Constance  is  seated  on  its 
S  side.  Like  all  the  lakes  in  Swisserland, 
this  is  deeper  in  summer  than  in  winter  ; 
which  is  owing  to  the  first  melting  of  the 
snow  from  the  adjacent  mountains. 

Constantia,  district  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  consisting  of  two  farms,  which  pro- 
duce the  well  known  wine  so  much  prized 
in  Europe,  and  known  by  the  name  of  Cape 
or  Constantia  wine. 

Constantia,  township  in  Oswego  county, 
New  York     Population  in  1820,  767. 

Constanlina,  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 
and  capital  of  a  territory  of  ihe  same  name. 
It  is  the  largest  and  strongest  in  all  the 
eastern  parts,  and  seated  at  the  top  of  a 
great  rock.  There  is  no  way  to  it  bnt  by 
steps  cut  out  of  the  rock ;  and  the  visual 
way  of  punishing  criminals  here  is  to  throw 
them  down  the  cLfF.  Here  are  many  Ro- 
man antiquities,  particularly  a  triumphal 
arch.  It  is  75  miles  from  the  sea,  and  210 
E  by  S  of  \lgiers.     Lon  7  0  E,  lat.  36  4  N. 

Constantina,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle  seated  on  a  mountain,  40 
miles  NE  of  Seville,  Lon.  5  35  W,  lat. 
37  40  N. 

Constantinople,  one  of  the  largest  cities 
m  Europe,  and  the  capital  of  the  Turkisli 
ejBpire.    It  is  of  a  triangalstr  form ;  and 


seated  between  the  Black  sea  and  the 
Archipelago,  on  a  neck  of  land  tliat  ad- 
vances tow<«rd  Natolia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  strait  a  mile  in  breadth. 
The  sea  of  Marmora  washes  its  walls  on 
the  S,  and  a  gulf  of  the  strait  of  Constanti- 
nople does  the  same  on  the  NE.  It  was 
anciently  called  Byzantium,  but  the  name 
was  changed  by  Constantine  the  great,  who 
made  it  the  seat  of  ihe  Roman  empire  in 
the  east.  It  was  taken,  in  1453,  by  the 
Turks,  who  have  kept  possession  of  it  ever 
since.  The  grand  signior's  palace,  called 
the  Seraglio,  is  on  the  seaside,  svirrounded 
by  walls  flanked  with  towers,  and  separa- 
ted from  tlie  city  by  canals.  It  stands  on 
the  site  of  ancient  Byzantium,  the  E  point 
of  tiie  present  city,  and  is  three  miles  in 
circumference,  consisting  of  an  assem- 
blage of  palaces  and  apartments  placed  by 
the  side  of  one  another,  without  symme- 
try i.nd  vvitiioul  order.  The  principal  en- 
trance of  ihs  palace  is  of  marble,  and  is 
called  Capi,  that  is,  the  Port  (or  gate)  a 
name  used  frequently  to  express  the  court, 
or  the  empire.  The  casile  of  Seven  Tow- 
ers is  a  state  prison,  and  stands  near  the 
sea  of  Marmora,  at  the  W  point  of  the  city 
from  the  seraglio ;  and  at  the  NW  point, 
without  the  walls,  is  the  imperial  palace  of 
Aijub,  with  a  village  of  tlie  sume  name. 
The  number  of  houses  in  Constantinople  is 
prodigious  ;  but,  in  general,  they  are  mean 
and  all  of  them  constructed  of  wood,  and 
the  roofs  covered  with  hoiiow  tiles.  The 
public  edifices  alone  are  built  in  masonry 
in  a  very  solid  manner.  The  streets  are 
narrow,  badly  paved,  and  dirty ;  and  the 
people  are  infested  with  the  plague  almost 
every  year.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  said 
to  amount  to  520,000,  are  half  Turks,  two 
thirds  of  the  other  half  Greeks  or  Arme- 
nians, and  the  rest  Jews.  Here  are  a  great 
number  of  ancient  monnrnents  still  re- 
maining ;  particularly  the  superb  temple 
of  St.  Sophia,  built  in  the  sixth  century, 
which  is  converted  into  a  mosque,  and  will 
contain  100,000  persons  conveniently.  Be- 
tween the  two  mosques  of  sultan  Solyman 
and  Bajazet  is  the  old  seraglio,  in  which 
are  shnt  up  all  the  wives  of  the  deceased 
sultans,  a  d  also  such  women  as  have  dis- 
p  eased  the  grand  signior  The  bazars, 
or  bezesteins,  are  large  square  buiMings, 
covered  with  domes,  sunporte;!  by  arcades, 
and  contain  all  sorts  of  goods,  which  are 
there  exposed  to  sale.  The  market  tor 
slaves  of  both  stxes,  is  not  far  oil";  and  the 
Jews  are  the  prmcipal  merchants  who 
brmg  them  here  to  be  sold.  There  are 
a  great  number  of  young  girls  br<.ut;ht 
from  lIungdH,  Greece,  Candia,  Min- 
grelia,  and  Georgia,  i'or  the  service  of 
tlie  Turks,  who  gen'  rdly  buy  them  for 
their  seraglios.  The  great  square  near 
the  mosque  of  sultan  Bajazet,  is  the  place 
S27 


CON 


COO 


i'or  public  diversions,  where  the  jugglers 
and  mountebanks  play  a  great  variety  of 
tricks.  The  circumference  uf  this  city  is 
by  some  said  to  be  15  miles,  and  by  Mr. 
Tournefort  25  miies :  to  which  if  we  add 
the  suburbs,  it  may  be  34  miles  in  com- 
pass. The  suburb  called  Pera  is  charm- 
ingly situated  ;'  and  is  the  place  where  the 
ambassadors  >,f  England,  France,  Venice 
and  Hoiland  reside.  This  city  is  built  in 
the  fofm  of  a  triangle;  and  as  the  ground 
rises  gradually,  there  is  a  view  of  the 
■whole  town  from  tiie  sea,  Th.e  public 
buildings,  such  as  the  p  daces,  .he  mos- 
ques, bagnois,  and  caravansaries  for  the  en- 
tertainment of  strangers,  are  many  of  them 
verv  magn.ficent.  Lon.  ■^9  20  E.  lat.  41 
4N. 

Constantinople,  Strait  of,  ancicn  ly  the 
Thracian  Bosphorus,  and  forming  tlje  com- 
munication between  the  Euxine  or  Black 
Sea,  and  the  Proriontis,  or  sea  I'f  Marmora. 
It  is  20  miles  long,  and  three  fourths  of  a 
mile  broad,  where  narrowest.  Th.e  Turks 
have  built  two  castles  opposite  to  each 
other, to  defend  the  passage.  It  forms  the 
separation  here  between  Europe  and  Asia. 
On  one  side  of  it  is  situated  Cons  ant.no- 
ple,  and  on  the  other  Scutari,  where  ^he 
grand  seignior  has  his  seraglio. 

ConstantinQiu,  t^wn  of  Poland,  in  Volhi- 
nia,  on  the  river  Selucza,  62  miles  NE  of 
Karrinieck.     Lui.  27  20  E   iat.  49  58  N. 

Contesso,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  a  guU  of  the  same  name,  ancient  Stry 
mouicus  Sinus,  in  the  Archipelago,  200 
miles  VV  of  Coi^stantinople.  Lon.  23  58 
E.  1 .1  41  8  N 

Co7iti,  town  of  France,  in  the  depa:  tment 
of  SoiTme  and  late  province  of  Picuidy. 
It  firmeily  gave  the  tiUe  of  prince  to  a 
branch  of  the  royal  family  of  France.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Sedle,  14  miles  SW  of 
Amiens,  and  62  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  13  E. 
Iat.  49  42  N. 

Contacook,  river  of  New  Hampshire, 
rises  in  Cheshire  county,  and  flowing  NE 
over  Hillsborough,  falls  into  the  Merrimac 
at  Concord. 

Contrecoeur,  seigniory,  Surry  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  right  side  of  3t. 
Lawrence,  and  on  both  sides  of  Sorelle 
river. 

Conversano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terradi 
Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  12  miles  SE  of 
Bari.     Lon.  17  6  E,  lat.  41  20  N. 

C'o7zwny,  t"vvn  in  Carnarvonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday  ;  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Conway,  :nd  distinguished  by  the 
massy  vemai'^s  of  its  castle,  formerly  one  of 
the  most  magnificrnt  st.ructur^s  of  the 
kind  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  18  miles  RNE 
of  Cfirnarvon,  and  235  VVNW  of  London. 
Lon.  4  1  W.  lat.  53  20  N. 

Con-way,  river  of  N.  Wales,  which  flow- 
ing through  9.  fertile  vale  of  the  same  name, 
228 


along  the  whole  eastern  border  of  Carnar- 
vonshire, falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  at  the 
town  of  Conway. 

Comvay,  town  of  Sudbury  county,  New- 
Brunswick,  on  the  light  baivk  of  St.  John's 
river,  and  near  the  bay  of  Fundy. 

Conivay,  township  and  post  town,  Straf- 
ford county.  New  Hampshire,  Population 
in  1820.  1365. 

Conivay,  township  and  post  town,  Frank- 
lin co'mty,  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
1820, 1705. 

Contuot/,  borough,  post  office,  Horry  dis- 
trict, Soutn  Carol  na. 

Conyatt,  tovvnhhip  in  Crawford  county, 
Penu^yiv;inia.  Population  in  1810,  285 
and  in  1820,  265.     See  Conemight. 

Conyngham,  village  and  post  town,  Lu- 
zerne county,  situated  in  Nescopeck  Val- 
ley, upon  the  turnpike,  leading  from  Ber- 
wick towards  Bethlehem.  It  is  12  miles 
from  the  Susquehannah  at  Berwick,  and  18 
miles  from  the  Lehigh  at  Lansanne.  It'is 
biult  upon  one  street,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Buck  Mountain 

Conxa,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
UUeri  re,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  was 
so  greatly  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1694, 
that  the  place  where  the  cathedral  stood  is 
hardlv  known.  It  is  52  miies  E  of  Naples. 
L  n.  15  35  E.  Iat.  40  50  N. 

Cook's  River,  large  river  of  N.  America, 
which  flows  into  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean.  It 
was  discovered  in  1778,  by  Captain  Cook, 
who  leit  a  blank  for  its  name  which  was 
filled  up  by  the  earl  of  Sandwich.  This 
riv  r  was  traced  as  high  as  lai.  61  30  N, 
which  is  above  70  leagues  from  its  mouth, 
m  lon.  152  0  W. 

Cooke's-La-w  office,  post  office,  Elbert 
couiity,  Georgia. 

Cook's  Strait,  strait  dividing  the  two 
islands  of  which  New  Zealand  is  compos- 
ed :  it  is  about  four  or  five  leagues  broad. 

Coolspring,  township  in  Mercer  county) 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  521, 
and  ill  1820,  596. 

Cooper,  river  of  South  Carolina,  which 
rises  in  the  district  of  Georgetown,  and 
falls  into  Charlestown  harbour,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  city.  The  Santee  canal  which 
unites  Charleston  harbour  with  Santee  ri- 
ver, is  extended  from  the  head  of  Cooper 
river.     See  Santee. 

Cooper's  To-um,  po^t  town,  and  seat  of 
justice,  Otsego  county,  New  York,  on  Ot- 
sego lake,  wesi  side  of  its  oudet  into  Sus- 
queliann.h  river. 

Cooper,  county  of  Missoiu'i,  between 
Osage  and  Missouri  rivers.  Boundaries 
and  extent  uncertain.  Surface  of  the  coun- 
try diversified,  with  considerable  pnirie. 
The  alluvial  soil  of  the  rivers  of  first  rate 
quality.    Chief  town,  Boonville. 


c^o  o 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.     do.  females     - 

Total  whites       •        .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 
do.  do,  females 

Slaves,  males  .        -        . 

do.     females       -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


3,383 
2,924 

6,307 

13 

2 

344 

293 

6,959 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -         1,605 

do.     in  Manufactures  -  157 

do.     in  Commerce         -        -  28 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Coos,  northern  county  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, bounded  by  Connecticut  river  NW  ; 
by  Lower  Canada  N ;  by  Maine  E ;  by 
Straflord  county  New  Hampshire  S  ;  and 
by  Grafton  SW  ;  length  84 ;  mean  width 
20;  area  1680  square  miles.  Tiie  highest 
mountains  m  the  United  States  is  in  tliis 
county  ;  the  While  hills  rising  to  7,300 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ocean.  Inde- 
pendent of  the  mountains  the  face  of  the 
country  is  in  general  broken,  veiy  hilly, 
and  highly  picture-^que.  Much  of  the  soil 
is,  however,  productive  in  grain  and  pas- 
turage.    Chiet  town,  Lancaster. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        .        .        -  2,366 

do.  do.  females  ...  1,905 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        .  20 

Slaves        0 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       .        .  . 

do.  do.    females    -        -  - 

Total  whites      -        .        -  . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  ■ 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        ,        -  . 

do.     females  -        .  - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


3,991 


2,737 
2,808 


5,549 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  8 

Engaged  in  Agrcultuie      -         -  1,760 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  71 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3^. 

Coosa  River,  the  NW  and  main  branch 
of  Abbama,  rises  in  the  nortii-we;t  part  of 
Georgia,  flowing  first  SW  about  100  miles, 
enters  Alabama,  and  gradually  turns  to  a 
south  course  nearly,  in  which  direction  it 


C  O  Q 

continues  200  miles  to  its  junction  with  the 
Tallapoosa,  or  head  of  Alabama  river.  It 
is  boatable  generally  to  Wettumka  falls,  7 
miles  above  its  mouth,  and  at  high  water, 
to  the  junction  of  Etowlah  and  Oostenalah 
rivers  in  Georgia. 

Coosaxvutchy,  river  of  South  Carolina, 
fails  into  Port  Royal  Sound. 

Coosa-watchy,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, in  Beaufort  county.  South  Carolina ; 
lying  on  the  Coosahatchie  river,  about  7S 
miles  westward  from  Charleston, 

Cootstoivn,  post  town,  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  Maiden  creek, a 
branch  of  the  river  Schuylkill,  and  about 
17  miles  NE  of  Reading. 

Copenhagen,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Denmark  ;  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
the  island  of  Zealand,  upon  a  fine  bay  of 
the  Baltic  sea,  not  far  from  the  strait  called 
the  Sound.  Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  55  30  N. 
Copenhagen  is  the  best  built  city  of  the 
north  ;  for  although  Petersburg  excels  it  in 
superb  edifices,  yet  as  it  contains  no  wooden 
houses,  it  does  not  display  that  striking 
contrast  of  meanness  and  magnificence,  but 
in  general  exhibits  a  more  equable  and  uni- 
form appearance.  This  city  is  five  miles  in 
circumference,  and  seated  on  the  E  shore 
of  the  isle  of  Zealand,  300  miles  SW  of 
Stockholm,  and  500  NE  of  London.  See 
Amak. 

Copely,  township  in  Medina  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  169, 

Copiapo,  Cape,  town  and  province  of 
northern  Ciiili.  The  province  lies  between 
the  Andes  mountains  and  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  town  is  near  the  Cape  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  W  C  6  15  E,  lat.  26  55  S. 

Copilowats,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Bulgaria.     Lon.  56  35  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Coporia,  town  of  Ingria,  in  the  Russian 
government  of  Petersburg,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  29  0  E, 
lat.  59  34  N. 

Copper-Mine,  river  of  British  North 
America,  entering  the  sea,  according  to 
Hearne  the  discoverer.  Lon.  W  C  34  W, 
iat.  69  N. 

Copper-Mine  Faint,  Upper  Canada,  oh 
the  south  side  ot  Lake  Superior,  between 
Mamonce  point  and  Montreal  river. 

Coijvet,  river  in  Northumberland,  which 
crossing  the  centre  of  that  country,  falls 
into  the  German  Ocean,  at  Warkworth. 

Coquet,  island  on  the  coast  of  Northum- 
btrlaiid,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Coquet. 

Coqmmbo,  seaport  of  Chili,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  It  has  been  otten  pillaged 
by  the  English.  Lon.  W  C  5  42  \V,  lat. 
29  54  S. 

Coqunnbo,  province  of  Chili,  betv.een  the 
Andes  mountains  and  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
a  most  delightful  region,  enjoying  almost 
perennial  spring.    Coquimbo  is  the  capital- 


COR 


COR 


Cora,  capital  of  the  island  of  Samso. 

Coraco,  cape  on  the  east  side  of  the 
island  of  Metelin  and  Lesbos. 

Corah  or  Corahjehmabad,  city  of  Hin- 
doosthn  Proper,  in  Dooab,  subject  to  the 
naSob  of  Oude.  It  is  60  miles  SSW  of 
Lucknow.     Lon.  79  45  E,  lat.  26  5  N. 

Corbach,  t-wn  of  Gtrmany,  in  tiie  princi- 
pality of  Waldeck,  10  miles  N\V  of  VVal- 
deck.     Lon  8  58  E,  lat.  51  20  N". 

Corbeck,  town  of  Ausirian  Brabant, 
three  miles  S  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49  E, 
lat.  50  50  N. 

CorbeiU  town  of  Fr-nce,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  provmce 
of  the  isle  of  Prince,  seated  on  the  Seine, 
17  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  25  E,  lat. 
48  33  N. 

Corbie,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme  and  late  province  of  Picar- 
dy,  with  a  late  celebrated  Beneuicti;ie  ab- 
bey, seated  on  the  Somme,  10  miles  E  of 
Amiens.     Lon.  2  38  E,  lat  49  54  N. 

Corby,  t.  wn  of  Germany,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Westphalia,  with  a  famous  ab- 
bey, who^e  abbot  is  a  sovereign  prince. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30  miles  E 
by  N  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat.  51 
50  N. 

Cordova,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  remarkable  for  its  antiquity,  and 
for  having  preserved  its  splendour  and 
riches  through  so  many  ages,  it  being  well 
known  to  the  Romans  by  the  name  of  Cor- 
duba.  In  1759,  Abdoulrahman  only  heir  of 
the  Ommiad  line  fixed  his  royal  residence 
at  Cordova.  Then  began  those  flourishing 
ages  of  Arabian  gallantry  and  magnificence, 
which  rendered  the  Moors  of  Spain  supe- 
rior to  all  their  cotemporaries  in  arts  and 
arms,  and  made  Cordova  one  of  the  most 
splendid  cities  of  the  world.  When  Eu- 
rope was  buried  in  ignorance  and  debased 
by  brutality  of  manners,  it  became  the 
centre  of  politeness,  industry  and  genius. 
Great  and  expensive  monuments  of  archi- 
tecture were  undertaken  and  completed  by 
many  of  these  Spanish  monarchs ;  whose 
remains  nobody  can  behold  witliout  being 
strongly  impressed  with  a  high  idea  of  tl»e 
genius  of  the  artists,  as  well  as  the  gr.an- 
deur  cf  the  prince  who  carried  them  into 
execution.  It  is  seated  on  the  Guadalqui- 
ver,  over  which  is  a  magnificent  stone 
bridge.  The  circumference  is  !arge,  but 
it  is  not  peop'ied  in  pr  >portion  to  its  ex- 
tent, for  there  are  many  orcliards  and 
gardens  witliin  the  walls.  The  palaces, 
churches,  and  religious  houses  are  superb, 
particularly  tiie  cathedral,  which  is  very 
magnificent.  It  was  a  mosque  when  tlie 
Moors  possessed  the  town  :  for  which  rea- 
son it  still  retains  the  nime  of  Mezquita. 
The  sqtiare,  called  the  Plaza  Major,  is  sur- 
rounded by  fine  houses  under  which  ara 
piazzas.  The  trade  consists  in  wine,  silk 
2.30- 


and  Cordovan  leather ;  and  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood are  a  vast  number  of  orange  and 
lemou  trees.  The  best  horses  in  Spain 
come  ht-nce.  Cordova  is  75  miles  NE  of 
Seville,  and  137  S  bv  W  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
4  4  W,  lat.  32  10  S. 

Cordova,  town  of  S.   America,  in  Tucu- 
man,  with  a  bishop's  see,  180  iniles  E  bvN 
of  St.  Jago.     Lon.  W  C  13  R,  lat.  31  23  S.'    1 
It  is  situated  in  an  extensive  level  country, 

Cordova,  ex'ensive  province  of  the 
U:iited  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  of  which  the 
preceding  place  of  the  same  name  is  the 
capital.  Its  limits  are  uncertain  ;  its  popu- 
lation eslimaled  at  about  75,000.  Chief 
trade,  mules  ond  horses. 

Cordova,  flourishing  town  of  Mexico,  in 
Vera  Cruz,  containing  about  4,000  inhabi- 
tants, 60  miles  W  from  Vera  Cruz,  and  140 
ESE  trom  Mexico.  Lon.  W  C  20  W,  lat. 
18  50  N. 

Corduan,  famous  lighthouse  of  France, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  55  miles 
NW  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  1  9  W,  lat.  45 
36  N. 

Corea,  peninsula  of  Asia,  extending  be- 
tween China  and  Japan.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Manshuria,  on  the  E  by  the  sea 
and  isles  of  Japan,  on  the  S  by  the  Ocean, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  gulf  and  province  of 
Leao-tong.  This  kingdom  is  commonly 
reckoned  2(;0  leagues  from  N  to  S,  and  100 
from  E  to  W. 

Corentin,  small  river  of  Guania,  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  west  from  Berbice. 

Core  Sound,  on  the  coast  of  North  Caro- 
lina, extends  from  Beaufort  inlet  to  Pamlico 
Sound,  20  miles  in  length. 

Corfe- Castle,  boi'ough  in  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated 
in  a  peninsula,  called  the  Isle  of  Purbeck, 
on  a  river,  between  two  hilfs,  on  one  of 
which  stands  the  castle,  formerly  a  place  of 
great  importance.  It  is  21  miles  E  of  Dor- 
chester, and  120  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
2  4  W,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Corfu,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  near 
Albania,  subject  to  tlie  British  government, 
and  forms  the  principal  part  of  the  repub- 
lic of  the  7  islands,  or  Ionian  republic.  It 
is  defended  by  an  impregnable  castle. 
Lon.  20  0  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Corfu,  ancient  Corcyra,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Corfu.  It  is  a  very  strong,  but  ill 
built  town,  with  about  15,000  inhabitants. 
Lon.  20  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Coria,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  In 
Leon ;  seated  on  the  Alagon,  120  miles  SW 
of  Madiid.    Lon.  5  30  W,  lat  40  0  N. 

Corinth,  now  called  Corantho,  or  Go- 
rame,  a  celebrated  city,  in  the  Morea,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see  It  was  one  of 
the  most  important  places  in  Greece,  on 
account  of  its  situation  on  the  isthmus  into 
the  Morea ;  its  castle  on  the  top  of  an  al- 
most inaccessible  rock  j  its  harbours  on  the 


COR 


COR 


guiphs  of  Lepanto  and  Engia  ;  its  riches, 
and  its  architects,  sculptors  and  painters, 
who  were  the  most  skilful  in  Greece.  It 
is  now  greatly  decayed  ;  for  the  houses  are 
not  contiguous,  but  intermixed  wiih  fields 
and  gardens,  which  make  it  look  like  a  vil- 
lage. The  country  about  it  abounds  with 
corn,  wine  and  oil,  and  from  the  castle  is  a 
fine  prospect  over  the  sea  to  the  E  and  W, 
and  a  fertile  country  N  and  S.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  Christians  of  the 
Greek  church.  It  is  forty  miles  NW  from 
Athens.    Lon.  23  3  E,  lat.  38  14  N. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of,  in  the  Morea,  a  neck 
of  land  which  joins  the  Morea  to  Livadia, 
and  reaches  from  the  gulf  of  Lepanto  to 
that  of  Engia.  T!ie  nanoweiii  part  o;  it  ;s 
six  miles  over;  and  on  a  mount  there, 
called  Oneius,  were  formerly  celebrated  the 
Isthmian  games.  Jiihus  Caesar,  Caligula, 
and  Nero,  in  vain  attempted  to  cut  a  chan- 
nel through  the  isthmus ;  they  therefore 
built  a  wall  across  it,  called  Hexamilium, 
because  it  was  six  mdes  in  length.  This 
was  demoHshed  by  Amuradi  II.  rebuilt  by 
the  Venetians,  and  levelled  a  second  time 
by  Mahomet  II. 

Corinth,  township  and  post  town,  Pe- 
nobscot county,  Maine.  Population  in 
1820,  296. 

Corinth,  post  town.  Orange  county,  Ver- 
mont.    Population  1900. 

Corinth,  township  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont;  situated  between  Washington 
and  Moreton  townships,  about  12  miles  W 
of  Mount  Sawer.  It  contains  1500  inhabi- 
tants. 

Corinth,  post  town,  Saratoga  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1490. 

CynVa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  23  miles 
E  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  49  W,  lat.  41 
5  N. 

Cork,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  80  miles  m  length,  and  50  in 
breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Kerry  and 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  N  by  Limerick,  on  the 
E  by  Watertbrd,  and  on  the  S  and  SE  by 
St.  George's  Channel.  It  contains  232 
parishes,  and  before  the  Irish  Union  sent 
26  members  to  parliament.  It  is  fertile 
and  populous,  and  has  two  remarkable 
rivers,  the  Blackwater  and  Lee. 

Cork,  capital  of  the  county  of  Cork, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a  neat,  wealthy 
and  populous  place,  on  the  river  Lee, 
where  it  has  a  commodious  harbour.  It  is 
the  first  town  of  Ireland  for  trade  except 
Dublin.  It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Marl- 
borough in  1690.  It  is  14  miles  from  St. 
George's  Channel,  and  124  SW  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  8  23  W,  lat.  51  54  N, 

Corlal,  town  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  gulf 
of  Is  Nickmid,  near  the  rmns  of  Chatcedon. 

Corlin,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerani.-t, 
seated  on  the  river  Persant,  eight  miles 


SE  of  Colberg.      Lon.   15  47  E,  lat.  54 
16  N. 

Cormachiti,  cape  of  Cyprus,  on  the  north 
sld  I't'the  island.  It  is  probably  so  called 
from  the  ancient  group  of  smali  islands, 
called  Carpassae. 

Cormentin,  fortress  on  the  Gold  Coast 
of  Guinea,  belonging  to  the  Dutch.  Near 
it  is  the  town,  which  is  large  and  popu- 
lous.    Lon.  0  15  W,  lat  5  30  N 

Cormertj  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ef  Indre  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Touraine.  It  had  before  the 
French  revolution  a  rich  Benedictine 
abbey,  and  is  seated  on  the  Indre,  eight 
miles  from  Tours.  Lon.  0  28  E,  lat.  47 
30  N. 

Cornet,  castle  on  the  island  of  Guern- 
sey.   L'  n.  2  40  W,  lat  49  30  N. 

Corneto,  town  of  Itoly,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Pet  r,  wnh  a  b'shop's  see, 
seat*  d  on  the  Marta,  3  miies  E  of  the 
sea,  and  o7  NW  of  Rome  Lon.  11  53 
E.  lat.  42  15  N. 

Cornish,  township  and  post  town  of 
Y  rk  county,  Maine.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  situated  on  Saco  river.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1088. 

Cornish,  township  and  post  town  of 
Cheshire  county,  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire  It  is  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  about  20  miles  N 
of  Charleston.    Population  in  1820  1701. 

CornvUle,  township  and  post  town. 
Some  rset  county,  Maine,  44  miles  N  from 
Hallowell.  Population  in  1810,  504,  and 
in  1820,  652. 

Cornwall,  county  which  forms  the  SW 
extremity  of  England ;  bnundtd  on  the 
E  by  Devonshire,  on  the  S  by  the  English 
Channel,  and  on  the  NW  by  St.  Geor- 
ge's Channel  This  country  is  80  miles 
long,  40  broad,  and  250  in  circumference, 
containing  960  600  acres.  Population 
in  1801.  188,269,  in  1811.216,687,  and  m 
1S21,  257,447.  Its  c'ief  rivers  are  the 
Tamar,  Tale,  Cober,  Loo,  Camel,  Fowe, 
Haile,  Lemara,  Keiise  and  Aire.  Its 
principal  capes  or  head  lands  are  the 
Land's  End,  the  Lizard,  Cape  Cornwall, 
Dead-man's  Head,  Rame  Head,  &c.and 
a  cluster  of  islands,  145  in  number,  called 
the  Scilly  isles,  supposed  formerly  to 
have  belonged  to  the  mainland,  though 
now  30  miles  d  stant ;  abounding  with 
antiquities  particularly  druidical.  As 
Cornwall  is  surrounded  by  the  sea  on  all 
sides  except  the  E,  the  summers  are  less 
hot,  and  the  winters  less  cold,  than  in 
other  parts  of  England,  and  the  spring 
and  harvest  are  observed  to  be  more 
backward.  High  and  sudden  winds  are 
also  more  common  in  this  than  in  other 
counties  of  England.  The  soil,  as  it  is 
231 


COR 

shallow,  is  not  very  fruitful,  especially  in 
the  centre  or  the  hilly  p^rts ;  the  valleys 
are  vtry  pleasai.t   and  fertile,  yielding 
great  plenty  ':)oth  of  corn  and  pasture. 
The    Phenicians    early     visited    these 
coasts,  some  think  400  or  450  years  he- 
fore  Christ.     It  derives  its  chief  impor- 
tance from  its  minerals.     The  mines  of 
tin  are  numerous,  and   nre  in  {general, 
very  rich  in  ore;    the  e  have  rendered 
this  countv    famous  in  all  ages.     There 
has  been  sometimes  found  a  small  quan 
tity  of  ijold  a'.d  silver,  but  not  worthy  of 
notice.    With  the  metalline  ores  are  in- 
termixed lar^e  quantities  of  mundic  and 
arsenic,     Many  sorts  of  stones  are  also 
found  here,  particularly  monrstone  which 
is  used  both  in   buildings  and  for  mill- 
stones; whf-n  polished,  it  appears  more 
beautiful  than  any  of  the  marble  kind, 
and  makes  the  richest  furniture,  as  ta- 
bles, chimney  pieces,  &c.  but  bein?  ex- 
ceedin^lv  hard,  the  polishing  is  expen- 
sive.    The  copper   mines   are   also  nu- 
merous,   and    rich    in    ore.     In    many 
cavernous  parts  of  the  rocks  are  found 
transparent  crystal-^,  called  Cornish  dia- 
monds, they  being  very  hridiant   when 
well  polished.    This  country  was  one  of 
the  places  to  which  the  ancient  Britons 
retreated,  whose  language  was  retained 
even  to  this  century,  but  it  is  now  quite 
extinct.    The  king's  eldest  son  is  born 
duke  of  Cornwall,  and  derives  a  revenue, 
not  only  from  lands  appertaining  to  the 
duchy,  but  from  tlie  mines  of  tin   and 
copper ;   he  has  under  him  an  officer, 
called   lord   warden    of   the    Stannary 
Courts,  whose  jurisdiction  extends  over 
the  mines  and  miners  of  Cornwall  and 
Devonshire  ;  and  he  appoints  in  his  privy 
council,  the  sheriff  of  the  former  county. 
Launceston  is  the  capital. 

Cornwall,  township  of  Upper  Canada, 
county  of  Stormont,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  between  Osnaburg  and 
Charlottenburg. 

Cornnvall.  village  of  Stormont  county, 
Upoer  Canada,  nearly  opposite  the  In- 
dian village  of  St.  Regis. 

Cornwall,  township  of  Addison  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  on  Otter  river,  36  miles  S 
from  Burlington.    Population  1280. 

Cot-nwall,  pos  town  and  township, 
Litchfield  county,  Connecticut,  10  miler,  N 
W  from  Litchfield.  Popula-ion  in  1820, 
1662.  There  is  a  foreign  missionarj- 
school  in  this  town. 

Cornwall,  township  and  post  town. 
Orange  county,  New  York,  52  miles  above 
the  city  of  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
3020. 

Coniwall-brulgfi,  post  town,  Litchfield 
countv,  Connecticut. 


COR 

CornwalUs,  county  of  Lower  Canada,  be- 
tween Devonshire  and  Gaspe. 

CoriuvaUis,  lown  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the 
W  cotst,  45  miles  N\V  from  Halifax. 

CornivalliH  Point,  cape  of  N)rth  .\meri- 
ca.     Lon.  W  C  57  VV.  lat.  S7  N. 

Cornij,  aMcient  Vpain-a,  at  the  conflu* 
ence  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris. 

Coro,  seaoort  of  Coiambi  i  m  Venezuela, 
on  th>"  Caribbean  ~ea,  21,0  miles  W  from 
Caracas.  Lom  W  C  7  20  E.  lat  11  20  N. 
Coromandel .  Coast  of,  t!ie  most  eastern 
part  of  the  Hither  Ind\a,  lying  between  10 
and  20  deg.  N  lat.  and  79  30  and  86  30  B 
lon.  It  is  terminated  by  Golconda  on  the 
V,  by  the  bav  of  Beno^al  on  the  E,  by  Ma- 
dura on  the  S,  and  by  Bisnagar  Proper  on 
the  W.  Some  geographers  consider  the 
southern  limit  of  Golconda  to  be  Cape  Co- 
morin,  and  the  northern  Masulipatam.  On 
this  coast,  Madras  or  Fort  St.  George,  Pon- 
dicherry,  ind  many  other  Vjiropean  forts 
and  factories  are  situa'  ■■  'om  whence 
chintz,  calicoe'S  and  musiins  are  exported 
to  Europe,  togetiier  with  some  diamonds. 
Th  -re  is  not  a  port  for  large  Ships  on  the 
whole  coast.  Madras  is  the  principal 
t'>wn.     ' 

Coron,  sf^aport  of  the  Morea,  seated  on 
a  bav,  15  miles  SE  of  Modon.  Lon.  21  50 
E,  lat.  36  50  V,  It  is  the  ancient  Appolo- 
nis  Corinthi  Templum,  of  Messenia,  near 
the  promontory  '>f  .\r,ritas,  now  cape  Gallo. 

Cominiion  Cape,  cape  of  tfie  island  of 
New  Caledonia,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  167  8  E.  lat.  22  5  S. 

Corregio,  town  of  Itaty,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name  in  the  Modenese, 
with  a  castle,  nine  miles  NB  of  Reggio. 
Lon.  11  12  E.  lat.  44  46  N. 

C'orre.re,  department  of  France,  contain- 
ing the  late  province  of  Limosin.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
Vezere,  after  having  watered  Tulles  and 
Brives.     Tulles  is  the  capital. 

Corrientes,  cape  on  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
South  America,  in  Novita.  Lon.  W  C  0  10 
W.  lat.  5  30  N. 

Carrientes,  cape  of,  SW  part  of  Cuba. 
Lon.  W  C  7  30  W.  lat.  21  _  40  N. 

Corriejites,  cape  of  Mexico,  in  Gnadala- 
xara.     Lon  W  C  28  25  W.  lat.  20  22  N. 

Corrina,  township  in  Somerset  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,411. 

Corsham.  town  in  Wilts,  wltere  the  Sax- 
on king  Eth-^lred  had  a  palace.  Here  are 
some  considerable  clothiers.  It  is  four 
miles  SW  of  Chipp-vnham. 

Corsica,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  be- 
tween 8  and  10  E  lon.  and  41  and  43  N. 
lat.  On  the  S  it  is  separated  from  Sardi- 
nia, by  the  strait  of  Bonifacio;  to  the  E  it 
has  the  Tuscan  Sea  ;  to  the  N  the  gulf  of 
Genoa ;  and  to  the  W  it  is  opposite  the 
coasts  of  France  and  Spain.  It  is  150 
miles  from  N  to  S,  jtnd  from  40  to  50  in  • 


C  O  It 


COS 


breadth.  On  the  coast  are  many  excellent 
harbours.  The  aii-  is  very  unwholesome, 
and  the  land  hilly,  full  of  stones,  ai:l  culti- 
vated very  poorly :  how^-ver  the  valleys 
produce  wheat,  and  the  hills  fruiis,  viz. 
olives,  figs,  grapes,  almonds  and  chesnuts. 
They  have  ivorses  also  of  a  very  fiei-y  na- 
ture. Besides,  there  are  mines  of  iron, 
and  a  gre^t  deal  of  fish  and  coral  on  <he 
coast.  There  is  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
which  divide  the  island  into  two  parts,  the 
N  and  S.  The  capital  is  fiastia.  Tt  belong- 
ed to  the  Genoese,  but  the  natives  having 
for  many  years  taken  up  arms  jgainst  them, 
that  state  surrendered  its  rig'nt  to  the 
king  of  France.  After  the  Frencli  revoliN 
tioa  in  1789,  Corsica  was  ad  nitted  as  an 
eigiUy-third  department  of  France,  at  the 
particulir  request  of  a  deputation,  of 
which  Paoh  was  at  tlse  head.  In  c  -nse- 
quence,  however,  of  s  >me  even's  which 
followed  the  revolution  of  1792,  Paoli  re- 
volted; the  French,  by  the  as5i^tance  of 
the  English,  were  expelled  from  the  island  ; 
and  Corsica,  on  the  19tli  of  June  1794,  w  ;s 
declared  annexed  to  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain,  according  to  a  new  consiiiution, 
which  had  been  previously  formed  It  has 
since  revolted  to  France  and  the  Enghs'i 
viceroy  has  been  recalled.  It  remains  to 
France,  and  forms  two  departments,  Golo, 
and  Liamore.  Napoleon  Buonaparie,  late 
emperor  of  France,  w.ts  born  on  this  Island 
at  Ajaccio. 

Corsoer,  town  of  Denmark,  en  the  W 
side  of  the  isle  of  Z  aland,  on  a  peninsula, 
in  the  Great  Belt.  It  his  a  good  h:(rl)our 
for  liglit  ves'^els,  and  is  defended  !)y  a  ci- 
tadel."    Lon.  11  12  E.  111.  55  12  N. 

Corte,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  island  of 
Corsica,  seated  parity  ut  the  foot,  and 
partly  on  the  declivity  of  a  rock,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Tavignano  anri  Restoni- 
ca.  On  t!ie  point  of  a  r  >ck,  rising  above 
tlie  rest,  at  the  back  of  the  town  is  a  cas- 
tle, which  has  only  oie  winding  passage  to 
climb  up,  in  which  onlv  two  persons  can  go 
abreast.  It  is  27  miles  SW  of  Dastia. 
Lon  9  26  E.  lat.  42  6  N. 

Cortis,  town   of  Germany,  in  the  bisli- 
opric  of  Liege,  10  miles  ME  of  Kamillies. 
•  Lon.  4  59  e!  lat.  50  46  N, 

Cortlandt,  township  an  1  post  town  of 
West  Ch  ster  county,  in  the  sta'e  of  New 
York.  From  its  vicinity  to  the  capit.d  it 
has  been  well  settled  and  highly  improv- 
ed.     Fop'ilalion  in  1820,  3421. 

Cortlavrlt  coMOfty  of  New  York,  on  the 
hearls  of  the  Toni  )go  river,  branch  of  Clie- 
n  mgo,  b"unde''  hv  Tompkuxs  :<nd  Cayuga 
W;  Onondaga  N;  Madso'. 'NR  ;  Chenan- 
go K,  and  Brooine  S  ;  lengr.h  25;  mean 
width  20 ;  area  500  square  miles.  Sur- 
face hilly,  but  well  timbered  and  watered. 


Soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pastur- 
age.    Chief  town.  Homer. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,661 

do.  do.     females    -         -    ^     -         4,206 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  2 

Slaves         .....  0 


Total  population  in  1810     -        -        8,869 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -        -         8,378 
do.   do.    females    .        -        -        8,078 

Total  whites       ...         -  16,455 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  23 

do.             do.        females,  25 

Slaves,  males       .         -         -         .  2 

do.     females            ...  1 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -       16,507 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  21 

Engaged  in  \griculture      -        -         3,093 
(io.         in  Manufactures  -  459 

do.         in  Commerce        -         -  43 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

Corila-itdt,  post  town,  Cayuga  county 
New  York. 

Cortlandt,  post  town,  Cortlandt  county, 
New  York. 

Cortona,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  bisji. 
op's  see,  and  a  famous  academy,  32  miles 
E  of  Sienna.     Lon.  11  52  W.  la'.  43  20  N. 

Coruniia,  seaport  i)f  Spain,  in  Galicia,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Gr  lyne.  It  is  situated 
on  a  fine  bay  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about 
32  miles  N  of  Compastella.  Lon.  8  19  W. 
lat.  43  18  N. 

Cuvvo,  the  sniiillest  island  of  the  Azores. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  abun.-lance  of 
crows  found  upon  it.  It  has  anout  600  in- 
habitants, who  cultivate  wh"iit  and  feed 
hog-i.     Lon.  31  5  W.  lat.  39  42  N. 

Corifdon,  no'^t  town,  and  seat  of  justice 
fo  ILrris  m  county,  Indiana;  and  also  seat 
of  gove:-nment  f  t  that  state.  It  stands  in 
the  f  >rks  of  Indian  creek,  25  miles  WSVV 
fr  )m  JeffersonvUe  at  the  rapids  of  Ohio. 
Population  ab  nit  1200. 

Con      See  SlancMo. 

Corzola,  is'iiid  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  c  tsi  of  Dalm  .ti».  Lon.  17  0  E.  lat. 
43  16  V. 

C'fjseuza,  ci'y  of  Naples,  capital  of  Cala- 
bria C;  eriore,  with  an  arciibi  -hop's  ;.ee, 
and  a  c  stle.  U  is  seated  on  th-.'  river 
C  atf,  11  mile^  from  die  s^-a,  and,  105  BE 
of  N  iples.     Lon.  16  10  E.  I  *t.  39  20  N. 

Coahocton^  post  village  on  the  Delaware, 
in  SuUivan  conntj^.  New  York,  60^ miles  W 
fr  »m  N'^^vvburg. 

Coshoctov,  CO  mty,  Ohio,  bounded  by 
Muskingum  S  ;  Licking  SW  ;  Knox  W  ; 


COS 


COT 


%Vayne  N  ;  Tuscarawas  E  ;  and  Guernsey 
SE  ;  lenp:th  30 ;  mean  width  30  ;  area  900 
square  niiles.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  vari- 
ed. On  the  streams  highly  fertile,  but  ge- 
nerally of  middling  cjuality.  Chief  town, 
Coshocton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     ■ 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820, 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.         in  Commerce 


3,705 
3,362 

7,067 


11 

none 
none 

7,086 


50 

1,622 

31 

7 


110  miles  N  of  Calcutta.      Lon.  85  22  E, 
lat.  23  40  N. 

Costa^nazzar,  highest  mountain  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Romania,  anciently  call- 
ed Hsemus. 

Costo  Rica,  province  of  North  America, 
in  Guatimala,  bounded  on  the  NB  by  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  SW  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  NW  by  Nicaragua,  and  on 
the  SE  by  Veragua.  New  Carthage  is  the 
capital. 

Cotaco,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded  by 
Tennessee  N ;  by  Lawrence  W  ;  Blount 
S  and  E  uncertain,  18  miles  square  ;  area 
324  square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  soil  va- 
ried. Chief  town,  Somerville. 
'  Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       2,243 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,151 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  nearly. 

Coshocton,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Coshocton  county,  Ohio,  on  tiie  E  side  of 
Muskingum  river  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
White  Woman's  river.  Lat.  40  17  N.  lon. 
W  C  4  55  W. 

Cossinissn,  small  island  of  Greece.  Lon. 
25  44  E.  lal .  36  36  N.  near  the  ancient 
los,  modern  Nio. 

CosHn,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  10 
miles  V.  of  Colberg. 

Come,  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Nievre  and  late  prov'uce  of  Nivernois. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Loire 
and  Noain,  88  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  6 
E.  lat.  47  23  N. 

Cossacs,  people  inhabiting  the  confines 
of  Poland,  Russia,  Tartary,  and  Turkey. 
They  are  divided  into  the  Kosakki-saPa- 
rovi,  the  Kosakki-Donski,  and  the  Uralian 
Cos'acs.  The  Cossacs  are  tall  and  well 
made,  with  aquiline  noses,  and  a  good  mtin. 
They  ai-e  hardy,  vigorous  and  brave  ;  but 
fickle  and  wavering;  tiie  women  are  hanvl- 
some,  well  shaped,  and  complaisant  to 
strangers.  The  Uralian  Cos«acs  dwell  in 
their  villages,  along  the  banks  of  the  Ural, 
and  their  chief  town  is  Uralsk.  Tiie  coun- 
try which  the  Kosakki-sa-Parovi  iiliabit,  is 
called  the  Ukraine  ;  and  their  towns  are 
built  of  v/ood  after  the  manner  of  tlie  Rus- 
sians. Th'"  Kosakki-Donski,  dwell  on  botli 
sides  of  the  Bon,  .ire  under  the  protection 
of  Russia,  and  profess  the  same  religion. 
See  Ukraine  and  Uralian  Cossacs. 

Cossimbazar,  small  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  Bengal,  nearly  adjacent  to 
Moorshedabad.  It  has  been  at  all  times 
the  residence  of  the  different  European 
factors,  this  being  the  centre  of  their  trade. 
It  is  seated  on  an  island,  in  Hoogly  River. 
■734 


Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,394 

6 

5 

432 

429 

1 5,263 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,155 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  37 

do.       in  Commerce  -         -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Cotbus,  town  of  Lower  Lusatia,  subject 
to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  noted  for  ex- 
cellent beer,  pitch,  and  the  cultivation  of 
flax.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Spree,  60 
miles  S  by  E  of  Berfin.  Lon.  14 12  E.  lat. 
51  36  N. 

Cote  d^or,  department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  the  late  province  of  Burgun- 
dy.    Djon  is  the  capital. 

Cotes  du  J\rord,  department  of  France, 
so  named  from  its  northerly  maritime  po- 
sition, containing  part  of  the  late  province 
ofBretagne.     St.  Brieux  is  the  capital. 

Cole-sans-dessein,  town  ol  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  river,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Osage  river.  It  is  the  temporary  seat  of 
government. 

Cotignac,  iown  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment (»f  Var  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
on  \.\\i  river  Argens. 

Cotistookl,  or  Cois-ii'old  Hills,  long  tract 
of  hi.^'i^.  ground  in  the  E  part  of  Glouces- 
tt-rshire.  Affording  in  many  places  a  fine 
short  gTass  for  the  feed  of  sheep,  and 
others  are  devoted  to  thegrovvth  of  corn. 

Cotapaxi,  mountain  and  volc.;no  of  Co- 
lombia in  Qui'o,  rising  to  nearly  18,900 
faet  above  the  level  of  the  Ocean :  It  is 
the  most  enormous,  anil  most  elevated  vol- 
cano known.  Its  eruptions  are  frequent  and 
terrible.     The  most  memorable  since  the. 


c  o  ^ 

Spanish  conquest  of  Quito,  were,  in  1698, 
1738,  1742,  1744,  1766,  1768,  and  in  1803. 
Cotton- Gin  Fort,  town  of  Ali-sissippi,  at 
the  head  of  boat  navigation  in  the  Tombig- 
bce. 

Cotton  Port,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Limestone  county,  Alabama,  one 
mile  from  the  lett  bank  of  Tennessee  on 
Limestone  creek,  40  miles  SWfrom  Hunts- 
%'ille. 

Coney,  town  of  Pi-ance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  nme  miles  N  of  Soissons. 
Lon.  3  13  E.  lat.  49  31  N. 

Coventry,  c\\.y  in  Warwickshire,  which, 
with  Litchfield,  is  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  a 
county  of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  has 
a  communication  with  the  Staffordshire 
Grand  Trunk,  by  a  canal  to  Fradley  ;  and 
by  another  canal,  which  joins  the  Oxford 
canal  at  Braunston,  it  has  a  communication 
with  the  Thames.  Coventry  is  91  miles 
N\V  of  London.  Lon.  1  28  W.  lat.  52  28 
N. 

Coventry,  post  town,  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  48  miles  N  from  Montpelier. 

Coventry,  township  in  Grafton  county, 
New  HaTiipshire.  P.-pulation  in  1810,  162, 
and  in  1820,  315. 

Coventry,  township  in  Tolland  county 
Connecticut.  Population  in  1810,  1938, 
and  in  1820, 2058. 

Coventry,  township  in  Kent  county, 
Hhode  Island.  Population  in  1810,  2928, 
and  in  1820,  3139. 

Coventry,  township  in  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  1608, 
and  in  1820,  1977. 

Coventry,  township  in  Portage  county 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  400. 

Covert,  township  in  Seneca  county,  Xew 
York      PopuLtion  in  1820,  3439. 

Covington,  township  in  Tioga  county, 
Pennsylvania,  formerly  Putnam.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  555. 

Covington,  township  in  Clearfield  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.      Population  in  1820,  90. 

Covington,  township  in  Genesee  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  2144. 

Covington,  township  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,373. 

Covington,  post  town,  Campbell  county, 
Kentucky,  opposite  the  city  of  Cincinnati, 
on  the  bank  uf  Ohio,  below  the  mouth  of 
Lickling  river,  by  which  it  is  separated 
from  Newport,  The  great  road  from  the 
central  purts  of  Keniucky  to  Cincinnati 
passes  through  this  town.  A  bridge  over 
Licking  river  connects  it  with  Newport. 

C'oM'n^/ort,'post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Washington  county,  Illinois,  on  Kaskas- 
kias  river. 

Covington,  county  of  Mississippi,  bound- 
ed by  the  Choctaw  country  NVV  ;  Wayne 
E;  Perry  S,   and  Lawrence   W ;   length 


G  O  1 

20 ;  mean  width  25 ;  area  750  square 
miles :  surface  hilly.  Some  good  soil,  but 
in  general  sterile,  and  clothed  with  pine 
timber. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -  927 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -  897 

Total  whites       ....  1,824 

Free  persons  of  coloui',  males    .  G 

do.            do.        females  .  0 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  213 

do.    females            -        -        -  193 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,330 

Of  these; 
Poreignei-s  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  663 

do.        in  Manulactures  -  8 

do.       in  Commerce        .         -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3. 

Covoerden,  town  of  the  United  Provinces 
in  Overyssel,  with  a  fortress  in  the  marshes, 
strong  both  by  nature  and  art.  It  is  35 
miles  NE  of  Deventer.  Lon.  6  35  E.  lat. 
52  46  N. 

Council  Bluff,  on  the  W  side  of  the  Jlis- 
snuri  river,  a  short  distance  above  the 
raoutli  of  Kises  river.  Lon.  W  C  19  40 
E.  lat  41  SO  N. 

Cournoyer,  seigniory,  Lown-  Canada, 
Surry  coiuily,  on  the  Richelieu  river. 

Courtablean,  river  of  Louisiana,  in  Opc" 
lousas,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  large 
creeks,  the  Boeuf,  and  Crocodile,  which 
unite  10  miles  N  from  St.  Landre  seat  of 
justice  for  the  parish  of  St.  Landre,  Opelou- 
i-As,  and  fiowuig  SE,  about  25  miles  com- 
parative course  falls  into  the  Atchafalaya. 
It  is  the  commercial  outlet  from  Opelou- 
sas  to  the  Mississippi  river. 

Conrland,  duchy  of  Europe,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Baltic,  on  the  E  by  Livonia, 
and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Poland.  It  is  di. 
vided  into  Courland  Proper  and  Semignl- 
lia;  its  length  is  about  150  miles,  and  its 
breadth  is  in  some  places  30,  in  others, 
scarcely  10,  and  towards  the  SE  it  stretches 
to  a  point.  The  country  swells  into  gen- 
tle hills,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and 
flax.  It  is  nominally  a  feudatory  province 
of  Poland,  but,  in  reality,  deptndent  on 
Russia.     Mittauis  the  capital. 

Courtray,  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
land-:,  on  the  liver  Lis,  22  miles  E  of  Ypres. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Fri-ncii  in  April,  1794, 
in  whose  poss-ssion  it  siill  remains.  Lon. 
3  6  E.  lat.  50  50  N, 

Couserans,  late  province  of  France,  lying 
along  the  river  Satat,  and  forming  with 
Foix,  the  department  of  Arriege. 

Contanca,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
parlment  of  die  Channel  and  late  province 


C  R  A 


U  R  A 


oPNormandv.     It  is  22  miles  N  of  Avrau- 
ches.     Lon.'  1  23  E.  Lit.  49  3  N 

Coutras,  Town  of  Frmce,  in  the  depurl- 
ment  of  D  )rdogne  and  late  province  of 
Pe-ig'orcl,  eaied  on  the  Uordogne,  20 
miles  \E  of  Uourdeaux.  Lon.  0  3  W.  lat. 
40  4  N. 

Co-.vbridffc,  corporate  town  in  Glamor- 
gansliire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
called,  by  the  Welsh,  Font-Van,  from  tiie 
stone  bridge  over  the  river,  wliicli  soon 
after  falls  into  the  Bristol  Channei.  Tlie 
streets  are  broad  and  paved  ;  and  here  the 
assizes  for  the  county  are  held.  It  is  12 
miles  W  ol  Cardiff  and  176  of  London. 
Lon.  3  So  W.  lat.  51  28  N. 

Covjdersport,  seat  of  justice  in  Potter 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

CotvUskee,  river,  branch  cf  Columbia, 
falling  into  the  hitter  from  the  north. 

Coivcs,  seaport  on  the  NE  side  of  the 
jsle  of  Wiglit,  8  miles  SW  of  Portsmouth. 
Lon.  1  15  W.  lat  50  46  N. 

Co7c/)astnre,  river  of  Virginia,  rising  in 
the  valley  of  the  Appalachian  mountams, 
flows  SW  and  forms  one  of  the  principal 
sources  of  James  river. 

Cowpens,  Union  District,  South  Carolina. 
Here  the  U.  S.  army  under  general  Mor- 
ga-i  defeated  tl)at  of  ti)e  British  uisder  ge- 
neral  Ta;  leton,  January  llth,  1781. 

CoxvpershiU,  post  >iilage,  Robertson 
county.  North  Carolina. 

Coxakie,  township  and  post  town. 
Green  countv,  ^iew  York.  Population  in 
1820,2355. 

Cozumcl,  island  of  North  America,  on  the 
E  coast  of  Yucaran,  where  Cortez  landed 
and  refreshed  his  troops,  before  he  aitempt- 
ed  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  It  abouv-ds 
with  fruits,  pulse,  cattle,  and  fowls.  The 
original  natives  possess  this  island,  but  are 
subject  to  Spain. 

Crab-bottom,  post  village,  Pendleton 
county,  Virginia. 

Crab-orchard,  post  village,  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Crab-orchard,  post  village,  Lincoln  coun- 
tv, Kentucky,  25  miles  SE  trom  Danville. 

CrflCfl«o«,'southernmost  of  a  cluster  of 
islands  in  the  entrance  of  the  straits  cf 
Sunda.  The  population  is  consioerable, 
and  its  coral  reefs  afford  small  turtles  in 
abundance.     Lon.  105  56  E.  lat.  &  6  N. 

Cracow,  city,  formerly  the  capital  of  Po- 
land, where  the  kings  were  elected  and 
crowned.  It  was  once  almost  the  centre  of 
the  Polish  dominions,  but  since  the  parti- 
tion of  Poland  in  1774,  it  is  become  a  fron- 
tier town.  When  the  ceneialinsiinecicn 
broke  out,  in  1794,  against  the  Prussian  aid 
Russian  usurpers  of  the  Polish  terruory, 
Kosciusko,  the  chief  of  the  patriotic  insur- 
gents, expelled  the  fJuss'an  ^.arnsoii  trc-m 
this  ci'y,  on  the  24ih  of  Aiarcl.,  17S4;  Lul 
having  marched,  m  the  sequel,  to  the  pro- 
236 


tecLion  of  Warsaw.  Cracow  surrendered 
to  the  Prussians,  on  the  15th  of  June.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  130  mdes  SSW  of 
W;ir>aw.     L-m.  19  50  E.  50  10  N. 

Craftsburg;  post  toivn,  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  28  miles  N  from  .Montpelier. 

Crcigie's  »lij/Zs, po-t  office,  Oxford  coun- 
ty, Maine. 

Craig  point,  W  coast  of  North  America, 
o;;  Duke  of  York's  island.  Lon.  W  C  55 
20  W.  lat.  56  30  N. 

Craigmillar,  ruinous  castle,  two  miles  S 
E  of  Edinburgh,  in  which  Miiry  queer,  of 
Sc>'S  resided,  after  her  remrn  from  Paris, 
in  1562.  Her  French  retinue  were  lodged 
in  an  adjacent  village,  thence  called  Little 
France. 

Crail,  borough  in  Fifeshire,  at  the  mouth 
of 'he  Frith  of  Forth,  seven  miles  SEofSt. 
Andrew's.     Lon.  2  36  W.  lat.  56  15  N. 

Crainburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carnio- 
la.  on  the  river  Save,  20  n.iles  NW  of  Lau- 
bach.     Lon.  14  5  E.  lat.  46  36  N. 

Cramahe,  township  in  the  coui  ty  of  Nor- 
thumbcrian  ,  Upper  Canada,  lies  west  of 
Murra}-,  and  fronts  lake  Ontario. 

Crammond,  mall  village  of  Midlothian 
Scotland,  remarkable  for  the  traces  of  a 
Roman  staton. 

Crammond  tVater,  river  in  Edinburgh- 
shire, called  also  the  Almond.  F'or  sever- 
al miles  it  divides  this  county  from  Linlith- 
gowshire, and  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
at  the  village  of  Crammond. 

Cranbourn,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  'with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  well  watered 
with  streams,  and  has  a  fine  chase. 

Cranberry  Islands,  two  small  islands  on 
the  coast  of  Mane,  SE  from  Motmt  Desart, 
and  forms  part  of  Hancock  county. 

Cranberrij,  post  town,  Middlesex  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey,  nine  miles  E  from  Middle- 
town. 

Cra?iber)v/,  township  and  post  town  iij 
Butlt  r  count}',  Pennsylvania.  Population 
in  1810,  543,  and  in  1820,765. 

Cranbrook,  t(.wn  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Satiirday,  13  miles  S  of  Maidstone,  and 
52  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  39  E.  lat.  51  4  N. 

Craney  Island,  in  the  moutli  of  James  and 
Elizabetli  rivers,  Virginia.  It  is  small  hav- 
ing only  siifhcieni  extent  for  ;;  fort,  which 
witlt  Fort  George  commands  the  entrance 
of  both  rivers. 

Cravganore,  town  and  fort  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar,  until  lately  subject  to  the  Dutch 
by  whom  ii  was  taken  from  the  Portuguese 
in  1662.  Crar^ani  re  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  24  n  iles  N  by  W  of  Co- 
chin.    Lon.  76  30  E.  lat.  10  23 'n. 

CTfl7Js<&7!,  lownship  in  Providence  coun- 
ty, Rhode  Island ;  situated  between  Provi- 
dence river  ci.  the  E,  and  Sciticase  town- 
ship on  the  Vv .     I  oj  uLtit.n  in  1820,  2274. 

Crato,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
seven  miles   E  of  Portalegra.      It  has  29 


OKA 


CR  A 


parishes,  under  its  jurisdiction,  beside  the 
cap.tal  prioiy  blunging  to  the  order  of 
M  Ita.     Lon.  7  20  W.  lat.  39  6  N. 

Craven,  conn  y  of  North  Carolina,  in 
N  wbcrn  di-tnct.  It  is  siuated  -n  both 
sides  of  the  river  Nens,  b'.unde'i  i>y  Crie- 
ret  S,  JamesSW  ;  LenMiran.i  GreenNW; 
Pitt  N  ;  Bc'ii'ifort  NE;  and  Pamlico  Sound 
E;  length  60;  mean  width  17;  area  1020 
square  milts.  Surface  v^-enerally  flat ;  soil 
in  part  sandy  and  marshy.  Cbiei  town, 
Newbern. 

Pnpulation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -       -        - 
Slaves         .        -        .        -        - 


Total  population  in  1820 


9,397 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        .        - 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites     -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males  _        .        _ 

do.     females        _        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agricnitute  - 

do.         in  iVlanufactures 

do.        in  Oimmt-rce 


3,134 
3,367 

1,125 

5.050 

12,676 


0 
3,:00 

450 
133 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  84 

Engaged  in  .\griculuire  -         2,020 

do.         ii<  Manufactures  -  195 

do.         in  Ci,mmevc^       -         -  13 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Crawford,  county,  Michigan,      Bounda- 
ries and  extent  un^ert^in. 

Po))ulhtion  iii  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -  243 

do.  do.  females  -        -  102 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Crawford,  cotinly  of  Pennsylvania,  bound 
ed  by  Eric  N  ;  Warren  E  ;  Venango  SEJ 
MircerS;  and  state  of  Ohio  W  ;  length 
47;  mean  width  24;  area  about  1130 
square  miles.  Surface  gently  hilly.  ;.nd 
soil  product  ve  in  grain,  fiuits  and  pastur- 
age.    Chief  town,  Me:idvilie. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  3,195 

do.  do.     females     ...  2,961 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  20 

Slaves         .....  2 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1S'20. 
Free  white  n^jles 
do.    do.    f<  niales     - 

Total  whites       .         .         .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males       .         .         .         . 

do.    females    -        -        . 


6.178 


4,900 
4,456 

9,356 

23 

IS 

0 

0 


345 

V 

9 
noric 
none 

131 

492 


Total  whites    -        -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males     -        .        .        . 

do.     femahs  ... 

\t\  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         _         .         . 

Total  population  in  ISvO 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  101 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  70 

do.     in  Manufactures        -  29 

do.    in  Cornmtrce  -  58 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  tmcertain. 

Crawford,  cauniv  ot  Itidiana,  on  Ohio, 
behw  Its  junction  with  Great  Biije  river; 
bounded  by  Ohio  SE  ;  by  Pt  rry  KVV  ; 
Dub'^is  VV  ;  Orange  N  ;  Washington  NE, 
and  Hdtrisori  E  ;  iciigtr  22;  mta"  width 
12;  area  264;  suttuce  hilly,  a!:d  soil 
generally  productive.  Chief  town,  Fre- 
donia. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        ffinales 

Slaves,  males  _        _         . 

do.    females         _        _        - 


Total  population  in  1820  -        2.583 

Of  til.  se  : 

Foi  eigne rs  not  naturalized        -  2 

Engaged  it>  Agriculture  -  681 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  36 

do     hi  CcnitTjerce  -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Cj-cufhrd,  county  of  Illinois  ;  bounded 
by  Clarb  N  .  V\  abash  river  E  ;  Edwards, 
VV  ayne,  and  Jtfiti.scn  S,  and  Bond  W; 
length  75  ;  Uitan  width  35  ;  area  2625; 
surface  part  hilly,  and  part  flat,  with 
much  good  soil. 

P(  |)u)rttion  in  1820. 
P\iee  white  males  -        -        1,535 

dc.    do.    females         -       -        1,392 
237 


ORE 


CUE 


Total  whites  .       .       - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do,        females, 

Slaves,  males    ...        - 

do.    female? 
All  other  persons  exctpt  Indians 

not  taxed     •  - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  m  Aijricultiire 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


2,927 

S3 

39 

0 

0 

23 


5 

975 

21 

5 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  li. 

Cranvford,  township  in  Pulaski  coun- 
ty, Arkaiisas.     Population  in  1820,  547. 

Crecy,  or  Cressy,  village  of  France,  in 
the  dtpartrnt-nt  of  the  Straits  of  Calais 
and  late  province  of  Picardy,  remarka- 
ble for  the  victory  gained  by  Edward 
ITT,  in  1346.  It  is  32  miles  S  by  E  of 
Calais. 

Credit  River,  Ujjper  Canada,  dis- 
charges itsf  U  into  lake  Oitario,  between 
the  head  of  that  1  ke  and  Y.  rk,  in  the 
Mississaga  t^rritoi-y.  It  is  a  gi-eat  resort 
for  thfse  and  otlier  Indian  tribes,  and 
abounds  in  fish. 

Crediton.  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  Ciiisidtra- 
ble  manufacture  of  serges,  and  is  seated 
between  two  hills,  12  miles  NW  of  Exe- 
ter, and  181  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
3  45  W  lat.  50  49  N.    . 

Creegers-(07vn,  on  the  Monocccy  creek, 
Fredf  rick  county,  Maryland  on  the  road 
from  Frtderick  to  Gettysburg,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 12  miles  fn  m  tht  former,  and 
22  from  tlie  latter  place. 

C^ee/c  Indians,  or  m  re  correctly  Mus- 
coeees,  inhabiting  the  westtrn  part  of 
Georgia,  and  east  part  of  Alabama. 

Creetown,  small  port  if  .'^cot'ai  d,  on 
the  E  ide  of  Wis^ton  Bay,  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire. Here  seviial  sli"(>ps  are 
constantly  emplnyrd  in  carrying  sea- 
snells  coast  WIS'  .  or  importing  coal  and 
li.T^ie  from  Cun:iTrlanc! 

Crtiff.  \v\ix\  in  Perthshire,  v-ith  an 
annual  fair  toi  c  ttl< ,  ont  <:f  the  .greatest 
in  Scoilai'd.  It  is  seated  r.n  tiie  Earn, 
20  miles  VV  of  P^rti'. 

Crril.  ir.wii  of  France,  now  in  tht  de- 
p:irtm>:iit  of  Oist,  l..-te!y  n  the  pri  vince 
of  thi  Ish-  f  F-aiice,  sealt-don  ihe  C)isc, 
five  miles  E  of  Senlis.  Lon.  2  4S  E.  iat. 
49  13  N. 

Crema,  town  of  Italv,  capital  of  Cre- 
m&scx),  with  a  bishop'?  s.  e  It  is  stated 
on  the  Serio,  20  milts  N  of  Placentia. 
Lon.  9  50  E,  l.'t.  45  25  N.^ 

Cremiu,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere  and  late  province  of  Dau- 


phiny.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  %  moun- 
tain near  the  Rhone,  20  mies  NE  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  5  2u  E.  lat.  45  44  N. 

Crtmn  tz,  principal  mine-towii  of  L^p- 
p.  r  Hui  gary.  70  mii<  s  NE  of  Presburg. 
L(-n.  ly  6  E.lat.  48  32  N. 

Cremona,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
Cremonese,  defended  by  a  strong  castle. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  straight,  the 
houses  well  buiit,  the  churches  hand- 
some, and  the  squares  large.  It  was  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  and  had  a  universitv.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Po,  30  miles  NW  of 
Paiina.     Lon.  9  58  E,  iat.  45  «  N. 

Cremonest,  teiiitory  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan ;  bounded  on  tlie  E  by 
Mantua,  on  the  N  by  Bresciano,  on  the 
VV  by  Cremasco,  and  on  the  S  by  Parma. 
It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  fruits.  Cremona 
is  the  capital. 

Cremfieri,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  five  miles  from  Ham- 
buri;h. 

Cre&apsburg,  post  town  of  Alleghany 
county,  Maryland,  oc  the  W  side  uf  Poto- 
mac river  seven  miles  SW  of  Cumber- 
land, eight  N  of  Frankford,  and  155 
from  Washington. 

Crescentino,  town  of  Pitdmont,  on 
the  river  Po.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  17u4,  and  by  the  allies  in  1706.  It  is 
20  miles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  0  E,  lat. 
45  20  N. 

Cresfiy,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment ot  Oise  and  late  province  ot  the 
Isle  ot  France,  32  miles  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  35  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

C'resi,  town  of  FratiCe,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dnuse  and  late  province  of 
Dauphir  y,  seated  on  the  Drome,  15  miles 
SE  .  f  Valence.  Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  44 
40  N. 

Crevecaur,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  Cambifcsis,  on  the  Scheldt,  five  miles 

5  of  Cambray.    Lon.  3  20  E,  lat.  50 

6  N. 

Crevectsur,  town  and  fort  of  Dutch 
Brabant,  at  the  confiuenee  of  tiie  Dom- 
ait-  with  the  Mat  sr,  four  tmles  NW  of 
Bois  le-Duc. .  it  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  when  tliey  overran  Hol- 
land. 

Cvtu&e,  departnunt  of  France,  con- 
taining the  latfc  province  of  Marche. 
Gueret  is  the  capital.  , 

Crevse  River.  Part  of  the  Ottawa 
river  IS  so  caltd,  above  les  Alumets. 

LrtutzTiach.  towti  of  Gtrmany,  in  the 
circle  (.1  ihe  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
on  an  eminence  It  has  been  frequt  iitly 
taken  duti'  g  the  present  vvar,  the  last 
time  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  seated 
on  the   Nahe,  over  which  is   a  stone 


G  K  1 


C  K  U 


bridge,  -20  miles  SW  of  Mentz.  Lod.  7 
55  E.  lat  49  44  N. 

Crewkerne,  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  mat  ket  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
near  a  branch  of  the  Parret,  25  miles  S 
of  Wells,  and  132  WSW  of  London. 
Lon.  3  0  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Crewsville,  post  town  of  Goochland 
county,  Viri^inia,  lying  on  the  S  side  of 
South  Anna  river,  a  branch  of  Pamunkey 
river,  20  mil^s  SE  nf  Cnlumbia  Court- 
house, and  122  from  Washington. 

Crickhowely  town  in  Brecknockshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thui'sday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Usk,  10  miles  SE  of 
Brecknock,  and  149  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  3  r  W,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Crickladc,  borough  in  Wilts,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  Thames ;  and  is  25 
miles  W  by  S  of  Oxford,  and  83  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  51 
38  N, 

Crimea^  or  Crim  Tartary,  the  ancient 
Taurica  Chersonesus,  a  peninsula  in 
Asia  ;  bounded  on  the  S  and  W  by  the 
Black  Sea ;  on  the  N  by  the  province  of 
Catharinenslaf,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  isthmus  of  Perekop  ,  and 
on  the  NE,  and  E.  by  the  sea  of  Asoph, 
and  the  strait  of  Caffa.  The  mountain- 
ous parts  were  inhabited  by  the  Tauri, 
probably  a  colony  of  Scythians;  and  its 
coasts  on  the  W,  the  E,  and  the  S,  by 
Greeks.  The  Scythians  were  driven 
out  by  Mithridates  ;  the  Greeks  by  the 
Sarmatians;  and  these  again  by  the 
Alani  and  Goths,  a  northern  horde  of  Scy- 
thians. The  Hungarians,  the  Cossacks, 
and  Tartars  succeeded  in  their  turn  ; 
while  the  Genot-se  in  the  12th  cen'ury, 
held  a  temporary  and  precarious  possfs- 
sion  of  the  seaports,  which  they  were 
obliged  to  yield  to  the  Turks  in  1475. 
At  the  peace  of  1774,  the  Tartars  of  the 
Crimea  were  declared  independent. 
The  mountains  are  well  covered  with 
woods  fit  for  the  purpose  of  ship-build- 
ing, and  contain  plentv  of  wild  beasts. 
The  valleys  consist  of  fine  arable  land ; 
on  the  sides  of  the  hills  grow  corn  and 
vines  in  great  abundance,  and  the  earth 
is  rich  in  mines.  But  these  mountaineers 
are  as  careless  and  negligent  as  the  in- 
habitants of  the  deserts:  sighting  all 
these  a'.lva);tages  ;  and,  lik  thiir  breth- 
ren of  the  lowlands,  are  sniiicieatly  hap- 
py if  they  are  in  p  iss  ssion  of  a  fat  slieep 
and  as  much  bread  is  serves  them  ti. 
eat.  In  1783.  the  Russ'  ins  took  posses 
sion  of  the  countrv  wjfh  in  arny  ;  the 
following  year  it  was  crd  d  to  them  by 
the  Turks;  and  the  peaceable  possession 
of  the  whole  was  secured  to  them  in 
1791,  by  the  cession  of  the  fortress  of 


Oczakow.  The  Crimea  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  by  mountains  which  run  E  and 
W.  The  N  division  is  flat,  poor,  and  fit 
for  pasturage  only.  In  the  S  parts,  the 
valleys  are  astonishingly  productive,  and 
the  climate  extr-mely  mild,  from  the 
exclusion  of  th  ise  violent  winds  by  which 
the  N  division  is  frequently  incommoded. 
Besides  the  ports  of  Kerth  and  Jenikale, 
the  road  of  CafFa,  and  the  harbour  of 
Baluclava,  there  is.  near  Sebastapol,  one 
of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  The 
Crimea  now  forms  one  of  the  two  pro- 
vinces of  the  government  of  Catharinen- 
slaf, under  the  name  of  Taurida  :  in 
some  late  maps  it  is  called  Taurica. 
Achmetschet  was  made  the  capital  in 
1785. 

Crio,  Cafie,  ancient  Criumetopon  pro- 
montory, SVV  point  of  the  island  of 
Crete. 

Cris,  Big  and  Little,  two  points  on  the 
north  sh:  re  on  lake  Superior,  Upper 
Canada,  east  of  isle  Grange,  and  sur- 
rounded by  islands ;  between  these  points 
is  a  noted  and  safe  harbour. 

Crissu,  ancient  Crissa,  village  of 
Greece  on  Mount  Parnassus. 

Croatia,  formerly  a  part  of  the  ancient 
lUyricum,  now  a  province  of  Hungary  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Sclavonia,  on  the 
E  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S  by  Dalmatia,  and. 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the  W  by 
Carniola.  The  greatest  part  of  it  be- 
longs to  the  house  of  Austria.  Carlstadt 
is  the  capital. 

Croghan's,  town  of  Sandusky  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  east  side  of  Sandusky  river, 
opposite  Fort  Stephenson,  98  miles  N 
from  Columbus  and  18  by  water,  above 
tlie  mouth  of  Sandusky  river.  Popula- 
tion in  1S;30,  78. 

Croghan's-Gafi,  post  office,  Cumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania. 

Croia,  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bishop's 
see  ;  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  13 
miles  NE  i^f  Durazzo.  Lon.  19  27  E, 
lat.  42  6  N. 

Croisic,  or  Croisil,  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Lower  Loire, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Brt^tagne.  It  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  between  the 
mimths  of  th^"  L'Mre  and  Vilaine,  o5 
miles  W  of  Nantes.  Lon.  2  31  VV,  lat. 
47  1 7  N. 

Croix,  St.  river  of  North  Amprica, 
which  forms  th'-  NE  boundary  of  the 
United  Stvites,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Fiindv. 

Cromack-tuater,  lake  of  Cuml)erland, 
between  Buttermere  wafer  and  Lowes- 
water,  with  each  of  which  it  is  connect- 
ed by  the  river  Cocker.  It  is  four  miles 
long,  and  near  half  a  mile  over ;  beauti- 
239 


C  li  o 


C  R  O 


tied  with  three  small  isles,  oce  of  them 
a  rock. 

Cromarty,  county  of  Scotland,  which 
comprehends  a  part  of  a  peninsula  on 
the  Sside  of  the  Frith  to  which  it  gives 
name.  It  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by 
Ross-shire,  except  on  the  E,  where  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Murray  Frith.  It  is  12 
miles  fronn  E  to  VV,  and  three  is  its 
greatest  breadth. 

Cromarttj,  capital  of  the  shire  of  Cro- 
marty, at  the  mouth  <if  the  Frith  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  16  miles  N  of  Inver- 
ness.   Lon.  3  53  VV,  lat.  57  44  N. 

Cromer,  town  in  Norfolk,  vvith  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
German  Ocean,  and  formerly  had  two 
churches,  one  of  which,  with  several 
houses,  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea. 
The  inhabitants  are  now  chiefly  fisher- 
men ;  and  the  best  lobsters,  on  this  part 
of  the  coast,  ai-e  taken  here.  It  is  22 
miles  N  of  Norwich,  and  127  NE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon  1  15  W,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Cromford,  village  in  Derbyshire,  on 
the  river  Derwent,  two  miles  N  of 
Wirksworth. 

Cronach,  sti'onej  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  bishropric  of  Bamberg,  with  a  cita- 
del, 25  miles  NE  ot  Bamberg.  Lon.  11 
35  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

CronAor^,  strong  fortress  of  Denmark, 
on  the  isle  of  Zealand,  near  Elsinore, 
which  guards  the  passage  of  the  Sound. 
Not  far  from  this  is  Hamlet's  Garden, 
said  to  be  the  spot  where  the  murder  of 
his  father  was  perpetrated.  Lon.  12  54 
E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Cronenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgiavate  of  Hesse  Cassrl,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  ,a 
mountain,  lU  miles  N  of  Francfort,  on 
the  M  line.     Lon.  8  40  E,  !at  49  55  N. 

CronstcdC.  town  and  fortress  r,f  Rus- 
sia, on  the  island  of  Rt  tusari,  in  the  gulf 
of  Finland.  It  has  a  gorid  harbour, 
which  is  the  station  of  the  Russian  fleet, 
and  great  magazint  s  of  naval  stores,  as 
well  as  docks  and  yards  for  building 
ships.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  29  56  E,  lat.  59  56  N 

Crooked,  cre;k  of  Pennsylvania,  falls 
into  the  Allegany  from  the  east,  20  miles 
below  Kittanning. 

Crooked-  Creek-  Bridge,  pt;st  office, 
Armstrong  county.  Peimsylvaiiia. 

Crooked  Is'a?id,  island  in  the  group  of 
Bahamas,  between  Crooked  Island  Pas- 
sage and  Mayaguana  Passage.  Lon.  W 
C  2  40  E,  lat.  22  30  N, 

Crooked  Island  Passage,  NW  from 
Crof  ked  Island,  and  stretching  from  the 
Old  Bahama  Channel  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  between  Crooked  and  Yuma  or 
Long  Island. 

M-r, 


Crooked  Lake,  lake  of  New  York, 
partly  m  Sieui)en,  and  partly  in  Ontario 
county     Its  outh  t  is  into  Seneca  lake. 

Crooked  River,  Maine,  rises  in  Ox- 
ford county,  and  flowing  SSE,  enters 
Cumberland  county,  falls  into  Sebago 
lake  after  a  course  of  about  40  miles. 

Crooked  River,  Camden  cou  ty, 
Geori;ia,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
between  the  Santilla  and  St.  Mary's 
rivers. 

Crooked  River,  Illinois,  branch  of  Illi- 
nois river,  joining  that  stream  from  the 
NW,  75  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Crosby  Tonvns/iip,  lies  to  the  north- 
ward of  Leeds,  and  to  the  westward  of 
Bastard,  Upper  Canada. 

Crosby,  post  town,  Hancock  county, 
Maine.  ^ 

Crosby,  post  town,  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  west  side  of  Great  Miami 
river,  opposite  Colerain.  Population  in 
1820,  1721. 

Cross  Anchor,  post  office,  Spartenberg 
district,  South  Caroiina. 

Cross  Creek,  township  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in 
1  20.'l908. 

Cross  Creek,  township  Jefferson  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1651. 

Cross  Creeks,  two  creeks  flowing  into 
Ohio  river ;  one  rises  in  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  and  flowing  west 
into  Brooke  county,  Viri:';inia,  falls  into 
Ohio  river,  5  miles  below  Steubenville ; 
the  othtr  enters  directly  opposite  the 
preceding  from   Jeflperson  cc-unty,  Ohio. 

Cross  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Maine, 
at  the  mouth  of  Machias  bay,  and  form- 
ing a  part  of  Washington  county.  Lon. 
W  C  9  38  E,  lat  44  30  N 

Cross  Knjs,  post  office,  Southampton 
county,  Virginia. 

Cross  Keys,  post  office.  Union  district. 
South  Carolina. 

Cross  Lake,  a  dilatation  of  Seneca 
river,  between  Onandago  and  Cayuga 
counties,  New  York. 

C7-0SS  Cafie,  NW  coast  of  America, 
forming  the  SE  point  of  openins^  into 
Cross  Sound.  Lon.  W  C  59  W,  lat. 
58  N. 

Cross  River,  post  village,  Westches- 
ter county.  New  York. 

Cross  Roads,  village  in  N^w  London 
township  Chester  cour.ty,  Pennsylvania. 
Situattd  between  London  Grove  and 
Little  Britain,  near  the  Maniar.d  'ine, 
and  ab:nit  18  miles  westward  from  Wil- 
mington in  Delaware  state. 

Cross  Roads  viila^i  of  Kent  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  road  from  Frederick  to 
New'  Market. 

C7'oss  Sound,  between  King  George's 
island  and  the  continent  of  North  Amcri- 


C   K  CI 


L    V  B 


ca.     Lon.  W  C  from  58  to  50  VV,  lat. 

58  N. 

Crosswicfcs,  village  in  Burlington  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey  ;  situated  o:iCrus3wick.*s 
creek,  8  miles  SEot  Trenton. 

Crossen,  handsome  town  of  Silesia, 
capital  of  a  pi'incipality  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Bobar  and  Ovler,  in  a  country  abounding 
with  wine  and  fruit.  The  bridge  over 
the  Oder  is  fortitifd  ;  and  it  is  35  miles 
NW  of  Glogaw.  L'.)n.  15  49  E,  Jat. 
52  5  N. 

Crolon  River,  rises  in  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut,  and  after  jjassing 
into  the  state  of  New  York,  falls  into 
the  North  river  or  Tappan  bay. 

Croton,  village  of  New  York,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Hudson,  above  the  mouth 
of  Croton  riv^r,  4  miles  above  Singsmg, 
and  6  miles  below  Peekskill. 

C7'otona,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Taranto,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  citadel,  IJ  miles  SE 
.of  St.  Severina.  I.cn.  17  27  E,  lat.  39 
9  N, 

Crouch,  river  in  Essex,  which  rising 
near  Ilorndon,  terminates  its  course  in 
the  German  Ocean,  between  Burnhani, 
and  Foulness  Island- 

Croiv  Creek,  fails  into  the  right  side  of 
Tennessee  river,  25  miles  belovv  Nicko- 
jack,  and  opposite  Crow  town. 

Crovjland,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  three 
streets,  separated,  from  each  other  by 
water  courses,  whose  i)anks  are  support- 
ed by  piles,  and  set  with  willow  trees. 
It  is  11  miles  N  of  Petersborough,  and 
93  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  VV, 
lat.  52  41  N. 

Crowland  Tonvnsiii/i,  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  Upper  Canada,  lies  west  of 
Willoughby,  and  is  watered  by  the  VVel- 
land. 

Crown  Pohit,  post  town  and  township 
of  Essex  county.  New  York,  on  lake 
Champlain,  12  miles  N  from  Ticondero- 
ga.  Population  in  L820,  1522.  Lon.  W 
C  3  33  E,  lat.  44  03  N. 

Croivsnest  one  of  the  peaks  of  the 
Highlands,  near  Hudson  river.  N*  w 
York,  Elevation  above  tide  v.'ater  1330 
feet. 

Crowsv'Ue,  post  village,  Spartansburg 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Croydon,  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
source  ui  the  Wandle,  surrounded  in  a 
manner  with  hills,  and  has  a  hospital 
and  fri-eschnol,  founded  by  archbishop 
Whitgift.  It  is  nine  miles  S  from  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  1  VV,  lat  51  20  N. 

Croudon,  township  in  ('heshire  couii- 
H  h 


ty,  New  Hampshire,  35  miles  NW  from 
Concord.     Population  in  1820   loCO. 

Cruces,  town  of  Cnlombia  in  Panama, 
on  Chagre  river.  Lon.  VV  C  2  10  W, 
lat.  9  20  N. 

Crugerstonvn.     S^-e  Cr^  egcrstoivn. 

Cruxhaven,  small  maritiuie  town  of 
Gtrmany,  in  the  N  part  of  the  duchy  of 
Bremen  ;  seatf^d  at  the  m  nith  of  the 
Elbe,  70  mil  s  NW  of  Hambu'-gh. 

Cicba,  i^land  of  the  VV  st  I  idies  at  the 
entrance  ot  the  gulf  of  M-x-co,  ^0  mil;  s 
in  length,  and  about  60  mean  wi 'th,  or 
42,000  square  miles  supcrfici-U  area. 
On  the  E  side  it  begins  at  20  iO  N  lat. 
touches  the  tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  N, 
and  extends  from  74  to  85  18  VV  Inn.  It 
lies  60  miles  W  of  Hispanidla.  85  :tulfs 
N  from  Jamaica,  80  miles  to  the  E  '.f 
.lucatan,  and  100  to  the  South  from  Cape 
Flurida.  It  commands  the  entrai.ee  of 
the  gulphs  both  of  Mexico  and  Florida, 
as  also  the  windward  passages.  It  was 
discovered  by  Colu  pbus,  in  1492.  The 
Spaniards  are  entirely  masters  of  it, 
having  extirpated  the  natives.  The 
soil  is  varied,  in  part  extremely  produc- 
tive. Extensive  Savannahs  ch  quer 
the  interior.  A  chain  of  not  very  el<  va- 
ted  mountains  ranges  nearly  the  entire 
length  of  the  island  This  rid^e  is  sup- 
posed to  be  rich  in  miuvrals.  Tiie  pro- 
duce is  sugar,  ginger  cassia,  wild  cinna- 
mon, and  very  good  tobacco,  called  by 
the  Spaniards  Cigarros.  The  hills  run 
through  the  middle  ot  the  island  from  E 
to  W,  but  near  the  coast  th'.-  land  is  ge- 
nerally level,  and  mary  rivuUts  flow 
from  the  hills  to  the  N  and  S  The 
hundreth  part  of  this  island  is  not  yet 
cleared  The  true  plantations  are  nit-.st- 
ly  coniined  to  the  beautiful  plains  of  the 
Havannah,  Matanzes,  and  near  St.  Jago. 
Havannah  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1761,  but  restored  by  the  peace 
of  1763. 

The  |)npulation  of  Cuba,  no  dou'  t  ex- 
ceeds 500,000 ;  about  one  half  of  whom 
are  fr-e  whites ;  the  residue  slaves,  and 
free  blacks  The  i.^land  wou'd,  if  fieopled 
equal  to  Jamaica,  have  a  population  of 
upwards  of  two  millions  four  hundred 
thousand  inhabitants. 

Cuba,  city  of  the  island  of  Cuba.  See 
6V  Jugo. 

Cuba,  r  Aicuba,  town  x.f  Pi.rtugal,  in 
Alentejo  35  mil'S  S  by  E  of  Evora. 
Lon  7  10  W,  lat.  38  0  N. 

Cubaguu,  barren  island  of  South  A- 
merica,^ between  that  of  M  irgaretta  and 
Terra  Firma,  wh;re  the  Spaniards,  in 
1509.  established  a  fishery  of  pearls. 
Lon.  VV  C  12  10  E,  lat.  10  25  N. 

Cuban,   large    river,   formed  by  the 
iunction  of  manv  streams  that  rise  in  the 
341 


C  U  L 


C  U  L 


countries  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Caspian.  It  divides  the  Abkhas  and 
Circa  sians  from  part  of  Taurica,  and 
falls  into  the  Black  Sea  near  the  straits 
of  Kiiflfa. 

Cuban,  or  Cuban  Tartary^  country  of 
Asia,  in  the  Russian  province  of  Tauri- 
ca ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  sea  of 
Asoph ;  on  the  N  by  the  river  Don, 
which  separates  it  from  Europe ;  on  the 
E  by  the  desert  of  Astracan  ;  and  on  the 
S  by  the  river  Cuban,  which  divides  it 
from  Circassia  and  the  country  of  the 
Alikhas, 

Cuckfield,  town  in  the  county  of  Sus- 
sex, witli  a  market  on  Friday,  13  miles 
NW  of  Lewes,  and  40  S  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  12  W,  lat.  5l'  4  N. 

CuckooviUe,  post  office,  Louisa  county, 
"Virginia. 

Cuddalore,  town  on  the  coast  of  Coro- 
niandel,  belonging  to  the  English,  very 
near  the  place  where  Fort  St.  David 
once  stood.  It  is  naturally  a  strong 
situation.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1781  ;  and,  in  1783.  it  stood  a  severe 
siege  against  the  English,  which  was 
ended  by  the  intelligence  received  of  the 
peace.  It  is  80  miles  S  of  Madras. 
Lon.  79  45  E,  lat.  11  41  N. 

Cuddafia,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan  to 
the  Niza-.n  of  the  Deccan.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Pennar,  95  miles  W  by  N  of  its 
entrance  at  Gangapatnam,  into  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  and  140  NW  of  Madras. 
Lon.  78  47  E,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Cuen^a,  town  and  province  of  Colombia 
in  Quito.  The  province  lies  between 
Piura,  Jaen,  and  Guayaquil.  The  town 
stands  a  short  distance  E  from  the  gulf 
of  Guayaquil,  on  the  road  from  Valadolid 
to  Quito,  120  miles  SVV  from  the  latter. 
Lon.  VV  C  2  16  W,  lat.  2  55  S.  Popu- 
lation  1.5,000. 

Cuenza,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, with  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  river 
Xucar,  74  miles  E  hv  S  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
1  55  W,  !at.  40  7  N. 

Cueriiavaca  ancient  Quanhnahuac, 
city  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendancy  of 
Mexico,  .on  die  south  d-cl  vity  of  the 
Cordillera  of  Guchiiique.  in  a  temperate 
and  delicious  climate,  where  the  fruits 
of  southern  Europe  come  to  full  maturi- 
ty. Elevatim  above  the  Pacific  Ocean 
5428  feet.  Lon.  W  C  22  W.  lat.  IS  56 
N,  sbnut  40  miles  SSW  from  Mexico. 

Cuiaba,  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  captain 
generalship  of  Mattagrosso,  on  a  branch 
of  Paraguay  river.  Lon,  W  C  21  E,  lat. 
15  30  S. 

Cui'ebras,  river  of  Veragua,  falling 
into  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

C'llfinbachy  town  of  Francoriia,  capital 
24? 


of  a  margravate  of  the  same  name,  witti 
a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maine,  25 
miles  NE  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  33  E, 
lat.  50  11  N. 

Culemburg,  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  on  the  river  Leek,  12  miles  SE  of 
Utrecht.    Lon.  5  12  E,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Culiacan,  town  of  North  America,  in 
Mexico,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  opposite  the  south 
end  of  California.  Lon.  10  85  W,  lat. 
24  .0  N 

Cullen,  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Banffshire,  40  miles  NW  of  Aberdeen. 
Near  it  are  seen  three  lofty  spiring 
rocks,  f.rmed  of  flinty  masses,  called  the 
Three  Kings  of  CuUen.  Lon.  2  40  W, 
lat.  57  40  N. 

Culliton,  town  in  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Cully,  17  miles  SE  of  Exeter,  and  154 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  50 
46  N, 

Culloden,  village  in  Scotland,  three 
miles  E  of  Inverness,  where  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  rebels,  in  1746 

Cu/lum^ton.    See  Columbton. 

Culm,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Vistula,  60  miles  S  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  18 
30  E,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Culmore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun« 
ty  of  Londonderry,  seated  on  the  coast  of 
Ijoughfoyle,  five  miles  N  of  Londonder= 
ry.    Lon.  7  3  W,  lat  55  8  N. 

Culpepper,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  Orange  S ;  Madison  SW ;  the  Blue 
Ridge  or  Shenandoah  NW  ;  Fauquier  NE 
and  R,  and  Spotsjlvania  SE  ;  length  30; 
mean  width  18;  area  540  square  miles; 
surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hills,  val- 
leys and  mountains,  with  much  excellent 
soil.  Staples  grain,  flour  and  tobacco. 
Chief  town,  Fairfax. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  whiie  males         •         -         -         5,292 

do.  do    females  -        -        5,099 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             -        -        -  264 

Slaves 8,312 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Pre e  while  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


18,967 


5,597 
5,539 


20.94"' 


G  U  ]V1 


C  U  M 


Of  ihese , 
.^■oreigners  not  naturalized  -  11 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -        4,632 

do.         in  Manufactures  ^  218 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38. 

Culross,  borough  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
in  a  tract  of  country  between  Ciaclimanan- 
shire  and  Kinross-shire,  which  is  reckoned 
an  appendage  of  the  county  of  Perth. 
Here  is  a  magnificent  palnce  with  13  win- 
dows in  front,  built  about  the  year  1560, 
by  Edward  lord  Kinloss.  Lon.  3  34  \V. 
lat.  56  4  N. 

Cumana,  province  of  Colombia  on  the 
Caribbean  sea ;  bounded  by  that  sea  N  ; 
the  gulf  of  Paria  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
NE  ;  S  by  Guayana,  and  W  by  Venezuela. 
See  Colombia. 

Cumana,  city  and  capital  of  the  province 
of  Cumana,  near  the  gulf  of  Curaico  on  a 
sandy  plain.  This  place  like  Caracas  is 
subject  to  earthquakes.  Lon.  W  C  12  50 
E.  lat.  10  40  N. 

Cumanacoa  town  of  Cumana,  40  miles 
S  from  Cumana. 

Cumberland,  township.  Upper  Canada, 
and  lit's  partly  in  the  county  of  Stormont, 
and  partly  in  Dundas;  and  is  the  sixlli 
township  in  .isc  nding  the  Ottawa  riv-r. 

Cumberland,  county  ot  England,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Scotland ;  on  the  E  by 
Northumberland,  Durham,  and  Westmore- 
land ;  on  the  S  by  Lancashire,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Irish  Sea  and  Solway  Frith.  Tiie 
length  from  north  to  south  may  .^.mouiit  to 
55  miles,  but  the  breadth  does  not  exc  ed 
40.  It  is  well  wa  ered  with  rivers,  laks, 
and  fountains ;  but  none  of  its  streams  are 
navigable.  In  some  places  there  are  very 
high  mountains.  The  air  is  keen  and 
piercing  on  these  mountains  towards  the 
north  :  and  the  climate  is  moist,  as  in  all 
hilly  countries.  The  county  produces 
great  quantities  of  crtil,  some  lead,  abund- 
ance of  the  mineral  jparth  called  black 
lead,  several  mines  of  lapis  calaminaris  : 
and  an  inconsiderable  pearl  fishery  on  the 
coast  near  Ravenglass.  The  Skiddaw  is 
the  principal  mountain  ;  and  the  chief  ri- 
vers a.  e  the  Eden  and  Derwent.  This 
county  and  the  adjoining  one  of  West- 
moreland, are  cel.-brated  foi-  their  lakes, 
which  have  been  repeatedly  described  by 
the  pen  and  pencil.  The  lakes  in  Cumber- 
land are  tlie  Derwent  water,  Bossenthwaite 
water,  Buttermere  water,  Cromack  water, 
Lowes-water,  Uls- water,  W  st  water,  En- 
nerdale  water,  Elder  water.  Broad  wa.er, 
&c.  Carlisle  is  the  captal.  Population 
in  1810,  117,230;  in  1811,  133,744;  and 
in  1821.  156,124. 

Cumberland,  county  of  New  Brunswick, 
at  the  hei.d  ot  the  bay  ofFundy. 

Cumberland,  county  of  Maine  ;  bounded 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  f?r/;  by  Saco  river, 


or  York  S  W  ;  Oxford  NW  and  N  ;  Andros- 
coggin and  Kennebec  rivers  NE  and  E  ; 
length  36 ;  mean  width  28 ;  art-a  about 
1000  square  miles:  surPiice  greaily  varied. 
The  sea  coast  being  broken  by  deep  bays 
and  chequered  by  numerous  islands.  The 
interior  hilly,  though  interspersed  by  se- 
veral lakes,  of  which  Sebacook  or  Sebago 
is  the  principal.  Soil  pr.iductive  in  pastur- 
age, though  in  general  rather  s.eriie. 
Chief  towfl,  Portland. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         -         -         -  21,132 

do  do.     females       •         -         -  21,333 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        .        -        .  S66 

Slaves        -        -         .        .        .  0 


Total  population  in  1810 

42,831 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  ma'es 

- 

24,047 

do.  do.     females 

- 

24,983 

Total   whites 

. 

49,030 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

males 

161 

do.                 do. 

ie  males    - 

188 

Slaves,  males 

. 

0 

do.     females     - 

- 

0 

All  other  free  persons. 

except In- 

dians  not  taxed 

- 

66 

Total  population  in  1820. 


49,445 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  Piot  naturalized  -         -  117 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         -  5,648 

do.       in    J\Iaiiuf.*ctures    -        -  1,631 

do.       in  Commerce          ■         -  662 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  49. 

Cumberland-head,  peninsula  on  the  N 
side  of  lake  Ciiamplain,  in  Cliaton  county. 

Cumberland,  bay,  between  Cumberland- 
head,  and  the  m  luih  ot  the  Saranac  river, 
Clinton  county.  New  York.  Plattsburg 
stands  at  the  head  of  this  bay  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Saranac. 

Cumberland,  township  and  extensive 
manufacturing  distrx'.  in  Frividence  coui- 
i}-,  Rhode  Isla.id.  Population  in  1810, 
2110,  and  in  182' J,  2653. 

Cumberland,  c aunty  of  New  Jersey, 
bounded  by  Dolawure  bay  S,  and  SW ; 
Salem  N  W ;  Gloucester  NB,  ar.d  cape 
May  SE  ;  length  30  ;  me.  n  width  15  ;  a-ea 
450  square  miles  :  surface  generally  Hat 
and  soil  sandy.     Chief  town,  Greenwich. 

Population  m  1810. 
Free  white  ma'es        .         -         .         6,143 

do.  do.     females  -      _  -         5,938 

All  otiie-  pr-rsons  except  Indians 

not  ta-ied         -         -         -        -  5i2 

Slaves         ...         -        -  42 


Total  population  in  1810  ^ 


12,665 


245 


C   U   M 


(;  L  -M 


Population  h\  1S2[). 

Free  while  mules        -         -         -  5,999 

do.  do.     females     .        -         -  6,046 

Total  whites       .        -         -        -  12,045 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  315 

do.            do.        females  290 

Slaves,  males            ...  10 

do.     females          ...  8 

Total  population  In  1820    -         -,»  12,663 


45 

1,845 

503 

296 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engagetl  in  Agriculture 

do.         in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  28. 

Cnmberlmul,  county  oF  Pennsylvania, 
hounded  by  York  and  Adams  SE  ;  Frank- 
lin SVV  ;  Terry  NW  and  N ;  and  Susque- 
hannali  river  NE  ;  l^-ngth  34 ;  mean  width 
16;  art'.i  545  sqnar-  miles.  Thi-  country 
lies  in  liie  fi  e  v  Ley  !)etv,'een  ihe  Sout!i 
an<l  Nor  h  m  )unt..;ns,  and  i^j  watered  by 
th"  Coned  gwinet  creek.  The  SK  side  of 
the  valley  is  has  d  on  hmes'one,  and  the 
1\  W  on  c  ay  sl.ite.  The  sur  ace  is  gently 
hilly  aod  s  >il  pr  ductive  in  grain,  pastur- 
age, and  fruit.  Siaples,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
flour,  wii  skey,  iip  iles,  cider,  peacii  and 
ap')le  hr  :ndy,  live  stock  and  salted  pr;)Vi- 
sions.     Chief  town,  C  rhsle. 

Pop  :lation  in  1810. 
Free  wlii'cs,  ma'es  -  -      13,482 

do.      do.     fem  ,les  -         -       12  703 

All  other  persoiis  except  Indians  not 

taxed 265 

Slaves         -        .        -         .        -  3  or 

Total  popuUtion  in  1810  26,757' 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...       11,622 
do.  do.    females     -         -        -       11,239 

Total  whites       -         .        -         .  22,861 

Fi  ee  persons  of  colour,  males      -  372 

do.             do.       females  -  356 

Slaves,  males      -                 -         -  6 

do.    females            .        -        -  ii 

Total  population  in  1820  -      23,606 

OF  these ; 
Fo'^eigners  not  naturalized  -  162 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     •        •        2,074 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         1,408 

do.        in  Commerce     -  89 

Population  to  the  squ  .ve  mile,  43. 

Cumberland,  t  wn-hip  in  Adams  county, 
•Tim.-.->->nia.     Population  in  1820,  1022. 
Cumbeiand.  F^,  to;vnsS^rp  IH^  j8ga?J?i 


ooai.Lv,  Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1810, 
570,  and  in  1820,  683. 

Cumberland,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Allegany  county,  Maryland,  on  the 
north  side  of  Potomac  river,  above  the 
niouth  of  Wills  creek,  150  miles  W  by  N 
fi  om  Baltimore,  and  105  NW  from  Wash- 
ington city.  Lon,  W  C  1  46  W.  lat.  39 
38  N. 

Ciimbcrland,  county  of  Virginia,  hounded 
by  Amelia  and  Prince  Edward  SE,  and  S  ; 
Buckingham  NW  ;  James  rlvci'  or  Gooch- 
land NE,  and  Powhatan  E;  length  32; 
mean  width  10  :  area  320  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  varied  in  quality. 
Staples,  grain,  flour  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  Carterville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        2,020 

do.    do.    females  -        ■        1,795 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  175 

Slaves      -----        6,102 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popul-Htinn  in  1820. 
Free  white  nnales 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males  .        .        - 

do.    females         _        _        - 

Total  population  in  1 820 


10,092 


1,988 
1,978 


11,023 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  ,  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,207 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  330 

do.     in  Commerce  -  HI 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34. 

Cumberland,  town  (#  New  Kent  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Paillfmkey  river,  65  miles 
ENE  from  Richmond. 

Cumberland,  ca\in\.y  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  bv  Robeson  and  Bladen  S  ;  Moore 
and  Chath'am  NW  ;  Wake  N  ;  .Johnson 
NE,  and  Sampson  E;  length  50;  mean 
width  30 ;  area  9500  square  miles.  Sur- 
face hilly.  Soil  of  middling  quality. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  tar,  turpentine  and  to- 
bacco.    Chief  town,  FayetLeviUe. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -         -         -  3,253 

do.    do.    females  -        -  3,238 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  95 

Slaves 2,791 


Total  population  in  1810, 


9,382 


C  b  M 


G  U  K 


.Vree  while  females    - 


4,610 


Total  whites 

. 

9,230 

Free  persons  of  coloui- 

,  males    - 

288 

do.            do. 

females 

276 

Slaves,  males     - 

. 

2,394 

do.     females 

- 

2,357 

Totaj  population  in  1820  - 


14,546 


Of  these  j 
Eoreigners  not  naturalized  -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -        3,098 

do.        in  Manufuciures  -  715 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  177 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9|. 

Cumberland,  Cimnty  ot  Kenmck),  bound- 
ed by  Tennessee  -S ;  Barren  \V ;  Ad.iir 
N,  andWa}neE;  length  47 ;  me.,n  width 
22;  area,  1034  square  miles.  Cuiet  town, 
JJurkville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -         .         2,683 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2,497 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        .  3 

Slaves        


902 


Total  population  in  1810 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules 
do.   do.     females    - 

males     - 
females 

3,433 
3,279 

Total  whites 

I-'ree  persons  oi  colour, 

do.               do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

6,712 

6 

8 

659 

673 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commerce 


8,058 


0 

1,617 

59 

18 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Cuinberlandfovd,  post  village,  Knox  coun- 
t}',  Kentucky. 

Citmberland-ffap,  post  oflice,  Claiborne 
county,  Tennessee. 

Cumberland  House,  one  of  the  Hudsons 
Bay  Company  lactories  on  Saskatchawaine 
river,  at  the  outlet  of  Pme  Island  lake. 
Lon.  W  C  25  W.  iat.  54  N. 

Cumberland,  island  on  the  coast  of  (Geor- 
gia, extending  from  Santilla  t«  Si.  Mary's 
river.  It  is  generally  a  IcvlI  sandy  plani, 
but  with  some  fertile  spots. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  one  of  the  ridges 
of  the  Appalachian  chaiij,  .ind  the  continu- 
ation, in  Virginia,  Ken  ucky  and  Tennes- 
see, of  the  Laurel  mouniains  (^f  Pennsyl- 
vania. As  a  separate  ridge  Cumberland 
mountam,  distinctly  commences  southwest 


from  tlic  Great  Sandy  river,  and  following: 
a  direction  of  nearly  SW,  separates  Ken- 
tucky irom  Viigiiiia,  and  e:  tering  Tennes- 
see, traverses  that  stale,  and  entering  Ala- 
buuia,  crosses  Tei.ne?jee  riv^r,  and  gra- 
duall}  ijicrges  into  h.lls  in  the  north  part 
of  Alabama. 

Cumberland,  river,  rises  on  the  weitern 
slopes  ot  Cumberland  m  lunUin,  nearly 
west  through  Kaox,  WhiUey,  PuUski, 
VV^yne  an  l  Cumbtiland  counties,  in  Ken- 
tuck),  li-'nis  to  SW,  atid  enieis  i'ennebsee, 
through  wl)icii  it  Hows  b}  a  ge:.eral  west- 
ern course,  though  curving  co:.sidtr.ibly 
to  the  south.  After  having  aaverst-d  or 
bounded  in  Tennessee,  tlie  couniies  of 
Jackson,  Snr.ti:,  V»'iison,  Summer,  Uavid- 
so.i,  iiobertson,  Montgoinery,  Dickson 
and  Stewart,  ihe  Cumberland  turn-  near- 
ly norh  and  re-eattis  Kentucky,  jja-.sing 
ihioiign  tiie  coufi'.ies  oi  Ciirislian,  Cahi- 
W(  If  ami  Livingston,  und  fii^aiiy  eiuers 
Oliio  river,  11  miles  above  the  inoulh  of 
Tennessee.  The  CiiimberliDd  by  ct)mpa- 
rative  courses  flows,  in  Upper  Kentucky, 
220  miles ;  in  Tennes-ee  170 ;  and  in 
Lower  Kentucky  50 ;  li^iving  an  entire 
comparative  course  of  440  miles ;  upwards 
of  3oO  of  which  are  navigable  at  nearly  all 
seasons. 

Cambray,  Great  and  Little,  two  islands 
in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  to  the  L  of  the  isle 
of  Bute.  The  former  is  remarkaible  for  its 
excellent  freestone  quarries,  and  the  ruins 
of  an  ancient  cathedral  dedicated  to  St. 
Cviluwibia. 

Cummmglon,  post  town  and  township  of 
Hampshire  county,  Massuctuisetis,  2o  miles 
NW  trout  Northampion.  Populaiion  m 
181U,  10U9,  and  in  1820.  1060, 

Cumree,  towiis!ii[!,  Berks  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. Population  in  1810,  2017,  and 
in  i82U,  2462. 

Cwrent,  town  hip  in  Lawrence  county, 
Arkansas.     Population  in  1820,  422. 

Cunningham,  mo.st  nor' hcriy  division  of 
Ayrsliire.  The  NW  angle  of  tiiis  district, 
though  rnou!itainoiis  atlords  rich  pasturage. 
Its  chief  town  is  Irvin. 

Cunninghams  Island,  situaled  at  the  west- 
ern end  of  lake  Erie,  and  soutiicaiterly 
from  the  Ba^s  islands,  state  of  Ohio. 

Cuper,  royal  borough  of  Fiieshire,  and 
the  coiiniytown  It  is  seated  in  a  rich 
valley  on  the  N  side  of  the  Eden,  eight 
mile:,  WSW  of  St.  Andrew's.  Lon.  2  55 
W.  lai.  56  15  N. 

Cupar  in  Jlngiis,  small  town  in  Forfar- 
shire, Sco'land,  vvhi)lly  eniployed  in  the 
manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  Fair,  Thurs- 
day before  Easter. 

Cnrafoa,  island,  oil"  the  coa>-t  of  Colom- 
bia in  the  Caribbean  aea,  30  miies  long  and 
10  broad.     It  is  a  barren  spot,  destitute  of 
iresh  water,  and  important  as  a  commercial 
245 


0  U  \i 


C  U  Y 


station.    Central  Ion.  W  C  8  2u  E.  lat.  12 
05  N. 

Curdistan,  country  of  Asia,  seated  be- 
tween the  Turkish  empire  and  Perbia,  ly- 
ing along'  the  ei;siern  coast  of  tiie  river 
Tigris,  and  comprehending  great  p  rt  of 
ancient  Ass)  ria,  it  is  the  Gaiduchi  ot  Xeno- 
phon.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  live  in 
towns  and  vilU^ges,  and  others  rove  from 
place  to  place,  having  tents  like  the  wild 
Arabs,  and  being  robbers  like  them  Their 
religion  is  partly  Christianity  and  partly 
aiahomelanism  but  they  are  very  loose  in 
regard  to  either. 

Curia-Maria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Arabia  F.  lix,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Prim.     Lon.  55  25  E.  lat   17  0  N. 

Curico,  town  of  Chili,  on  the  road 
from  ChuUan  to  Santiago  Lon.  W  C  6 
10  E,  lat.  34  35  S. 

Cicriches  Haff,  a  bay  of  Polish  Prus- 
sia. It  is  in  reality  the  outlet  or  estuary 
of  the  Memnel,  and  reaches  about  70 
miles  from  Mulzen  to  Memnel. 

Currant  River,  Missouri,  one  of  the 
western  confluents  of  the  Black  river, 
branch  of  White  river. 

Currituck,  county  of  North  Carolina  ; 
bounded  by  Virginia  N  ;  Ail.iutic  Ocean 
E  ;  Albtmarle  S^und  S,  and  Pasquotank 
W  ;  length  42  ;  mean  width  10;  area  420 
square  miles  Surface  level,  and  soil 
generally  sandy  and  barren. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,6.18 

do.    do.    females  -        -        2,596 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  _        _        -  120 

Slaves        -        -        -        -        -        3,631 


Total  population  in  1810 

6,985 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

3,087 
3,011 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.        do.           females 
Slaves,  males              .        .        - 
rfo.    females 

6,098 

75 

71 

978 

876 

Total  population  in  1820 

8,098 

Ofthe.se  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  12 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         -        -  807 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  127 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  302 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19. 

Cursoliers,  small  islands  of  Livadia, 
in  the  gulf  of  Patras,  ancient  Echinadts 
insf^rlae. 

Curzola,  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  ancient  Corcyra 
246 


Nitra,  about  20  miles  long.  It  belongs  to 
the  Venetians,  and  has  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  ■  Lon. 
17  15  E,  lat.  36  N. 

Curzola,  capital  of  the  island  of  Curzo- 
la.    Lon.  17  06  E.  lat.  43  12  N. 

Cushing,  township  in  Lincoln  county, 
Maine  Population  in  1810,  532,  and  m 
1820,  600. 

Cussewago  Creek,  branch  of  French 
creek,  which  it  joins  at  Meadviile. 

Cussewago,  township  in  Crawford 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
642. 

Cushat,  river  of  North  Carolina,  which 
falls  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Cushing,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
in  the  district  of  Main.' ;  situated  on 
St  George's  river,  about  SO  miles  NE  of 
Portland 

Cusset,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  AUier,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnoi.s,  17  miles  N  of  Ro- 
anne.    Lon   4  5  E,  lat  46  17  N. 

Cu^trin,  capital  of  the  new  marche  of 
Brandenburg,  with  a  castle,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oder  and  Warta. 
In  1760,  it  was  bombarded  and  reduced 
to  ashes  by  the  Russians.  Custrin  is  46 
milt  s  E  by  N  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  40  E, 
lat.  52  4u  N. 

Cusu  Leuvu,  river  of  South  America. 
It  ris^s  in  the  Andes  mountains,  and  in 
the  province  of  Mendoza,  and  assuming 
a  SE  course,  separates  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  La  Plata  from  Patf.gonia,  and 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  600 
miles,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  S 
lat.  41,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Colo- 
rado and  the  bay  of  St.  Mathias. 

Cutais,  town  of  Turkey,  the  capital  of 
Imeritia  and  the  residence  of  its  sove- 
reign. The  remains  of  its  cathedral 
seem  to  prove  that  it  was  once  a  con. 
siderable  place,  but  it  now  scarcely  de- 
serves the  name  of  a  village.  Lon.  43 
0  E,  lat.  43  25  N. 

CiUch,  territory  in  Hindoostan  Proper, 
governed  by  a  rajah,  and  situated  on  the 
SE  of  Sindy  :  the  E  branch  of  the  Indus 
separating  the  two  countries.  It  extends 
along  the  N  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Cutch, 
and  is  separated  from  Guzerat  by  the 
river  Puddar. 

Cuttock,  district  of  Hindoostan  in  Orisa, 
south  from  Bengal,  and  between  the  bay 
of  Bengal  and  a  range  of  mountains.  In 
this  country  is  the  famous  temple  of 
Juggernaut.  It  lies  between  lat.  19  and 
22  N. 

Cuyahoga,  viver  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Geau- 
ga county,  flows  SW  into  Portage,  in 
which  it  turns  first  west,  and  on  the 
west  border  of  the  county  nearly  north, 
enters  Cuyaloga  county,   and  falls  into 


G  Y  L 


€  Z  O 


iake  Erie  at  Cleveland,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  80  miles.  This  river 
forms  a  part  of  tlie  natural  channel 
through  which  the  contemplated  Grand 
Canal  of  Ohio  is  intended  to  be  formed. 

Cuyahoga,  county  of  Ohio,  on  both  sides 
of  Cuyahoga  river ;  bounded  by  late  Erie 
N  ;  Geauga  E  ;  Portage  SE  ;  Medina  SK, 
and  H'.iroii  W  ;  length  36 ;  mean  width  13  ; 
area  468  square  m  les.  Surface  part  hilly, 
and  part  levei,  wiUi  a  soil  generally  fertile. 
Chief  town,  Clevehmd. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...  798 

do.     do.     females      ...  647 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 14 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        1,459 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        = 
do.  do.   females     -        -        - 

Total  whites       .        .        -        , 
Free  persons  of  col.mr,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        - 

do.    females  .... 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        6,328 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  47 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,739 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         .  232 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  62 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Cuyo,  province  of  the  United  Provinces 
of  Li  Plata,  in  Peru  ;  bounded  by  the  An- 
des VV. 

Cuzco,  town  of  Peru,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Incas.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  and  is  buiit  in  a  -quare 
form,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  the  best 
market  in  all  America  ;  four  large  streets 
terminate  in  the  square,  which  are  all  as 
straight  as  a  line,  and  regard  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  world.  It  contains  eight  large 
parishes,  and  five  religious  houses,  and  'he 
number  of  the  inhabitants  is  about  50,000, 
of  which  three-fourths  are  the  original 
Americans,  Streams  of  water  run  through 
the  town,  which  are  a  great  convenience  in 
so  hot  a  country  where  it  seldom  rains. 
It  is  320  miles  S  of  Lima.  Lon.  73  47  \V, 
lat.  12  0  S. 

Cuzumely  small  island  in  the  Caribi)ean 
sea,  E  from  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  Lon  W 
C  8  20  W,  lat.  19  N. 

Cylades,  ancient  name  of  the  Grecian 
islands  SE  from  Attica,  and  so  called  from 
lying  round  the  island  of  Delos.  The 
principal  of  these  islands  advancing  from 


tlic  north,  were  Andros,  Teno,  Myconus, 
Ithenea,. Delos ;  to  the  west,  were  Syros, 
Ceos,  Cythnus,  Seriphus,  Syphnns,  and 
Melos ;  and  to  the  south  from  Delos,  were 
Naxos,  Paros,  Amorgos,  and  Astypalaea. 

C'ypnis-Bridge,  post  town  of  Chatham 
coun'y,  North  Caro  ina. 

Cyprus,  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  tlie  coa-t  of  Syria.  The  soil  is  an 
excellent  fertile  clay  -,  and,  if  the  natives 
were  industrious,  they  might  make  it  a 
paradise.  The  exports  of  the  island  are  silk, 
wool  and  wine.     Nicosia  is  the  capital. 

Cyr,  St.  villag*'  of  France,  two  miles 
from  Versailles,  celebra  ed  for  a  nunnery, 
founded  by  Lews  XIV,  undt-rthe  patronage 
oi  mada  r.e  de  .Main'enon,  who  was  herself 
the  abbess  till  her  death  in  1719.  This 
nunnery  has  been  abolished  since  the 
French  revolution. 

Czack-thtm,  strong  place  of  Austria,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Drave  and  iVIi  hir,  100 
miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  10  E,  lat.  46 
44  N 

Czaslau,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name.  Here  is  t'  e  high- 
est tower  in  Bohemia,  and  near  this  place 
the  king  of  Prussia  gained  a  vict'  ry  over 
the  Austrians  in  1742  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Crudenka.  40  miles  SE  of  Prague, 
Lon.  15  33  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Czenstokow,  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracovisj 
with  a  fort,  in  which  is  kept  a  rich  trea- 
sure, called  the  Treasure  of  the  V  rgin 
Mary.  The  pilgrims  flock  hither  so  much 
for  the  sake  of  a  convent  near  it,  that  it  is 
called  the  Loretto  of  Poland.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Watte.  50  miles  N  by  W  of 
Cracow.     Lon.  19  15  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Cxercassi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Ukraine, 
with  a  ca>tle.  It.  is  seated  near  the  Dnie- 
per, 85  miles  SE  of  Kinw.  Lon,  32  5  B, 
lat.  49  0  N. 

Czernic,  town  of  Carniola,  in  the  circle 
of  Austria.  I'  is  remarkable  for  its  lake, 
which  is  15  miles  in  length,  and  five  in 
breadth,  and  produces  fish  and  corn  ever}' 
year ;  for  when  the  waters  fiill  from  the 
giountains,  it  becomes  full,  and  abounds 
v/ith  fish  ;  and,  after  some  time  it  sinks  into 
the  earth,  and  then  it  is  cultivated,  and  pro- 
duces grass  and  corn.  Lon.  15  0  E,  la'. 
46  6  N. 

Czer7iikou,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  casile.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Dezna,  70  miles  N  by  E  of 
Kiow.     Lon.  31  53  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Czersko,  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Vistula, 
20  miles  NVV  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  21  31  E, 
lat.  52  26  N. 

Czongrodt,  town  of  Hungarj%  capital  of 
a  territoiy  of  the  same  name,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Teisse  and  Keres,  13  miles 
N  ot  Sagedin.     Lon,  20  54  E,  lat.  46  36  N. 
247 


D 


Babul,  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  on  the  coast  of  Concan,  75  miles 
S  by  W  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  50  E,  lat. 
18  0  N. 

Dacca,  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  on 
the  E  quarter  of  Bengal,  beyond  ^he  prin- 
cipal stream  of  the  Ganges,  ahhough  a 
very  capital  branch  runs  near  it.  It  is  the 
provincial  capital  of  this  quarter,  and  is  the 
third  city  in  Bengal  in  point  of  extent  and 
population.  Indeed,  within  the  prese^it 
century  it  has  been  the  capital  of  ail  Ben- 
gal. It  has  a  vast  trade  in  muslins,  and 
manufactures  the  most  delicate  ones  among 
those  which  are  most  sought  after  in  Eu- 
rope ;  the  cotton  is  produced  within  the 
province.  Dacca  is  situated  100  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Ganges,  and  180 
by  the  road  from  Calcutta.  It  is  160 
miles  NE  of  Calcutta.  I.on.  90  25  E,  lat. 
23  55  N. 

Dachaw,  town  of  Bavaria,  where  the 
elector  has  a  palace,  with  fine  gaidens.  It 
is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  river  Am- 
ber, 10  miles  NW  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  30 
E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Dacheet,  river  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana, 
rises  in  the  former,  and  flowing  south  into 
the  latter,  falls  into  the  head  of  lake  Bisti- 
neau 

Daclistein,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhii^  and  l;<te  province 
of  Alsace,  with  a  palace  that  belonged  to 
the  bishop  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  45  E,  lat. 
48  35  N. 

Dafur  or  Dofar,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
SE  coast.     Lon.  53  25  E,  lat.  16  .30  N. 

Dageiiham,  village  in  Essex,  nine  miles 
E  by  N  of  London.  A  gre:»t  breach  was 
made  here  by  the  Thames,  in  1703. 

Daghestan,  province  of  Asia ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  tlie  Caspian  Sea,  on  the  W 
by  the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  on  the  N  by 
Circassia,  and  on  the  S  by  Schirvan.  Ife 
is  inhabited  by  Tartars,  and  is  subject  to 
Ilussia. 

Dagno,  town  of  Albania,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Ducagni,  with  a  bishop'  see  : 
sealed  near  the  confluence  of  tlie  Drino 
and  Nero,  13  miles  SE  of  Scutari.  Lon. 
19  39  E,  lat.  42  30  N, 

Dago,  or  Dagao,  island  in  tlie  Baltic, 
on  the  coast  of  Livonia,  between  the  gulfs 
of  Finland  and  Riga.  It  is  of  a  triangular 
figure,  and  is  20  miles  in  circum'erence, 
and  ha-  two  ca-tles,  called  Dagerwort  and 
Paden.     Lon.  22  56  E,  lat.  53'44  N. 

Dagsborovgh,  post  town  in  Sussex  coun- 
ty, Delaware;   lying  on  Pepper  Creek,  a 
stream  that  runs  into  Rchoboth  Bav,  and 
218 


about  18  miles  S  from  Lewistown.     Popu- 
lation 1500. 

Dagsborough,  township  in  Sussex  coun- 
ty, Delaware.     Population  in  1820,  2204. 

Dahl,  the  finest  river  of  Sweden,  which 
flows  through  Dale:artia  and  Gestricia,  and 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  to  the  E  of 
Gesle.  Near  Escarleby,  it  forms  a  cele- 
brated cataract,  scarce  inferior  to  the  fall 
of  the  Rhine  at  LauflVn. 

Dahomy,  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Guinea,  to  tlie  N  of  Whidah.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  reach  from  the  sea  coast  about 
500,  or  200  miles  inland,  though  no  Euro- 
pean has  penetrated  above  half  the  dis- 
tance ;  tlie  capital  Abomay,  lies  about  99 
50  N  lat. ;  and  between  the  3d  and  4th  deg. 
E  lon.  reckoned  from  the  meridian  of 
Greenwich. 

Dalaca,  island  of  the  Red  Sea,  opposite 
the  coast  of  Abex,  72  miles  in  length,  and 
15  in  breadth.  It  is  fertile,  and  populous, 
and  remarkable  for  a  pearl  fishery.  The 
inhabitants  are  Negroes,  and  great  enemies 
to  the  Mahometans. 

Dakburg,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
Dalia,  seated  on  the  Lake  Wenner,  50 
miles  N  of  Gottenburg.  Lon.  11  59  E.  lat. 
58  32  N. 

Dalecarliu,  province  of  Sweden,  near 
Norway,  175  miles  in  length  and  100  in 
bi-eadth.  It  is  full  of  mountains,  abound- 
ing in  mines  of  copper  and  iron,  some  of 
which  are  of  a  prodigious  deptii.  The 
towns  are  small ;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
rough,  r.ibust,  and  vvarhke. 

Dalia,  province  of  Sweden,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Dalecarlia,,on  the  E  by  Werme- 
land  and  Like  Wenner,  on  the  S  by  Goth- 
land, and  on  the  N  by  Norway  and  the 
sea. 

Dalkeith,  town  of  Edinburgshire,  with  a 
great  weekly  market  for  corn  and  oat  meal. 
The  palace  of  Dalkeitii  is  a  magnificent 
structure,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of  Buc- 
cleugh.  It  is  six  miles  SE  of  Edinburg. 
Lon.  3  12  W.  lat.  55  54  N. 

Dallas,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded  by 
Wilcox  S  ;  Mar.  ngo  W :  Greene  NW  ; 
Perry  N;  Aut.nga  NE,  and  Mon'gomiry 
E  ;  length  45;  mean  width  24  ;  area  1080 
square  miles  Surface  generally  iiilly  pine 
woods.  Soil  on  ti^e  streams  fertile,  parti- 
cularly on  Alabama  river.  S'.r.ple  cotton. 
Chief  town,  C  i^aba. 

Populati(m  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


Total  whites        .         -         .        - 
Free  per.sons  of  colour,  males 

<lo.  do.    females  - 


1,851 
1,473 

3,324 
1 
\ 


DAM 


DAN 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,398 
1,279 

6,003 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,782 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  173 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5|. 

Dallas,  township  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  455. 

Dalmatia,  country  of  Ewrope,  formerly  a 
kingdom.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Bos- 
nia, on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
E  by  Servia,  and  on  the  W  by  Croatia.  It 
is  divided  into  Venetian,  Turkish,  Ragu- 
san  and  Hungarian  Dalmatia.  Spalatro  is 
the  capital  of  Venetian,  and  Herzegovina 
of  Turkish  Dalmatia  ;  Ragusa  is  capital  of 
the  republic  of  Ragusen ;  the  Hungarian 
part  contains  five  districts,  and  Segna  is 
the  capital.  The  air  is  wholesome  and  the 
soil  fruitful.     See  JVIorlachia. 

Dalton,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  at  the  source 
of  a  river,  in  a  champaign  country,  not  far 
from  the  sea;  and  the  ancient  castle  is 
made  use  of  to  keep  the  records  and  pri- 
soners for  debt  in  the  liberty  of  Furness. 
It  is  19  miles  NW  of  Lancaster,  and  273 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  18  W.  lat.  54 
14  N. 

Dalton,  township  ad  post  town  in  Coos 
county.  New  Hampshire,  at  the  15  mile 
falls.  Population  in  1810,  235,  and  in  1820, 
347. 

Dalton,  townsliip  and  post  town.  Berk- 
shirs  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Housa- 
tonick  river  above  lienox.  Population  in 
1810,  779,  and  in  1820,  817. 

Dalton,  post  town  in  Grafton  coimty, 
New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Connecticut  river. 

Dalton,  township  of  Berkshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  130  miles  VV  of  Boston. 

Dam,  town  of  the  United  Provinces,  in 
Gronlngen,  seated  on  the  Damster,  three 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  15  SW  of  Embden, 
Lon  6  48  E.  lat.  53  22  N. 

Dam,  town  of  Prussian  Pomeranla,  seat- 
ed on  liie  Oder,  10  miles  SE  of  Stetln. 
Lon.  14  50  E.  lat.  53  31  N. 

Dnmar,  famous  town  of  Arabia  Feli.x. 
Lon.  49  25  E.  lat.  16  0  N. 

Damariscotta,  river  of  Maine,  or  rather  a 
long  deep  bay,  extending  from  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  into  Lincoln  county  between 
Boothbay  and  Bristol. 

Damascus,  now  called  !^ham,  ancient  city 
of  Syria,  the  form  of  which  is  an  exact 
square,  each  side  being  a  mi)e  and  a  half 
long.  It  had  three  walls  now  almost  en- 
tirely ruined ;  and  of  the  several  suburbs 
which  it  formerly  had,  there  remains  only 
1  i 


one,  which  extends  three  miles  in  length. 
The  extraordinary  beauty  of  this  place  i 
owing  to  several  streams  which  run  across 
the  fertile  plain  of  D  .mascus,  and  wa  er  all 
the  gardens,  supply  the  public  fountains; 
and  run  into  every  house.  It  is  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  contains  gieat  numbers 
of  Christians  and  Jews.  It  stands  on  the 
river  B  rida,  112  miles  S  of  Aniioch,  and 
112  NE  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  37  0  E.  lat. 
33  45  N, 

Damascus,  Pachalic  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
of  wliich  the  city  of  Damascus  is  the  capi- 
tal. It  contains  nearly  all  northern  Syria, 
extending  to  Caramaina  on  the  N,  and  to 
Palestine  S.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by 
the  Mediterranean  and  on  the  E  by  deserts 
of  sands.  Like  most  countries  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Asiatic  desarts,  the  Pachalick 
of  Damascus  exiiibits  tracts  of  exuberant 
fertility.  The  banks  of  the  Orontes,  the 
plains  of  the  Hauron,  and'some  other  spots 
are  in  a  high  degree  producive  in  vines, 
olives,  and  many  other  vegetable  substan- 
ces. 

Damascus,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1810,  391, 
and  in  1820,  366. 

Damascus,  post  village,  in  the  NE  part 
of  Frederick  county,  Maryland,  on  the 
road  from  New  Market  to  Barnestown. 

Damaun,  seaport  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  at  Iheentra'ce  ofth'  gulf  ofCam- 
bav.  It  is  subject  to  the-  Portuguese  and 
is  50  riiiles  S  of  Surat.  Lon.  72  25  E.  lat. 
20  20  N, 

Dames  Gore,  'ownsh'p  in  Grafton  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1820, 
28,     See  Dana. 

Darng-artin,  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Recknds,  18 
miles  W  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  12  57  E.  lat. 
54  16 N. 

Damietta,  ancient  and  rich  town  of 
Egypt,  seated  at  one  of  the  eastern  mouths 
of  the  Nile,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is 
rounded  in  a  semicircle,  two  leagues  and 
a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the  Nde.  The 
tongue  of  land  on  whic!)  Damietta  is  situa- 
ted, straightened  on  one  side  by  the  river, 
and  un  the  other  by  the  W  extremity  of 
lake  Menzale,  is  only  from  twD  to  six 
miles  wide  fri  m  E  to  W.  It  is  intersected 
by  innumerable  rivulets  in  every  direction, 
wliich  render  it  the  most  fisrtile  spot  in 
Egypt.  1  is  there  that  nature  lavishing 
profusely  her  pomp  and  riches,  pr.  sents 
flowers,  fruits  and  harvests  at  every  season 
of  the  }ear,  Damielta  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  their  expedition  to  Egypt,  1799 
Damiano,  St  town  of  Italy  in  Montser- 
rat,  18  miles  W  by  N  of  Vercelli.  Lon.  8 
0  E.  lat.  45  33  N. 

Damme,  strong  town  of  Flanders,  seated 
on  the  canal  between  Sluys  and  Brugps. 
Dan,  river  of  North  Carolina,\vhich  ris- 
249 


DAN 


1>  A  N 


iiijf  in  the  state  of  Virginia,  miis  in  a  ser- 
pentine course  near  the  line  which  divides 
the  two  states.  Near  Mecklenburg  It  falls 
into  the  river  Roanoke,  and  loses  its  name 
in  that  of  the  greater  stream.  The  falls  at 
Danville  near  the  line  between  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  impedes  the  naviga- 
tion ;  but  measures  have  been  taken  to 
form  a  canal  around  this  obstruction,  which 
if  completed,  will  render  the  Dan  naviga- 
ble to  its  junction  with  Irvine  river. 

Dana,  township  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  in  1810,  625, 
and  in  1820,  £64. 

Danbnriu  village  in  Essex,  situated  on  a 
hill  five  miles  E  of  Chelmsford,  and  16  W 
of  tlie  sea.  The  spire  of  the  church  was 
burnt  with  lightning  in  1750,  but  was  soon 
after  rt  built,  and  forms  a  seamark. 

Danburij,  township  in  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire,  25  miles  NW  from  Con- 
cord. Population  in  1810,  345,  and  in 
1820,  467. 

Danbury,  post  town  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  10  miles  N  of  Ridgefirld,  and 
about  33  NW  of  New  Haven.  This  town 
and  a  large  quantity  of  military  stores 
lodged  tliere  were  burnt  by  the  British 
troops  in  1777. 

Danbury,  township  in  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  54  miles  SW  from  Hartford. 
Population  in  1810,  3606,  and  in  1820,  3873. 

Banbury,  townsliip  in  Huron  counlj', 
Ohio,  on  the  Peninsula,  between  Sandusky 
bay  and  Portage  river.  Population  in 
1820,  157. 

Danbij,  post  town  in  Rutland  county, 
Vermont,  21  S  of  Rutland.  It  has  a  post- 
office,  and  about  1730  inhabitants. 

Danby,  township  and  post  town  in  Tioga 
county,  I^ew  York,  10  miles  N  from  Spen- 
cer.   Population  in  1820,  2001. 

Dancey' s-store,  post  village,  Northamp- 
ton county.  North  Carolina. 

Dandridge,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Jefferson  county,  Tennessee,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Broad  river,  on  the  road  from 
Knoxville  to  Greenville,  45  miles  above 
tiie  former  place. 

Danger,  Isles  of,  three  islands  in  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  seen  by  commodore  Byron 
in  1765.  They  appeared  crowded  with 
people,  but  were  so  surrounded  by  rocks 
and  breakers,  that  it  was  unsafe  to  attempt 
to  land.  The  commodore  supposed  them 
to  be  the  i&'andsseen  by  Quiros,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century,  and  named 
Solomon's  Islands.  Lon.  169  28  W  lat. 
10  15  S. 

'  Damelsvilh,  post  village,  Spotsylvania 
count}',  Virginia. 

Danielsviile.,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Madison  county,  Georgia,  on  a  brancli 
of  Broad  river,  80  niiles  N  {rom  MlUedge- 
ville. 

Dansville,  township  in  Steuben   county. 
New  York,    Population  in  1820,  1565, 
250 


Danneberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Tetze,  near  the  Elbe,  40  miles  SE  of  Lu- 
nenberg.     Lon.  11  29  E.  lat.  53  4  N. 

"Dantzic,  capital  of  Western  Prussia, 
standing  on  a  branch  of  the  Vistula,  about 
four  miles  above  where  it  falls  into  the 
Baltic;  in  lon.  16  36  E,  lat.  54  20  N. 
This  city  is  famous  in  history  on  many  ac- 
counts, particularly  that  of  its  being  form- 
erly at  the  head  of  the  Hanseatic  associa- 
tion, commonly  called  the  Honsetowns. 
It  is  lai'ge,  beautiful,  populous,  and  rich  ; 
its  houses  generally  are  five  stories  high  ; 
and  many  of  its  streets  are  planted  wit  h 
Chesnut  trees.  The  houses  are  well  built 
of  stone  or  brick,  six  or  seven  stories  high, 
and  the  granaries  are  still  higher,  to  which 
the  ships  lie  close,  and  take  in  their  lading 
The  established  religion  is  the  Lutheran  ; 
but  Roman  Catholics,  Calvinists  and  Ana- 
baptists are  tolerated.  The  inhabitants  have 
been  computed  at  200,000,  but  other  com- 
putations have  mudethem  considerably  less. 
In- 1700,  upwards  of  30,000  persons  died 
of  the  plague.  It  has  now  lost  its  inde- 
pendence, being  forced  to  submit  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  who  forcibly  usurped  the 
sovereignty,  in  a  second  partition  of  the 
Polish  dominions.  Besides  corn,  of  which 
great  quantities  are  exported,  they  trade 
in  naval  stores,  and  a  great  variety  of  other 
articles.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  near 
the  gulf  of  Angil,  in  the  Baltic,  30  miles 
SE  of  Marienburg,  and  160  NW  of  Warsaw. 

Danube,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Eu- 
rope, called  the  Ister  by  the  ancients.  It 
rises  at  Doneschingen,  in  Suabia,  and  flows 
NE  by  Ulm  ;  then  E  through  Bavaria  and 
Austria,  by  Ratisbon,  Passau,  Ens,  and 
Vienna  ;  it  then  enters  Hungary,  and  runs 
SE  by  Presburg,  Buda  and  Belgrade;  af- 
ter which  it  divides  Bulgaria,  from  Morla- 
chia  and  Moldavia,  discharging  itself  by 
several  channels  into  the  Black  Sea.  It  be- 
gins to  be  navigable  for  boats  at  Ulm,  and 
receives  several  large  rivers  as  it  passes 
along.  It  is  so  deep  between  Buda  and 
Belgrade,  that  the  Turks  and  Germans  have 
had  men  of  war  upon  it ;  yet  it  is  not  navi- 
gable to  the  Black  Sea,  on  account  of  the 
cataracts.     See  Doneschingen. 

Danube,  circle  of  the  Upper,  one  of  .the 
great  divisions  of  Bavaria.  Capiti>l,  Eich- 
staut. 

Danube,  circle  of  the  Lower,  one  of  the 
great  siib-divisions  of  the  kingdom  of  Ba- 
varia.    C:ipital  Passau. 

Danube,  Circle  of,  district  of  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Baden.     Capital,  Vil.ingcn. 

Danube,  District  of  one  of  the  sub-divi- 
sion- of  the  kingdom  of  Wcrtemberg. 

Danube,  township  and  po^t  village,  Her- 
kimer county.  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  3187. 

Danvers,  post  town,  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  about  one  mile  N  from  Sa- 


D  A  R 


o  A  1< 


km.  This  village  is  in  reality  a  continua- 
tion of  Salem.  It  is  noted  for  the  extent 
and  impo'tance  of  its  manufactures. 
♦  Danvers,  townshp  in  Essex  county, 
•  Massachusetts,  including' the  foregoing  vil- 
lage. Population  in  1810,  3127,  and  in 
1820,  3646. 

Danville,  township  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Maine.     Population  in  1820,  1085. 

Danville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Caledonia  county,  Vermont,  25  miles  NE 
from  Montpelier.     Population,  2240. 

Danville,  post  town,  and  township,  Steu- 
ben county.  New  York.    Population,  1565. 

Danville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Columbia  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Susquehannah,  35  miles 
above  Northumberland. 

Danville,  post  town,  of  Pittsylvania  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  Dan  ri- 
ver, 150  miles  SW  from  Richmond.  It  is 
a  very  thriving  place  situated  at  ti^e  falls  of 
Dan  river.  The  navigation  for  boats  is  un- 
interrupted, except  by  low  water  in  sum- 
mer, and  autumn  thus  far.  Canal  improve- 
ments are  in  operation  to  permit  boats  to 
pass  the  falls  at  Danville,  and  will,  when 
completed,  open  v.-ater  communication  to 
Hen'-y  and  Patrick  counties  in  Virginin,  arid 
to  Rockingham,  and  Stokes  counties  in 
North  Carolina. 

Danville,  post  town  in  Mercer  co'.tnty, 
Kentucky,  about  40  miles  S  from  Frankfort, 
near  and  W  from  Dicks  river.  It  has  about 
200  houses  and  1000  inhabitants. 

Danville,  town  of  Knox  county,  Ohio,  on 
Owl  creek,  13  mi^es  NE  from  Mount  Ver- 
non. 

Darby,  village  of  Lower  Darby  township, 
in  Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
E  side  of  Darby  creek,  7  mdes  SW  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Darby,  Upper,  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  1820, 
1004. 

Darby  Lo-uier,  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
692. 

Darby,  township  of  Union  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  445. 

Darby,  post  town  and  township,  Madison 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  392. 

Darby,  township  in  the  NW  part  of 
Pickaway  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  536. 

Darby  River,  one  of  tlic  western  branch- 
es of  the  Sc!0  a  river,  rises  in  L'nion 
Ch,.mp-ign  and  Franklin  counties  ;  ard  h<- 
a  comparative  co'-rse  of  65  miles  SSE,  falls 
into  Sciota  river  oppo^te  Circleville, 

Darby,  cape  of  North  America,  on  the 
Northern  Pacific  Ocean,  SW  from  the 
mouth  of  Nurn^an  river.  Lon.  W  C  86  30 
\V,  !at.  64  ii  N. 

Darda,  town  and  fort  of  Lower  Hungary, 
built  by  the  Turks  in  1686,  and  taken  by 


the  Austrians  the  next  year.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Drave,  at  the  end  of  the  bridge  of 
Esseck,  eight  miles  S  of  Baranwhar,  and 
80  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  19  56  E,  lat. 
45  45  N. 

Dardanelles,  two  castles  of  Turkey ;  on 
each  side  the  ancient  Hellespont,  novv  the 
strait  of  Gallipoli,  tlie  SW  entrance  of 
which  they  command ;  tlie  one  is  called 
Sestos,  seated  in  Romania ;  the  ot'ier 
Abydos,  in  Natolia.  At  the  latter,  the 
cargoes  of  all  ships  sailing  from  Constanti- 
nople are  searched.  Lon.  25  30  E,lut.  46 
0  N. 

Dardenne,  post  town,  St.  Charles  county, 
Missouri. 

Darfoor,  kingdom  of  central  Africa,  to 
the  west  from  Sennaar  and  Abyssinia. 

Darel-Hamara,  town  oi  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  built  by  the  Roma:i?.  Its  trade  con- 
sisis  in  oil  and  covn  ;  and  it  is  seated  on  a 
mountain      Lon.  6  SS  W,  lat.  34  20  N. 

Darien  Isthmus,  which  unites  the  two 
Americas.  The  narrowe-t  part  is  from  the 
bay  of  Panama  to  that  of  Mandingo,  which 
does  not  exceed  20  miles  from  bay  to  bay. 
Tlie  intermediate  space  is  mountainous, 
thotigh  not  very  elevated. 

Darien,  province  of  Colombia,  in  Ncv/ 
Granada  ;  is  bounded  by  Novita  S  ;  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  and  bay  of  Panama  W  ;  province 
of  Panama  NW;  gulf  of  Darien  NE,  and 
Choco  E.     See   Colombia. 

Darien,  large  gnif  stretching  into  Colom- 
bia, between  Darien  and  Carthagena.  It 
receives  at  its  extreme  head,  the  rivers 
Atrato  and  Guacaba. 

Darien,  township  of  Fairfield  countj', 
Connecticut.     Population  in  1820,  1126. 

Darien,  post  town  and  sea  port  M'Intosh 
county,  Georgia,  on  the  north  side  and 
principal  channel  of  the  Alatamaha,  12 
miles  above  the  bar,  and  190  below  Mil- 
ledgeville.  Lon.  W  C  4  57  W,  lut.  31  23 
N.  The  town  is  situated  upon  a  sandy 
bluff,  and  has  advanced  in  wealth  and  popu- 
lation with  great  rapidity.  In  1810,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  only  a  little  exceeded 
200,  it  now,  1822,  probably  contains  ten 
times  that  number.  It  has  a  bank  with  a 
capital  of  150,000  dollars.  A  steam  boat 
navigation  h^s  been  opened  from  this  town 
to  Mdledgevlile.  The  'n^r  ut  the  mouth  of 
the  Alatam-ha,  has  12  feet  wuter  at  ordi- 
nary tides  Rut  little  f.oniparative  xpense, 
it  is  probable,  woiid  procu-ea  much  great- 
er depth,  and  admit  merchant  vessels  of 
the  largest  cl.ss. 

Darke,  cotm^y  of  Ohio;  bounded  W  by 
Indiana;  N  by  Mercer;  E  Iv-'Sh'lby  and 
Miami ;  SR  by  Montgomeiy,  and  S  by 
Prebhie ;  length  32 ;  width  21  ;  area  672 
square  mile.s  It  is  watered  by  the  he<<d 
branches  of  still  water,  and  SW  i>ranch  of 
Great  Miami.  Surface  in  part  hilh,',  but 
generally  rather  level  with  some  prairie, 
251 


DAK 


D  A  R 


Soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pastu- 
rage.    Chief  town,  Greenville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,939 
do.    do.    females     -        -        .        1,760 


Total  whites       ....  3,699 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  8 

do.          do.          females  10 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        .  0 

do.    females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        3,717 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  554 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  85 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  1 

This  table  includes  the  population  of 
Mercer  connty,  528  square  mil:  s,  which 
added  to  672,  gives  1200  square  miles,  or 
a  very  sma  I  frac  ion  above  3  to  tiie  square 
mile  in  both  counties. 

Darkijig.  or  Dorking,  town  in  Surry, 
wi  h  a  market  on  Thursday,  noied  for  corn 
and  p  ultrv.  It  is  se^ited  on  the  river 
M  .Je,  23  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  14 
W,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Darlasion,  village  near  Stone,  in  Stafford- 
shire, where  are  the  remains  of  a  castle,  on 
a  hill. 

Darling  Island,  the  largest  of  two  islands 
in  the  entrance  ot  lake  Simcoe,  Upper 
Canada 

Darlings,  post  town,  on  Owl  creek, 
Knox  county,  Ohio,  15  miles  E  from  Mount 
VLrnon. 

Darlington,  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, with  ;■  market  on  Monday,  seated  in 
a  flat,  on  the  river  Skerne,  which  fails  into 
the  Tees.  It  h;is  a  spacious  market-place, 
and  ,•  long  stone  bridge  o'.  er  the  r  ver.  A 
curious  water  machine  for  grinding  optical 
glasses,  and  spinning  linen  yarn  has  been 
erected  h(re,  the  invention  of  a  native  of 
the  town.  Darlington  is  19  miles  S  of  Dur- 
ham, and  239  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  25  W,  la(.  54  32  N. 

Darlington  Township,  in  the  county  of 
Durliam,  Upper  Ca  ada,  lies  to  the  west 
of  Clarke,  and  fronts  upon  lake  Ontario. 

Darlington,  district  of  South  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Sum  iter  SW ;  Kershaw  W  ; 
Chesierfield  NW;  M  rib'  roi;gh  NE,  and 
Mariiin  and  VV.ILamsburg  SE  ;  length  34  ; 
width  28;  area  950  square  miles.  Lying 
between  Lynch's  creek  and  Gre  t  Pedee 
river,  the  surface  is  rather  level  than  hilly  ; 
soil  generally  of  middling  quality.  Staple 
cotton      Cief  town,  Darlington. 

Population  m  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...        3,097 

do.  do.  females  -         .        3,162 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        .        .  57 

252 


Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


2,731 
9,047 


3.221 
3,181 


Total  whites                  -        -         -  6,407 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  34 

do.             do.       females  -  35 

Slaves,  males       -         -        -        -  2,200 

do.    females     -        -        -        .  2,273 


Total  population  in  1820      -        -    10,949 

Of  these  :  ;- 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  3,938  , 

do.        in  Manufictures  -  90 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11^. 

Darlington,  town  of  Darlington,  district 
of  South  Car  lina,  on  Black  creek,  40  miles 
E  from  Camden. 

Darmstadt,  capital  of  the  landgravate  of 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  with  a  castle,  where  its 
own  prince  generally  resides.  It  has  hand- 
some suburbs  and  a  good  college.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  30 
miles  NW  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  40  E, 
lat.  49  43  N. 

Dames,  post  village  of  Montgomery 
county,  Maryland. 

Dart,  river  in  Devonshire,  which  rises  at 
the  foot  of  Dartmoor  Hills,  crosses  Dart- 
moor to  Ashburton,  and  falls  into  the 
English  Channel,  at  Dartmouth. 

Dartford,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  seated  on  the  Darent,  not  far 
from  its  influx  into  the  Thames.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  fine  nunnery,  founded  by 
Edward  III.  The  town  is  finely  watered 
by  two  or  three  very  good  springs,  and  is 
full  of  inns,  by  reason  of  its  being  a  great 
thoroughfare  from  I>ondon  to  Dover.  It  is 
16  miles  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  16  E, 
Lt.  51  25  N. 

Dartmoor,  extensive  Moorish  tract  in 
Devonshire  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  bleak 
hills,  and  extending  southward  quite 
through  the  centre  of  the  county  to  the 
sea.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Dart.  On 
this  moor  prison,  barracks  were  erected 
during  the  last  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States.  Here  on  the  6th  of 
Ai  ril,  1815,  by  order  of  the  commandant, 
7  American  piisoners  were  massacred,  and 
56  dangero'isly  wounded. 

Dartmouth,  borough  of  Devonshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
river  Dart,  near  its  fall  into  the  sea,  and 
has  a  spacious  harbour  defended  by  a  fort. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  to  the  S  of  Eu- 
rope and  to  Newfoundland,  as  well  as  a 
share  in  the  coasting  traffic.  It  contains 
three  churches,  and  is  30  miles  SSW  of 


D  A  V 


1)  A  V 


Exeter,  and  204  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  45  W,  lat  50  22  N. 

Dartmouth  College.  This  itistitution  is 
located  in  the  town  of  Hanover,  Grafton 
county,  New  Hampshire.  It  was  bounded  in 
1769,  by  the  Revd,  Dr  Eleazer  Wheelock, 
and  named  in  himour  of  William,  earl  of 
Dartmouth,  one  of  its  most  munificent  bene- 
factors. In  1797,  a  Medical  Institution  was 
annexed  to  the  college.  The  officers  of 
this  college,  are,  a  president,  4  professors, 
2  lecturjers,  and  3  tutors.  The  number  of 
students,  ordinarily  about  150,  and  from  50 
to  60  medical  students.  The  college  li- 
brary exceeds  4,000  volumes ;  and  two 
other  hbraries  with  about  2,000  volumes 
each,  have  been  formed  by  associations  of 
students.  The  medical  department  pos- 
sesses  a  laboratory',  anatomical  museum,  2 
lecture  rooms  and  chapel.  The  college 
has  attached  to  its  other  establishments,  an 
extensive  and  valuable  philosophical  and 
chemical  apparatus.  The  site  of  Dart- 
mouth college  is  pleasant  and  healthful, 
which,  with  the  judicious  arrangement  of 
concerns,  have  rendered  it  a  very  flourish- 
ing instituiion.  Its  funds  are  chiefly  drawn 
from  lands,  amounting  to  about  1600  dol- 
lars, annually.  This  revenue,  added  to  the 
sums  paid  by  students,  yields  a  neat  yearly 
amount  of  about  4000  dollars. 

Dartmouth,  post  town  and  seaport  of 
Massachusetts,  in  Bristol  county.  It  is 
situated  on  the  NW  side  of  Buzzard's  bay, 
about  75  miles  S  of  Boston.  Population  in 
1820, 3636. 

Dassen-Eyland,  or  Isle  of  Deer,  one  of 
the  three  j-mall  islands  to  the  N  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  so  called,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  ofdeer  which  were  first  car- 
ried thither  in  1601.  Here  are  also  sheep 
whose  tails  weigh  from  10  to  20  pounds. 
Lon.  18  7  E,  lat? 33  25  S. 

Davenport,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1384. 

Daventrij,  corporate  town  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  10  miles  W  of  North- 
ampton, and  72  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  1 
10  W.  lat.  52  15  N. 

David  Point,  cape  of  the  island  of  Gre- 
nada, on  the  north.  Lon.  W  C  15  26  E. 
lat.  12  20  N. 

David's  St.  city  in  Pembrokeshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  ;  seated  in  a  bar- 
ran  soil,  on  the  river  Hen,  scarcely  a  mile 
from  the  seashore.  |It  was  once  a  consi- 
derable place,  and  the  cathedral  is  said  to 
have  the  highest  roof  of  any  in  England. 
It  is  24  miles  NW  of  Pembroke,  and  255 
W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  5  15  W.  lat.  51 
56  N. 

David,  Fort  St.  English  fort,  on  the  coast 
of  CororaandeJ.    It  was  taken  and  destrov- 


ed  by  the  French  in  1758,  and  has  not  yet 
been  rebuilt.  It  is  80  miles  S  of  Fort  St. 
George.      Lon.  79  45  E.  lat.  11  30  N. 

Davis'  Straits,  ar^.  of  the  sea,  between 
Green  and  and  N.  America,  discovered  by 
capt.  Davis,  in  1585,  which  he  enceavour- 
ed  to  find  out  a  northwest  ^passage. 

Davidson,  comny  in  the  state  of  Tennes- 
see ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Cumber- 
land mountains,  bounded  by  Robertson  N ; 
Summer  NE ;  Wilson  and  Rutherford  E  ; 
Williamson  S,  and  Dickson  W  ;  length  26; 
mean  width  22  ;  area  570  square  miles. 
Surface  rather  uneven  than  hilly ;  soil  ge- 
nerally fertile.     Chief  town,  Nashville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        -        -        4,931 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,252 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        .  130 

Slaves         -        .        .        .        .        6,305 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1320. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do,    females    - 


15,618 


6,390 
5,676 


Total  whites       -         .        -        .  12,066 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  109 

do.            do.        females  80 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        .  4,045 

do.     females           -        -        .  3,854 


Total  population  in  1820     -        -      20,154 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  95 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         5,070 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  963 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  141 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  36  nearly. 

Davidson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Lawrence  county,  Arkansas. 

Davidstoiun,  town  of  New  .Jersey  in  Hun- 
terdon county,  10  miles  above  Trenton  on 
the  Asanpink  creek. 

Daviess,  county  of  Kentuck)',  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  N ;  Breckenridge  NE  ;  Ohio 
SE;  Muhlenburg  S  ;  Hopkins  SVV,  and 
Henderson  W ;  length  30 ;  mean  width 
20  ;  area  600  square  miles.  Surface  hilly 
except  near  the  streams :  soil  generally 
productive.     Chief  town,  Owensburg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,538 

do.     do.  females     -        -        .        1,479 

Total  whites       -         -        .         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 
do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males  -         -         - 

do.     females       .         -         - 


Total  population  in  1820 
253 


3,876 


1)  A  TJ 


D  A  L 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  S 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         -  997 

do.     in  Manufactures  -  67 

do.     in  Commerce         -         •  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Davies,  9ounl3'  of  Irdianv,  be  \V:^en  the 
two  main  branches  of  White  river,  bound- 
ed by  Dubois  SE  and  S  ;  Gibson  SW  ; 
Knox  W  ;  Sullivan  NW,  and  Monroe  and 
Lawrence  NE ;  length  60 ;  mean  width 
15 ;  area  900  square  miles. 

Population  in  1820. 


Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

1,810 
1,590 

Total  whites        .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do              do.       females 
Slaves,  males      -        -        .        . 
do.    femrdes            -        -        . 

3,400 

15 

17 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820, 


5,432 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  7 

F.ngaged  in  Agriculture  -  924 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  62 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4  nearly. 

Davies,  post  village,  Mecklenberg  coun- 
ty, Virgmia. 

Davisbtirg,  town  of  Christian  county, 
Kentucky. 

Davis' -store,  post  office,  Rapide,  parish 
Louisiana. 

Davis'  Inlet,  or  Strait,  E  coast  of  Labra- 
dor.    Lon.  VV  C  16  50  E.  lat.  56  20  N. 

Davis'  Straits,  an  immense  openin;^  in- 
to Hudson's  and  Baffins  bays,  between  N. 
America  and  Greenland.  This  inland  sea 
bears  NW  and  SE ;  700  miles  in  length 
and  450  miles  wide. 

Davis'  Tavern,  post  office,  Sussex  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

J>a7(7i,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electo- 
rite  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Lezer,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  on  which  is  a  castle. 
It  is  12  miles  N  of  Mont  Royal. 

Dauphin,  river  of  British  North  America, 
flowing  into  Little  Wmnipic  lake.  Lon. 
W  C  23  W,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Dauphin,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
east  side  of  Susquehannah  river  ;  bounded 
by  Lancaster  and  Lebanon  SE  ;  by  Susque- 
hannah river  W  ;  NorthumS^erland  N,  and 
Schuylkill  NE  ;  length  33  ;  mean  width  16  ; 
area  528  square  miles.  This  coimtrv  is 
extremely  diversified  in  surface.  The  SE 
part  of  the  country  is  hilly  and  broken,  but 
with  a  soil  highly  productive.  The  Swa- 
tara  rises  in  Schuylkill,  and  traverses  Leba- 
non into  Dauphin,  passing  over  the  south- 
eastern section  of  the  latter,  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah river.  This  part  of  the  countv 
254 


lies  below  the  Kittatinny  range  of  moun- 
tains, and  covering  about  230  square  miles, 
is  subdivided  into  nearly  equal  portions  by 
the  limestone  and  slate  regions.  See  JEi7- 
tutinny  Valley.  Above  the  Kittatinny  moun- 
tain, the  residence  of  the  county  is  exces- 
sively broken  by  mountains  and  hills,  with 
a  generally  sterile  soil.  The  staples  of 
Daupliin  are,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  salted 
provisions  and  live  stock.  Chief  town, 
Harrisburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        •        -       16,011 
do.    do.  females             -        -       15,593 
All  o'her  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        ...  253 
Slaves 26 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females     - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      _        .        . 
do.    females 

Total  p.ipulation  in  1820 


31,885 


10,73  S 
10,409 


21,663 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  132 

Engaged  in  .\gricuUure      -         -         2,353 

do.        in   Manufactures  -         1,410 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  104 

population  lo  the  square  mile,  41. 

Dauphin,  island  of  Alabama,  off  the  mouth 
of  Mobile  bay.  It  is  a  sandy  flat,  covered 
with  a  few  trees,  about  6  miles  long,  and 
from  two  miles  ti>  a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide. 
The  Pass  au  Heron  into  M*>bile  bay,  enters 
from  Pascagoula  Sound,  north  from  Dau- 
phin Island  ;  the  main  Pass  enters  between 
the  island  and  Mobile  Point. 

Dauphin  Fort,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  W  C 
4  40  E,  lat.  19  41  xM. 

Danp/tiny,  late  province  of  France,  ex- 
tending 40  leagues  from  N  to  S,  and  36 
from  E  to  W  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
Rhone,  N  by  the  Rhone  and  Savoy,  S  by 
Proveace,  and  E  by  the  Alps.  Hence  the 
heir  apparent  of  the  kings  of  France  is 
called  the  Dauphin.  Two-thirds  of  Dau- 
phiny  are  intersected  by  m-untains,  which 
afford  good  pasturage ;  plenty  of  t-niber, 
fir-trees  in  particular,  for  the  bwiiding  of 
shij^s ;  and  very  scarce  simples.  In  these 
mountains,  which  are  branclies  of  the  Alps, 
are  bears,  chamois,  marmots,  eagl':s,  hawks, 
&c .  and  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead. 
The  vr.lleys  afford  wheat,  and  the  hills,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Rhone,  excclle;nt  wines, 
olives,  and  silk.     The  principal   rivers  are 


D  E  A 

the  Rlione,  Durance,  Isere,  and  Drome.  It 
now  forms  the  departments  of  Dromo, 
Isere,  and  Upper  Alps. 

J5«x,  or  Jcqs,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Landes  and  late  prov  ince 
of  Gascony,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  some 
famous  hot  baths.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Adour,  24  miles  NE  of  Bayonne.    Lon.  1 

0  W,  lat,  43  42  N 

Bat/ton,  flourishing  post  town  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Montgomery  county,  Ohio. 
It  is  situated  on  level  ground,  upon  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  just 
below  the  confluence  of  that  and  Mad 
river.  It  contains  an  academy,  a  printing 
office,  a  bank,  S''veral  mercantile  stores, 
and  three  apothecary  shops ;  also  a  pres- 
byterian  m  cting  hous°,  one  for  methodist, 
a  court  house  and  jail,  and  above  130  dwel- 
ling houses,  and  1000  inhabitants.  There 
are  numerous  mills  in  the  vicinity,  particu- 
larly on  Mad  river,  near  its  moutii,  where 
it  is  peculiarly  well  calculated  for  mills  and 
other  machinery  necessary  to  be  propelled 
by  water.  Distance  66  miles,  west  by 
south  from  Columbus,  ;>>d  52  northerly 
from  Cincinnati.   Lat.  39  42  N,  lon.  7  8  VV. 

Dayton,  townsliip  of  Montgomery  coan- 
ty,  Ohio,  in  which  the  preceding  town  is 
situated.     Population  in  1820,  2530. 

Deadman^s-ffead,  c£tpe  in  Cornwall,  be- 
tween St.  Mav's  and  Fowr;y. 

Dead  Sfa,  lake  of  Palestine,  ancient  As- 
phaitites,  into  which  the  river  Jordon  runs. 
It  is  70  mil's  long,  and  20  broad,  enclosed 
on  the  E  and  W  by  high  mountains.  It 
abounds  in  bitumen. 

Deal,  S'-aport  in  Kent  with  a  market  on 
Thursday.  It  is  seated  on  a  strait  of  Do- 
vei-,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Cinque  Port 
of  Sandwich,  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  has 
ab^iut  1000  houses,  which  are  mostly  built 
of  brick.  The  inhabitants  amount  to  4500, 
and,  as  no  manufacture  is  carried  on  here, 
they  chiefly  depend  on  the  seafaring  men 
who  resort  hither.  The  port  is  defenoJed 
by  two  castles  ;  Deal  or  Walmer  castle  to 
the  S,  and  Sandown  castle  to  the  N  Be- 
tween this  place  and  the  Godwin  Sands, 
are  the  Downs,  where  the  ships  usually 
ride  at  their  leaving  or  coming  into  ihe 
river  Thames.  It  is  seven  nules  S  by  E  of 
Sandwich,  and  72  E  by  S  of  London.    Lou. 

1  29  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Deal,  village  of  New  Jersey  ;  situated  on 
the  sea  shore  in  Monmouth  county,  famous 
as  a  watering  place,  7  miles  S  from  Shrews- 
bury. 

Dearborn,  post  town  and  township  Ken- 
nebec county,  Maine.  Ponnlation  in  1820, 
463. 

Z>ea?-6or7f,  county  of  Indiana,  on  Ohio  ri- 
ver, bounded  by  the  state  of  Oliio  and 
Ohio  rver  E  ;  Switzerland  S  ;  Riplev  W  ; 
and  Franklin  TV  ;  length  27 ;  mean  "width 
15;  area  about  400  square  miles,    Surface 


DEC 

very  hilly,  though  with  a  productive  soil. 
Chief  town,  Lawrenceberg 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -        3,750 

do.  do.     fem-.les     -         -         -         3,460 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        .  92 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  m.iles 

do.   do.    females     .        .        - 

Total  whites      .        .  -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.            do.  females. 

Slaves,  males      .        -  -         . 

do.     females            .  .         , 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agi-icnlture 

do.         in  Manufactures 

(\■^.        in  Com'Ti  ice 


7,310 


6,029 
5,367 


11,468 


93 

1,722 

245 

57 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  28. 

Dearborn,  river,  a  wps*r"n  brr'iicf  of  Mis- 
souri, int')  W.I  ch  1'  fails  .bove  the  rapids. 

Oeben,  river  in  Suffolk,  which  rises  near 
Debenham,  an-!  expands  into  a  long  nar- 
row arm  of  the  German  Ocean,  a  little  to 
the  N  of  Ilarwicli. 

Debenham,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  seated  near  the  head  of  the 
Doben,on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24  miles  E  of 
Bury  St.  Ed'nund's,  and  84  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  17  E.  lat.  52  22  N. 

Debrecen,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  Ir  is 
106  miles  E  of  B.ida.  Lon.  22  11  E.  lat, 
47  32  N. 

Debretzin,  town  of  Hungary  and  th  seat 
of  a  very  respectable  academy,  possessing 
a  library  of  upwards  of  20,000  volumes. 
The  number  of  students  are  considerable, 
exceeding  five  hundred.  It  is  situated 
about  160  miles  ESE  from  Vienna, 

Decatur,  post  town  and  townsiiip,  of  Ot- 
sego county.  New  York,  nine  miles  W  from 
West  Union.     Population  In  1820,  902. 

Decatur,  post  town  and  township.  Brown 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 101. 

-DecaiJO',  township,  Mifflin  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  in  1820,  635. 

Deccan,  f  x.ensive  tract  of  country,  iu 
Asia,  wliicli,  in  its  ordinary  acceptation, 
means  oid>  the  countries  situated  between 
liindoostan  Proper,  the  Carna'ic  a  id  Oris- 
sa,  that  is  the  provinces  of  Candeise,  Dow- 
latabad,  Visiapour,  Golconda,  and  'he  \V 
partofBerar.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  river  Nerbudda,  by  Bengal,  and  by 
Bahar  ;  and  the  river  Kistna  forms  its  se- 
paration on  the  S  from  the  neninsula  of 
•?5." 


DEE 


DEL 


Hindoostan.      Candeish,  Visiapour,  and  a  Deep  River,  in  North   Carolina,  one  of 

part   of  Dowlatabad,   are    subject  to  the  the  main  and  higher  branches  of  Cape  Fear 

Mahrattas  ;  the  remainder,  to  the  Nizam  of  river, 

the  Deccan.  Oeer  Creek,  south  westernmost  township 

Deception,  bay  of  North  America,  on  the  Pickaway  county,  Ohio.       Population   in 

Pacific  Ocean.      Lon.  W  C  48  W.  lat.  46  1°20,  1532. 

12  N,  Deer  Cr-eeil",  township  of  Ohio,  Madison 

Deception  Passage,  strait  of  North  Ame-  county.     Population  in  1820,  584. 

rica  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.      Lon.  W  C  48  Deerfield,  post  town  and  township,  Rock- 

W  lat.  47  10  N.  inghani  county,  New  Hampshire.     Popula- 

Decision  Cape,  south  point  of  an  island,  tion  in  1820,  2133. 
lying  between  Prince  of  Wales'  Island,  and  Deerfield,  p  st  town  and  township,  Frank- 
King  George's  Island.      Lon.  VV  C  56  56  lin  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  W  side 
W,  lat.  56  05  N.  of  Connecticut  river,  17   miles  N    from 

Decise,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  Northampton.     Population  in  1820, 1868. 

partment  of  Ni(  vre  and  late    province  of  Deerfield,   township    of  Oneida  county, 

Nivernois,  seated  in  an  island   formed  by  New  York,  opposite  Utica,  on  the  Mohawk. 

the  Loire,  16  mihs  SE  of  Nevers.     Lon.  Population  in  1820,  2344. 

4  31  E.  lat.  46  50  N.  Deerfield,  \i(iS\.\ovir\,  Cumberland  coun- 

Deckendorf,   town    of   Lower    Bavari.i,  ty,  New  Jersey.     Population  1900. 

seated   near   the   Danube,  37  miles  SE  of  Deerfield,  township  in  the  SE  angle  of 

Ratisbon.      It  wa-  taken  by  tl.e  Swedes  in  Portage  county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 


1641.     Lon.  12  55  E,  la»    48  42  N. 

UeckerstoTvn,  post  town,  Sussex  county. 
New  Jersey. 

Deddington,  town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  16  miles  N  of 
Oxford,  and  70  W\W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  1'2W.  lai.  52  2N. 


430. 

Deerfield,  township   of  Morgan  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  558. 

Deerfield,   township    of    Ross     county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1804. 

Deerfield  river,   rises  in   Vermont,  ''and 

flowing  S  enters  Massachusetts,  turns  to 

Dedham,  village  in  Essex,  noted  for  an    nearly  E  and  falls   into  Connecticut Jriver 

ancient  large  church,  which  has  a  fine  Go-    between  ^.Greenfield  "and  Deerfield. 

thic  steeple.      It  is  six  miles  N  of  Colches-        D<?er/w^,  post  town  -^nd  townshtp,"Hills- 

ter.  borough  county,  New  Hampshire.      Popu- 

Dedham,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,    lation  in  1820, 1415. 
Norfolk  county,    Massachusetts :    situated        Deer  Isle,  island'and  township,  Hancock 
on  the  S   side  of  Charles  river,   about  11    county,  Maine,  nine  mile  SE  from  Castine. 
miles  from    Boston.      It  has  a  post  office    Population  1500. 

and  2493  inhabitants.  •  JDeerhurst,    village    three     miles    S    of 

Dee,  river  of  N.  Wales,  which   rises  in    Tewkesbury,   in  Gloucestershire,  subject, 
Merionethshire,  in  N.  Wales,  and  run-  E    by  its  low  situation,  to  frequent'inundations 


to  the  borders  of  Denbighshire,  where 
turning  N  it  washes  the  walls  of  Chester, 
and  then  with  a  broad  channel  falls  into 
the  Irsh  Sea. 

Dee,  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
Aberdeenshire,  amid  the  mountains  of  Mar 
Forest,  and  flows  through  ■■>  wild  country 
till  It  reaches  the  fertile  vale  of  Brae-mar, 


from  the  Severn. 

Deer  Park,  post'  town.  Orange  county. 
New  York.     Pojiuiation  in  1820, 1340. 

Deinse,  or  Deynse,  town  of  Austrian 
Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis,  eight  mdes 
SVV  of  Ghent.     Lon.  3  39  E  lut.  50  59  N. 

DeKalb,  post  town,  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on    Oswegatchie   river,  20 


whence  it  proceeds  in  an  easterly  direction    miles  above  its  junction  with  St.  Lawrence, 
to  Aberdeen,  below  which  it  falls  into  the    Population  in  1820,  709 


British  Ocean.  Over  it  there  is  a  bndge 
of  seven  arches.  it  abounds  with  salmon, 
so  as  to  form  ore  of  the  greatest  salmon 
fishe"ies  in  Scotland. 


Delagoa,  bay  of  Africa,  on  the  Indian 
Ocean.     Lat.  27  S. 

Delaware,  river  of  the  United  States. 
The  Delaware  basin,  intervening  between 


Dee,   river  of  Scotland,  which   rises  m  that  of  Susquehannah  and  that  of  the  Hud- 

the  NW   part    of  Kircudbrightslnre,   and  son,  extends  about  250  miles  from  north 

joining  the  Ken,  below  New  Galloway,  falls  to  soutli,  with  a  mean  width  of  60  miles, 

into  the  Irish  Sea,  at  Kirkcudbright.  extending  over  an   ar^-a  of  15,600  square 

Deeping,  town  in   Lincolnshire,  with  a  miles.  The  Dt^la-vure  ri.-es  by  two  branches 

market  on  Thursday.      It  is  seated  on  the  in  the  Catsbergs,   drai.'iing  the   angle   be- 

Wr.Hand,  m  a  fenny  country,  six  miles  E  tween   the  Su-qiiehan  uh    and   Schoharie 

of  Stan^ford,  and  90  N  of  London.     Lon.  0  branch  of  Mohawk.      The  sources  of  the 

21  W.  lat.  52  42  N.  Delaware  flow  SW  by  cornparative  courses. 

Deep     Creek,  post    office,    Pasquotank  50   miles,   through  Delaware   county,    in 

countv.  North  Carolina.  New  York,  uniteat  the  NE  .ingle  of  Penn- 
4.56 


DEL 


DEL 


sylvanla,  and  turn  at  right  angles  to  a  course 
ofSE;  following  the  latter  direction,  by 
comparative  courses,  7J  mile,-,  to  the  NW 
angle  of  New  Jerse\ ,  ami  tiie  btise  of  the 
Kitatitiny  niwuntain ;  again  turning  with 
the  aioiintain  to  the  S\V,  follows  that 
course  along  its  base,  by  comparative 
co'irses,  40  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  Broad- 
head  creek,  wliere  the  river  again  turns, 
and  p  isses  tlie  Kitta'.inny  mountain.  Tne 
g-eneral  physiognomy  of  the  Susquehannah 
and  Delaware,  every  where  remaikable,  is 
in  no  other  place  so  striking  as  in  the  val- 
ley between  the  Kiit.itinny  mountain  and 
the  continuation  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  below 
Easton  and  tlie  moutli  of  the  Lehigh. 
Tills  river  has  a  very  crooked  course  ab  >ve 
and  even  below  the  Blue  Moun'ains  ;  tlie 
country  is  very  mo>Miaiiiou-,  through  winch 
it  passes,  until  it  leaves  the  Watergap.  It 
con.inues  hilly  along  its  banks,  below  the 
mountain  as  tiir  down  as  Wells  falls  below 
the  village  of  New  Hupe,  in  Bucks  county. 
It  has  many  rapids  an  1  shallows  along  iis 
whole  length,  until  it  reaches  Trenton  falls, 
where  it  meets  the  tide.  Boat  navigation 
is  vt-ry  difficult  above  Easton.  From  Eas- 
ton to  the  tide,  the  navigation  has  been 
improved,  and  at  present,  a  very  consider- 
able trade  is  Carried  on  m  this  part  ot  the 
river. 

In  the  Kittatinny  valley,  25  miles,  by 
comparative  courses,  below  the  Delaware 
v/atergap,  the  Lehigh  comes  in  from  the 
northwest. 

The  latter  stream  claims  a  very  large 
share  of  attention,  as  being  one  of  the 
great  channels  from  which  the  city  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, and  indeed  the  whole  Atlantic 
coast,  is  destined  to  receive  exhaustless 
supplies  of  coal. 

This  branch  of  the  Delaware  rises  in 
Wayne,  Luzerne,  and  Northampton,  and  is, 
empliatically,  a  mountain  str  am.  Flow- 
ing first  to  S  W,  curves  to  S  and  SE,  pierces 
the  Kittatinny  mountain,  crosses  the  Kit. 
tan-iy  valley  in  a  SE  direction,  is  turned  by 
the  SE  mountain  at  Allentown,  where  it 
winds  to  NE,  and  joins  the  Delav/are  at 
the  borough  of  Easton,  after  a  compara- 
tive cjurse  of  aboDt  80  miles.  See  Le- 
high. 

Below  the  SE  mountain,  the  Delaware 
turns  to  a  SE  course  35  mles,  ti  where  it 
leaves  the  primitive,  and  falis  into  'he  al- 
luvial formation  at  tlie  head  of  tide  water. 
Continuing  over  the  alluvion  four  or  five 
miles,  the  Delaware  again  turns  to  S\V, 
nearly  parallel  to,  antl  about  five  miifs  dis- 
tant fr!jm,  the  primitive  ledge,  in  which  di- 
rection it  flows,  by  comparative  courses, 
35  miles,  to  th?  mouth  of  ilie  Schuylkill. 

Respecting  the  Schuylkill,  it  is  sufficient 

to  observe,  that,  it  has  its  principal  sources 

in  Northampton  and  Schuylkill  cotmties  : 

that  its  general  course  is  from  NW  to  SE, 

K  k 


by  comparative  courses,  120  miles.  Few 
secondary  rivers  of  the  American  conti- 
nent are  destined  to  become  of  equal  im- 
portance with  the  Schuylkill,  as  a  channel 
of  inland  navigaaon.  The  general  course 
of  SW  is  mainiained  by  the  Delaware, 
about  30  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Schuylkill,  or  about  five  miles  b-low  New 
Castle.  Here  the  river,  already  considera- 
bly expanded  in  width,  opens  mto  a  wide 
triangular  bay,  &5  miles  in  length,  and  30 
wide,  between  Capes  Hinlopen  and  May. 
See  Schuylkill. 

Ddaivare  Bay,  the  estuary  of  the  Dela' 
ware  river,  between  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania, and  between  New  Jersey  and  De- 
laware. This  bay  in  strictness  commences 
at  Trenton,  at  the  he<d  of  tide  water,  but 
is  usually  computed  fr  >m  Fishers  Point 
b.  low  New  Castle  to  r;apes  May  aid  H  n- 
lopen.  Thus  ler^tncled  it  rs  about  65 
miles  long,  aul  v  .u-ymg  in  width  from  3  to 
30  miles.  It  admits  the  entra-icc  or  the  larg- 
est vessels  though  much  impeded  by 
shoals. 

DeUnvnre,  one    of  the    United    States. 
Tills  stjte  is  boun  led  by  an  ex'erior  limit, 
from  its  SE  angle  at  Fenwick's 
island  to  Cape  Hinlopen  20 

Along  the    right  shore  of  Dela- 
ware bay         -        -         -         •        90 
Around  the  semicircle  of  12  miles 

radius  from  New  Castle  -         25 

Thence  nearly  south  along  Mary- 
land ....      sr 

Thence  due   east  to   Fenwick's 
Island  -        -        -        -        36 

Having  an  entire  outline  of        -      258 
Area,  2120  square  miles,  equal  to  1,356,800 
acres. 

Extreme  length  from  south  to  north,  96 
miles  ;  greatest  breadth  along^   its   south 
boundarv  36  miles. 
-  Extending  from  lat.  38  29,  to  39  54 N. 

Tile  state  of  Delaware  from  its  confined 
extent,  and  position  presents  the  most 
uniform  mrface  of  any  of  the  great  politi- 
cal sections  of  the  United  States.  That 
pan  of  D  laware  bordering  on  Pennsylva- 
nia, rises  into  liiils  of  sor.e  litle  elevation, 
and  is  extremely  well  watered  Reced- 
ing, how.  ver,  down  Delaware  bay,  or 
rather  ulo  ig  the  intervening  peninsula 
between  that  and  Chesapeak  bay  the  face 
of  the  countiy  becomes  m  .re  monotonous, 
and  finally  smks  to  a  near  y  g-neral  level. 
Some  parts  of  he  lower  sections  of  the 
state  are  marshy,  some  sandy,  but  inters- 
persed with  productive  tracts.  Tiie  res- 
pective fcrility  of  the  different  divisions  of 
the  stae  can  bs'  se  n  liy  reference  to  the 
different  counties  with  their  comparative 
population. 

in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  the  soil 
is  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  grain 


DEL 


DEL 


aiid  pasturage.  Grain  and  flour  are  there- 
fore staple  commodities.  For  the  manu- 
facture of  the  latter  article  few  places  in 
any  country  can  possess  greater  natural 
facilities,  than  docs  higher  Delaware. 
Brandy  wine  creek  ris  ng  on  the  primitive, 
and  secondary  formations  in  Pennsylvania 
is  precipitated  over  considerable  rapids  in 
its  passage  from  the  primitive  rock  to  the 
alluvial  tract  below.  Red  Cky  and  White 
Clay  creeks,  branches  of  Christiana  river 
present  similar  features  io  Brandy  wine, 
and  taken  together,  affird  an  uncommon 
assemblage  of  seats  for  mills  and  other 
manufactories.  Much  has  been  done  to 
improve  those  natural  advantages.  Manu- 
factories of  paper,  gunpowder,  and  cotton 
and  woollen  goods  have  been  extensively 
estabhshed.  A  canal  to  unite  the  Dela- 
ware and  Chesapeak  bays,  and  to  crop 
the  state  of  Delaware,  was  undertaken  in 
May,  1804.  This  enterprise,  after  consi- 
derable labour  and  funds  had  been  ex- 
pended, was  from  various  causes,  suspend- 
ed, in  1805  ;  but  now,  (1822)  is  again  re- 
vived, with  the  most  flattering  hopes  of 
success. 

For  political  and  legal  purposes  Dela- 
ware is  subdivided  into  the  following  coun- 
ties ;  having  the  population  respectively 
annexed,  in  1820. 

New  Castle         -        -        2^,899 
Kent  -        -        -        20,793 

Sussex        -        -        -        24,057 


72,749 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females  S9 

Slaves,  males  -        .        .  33 

do.  females  .        .        «  23 

Total  population  in  1820,  26,587 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  558 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,771 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  735 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  44 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16, 

Delarware,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Delaware  river ;  bounded  by  Delaware 
river  SE  ;  state  of  Delaware  SW  ;  Chester 
NW ;  Montgomery  and  Philadelphia  coun- 
ties NE  ;  length  20  ;  mean  width  10 ;  area 
300  square  miles.  Surface  generally  hilly, 
with  a  soil  naturally  productive,  and  much 
improven  in  many  places  by  artificial 
means.  The  Staples  of  this  county,  consist 
of  grain,  flour,  fruit,  and  an  indefinite 
number  of  articles  for  the  Philadelphia 
market.    Chief  town,  Chester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -         7,084 

do.  do.  females  .  -  -  6,828 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  822 


In  the  convention  held  at  Philadelphia 
in  1787,  the  inhabitants  were  computed  at 
37,000.  According  to  the  census  of  1790, 
they  amounted  to  59,000 ;  m  IbOO,  they  had 
risen  to  64,273. 

Delatvare,  county  of  \ew  York  ;  bounded 
by  Pennsylvania  SVV  ;  Broome  W  ;  Otsego 
N  ;  Schoharie  and  Greene  NE,  and  Ulster 
and  Sullivan  SE  ;  length  45  ;  mem  width 
36 ;  area  1630  square  miles.  Surface  hilly 
in  general,  and  in  part  mountainous.  Soil 
nevertheless  fertile,  and  productive  in 
grain,  fruits  and  meadow  grasses.  Chief 
town,  Delhi. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      ...      10,409 

do.  do     females  -        -        9,762 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...  77 

Slaves        ...        -        -  55 


Total  population  in  1810         -  20,303 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  13,441 

do.    do.    females     ...  13,008 

Total  whites               -        -        -  26,449 

^^e  persons  of  colour,  males  43 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females    - 

Total  whites       .        -        -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        « 

do.    females   -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


14,734 


7,001 
6,700 


14,810 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  HO 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         2,111 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  843 

do.        in  Commerce      ~        -  48 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  74. 

Delaware,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Delaware,  township  of  Mercer  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  424. 

Delaware,  town  of  Virginia,  King  William 
county,  on  the  point  between  the  Pamunky 
and  Matapony  rivers. 

Delaiuare,  county  of  Ohio,  on  Sciota  and 
Whitsione  rivers,  and  on  Ailum  creek; 
bounded  by  Franklin  S;  Madison  SW; 
Union  W  ;  Marion  N,  and  Knox  and  Lick- 
ing E  ;  leng'.h  27  ;  mean  breadth  24 ;  area 
about  650  square  miles.  Surface  rather 
waving  than  hilly  ;  soil  in  general  produc- 
tive.   Chief  town,  Delaware 


DEL. 


DEM 


Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males        ...        1,033 

do,     do,    fem;iles  -        -         .  923 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  44 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -        2,000 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...       3,986 
do.    do.  females  -        •        3,616 

Total  whites        -        -        -        -  7,602- 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  19 

do.              do,      females  -  18 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females             ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -       7,639 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  38 

Engaged  m  Agriculture  -        1,163 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  198 

do,       in  Commerce         -        •  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12,  nearly, 

Delery,  seigniory,  Lower  Canada,  Hun- 
tingdon county,  on  the  Sorelle  rivei',  27 
mdes  SSE  from  Montreal,  Isle  Aux  Noix 
is  in  this  seigniory. 

Delft,  city  of  the  United  Provinces,  in 
Holland.  It  is  clean  and  well  built,  wiih 
canals  in  the  streets,  planted  on  each  side 
with  trees  It  is  about  two  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  and  has  a  fine  arsenal  well 
furnished.  It  is  noted  for  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  earthen  ware  known  by  the 
name  of  Delft  ware.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Schie,  eight  miles  NW  of  Rotterdam,  and 
30  SW  of  Amsterdam,  Lon.  4  24  E,  lat. 
52  4  N, 

Delftshaven,  fortified  town  of  Holland,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Maese,  with  a  canal  to 
Delft,  84c.  It  is  between  Rotterdam  and 
Schiedam,  not  tliree  miles  from  each, 

Delfzy,  fortress  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Groningen.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Damster,  13  miles  NE  of  Groningen. 

Dellii,  province  of  Hindoostan  Proper ; 
bounded  on  the  NW  by  Lahore,  on  the  NE 
by  Serinagur,  on  the  E  by  the  Rohilla 
country,  on  the  S  by  Agra,  and  on  the  W 
by  Moultan.  Having  been  the  seat  of  con- 
tinual wars  for  above  50  years,  it  is  almost 
depopulated  ;  and  a  tract  of  country  that 
possess  every  advantage  that  can  be  deri- 
ved from  nature,  contains  the  most  misera- 
ble of  inhabitants.  It  is  now  all  that  re- 
mains to  the  Great  Mogul  of  his  once  ex- 
tensive empire. 

Delhi,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  in  Hindoostan  Proper,  seated  on  the 
river  Jumna,  It  is  the  nominal  capital  of 
all  Hindoostan,  and  was  the  actual  capital 
during  the  greatest  part  of  the  time  since 
the  Mahometan  conquest.    In  1738,  when 


Nadir  Shah  invaded  Hindoostan,  he  entered 
Delhi,  and  dreadful  were  the  massacres 
and  famine  that  followed  ;  100,000  of  the 
inhabitants  perished  by  the  sworJ  ;  and 
plunder,  to  the  amount  of  62,u00,O00A  ster- 
ling, was  said  to  be  collected.  The  same 
calamitief  they  endured  on  the  subsequent 
invasions  of  Abdalla,  king  of  Candahar. 
Delhi  is  80  miles  NNE  of  Bombay,  Lon. 
77  40  E,  lat.  28  37  N. 

Delhi,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,  in 
Delaware  county,  New  York,  on  Coquago 
branch  ot  Delaware  river,  70  miles  WSW 
from  Albany. 

Delhi,  township  of  Delaware  count}', 
New  York,  includuig  the  foregoing  village. 
Population  in  1820,  2285. 

Delichi,  river  of  ,\lbania,  the  Acheron  of 
the  ancient  poets,  who  feigned  it  to  be  in 
hell. 

Delmcnhorst,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Delmenliorst,  belonging  to  Den- 
mark. It  is  seated  on  the  Delm,  near  the 
Weser  eiglit  miles  SW  of  Bremen. 

Dehs,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  now 
called  Dili.  There  are  abundance  of  fine 
ruins  supposed  to  be  of  the  temples  of 
Diana  and  Apollo,  whose  birtli-place  it  is 
said  to  be.  1 1  is  six  miles  in  circiunference, 
but  now  destitute  of  inhabitants.  Lon.  25 
59  E,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Delphi,  or  Delphos,  town  of  Livadia, 
seated  in  a  valley,  near  mount  Parnassus, 
It  was  famous  for  the  oracle  of  Apollo, 
which  people  came  f  om  all  p  r;s  to  consult. 

Delsperg,  town  of  Sv.'is  crianci,  in  the 
bishopric  of  B:isle,  10  liiiles  KW  ot  Soleure, 
Lon,  7  23  E,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Delta,  part  of  lower  Kgypt,  l.ttween  tiie 
branches  of  tSie  Nile  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  ancients  called  it  the  isle  of 
Delta,  because  it  is  in  the  shape  of  a  trian- 
gle, like  the  Greek  letter  of  that  name.  It 
is  130  miles  along  the  coast  i"r.)m  Damietta 
to  Alexandria,  and  70  on  the  sides,  from  the 
place  where  the  Ni  e  begins  to  divide  it- 
self.  It  is  the  most  plentitul  country  of  all 
Egypt,  and  it  ruins  more  here  than  in  other 
parts ;  but  its  fertility  is  chiefly  owing-  to 
the  inundations  of  the  Nile,  The  princi- 
pal towns  on  the  coast  are  Damietta,  Ro- 
setta,  and  Alexandria. 

Demer,  river  which  rises  in  the  bishopric 
of  Litge,  waters  TIasselt,  Diest,  Sichem, 
Arschot,  and  Mechlin,  below  wiiich  it  joins 
the  Senne,  and  takes  the  n  me  of  Rupel. 

Demerara,  river  of  South  America,  in 
Guiana,  rises  -t  about  lat.  4  N,  and  flowing 
nearly  north  20J  miles,  falls  into  the  Atlan- 
lic  Ocean,  10  miles  E  from  the  mouth  of 
tlje  Isiquiljo  river. 

Demerara,  province  formerly  of  Dutch 
Guiana,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Deme- 
rar.i  river.  It  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1814, 

Detneraru,  settlement  formerly  belonging 
259 


BEN 


D  E  K 


to  the  Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  three  leagues  W  of  Paramari- 
bo. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  April, 
1796. 

Uemmin,  ancient  town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania,  in  the  duchy  of  Stet  n,  seated  on  the 
river  Peen.     Lon,  13  22  E,  la- .  S3  52  N. 

.Demona,  fort  of  Piedmi  nt,  on  the  river 
Sture,  10  miles  S\V  of  Coni,  Lon.  7  28 
E,  lat.  48  18  N 

Denain,  village  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  lute  province  of 
Hainault.  It  is  s<  ated  on  the  Scheldt  8 
miles  W  of  Vali  nciennes. 

Denbigh,  county-town  of  Denbieb shire  ; 
situate  on  the  side  of  a  ro  ky  lull,  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Clvvyde.  Its  ruined 
castle,  with  its  vast  enclosui-e  crowning  the 
top  of  the  hill,  forms  a  slrikin.c  objt-ct.  It 
has  a  market  on  Wednesduv,  seiids  one 
member  to  parhament,  and  s  27  miles  W 
of  Chester,  and  208  N\V  of  London.  Lon. 
3  35  W,  lat.  53  UN. 

DenbigJishire,  county  of  Wales,  bounded 
on  the  S  by  Merioneth  and  Montgomery 
shires,  on  the  N  by  F  intshire  and  il-e  Irish 
Sea,  on  the  VV  by  Caernarvon  and  jjart  of 
Merionethshire.  Ii  is  about  40  miles  long 
and  21  broad.  Tiie  air  is  wholrsome,  but 
sharp;  the  coMuty  being  pretty  hilly,  and 
tiie  snow  lying  long  ^n  the  tops  of  the 
mountains.  The  soil  in  general  is  barren 
The  chief  commodities  are  black  cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  rye,  and  lead  ore  The  coun- 
ty sends  two  members  to  parliaiiefit. 
Population  in  1801.  60,352,  in  1811,  64,240, 
and  in  1821,  74,511. 

DendeVfUvey  of  Austrian  Hainault,  which 
waters  Leuze,  .\th,  Lessincs,  Grammont, 
Ninove,  and  Alost,  and  jo.ns  ihe  Scheldt  at 
Di'nd^rmonde. 

Dendevmonife,  city  of  Flanders,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794,  when  they  overran  Holland  It  is 
surrounded  by  marches  and  fine  meadows, 
which  can  be  covered  with  water,  and  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dender  and 
Scheldt,  16  miUs  W  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4 
IDE, lat.  51  3N. 

Benia,  ancient  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia. It  is  seatid  at  the  foot  of  a  m  >un- 
tain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  52  miles  E  of 
Alicant.     Lon.  0  36  E,  lat.  33  44  N. 

Denmark,  kinjjdom  of  Europe  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  the  Baltic  sea,  W  ai'd  N  by  the 
Ocean,  and  S  by  Germany.  The  country 
ifl  generally  flat,  and  the  sod  sandy  'I'he 
air  is  rendered  foggy  by  the  neighbuurhood 
of  the  seas  and  lakes,  of  which  it  is  full  ; 
but  it  has  no  considerable  river.  Denmaik, 
properly  so  called,  consists  of  Jutland  and 
the  islands  of  Zealand  and  Fimen,  with  the 
little  isles  about  them.  The  king  of  Den- 
mark's dominions,  however,  con  air  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  Iceluid,  the  Farroe 
islands,  and  also  Norway  till  lately  ;  but  in 
260 


consequence  of  Denmark  being  in  alliance 
witii  Franc. ,  during  the  grand  confedi  racy 
against  that  Power,  in  1813,  th^-  allies,  un>- 
der  the  crown  prince  of  Sweden,  soon  after 
the  battle  of  Leipsic,  entered  the  king's 
diiminion^  in  the  North  of  Germany  ;  and 
after  several  severe-  battles,  in  wliich  the 
Danes  had  to  contend  w  th  ver>  superior 
numbers,  the  king  was  compelled  to  con- 
clude a  treaty,  wherein  he  ceded  Norway 
to  S-veden,  and  was  to  receive  in  exchange, 
Swedish  Ponii  rania,  and  the  Isle  of  Rwgen. 
In  the  East  Indies,  Denmark  possesses 
Tranquebar  on  the  coa^t  of  Coromandel, 
and  the  Nicobar  islands;  in  the  West  In- 
dies, ;he  islands  of  St  Thomas,  St.  Croix, 
and  St.  John  ;  Christiatiburg  on  the  coast 
of  Guinea;  and  a  small  part  of  Greenland. 
Di-nmark  was  once  a  limited  and  elective 
monarchy  ;  but,  in  1660,  it  was  made  abso- 
lute and  hereditary,  by  a  revolution  almost 
imp  ralleled  iu  liistory  ;  a  free  people 
voluntarily  resigning  tiieir  liberties  into  the 
hands  of  their  sovereign.  The  inhabita'  ts 
are  protestants  since  the  year  1522,  when 
they  embrced  the  co'  fession  ot  Augsburg. 
The  manners  and  customs  of  the  superior 
classes  dift'er  little  from  those  in  other  parts 
of  Europe  ;  but  the  peasantry  continue  in  a 
state  of  vassal  ge,  except  those  of  the 
crown.  The  revenues,  which  arise  fiom 
tlie  crown  and  duties,  are  supposed  to 
amount  to  1,50:  ,000^  a  year  The  har- 
bou!'s  of  Denmark  are  well  calculated  for 
trade  ;  and  c  mmercial  companies  are  es- 
tablished to  the  East  Indies,  West  Indies, 
and  Africa.  The  pr.)duce  of  Denmark,  be- 
side fir  and  other  timber,  is  black  cattle, 
horses,  butter,  tal'cw,  hides,  pitch,  tar, 
fish,  oil,  and  iron.  Copenhagen  is  the 
capital. 

Denmark  now  contains: 

Population. 
Jutland  -  ^    -        -        400,000 

The  islands  of  Zealand,  Fu- 
nen,     Langland,    Laland, 
Falster,  &c.       -        -        550,000 
Holstein  -        -        -        350,000 

Sleswick        -        -        -        300,G00 
Lauenburgh  -        -  40,000 

Iceland  -        -        -  60,000 

Faroe  Islands         -        -  5,000 

Sittlements  in  the  East  and 
West  Indies       -        -        100,000 


1,805,000 


Denmark;  post  town,  Lewis  county. 
New  York,  on  Black  river,  on  the  road 
from  Utica  to  Sackett's  Harbor. 

Denmark,  township  of  New  York,  in 
Lewis  county.     Population  in  1820. 1745. 

Denmark,  post  town  and  township, 
Oxford  county,  Maine,  on  Saco  river. 
Population  in  1820,  792. 


D  E  R 


D  E  R 


Demnark,  township,  Ashtabula  county, 
Ohio,  6  miles  E  tnm  J'-ffersuii. 

Dennis,  p'St  town  and  township,  in 
BanisLablf  county,  M.issdchus'  its,  about 
eight  milts troin  Barnstable.  Popuiation 
in  IS2U,  1997. 

Dennis,  post  village,  Amelia  county, 
Virginia. 

IJcnnis- Creek;  post  office,  Cape  Mary 
county,  Nf  w  Jersey. 

Dennynville  post  town  and  township, 
Washington  county,  Maine,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Denny's  river,  23  milts  NE 
from  Machias,  and  17  NW  from  East- 
port 

Denny's  River,  rises  in  Madvbemp 
lake,  Washington  countv,  Maine,  and 
flowing  SE,  falls  into  Cnbbescook  bay. 

Denton,  post  town,  and  capital  of 
Caroline  county,  Maryland  ;  standing  on 
the  E  side  of  Choptank  river,  about 
seven  miles  E  from  Hillsborough,  and  8 
S  from  Greensborough. 

Dentrecanteaux' s  Channel  separates 
Bruny's  island  from  Van  Uii-man's  land. 

Deny'a,  St.  famous  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Paris.  Ht^re  is  an  an- 
cient and  magnificent  church,  in  which 
were  the  tombs  of  many  of  the  French 
kings :  and  in  the  treasuiy,  among  other 
Curiositifs,  the  swords  of  St.  Lewis  and 
the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  the  sceptre  of 
Charhmagne  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Crould,  near  the  Seine,  five  miles  N  of 
Paris.     Lnn   2  26  E,  lat-  48  56  N. 

Deposit,  post  office  Delaware  county. 
New  York,  on  Delaware  river,  105  miles 
W  from  Cats  kill. 

Depiford,  town  of  Kent,  four  miles  E 
of  London  It  has  a  bridge  over  the 
river  at  Ravensbourn,  near  its  influx  into 
the  Thames,  where  it  once  had  a  deep 
ford  from  whence  it  had  its  name.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  fine  docks  and  for  the 
king's  yard  and  storehouses.  It  was  an 
ciently  called  West  Greenwich.  It  is 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  D(  ptfurd, 
and  has  two  parish  churches.  Here  is  a 
hospital,  incorporated  by  Henry  VIII. 
called  Trinity  House  of  Dep'ford  Strond. 
It  contains  21  houses :  a  more  modern 
structure,  and  a  finer  one,  called  Tr  ni- 
ty  Hospital,  contains  38.  Both  these  are 
for  decayed  pilots,  or  masters  of  ships, 
or  their  widows,  who  have  a  handsome 
monthly  allowance.  Deptford  is  four 
mil»-s  Efrom  London.  Lon.  0  4  E,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

Drptford,  township  of  Gloucester 
county.  New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
3281. 

Derbane,  river  of  Louisiana,  in  the 
parishes  of  Natchitoches  and  Ouachitta  ; 
it  rises  in  a  hilly  pine  ridge  in  the  parish 
of  Natchitoches,  enterlocking  with  t^e 


sources  of  Dacheet  and  Black  Lake  river. 
i"h  cnciri  length  of  Derbane  is  about  80 
mile-i,  it  enters  Ouachitta  3  miivs  above 
fort  Miro.  This  little  stream  is  navi- 
gable at  high  water  thirty  or  forty  miles; 
some  good  farming  lands  lie  along  the 
outer  vales,  between  t  e  w>,tcr  courses' 
and  hills,  but  in  general,  the  country 
drained  by  the  D  rbane,  is  open  unpro- 
ductive jjine  woods. 

Dtrbane,  small  river  of  Louisiana; 
rises  in  the  parish  of  the  interior  of  La- 
fourche, and  flowing  SE  falls  into  the 
gulf. of  M  xico,  10  miles  W  from  the 
mouth  of  Lafourche  river. 

Derbane,  creek  {bayou)  of  Louisiana, 
in  Opelonsas,  fails  into  the  Courtableau 
from  the  left. 

Derbent,  seaport  and  fortress  of  Per- 
sia, in  the  province  of  Schirvan,  on  the 
W  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  town 
is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Persians,  Tartars, 
and  a  few  Armenians  It  is  said  to  have 
been  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and 
is  surrounded  by  high  brick  walls.  The 
fortress  surrendered  tc*  the  Russians,  in 
May,  1796,  after  a  siege  ot  ten  days.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  "f  Mount  Caucasus., 
Lon.  50  0  E,  lat  42  8  N. 

Derby,  county  town  of  Derbyshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some stone  bridge.  In  1734,  a  machine 
was  erected  here  by  sir  Thomas  Lombe, 
for  the  manufacturing  of  siik,  the  model 
of  which  was  brought  from  Italy.  Derby 
possesses  also  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  silk,  cotton,  and  fine  worsted 
stockings  ;  and  has  a  fabric  of  porcelain, 
equal,  if  not  superior  in  quality,  to  any  in 
the  kingdom  Several  hands  are  em- 
ployed in  the  lai)idary  and  jewellery 
branches ;  and  Derbyshire  marbles,  spars 
and  crystals,  are  wrought  into  a  variety 
of  ornamental  articles.  Derby  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  governed 
by  a  mayor  It  is  36  miles  N  of  Coven- 
try, and  126  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
'25  W,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Derby  post  town.  New  Haven  county, 
Connecticut,  on  the  left  bank  of  Housa- 
tonick,  at  its  junction  with  the  Nauga- 
tuck  river.  This  place  is  remarkable 
for  its  mills  and  other  manufactories, 
erected  at  the  falls  of  the  Naugatuck 
and  Eight  Mile  rivers. 

Derby,  post  town  of  Vermont,  in  Or- 
leans County  on  lake  Memphramagog. 
Population  in  1820,  710. 

Derby,  township  of  New  Haven  coun- 
ty, Connecticut.  Population  in  1820, 
2088. 

Derbyshire,  English  county,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Yorkshire,  on  the  E  by  Not- 
tinghamshire, on  the  S  by  Leicestershire 
261 


D  E  K 


D  a.  T 


and  Warwickshii-e,  on  the  W  by  Staf- 
tbrdbhire,  and  o.i  ih<r  NW  by  Cheshire. 
It  litb in  thi  ducthf  nt  Litchfif  Id  and  Co- 
veiilry,  st- •  ds  tVur  rti' mbcrs  to  parlia- 
ment, and  contains  six  '.undrcds.  11  mar- 
ket towns,  and  1 .16  parishes.  It  iS  near 
59  inilits  iii  length  from  scuth  to  north; 
about  34  in  brtadth  on  the  north  side, 
but  on  tht  south  no  more  than  six.  The 
pri.  cipai  rivers  are  the  Dervvtnt,  Dove, 
Erwash  and  Trent.  Popuation  in  1801, 
161,142,  in  1811,  185,487,  and  in  1821, 
21j  333. 

Dereham^  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  (-n  Friday.  The  market  is  noted 
for  wod  and  yarn.  It  is  14  miles  W  of 
Norwich,  and  100  NNE  of  London.  Lon. 
1  0  E   lat.  52  42  N. 

Dtrenburg  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Halherstadt. 

Dereote,  or  Ddroute,  town  of  Enypt, 
in  the  isle  formed  by  the  canal  from 
Cairo  to  Rosetta.  Here  is  a  magnifi- 
cent temple.  Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30 
40  N. 

Dermon^  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  2379. 

Derne,  town  of  Barbary.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  district  in  Tripuli  near  the 
coast.    Lon.  31  45  E,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Derry,  township  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Swatara  creek,  12 
miles  from  Harrisburg.  Population  in 
1820,  2256. 

Derry,  township  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania.    Population  in  1820,  1551. 

Derry,  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
2301.' 

Derry,  township  of  Columbia  county, 
Pennsylvania.    Population  in  1820,  1662. 

Derry,  township  of  Guernsey  county, 
Ohio.    'Population  in  1820,  902, 

Derfi  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a 
university  It  lies  near  the  river  Am- 
bec,  .50  miles  NVV  of  Pskof.  Lon.  26  15 
E,  lat.  58  30  N 

De  Ruyter,  township  and  post  town, 
in  the  SW  angle  of  Madison  cnuntv, 
New  York.    Population  in  1820,  1214.' 

Derivent,  river  in  Devonshire,  which 
rises  in  the  high  Peak,  passes  Derby,  and 
empties  itself  into  the  Trent  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Leicestershire. 

Dtriuent,  river  of  Yorkshire,  which 
rising  in  the  N  riding,  flows  into  the 
Ouse,  b  low  York. 

Derwent,  river  of  Durham,  which 
flowing  for  some  time  between  Durham 
and  Noi'thumberland,  falls  into  the  Tyne, 
above  Newcastle. 

Dtrwent,  river  of  Cumberland,  which 
flowing  through  the  lakes  of  Derwent- 
water,  and  Bassenthwaite-waterto  Cock- 
262 


ermouth,   enters   the   Irish   Sea,    near 
Workington. 

Derweni-tvater,  lake  of  Cumberland, 
in  the  vale  of  Keswick.  It  is  three 
miles  in  length,  and  a  mile  and  a  half 
wide.  Five  islands  rise  out  of  this  lake, 
which  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
appearance.  On  one  of  them  is  an  ele- 
gant modern-built  house, 

Desaguero,  river  of  South  America. 
See  Colerado. 

Desaguero,  river  of  South  America,  in 
La  Paz   flows  north  into  lake  Titicaca. 

Deseada,  one  of  the  French  Caribbee 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  It  is  10 
miles  long  and  five  broad,  and  is  gene- 
rally th<  first  land  that  is  made  in  sailing 
to  the  West  Indies,  Lon.  61  20  W,  lat. 
16  4U  N 

Deseado,  Ca/ie,  on  the  NW  coast  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.  Lon.  W  C  0  IS  E, 
lat.  52  52  S. 

Des  Moi?is,  large  branch  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, rises  at  N  lat.  43  40,  and  Lon.  W 
C  18  W.  It  thence  flows  SE  by  com- 
parative courses  350  miles,  falls  into  the 
Mississippi,  about  130  miles  by  water 
above  the  mouth  of  Missouri. 

Desna,  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Dnie- 
per from  the  NE  at  Kiov. 

Desolation,  La/ie,  on  the  SW  coast  of 
Terra  del  Fuegu,  South  America.  Lon. 
W  C  10  30  E.  lat.  54  55  S. 

Desolation,  Cape,  of  Greenland.  Lon. 
W  C  30  E,  lat.  61  45  N. 

Depage.     See  Fox  river. 

Des  Planes,  river,  branch  of  Illinois  rises 
to  the  W  from  lake  Michigan,  and  flowing 
S  joins  the  Kankakee  from  the  E  and 
forms  Illinois.  Ai  seasons  of  high  water  a 
channel  is  open  between  the  Dee  Planes, 
and  Chicago  rivers.     See  Cldcago. 

Dessaw,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  province  of 
Anhalt.  It  belongs  to  its  own  prince,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  37  miles  N  of  Leip- 
sic.     Lon.  12  22  E.  lat.  51  53  N. 

Destruction,  or  Queeti  Hythe,  island  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the 
coast  of  North  America.  Lon,  W  C  47  50 
W.  lat.  47  37  N. 

Detliinold,  town  of  Westphalia,  on  the  ri- 
ver Wehera,  15  miles  N  of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  8  55  E.  lat.  52  0  N. 

Detroit,  post  town,  and  capital  of  Michi- 
gan territory.  It  is  situated  on  the  west- 
em  bank  of  the  strait  St.  Clair,  or  Detroit 
river,  between  lake  Ene  and  lake  St.  Clair ; 
18  miles  north  of  the  west  end  of  the  for- 
mer, and  nine  miles  below  the  latter. 
Fort  Detroit  is  of  an  oblong  figure,  built 
with  stockades,  and  advantageously  situat- 
ed, with  one  entire  side  commanding  the 
river.  The  town  is  near  a  mile  in  circum- 
ference, and  previous  to  its  being  burned 


U  E  T 


D  E  V 


in  January,  1805,  enclosed  about  300 
houses  and  a  Roman  CAtliotic  cluirch ; 
buiit  in  a  regular  manner,  with  parallel 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  is 
rising  again  on  a  large  scale,  with  wider 
streets.  For  eight  miles  below,  and  the 
same  distance  above  Detroit,  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  the  country  is  divided  into  re- 
gular and  well  cultivated  plantations;  and 
from  the  contiguity  of  the  farmers'  houses 
to  each  other,  they  appe.ir  as  two  long  ex- 
tended villages.  The  inhabitants,  who 
were  mostly  French,  were  about  2000  in 
number,  in  1778,  500  ot  whom  were  as 
good  marksmen  as  the  Indians  tliemselves, 
and  as  well  accustomed  to  the  woods. 
They  raise  large  flocks  of  black  cattle, 
and  great  quantities  of  corn,  which  they 
grind  by  windmills,  and  manufacture  into 
excellent  flour.  The  chief  trade  of  De- 
troit consists  in  a  barter  of  coarse  Europe- 
an goods  with  the  natives  f)r  furs,  deer 
skins,  tallow,  8;c.  The  exports  from  this 
place  for  the  year  1804,  amounted  to 
38,028  dollars.  By  the  treaty  of  Green- 
ville, August  3, 1795,  the  Indians  have  ced- 
ed to  the  United  States  tht-  post  of  Detroit, 
and  all  the  land  to  the  north,  the  west  and 
south  of  it,  of  which  the  Indian  title  has 
been  extinguished  by  gifts  or  grants  to  the 
French  or  English  governments.  In  1807, 
the  Indians,  for  59,500  dollars,  ceded  to 
the  United  States  about  50,000,000  of 
acres,  extending  from  fort  Defiance  on  the 
Miami,  260  miles  on  that  river,  lake  Erie, 
the  Detroit  nver  and  lake,  the  river  St. 
Clair  and  lake  Huron,  including  all  the 
streams  falling  into  those  waters.  The 
tort,  &c.  was  delivered  up  by  the  British  in 
July,  1796,  according  to  treaty.  Lon.  W 
C  5  50  W.lat.42  25  N. 

Detroit  River,  or  Strait  of  St.  Clair,  is- 
sues from  lake  St.  Clair,  and  enters  the 
west  end  of  lake  Erie,  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  line  between  the  United  States 
and  Upper  Canada.  In  ascending  it,  its 
entrance  is  more  than  three  mile  wide,  but 
it  perceptibly  diminishes  ;  so  ;hat  opposite 
the  fort,  18  miles  from  lake  Erie,  it  does 
not  exceed  half  a  mile  in  wi.lth  ;  and  from 
thence  to  St.  Clair,  it  widens  more  than  a 
mile.  The  channel  of  the  strait  is  gentle, 
and  wide  and  deep  enough  for  shipping  of 
great  burthen,  although  it  is  incommoded 
by  several  islands,  one  of  which  is  more 
than  seven  miles  in  length,  Tliese  islands 
are  of  a  fertile  soil,  and  from  their  situation 
afford  a  very  agreeable  appearance.  The 
length  or  the  river  is  28  miles  ;  and  several 
streams  fall  into  it,  chiefly  from  the  north- 
west, viz.  Bauche,  Clora,  Cuni^re,  Detroit 
and  Huron  rivers.  There  are  several 
windmills  on  the  Detroit,  and  an  orchard 
adjoining  almost  every  hou  e.  I'he  set- 
tlers are  numerous,  and  the  improvements 
handsome  and  exten.sive.     V.'hen  the  trees 


are  in  blossom,  the  prospect  as  you  pass 
thr  )ugii  the  strait  is  perhaps  as  delightful 
as  any  in  'he  wo; Id 

Detroit,  le  Petit,  on  the  Ottav.'a  river,  is 
below  the  upper  main  forks  of  the  Otiawa 
river. 

Dettingen,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Hanau.  The  French  were  defeat- 
ed near  this  town  in  1743  by  George  11.  It 
lies  between  Hanau  and  Aschaffenburg", 
four  miles  from  each. 

Deva,  seaport  of  Spain,  on  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  in  the  province  of  Guipuscoa,  15 
miles'  SE  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  2  40  W.  lat.  43 
24  N 

Devento,  town  of  Bulgaria,  with  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see,  seated  on  the  river  Pani- 
za,  65  miles  XB  of  Adr  anople.  Lon.  37 
33  E.  lat.  42  33  N. 

Deventer,  ciiy  of  the  United  Provinces, 
the  capital  of  Overyssel,  with  a  university. 
It  is  surrounded  by  strong  walls,  and  seated 
on  the  river  Yssel,  50  miles  E  of  Amster- 
dam.    Lon.  5  56  E.  lat.  52  18  N. 

Deverte,  bay  of  New  Brunswick,  on  the 
NE  coast.     Lon.  W  C  13  10  E.  lat.  46  N. 

Dez>etto,  or  Zagoria,  town  in  Bulgaria, 
not  far  from  the  see  of  a  Greek  archb'.shop. 
It  is  situated  near  the  Black  Sea,  100  miles 
N  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  27  22  E.  lat, 
42  25  N. 

Devizes,  borough  in  Wilts  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  and  a  manufacture  of  serges 
and  other  woollen  btuflTs.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  ,ind 
is  24  miles  NW  of  Salisbury,  and  89  \V  of 
London.     Lon.  2  2  W.  lat.  51  20  N. 

Devon,  river  of  Perthshire,  over  which, 
in  the  beautiful  vale  ot  Gletidevon,  is  a 
great  curiosity,  called  the  Rumbling 
Bridge.  It  consists  of  one  arch,  thrown 
over  a  horrible  chasm,  worii  by  the  river, 
about  80  feet  deep,  and  very  narrow.  In 
other  places,  the  river  has  forced  its  way 
in  a  surprising  manner,  through  the  rocks. 
At  the  Ch  Idron-lin,  it  has  worn  away  the 
softer  parts  of  the  stone,  and  formed  im- 
mense pits,  into  which  the  water  falls  with 
a  tremendous  noise.  Below  this,  the  whole 
river  is  precipitated  in  one  sheet,  from  a 
height  of  40  feet. 

Devonshire,  county  of  England,  70  mile.g 
long  and  64  broad,  bounded  on  the  N  W  and 
N  by  the  Bristol  channel,  E  by  Somerset- 
shire and  Dorsetshire,  •  SE  and  S  by  the 
English  channel,  and  W  by  Cornwall.  It 
contains  1,600,000  acres  ;  is  divided  into 
32  hundreds,  and  398  parishe- ;  and  has 
one  city  and  35  market  towns.  The  air  is 
so  mild  in  the  valleys,  that  the  myrtle 
grows  unsheltered  ;  but  it  is  cold  and  bleak 
on  the  mountains.  The  soil  is  various,  for 
the  lower  grout^ds  are  naturally  fertile,  and 
the  hills  are  very  barren.  In  the  eastern 
part  there  is  plenty  of  good  corn,  and  fine 
pasturage  for  sheep,  where  the  srrourd'; 


1)  I  c 


DIE 


are  dry  ami  chalky.  The  southern  part  is 
remarkably  ferriie;  and  frui'  trees  are 
pleiitifu  esieciillv  .ipples,  with  which  a 
great  quan  i  y  otc;-itr  is  m  de. 

On  the  coast  is  found  a  peculiar  rich 
sand,  ot  sipi^ulyr  aervici-  to  husbandmen 
The  middie  part  is  occupied  by  the 
forest  of  Dartmoor.  The  western  part 
abounds  with  game,  especially  hares, 
pheasants,  and  wood-cocks  ;  and  here  is 
a  bird  so  very  small  that  it  is  reputed  a 
humming-bird,  and  like  that  constructs 
its  nests  n  the  extreme  branches  of 
trees.  Devonshire  was  formerly  more 
celebrated  for  its  mines  than  even  Coin- 
wall ;  and  although  the  latter  has  nearly 
mompolized  the  trade,  the  stannary 
laws  in  some  degree  remain  in  force. 
Here  are  veins  of  loadstone  ;  likewise 
quarries  of  good  stone  and  slate,  great 
quantities  of  which  are  exported.  In 
the  SW  parts  are  much  marble,  and  in 
many  places  marble  rocks  are  the  basis 
of  the  high  road.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Tamar,  Taw,  Torridge,  Ex, 
Teign,  and  Dart.  Exeter  is  the  capital. 
Popu  Htion  in  1801,  343.001,  in  1811, 
385, .108.  and  in  1821,  43Q  04,-. 

Druprug,  town  of  Tiuet,  in  the  county 
of  Sinia  ;ur.  seated  at  the  ronflnx  of  the 
Allaknandara  with  the  Ganges,  23  miles 
S  of  Si'ii.Hgur. 

Deux  Fonts,  or  Zeivybrucken,  late 
duchv  of  Gt.'r:nany,  in  the  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine.  The  country  is  mountainous, 
but  celebrated  for  mines  of  quicksilver, 
and  yields  abundance  of  corn,  wood,  and 
wine. 

Deux  Fonts,  town  of  Germany,  once 
the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  magnificent  palace.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Erbach,  49  miles  NNW  of 
Strasburg,  and  50  SW  of  Mentz.  Lon. 
7  28  E  iat.  49  15  N. 

Devon,  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
south,  off  the  St.  Lawrence,  between 
Hertford  and  Cornwallis  counties. 

Diarbeck,  or  Diarbekir,  province  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  between  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Ar- 
menia, E  by  Curdistan,  S  by  Irac-Arabi, 
and  W  by  Syria.  It  was  the  ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

Diarbckir,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Diarbek.  and 
the  residence  of  a  pacha  The  Turks 
are  more  affable  here  than  in  other  pla- 
ces, with  regard  to  the  Christians,  v.ho 
are  about  20,000  in  number.  It  has  a 
great  trade  in  Red  Turk  y  leather,  and 
cotton  cloth  of  the  same  colour.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tigris.  150  miles  NNE  of 
Aleppo.     Lon.  39  40  E,  Iat.  3r  18  N. 

Dickinson,  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, TSfew  York.     Population  in  1820, 495. 


Dickinson  College.  See  Car/is/e,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Dickinson,  cownship  »if  Cumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in 
1820.  2007 

Dicfcin&on^s  Store,  post  office,  Caroline 
county,  Virginia. 

Dickinsonville,  post  office,  Franklin 
county,  Virginia. 

Dick's,  river  of  "K  ntucky ;  rises  in 
Rockcastle,  and  Lincoln  counties,  and 
flowing  NNW,  separates  Mf^rcer  from 
Garrard  counties,  falls  into  K' ntucky 
river,  10  miles  NE  from   Harrodsburg. 

Dickson,  cuinty  of  West  1  ennessee  ; 
bounded  by  Hickman  S;  Humphreys  VV; 
Sti  wart  NW  ;  Montgnmery  N  ;  Robert- 
son NE,  and  Davidson  and  Williamson 
E;  length  36;  mi  an  width  30;  area 
1080.  .  Surface  hilly  in  general  ;  soil 
generally  of  but  middling  quality.  Chief 
town,  Charlotte. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      1,837 

do.     do.    females  -        -      1,699 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        _        _  o 

Slaves 980 


Total  population  in  1810          -  4,516 

Population  m  1820. 

Free  white  males     -        .        -  1,976 

do.    do.    females         •        -  1,885 

Total  whites     -        -        -  3,861 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  lO 

do.            do,        females  14 

Slaves,  males            _        _        _  G67 

do.     females        _        -        -  658 

Total  population  in  1820         -  5,190 


2 

1,164 

93 

II 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture  - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  5  nearly. 

Die  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dn>me  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal 
see,  and  is  seated  on  the  Drone,  24 
miles  SE  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  23  E,  Iat. 
44  42  N- 

Diepholi,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  subject 
to  the  elector  of  Hanover.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Dummer  Like,  30  miles  NW  of 
M  nden     Lon.  8  45  E,  Iat  52  36  N. 

Dieppe,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  with  a  good  harbour, 
formed  ^y  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ar- 
ques,  an  old  castle,  and  two  piers.    It  is 


D  I  L 


D  I  N 


not  now  so  considerable  as  formerly.  It 
is  30  miles  N  of  Rouen,  and  132  NW  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  9  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Diessenhofeen,  considerable  town  of 
Swisserland,  in  Thurgaus,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  five  miles  S  of  SchafFhauseu. 
Lon.  8  42  E,  lat.  47  "2,5  N. 

Diest,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  on 
the  river  Demer,  15  miles  NE  of  Lou- 
vain.    Lon.  5  9  E,  lat.  5U  59  N. 

Dietz,  town  of  Weteravia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  subject  to  the  prince  of 
Nassau-Dillenburg,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Lohn,  16  miles  E  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7 
35  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Dieuzc,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  remarkable  for  wcrlls 
of  salt  water,  which  produce  much  salt. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Scille,  22  miles  NE 
of  Nanci.    Lon.  6  45  E,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Diez,  St,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Vnsges  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe, 
30  miles  SE  of  Luneville.  Lon.  7  4  E, 
lat  48  20  N. 

Digby,  township  of  Nova  Scotia,  on 
the  bay  of  Annapolis,  18  miles  SW  from 
Annapolis. 

Dighton,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
Bristol  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
right  side  of  Taunton  river,  39  miles  S 
from  Boston,  and  7  miles  S  from  Taun- 
ton.    Population  in  1820,  653. 

Digmaii's-  Ferry,  post  office,  Pike 
coun>ty,  Pennsylvania. 

Bignan,  town  of  Istria,  three  miles 
from  the  e;uU  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  5  E, 
lat   45  10  N 

Bigne,  town  of  Frar.ce,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Provence,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  famous  for  its  hot  l)atiis,  and  is 
seated  30  miles  S  hv  VV  of  Embrun. 
Lon.  6  12  E.  lat.  44  10  N. 

Bijon,  iiiicifnt  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burt^uudy.  It  lias  an  academy 
of  sciences  and  belles-lettres.  The  pub- 
lic structures,  and  particuhirly  t!)e 
churcbes,  are  very  fine,  and  in  one  of 
the  squares  was  a  statue  of  Lewis  XIV. 
which  iias  been  destn-ed  since  the 
French  i-e volution.  In  front  of  the  Palace 
Royal,  is  the  aiscient  palace  of  the  dukes 
of  Burgundy  ;  and  at  the  gates  of  Dijnn 
is  a  late  chartreuse,  in  which  some  of 
those  princes  are  interred;  Dijon  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  plait),  which  produ- 
ces excellent  wine,  between  two  small 
rivers,  48  miles  NE  of  Autun.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  20,000  Lon. 
5  7  E.  lat.  47  19  N. 

Bili^    ^n  Delos.'-' 
I.  I 


Billa,  Mount,  remarkable  promontory 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  20  miles  N  by  W 
of  Tellicherry.  Lon.  75  2  E,  lat.  12 
1  N. 

Billenburg,  town  of  Weteravia,  capi- 
tal of  acouiity  of  the  sahne  nan>e,  subject 
to  the  prince  of  Nassau  Dillenburg.  It 
is  22  miles  NW  ti  Marpurg.  Lon.  8  27 
E,  lat.  50  48  N 

Billtngen,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  uni- 
versity. Here  the  bishop  of  Augsburg 
resides.  It  is  seated  near  the  Danube, 
17  miles  NE  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  20 
E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

BilliardsvUle,  post  office,  Rutherford 
county,  Tennessee. 

Billsberg,  post  office,  York  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Bilh-Ferry,  post  office,  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Binwiuc,  town  of  Romania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see  It  is  seated  on 
a  mountain,  surrounded  by  the  Merizza, 
12  milts  SW  of  Adrianijpie.  Lon.  25 
15  E,  lat.  41  25  N 

Biiiant,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
departntent  of  th<  N.ith  Coast,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Br.tagne.  It  is  seated 
on  a  craggy  mountain,  at  the  foot  of 
which  is  the  river  Ranee,  20  miles  S 
of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  58  W,  lat.  48 
20  N. 

Binant,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Meuse,  12  miles  S  of  Na- 
mur.     Lon.  4  58  E,  lat.  50  17  N. 

Binasjnondy ,  town  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  18  miles  S  of 
Bala,  and  196  NW  of  London.  Lon.  3 
40  W,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Binchurch  village  in  Kent,  in  Rom- 
nty  Marsh.  It  is  three  miles  NE  of 
Romney. 

BinckensfiiL  free  imperial  town  of 
Suabia,  seated  on  the  river  Wcrnitz  It 
has  a  great  and  little  council ;  t!ie  former 
is  a  mixture  of  Ruman  Catholics  and 
Lutherans:  but  the  little  one  is  all  Ro- 
man Catholics.  It  carries  on  a  trade 
in  cloth  and  reaping-hotks,  and  is  37 
■  ■liles  SW  of  Nuremburg,  Lon.  10  20 
E.  lat.  49  0  N. 

Jlingeljing.  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Brivaria,  seated  en  the  Iser,  20  miles 
NE  of  Landschut.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat. 
48  40  N. 

Bingle,  seaport  of  Ireland  in  the 
county  of  Derry,  seated  on  Dingle  Bay, 
four  miles  W  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  40 
\V.  lat  52  42  N. 

Bingnvall,  royal  borough  in  Ross-shire, 
seatea  at  the  head  of  the  Frith  of  Cro- 
marty, 15  miles  VV  of  the  town  of  Cro- 
marty. Near  it  runs,  the  river  Conol, 
famous  for  producing  pearls.  Some  lineia 


D  1  S 


D  ]  X 


yarn  is  manufactured  here,  and  there  is 
a  lint-mill  in  the  neighbourhood.  Lon. 
4  23  W,  lat.  57  45  N. 

Binividdie,  county  of  Virginia  ;  situa- 
ted on  the  SW  side  of  Appomattnx 
river,  which  separates  it  irom  Ches- 
terfield county ;  bounded  by  Bruns- 
wick SW  ;  Nottoway  W  ;  Amelia  NW  ; 
Chesterfield  NE ;  Prince  George  E,  and 
Sussex  and  Greenville  SE  ;  length  27  ; 
mean  width  22 ;  area  about  600  square 
miles.  Surface  uneven,  rather  than  hilly, 
Soil  in  many  places  of  first  rate  quality, 
and  in  general  good  second  rate  land. 
Chief  town,  Pet^  rsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,308 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,298 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

net  taxed      -        .        -        -  476 

Slaves       -----       7,442 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


13,524 


2,639 
2,734 


Total  whites            -        -        -  ^",373 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  326 

do.            do.        females,  ,342 

Slaves,  males    ....  4,059 

do.    females         -        -        -  3,692 


Total  population  in  1820 


13792 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        4,323 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  365 

do.        in  Commerce     .        -  0 

Poi)ulation  to  the  square  mile,  23. 

Disapfiointinent y  Cajie,  cape  of  the 
island  of  Southern  Georgia,  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  36  15  W,  lat.  54 
53  S. 

Disafif}oi7itvicnc,  Cajie.  It  is  the  N 
point  of  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 
Lon.  W  C  48,  lat.  46  19  N. 

Dismal  Swamfi,  marshy  tract,  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  50  miles  long 
and  30  broad.  It  occupies  the  whole 
country  between  Albermarle  Sound  and 
Pamlico  Sound. 

From  the  general  course  of  the  Black- 
water  and  of  the  Chowan  rivers,  below 
their  junction,  an  extensive  flat  peninsula 
is  formed  between  Albermarle  Sound, 
Chesapeak  bay,  and  James'  river,  of 
about  70  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  by  50  mean  width,  east  and  west, 
or  3500  square  miles.  This  extensive 
flat  region  is  occupied  by  Currituck, 
C  imdcn  Pa.squotank,  Perquimans,  Cho- 
wan, and    Gates's   countie??    :n    N'^rth 


Carolina,  ana  cy  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Nasi' 
semond,  Norfolk  and  Princess  A.nne 
counties  in  Virginia.  It  is  the  central 
parts  which  are  occupied  by  the  Dismal 
Swamp,  but  much  of  the  residue  is 
marshy,  yet,  by  the  census  of  1820,  the 
ten  cr>unties  comprise  a  population  of 
87,510  inhabitants.  The  canal  already 
executed  between  the  Albermarle  Sound 
and  Nansemond  river  penetrates  this 
tract. 

Diss,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  market 
on  Friday.  It  is  seated  en  the  river 
Waveney,  on  the  side  of  a  hill ;  and  at 
the  W  end  of  the  town  is  a  large  muddy 
lake,  abounding  with  eels.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  sail-cloth,  linen  cloth, 
hose  and  stays.  It  is  19  miles  S  of  Nor- 
wich, and  92  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  1 
9  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Diu,  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Cambay,  in  theDeccan  of  Hindoos  tan, 
three  miles  long,  and  one  broad.  On  it 
is  a  large  fortified  town  of  the  same 
name,  built  of  freestone  and  marble ; 
and  it  contains  some  fine  churches, 
erected  by  the  Portuguese,  about  the 
time  they  took  possession  of  the  island  in 
1515.  It  is  pretty  large,  and  fortified  by 
a  high  stone  wall,  well  furnished  with 
cannon.  The  trade  of  the  town,  once  so 
important,  is  almost  entirely  removed  to 
Surat.  It  is  180  miles  W  by  S  of  Surat, 
and  20.J  N W  of  Bombay.  Lon.  69  52  E^, 
lat.  20  43  N. 

Dividing  Creek,  post  office  in  Cum- 
berland county.  New  Jersey. 

Dividing  Creek,  small  stream  of  Vir- 
ginia, flowing  into  Chesapeak  bay,  be- 
tween Northumberland  and  Lancaster 
counties. 

Division,  post  town,  NE  part  of  Tomp- 
kins ct  uniy,  New  York. 

Tiixan,  first  town  in  Abyssinia,  on  the 
side  of  Taranta. 

Dixjield,  post  town,  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  IS  miles  NE  from  Paris.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  595 

Dixhills,  post  oflice,  Suffolk  county. 
Long  Island,  New  York. 

Dixmont.  post  town  Penobscot  county, 
Maine,  20  miles  W  from  Bangor.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  555. 

Dixmude,  town  of  Austrian  F!anders, 
which  has  been  often  taken.  It  was 
forced  to  surrender  to  the  French  in 
1794.  It  is  celebrated  fnr  its  excellent 
butter  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Yper- 
lee.  10  milfcs  NW  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  57 
E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Dixon,  township  oT  Prebble  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  841. 

Dixon's  Entrance,  west  coast  of  North 
A.merica,    betv.'een     Qn^r"     Cbarl <:'*:•■"• 


D  (5  E 


D  O  3S1 


and  Prince  of  Wales'  Islands.  Lon.  W 
C  55  W,  lat.  54  N. 

Dixon's  Springs,  post  office,  Smith 
county,  Tennessee. 

Dixville,  township  of  Coos  county, 
New  Hampshire.    Population  in  1820, 2. 

Dixville,  post  office,  Henry  county, 
Virginia. 

Dizier,  S(.  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  dei)artmeiit  of  Upper  Marne 
and  late  province  of  Champagne,  seat- 
ed on  the  Marne,  where  it  begins  to 
be  navigable  for  boats,  15  miles  SE  of 
Vitri  le-Francois.  Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Dnieper,  anciently  the  Boristhenes,  a 
large  river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in  the 
government  of  Smolensko,  and  flowing 
in  a  southerly  direction,  enters  the  Black 
sea,  between  Cherson  and  Oczakow. 
From  its  source  to  its  mouth,  it  now 
flows  entirely  through  the  Russian  do- 
minions; and  through  this  whole  course 
of  above  800  milf  s,  its  navigation  is  only 
once  interrupted  by  a  series  of  cataracts, 
which  begin  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Samara,  and  continue  for  above  40 
miles  ;  but  these  may  be  passed  in 
spring,  without  much  hazard,  even  by 
loaded  barks. 

Dniester,  ancient  Tyras,  more  recent- 
ly Danaster,  and  modern  Dmeftter,  fine 
river  which  rises  in  Galicia,  ii)  Austrian 
Poland,  and  taking  a  SE  direction  visits 
Chocsim,  dividing  Podolia  from  Molda- 
via ;  it  then  separates  Bessarabia  from 
the  Russian  government  of  Catharinen- 
slaf,  and  having  watered  Bender,  falls 
into  the  Black  Sea,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Dnieper  and  the  Danube. 

Dobbs,  Cape,  in  Hudson's  bay.  mouth 
of  Wager  river.  Lon.  W  C  9  30  W, 
lat.  65  N. 

Dobelin,  town  of  Courland,  20  miles 
SW  of  Mittau.  Lon.  23  35  E,  lai.  56 
28  N. 

Doboy,  soimd  and  inlet,  receives  the 
main  left  channel  of  the  Alatamaha. 

Dobrzi7i,  town  of  Poland,  in  Masovia, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  a  rock  near  the  Vistula,  14 
miles  NW  of  I'iocksko.  Lon.  19  5  E, 
lat.  52  54  N. 

Dobson's  Cross- Roads,  post  office, 
Stokes  county,  N-irlh  Carolina. 

Doce  Rio,  fine  river  of  Minaes  Geraes 
in  Brazil,  flows  by  a  general  course  NE 
by  E,  about  300  miles,  by  comparative 
courses,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
lat.  19  30  S. 

Dockum,  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  W  Friesland,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Ee,  10  miles  NE  of  Lewarden. 
Lon.  5  41  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

jOod.  :ovr>  <fs  Du'ch  F's^der*,  ot  the. 


river  Scheldt,  opposite  Lillo,  nine  miles 
NW  of  Antwerp.     Lon.  4  15  E,  lat.  51 

U  N 

Doesburg,  town  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, in  Zutphen.  It  is  seat-^d  on  the  Is- 
sel,  10  miles  S  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  5  36 
E,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Dofrafield,  or  Dofrine,  that  chain  of 
mountains  which  separate  sNirv/ay  from 
Sweden.  It  extends  about  800  miles  N 
NE,  and  rises  to  the  elevatior*  in  some  of 
its  peaks  of  7680  feet,  above  the  level  cf 
the  Ocean. 

Dog  River,  branch  of  Pascagoula ; 
rises  between  the  latter  and  Tombigbce 
river,  flows  SSW,  and  falls  into  Pasca- 
goula,  10  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Dog  Rixier,  rises  with  the  preceding, 
and  flowing  SE,  falls  into  Mobile  bay, 
about  10  miles  below  the  town  of  Mo- 
bile. 

Dogado,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritoiy  of  Venice  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  S  by  Polesino, 
on  the  W  by  Pdduano,  and  on  the  N  by 
Trevisano.  It  conipreheiids  many  small 
islands  near  it,  called  the  Lagunes  of 
Venice 

Dohrman,  SE  township,  Tuscarowas 
county,  Ohio     Population  in    1820,  520. 

Dol,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  is  situated  in  a 
moras^,  5  miles  from  the  sea,  and  21  SE 
of  St  Malo.    Lon.  1  41  W,  lat.  48  33  N. 

Dolce-Aqua,  town  of  Piedmont,  capi- 
tal of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ner- 
via,  5  miles  N  of  Vintimiglia.  Lon.  " 
42  E,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Dole,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte,  seated  on  the  river 
Doubs,  25  miles  SW  (jf  Besancon.  Lon. 
5  38  E,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Doleigno,  strong  town  of  Albania, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  a  good  harbour,  and 
a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Di  ino,  10 
miles  SE  of  Antivari.  Lon.  19  20  E,  lat. 
42  12  N. 

Bo'egeUy,  town  in  Mcrio:-,ctl)shire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Avon,  in  a  vale  so  called, 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  great  rock  Cader- 
Idris  which  is  extremely  high.  It  has  a 
good  manufacture  of  VVelsli  cotton,  and 
is  31  miles  NW  of  Montgon^ery,  and 
205  of  Londca.  Lon.  9  48  W,  lat.  52 
42  N 

Dollart  Bay,  large  gulf  separating  E. 
Friesland,  in  Germany,  from  Gironingen, 
one  of  the  United  Provinces. 

Dojy-MzUze,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  ot  Pilsen  ;  on  the  riva'et  Cadbuz^, 
iir  mi'es  S  cf  Pilsen. 

of;7 


D  O  M 


I)  O  M 


Bomjront,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
depariment  of  Orne,  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Normandy  st  ated  on  a  steep 
mountain,  whici  has  a  large  cl-  ft  from 
the  suininit  ti>  the  b^se  liirougr.  which 
flows  the  little  river  Vaivnne.  It  is  35 
miles  NW  nf  Alcncon.  Lon.  0  43  W, 
lat.  48  38  N. 

Doniiiigo  St,  or  Hii/}aniola,bne  ci  the 
richest  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  400 
miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth  It 
was  discovered  by  Columbus,  in  1492, 
and  is  surrounded  by  craggy  rocks  and 
dangerous  shoals.  The  heat  to  the  N 
and  SE  would  be  insu])portable  for  six 
months  of  the  year,  if  not  qualified  by 
the  easterly  winds,  and  frequent  rains  ; 
but  the  latter  soon  spoil  the  flesh,  bread, 
and  fruits.  It  has  a  'j;rt'at  many  rivers, 
and  mines  of  gold,  talc,  and  crystal. 
The  Spaniards  had  possession  of  the 
whole  island  for  120  years.  They  were 
afterward  forced  to  divide  the  island 
with  the  French,  who  obtained  the  W 
part ;  and  the  Spaniards  retained  the 
E,  the  most  extensive  and  fruitful. 
Since  the  revolution  in  France  this  island 
hns  been  subject  to  great  calamities.  In 
1791  an  insurrection  began  in  the  French 
plantations  and  in  a  short  time  not  less 
than  lOu.oOO  blacks  were  in  arms;  the 
manufactures  and  plantations  appeared 
as  one  general  conflagration,  and  the 
plains  and  mountains  were  covered  with 
carnage  and  blood.  An  African  by 
birth,  named  Toussaint,  was  afterward 
invested  with  the  command  of  the  blacks 
and  mulattoes.  In  1802  the  French  sent 
an  additional  force,  and  after  several  en- 
counters the  negro  chief  was  induced  to 
accept  of  apparently  favdurable  terms; 
but  soon  aft'rr  he  was  perfidiously  seized, 
and  sent  in  irons  to  France,  where  he 
perished  in  a  dungeon.  The  other  black 
chiefs,  Dessaliues  and  Christophe,  saved 
themselves  l)y  flight ;  the  natives  again 
flew  to  arms ;  and  the  French  troops 
fell  victims  to  the  climate.  Dessalines 
succeeded  to  the  authority  of  'i'oussaint, 
and  in  1804  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed emperor  of  Hayti,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  island  !n  1806  the  chiefs 
begun  to  war  against  each  other,  and  the 
black  emperor  was  kill  d.  Christophe 
was  elected  chief  in  his  place.  This 
latter  chief  perished  in  a  war  with  Boyer, 
the  successor  of  Petion,  in  1820,  leavi'g 
the  latter  master  of  the  whole  of  what 
was  French  St.  Domingo.  In  1821,  the 
Spanish  part  f.  II  also  under  the  authori- 
ty of  Boyer.  St  Domingo  has  Cuba  W  ; 
Porto  Rico  E,  and  Jamaica  SW. 

The  population  of  this  island  in  1789, 
was  from  the  best  authorities,  about 
660,0'.)0  inhabitants,  of  which  nearly 
268 


jGO  000  were  black  slaves.  The  French 
part  contained  535,000,  of  whom  480,000 
were  slaves ;  the  Spanish  part  125,000 ; 
l.^.OOiJof  whom,  were  slaves.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  the  present  numbers  do  not  ma- 
terially differ  in  extent,  though  the  num- 
ber of  whites  have  uc  doubt  greatly  di- 
miniKshed. 

The  trade  of  this  island  has  greatly 
declined.  The  value  nl  exports  in  1791, 
exceeded  5,370.000  pounds  sterling ; 
23,832,800  dollars.  Coffee  amounted  to 
84,617,328  lbs.  Sugar  217.463  casks. 
Iiidigo  3,257,610  lbs.  Cocoa  1,536,017 
lbs.  and  Cotton  11,317,226  lbs. 

Domingo,  St  capital  of  the  E  part  of 
the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  The  cathedral  is  a  superb 
structure.  It  is  seated  on  a  navigable 
river,  and  had  formerly  a  harbour,  which 
is  now  choaked  up  with  sand  Though 
its  trade  has  been  long  extinct,  it  was  in 
a  respectable  condition  while  it  continued 
in  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  The  city 
itself  is  largp,  well  built  of  stone,  and  de- 
fended by  batteries.  Lon.  70  10  W,  lat. 
18  20  N. 

Boniinica,  one  of  the  Windward  Ca- 
ribbee  islands  in  the  West  Indies.  It 
lies  about  half  way  between  Guadaloupe 
and  Martinico,.  and  is  28  miles  long  and 
13  broad.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  1761,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the 
peace  of  1763.  The  French  took  it  in 
1778,  but  restored  it  in  1783.  It  suffered 
great  damage  by  a  tremendous  hurricane 
in  1806.  The  soil  is  thin,  and  better 
adapted  to  the  rearing  of  coffee  than  su- 
gar ;  but  the  sides  of  the  hills  bear  the 
finest  trees  in  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
island  is  well  supplied  with  rivulets.  The 
capital  is  Charlotte-town. 

Dominica,  largest  of  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Marquesas. 
Lon.  139  2  W,  lat.  9  41  S. 

DominOt  St.  one  of  the  Tremiti  islands, 
in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Naples. 

Domitz,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  with  a  fort, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Elve  and 
Elbe,  25  miles  S  of  Schwerin. 

Dommel,  river  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
which  receives  the  Aa  below  Bois  le 
Due,  and  then  flows  into  the  Meuse. 

Domo  d'Ossola,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Tosa,  20  miles  N  of  Varallo. 

Domfiaire,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  10  miles  WNW 
of  Epinal. 

i5ow?*cw!/-/fl-Pz/cfuV,  village  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meuse  and  late 
province  of  Barrois,  remarkable  for  the 
birth  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Or-^ 


I)  o  ?^ 


D  O  it 


leans.    It  is  sealed  on  the  Mcuse,  live 
miles  from  Neufchateau. 

Bon,  large  river  that  separates  Europe 
from  Asia.  It  issues  from  lake  St  John, 
in  the  government  of  Moscow,  and  di- 
vides, near  Tcherkask,  into  three 
streams  which  fall  into  the  sea  of  Asoph. 
This  river  has  so  many  windings,  is  in 
many  parts  so  shallow,  and  abounds  with 
such  numerous  shoals,  as  to  be  scarcely 
navigable,  except  in  the  spring,  on  the 
melting  of  the  snows ;  and  its  mouths 
also  are  so  choaked  up  with  land,  that 
only  fiat-bottnm  boats,  except  in  the 
same  season,  can  pass  into  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Don,  rivf-r  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
Aberdeenshire,  joins  the  Erie  Water  at 
Inverary.  and  passing  by  Kintore,  falls 
into  the  German  Ocean  at  Aberdeen, 
within  two  miirs  of  the  m^mth  of  the 
Dee  Upon  both  of  these  rivers  is  an 
excellent  salmon  fishery, 

Bon,  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  waters 
Sheffield,  Rotherham,  and  Doncaster, 
and  joins  the  Aire,  near  its  termination 
with  the  Ouse. 

Bonaldson,  post  office,  Rowan  county, 
North  Carolina. 

Bonaldsonville,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  of  the  parish  of  Ascension,  Loui- 
siana. It  stands  on  the  point  formed  by 
the  Mississippi,  and  the  efflux  of  La- 
fourche river,  below  the  latter  ;  contains 
30  or  40  houses,  and  from  150  to  200  in- 
habitants, 81  milts  abfive  New  Orleans. 

Bonawert,  strong  town  of  Germany 
on  the  frontiers  of  Suibia,  subject  to  the 
duke  of  Bavaria  It  is  seated  on  the  N 
side  of  the  Danube,  25  miles  N  cf  Augs- 
burg.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Boncaster  corporate  town  in  the  West 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a  mark  t  >  n 
Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  D  n, 
and  has  a  castle  now  in  ruins.  It  is  lar)!e 
and  well  built,  and  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  was  i.ot>  d  for  knitting  worsted  st  ck- 
ings,  but  that  article  of  trade  is  now  on 
th<"  decline.  It  i^  37  miles  S  of  York,  and 
160  N  bv  W  of  L.  ndon.  Lon.  1  12  W, 
lat.  53  3'j  Is. 

Boncherry,  handsome  t'wn  of  France, 
in  the  department  <  f  Ardennt  s  and  late 
province  of  Champagne,  seated  on  the 
Meuse,  three  miles  from  Sedan.  Lon.  5 
2  E,  !at.  49  42  N. 

BonegaLcoGTiXy  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster.  68  miles  in  length,  and 
44  in  breadth ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Londonderry  and  Tyrone,  on  the  VV  and 
N  by  the  Ocean,  and  on  the  S  bv  Fer- 
managh and  the  bay  of  Donegal.  It  con- 
tains 43  parishes,  and  before  the  Irish 
Union  Kent  12  members  to  the  Irish  par- 


liament.   It  is  in  general,  a  champaign 
country,  and  abounds  with  harbours. 

Bonegal,  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
bay  of  Donegal,  10  miles  N  of  Bally, 
shannon.    Lon.  7  47  W,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Bonegal,  populous  township  of  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania  ;  situated  in 
the  NW  corner  of  the  county,  about  14 
miles  NW  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster. 
Population  in  1820,  3986. 

Bonegal,  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
2564. 

Bonegal,  township,  Butler  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in   1820,  960. 

Bonegal.  township,  Washington  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  18 iO, 
1879 

Boneschingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
principality  of  Furstenburgh.  It  is  the 
chief  residence  of  the  prince  of  Fursten- 
burgh. in  the  court-yard  of  whose  palace 
the  Danube  takes  its  rise.  Some' small 
springs  bubbling  from  the  ground,  form 
a  basin  of  clear  water,  about  30  feet 
square.  From  this  issues  the  Danube, 
where  is  here  only  a  little  brook  ;  and 
though  the  small  rivers  Bribach  and 
Brege,  uniting  below  the  t<  wn,  are  far 
more  considerable  than  this  stream, 
which  flows  into  them  soon  after  their 
junction,  yet  has  this  alone  the  honour 
of  being  called  the  source  of  the  Danube. 

Bongala,  or  Bancala,  town  of  Nubia, 
with  a  castie  seated  on  the  Nile,  among 
niountains,  150  miles  N  (  f  Sennar.  Lon. 
30  35  F^,  lat.  21  0  N. 

Bonzy,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ni^vre,  and  late  territorvo'  Ni- 
vernuis,  22  miles  N  of  Nevers.  Lon.  3 
14  R,  'at.  47    2  N 

Booab,  f  r  Boabah  tract  uf  iand  in 
Hinddostin  Proper,  occupying  all  the  flat 
country  bt  tween  the  Ganges  an.d  thi  N 
mountains,  as  wrtl  as  t^'e  principal  part 
of  that  tract  l\ing  between  the  Ganges 
andJumnah.  The  print  ipj!  {)artotit  is 
su^j<  ct  t     rht'  nabob  of  Oude. 

Boon,  I  ocli.  lake  of  Ayrshire,  in  the 
SF  part  cf  Kv  e,  six  miles  in  length,  and 
of  cot  siderabe  breacUh  On  an  island 
in  this  lake  slaiuis  Bdllncli  Ca.stle. 

Boon  river  of  Sc:  tland,  which  issuing 
from  L  ch  Dnon,  runs  NW  divides  the 
district  ot  Kylf  from  Carrick,  the  south- 
ern division  of  Avrsliire,  and  falls  into 
the  Frith  of  Clyde. 

Borut,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Uppt-r  Vicnne,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  Limosin.  seated  on  the 
Abrax,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Sfvre,  25  mih-s  N  of  Limoges.  Lon.  1 
24  E.  lat.  56  12  N. 
Bor  Chester,  county -town  of  Dorsetshire. 
269 


U  O  K 


D  O  J; 


with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  has  three  churches,  sends  two 
inembers  to  parHament,  and  is  governed 
by  a  mayoi'.  It  is  stated  on  the  river 
Frome,  on  a  Roman  road,  eight  miles  N 
of  Weymouth,  and  120  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Dorchester,  town  in  Oxfordshire,  which 
was  a  station  of  the  Romans,  and  ruined 
in  the  wars  with  the  Danes.  It  was  the 
see  of  a  bishop  500  yeai-s  till  1086,  when 
Wilham  the  conqueror  translated  it  to 
Lincoln.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to 
the  family  of  Carleton,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Tame,  10  miles  SE  of  Oxford,  and 
49  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  OW,  lat. 
51  39  N. 

Borchester,  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton. It  was  settled  at  an  early  period  of 
the  colony  in  1630.  Population  in  1820, 
3684. 

Borchester,  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
along  both  banks  of  the  Chaudiere  river, 
and  extending  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Borchester,  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Upper  Canada,  on  the  river  Thames. 

Borchester,  township  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1820, 
584. 

Borchester,  town  of  Cumberland  coun- 
ty. New  Jersiy,  on  the  left  bank  of  Mor- 
ris' river,  between  Port  Elizabeth  and 
Leesburg. 

Borchester,  county  of  Maryland ; 
bounded  by  Chesapeak  bay  S,  and  SW ; 
Choptank  river,  and  Caroline  N  ;  Dela- 
ware  E,  and  Nanticoke  river  SE ;  length 
32  ;  mean  width  20 ;  area  640  square 
miles.  Surface  rather  level,  in  part 
marshy  ;  soil  generally  sandy  and  of  se- 
cond rate  quality.  Chief  town,  Cam- 
bridge. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        5,194 

do.  do.  females  -  •  -  5,221 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ....        2,661 
Slaves        -        .        .        .        .        5,032 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -       13,108 

Population  in  1S20. 
Free  v/hite  males  -        -        5,132 

do.    do.    females         -        -        4,963 

Total  whites             -        -        -  10,095 

Free  persoris  of  colour^  males  1,194 

do.             do.        females  1,303 

Slaves,  males           -        .        _  2,698 

c'.o.    females         >         -        -  2,410 

Total  population  in  J820  -      17,700 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  J 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  2,153 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  41 

do.    in  Commerce             -  30 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29. 

Borchester,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
Colleton  district,  South  Car;4ina,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Ashley  river,  18  miles  WNW 
iroi.T  Charlesvon. 

Dordogiie,  department  of  France,  which 
includes  the  late  province  of  Perigord. 

Born,  village  in  a  detached  psrt  of  Wor- 
chestershire,  three  miles  SE  of  Campden 
ill  Gloucestershire,  where  have  been  lound 
abundance  of  Roman  and  British  coins. 

Bvrnocfi,  royal  borough,  the  county- 
town  of  Sutherla'idshire,  at  the  entrance  of 
a  frith  of  the  same  name,  over  which  it  has 
a  ferry  to  Taim.  Part  ot  the  cathedral 
serves  for  a  parish  church  ;  the  other  part 
is  in  ruins.  It  is  a  small  place,  and  half  in 
ruins,  but  v/as  the  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  Caithness.  It  is  40  miles  NE  of  Inver- 
ness.    Lon.  3  48  W.  lat.  57  52  N. 

Borpt,  or  Borpat,  town  of  Livonia,  on 
the  Ember,  between  the  lakes  Wosero  and 
Pepas,  60  miles  S  of  Narva.  Lon.  27  52 
E.  lat.  58  18  N. 

Borsetshire,  county  of  England,  bounded 
on  the  S  by  the  English  channel,  on  the 
N  by  Somersetshire  and  Wiltshire,  on  the 
E  by  Hampshire,  and  on  the  W  by  Devon- 
shire, and  some  part  of  Somersetshire.  It 
is  between  40  and  50  miles  long  from  E  to 
W,  and  34  broad  from  S  to  N,  and  contains 
34  hundreds,  22  market-towns,  and  248 
parishes.  Tliis  county  enjoys  a  mild  plea- 
sant, and  wholesome  air,  and  a  deep,  rich, 
and  fertile  soil,  finely  diversified.  Towards 
the  N  it  is  level,  under  the  high  lands  that 
divide  it  from  Somersetshire,  where  there 
are  fine  arable  ground  that  will  yield  large 
crops  of  different  kinds  of  grain.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished fur  its  woollen  manufactures, 
and  its  fine  ale  and  beer.  Dorchester  is 
the  capital.  See  Portland  and  Purbeck, 
Population  in  1801,  115,319;  in  1811, 
124,693 ;  and  in  1821, 144,499.  It  extends 
over  1129  sqtiave  miles,  consequentiy  it  has 
127  to  each  square  mile. 

Borset,  post  town  of  B'nnlngton  county, 
Vermnnt,  about  25  miles  N  of  Bennington. 
It  conwiins  about  1500  inh'  bita:it.''. 

Bort,  or  Bordrccht,  city  in  Holland,  fa- 
mous fir  a  protestant  syn-.id  held  in  1618, 
which  condemned  the  tenets  of  Arminius, 
It  is  srattd  ;  n  an  isknd  of  the  Meusc,  op- 
posite tint  of  Ysselmond.  It  was  detached 
from  the  miiii  lanu  in  1431  by  a  flood  occa- 
sioned by  the  breaking  diuvii  of  ttie  dyke, 
v/bich  overwhelmed  70  villages  and  about 
100.000  persons.  In  1457,  this  city  wan 
almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire.  It  was 
t^ken  by  tb^  French  in  JaaH»r^  1795.  It 
'?70 


D  O  T 


DO  17 


is  10  miles  SE  of  Rotterdam.     Lon.  4  48 
E.  lat.  51  50  N. 

Dortmnnd,  strong  imparial  town  of  West- 
phalia, in  the  county  of  Marck,  seated  on 
the  Enister,  35  miles  NE  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
7  35  E.  lat.  51  26  N", 

Douay,  city  of  France  in  the  department 
of  the  North  and  late  French  Flanders.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Scarpe  in  a  very 
pleasant  and  fertile  country.  The  town 
is  larg«  and  populous,  and  exceedingly 
well  fortified.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Scarpe,  whence  there  is  a  canal  to  the 
Deule,  15  miles  NW  of  Cambray.  Lon.  3 
10  E.  lat.  50  22  N. 

Double-bridge y  post  office,  Lunenburg 
county,  Virginia. 

Ooubs,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Franche 
Compte. 

Boubs,  river  of  France,  rises  in  Mount 
Jura,  and  flowing  first  north,  then  west 
turns  south  and  joins  the  Saone  at  Verdun. 
Done,  small  :  own  of  Fr  .nee,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjou.  It  has  one  of  the  finest 
fountains  in  France :  and  near  it  is  a  vast 
Roman  amphitheatre,  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock.     It  is  nine  miles  SW  of  Sanmur. 

Dove,  river  in  Deibyshire,  which  rises  in 
the  Peik  parts,  the  county  from  Stafford- 
shire, and  falls  into  the  Trent,  four  miles 
N  of  Burton.  The  Staffordshire  canal  is 
carried  over  this  river  in  an  aqueduct  of  23 
arches. 

Dove,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia, 
NE  fro.m  Halifax.  Lon.  W  C  13  E.  lat.  44 
20  N. 

Dovedale,  one  cf  the  most  romantic  spo's 
in  Derbyshire,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Ashhorn.  Here  the  rver  Dove  runs  in  a 
chasm  between  precipitous  rocks. 

Dover,  seaport  of  England  in  the  county 
of  Kent,  with  a  ra.jrket  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  sends  two  membei's  to  par- 
liament, who  are  styled  Barons  of  the 
cinque  parts  of  which  Dover  is  the  chief. 
It  is  situated  between  two  high  cliffs,  on 
one  of  which  is  an  ancient  castle,  E  from 
the  town.  It  was  repaired  in  1756.  and 
there  are  barracks  in  it  tor  3000  men.  It 
is  the  station  of  the  packet  boats  that,  in 
ti-ie  of  pcice,  pass  between  Dove;  and 
Calais,  from  whicli  it  is  li^tant  onh  21 
miles.  Th  harbour  is  mad'  by  ;<  gap  in 
the  cliffs,  who>e  height  i-  riiiy  sublime. 
Hence,  in  fine  weath  r,  is  a  pn-spect  oi  di 
coast  .;f  F  ance.  D  ver  is  15  miles  SE  of 
Canterbury  a<>d  72  of  Ljndon.  Lon  1  23 
E.  lat.  51  8  N. 

Dover^  Kent  county,  Upper  Canada,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Thames,  opposite 
Raleigh. 

Dover,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,  of 
Strafford  county,  New  Hampshire,  lying 
on  the  rivpr  Gochncho,  15  miles  N  by  W  of 


Portsmouth.    This  town  was  incorporated 
in  1633.     Population  in  1820,  2871. 

Dover,  township,  Norfolk  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 16  miles  SW  from  Boston. 
Population  in  1820,  548. 

Dover,  post  town  of  Kent  county,  Dela- 
ware, and  the  seat  of  a  state  government ; 
situated  on  Jones'  creek,  near  its  junction 
with  the  river  Delaware,  about  36  miles  S 
of  New  Castle.  This  small  town  is  neatly 
built;  the  houses  being  mostly  of  bricks, 
and  the  streets  disposed  with  regularity. 
In  the  centre  is  a  handsome  square,  on 
which  the  state  house  and  public  offices 
are  erected.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  59  10  N. 
and  lon  75  30  W.  Population  in  18205- 
aoout  600. 

Dover,  town  of  York  county,  Pennsylva^ 
nia,  situated  about  eight  miles  westward 
from  York,  and  containing  1500  inhabit- 
ants. 

Dover,  post  town  and  township,  Dutchess 
county,  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
2193. 

Dover,  township  of  Monmouth  county 
New  Jersey,  on  Cedar  bay  creek,  40  miles 
E  from  Philadelphia.  Population  in  1820, 
1916. 

Dover,  post  town,  York  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  a  branch  of  Conewago  creek. 
Population  in  1820,  1816. 

Dover,  township,  C:iuyahoga  county, 
Ohio.     Population  m  1820,  308. 

Dover,  township  of  Athens  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  592. 

Dover,  post  town,  and  township  Tusca- 
rawas county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
718. 

Dover,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Stuart  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Cumberland  river,  'o5  miles  below  Clarks- 
ville. 

Dover-mills,  post  office,  Goochland  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Douero,  or  Doiiro,  river  in  Spain,  which 
rises  in  Old  Cas  ile,  in  the  raountumS  of 
Urbjon.  It  runs  W  by  several  towns,  and 
crossing  Portugil,  falls  into  tne  Atlantic 
Ocean,  ne-r  Oporto. 

Douglass,  town  in.  Lunerkhire,  on  a  ri- 
ver of  he  same  n;,me  that  fails  uro  the 
Clyde,  above  l.anerk.  Here  is  Douglas 
Ca-'tle,  for  many  ages  the  residence  ot  the 
se>"nr.d  f  mily  in  Scotlnd.  A  modern 
building  lias  be  n  'reeled  on  the  s.ime  side, 
in  imitation  otthe  ancient  asile.  It  is  37 
miles  SW  i)f  Edinbiiigii. 

Douglass,  seaport  of  the  Isle  of  Maii,near-= 
ly  at  he  s  me  dis  aiici^  from  tlu:  t.niii>h, 
Scotch,  and  h  sh  shores,  ;.nd  the  best  iiar- 
bour  in  the  isiind.  L  isdeend'-d  iiy  an 
impiegnable  fort.  Lm.  4  20  W,  1  t.  54  12 
N. 

Douglass,  Cape,  lofty  promontory  on  the 
W  coast  of  America,  within  theentrancf-  of 
'"'oolr'q  I?"'ver     It  was  discovered  by  cap' 


ij  O  "W^ 


D  R  E 


tain  Cook  in  1778.  Its  summit  forming- 
two  very  high  mountains.  Lon.  W  C  75 
30  W.  lat.  58  N. 

Douglass,  post  town  and  township,  Wor- 
cester county,  Massachusetts,  17  miles  S 
from  Worcester.  Population  in  1820, 
1375. 

Douglass,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
750.  ' 

Douglass,  township,  Berks  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  in  1820,  709. 

Douglass-mills,  post  office,  Cumberland, 
Pennsylvania. 

Dourac,  town  of  Persia  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Euphraies  and  Tigris,  remirk- 
able  for  the  reed  of  which  they  make  pens. 
Lon.  56  57  E.  lat.  32  15  N. 

Dourdan,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
of.Seine  and  Oise  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  with  a  manufacture  of  silk 
and  worsted  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Orge,  25  miles  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  10 
E.  lat.  48  35  N. 

Dourlach,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  Ba- 
den Dourlach.  The  inhabitants  are  pro- 
testants.  It  is  seated  ctfi  the  Giessen,  12 
miles  S  of  Philipsburg.  Lon.  9  28  E.  lat. 
49  2  N. 

Doulens,  or  Dourlens,  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  Somme  lately  in 
the  province  of  Picardy,  with  two  citadels. 
It  is  seated  on  tlie  Autie,  15  miles  N  of 
Amiens.     Lon.  2  23  E.  lat.  50  10  N. 

Dowlatabcd,  formerly  called  Amednagur, 
a  province  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Candeish  and  Mal- 
way,  on  the  W  by  the  Gauts,  on  the  S  by 
Visiapour  and  G  jlconda,  and  on  the  E  by 
Berar.     Aurungabad  is  the  capital. 

DoTvlatabad,  fortress  in  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  15  miles  NW  of  Auru;  gabad. 
Near  it  are  the  Pagodas  or  Elora,  most  of 
which  are  cut  out  of  the  natural  rock. 
Lon,  76  0  E.  lat.  19  55  N. 

Doitm,  county  of  IreLind,  in  the  province 
ofUist.T,  42  miles  in  length,  and  34  in 
breadth:  bounded  on  the  E  by  the  In-h 
Sea,  on  the  W  by  A  magh,  on  the  NW  liy 
Antrim,  and  on  the  S  by  C  .rlingfoid  Bay 
and  the  ocean.  It  contains  72  parishes, 
and  before  the  Irish  union  sent  14  mem- 
bers io  the  Irish  pirHument.  This  coun  y 
is  rougli  and  full  of  hills,  and  yet  the  aii  is 
temperate  and  heHlthy.  The  so  1  naurally 
produces  wood,  unless  constaniiy  k^pi 
open  and  pionghed  ;  and  ihe  1  w  grounds 
degenerate  into  begs  and  moss,  where  the 
drains  are  neglected.  But  by  the  indu  try 
of  the  inhabitants  if  prnducfs  goo  !  crops  of 
corn,  particularly  oats ;  and,  where  marl  is 
found,  barley. 

Down,  capital  of  the  county  of  Down,  in 
Ireland.  It  is  a  borough  and  market-town, 
seated  on  the  river  Newrv,  scvcri  miles  W 


of  Stranford  Bay.     Lon.  5  49  W.  lat.  54 

29  N. 

Dow?js, "roads  on  the  E  coast  of  Kent,  be- 
tween the  N  and  S  Foreland.  It  is  a  fa- 
mous rendezvous  for  shipping.  "See  God- 
■win  Sands. 

Doiune,  township  of  Cumberland  county. 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  1749. 

Do-uitham,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ousa, 
35  miles  NE  of  Cambridge,  and  86  N  by 
E  of  London.     Lon.  0  20  E  lat.  52  40  N. 

Doivningtow7i,  post  town,  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  Brandy- 
wine  creek,  33  miles  W  by  N  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

Doionton,  borough  in  Wilts,  with  a  mar  - 
ket  on  Friday  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Avon,  six  miles  SE  of  Salis- 
bury, and  84WSW  of  London.  Lon.  1  36 
W.  lat.  51  0  N. 

Doylesto-wn,  post  town  and  township  of 
Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  26  miles  N 
from  Philadelphia.  PoDulaiion  in  1820, 
1430. 

Doylesville,  post  office,  pari.sh  of  New 
Feliciana,  in  Louisiana. 

Dracut,  town  of  Middlesex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts ;  situated  on  the  N  side  of  the 
river  Merrimack,  about  35  miles  NW  of 
Boston.     Population  in  1820,  1407. 

Dragiiignan,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, 10  miles  NW  of  Frejus.  Lon.  6  35 
E.  lat.  43  31  N. 

Drake,  Port  Sir  Franc  s,  bay  W  coast  of 
Mexico.     Lon.  W  C  46  W.  lat.  38  N. 

Drakenstein,  district  of  the  colony  at  the 
cape  of  Good  Hopt-,  40  miles  from  cape 
town,  celebrated  for  it.-  fi  e  wine. 

Drave,  considerable  river  of  Germany, 
which  rises  in  the  Tirol,  run>  across  Carin- 
th;a,  and  entering  S^  iria  continues  its  course 
by  Marpurg ;  then  it  runs  along  the  con- 
fines of  Sclavonia  and  Lower  Hungary, 
passes  by  Esseck,  and  a  little  after  falls  in- 
to  the  Danube. 

Drayton,  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the  river 
Torn,  wl)ich  separ.tes  this  county  from 
StaO'ordshire.  It  is  17  miles  NE  of  S'^rews- 
bury,  and  154  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  22 
W  lat.  52  34  N. 

Drentelhurg,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
princip  lity  of  Hesse.  Lon.  8  57  E.  lat. 
51  23 N. 

Dresden,  city  of  Germany,  and  the  capi* 
tulofthe  kingdom  of  Sa.Kony.  It  is  divid- 
ed by  thr  E>;.ie  into  the  old  and  new  town, 
which  are  united  by  a  grand  bridge,  and 
surrounded  bv  s.r  ^ng  iortifictions.  It  has 
a  cabtle,  an  academy  of  paintngand  sculp- 
ture, and  a  magnificent  chui  ch  for  the  Ko» 
man  catholics.  The  houses  are  built  of 
freestone,  almost  all  of  the  same  heigh*:. 


D  11  I 


D  R  O 


and  though  the  palaces  are  few,  it  is  deem- 
ed the  handsomest  city  in  Germany.  The 
palaces  of  Holland  and  Japan  are  full  of 
curiosities  from  that  country  and  China ; 
and  the  picture  gallery  may  claim  prece- 
dence over  every  individual  gallery  in  Italy. 
The  city  and  suburbs  are  estimated  to  con- 
tain 50,000  inhabitants,  near  5000  of  whom 
are  catholics,  and  there  are  about  800 
Jews.  Here  are  manufactures  of  gold  and 
silver  lace,  jewellery,  porcelain,  paper- 
hangings,  and  wind  instruments  of  music. 
It  was  taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia  in  1745, 
and  again  in  1756,  but  r-taken  in  1759 ; 
and  it  was  bombarded  by  him  in  1760,  for 
nine  days,  when  he  was  obhged  to  raise 
the  siege.  Dresden  is  rendered  memora- 
ble for  its  neighbourhood  being  the  princi- 
pal theatre  of  operations  between  the  allied 
and  French  armies  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  year  1813.  The  Russian  and  Prus- 
sian troops  having  entered  it  in  the  month 
of  March  was  obliged  to  quit  it  in  May  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Lulzen  ;  and  Buonaparte 
afterwards  lield  his  head-quarters  here  for 
a  long  time.  On  the  26th  and  27th  of  Au- 
gust of  the  same  year,  the  allied  army, 
200,000  strong,  under  prince  Schwartzt-n- 
burg,  attempted  to  carry  the  town  by  as- 
sault; but  Buonaparte  h:iving  arrived  from 
Silesia,  with  his  guards,  the  night  before 
the  attack,  repulsed  them  with  great  loss 
in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners.  It  was 
at  this  time,  the  celebrated  general  Mo- 
reau,  received  a  mortal  wound,  while  in 
conversation  with  the  emperor  of  Russia. 
The  allies,  in  consequence  of  tliis  disaster, 
immed'ately  commenced  their  retreat  into 
liohemia  ;  and  the  French,  being  too  eager 
to  profit  of  their  succes--,  had  sent  general 
Vandamme  with  about  30,000  men,  into  the 
niOuntain=!  of  t!u.t  otintry  to  cut  off  their 
retreat.  But  on  their  arrival  near  Culm, 
ihey  were  assailed  on  all  sides  ;  and  after 
a  furious  conflict,  the  whole  army  v/as  near- 
ly destroyed,  and  the  commander  with  the 
whole  of  his  staff  were  made  prisoners. 
Soon  after  the  brittle  of  Leipsic,  Dresden 
surrendered  to  the  allies,  with  a  garrison 
of  about  25,000  men.  It  is  80  miles  NNW 
of  Prague.     Lon.  13  50  E.  lat.  51  6  N 

Dresden,  post  town  and  township,  Lin- 
coln county,  Maine,  eight  miles  NW  from 
Wiscasset.     Population  in  1820,  1338. 

Dresden,  post  town,  Ohio,  Mtiskingham 
couiHy,  15  miles  N  from  Zanesville. 

Dreux,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  Loire  and  late  province 
ofBeauce.  It  has  a  considerable  manu- 
facture in  cloth  for  the  army,  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Blaise,  at  the  foot  cf  a  moun- 
tain,  48  miles  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  25  E. 
lat.  48  44  N. 

Driessen,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
new  marche  of  Bradenburg,  with  a  strong 
M  m 


fort,  on  the  river  Warta,  20  miles  E  of 
Landsperg.    Lon.  15  43  E.  lat   52  53  N. 

Drinaivard,  town  of  Tuikey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia.  It  stands  on  a  small  island 
formed  by  the  Drino,  on  the  confines  of 
B.>snia. 

Dvino,  river  of  Turkey  m  Europe,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  fnmtieis  of  Albania, 
and  f  :lls  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice. 

Drino,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on 
a  bay  of  the  sam-^  name,  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 50  miles  SE  of  Ragusa.  Ljn.  10  19 
E.  lat.  42  48  N. 

Drogheda,  seaport  and  borough  of  Ire- 
lund,  in  the  county  of  Louth.  It  is  a  strong 
place,  and  well  inhabited,  having  an  excel- 
lent harbour.  It  is  seated  on  the  Boyne, 
five  miles  VV  of  the  Irish  -ea,  and  23  N  of 
Dublin.     Lon.  6  1  W.  lat.  51  53  N. 

Droitwich,  borough  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday  noted  for  excel- 
lent white  salt  made  fr^m  the  salt  springs 
in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Salwarp,  six  miles  ENE  of  Worcester,  and 
118  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  W.  lat. 
52   15  N. 

Drome,  denartment  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  la*  province  of  Dauphiny. 

Dromore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Down.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town  and 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  The  cathedral  is 
small,  but  the  episcopal  palace  is  hands<  me 
and  convenient.  It  Is  se.ited  on  the  Lag- 
gan,  15  miles  SW  of  Belfast.  Lon.  6  8  E. 
lat.  54  25  N. 

Dromore,  township  and  post  town,  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Susquehannah  river,  between 
Pequea  and  Octorara  creeks.  Population 
in  1820, 1500. 

Dronero,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  the  Alps  on  the  river  Maera, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  of  prodigious  height. 

Dronfeld,  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a  free-school,  ft 
is  so  resorted  to,  on  account  of  its  whole- 
some air,  that  it  abounds  with  gentry  and 
handsome  buddings.  It  is  28  miles  N  of 
Derby,  and  155  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1 
25  W.  lat.  53  18  N, 

Drontheim,  province  of  Norway,  bounded 
on  the  W  by  the  ocean,  on  the  N  by  the 
government  of  Wardshuys,  ©n  the  S  by 
tliat  of  Bergen,  and  on  the  E  by  Sweden, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  high  moun- 
tains.    It  is  but  thin  ol  people. 

Drontheim,  city  of  Norway,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  with  an 
archbishop's  see,  and  a  good  harbour.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade ;  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  'he  sea  and  the  river  Piddet ; 
and  is  270  miles  NW  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
11  9E.  lat.  63  25  N. 

Drowned  Lands,  valuable  tract  of  about 
50,000  acres,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  on 


DUB 


DUB 


the  N  side  of  the  mountains,  in  Orange 
county.  The  waters,  which  descend  from 
the  surrounding  hills,  being  slowly  dis- 
charged by  the  river  Wa  kill,  cover  the>e 
vast  n.eadows  every  winter,  and  render 
them  extremely  fertile. 

Drowned  Meado-w,  post  office,  Suffolk 
county,  New  York,  on  Long  Island. 

Z>rwn6o«e,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Monaghan,  eight  miles  W  of  Dundalk. 
Lon  6  31  W.  lat.  54  10  N. 

Dnimlaimg,  town  in  Dumfriesshire  in 
the  district  of  Nithsdale  ;  remarkable  for  a 
wood  of  o;ik  six  miles  in  length.  Here  is 
a  noble  seat  of  the  duke  of  Queensberry, 
skreened  by  woody  hills,  and  adorned  with 
beautiful  gardens.  Drumlanrig  is  seated 
on  the  river  Nith  13  miles  N  of  Dumfries. 
Lon.  3  31  W.  lat.  55  25  N. 

Drummond's  Island,  in  lake  Huron,  36 
miles  E  from  Mackinaw.  Here  the  Bri- 
tish government  maintain  a  garrison,  and 
trading  post. 

Brurmnond-toim,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Accomack  county,  Virginia,  on  a 
small  creek  discharging  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  45  miles  N  from  Cape  Charles. 

Druses,  people  of  Syria,  on  the  moun- 
tains Libanus  and  Antilibanus.  They  are 
warlike,  inured  to  labour,  are  great  ene- 
mies to  the  Turks,  and  have  their  particu- 
lar  princes,  called  Emirs. 

Dryden,  one  of  the  miliary  townships  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  situated  at  the  SE 
end  of  Cavuga  lake.  Population  in  1820, 
39.il. 

Duanesbtirg,  township  of  New  York,  in 
Schenectady  county,  25  miies  \V  from  Al- 
bany.    Pojjulation  in  1820,  3510. 

Dublin  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lei  ister,  2r  miles  in  length,  and 
17  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  N  by  East  Meath  and  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  W  by  East  Meath  and 
Kddare,  and  on  the  S  by  Wicklow.  Be- 
fore the  Union  it  sent  ten  members  to  the 
Irish  parliament. 

Dublin,  capital  of  Ireland,  in  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Liffey,  in  view  of  the  Irish  Sea 
on  the  E.  Its  f  .rm  is  that  of  a  square,  two 
miles  and  a  h  If  in  extent  on  each  side, 
and  it  contains  about  22,000  houses,  whose 
inhabitants  are  estimated  at  156,000.  With 
respect  to  its  streets,  Dublin  bears  a  near 
resemblance  to  London  ;  some  of  the  old 
streets  were  formerly  narrow,  but  great 
improvements  h  .ve  been  lately  made,  in 
regard  both  to  convenience  and  embellish- 
ment ;  and  there  are  several  magnificent 
squares,  the  largest  of  which  is  St.  Stephen 
green,  nearly  a  mile  in  circuit.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  a  collegiate  church,  18  par- 
ish churches,  8  chapels,  16  Roman  catho- 
lic chapels,  numerous  meeting-houses  for 
274 


dissenters  of  various  denominations,  fout' 
foreign  churches,  and  a  synagogue. 

Amrng  the  principal  public  buildings 
are  the  castle  (the  residence  of  the  vice- 
roy) the  national  bank.  Trinty  college, 
the  hall  of  justice,  the  royal  exchange,  the 
custom-house,  the  royal  hospital  of  Kil- 
mainham  for  invalids,  the  linen-huli,  the 
barracks,  the  tollsell,  or  town-house,  and 
Essex  bridge  and  Sarah-bridge,  two  of  the 
six  bridges  over  the  Liffey.  The  hospi- 
tals and  other  charitable  institutions  are  nu- 
merous ;  and  it  has  two  theatres.  The 
PhcEnix  park,  at  the  W  end  of  the  town,  is 
a  royal  enclosui-e,  seven  miles  in  circuit  • 
and,  beside  the  Hibernian  school,  is  adorn- 
ed with  the  villa  of  the  viceroy,  the  seat  of 
the  principal  secretary,  and  few  others  ; 
also  a  salute  battery  of  22  pieces  of  can- 
non, and  the  ammunition  magazine,  a 
strong  fortification  An  obs'  rvatory  is 
erected  on  a  rocky  hill,  about  four  miles 
NVV  of  the  city.  The  civil  government  of 
Dublin  is  executed  by  a  lord  mayor,  re- 
corder, two  sheriffs,  24  aldermen,  and  a 
common  council,  formed  of  representatives 
from  the  25  corporations.  Beside  'he 
silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  manufactures  car- 
ried on  in  tlie  suburbs,  o  her  branches  of 
useful  manufacture  are  establishing  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  metropolis  ;  and  its  fo- 
reign trade  is  considerable. 

The  harbour  is  incommoded  by  two 
banks  of  sand,  which  prevent  vessels  of 
large  burden  from  going  over  the  bar  :  it 
has  a  mole  nearly  four  miles  in  length, 
with  a  lighthouse  at  the  extremity,  and  an- 
other on  the  promontory  opposite,  called 
the  hill  of  Howth.  Three  miles  below  the 
city,  at  a  place  called  the  Pigeon-house,  is 
a  commodious  dock;  and  here  the  pack- 
ets receive  and  land  their  passengei-s.  The 
LifPey  divides  the  city  almost  into  two 
equal  parts,  and  has  spacious  and  noble 
quays  on  both  sides  A  grand  canal  has 
been  made  from  the  Liffey,  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  Sliannon  near  Clonfort. 
Dublin  is  seated  at  the  end  of  a  spacious 
bav  seven  miles  from  the  Irish  Sea,  60  W 
of 'Holyhead,  in  Wales,  and  300  WNW  of 
London.     Lon.  6  18  W.  lat.  5o  21 N. 

Dublin,  post  town,  and  township  of  Che- 
shire county.  New  Hampshire,  34  miles 
SW  from  Concord.  The  township  includes 
the  Grand  Monadnoch  mountain.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1260. 

Dublin,  township  of  Huntingdon  county, 
Pennsylvania.    Population,  in  1820,  632. 

Dublin,  township,  Bedford  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  in  1820,  713. 

Dublin,  Loiaer,  township  of  Philadel- 
phia, county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Delaware 
river,  10  miles  above  Philadelphia.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  2640. 

Dublin,  C//>6er,  township  of^Montgome• 


DUD 


B  U  K 


vy  county,  Pennsylvania,  slUiated  between 
Abington  and  Gwinned  townships,  15  miles 
NW  of  Philadelphia. 

Dublin,  pest  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 
Laurens  county,  Georgia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Oconee,  55  miles  below  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Dublin,  post  town,  Franklin  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Sciota  river,  12 
miles  NW  from  Columbus.  Population  in 
1820,  about  50. 

Dubois,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  lake  of  Bri- 
tish North  America,  west  from  Lake  La 
Pluie,  or  lake  Rain.  The  river  La  Pluie, 
flows  from  the  latter  to  the  former.  The 
discharge  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  is 
again  into  lake  Winnipic.  The  NW  bound- 
ary of  the  United  States  on  N.  lart.  49  in- 
tersects the  west  bank  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods. 

Dubois,  county  of  Indiana,  bounded  by 
Perry  SE ;  Spencer  S ;  Warrick  SW, 
Pike  W:  Davies  NW ;  Owen  N;  and 
Orange  and  Crawf  )rd  E  ;  length  20  ;  mean 
width  18 ;  area  o7S  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  hillj',  and  soil  varied. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -       -        - 
do.  do.  females 


612 

548 

1.160 


Total  whites    -        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females,  5 

Slaves,  males     -        -        .        .         none 

do.    females  -        .        .         none 


Total  population  in  1820 


1,168 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture           -  -343 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  0 

do.    in  Commerce             -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3. 

Dubose's-ferry,  post  office,  Sumptei" 
county,  South  Carolina. 

Duck  Creek,  sometimes  called  Salesbury, 
post  town  and  hundred,  of  Kent,  Dela- 
ware, 12  miles  N  by  W  of  Dover,  aud  28  S 
of  New  Castle.  Population  in  1820, 
3951, 

Duck  river,  Tennessee,  rises  in  Franklin 
county,  and  pursuing  a  comparative  course 
of  about  150  miles  WNW  falls  into  Ten- 
nessee river,  after  having  traversed  Bed- 
ford, Maury,  Hickman,  Williamson,  Dick- 
son and  Humphrey  counties.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  at  high  water  following  the 
bends  about  100  miles. 

Duck  Island,  tov/nship,  Hancock  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  18. 

Dudley,  town  in  W^orcestershire,  with  a 
market  on  Satin-day,  and  a  great  n>anufac- 
ture  of  nails  and  other  iron  wares.  There 
!S  a  church  at   each  end    of  the    longest 


street.  It  is  ten  miles  NW  of  Birming- 
ham and  120  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W.  lat. 
52  33  N. 

Dudley,  post  town  and  township  of  Wor- 
cester county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on 
the  line  which  divides  this  state  from  Con- 
necticut, and  on  the  E  side  of  Lockwood 
river.     Population  in  1820,  1615. 

Duff^s  Forks,  post  office,  Fayette  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Duerstade.     See  Tfick-de- Duerstade. 

Didns,  or  Doino,  seaport  in  the  duchy  of 
Carniola.  eight  miles  NW  of  Trieste.  Lon. 
13  46  E.  lat.  45  55  N. 

Duisburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  tlie. 
duchy  ot  Cleves,  with  a  university,  seated 
on  the  Roer,  near  the  Rhine,  12  miles  N  of 
Dusseldorf     Lon.  6  50  E.  lat.  51  22  N. 

Duitz,  or  Duytz,  town  of  Westphaha,  on 
the  E  side  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Cologne. 
It  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  Jews. 

Dttke  of  Yoj-k^s  Island,  island  in  the 
South  I'acific  Ocean,  discovered  by  com- 
modore Byron  i:i  1765,  lying  N  of  the 
Friendly  Islands.  The  ground  was  cover- 
ed by  land  crabs,  but  no  other  animal  was 
seen.     Lon.  172  30  W.  lat.  SOS. 

Dttke  of  York's  Island,  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  10  miles  long, 
lying  between  lord  Howe's  Group  and  the 
SE  point  of  New  Ireland.  The  nutmeg 
was  seen  by  captain  Hunter,  who  anchored 
in  Port  Hunter  Bay,  in  this  island,  in  May, 
1791.     Lon.  152  42  E.  lat.  4  7  8. 

Dukes,  county,  Massachusetts,  comprises 
Martha's  Vineyard  island,  Chabaquiddick 
island,  Nomans  island,  and  the  group  of 
Elizabeth  islands.  The  whole  surface 
amounting  to  about  120  square  miles  of 
habitable  land.  Soil  of  middling  quality. 
Chieftown,  Edgartown. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males              -        -  1,489 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,645 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           -        -        -  156 

SLives        -        .        .        -        .  0 

Total  population  in  1810  -        3,290 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -         1,543 
do.    do.  females  -         -         1,652 

Total  whites  -         -         -         3,195 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  50 

do.         do.  females  47 

Total  population  in  1820  -         3,292 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriciiltiire         -        -         281 
do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  90 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  34,1 

Population  to  the  pquare  mile.  27^. 
275 


D  U  M 


D  IT  N 


Buia!:,  village  on  the  NE  side  of  the  isle 
of  Anglesey,  much  freqaented  on  account 
of  the  corn  and  butter  trade,  and  for  fern 
ashes. 

Dulce,  river  of  North  America,  in  Costa 
Rica,  and  Veragua,  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Dulce,  after  separating  the  two  provinces 
from  which  it  flows. 

Buhe,  gulf  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  into 
which  the  river  Dulce  is  discharged.  Lon. 
W  C  5  20  W.  lat.  9  N. 

Dulderstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  is  seated  on  the 
riVer  VVhippe;,  15  miles  E  of  Gottingen, 
and  130  NE  of  Mentz.  Lon.  10  14  E.  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Bulmen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bi>-hopric  of  Munster,  18  miles  SW  of 
Muister.    Lon.  7  4  W.  lat  51  47  N. 

Bulverton,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Ex,  24  miles  E  of  Barnstaple,  and  164 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  40  W.  lat.  51 
4N. 

Dulidch,  village  in  Surry,  five  miles  S  of 
London. 

Biimbarto7i,  borough,  the  capital  of  Dum- 
bartonshire, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Leven  and  Clyde,  witli  a  stone  bridge  over 
the  former.  Its  principal  manufacture  is 
glass  ;  but  many  of  the  young  women  are 
employed  m  the  print-fields  on  the  banks 
of  the  Leven.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by 
the  Leven  and  the  Clyde.  Dumbarton  is 
15  miles  WNW  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  30 
W.  lat.  50  0  N. 

Dumbarton,  townsliip,  Strafford  county, 
New  Hampshire.  Population  in  1820, 
1450. 

Btimbartonshire,  or  Lenox,  runs  far  N 
among  a  cluster  of  hills,  and  is  bounded  on 
the  S  by  the  Frith  and  river  of  Clyde  ;  on 
the  E  by  Lanerkshire  and  Sterlingsliire  ;  on 
the  NE  by  Perthshire  and  the  Grampian- 
hills  ;  and  on  the  W  by  Argyleshire  and 
Loch  Long.  It  is  above  20  miles  broad 
from  E  to  W,  and  about  40  long  from  N 
to  S.  That  part  which  lies  to  the  E  is  very 
fruitful  in  corn  ;  the  other  parts  being  hilly, 
feed  vast  flocks  of  sheep.  Population  in 
1801,  20,710  ;  in  1811,  24,189  ;  and  in 
1821,  27,313. 

Bumblane^  village  in  Perthshire,  remark- 
able for  a  battle,  called  the  battle  of  She- 
riff-m.uir,  between  the  duke  of  Argyle  and 
the  rebel  earl  of  Mar,  in  1715.  At  the  up- 
per end  of  the  village  is  a  ruinous  cathe- 
dral     It  is  30  miles  NVV  of  Edinburgh. 

Bumfermline,  bornugh  in  Fifeshire,  whicli 
is  a  considerable  manufacturing  town,  and 
has  a  good  trade  in  linen  goods,  particular- 
ly diapers.  It  is  15  miles  NW  of  Edin 
burgh.    Lon.  3  37  W,  lat.  56  5  N. 

JDumfries,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
in   Prince  William   county,  Virginia,   on 
276 


Uuantico  creek,  32  miles  SSW  from  Wasi)- 
ington,  and  23  miles  NNE  from  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Bumfries,  royal  borough  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Dumfriesshire,  pleasantly  seated 
between  two  hills,  on  the  river  Nith.  It  is 
a  regular  well-built  town,  eight  miles  N  of 
Solway  Frith,  and  30  WNW  of  Carlisle. 
Lon.  3  29  W.  lat,  55  12  N. 

Bumfries,  county  of  Scotland,  which  in- 
cludes Annandale  and  Niddisdale  ;  it  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  part  of  Ayrshire, 
Lanerkshire,  Peeblesshire  and  Selkirk- 
shire ;  on  the  W  by  Selkirkshire  and  Rox- 
burghshire ;  on  tiie  S  by  the  Solway  Frith  ; 
and  on  the  W  by  the  counties  of  Ayr  and 
Kircudbright ;  extending  about  50  miles 
in  length  and  30  in  breadth.  Eusdale  is 
the  most  eastern  division,  and  divided  from 
Annandale  by  Eskdale.  Annandale  lies  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Annan  which  runs 
through  the  middle  of  the  county  and  falls 
into  the  Solway  Fnth,  after  a  coui'se  of  27 
miles.  This  division  is  a  stewarty,  abound- 
ing with  pasture  and  pleasant  woods,  is 
about  27  miles  long  and  14  broad.  Nid- 
disdale  or  Nithdale  receives  its  name  from 
the  river  Nid,  that  passes  through  it  and 
runs  into  the  Solway  Frith;  this  is  the 
western  division,  abounds  in  pastures  and 
arable  lands,  produces  abundance  of  corn, 
and  some  woods  and  forests ;  gold  has 
been  found  in  some  of  its  brooks  after  great 
rains.  Its  chief  rivers  are,  the  Esk,  Annan, 
and  Nid.  Its  cliief  towns  are,  Annan  and 
Dumfries.  Population  in  1801,  54,597  ;  in 
1811,  62,960,  and  in  1821,70,878, 

Bumtner,  township  in  Coos  county.  New 
Hampshire.    Population  in  1820,  42. 

Bummerston,  post  town  and  township, 
Windham  county,  Vermont,  on  Connecti- 
cut river,  at  the  mouth  of  West  river.  Po- 
pulation 1800. 

Buiiamond,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Riga.  It  is  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Dwina,  15  miles  NW  of 
Riga. 

Bunbar,  royal  borough  in  Haddington- 
shire, seated  near  the  German  Ocean.  It 
has  a  good  harbour,  formerly  defended  by 
a  castle.  Under  the  rock,  on  which  the 
casile  stands,  are  two  natural  arches 
through  which  the  tide  flows :  and  be- 
tween the  harbour  and  the  castle  is  a  stra- 
tum of  vast  basaltic  columns.  Dunbar  is 
remarkable  for  the  defeat  of  John  Bahol's 
army  by  earl  Warenne,  in  1296,  and  for  a 
victory  gained  by  Ctomwell  over  the 
Scots,  in  1650.  It  is  25  miles  E  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Lon.  2  34  W.  lat.  57  12  N. 

Bunbar,  townshij)  of  Fayette  county, 
in  Pennsylvania,  on  the  SAV  side  of 
Youghiogany  river,  opposite  Connelsville. 
Population  in  1820,  1895. 

Bunbarton,  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,   situated  on   the 


D  U  K 


D  U  N 


W  side  of  Merrimack  river.  35  niiies  W 
of  Portsmouth.     Population  in  1820,  1450. 

Duncansboro' ,  town,  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  on  lake  Memphramagog.  Popu- 
lation 150. 

Duncanno7i,  fortress  and  town  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Wexford,  seated  on  t  e 
river  Ross,  six  miles  E  of  Waterford. 
Lon.  6  46  W.  lat.  54  12  N. 

Duncansville,  post  office,  Barnwell  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Dundalk,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Louth,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  20 
miles  NNVV  of  Drogheda.  Lon.  6  17  W. 
lat.  52  16  N. 

Dmidas,  county  of  Upper  Canada ; 
bounded  E  by  Stormont ;  SE  by  St.  Law- 
rence river ;  W  by  Grenville,  and  N  by  Ot- 
tawa river. 

Dundee,  royal  borough  in  Angusshire, 
with  an  excellent  harbour.  Its  situation 
for  commerce  is  very  advantageous. 
Trading  vessels  of  the  largest  burden  can 
get  into  the  harbour :  and  on  the  quay 
there  are  three  very  convenient  and  hand- 
some warehouses,  built  in  1756,  as  well  as 
good  room  for  ship-building,  which  is  car- 
ried on  to  a  large  extent.  The  houses  are 
built  of  stone,  generally  three  or  four 
stories  high.  The  population  in  1788 
amounted  to  nearly  20,000,  but  tlie  inha- 
bitants have  increased  to  23  or  24,000.  It 
is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the  Frith  of  Tay 
12  miles  from  its  mouth,  40  NE  of  Edin- 
burgh, 22  E  of  Perth,  and  14  NW  of  St. 
Andrews.    Lon.  2  55  W.  iat.  56  30  N. 

Duneburg,  town  of  Lavonia,  on  the 
Dwina,  90  miles  SE  of  Riga.  Lon.  27  0  E. 
lat  56  8  N. 

Dungannon,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  Tyrone,  11  miles  NNW  of  Armagh. 
Lon.  6  39  W,  lat.  54  48  N. 

Dungarvon,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Waterford,  seated  on  Dungar- 
von Bay,  22  miles  S  W  of  Waterford.  Lon. 
7  29  W,  lat   52  6  N. 

Dungeness,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Kent, 
eight  miles  S  by  W  of  Romney.  Lon.  0 
29  E.  lat.  50  52  N. 

Dunkavd,  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  the  river  Monon- 
gahela,  in  Greene  county,  and  bounded  on 
the  S  by  the  line  that  divides  this  state 
from  Virginia.      Population  in  1820,  1472. 

Dwikeld,  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  shire 
of  Perth,  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the  river 
Tay,  in  a  situation  truly  romantic,  un'^er 
and  among  very  high,  and  almost  inacces' 
sible  crags.  Bunkeld  is  12  miles  N  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  36  W.  lat.  56  35  N. 

Dunkirk,  considerable  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and  late 
French  Flanders.  It  v/as  taken  from  the 
Spaniards  by  the  English  and  French  in 
1658,  and  put  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 


but  sold  to  the  French,  by  Charles  IJ.  iji 
1662.  Lewis  XIV.  made  it  one  of  the  best 
fortified  ports  in  the  kingdom  :  but  all  the 
vast  and  expensive  works  were  demolished, 
and  the  bnsais  filled  up,  in  consequence  of 
th^  treaty  of  Utrecht,  in  17l3  The  French 
afterwards  resumed  the  works ;  but  they 
were  ordered  to  be  demolished  by  the 
peace  of  1763.  By  the  peace  of  1783,  the 
commissary  was  withdrawn,  and  the  French 
were  left  to  resume  the  works.  This 
pi  ice  was  besieged  by  the  English  in  1793, 
but  they  were  forced  to  retire  with  loss. 
It  is  22  miles  SW  of  Ostend.  Lon.  2  28 
E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Dunkirk,  small  village  and  port  on  lake 
Erie,  Chatauque  county  N.  York.  The  har- 
bour lies  in  form  of  a  semi-eHipss.  It  is  shel- 
tered to  the  NW  by  a  j  oint  of  land,  and  on 
the  N  by  a  reef  of  rocks,  on  which  there  is 
only  about  2  feet  water.  It  is  tlie  only 
harbor  from  Buffalo  to  Erie,  on  the  New 
York  and  Penn  ylvania  shore  From  Buf- 
falo 45  miles,  and  from  Canadaway  or  Fre- 
donia  4  m  les. 

Dunkirk,  post  town  in  King  and  Queen 
county,  Virginia,  116  miles  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Dunklin's,  post  office,  Newbury  c(>unty. 
South  Carolina. 

Du7i  le-roi,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  and  late  province  of 
Berry,  20  mies  SofBourges.  Lon.  2  29 
E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Dunlop,  village  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Cunningham,  celebrated  for  rich 
and  delicate  cheese. 

Dunmow,  Great,  town  of  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  a  manufacture 
of  baize  It  is  1,3  rniles  N  of  Chelmsford, 
and  46  NE  of  London  Lon.  0  24  E,  lat. 
51  54  N 

Dunmow,  Little,  village  in  Essex,  adjoin- 
ing to  Great  Dunmow 

Dimnington.  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday,  27  miles  SE  of 
Lincoln  and  111  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  7 
W,  lat,  52  55  N. 

Dunnose,  cape  on  the  S  side  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight.     Lon.  1  16  W,  lat.  50  33  N. 

Dumisbury,  post  office,  Lycoming  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

Dunse,  town  in  Berwickshire  ;  situate 
between  the  forks  of  the  rivers  Blackadder 
and  Whiteadder,  in  a  rich  and  fertile  coun- 
try, 12  miles  W  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed. 
Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  55  46  N. 

Dunstable,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
market  iin  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
5ry  ch  Iky  hill,  and  hasfmr  streets  which 
regard  the  four  cardinal  points.  The 
church  is  the  remainder  of  a  piiory,  and 
oppi  site  to  it  is  a  farm-house,  once  a  royal 
palace.  Dunstable  is  famous  for  elegant 
baskets,  &c.  made  of  straw,  which  are  even 
277 


\)  V  r 


D  L  >; 


an  article  of  exportation.  It  is  34  miles 
NVV  of  London.  Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  51 
59  N. 

Dunstable,  post  town  in  Hillsborough 
county,  !*few  Hampshire,  lying  on  the  river 
Merrimack,  about  40  miles  NVV  of  Boston. 
Population  in  1820  1142. 

Dunstable,  township  of  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts  ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Merrimack  river,  25  miles  NW  of  Boston. 
Population  in  1820,  584. 

Dunstable,  township  of  Lycoming  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  474. 

Dtmstaffnage,  venerable  castle,  near 
Loch  Etive,  in  Argyleshire,  formerly  a 
royal  palace,  and  afterward  the  seat  of  the 
lord  of  the  isles. 

Dimster,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  and  a  harbour  on  the 
Bris'ol  Channel.  '  It  is  20  miles  NW  of 
Tawnton,  and  158  W  of  London.  Lon.  3 
41  W,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Dunxvich,  borough  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  at  the 
top  of  a  loose  cliff,  and  was  formerly  a 
bishop's  see,  but  it  is  now  only  the  remains 
of  a  town,  all  but  two  parishes  being  swal- 
lowed up  by  the  sea.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  is  24  miles  S  of 
Yarmouth,  and  99  N  of  London.  Lon.  1 
55  E,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Duuivich  Township,  Upper  Canada,  in 
the  county  of  Suffolk,  lies  to  the  west  of 
Southwold,  h  ving  the  river  Thames  for 
its  nortli,  and  lake  Erie  for  its  south  boun- 
dary. 

Dupage,  lake  of  Indiana,  in  the  river 
Des  Pi  tues,  6  miles  above  its  junction  with 
the  Kanhakee 

Duplin,  county  of  North  Carolina;  bound, 
ed  by  Nev/  Hanover  S ;  Sampson  W ; 
Wayne  N" ;  Lenoir  and  Jones  XE,  and 
Onslou  E  ;  length  32  ;  mean  width  20 ;  area 
640  square  miles.  Surface  generally  level 
or  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  thin  and  rather 
sterile. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -  2,784 

do.  d ).  females  -  -  -  2,634 
All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  29 

Slaves 2,416 


Total  population  in  1810    .        -  7,863 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       -        -        -  2,913 

do.   do.     females    ...  3,171 

Total  whites       ....  6,084 

Free  pers.  )ns  of  colour,  males    -  32 

do.              do.       females  29 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,874 

do,    females             -        .        -  1,725 

Total  population  in  1820            -  9,744 
278 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  •  23 

Engaged  in  Agricvdlure      -        .        3,270 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  9 

do.        in  Commerce      .         -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Duplin,  Old,  post  office,  Duplin  county. 
North  Carolma. 

Dupreeville,  post  town  in  Northampton 
county.  North  Carolina  ;  situated  between 
Meherrin  and  Roanake  rivers,  245  miles 
SSW  of  Washington. 

Duquela,  province  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom iif  Morocco  about  75  miles  in  length, 
and  85  in  breadth.  It  abounds  in  corn  and 
cattle. 

Durampour,  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan  in  the  province  of  Guzarat,  46 
miles  NNE  of  Bombay.     Lon.  7o  14  E,  lat. 

20  32  N. 

Durance,  river  of  France,  which  rises 
near  Biia^tcon,  and  watering  Embrun,  Tal- 
lard,  Sisteron,  Monosque,  and  Cavaillon, 
falls  into  the  Rhone,  below  Avignon. 

Durancl,  township  of  Coos  county.  New 
Hampshire.     Population  in  1820,  78. 

Durango,  city  of  New  Spain,  province  of 
New  B  scaj',  and  capital  of  the  intendancy 
of  the  same  name  ;  situated  500  miles  in  a 
direct  line  from  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  900 
from  Santa  Fe.  The  height  of  the  town  is 
nearly  7,000  feet  above  the  Ocean.  Its 
environs  appear  to  be  volcanic.  One  of 
the  largest  masses  of  native  iron  ever  dis- 
covered, exists  lear  tlie  city  of  Dur-^ngo  ; 
its  weight  has  been  calculated  to  be  above 
40,000  lbs.  avoirdupois.  N  lat.  24  25  W, 
lon.  W  C  26  35.     Population  12,000. 

Durango,  intendancy  of  Mexico,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  v\ew  Biscay,  belong- 
ing to  the  Captain  Generalship  of  the  In- 
ternal provinces  ,  bounded  W  by  Sonora  ; 
N  by  regions  yet  inhabited  by  Savages; 
NE  by  Texas ;  SE  by  a  p  rt  of  San  Louis 
Potosi,  and  S  by  Zacatecas  and  Gaajialaxa- 
ra.  Area  118,922  square  miles;  length 
from  north  to  south,  from  the  mines  of 
Guarissamay  650  miles;  mean  breadth  180 
miles.     Population  160,000. 

The  surface  of  Durango,  is  in  general 
mountamous,  and  for  its  latitude  cold.  The 
soil  is  in  m  ,'St  places  dry  and  arid.  Im- 
mense barren  plain-,  cover  this  intendancy, 
over  which  the  Spanish  and  Indian  horse- 
men ro;.m  at  large,  in  never  ceasing  hos- 
tility to  e.ch  other.  No  races  of  men  dif- 
fer moie  essentially  than  the  Spanish 
Creok'  of  the  Viceroyalty,  and  the  Euro- 
pean descendants  in  the  Provincies  Inter- 
nis,  and  the  native  Indian  of  Mexico,  and 
tie  aborigines  on  the  Rio  Grande.  Active, 
bold,  brave,  and  extremely  athletic,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Internal  provinces,  civili- 
zed and  Savage,  know  perhaps  less  of  dis- 
ease, than  any  part  of  the  bnman  species 


U  U  It 


D  U  '1 


)ti  any  age  or  country.  Durango  lies  on 
the  table  land  of  Anahuac,  in  nnost  places 
elevated  upwards  of  6,500  feet  above  the 
Ocean,  but  declining  to  the  east  and  west. 
Its  pi'oductions  are  European  jj;rain  and 
fruits.  Chief  towns,  Durango,  Chihuahua, 
San  Juan  del  Rio,  Nombre  de  Dios,  Pas- 
quiaro,  Saltillo,  Paras  and  Sta  Rosa  de 
Cosigniriachi. 

JJurant's  Bay,  North  C  irolina,  Albe- 
marle Sound,     ton.  \V  C  0  44  E. 

DurazzOi  village  of  Albania,  with  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  ruined  fortress, 
and  a  good  harbour,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
50  miles  N  of  Valona.  Lon  19  19  E,  lat. 
41  54  N 

Durby,  town  of  French  Luxemburg, 
capita!  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed on  the  Outre,  20  miles  S  of  Liege.  Lon. 
5  28  E,  lat.  58  18  ?J. 

Dwcheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  12  miles  NE  of  Neu- 
stadt.     Lon.  8  21  E.  lat.  49  26  N. 

Duren,  town  of  Germuiy,  in  the  djichy 
of  Juliers,  on  the  river  Roer,  12  miles  S  of 
Juliers      Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Duvhain,  covmty  o?  En;.^land,  cal  ed  the 
bishoprc  of  Durham;  bounded  on  t!ie  N 
by  Northumberland,  on  the  E  hy  ihe  G>-r- 
raan  Ocean,  on  t!ie  S  and  SW  by  York- 
shire, and  on  the  VV  by  Wes  moreland  and 
Cumberland.  It  extends  37  mdes  from 
N  to  S,  and  47  from  E  to  W  ;  contains  one 
city,  seven  market  towns,  and  113  parish- 
es ;  and  sends  four  members  t>  p;^rliament. 
Its  rivers  are  the  Tees,  Tine,  Vv^ere,  Tame, 
Lune,  Derwent,  Gauntless,  Skerii,  &c.  Its 
principal  products  are  leud,  coals,  iion, 
corn,  mustard,  saU,  glasSj  fine  ale,  with  es;- 
ceilent  butter  and  salmon.  The  soil  is 
various  ;  the  south  is  rich,  but  the  wes  ern 
parts  rocky  and  moorish.  Population  in 
1801,  160,361,  in  1811,  177,625,  and  in 
1821,  207,673 

Durham,  capital  of  the  conity  of  Dur- 
ham, with  a  market  on  S  it^urd  ly,  and  a 
bisliop's  see.  Has  a  manufactun-  of  shal- 
loons, tammies  and  cal  imancoes;  and  around 
it  are  grown  large  quan  ities  of  the  best 
mustard.  Nevil's  Cross,  near  the  c;ty,  wa-^ 
erected  in  memory  of  the  victory  obtained 
by  queen  Philippa  in  1346,  over  David 
Bruce,  king  of  Scotland,  vviio  was  taken 
prisoner  in  this  battle.  Durham  sends 
two  members  to  parliament ;  is  14  miles  S 
of  Newcastle,  and  257  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  27  W,  lat  54  50  N 

2);«r/jaOT,  tow.  iship  of  Buckingham  coun- 
ty. Lower  Camda,  between  Wick  am  and 
Melborne,  60  miles  E  from  Montreal 

Durham,  township  of  Cumberland,  Mai  le, 
situated  on  the  SW  side  of  S  gadohoc 
river,  about  12  miles  a'sove  its  junction 
with  the  river  Kennebec.  Population  in 
1820,  1562. 
Durham,  post  town  and  township,  Staf- 


ford county,  New  Hampshire,  west  from 
Great  Bay,  and  12  miles  W  from  Ports- 
mouih.     Population  in  1820,  1538. 

Durham,  x^ast  tow  a  and  toi^ns.iip,  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Connecticut,  7  miles  S  from 
Middletown.     Population  in  1820,  1196. 

Durham,  post  town  and  township,  Green 
ounty,  New  York,  20  miles  NW  from 
Athens.     Population  m  1820,  2979. 

Durham  County,  Upper  Canada  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  east  by  the  county  of  Northum- 
berland;  on  the  south  by  lake  Ontario 
until  it  meets  the  westernmost  point  of 
Long  Beach  ;  thence  by  a  line  running 
north  16  degrees  v*^e.st,  until  it  intersects 
the  soutiiern  boundary  of  a  tract  of  land 
belonging  to  the  Missassago  Indians  ;  and 
thence  along  the  said  tract,  parallel  to  lake 
Ontario,  until  it  meets  the  north  western- 
most boundary  of  the  county  of  Northum- 
berland. 

Durham,  northern  township  of  Bucks 
county,  P  nnsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  12  mdes  S  from 
Eas  on.     P  ipulation  in  1820,  485. 

D/rsley,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a  castle,  now  in 
rums.  It  is  inhabited  by  clothiers,  and 
seated  near  the  Severn,  13  miles  SW  of 
Gloucester,  and  107  W  of  London.  Lon, 
2  23  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Durial,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  \Iaine  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Anjou,  whose  chief  trade  consists  in 
tanning. 

Dusky  Buy,  bay  of  the  island  of  New 
Zeal '.ml,  in  tiie  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
166  18  E,  1  .t.  45  47  S. 

Dassddorf,  su^ng  city,  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Bci-g.  It  contains  about  18,000 
inhabitants,  includin::^  the  garrison  Dus- 
seldorf  derives  an  air  of  dignity  from  its 
pu!ace  and  great  chui'ch.  It  is  s  ated  on 
the  r.ver  Dussei,  near  he  Rhine,  22  miles 
\W  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  52  E,  lat.  51 
12  N. 

i)K<c/iess,  county  of  New  York;  bounded 
E  by  Connecticut  .  S  by  l*u  nam  county  in 
New  York ;  W  by  Had'.on's  r;vtr,  and  N 
by  Columbia  county,  Ne^v  York  ;  1  'ngtli 
35  ;  mean  width  24  ;  area  840  sqiare  miles. 
The  ace  of  tliis  cou  ty  i^  ii.  a  peculiar 
manner  diveisified  In  the  valle\ s  of  the 
Housatoiiic,  Fishkil.,  W  ppiiiger  and  Jan- 
sen,  are  extensive  bodies  of  first  rate 
laid.  Ill  ihe  intermediate  spare  betw  en 
those  rich  vales,  extend  fertile  tracts  of 
high  land  lit  le  less  prod.ictive.  The  b'  nks 
of  the  Huiison.  are  steep,  rocky  and  brok  n, 
and  indeed  general  y  pr  cipitous.  On  its 
southern  b  undary,  this  county  risf-s  mto 
mounttins,  some  of  tlie  peaks  of  which, 
exceed  120J  feet  above  he  level  of  tide 
water.  These  are  the  celebrated  High- 
lands, which  inflecting  first  to  NE,  and 
thence  N,  through  Dutchess  into  the  SE 
279 


E  A  O 


E  A  K 


angle  of  Columbia  county,  separate  the 
sources  of  the  Housatonic,  from  those  of 
the  creeks  falling  into  the  Hudson,  and 
gives  to  the  eastern  side  of  Dutchess  a  bold 
and  mountainous  aspect.  From  the  eleva- 
ted ground  from  which  they  flow,  and  the 
comparatively  deep  chasm  in  which  the 
Hudson  is  confined,  the  creeks  of  Dutch- 
ess are  eminently  calculated  for  the  pro- 
pulsion of  machinery,  an  advantage  to  a 
considerable  extent  improven  by  the  in- 
habitants. See  Mateotvan,  Wappingers 
Creek,  &c.  This  country  is  well  cultivated 
and  productive  in  grain,  ti:uits  and  meadow 
grasses.  Its  staples  are  numerous,  and 
consist  of  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  beef,  pork, 
butter,  cheese,  live  stock,  orchard  fruits 
and  garden  vegetables.  Chief  town,  Pough- 
keepsie. 

The  population  of  Dutchess  for  1810, 
included,  also  the  townships  subsequently 
formed  into  Putnam  county.  See  P71I- 
nam. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      25,161 

do.  do.  females  -         -      23,816 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             -        -        -        1,124 
Slaves 1,262 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


51,363 


22.374 
21,784 


Total  whites                 -        -  -  44,158 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  764 

do.             do.        females  -  921 

Slaves,  males       .        -         -  .  383 

do.    females     .        -        -  -  389 

Total  population  in  1820      -  -  46,615 

Of  these:  

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  248 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  7,506 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  2,625 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  319 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  55. 

Dntliiigen,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Danube  over  which  it  has  a  bridge.  It  be- 
longs to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  is 
33  miles  NW  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  2  E, 
lat  48  10  N. 

Dutotsbiirg,  post  town,  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania  -,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at  its  entrance 
into  the  Watergap  and  at  the  foot  of  the 
Blue  Mountain  on  tlie  north  side,  in  Smith- 
field  township.  It  is  22  miles  NE  by  N 
from  Easton. 

Duxborough,  post  town  and  township, 
Plymouth  county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles 
N  from  Plymouth.  Population  in  1820, 
2403. 

Duxbury,  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  on  the  left  side  of  Onion 
river,  13  miles  below  Montpelier,  Popu- 
lation 350. 

Duijveland,QX\Q  of  the  islands  of  Zealand, 
in  the  United  Provinces,  E  of  Schowen, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow 
channel. 

Ihvina,  large  river  of  Russia,  which  rises 
in  Vologda,  and  flows  NNW  into  the 
White  Sea,  at  Archangel. 

Dioi7ia,  river  of  Russia,  in  Lithuania, 
which  divides  Livonia  from  Courland,  and 
falls  into  the  Baltic,  below  Riga. 

Dyberry,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  I^ackawaxen  Creek. 
Population  in  1820,  1082. 

Dyer's  Island,  in  the  head  of  the  bay  of 
Quinte,  lies  to  the  eastward  of  Missassaga 
Island,  Upper  Canada. 

Dysart,  borough  in  Fifesliire,  seated  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  11  miles  N  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  coal. 
Loii.  3  6  W,  lat.  56  9  N. 


E 


Eagie,  township  of  Brown  couniy,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  2133. 

Eagle,  creek  of  Adams,  Brown  counties, 
Ohio,  falls  into  Ohio  river,  10  miles  below 
Maysville. 

Eagle,  township  Hocking  county,  Ohio. 

Eagle  Island,  township  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine.     Population  in  1820,  8. 

Eaglesville,  villajre,  township  of  Manlius, 
Onandago  county,  New  York. 

Eagleville,  town  of  MareTigo  county,  Ala- 
bama,  on  Tombigbee,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Black  Warrior. 

Eaoowe,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  bv 
280 


Tasman,  in  1643,  and  by  him  named  Mid- 
dleburg.     Lon.  174  30  W,  lat.  21  24  S. 

Eardfy,  township  of  York  county,  Lower 
Can » da,  on  Ottawa  river. 

Earl,  township  of  Berks  county,  Pean- 
sylva'ia,  12  miles  NE  from  Reading.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  509. 

Earl,  township  of  Lancaster  county,  on 
Conesfogf)  creek,  12  miles  above  Lancas- 
ter.    Population  in  1820,  5559. 

Earslto7u  town  in  Berwickshire,  seated 
on  the  river  Leader,  35  miles  SE  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Earn,  river  which  issues  from  the  lake 
of  Ram,  in  Perthshire.    It  meanders  for 


E  A  rf 


E  A  S 


above  20  miles  tiirous^h  the  valley  otSlra- 
tliearn,  and  joins  the  Tuy  below  Perth. 

Earne,  lake  of  lrelani.1,  in  tiie  county  of 
Fermanagh,  30  miles  in  length.  It  is  nar- 
row in  the  middle;  and  in  this  part  is  an 
island  on  which  stands  Inniskilling. 

Uarihquake  Lake  ;  lake  in  Missuiiri,  said 
to  have  been  formed  by  the  earthquake  in 
that  country  in  1312.  Most  of  the  accounts 
jiii'jlished  of  this  phenomenon,  were  no 
doubt  grossly  exaggerated. 

Eastdourn,  town  of  Sussex,  noted  for 
plenty  of  the  birds  called  wheatears  and  is 
a  pliice  of  resort  for  bathing  It  is  seated 
near  the  Ji  iglish  Ciiannel,  1.5  mites  ESE  of 
Lewes,  and  63  SSE  of  London. 

EuH  Jlnduver,  town  of  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  30  miles  NW  from  Paris. 

East  Bay,  in  Adolphnstown,  bay  of 
Quinte,  Upper  Canada,  is  where  the  forks 
of  the;  north  charmel  open,  descending 
south-westerly  from  Hay  b  ly. 

East  Bsthkhe'n,  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

'  East  Brulford,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Brandywine 
creek  below  East  Cain.  Population  in 
1820,  1217. 

East  Bridgwater,  post  village,  Plymouth, 
coimty,  Massachusetts. 

East  Cain,  lOA'nsiiip  of  Ciic.iter  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  Brandywine  valley 
between  West  Whiteland  and  Sadsbury. 
Downingsto \vn  is  in  this  township,  32  miles 
from  Piiiladelphiu.  P)pu!atio;i  in  1320, 
1162. 

East  Chaster,  post  town.  West  Chester 
county,  New  York,  20  miles  N  from  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  1021. 

East  District,  tow nshh"^  of  Be  k?  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  sources  of  Perkio- 
men,  Miuataway,  Litt'.e  Lehigh  and  .Maiden 
creeks,  18  miles  N."^  from  Reaiing.  Podu- 
lation  in  1820,  509. 

Easter  Island,  island  in  the  So'itli  Pacific 
Ocean,  12  leagues  in  circuit.  It  lias  a  hiliv 
and  stoay  surface,  an  iron-boun.l  shore,  and 
affords  neitiier  safe  atichorage,  fr -sh  water, 
nor  w<)od  for  fuel.  It  bears  evident  marks 
not  only  of  a  volcanic  origin,  but  of  having 
been  not  very  long  ago  ruined  by  an  erup- 
tion. It  is  the  same  tliat  was  seen  by  Da- 
vis in  1636  ;  it  was  next  visited  by  Uogge- 
wein  in  17'22,  and  again  by  Cant  .in  Cook  in 
1744.     Lon.  109  46  W,  lar.  27  5  S. 

Eastern  District,  of  Upper  Canada ; 
bounded  easterly  by  the  pr  )vince  of  Lower 
Canada ;  southerly  by  tlie  river  St.  Law- 
rence ;  northerly  by  the  Ottawa  river,  and 
westerly  by  a  meridian  passing  through 
the  ranuth  of  the  Gananoque  river,  in  Leeds 
county. 

East   Fallrnv/ield,    township   of  Chester 
CDuiitv,  Pcnnsvlvania,  on  the  west  branch 
N  n 


of  IJrandy  wine,  S  W  from  East  Cain.    Popu- 
lation  in  1820,  857. 

East  Goshen,  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  Ridley  creek,  7  miles 
E  from  Downingstown.  Population  in 
1820,  735 

East  Greenwich,  post  town  and  township 
Kent  couniy,  Rhode  Island.  Population  in 
1820,  1519. 

East  GuUfurd,  post  village,  New  Haven 
couniy,  Connecticut, 

East  Iladdam,  post  town  and  township, 
Middlesex  county,  Connecticut,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Connecticut  river,  14  miles  below 
-Middietown.     Population  in  1820,2572. 

Eastham,  post  town  and  township,  Barn- 
stable county,.  Missachusftts,  24  miles  NB 
from  Barnstable.  Population  iu  1820, 
766. 

East  Hampton,  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Masiacliusetts,  5  miles  S  from 
No:-tham!)ton.     Population  in  1820,  712. 

Ea'it  Hampton,  post  town  and  township, 
Suffulk  county.  New  York,  includes  Mon- 
tauk  Point  and  Gardiner's  Island,  112  miles 
ENE  f om  New  York.  Clinton  Academy 
located  in  East  Hampton,  is  a  very  respecta- 
ble institution.     Population  in  1820,  1646. 

East  Hartford,  post  town  and  flourishing 
township,  Hartftrd  county,  Connecticut, 
on  Connecticut  river  opposite  Hartford,  to 
which  it  is  conveniently  connected  by  a  fine 
bridge.     Population  in  1820,  3373. 

East  Haven,  township  ot  Es-,ex  county, 
Vermon',  48  miles  N  from  Montpelier 

East  ILiven,  township,  New  Haven  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  4  miles  E  from  New  Ha- 
ven     Population  in  1820,  1237. 

East  Kingston,  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  Vew  Hampshire,  22  miles  SW  from 
PorUimouth,     Population  in  1820,  443. 

East  Lake,  lies  between  the  townships 
of  .Marysburgh  and  Sophiasburgh,  imme- 
diitely  to  tiie  north-east  of  little  Sandy  bay, 
on  lak '  Ont  .rio,  Upper  Canada. 

East  .Main,  part  of  New  Britain,  on  the 
peninsuh  of  Labrador;  lies  along  the  E 
shore  of  .F  .mes'  Bay. 

East  JLiin  House,  one  of  the  British  sta- 
tions  for  Indian  fur  trade,  stands  on  a  river 
flowing  into  James'  bay.  Lon.  W  C  1  42 
W,  lat.  52  15  N 

E,ast  Jllanor,  tiAvnship  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
3303. 

East  Jilarlboroiigh,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  sources  of 
Red  Clay  creek,  9  miles  S  from  Downings- 
tovvn.     Popu'ation  in  1820,  993. 

East  Minot,  post  town,  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Maine. 

East  JVantmill,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  sources  of 
French  creek,  35  miles  NW  from  Phila- 
delphia.    Population  in  1820,  1873. 

East  liiver,  strait  of  New  York,  between 
281 


E  A  S 


i^  A   i 


Long  Island  Sound  and  New  York  bay.  cle  of  flour,  which  constitutes  the  principal 
Opposite  the  central  part  of  New  York,  or  staple  o*' Northampton  county.  Population 
from  Fulton  street  to  the  main  street  of  in  1810,  165",  and  la  1820,  2370. 
Brooklyn,  East  river  is  about  three  quar-  Easton,  post  town  and  capital  of  Talbot 
tersofamile  Wide.  "Vessels  of  any  tonnage  countv,  Maryland,  on  ihe  left  bank  of 
can  pass  through  this  strait.  In  it,  is  the  Treadhaven  creek,  12  mdes  above  Chop- 
principal  commercial  harbour  of  the  city  of  tank  bay,  50  miles  SE  from  Baltimore.  It 
New  York.  is  the  most  considerable  town  of  the  eas- 

Easton,  post  town  and  township,  Bristol  tern  shore,  part  of  Maryland.     Population 

county,  Massachusetts,   22  miles   S   from  near  2000. 

Boston.    Population  in  1820,  1803.  Eastport,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 

Easton,  post  town,  SK  angle  of  Washing-  Washington  county,  Maine,  at  the  mouth 

ton  countv.  New  Y''ork,  on  the  left  bank  of  of  Cobscook  river,   280    miles   NE  from 

the    Hudson,    22    miles    above     Albany.  Portland.    The  boundaries  of  the  townstiip. 

Population  in  1820,  3051.                     •  contains  Moose  island,  and  several  smaller 

Easton,  post   town  and  seat  of  justice  islands.     This  town  has  rapidly  increased, 

Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  its  shipping  in  1816,  exceeded  7,370  tons. 

Delaware,  60  miles  N  from  Philadelphia.  Population  in   1810,   1511,   and  in   1820, 

It  is  a  borough  town,  situated  on  a  point  of  1937. 

land  formed  by  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  East    Sudbury,    post   town,    Middlesex 

rivers  and   Bushkill   creek.     The   streets  county,    Massachusetts.       Population     in 

are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  1830,  962. 

and  along  the  cardinal  points.     The  lower  EasCto^un,  township  of  Chester  county, 

part  of  the  town  near  the  Delaware  is  on  Pennsylvania,  on  both   sides  of  the  road 

an  elevated  level,  but  the  western  ex'tremi-  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  16  miles 

ty  rises  by  a  gradual  acclivity  to  a  consider-  from  th?  former.     Population  in  1820,  618. 

able  elevation.    The  adjacent  country  is  East  Whiteland,    township    of   Chester 

bold,  broken,  and  romantic-    The  soil  is  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  road 

highly  productive,  and  being  well  cultiv.a-  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  20  miles 

ted,  gives  a  most  pleasing  aspect  to  the  from   the  former.      Population    in    1820, 

vicinity  of  Easton.     Farm  houses,  orchards,  818. 


fields  and  meadows,  are  comingled  along 
the  bottoms  of  the  rivers  and  slopes  of  the 
adjacent  hills.  Bushkill  creek  is  amongst 
the  finest  mill  .'■.treams  in  the  U.  States.  See 
Bushkill.  This  stream  rises  8  miles  N  from 
Nazareth,  and  has  an  almost  uninterupted 
f  Jl  to  the  Delaware.     Within  the  borough 


East  Windsor,  post  town  and  township, 
Hartford  county,  Connecticut,  on  the  east 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  8  miles  above 
Hartfoi-d.  See  Warehouse  Point.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  3400. 

Eaton,  township  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,   84  miles  SSE  from  Trois 


of  Easton  it  passes  the  Chesnut  ridge,  and  llivieres,  or  Three  R.vers. 

by  a  very  winding  and  precipitous  course  £a«o;i,  post  town  and  township,  Strafford 

reaches  the   Delaw^ire,    affording  a  rapid  county.  New  Hampshire,  N  from  Ossipee 

succession  of  mill  seats.  lake,  50  miles  NE  from  Concord.     Popii- 

The  following  valuable  information  re-  lation  in  1820,  1071. 

specting  this  interesting  place,  was  coinmu-  Eaton,  post  town  and  township,  Madison 

nicated  to  the  editor  by  anintelligent  young  county,  New  Y'ork,  on  the  head  of  Chenan- 

gentlemen,  a  native  of  that  town.     There  go  river,  30  miles  SW  from  Utica.     Popu- 

are  within  the  boundjries  of  the  borough,  lation  in  1320,  3021. 

3  oil  mills,  6  grist  mills,  2  saw  mills,  2  dis-  Eaton,   township    of    Luzerne    county, 

tillpries,  3  tan  yards  and  tanneries,  1  brew-  PeJinsylvania,  on  the  right  side  of  Susque- 

ery,  and  31  dry  good  and  hardware  stores,  hannah  river  on  Bowman's  creek,  opposite 

A  library  formed  in  1811,  containing  about  Tunkhannock.     Population  in  1820,   478. 

1200   volumes.     An    academy   called  the  Eaton,  post  town  and  township  and  seat 

Union  Academy,  in  which  the  learned  Ian-  of  justice,  Prebble  county,  Ohio.     The  vil- 

guages  are  taught.     Three  places  of  pub-  lage  is  seated  near  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 

lie  worship,  1  for  Presbytei-lans ;  1  for  Epis-  Old  fort  St  Clair,  34  miles  W  from  Dayton, 

copalians,  and  1  for   German    Lutheran?,  and  50  N  from  Cincinnatti.     Population  in 

A  court  house,  erected  in  1758.     Four  fine  182u,  255. 

bridges ;  one  over  the  Delaware,  a  most  Eatoji^s  JVecIc  Light  House,  Huntingion, 

substantial  structure,  erected  at  an  expense  Suffolk  county.  New  York,  on  Long  Island, 

of  80,000  dollars ;  one  a  chain  bridge,  over  It  is  situated  on  a  point  of  land  north  from 

the  Lehigh,  on  tlie  Philadelphia  road,  and  Huntington  bay,  of  Long  Island  Sound  40 

two  over  the  Bushkill.     Two  banks  ;  one  miles  ENE  from  New  York,  and  nearly  op- 

a  bi'anch  of  that  of  Pennsylvani;!,  and  the  posite  Norwalk  in  Connecticut, 
other  the  Easton  bank,  with  a  capital  of        Eatonton,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 

400,000  dollars.     The  trade  of  this  town  is  Putnam  county,  Georgia,  20  miles  NNW 

very  considerable,  particularly  in  the  arti-  from  Millcdgeville. 
282 


E  DA 


E  D  G 


'£nion  io-Lvn,  village  of  New  Jersey,  Mon- 
mouth county,  1  mile  from  Shrewsbury  and 
12  from  Freehold. 

Eaiise,  ancient  town  of  Finance,  in  the 
department  of  Gers  and  late  province  of 
Armag-nac,  17  miles  S\V  of  Condom.  Lon. 
0  10  E,  iat.  43  51  N. 

Ebeiiezer,  chief  town  of  Effingham  coun- 
ty, state  of  Georgia ;  situated  on  the  SW 
side  of  Savannali  river,  35  miles  NNVV  of 
the  city  of  Savannah.  It  was  originally 
settled  by  emigrants  from  Germany.' 

Ebensbiirg,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Cambria  countj',  Pennsylvania,  70  miles  E 
from  Pittsbiu'g,  and  4  miles  N  W  from  Beu- 
lah. 

Ebc.rbach,  town  of  German}',  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Ithine,  remarkable  for  its 
wme.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ntckar,  10 
miles  NE  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  56  E.  Iat. 
49  26  N. 

Eberberg,  castle  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Nahe  and  Alsen,  8  miles  SW  of 
Creutznach.    Lon.  7  52  E,  Iat.  49  38  N. 

Eberstein,  district  and  castle  of  Suabia, 
subject  to  the  margravate  of  Baden.  The 
castle  is  the  chief  place,  six  miles  SE  of 
Baden.     Lon.  8  20  E,  Iat.  48  46  N. 

Eberstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Alsace, 
3  miles  SW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  46  E, 
Iat.  48  29  N. 

Eberville,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome,  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne.  It  lately  had  a  Benedictine  ab- 
bey, which  was  very  rich.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Scioule,  eight  miles  NE  of  Riom.  Lon. 
3  15  E,  Iat.  45  59  N. 

Ebro,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Santillane,  in  Old  Castile,  and 
watering  Sarngossa  and  Tortossa,  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean. 

Ecaterrinenshif.     See    Catharinenslaf. 

Ecdefechaii,  village  in  Dumfriesshire, 
noted  for  its  great  monthly  market  for  cat- 
tle.   It  is  10  miles  SE  of  Dumfries. 

Eccleshal,  town  in  Staffordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch 
of  the  river  Stow,  and  the  bisliop  of  Litch- 
field and  Coventry  has  a  castle  here.  It  is 
"six  miles  NW  of  Stafford  and  143  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  9  W,  hit.  53  2  N. 

Echinades,  now  Cu~'olari,  small  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Epirus. 

EcJUevnach,  town  of  Austrian  Lu.^em- 
burg,  on  the  river  Sout,  in  a  valley  surround- 
ed by  mountains,  18  miles  NE  of  Luxem- 
burg.    Lon.  6  33  E,  Iat.  49  5Q  N. 

Ecija,  or  Ezija,  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Zenil,  28  miles 
SW  of  Cordova.  Lon.  4  27  W,  Iat.  37 
39  N. 

Edanit  town  of  New  Holland,  famous  for 
its  red  rind  cheeses,  and  seated  on  the 
Zuider-Zee,  20  miles  N  by  E  of  Amster- 
dam.   Lon,  4  54  E,  Iat.  52  32  N, 


Eddyntone,  name  of  some  rocks  in  the 
English  Channel,  which  cause  variety  of 
contrar}^  sets  of  the  tide  or  current  in  their 
vicinity.  They  are  situated  SSW  from  the 
middle  of  Plymouth  Sound,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  They  are  almost  in  the  line 
which  joins  the  Start  and  the  Lizard  Points, 
and  their  situation  with  regard  to  the  Bay 
of  Biscay  and  the  Atlantic  is  such,  that  they 
lie  open  to  the  swells  of  the  bay  and  Ocean 
from  all  the  SW  points,  so  that  ail  the  lioavy 
seas  from  the  SW  break  upon  Eddystonc 
with  the  utmost  fuiy.  Three  light  houses 
have  been  erected  on  these  dangerous 
rocks ;  the  first  by  Mr.  Winstr.nly,  1696, 
which  on  the  27th  Noven.ber,  1703,  was 
destroyed  by  a  storm,  and  with  it  perished 
the  ingenious  founder.  The  second  was 
built  of  wood  by  IMr.  Rudyard,  but  was 
burnt  in  1755.  The  tliird,  and  the  one  yet 
in  existence,  was  constructed  in  stone  by 
Mr.  Smeaton,  and  finished  August  24th, 
1759.  Us  distance  from  the  Ram  Head, 
the  nearest  point  of  land,  is  12  miles.  Lon. 
4  24  W,  Iat.  50  8  N. 

Eddivillc,  post  town,  and  capital  of  Cald- 
well county,  Kentucky,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Cumberland  ri\  er,  40  miles  above  its 
mouh. 

Eden,  town  v/hich  rises  in  Westmore- 
land, on  the  confines  of  Yorkshire,  and 
running  N  by  Appleby  and  Carlisle,  falls 
into  Solway  Frith. 

Edentor,,  post  town,  port  of  entry,  and 
the  capital  of  Chowan  county,  N.  Carolina  ; 
seated  near  the  head  of  Albemarle  Sound, 
11  miles  N  by  E  of  Plymouth,  on  the  op- 
posite shore,  22  E  of  Windsor,  and  about 
the  same  distance  S  by  W  of  Hertford.  It 
contains  about  1500  inhabitants,  and  lies  in 
the  Iat.  of  36  66  N. 

Edgartoim,  post  town  of  Duke's  county, 
Massachusetts;  it  is  a  port  of  entry,  the 
chief  town  of  the  county,  and  the  capital 
of  Martha's  Vineyard ;  situated  in  the  Iat. 
of  41  25  N.     Poindation  in  1820,  374. 

Edgecombe,  cape  of  King  George's 
Island,  west  coast  of  North  America,  Lon. 
W  C  58  15  W.  Iat.  57  02  N. 

Edgecombe,  post  town,  and  township, 
Lincoln  county,  Maine,  opposite  Wiscas- 
set  on  Sheepscut  river.  Population  in 
1820,  1629. 

Edgecombe,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Greene  S;  Wavne  SW  ;  Nash 
NW  ;  Halifax  NE  ;  Martin  E,  and  Pitt  SE  ; 
length  33;  mean  wiHtli  14;  and  artja  460 
square  miles-  Surface  level,  and  soil  ge- 
nerally sandy  and  unproductive.  Chief 
town,  Tarborough. 

Population  in  ISIO. 

Free  white  m.ales         ...         3,534 
do.     do.  females  -        -         3,545 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        -        -        -  237 
283 


K  D  G 


Ji  D  i 


Slaves         .....        5,107 
Total  population  in  1810,  •      12,423 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

3,573 

do.    do.   females    - 

■ 

3,700 

Total  whites 

7,273 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

127 

do.           do. 

females  - 

131 

Slaves,  males 

. 

3,%l 

do.    females 

- 

1,784 

Total  population  In  1820 


13,276 


Of  these ; 
Ivoreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Kngaged  in  Agriculture       -         -         3,973 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  174 

do.       in  Commerce        -         -  24 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29. 

Edgefield,  district  of  South  Carolina ; 
hounded  by  Savannah  river  ZSiW  ;  Abbe- 
ville NVV  ;  Newberry  N;  and  Lexington, 
Orange  and  Barii"  ell  SE  ;  length  46 : 
mean  width  40 ;  :;rea  1840  square  miles. 
Surface  moderately  hilly  and  soil  of  second 
rate  quality.     Chief  town,  Edgefield. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...       7,340 

do.     do.     females      -         -        -       7,093 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed       -         -         -         -         -  151 

Slaves 8,576 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      23,160 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mahs        -         -        -         6,425 
do.  do.   females     ...         6,439 

Total  whites       ...        -  12,062 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  26 

do.                 do.     fen-ales  31 

Slaves,  males      ....  6.439 

do.    females            ...  5,761 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -      25,119 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  8,872 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Edgemoni,  township '^f  Delaware  county 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  Providence  creek,  about  15  miles  W  of 
Philadelphia.     Population  in  1820,  640. 

Edgehill,  village  in  VVai-wickshire,  where 
the  first  battle  was  fought  between  Charles 
I.  and  the  parliament,  in  1642.  It  is  14 
miles  S  of  Warwick. 

Edge-ware,  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
284 


market  on  Tiiursdav,  eight  miles  NW  of 
London.     Lon.  0  14  W.  iat.  51  2,7  N. 

Edikofeii,  town  of  Germany  in  the  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine.  A  bloody  battle  was 
fought  here  between  the  Prussians  and  tlie 
French  in  1794,  wliicli  terminated  in  fa- 
\o\iv  of  the  French- 

Edinburgh,  metropol  sof  Scotland,  situa- 
ted in  a  county  oi  the  same  name.  It  may 
properly  be  divided  into  the  Old  and  New 
towns.  The  Old  'i'own  is  situated  on  a 
narrow  steep  hill,  about  a  mile  in  length, 
terminated  abruptly  on  the  V/  side  by  the 
castle,  from  which  there  is  a  gi  adual  de- 
clivity to  the  palace  of  Holyrood-house, 
v/hich  is  placed  in  a  beauiiful  plain  called 
St.  Ann's  Yards  From  the  level  of  this 
plain,  and  on  each  side  of  the  ridge  or  hill 
on  wlncii  the  Old  Town  stands,  run  two 
na.  row  valleys,  nearly  parallel  to  each 
other ;  the  southern  one  forms  a  street 
called  the  Cowgate,  the  northern  continu- 
ed a  marsh  till  very  la'.elj',  which  was  call- 
ed the  North  Loch,  but  is  now  drained. 
The  liigh  street  which  runs  between  the 
castle  i>nd  Holyrood-housc,  is  long  and  spa- 
ciotis,  and  the  houses  are  very  high.  Frf»m 
this  street  many  narrow  lanes  or  closes  run 
ofl'at  riglit  angles,  towards  ihe  N  and  S, 
The  ca>tle  is  seated  on  a  vast  perpendicu- 
lar rock,  accessible  only  by  a  drawbridge 
on  one  side,  and  in  ancient  times  was  con- 
sidered as  almost  ifripregnabL».  In  1811 
tie  number  of  inhabitants,  exclusive  of 
Leith,  was  103,000.  It  is  supplied  with 
water  conveyed  in  iron  pipes,  from  Comis- 
ton,  four  miles  to  the  W.  It  is  governed 
by  a  lord  provost,  a  dean  of  guild,  a  guild 
covincil,  and  25  common  cour.cil.  Here 
are  14  incorporated  trades,  each  li.aving  its 
deacon  or  warden.  Edinburgli  is  two 
miles  SSW  of  Leith  (whicii  is  its  port)  and 
377  N  by  W  from  London.  Lon.  3  12  VV, 
Iat.  55  58  N. 

This  city  has  become  deservedly  cele- 
brated for  the  nurpiber,  extent,  and  excel- 
lence of  its  liiera  y  institutions.  Tlie  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  was  founded  in  15S2, 
and  now-,  embraces  professorships,  on  al- 
most every  important  pursuit  of  the  iiuman 
intellect.  The  number  of  students  ordina- 
rily exceeds  2000.  To  the  university  is 
attached  a  library  containing  above  50,000 
volumes.  As  a  medical  school,  the  repu- 
tation of  this  university  occupies  a  most 
exalted  rank.  The  other  literary  charita- 
ble,  religious  and  legal  institutions  are  nu- 
merous and  highly  respectable.  Of  all  the 
great  cities  of  the  British  empire,  Edin- 
burgh is  supposed  to  derive  the  least  com- 
parative emolum.ent  from  trade,  commerce 
or  manufacturers. 

Edinburghsldre,  or  .Mid  Lothian,  county 
of  Scotland,  27  miles  long  and  from  6  to 
16  broad,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  E   by  the  shires  of  Haddington. 


R  D  W 


E  F  F 


Berwick,  and  Roxbursf,  S  by  those  of  Sel- 
kirk, Peebles  and  Lanerk,  and  \V  by  Lin- 
lithgovv:-hire.  It  is  divid-.d  intool  jarislies. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  [jrodiires  corn  of  all 
sorts,  with  plenty  of  grass  ,  also,  coal,  iron, 
limestone,  and  black  marble.  Tiie  prmci- 
pal  rivers  are  the  Esk,  Leitli,  Amond,  and 
Gala.  Population  in  1801,  122,954  ;  in 
1811,  148,607  ;  and  in  1821, 191,514. 

EiUnbitrgh,  township  of  Saratoga  county. 
New  York,  28  miles  NNW  from  Balslon 
Spa.     Population  in  1820,  1469. 

Edinburgh,  village  of  Elbert  county,  in 
Georgia,  on  the  right  bank  of  Savannah 
river,  65  miies  above  Augusta. 

Edinburgh,  township  of  Portage  county, 
Ohio,  SW  from  Ravenna,  and  along  the 
right  bank  of  Cuyahoga  river.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  uncertain. 

Edinburgh,  township.  Dearborn  countj-, 
Indiana, 

Edisto,  post  town  in  Orange  county, 
South  Carolina,  577  miles  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Edisto,  considerable  river  nf  South  Ca- 
rolina, which  riSirs  in  the  ilistric  if  Erlge- 
field,  and  after  meandering  in  a  SE  threc- 
tion,  between  Barnwell  and  Orangeb'.irgh, 
enters  Colleton  and  falls  jjito  the  ocean  by 
two  separate  outlets  in  the  lat.  (.f32  25  N. 

Edisto,  island  ot  Georgia,  formed  by  the 
two  outlets  of  Edisto  river.  It  is  separat- 
ed from  Wadmeiaii  island,  by  North  Edisto, 
and  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  Staple, 
cotton. 

Edmeston,  post  town,  and  township  of 
Otsego  county.  New  York,  20  miles  W 
from  Cooperstown.  Population  in  1820, 
1841. 

Ednam,  village  near  Kelso,  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, Scotland,  seated  on  the  Tweed, 
where  Thomson,  tlie  auth.or  of  the  seasons, 
was  born. 

Edward,  cape  of  west  coast  of  Nortli 
America  on  King  George's  Island,  40  miles 
N  from  Cane  Edgecombe.  Lon.  W  C  58 
45  W   lat    57  40  N. 

Edwards,  county  of  Illinois,  on  Wabash  ; 
hounded  by  White  S  :  Wayne  W  ;  Craw- 
ford N,  and  Wabash  river  SE  ;  length  33  ; 
mean  width  30 ;  area  990  squared  miles. 
Surface  rather  waving  than  hilly  ;  soil  ge- 
nerally fertile.  Chief  town,  Palenyra. 
liirkbeck's  settlement  is  in  the  SE  part  of 
this  county. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.    females 


Total  whites      -        .        .        , 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     • 
do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
En^raged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactiires 
do.        in  Commerce 


387 

767 

87 

21 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  3^. 

Edwurdsville,  township  of  Greenville 
county.  Upper  Canada. 

EdiuardsvUle,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, .Madison  county,  Illinois,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Cahokia  river,  22  miles  NE  from 
St.  Louis.  A  land  office,  a  bank,  and  one 
pnnting  office,  have  been  located  in  this 
town. 

Eel  river,  small  branch  of  Wabash,  en- 
ters from  the  NW,  20  miles  nearly  S  from 
Fori  Wayne. 

Efferdiiig,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  de- 
fended by  two  castles,  eight  miles  W  of 
Lintz.    Lon.  13  52  E.  lat.  48  18  N. 

Effingham,  village  in  Surry,  once,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  a  populous  town,  con- 
taining 16  churches.  It  is  12  miles  NE  of 
Guilford,  and  17  SW  of  London. 

Effingham,  coumy  of  Lower  Canada,  ex- 
tends from  the  O  tawa  r  ver,  opposite  Isle 
Jesus,  in  a  NE  direction  between  York 
and  Leinster  countie,-.  It  lies  NW  from 
Montreal. 

Effingham,  township  of  Strafford  county. 
New  Hampshire,  43  miles  NE  from  Con- 
cord.    Population  in  1820,  1368. 

Effingham,  county  of  Genrgia,  between 
Savannah,  and  Great  Ogeechee  river,  and 
bounded  S  by  Chatham;  W  by  Great 
Ogeecjjee  river ;  NW  by  Scriven  ;  and  NE 
and  E  by  Savannah  river ;  length  26 ; 
mean  width  18  ;  area  about  470  square 
milts.  Surface  level  and  soil  sandy.  Chief 
town,  Springfield.     Staple,  cotton. 

Population  in  181U. 
Free  white  males        .         -        .  830 

do.  do,     fem.'Jes     -         -         -  745 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         .         -  1 

Slaves        -----        1,010 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  182n. 
Free  white  males 
do,   do.    females    - 


2,586 


782 


part  of 

Total  whites       .         .         -         - 

1,654 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

9 

do.             do.         females. 

8 

1,861 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        - 

761 

1.561 

do.    females 
Total  population  in  1820    - 

586 

3,422 

3,018 

8 

Of  these; 

_. 

7 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

0 

3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

1,084. 

4 

do.         in  Manufactures 

none 

do.        in  Commerce 

18 

3,444. 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6, 
285 

E  G  \ 


EG! 


.Bgg-Harboiir,  Great,  inlet  of  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  receiving  from  the 
NW  Great  Kgg  Harbour  river.  The  inlet 
and  nver  are  navigable  about  20  miles  for 
vessels  of  200  tons  burtlien. 

Egg-Harbour,  Little,  inlet  between  Bur- 
lington and  Monmouth  counties,  New  Jer- 
sey. It  is  navigable  20  miles  for  60  ton 
vessels. 

Egg-Harbour,  Great,  posttoun,  se-port, 
and  port  of  entry,  Gloucester  count}. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  N  side  of  Great  Egg- 
Harbour  Lilet,  60  miles  SE  from  Phladel- 
phia.  The  township  in  1820,  contamed 
1635  mhabitanis. 

Egg- Harbour,  ij«/e,  post  town,   seaport 
'  and  port  of  eniry,  Biu-lington  cou!ity.  New 
Jersey,  at   the  mouth   of  Little    Egg-Har- 
bour Inlet.       Population  in  1820,  1192,  in 
the  township. 

Egg  Island,  small  island  of  Cumberland 
county.  New  Jersey,  on  the  N  side  of  De- 
laware bay 

Egmount,  bay  of  the  inland  of  St.  Johns, 
in  ine  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  oppo- 
site bay  Oeite  in  New  Brunswick.  Lon.  W 
C  13  E.  l;!i.46  SON. 

Egmount,  island  in  the  gulf  if  Mexico,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Florida  2tj  miles  NW  from 
the  mouth  of  Tampa  bay.  Lon.  W  C  6  20 
W.lat   28  N 

Egg,  fertile  little  island,  one  of  the  He- 
brides of  Scotland,  to  the  S  of  Skye. 

Egham,  village  in  Surry,  which  has  two 
neat  almsiiouses  for  six  men  and  six  wo- 
men, with  a  school  for  the  educawon  of  20 
boys.  Egham  is  seated  near  the  Thames, 
18  miles  W  by  S  of  London. 

Eglisau,  ancient  town  of  Swisserlarid,  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
13  miles  N  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  30  E.  lat.  47 
33  N. 

Egra,  town  of  Bohemia,  formerly  impe- 
rial. It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1742, 
but  they  were  forced  to  evacuate  it  the 
next  year.  Its  mineral  watei's  are  fiimous. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Eger,  90  miles  W  of 
Prague.    Lon.  12  40  E.  lat.  50  9  N. 

Egremont,  trAvn  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  river  Eben,  over  which 
are  two  bridges  ;  and  on  the  peak  of  a  hill 
is  a  castle.  It  sen*,  members  to  parliament 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  and  is  14  miles 
SW  of  Cockermouth,  and  299  NW  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  3  35  W.  lat.  54  32  N. 

Egremont,  township  and  post  town, 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
Housatonick,  18  miles  SSW  from  Lenox. 
Population  in  1820,  865. 

Egypt,  country  of  Africa,  600  miles  in 
length,  and  250  where  broadest :  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  MediteiTanean,  on  the  S 
by  Nubia,  on  the  E  by  the  Red  Sea  and  the 
isthmus  of  Suez,  and  on  the  W  by  the  de- 
serts to  Die  E  of  Fezzan.  The  "broadest 
"!86 


parfe  is  from  Alexandria  to  Damletta,  and 
tlience  it  gradually  grows  narrower,  till  it 
approaches  Nubia.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Upper,  Middle  and  Lnwer ;  which  last 
comprehends  the  D,.-ita  ;  and  though  the 
air  is  naturally  hot,  and  not  very  whole- 
some, it  enjoys  so  many  other  advantages, 
that  it  has  been  always  extremely  popu- 
lous. Egypt  carried  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  East  India  commodities,  till  the 
P'jrtUriuehe  found  the  vvjy  round  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  However  the  merch  ints 
01  Europe  visit  ihe  harbours  of  the  Medi- 
ten-anean,  and  import  and  export  several 
sorts  of  merchandize  ;  and  from  other 
parts  the  natives  get  elephant's  teeth ; 
ebony,  gold  dust,  musk,  civet,  ambergris, 
and  c .ft'ee.  The  gold  dust  is  brought  from 
Negroland,  to  Fez,  and  Morocco,  and 
thence  to  Cairo,  over  immense  deserts. 
T!ie  priiicipat  commodities  which  the  mer- 
chants purchase  are  coffee,  senna,  cassia, 
rhubarb,  sal  ammoniac,  myrrh,  saffron, 
saltpetre,  aloes,  opium,  indigo,  sugar,  san- 
d.il  wood,  dales,  cotton,  cloth,  &c.  The 
complexion  of  the  Egyptians  is  tawny,  and 
the  further  S  the  darker,  so  that  those  near 
Nubia  are  jlmo>t  black.  They  arc  gener- 
ally indolent  and  cowardly ;  the  richer 
sort  do  nothing  all  day  but  drmk  coffee, 
smoke  tobacco  and  sleep ;  and  they  are 
ignorant,  proud,  haughty,  and  ridiculously 
vain.  From  March  to  Noverrber,  the  heat 
to  a  European,  is  almost  insupportable ; 
but  the  ( ther  months  are  more  temperate. 
The  S  winds  are  by  the  natives  called  poi- 
sonous winds,  or  the  hot  winds,  of  the  de- 
serts ;  they  are  of  such  extreme  heat,  and 
aridity,  that  no  animated  body  exposed  to 
it  can  withstand  its  fatal  influence.  Dur- 
ing the  three  days  that  it  generally  lasts, 
the  streets  are  deserted ;  and  wo  to  the 
traveller  whom  this  wind  surprises  remote 
from  shelter.  It  rains  very  seldom  in 
Egypt ;  but  that  want  is  fully  supplied  by 
the  annual  inundation  of  the  Nile.  When 
the  waters  retire,  all  the  ground  is  covered 
with  mud  ;  then  they  only  harrow  their 
corn  into  it,  and  in  the  following  Marcli, 
they  have  usu.illy  a  plentiful  harvest ;  their 
rice  fields  are  supplied  with  water  from 
canals  and  reservoirs.  There  is  no  place  in 
the  world  better  furnished  with  corn,  flesh, 
fish,  sugai",  fruits  and  all  sorts  of  garden 
stuff ;  and  in  LoM'er  Egypt,  are  oranges, 
lemons,  figs,  dates,  almonds,  cassia,  and 
plantains,  in  great  plent}'.  The  sands  are 
so  subtile  that  they  penetrate  into  the  clo- 
sets, chests  and  cabinets,  which,  with  the 
hot  winds,  are  probabl}'  the  cause  of  sore 
eyes  being  so  very  common  here.  The 
animals  of  E;"vpt  are  tigers,  hyenas,  ante- 
lopes, apes,  liick  cattle,  fine  horses,  large 
asses,  crocodiles,  the  hippopotamus,  the 
cameleon,  and  a  kind  of  rat  called  ichneu- 
mon ;    ostriches,  eagles,   hawks  pelicans- 


F-  tx   \ 


E  I  S 


water  t'owJsoi  ail  kinds,  and  the  ibis  wiiicli 
resembles  a  duck,  and  was  deified  by  ihe 
ancient  Egyptians,  on  account  o''  its  de- 
stroying serpents  u'ld  n  )xious  insects.  Here 
is  a  serpent  called  the  cerastes,  or  burned 
viper,  whose  bite  is  fatal   to   those   who 
have  not  the  secret  of  gnvirding  against  it; 
for  some  ef  the  natives  can  play  witii  the 
cerastes,  and  it  will  not  attempt  to  bite 
them ;  but  when  applied  to  a  hen,  or  any 
other  animal,  it  has  instantly  bit  and  killed 
them.    The  pyramids  of  Egypt  are  noticed 
by  all  travellers  ;  the  largest  takes  up  ten 
acres  of  ground,  and  is,  as  well  as  the  rest, 
built  upon  a  rock.     Here  are  also  caverns, 
out  of  which  they  get  the  mummies,  or  em- 
balmed dead  bodies,  which  are  found  in 
coffins,  set  upright  in  niches  of  the  walls, 
and  have  contiuued  there   at  least  4000 
years ;  many  of  these  have  been  brougiit  to 
E  igland,  and    were    formerly  deemed  of 
great  use  in  medicine.     The  principal  city 
is   Cairo.       The   ancient  kings   governed 
Eg^T^t,  till  Cambyses  became  master  of  it, 
525  years  B.  C  and  in  their  time  all  those 
"wonderful  structures  were  raised,  which 
we  cannot  beliold  without   astonishment. 
These   are  the   pyramids,  the  labyrinths, 
the  immense  grottos  of  the  Thebals  ;  the 
obelisks,  temples,  and  pompous   palaces ; 
the  lake  Moeris,  and  the  vast  canals,  which 
served  both  for   trade  and  to  render  the 
land  fruitful.     After  this  conquest  Camby- 
ses demolished  the  temples  and  persecut- 
ed the  priests.     After  his  death,  this  coun- 
try continued  under  the  Persian  yoke    till 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  who  hav- 
ing conquered   Persia,  built   tlie    famous 
city  of  Alexandria.     He  was  succeeded  by 
Ptolemy,  the  son  of  Lagos,  324  years  B.  C. 
Ten  kings  of  that  name  succeeded  each 
other,  till  Cleopatria,  the  sisrer  of  the  last 
Ptolemy,    ascended    the    throne ;     when 
Egypt  became  a  R.jman  province,  and  con- 
tinued so  till  the  reign  of  Omar,  ihe  second 
calif  of  the  successors  of  Mahomet,  who 
drove  away  the  Romans,  after  it  had  been 
in  tlieir  hands  700  years      When  the  power 
of  the  califs  declined,  Saladine  set  up  the 
empire  of  the  Mamloucks,  which  became 
so  powerful  in   time,   that  they  extended 
their  dominions  over  a  great  part  of  Africa, 
Syria  and  Arabia,      Egypt  .was  then  con- 
quered by  Selim,  a  Turkish  emperor,  and 
great  numbers   of  its  ancient  inhabitants 
withdrew  into  the  plains.     An  attempt  %vas 
then  made  to    deprive  the  Ottoman  Porte 
of  its    authority  over  Egypt  by  Ali  Bey, 
who  having  been  for  some  time  extremely 
fortunate,  was  at  last  defeated  and  killed 
in  1773.    Egypt  has   been    since  torn  by 
civil  wars  between  the   adherents  of  Ali, 
and  other  beys  or  princes,  who  rose  on  his 
ruins.     Alternately  expelled  from    Cairo, 
they  finally  agreed  to   a  compromise   in 
1789.      From  this  period  nothing  of  im- 
portance occurs  till  ir99,  when  this  coun- 


try was  invaded  by  the  French  under  Bou- 
naparte  ;  thry  landed  at  Alexandria, 
which  surrendered  to  them  after  a  feeble 
resistance.  Tiiey  then  proceeded  to  Ro- 
setta  and  Cairo,  whicii  they  took  without 
much  difficulty.  They  would  probably 
have  subdued  the  whole  country,  and  final- 
ly overturned  the  Turkish  empire,  had  not 
their  progress  been  arrested  at  St.  John 
d'Acre,  by  the  gallant  Sir  Sidney  Smith, 
who  defended  that  inconsider.ible  place 
with  such  invincible  courage  and  skill,  that 
t!te  enemy  were  compelled  after  innumer- 
able desperate  attacks  to  abandon  the  at- 
tempt. They  were  shortly  afterwards  de- 
serted by  their  commander,  who  has  re- 
turned to  Fr.ince.  A  treaty  was  entered 
into  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  which  did  not 
meet  the  approbation  of  the  British  go- 
vernment. The  country  was  subsequently 
abandoned  by  French  and  British,  and  has 
since  submitted  to  the  nominal  authoriiy 
of  the  Turks,  but  is  really  subject  to  the 
Bey,  or  Pacha.  ^ 

Egypten,  town  of  Poland  in  the  duchy 
of  Courland,  100  miles  SE  of  iMittau.  Lon. 
10  40  E.  lat.  56  2  N. 

Ehigen,  name  of  two  small  towns  of 
Suabia,  the  one  near  the  Danube,  and  the 
other  on  the  Neckar.  They  belong  to  the 
house  of  Austria.  The  former  is  in  lon.  9 
45  E.  lat.  48  15  N,  and  the  latter,  in  lon,  8 
45  E.  lat.  45  25  N. 

Ehre/ibreltstem,  very  ancient  castle,  in 
the  electorate  of  Treves,  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  opposite  Coblentz.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  summit  of  a  stupendous  rock, 
not  less  than  800  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  river,  and  is  thought,  when  supported 
by  a  competent  garrison,  to  be  impregna- 
ble. It  has  a  communication  with  Cob- 
lentz,  by  subterraneous  passages,  cut  out 
of  the  solid  rock;  and  is  plentifully  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a  well  280  feet 
deep.  The  prospect  from  this  castle  is 
majeciic,  extensive,  and  variegated  ^  and 
the  stream  at  its  foot  is  decorated  with  two 
small  islands,  on  eacli  of  which  is  a  con- 
vent. In  the  vale  of  Ehrenbreitstein,  is 
the  old  palace  of  the  elector. 

Eimeo,  one  of  the  Society  Isles,  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  near  Otaheite, 
and  visited  by  captain  Cook,  in  his  last  voy- 
age. 

Eiinbeck,  toVv"n  of  Germany,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Grubenhagen,  25  miles  S  of  Hilde- 
sheim.     Lon.  10  0  E.kt.  51  46  N, 

Einsidlin,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Schwitz.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Sihl,  between  the  lofty  mountains, 
whose  distant  summits  are  covered  with 
snow. 

Eisleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Mansfield,   famoas  as  the  birth  place 
of  Luther.     It  is  five  miles  E  of  Mansfield, 
Lon,  12  16E,  lat.  51  42  N. 
287 


E  L  ii 


E  i.  IS 


ELsnach,  town  of  Tlmringia,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  with  a  celebrat- 
ed college,  36  miles  W  of  Erfurt.  Lon. 
10  25E.lat.  50  59  N. 

Eithen,  or  Ytlum,  river  in  Aberdeenshire, 
which  crosses  th:it  couuly  in  a  SE  direc- 
tion, and  falls  into  the  British  Ocean  at 
Newburgh. 

Ekereford,  town  of  Denmarlt,  in  the 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  seated  on  the  Baltic, 
12  miles  SE  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  10  30  E. 
lat.  54  56  N. 

Elba,  island  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  re- 
markable for  mines  of  iron  and  loadstone, 
and  quarries  of  marble. 

Elba,  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
between  Italy  and  the  island  of  Corsica, 
and  separated  from  Tuscany  by  the  chan- 
nel of  Piombino.  It  was  known  to  the 
Greeks  by  the  name  of  iEtlialiu,  and  to  the 
Romans  by  that  of  liva.  The  form  of  the 
island  is  very  irregular,  the  length  from  E 
to  W  is  about  14  miles,  and  the  greatest 
breadth,  which  is  at  the  W  end,  is  between 
eight  and  nine  miles  ;  and  contains  a  po- 
pulation of  13,r00  souls.  The  whole 
island  presents  numerous  mountains,  se- 
parated by  deep  valleys,  and  some  pLiiis  of 
considerable  extent;  ilie  southwest  part 
is  the  most  elevated,  and  are  composed  of 
black  and  white  granite,  susceptible  of  a 
fine  polish.  Elba  has  been  renowned  for 
its  mines  of  iron  and  loadstoue,  for  a  pe- 
riod beyond  the  reach  of  history.  Aristo- 
tle speaks  of  them  as  opened  from  time 
immemorial ;  it  lias  also  quarries  of  fine 
marble.  On  the  XE  part,  is  the  mountain, 
or  mine  of  iron  ore,  which  supplies  most 
of  the  forges  of  Italy.  The  tower  of  Vol- 
torajo  stands  on  this  mountain,  on  a  shaggy 
rock.  Tile  view  fnm  this  tower  is  won- 
derfully fine  every  way,  as  the  eye  over- 
looks tlie  whole  island,  that  of  Corsica, 
many  scattered  islets,  the  channel  of  Piom- 
bino,  and  a  great  range  of  continent.  On 
the  E  side  of  the  mountain,  stands  llio,  a 
village  inhabited  by  miners.  Under  it 
breaks  out  the  only  rivulet  in  Elba  which 
does  not  run  abovi  a  mile  before  it  falls  in- 
to the  sea ;  but  the  water  gushes  out  of 
the  rock  in  sucli  abundance,  that  it  turns 
17  mills  in  that  short  course.  The  soil  of 
Elba  is  very  narrow,  with  scanty  room  for 
cultivation,  and  few  places  level  enough 
for  corn,  producing  little  more  than  six 
months  provisions  for  its  inhabitants :  but 
the  island  is  so  situated,  that  it  can,  in 
spile  of  a  blockading  fleet,  be  always  sup- 
plied with  provisions,  and  the  garrison 
v/ith  reinforcements.  The  wine  is  good, 
if  made  with  care  and  properly  kept;  the 
fruit  of  its  standard  trees  are  excellent, 
though  not  in  great  plenty;  orange  and 
lemon  trees  thrive  very  well  in  the  shelter- 
ed valleys  and  narrow  plains  near  the  sea. 
There  are  several  snriniTS   of   excellent 


water  in  the  island ;  and  the  climate  is 
much  milder  than  the  adjacent  continent, 
for  it  produces  many  fruits  and  plants  that 
cannot  stand  the  Tuscan  winters.  Among 
the  animals  and  birds,  are  wild  boar.s, 
hedge-hogs,  partritlges,  quails,  canary- 
birds,  nightingales,  ortolans,  &.c.  It  has 
no  rivers ;  but  there  are  a  number  of  rivu- 
lets. This  island  was  held,  with  Piombino, 
by  the  Appiani,  as  a  fief  of  the  empire, 
till  Cliarles  V.  thonglit  proper  to  transfer 
it  to  Cosmo  I.  duke  of  Florence,  that  h.e 
might  rescue  it  and  the  adjacent  coasts 
from  the  Turks  and  French.  Before  the 
French  i-evolution,  it  was  subject  to  the 
prince  of  Pioinbino,  except  Porto  Ferrajo, 
and  Porto  Longone,  the  former  belonging  to 
the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  t!ie  latter  to  the 
king  of  Naples ;  but  in  1801,  the  French 
became  possessed  of  the  whole  island.  In 
consequence  of  the  late  political  events  in 
Europe,  this  island  has  attracted  a  consi- 
derable degree  of  interest,  on  account  of 
Napoleon  Buonaparte,  emperor  of  the 
French,  having  chosen  it  for  his  future  re- 
sidence. By  the  treaty  concluded  vvitii 
him  in  April,  1814,  which  was  guaranteed 
by  all  the  powers  of  Europe,  the  full  so- 
veregnty  of  the  island  is  vested  in  him,  as 
his  sole  pr  >perty,  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life  ;  and  to  form  a  separate  principa- 
lity. On  the  4th  of  May  following,  he 
landed  with  his  suite,  at  Porto  Ferrajo, 
(which  he  left  on  the  26th  of  February, 
1815,  on  his  last  expedition  into  France) 
the  ctpital  of  the  island.  Lon.  16  15  ,E. 
lat.  42  50  N. 

Elba,  township  of  Genesee  county  New 
York.    Population  in  1820,  1333. 

Elbassano,  town  of  .Vlbania.  45  miles  SE 
of  Durazzo.     Lon.  20  9  E.  lat.  41  34  N. 

Elbe,  large  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  tiie  mountain  of  the  Giants,  on  the 
confines  of  Bohemia  and  Sle-sia  ;  flows  to 
Koningsgratz,  Leiitzmeritz,  Dresden,  Des- 
saw.  Meissen,  Wittemberg,  Magdeburg, 
Hamburg,  and  Giuckstadt,  and  enters  the 
German  Ocean,  at  Cruxhaven.  It  is  navi- 
gable tor  large  ships  to  Hamburg,  which 
is  70  miles  from  the  sea. 

Elbert,  county  of  Georgia,  between 
Broad  and  Savannah  rivers  :  bounded  NE 
by  Savannah  river;  SW  by  Broad  river, 
and  N  by  Franklin  cjunty  ia  Georgia ; 
lengtli  3S ;  mean  width  16 ;  area  800 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly  and  soil  pro- 
ductive.    Chief  town,  Piilberlon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...        3,882 
do.  do.    females      ...        3,650 
All  otb.er  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        -  •'  50 

Slaves        -        -        -        .        .        4,574 


ToUl  population  in  1810 


12,156 


£  L  E 


ELI 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        3,362 
do.   do.    females    »        -        -        3,Sf67 

Total  whites      ....        6,629 

Slaves,  males      ...        -        2,604 

do.     females  -        •        -        2,555 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -      11,788 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         •  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  3,954 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  130 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  150 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Elberston,  small  town  of  Effingham  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  on  the  Ogeeciiee,  20  miles  W 
from  Ebenezer. 

Elb.Tton,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, in  Elbert  county,  Georgia,  23  miles 
NW  of  Petersl)urg  on  liie  Savannah  river, 
and  30  SE   of  Carnesville. 

Elbeuf,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Power  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  It  lias  a  manufacture  of  cloth, 
and  is  seated  on  tlie  Seine,  10  miles  S  of 
Rouen,  nnd  65  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  3 
E.  lat.  49  19  N. 

Elbing-,  strong  town  of  Western  Prus- 
sia, in  the  paiatin«te  of  Mari::fnburg.  It 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Baltic  Sea,  30  mJes  SE  of 
DanTzic,  and  100  N  by  W  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  19  35  B.  lat.  54  9  N. 

E/bogen,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  sums  name,  wih  a  citadel,  on 
the  river  Eger,  16  miies  NE  of  Egra.  Lon. 
13  OE.  lat.  50  16  N. 

Elbridge,  post  town,  Onondago  connly, 
New  York,  on  Skeneateles  outlet  60  miles 
W  from  Canandaiiqua. 

Elburg,  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Guelderland,  on  t!ie  E  coast  of  the  Zui- 
der-Zee,  ten  miles  NE  of  Harderwick. 
Lon.  5  50  E.  lat.  52  30  N. 

Elcatif,  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  on  the 
W  coast  of  the  guUof  Persia,  300  miles  S 
of  Bassora.     Lon.  53  5  E.  lat.  26  0  N. 

Elchfi,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  20 
miles  S\V  of  Alicaut.  Lon.  0  23  W.  lat. 
38  7E. 

Eldridge,  township  of  Huron  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  376 

Eleanor,  Point,  northern  extremity  of 
Knights  island,  on  the  NW  coasit  of  Nor'.h 
America.     Lon.  W  C  70  \V .  lat.  60  S7  N, 

Elephanta,  island  on  t!ic  W  coast  tif  the 
Deccan  of  FlindoosUn,  five  miles  from  the 
castle  of  Bombay,  It  contains  one  of  the 
most  inexplicable  antiquities  m  the  world. 
It  is  ab^iut  3  miles  in  compass  and  consists 
of  almost  all  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  you 
land  you  see  the  figure  of  an  elephant,  of  Total  whites 
O  o 


tiie  natural  size,  cut  coarsely  In  stone.  An 
easy  slope  then  leads  to  the  portal  of  » 
magnificent  temple,  hewn  out  of  the  solid 
rock  It  is  an  oblong  square,  80  feet  long, 
and  49  broad.  The  roof  whicli  is  about  10 
feet  high,  is  cut  flat,  and  is  supported  by 
regid;ir  rows  of  pillars,  with  capitals  re- 
sembling large  cushions,  as  if  pressed  by 
the  incumbent  mountain.  At  the  further 
end  are  three  gigantic  figures,  which  were 
mutilated  by  the  absurd  ze^l  of  the  Portu- 
guese,  when  this  island  was  in  their  posses- 
sion. Elephants  was  ceded  to  the  Eng- 
lish  by  the  Mahrattas. 

Eleven-point-river,  one  of  the  western 
branches  of  Black  river  fork  of  White  ri- 
ver, enters  the  latter,  nearly  on  the  line 
between  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  and  be- 
tween Thomas'  fork  and  Strawberry  ri- 
vers. 

Eleutkex,  kingdom  of  Tartary,  lying  to 
the  NW  of  Chinese  Tartary.  It  was  con- 
quered in  1759,  by  the  emperor  of  China. 
See  Kalmucks. 

Elgin,  county-town  of  Murrayshire, 
Sco'hind,  pleasantly  seated  on  the  r.ver 
Lossi.  Here  are  many  large  old  buildings 
erected  over  piazzas.  Its  cathedral, 
founded  in  1224,  was  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent Gothic  structures  in  Scotland. 
Its  magnificent  ruins  sufficiently  prove  its 
former  grandeur.  It  is  five  miies  S  of 
Murray  Frith,  and  37  E  of  Inverness.  Lon. 
3  15  W.  1st.  57  37  N. 

Elizabeth,  small  river  of  Virginia,  rises 
by  several  branches  in  Princes  Anne  and 
Norfolk  counties,  and  flowing  generally 
NW,  passes  Norfolk,  and  falls  into  Hamp- 
ton roads  10  miles  below  the  former  place. 
It  admits  vessels  of  18  feet  draught  to 
Norfolk.  Its  mouth  is  defended  by  Cra- 
ney  island  fort.  The  dismal  swamp  canal, 
leads  from  the  middle  branch  of  Eliza- 
betli  river,  nine  miies  above  Norfolk. 

Elizabeth,  Cape,  the  NE  point  at  the  en- 
trance of  Cook's  Inlet.  Lon.  W  C  63  30 
W.  lat.  59  09  N. 

Elizabeth  City,  county  of  Virginia,  be- 
tween York  and  James  river,  bounded  by 
Chesapeak  bay  E ;  Hampton-roads  S  ;  War- 
wick W;  and  York  N;  length  8  ;  breadth 
8  ;  area  64  .square  miles. 

Popidation  in  1810. 
F-ree  whiles,  inates  ~         -  820 

do.      do.    females  -        -  909 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 75 


Slaves         -        .        »        . 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females     - 


289 


1,?'34. 
3,608 


1,175 

901 

2,07ri 


ELI 


ELK 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.   females 


41    above  Wilming-ton,  and  55  below  FaycUe- 
29   ville.  ' 


819  EHzabethtown,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 

824  tice,    Hardin   coiintv,   Kentucky,    on   the 

— —  head  o^■Nolin  creek,  branch  ot  Greene  ri« 

3,789  ver,  45  miles  nearly  S  from  Louisville. 

_  EHzabethto-MH,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 

88  tice.  Carter  county,   Teniiesssee,  on    the 

817  left  bank  of  Watauga  river,  130  miles  above 

18  Knoxville. 

5  Elizabethtoivn,  post  town,  Harrison  coun- 
ty, Indiana. 

Elizabeth  City,  post  town,   and   seat  of  Elizabeth,  township  in   the  eastern  part 

justice,  Pasquotank  coun'>y.  North  Cai'oli-  of  Miami  county,    Ohio.      Population   in 

na,  on  the  right  bank  of  Pasquotank  river,  1820,  768. 


Total  pipulation  in  1820 
Of  tliese ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Eng'aged  in  Agriculture    - 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce     - 

Population  to  the  squire  mile,  59. 


Elizabeth,  township  in  the  western  part 
of  Lawrence  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  295, 

Elizaville,  post  town,    Fleming  county. 


45  miles  S  from  Norfolk,  and  35  NE  from 
Edenton. 

Elizabeth  Islands,  a  group  on  the  coast 
of  Massachusetts,  stretching  .SW  from  Buz- 
zard's bay,  between  the  island  of  Martha's    Kentucky. 
Vineyard  and  Elizabeth  bay.      They  form        Elkholm,  seapoit  of  Sweden,  in   Bickin- 
part  of  Dukes  county,  are  12  or  13  in  num-    gen,  seated  on   the  Baltic,  24  miles  W  of 
ber,  the  principal  of  which  are  Nashawn,    Carlescroon.     Lon.  14  15  E,  lat.  56  20  N, 
Pasqui,  Nasahawenua,  Pineguese  and  Chat-        Elk,  small  river  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
tahunk.  Maryland,  which  runs  into  the  Chesapcak 

'  Elizabeth,  township  of  Leeds  count)',  bay,  near  its  head,  and  between  North 
Upper  Canada,  opposite  Morristown,  St.  East  and  Sassafras  nvers.  ii  is  from  tliis 
Lawrence  county,  New  York.  BrockviUe,  stream  that  a  feeder  canal  has  been  pro- 
scat  of  justice  for  the  county,  is  in  this  jected,  and  in  part  executed,  to  supply  the 
township.  Chesapeak  and  Delaware  canal. 

Elizabeth,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice.  Elk,  river  of  Western  Virginia,  rises  in 
K-sex  county,  New  York,  on  Bouquet  river,  Randolph  county,  and  flowing  westward 
130  miles  N  from  Albany.  Population  in  by  comparative  courses  about  100  miles 
1820,  889.  falls  into  the  Great  Kenhawa  at  Charleston, 

Elizabethto-iun,  post  town  and  borough,  after  having  traversed  Randolph  and  Ken- 
Essex  county,  New  .Jersey,  on   a  creek  of   awa  counties. 

the  same  name,  which  discharges  into  the  Elk,  river  of  Tennessee  and  Alabama, 
Kills,  or  Sound  of  Staten  Island.  Tliere  is  rises  on  the  western  slope  of  Cumberland 
in  this  village  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  se-  mountain  in  Franklin  county,  Tennessee, 
veral  places  of  public  worship.  Vessels  and  flowing  SW  by  W  through  Franklin, 
of  300  tons  come  to  Elizabetlitown  point,  Lincoln  and  Giles  counties,  enters  Aiaba- 
two  miles  distant,  and  small  vessels  of  30  ma  in  Limestone  county,  over  which  it 
tons  reach  the  village.  From  Newark  meanders,  and  falls  into  Tennessee  river, 
6  miles,  Ne-v  York  15  miles.  A  steam  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Muscle  shoals,  in 
boat  plies  between  Ehzabeth town-point  the  NE  angle  of  Lauderdale  county.  En- 
and  New  York.  Population  in  1820,  3515  tire  comparative  course,  about  100  miles, 
in  the  township.  Elk,  townsliip,    Athens    county,    Ohio. 

E'izabcthtotm,  post  town, Lancaster  coun-    Population  in  1820,  537. 
Ij',  Pennsylvania :  seated  near  the  mouth        Elkland,    township,   Lycoming  county, 
of  Conewago  creek,  about  18  miles  NVV  of   Pennsylvania.     On  the    waters   of  LoyaU 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  containing  1928    sock    creek,  20   miles  NE  from  Williams- 
inhabitants  in  1820.  port. 

Elizabethtoivn,  township  and  post  town  Elkland,  township  of  Tioga  county, 
in  Allegany  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania,  between  Cowanesque  and 
E  side  of  Monongahela  river,  about  12  crooked  creeks,  20  miles  SW  from  Painted 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Ohio,  and  Post.  Population  in  1820,  509. 
the  same  distance  S  by  E  from  Pittsburg.  Elk  river,  township  of  Columbiana,  Ohio. 
'  Population  in  1820,  1356. 

Elk  creek,  township  of  Erie  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  heads  of  Conneaut, 
Elk  creek,  and  Cassewago,  17  miles  SW 
from  Erie,  and  18  NNW  from  Meadville. 
Population  in  1820,  288. 

Elk  Horn,  river  of  Kentucky,  branch  of 
Kentucky  river,  rises  in  Fayette,  and  flow- 


Popidation  in  1820, 4381 

Elizabethtoivn,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Washington  county,  Maryland,  (some- 
times called  Hagerstowii)  on  Antietam 
creek,  26  miles  NW  from  Frederickstown, 
and  14  N  of  Sharpsburg  ;  containing  about 
2000  inhabitants. 

Elizabethtoivn,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Bladen  county.  North  Carolina,  on  the    ing  north-west  through  that  county,  and 
right  bank  cf  Cape  Fear  river,  40  miles  ^iao  Scott,  Woodward  and  Franklin,  falls 
290 


ELL 


E  L  B 


into  Kentucky  river  10  miles  below  Frank- 
fort. 

Elk  Horn,  township,  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Missouri. 

Elk  Lake,  small  lake  between  lake  Su- 
perior and  the  lake  of  the  Woods. 

Elk  Lick,  township otSomersett  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  1087. 

Elk  Marsh,  post  village,  Faquier  county. 

Elk  Ridge,  town  of  A.nne-Arundel  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  on  the  right  bank  of  Patap- 
sco  river,  8  miles  SW  from  Baltimore. 

Elk  Run  Church,  post  office,  Fauquier 
county,  Virginia,  15  miles  W  from  Dum- 
fries. 

Elkton,  post  town  and  the  capital  of  Ce- 
cil coimty,  Maryland  ;  seated  on  Elk  river, 
at  the  head  of  navigation,  at  the  distance  of 
10  miles  E  by  N  from  Chai'leston,  and  45 
SW  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  the  intrepot 
of  a  considerable  trade  between  Baltimore 
and  Philadelphia,  being  the  general  ren- 
dezvous of  the  regular  stages  that  travel 
between  the  two  cities. 

Elkton,  post  town,  Giles  county,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  right  bank  of  Elk  river,  80  miles 
SW  from  Murfrees  borough,  and  30  NW 
from  Huntsville. 

Elkton,  post  town,  Todd  county,  Ken- 
tucky, 20  miles  W  from  Russelville. 

EUerena,  episco::)al  to.vn  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  54  miles  N  of  Seville.  Lon.  5 
20  W,  lat.  38  26  N. 

Ellesmere,  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
large  mere,  in  a  small  but  fertile  district 
of  the  same  name,  16  miles  XNW  of 
Shrewsbury,  and  176  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  52  W,  la:.  52  53  N. 

Ellichpour,  capital  of  the  W  part  of  Be- 
rar,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  a 
fine  city  subject  to  the  Nizam  of  the  Dec- 
can  ;  and  is  395  miles  NE  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
77  46  E,  lat.  21  12  N. 

EUicott,  township  of  Chatauque  county. 
New  York,  lying  in  tlie  SE  part  of  the 
county  on  Casdago  creek.  Population  in 
1820,  1462. 

EUicott's  Cross  Roach,  post  office,  Cum- 
berland count}',  Kentucky. 

Ellicoits,ov  Eleven. Mile  Creek,  SE  branch 
of  the  Tonnewanto  creek ;  rises  in  Gen- 
nessee  and  flowing  NW  into  Erie  county. 
falls  into  the  Tonnewanto  near  tlie  mouth 
of  that  stream. 

EUicofJs  Mills,  post  office,  Baltimore 
connty,  Maryland,  on  Potapsco  river,  12 
miles  nearly  due  \V  from  Baltimore. 

Ellicottsville.     See  Seltzersloivn. 

EUijigton,  township  of  Tolland  county, 
Connecticut,  15  miles  NE  from  Hartford. 
Population  in  1830,  1196. 

EJliott,  Missionary  station  of  the  Ameri- 
can board  of  Foreign  Missions,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Yazoo,  150  miles  NE  inm  WaJnut- 


Hillso  At  this  place  have  been  erected, 
since  1818,  a  village  containing  about  20 
houses,  a  Lancasterian  School  established, 
and  other  judicious  measures  adopted  to 
civilize  the  neighbouring  Savages. 

Elliot,  township  of  Yoik  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  1679. 

Elliotts  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  Florida, 
between  Florida  peninsula  and  the  Cat 
Keys.     Lon.  W  C  3  0  5  VV,  lat.  25  33  N. 

Ellisbury,  post  town  and  township, 
Jefferson  county.  New  Yoric,  at  tlie 
mouth  of  Sandy  creek.  Population  in 
1820.  3531. 

Ellisvillc,  post  office,  Warren  county. 
North  Carolina. 

EUisville,  or  Lower  Blue  Lick,  post 
village,  Nicholas  county,  Kentucky,  on  a 
small  branch  of  Licking  river,  50  miles 
NE  by  E  from  Frankfort. 

Ellstvorth,  post  town  and  township, 
Grafton  county,  Maine,  12  miles  NNW" 
from  Plymouth.  Population  in  1820, 
213. 

Ellsworihy  post  town  and  township, 
Hancock  county,  Maine,  24  miles  NE 
from  Castine.    Population  in  1820,  892. 

Ellsivcrth,  post  village,  Sharon,  Litch- 
field county,  Connecticut,  on  Oblong 
creek,  branch  of  Housatonick  river,  12 
miles  W  from  Litchfield. 

Ellsworth,  township  of  Trumbul  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  adjoining  Canfield,  and  on  a 
branch  of  Big  Beaver.  Population  in 
1820.  50S. 

Elmadia,  or  Mahadia,  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Capes.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  sea,  is 
well  fortified,  and  has  a  good  harbour. 
It  was  taken  by  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
but  retaken  soon  after.  Lon.  8  47  W, 
lat.  35  4  N. 

Elme,  St.  castle  of  the  isle  of  Malta ; 
seated  on  a  rock  near  the  city  of  Va- 
letta,  at  the  mouth  of  :;.  very  fine  har- 
bour. 

E'mira,  post  town,  Tioga  county.  New 
York.     See  .Ye^utown. 

Elmo,  E'ort,  fortress  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees. 
It  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  in  1793, 
but  was  retaken  in  1794.  It  is  seated  oa 
the  river  'let,  five  miles  N  of  Colioure. 

FAmore,  township,  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  17  miles  N  from  Montpelier. 
Population  160 

Elmsley  Towjishifi,  in  the  eastern  dis- 
trict. Upper  Can.uia,  lies  to  the  south, 
and  in  the  rear  of  Cumberland. 

Elora.    See  Dowlatabad. 

Elfihin,  tov;n  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Roscommon,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop. 

Elrich,  trading  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Klettenbarg. 

291 


E  T.  Y 


K  M  M 


Elsmburg,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Gothland,  seven  miles  E  of 
Elsimore.    Lon.  13  20  E,  lat.  56  0  N. 

JElsJnborough,  township  of  Salem  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
505. 

Elsinore,  seaport  of  Denmark,  seated 
on  the  Sound,  in  the  isle  of  Zealand.  It 
is  the  most  commercial  place  in  Den- 
mark, next  to  Copenhagen ;  and  con- 
tains 5000  inhabitants,  among  whom  are 
a  considerable  number  of  foreign  mer- 
chants, and  the  consuls  of  the  principal 
nations  trading  to  the  Baltic.  The  pas- 
sage of  the  Sound  is  guarded  by  the  cas- 
tle of  Cronborg,  situate  on  the  edge  of  a 
peninsular  promontory,  the  nearest  point 
of  land  from  the  opposite  coast  of  Swe- 
den. The  tolls  of  the  Sound,  and  of  the 
two  Belts,  produce  an  annual  revenue  of 
above  100  000/.  Lon.  13  23  E,  lat.  55  0 
N.     See  Cronborg, 

Elteman,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wurtsburg,  on  the  river 
Maine.    Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Eltham,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
en  Monday,  eight  miles  S  of  London. 
Here  are  to  be  seen,  the  ruins  of  a  pa- 
lace, in  which  Edward  II.  often  resided, 
and  his  son,  John  of  Eltham  was  born. 
Its  stately  hall,  still  entire  is  converted 
into  a  barn. 

Eltor.    See  Tor. 

EUzy  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Heldesheim,  seated  on  the  Leina, 
10  miles  SW  of  Hildesheim.  Lon.  10  5 
E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Elvas,  strong  frontier  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Alentejo,  with  a  castle  and  bish- 
op's see.  A  royal  academy,  for  yowng 
gentlemen,  was  founded  here  in  1733. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
Guadiana.  50  miles  NE  of  Evora,  and 
100  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  3  W,  lat.  58 
43  N. 

Elvira,  township  of  Illinois,  on  the 
waters  of  Cash  river. 

Elivangen,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
chapter,  whose  provost  is  a  prince  of 
the  empire  and  lord  of  the  town.  It  is 
seated  en  the  Jaxt,  17  miles  SE  of  Halle, 
and  25  SW  of  Anspach.  Lon.  10  28  E, 
lat.  49  2  N. 

Ely,  city  of  Cambridgeshire,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  and  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse  (which  is  navi- 
gable hence  to  Lynn)  in  the  fenny  tract 
called  the  isle  of  Ely.  It  is  17  miles  N 
of  Cambridge,  and  68  N  by  E  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  9  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Ely,  township  (if  Buckingham  and 
Richelieu  counties,  Lower  Canada,  on 
the  Riviere  a  la  Tortue,  60  miles  E  from 
Montreal. 

Elyria,  township  and  village  in  the  eas- 
292 


icrn  part  of  Huron  county,  Ohio.  I'he 
township  lies  on  bcth  sides,  and  the  village 
in  the  forks  of  Black  river.  Population  in 
1820, 174. 

Elysian  Fields,  post  office,  Amite 
county,  Mississippi. 

Emden,  strong  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  E  Friesiand,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Embs, 
opposite  Do'.lart  Bay,  23  miles  NE  of 
Groningerv.    Lon-  7  5  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Embden,  township,  Somersett  county, 
Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  Kennebec 
river,  16  miles  above  Norridgewock. 
P(  pulation  in  1820,  664. 

Embo,  village  near  Brora,  on  the  E 
coast  of  Sutherlandshire. 

Emboly,  town  of  Macedonia,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
Stromona,  40  miles  NE  of  Salonichi. 
Lon.  25  55  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Embrun,  strong  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Upper  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Dauphiny.  It  is  stated  on  a 
craggy  rock,  near  the  river  Durance, 
17  miles  E  of  Gap.  Lon.  6  34  E,  lat. 
44  34  N. 

Embs,  river  of  Westphalia,  which 
rises  in  the  county  of  Lippe,  and  falls  into 
the  Doliart,  a  bay  of  the  German  Ocean, 
near  Embden. 

Emersonville,  post  town,  Gibson  coun- 
ty, Indiana. 

Emivanuel,  coxxnly  of  Georgia;  bound- 
ed by  Tatnall  SE  ;  Montgomery  SW  ; 
Laurens  and  Washington  W ;  Jefferson 
N ;  Burke  NE,  and  BiUlock  E ;  length 
49;  mean  width  20;  area  800  square 
miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  and 
soil  sandy.    Staples  cotton  and  tobacco. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        .        .        1,272 

do.    do.    females         -       -        1,254 


Total  whites    -        -        -  2,526 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  20 

do.           do.       females  15 

Slaves,  males           -        _        _  187" 

do.     females       -       .       _  igQ 


Total  population  in  1820 


2,928 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  AgricaUure  -        -        1,011 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  17 

do.        in  Commerce  -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3|. 

Emmaus,  post  town,  and  one  of  the 
settlements  of  the  United  Brethren, 
commonly  calltil  Moravians,  in  the 
township  of  Salisbary,  5  miles  SSW  from 
AUentown  or  Northampton.  Population 
about  100. 


E  N  P 


E  >    I. 


Emessa,  town  of  Syria,  in  the  govern* 
ment  of  Damascus.  There  are  still 
noble  ruins,  that  show  it  was  anciently 
a  magnificent  city. 

JLmmerick,  large  city  of  Germany,  in 
the  Duchy  of  Cleves.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  with  Holland,  and  is 
seated  near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  E  of 
Cleves.    Lon.  6  4  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Emmittsburg,  post  town  of  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  abuui  18  miles  NW 
from  Taney  town,  and  about  50  in  the 
same  direction  from  Baltimore. 

Eiiiouy,  or  Hiamen.  island  of  China, 
lying  off  the  coast  of  the  province  of  Fo- 
kien.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  port,  which 
is  enclosed,  on  one  side,  by  the  island, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  main  land,  and 
is  so  extensive,  that  it  can  contain  many 
thousands  of  vessels  ;  and  so  deep,  that 
the  largest  ships  may  lie  close  to  the 
shore  without  danger.  This  island  is 
particularly  celebrated  on  account  of  the 
magnificence  of  its  principal  pagod,  de- 
dicated to  their  god  Fo.  Lon.  116  27  E, 
lat  24  3  N 

Emfioli,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Arno,  \7 
miles  SW  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  6  E,  lat. 
43  42  N. 

Enckauysen,  seaport  of  N  Holland, 
on  the  Zuider-Zee.  It  was  once  a  flour- 
ishing  place  ;  but  its  harbour  being  ob- 
structed by  sand  it  has  lost  its  former 
consequence.  It  is  25  miles  NE  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Lon.  5  4  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

E7idetn>our  Strait,  lies  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  separates  New  Guinea  from 
New  Holland.  Its  length  is  10  leagues, 
and  its  breadth  about  five,  except  at  the 
NE  entrance,  Avhere  it  is  contracted  to 
less  than  two  miles,  by  the  islands  called 
Prince  of  Wales'  Islands,  It  was  ex- 
plored by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  from 
whom  it  received  its  name. 

Ending,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Austrian 
Brisgaw,  formerly  free  and  imperial.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  10  miles  below 
Bi'isach. 

Endkiofii7ig,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Up- 
land ;  situated  on  a  river,  close  to  an 
inlet  of  Lake  Maelar.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  wooden  houses,  which  are  red.  It  n 
40  miles  W  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  li  59 
E,  lat.  5?  45  N. 

Enfield,  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  was  once  fa- 
mous for  an  extensive  royal  chase,  dis- 
forested in  17r9.  Here  was  a  royal 
palace,  whence  Edward  VI.  went  in  pro- 
cession to  the  Tower,  on  his  accession 
to  the  throne,  which  is  now  taken  down. 
It  is  10  miles  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  2 
E.  lat.  51  41  N. 

Enjield,  township  of  Grafton  county, 


New  Hampshire,  containing  in  1820, 
1370  inhabitants. 

Enfield,  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts.  Population  in  1820, 
873 

Enfield,  township  of  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  6  miles  N  of  East 
Windsor,  and  12  miles  NW  of  Tolland. 
Population  in  1820,  2065. 

Enfieid,  post  town,  Halifax  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Engadina,  country  of  the  Grisons,  in 
the  m  uiitains  of  the  Alps.  It  is  divided 
into  Upper  and  Lower,  extending  along 
the  banks  of  the  river  Inn,  from  its  source 
to  the  Tirolese.  Upper  Engadina  is  a 
beautiful  valley,  yet,  on  account  of  its 
elevation,  produces  nothing  but  rye  and 
barley.  The  winter  s6'.,s  in  early,  and 
even  in  summer,  the  air  is  cold  and  pier- 
cing, and  the  corn  occasionally  much 
damaged  by  the  hoar-frost. 

Engelberg,  valley  of  Swisserland,  10 
miles  long,  entirely  surrounded  by  very 
lofty  and  barren  mountains,  and  bounded 
by  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Uri,  and  Under- 
walden.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  the 
abbot  of  a  Benedictine  monastery  of  the 
same  name,  who  was  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri, 
Schweitz,  and  Underwalden.  The  ro- 
mantic scenery  of  this  country  has  al- 
ways delighted  the  traveller,  and  en. 
gaged  the  attention  of  the  naturalist. 
Glaciers,  of  a  very  great  extent,  and  ex- 
tremely diversified,  are  found  on  the-  side 
of  very  fertile  mountains,  and  exhibit 
singular  points  of  view  There  is  abun- 
dance of  line  black  marble,  white  veined ; 
a  vitriolic  earth,  slate  impregnated  with 
vitriol ;  small  crystals,  called  Swiss  dia- 
monds; silver,  and  vitriol.  The  abbey 
is  12  miles  SW  of  Altdorf.  See  Titlis- 
berg. 

Engers,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  11  miles  N  of  Cobltntz.  Lon.  7 
32  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Enghein,  town  of  Austrian  Hainault, 
near  which  was  fought  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Steenkirk.  It  is  15  miles  SW  of 
Brussels.    Lon  4  5  E,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Etigia,  or  Engina,  ancient  Aegina, 
island  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  a  gulf  of 
the  same  name,  between  Livadia  and 
the  Morea.  There  is  a  town  upon  it  of 
the  same  name,  22  miles  S  of  Athens. 
Lon  23  59  E.  lat.  37  45  N. 

Engia,  ancient  Saroiiic  gulf  of  Greece, 
between  Livadia  and  the  Morea.  In 
ancient  times  it  separated  Attica  and 
Megara  from  Argolis. 

England,  the  southern  part  of  the 
293 


E  N  G 


E  N  G 


island  of  Great  Britain,  is  bounded  on  the 
E  by  the  German  Ocean  ;  on  the  S  by 
the  English  channel ;  on  the  W  by  St. 
George's  channel,  the  principality  of 
Wales,  and  the  Irish  sea ;  on  the  N  by 
the  Cheviot  hills,  and  by  the  river  Tweed. 
Its  extent  is  computed  at  5S,335  square 
miles;  and  the  population  in  1811, 
amounted  to  9,499-400.  Its  external 
surface  somewhat  resembles  the  form  of 
a  triangle,  and  from  the  South  Foreland 
in  Kent,  which  may  be  termed  the  E 
point  of  the  triangle  to  Berwick  upon 
Tweed,  which  is  the  N  p'.;int,  its  length 
is  345  miles.  From  that  point  to  the 
Land's  end  in  Cornwall,  which  is  the  W, 
it  is  425 ;  and  the  breadth  thence  to  the 
South  Foreland,  is  340.  The  face  of  the 
country  aflfords  all  that  beautiful  varit-ty 
■which  can  be  found  in  the  most  exten- 
sive tracts  of  the  globe ;  not,  however, 
without  romantic,  and  even  dreary 
scenes,  lofty  mountains,  craggy  rocks, 
black  barren  moors,  and  wide  unculti- 
vated heaths;  and  yet,  few  countries 
have  a  smaller  proportion  of  land  abso- 
lutely sterile  and  incapable  of  culture. 
The  richest  parts  are,  in  general,  the 
midland  and  southern  Towards  the  N 
it  partakes  of  the  barrenness  of  the 
neighbouring  Scotland.  The  E  coast  is, 
in  many  parts,  sandy  and  marshy.  A 
I'ange  of  rude  and  elevated  land,  some- 
times risi:ig  into  lofty  mountains,  extends 
from  the  borders  of  Scotland  to  the  very 
heart  of  England,  forming  a  natural  di- 
vision between  the  E  and  W  sides  of  the 
kingdom.  Cornwall  is  also  a  rough  hilly 
tract ;  and  a  similar  characfrr  prevails 
in  part  of  the  adjacent  countiefe.  These 
mountainous  tracts  abound  with  various 
mineral  treasures.  The  rivers  are  nu- 
merous ;  and  the  most  considerable  of 
them  are  the  Thames,  Severn,  Humber, 
Mersey,  Medway,  Trent,  Ouse,  Tyne, 
Tees,  Eden,  Avon,  and  Dee.  The  lakes 
are  neither  numerous  nor  extensive,  and 
are  chiefly  in  the  NW  counties  :  those  nf 
Westmoreland  and  Cumbrrlaiid,  in  par- 
ticular, exhibit  such  vanities  of  beauti- 
ful scenery,  as  to  become  the  object  of 
summer  excursions  from  every  part  of 
the  country  With  resp  ct  tu  climate, 
England  is  situate  in  the  N  part  of  the 
temperate  z(jne,  so  that  it  enj'ys  but  a 
scanty  share  of  the  genial  influence  of 
the  sun.  Its  atmosphere  is  inclined  to 
chillness  and  moisture,  subject  to  fre- 
quent and  suc!d-n  changes  ;  and  is  more 
favourable  to  the  growth,  than  to  the 
ripening  of  the  products  of  the  earth. 
No  country  is  clothed  with  a  more  beauti- 
ful and  lasting  verdure ;  but  the  harvests, 
especially  in  the  northern  parts,  fre- 
quently suffer  from  unseasonable  rains, 
?94 


The  rigours  of  winter,  however,  and  the 
heats  of  summer,  are  felt  here  in  a  much 
less  degree  than  in  parallel  climates  on 
the  continent;  a  circumstance  common 
to  all  islands.  The  whole  country,  some 
particular  spots  excepted,  is  sufficiently 
healthy ;  and  the  longevity  of  its  inhabi- 
tants is  equal  to  that  of  almost  any  re- 
gion. All  its  most  valuable  productions, 
both  animal  and  vegetable,  have  been 
imported  from  foreign  countries,  and 
ha\e  been  kept  up  and  improved  by  con- 
stant attention.  England  has  now  no 
other  wild  quadrupeds  than  some  of  the 
smaller  kinds ;  as  the  fox,  badger,  mar- 
ten, otter,  hare,  rabbit,  squirrel,  &c. 
On  the  other  hand,  every  kind  of  domes- 
tic animal,  imported  from  abroad,  has 
been  reared  to  the  greatest  degree  of  per- 
fection. The  horse  has  been  trained  up 
for  all  the  various  purposes  of  strength 
and  swiftness,  so  as  to  excel  in  those 
qualities  the  same  animal  in  every  other 
country.  The  horned  cattle  have  been, 
brought  to  the  largest  size  and  greatest 
justness  of  shape.  The  different  races 
of  sheep  are  variously  distinguished, 
either  for  uncommon  size,  goodness  of 
flesh,  and  plenty  or  fineness  of  wool. 
The  deer  of  its  parks,  which  are  origi- 
nally a  foreign  breed,  are  superior  in 
beauty  of  skin,  and  delicacy  of  flesh,  to 
those  of  most  countries.  Even  the 
several  kinds  of  dogs  have  been  trained 
to  degrees  of  courage,  strength,  and  sa- 
gacity, rarely  to  be  met  with  elsewhere. 
Tne  improvement  in  the  vegetable  pro- 
ducts of  this  island  is  not  less  striking 
than  in  the  animal.  Nuts,  acorns,  crabs, 
and  a  few  wild  berries,  were  almost  all 
the  variety  of  vegetable  food  which  its 
woods  could  boast.  To  other  countries, 
and  to  the  efforts  of  culture,  it  is  indebt- 
ed for  corn,  esculent  roots,  and  plants, 
and  all  its  garden  fruits.  The  rivers 
and  seas  of  England  are  stocked  with  a 
great  variety  of  fish,  which  yield  a  plen- 
tiful article  of  provision  to  all  ranks  of 
people.  The  manufactures  and  com- 
merce of  this  country  are  vast,  exten- 
sive, and  various:  in  the  woollen,  linen, 
cotton,  and  hardware  manufactures  in 
particular,  it  has  long  maintained  a  pre- 
eminence ;  nor  must  the  recent  one  of 
elegant  earthenware  be  omitted ;  and 
though  nature  has  denied  it  the  rich 
fruits  of  other  countries  yet  the  manu- 
facture, if  it  may  be  so  called,  of  home- 
made wines,  in  imitation  of  the  foreign, 
has  been  brouQ^ht  to  an  uncommon  de- 
gree of  perfection.  The  English  manu- 
factures have  been  lately  estimated  at 
thf  annual  value  cf  63,000  000/.  ;  and 
supposed  to  employ  1,585,000  people  ;  of 
Avhich  sum  the  woollen  manufacture  is 


E  N  G 


E  PE 


stated  to  produce  about  15,000,000 ;  the 
leather  10,000.000;  the  iron,  tin,  and 
lead,  10  000,000;  and  the  cotton  9,000,000/ 
The  government  of  Enghmd  is  a  limited 
monarchy  ;  the  legislative  power  residing 
in  th^  king  lords  and  cumiTions  ;  and  the 
executive  in  the  king,  the  great  officers 
of  state,  the  judges,  and  the  inferior  gra- 
dations of  magistracy  The  army,  du- 
ring the  late  war,  was  supposed  to  ex- 
ceed 170,000,  with  30  000  fencibles,  and 
80,000  miHtia.  But  the  great  rampart 
and  supreme  glory  of  England  consist  in 
her  Navy,  which  in  size,  strength,  and 
number  of  ships,  far  exceeds  any  thing 
on  record  in  the  history  of  the  world. 
This,  indeed,  must  be  apparent  lo  every 
one  who  examines  the  list  of  ships  and 
vessels  into  which  the  British  naval 
force  is  divided,  according  to  one  of 
which,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war, 
there  were  256  ships  of  the  line,  39  of  40 
from  to  50  guns,  257  frigates,  16  fire- 
ships,  219  brigs,  33  cutters,  103  schoon- 
ers or  luggers,  and  making  a  total  of 
1113  ships  and  vessels  of  war  exclusive 
of  the  hired  armed  vessels,  which  are 
chiefly  employed  in  protecting  the  coast- 
ing trade.  From  this  immense  fleet,  the 
number  of  seamen  araounts  to  120,000,  a 
number  which  no  other  country,  ancient 
or  modern,  could  have  supplied.  The 
civil  division  of  the  country  is  into  six 
circuits,  and  40  counties :  these  last  are 
subdivided  into  wapen-takes  or  hun- 
dreds, and  parishes.  In  each  of  the 
circuits,  for  the  most  part,  two  of  the 
judges  administer  justice  twice  a  year 
They  are,  1.  The  Home  Circuit,  which 
contains  the  counties  of  Hertford,  Essex, 
Kent,  Surry,  and  Sussex.  2.  The  Nor- 
folk, containing  Buckingham,  Bedford, 
Huntingdon,  Cambridge,  Suffiik,  and 
Norfolk.  3.  The  Oxford,  containing 
Oxford,  Berks,  Gloucester,  Worcester, 
Monm-'uth,  Hr  reford,  Sal-ip,  and  Staf- 
ford. 4.  The  Midland,  containing  War- 
wick, Leicester,  Derijy,  Nottingham, 
Lincoln,  Rutland,  and  Northampton. 
5  The  Northern,  containing  York,  Dur- 
ham, Northumberland,  Lancaster,  West- 
moreland, and  Cumbt-rland  6.  The 
Western,  containing  Hants,  Wilts.  Dor- 
set, Somerset,  Di-von,  and  Cornwall. 
Two  other  counties,  Mi^ldlesex  and 
Chester,  are  not  included  in  any  circuit. 
The  established  religion,  as  contained  in 
the  Articles  of  the  Church  oi  England,  is 
Calvinism;  but  these  articles  are  inter- 
preted, by  the  clergy  in  general,  accord- 
ing to  the  more  liberal  principles  of 
Arminius;  and  all  other  religions  are 
tolerated.  The  ecclesiastical  d  vision  of 
England  is  into  two  arc  ibishoprics, 
called  the  provinces  of  Canterbury  and 


York.  That  of  Canterbury  contains  the 
dioceses  of  London,  Winchester,  Bath 
and  Wells,  Bristol,  Chichester,  Ely, 
Exeter  Glnucesttr,  Hereford, Litchfield 
and  Coventry,  Liiicoln,  Norwich,  Ox- 
ford, Peterborough,  Rochester.  Salisbu- 
ry, and  W^orcester,  beside  the  four 
Welsh  bishoprics  of  St.  David,  Bangor, 
LandafF  and  St.  Asaph  The  province 
of  York  contains  the  dioceses  of  Durham, 
Chester,  and  Carlisle,  and  that  of  Sodor 
and  Man.  Every  pi'elate  of  the  sees 
enumerated,  that  of  Sodor  and  Man 
excepted,  has  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
lords  London  is  the  capital,  and  the 
metrop  .lis  also  of  the  whole  British  em- 
pire. For  the  population  and  other  re- 
markable objects  in  the  topography  of 
England,  see  the  respi  ctive  counties. 

JEnglish  Harbor,  convenient  haven  of 
the  island  of  Antigua.  Lon.  W  C  5  33 
E,  lat.  17  8  N. 

E7iglish  Town,  post  village,  Monmouth 
county.  NeAv  Jersey,  18  miles  E  from 
Princeton. 

E?iglish  Turn,  Detour  Des  Aiiglais, 
remarkable  bend  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
18  miles  below  New  Orleans. 

Eno,  river  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in 
Orange  county,  and  with  Little  river  and 
Flat  river,  forms  the  Neuse,  17  miles 
below  Hillsborough. 

Eno,  or  Enos,  town  of  Romania,  near 
the  gulf  of  En',  with  a  Greek  arbishop's 
see,  125  miles  W  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  26  15  E  lat.  40  46  N. 

Enos,  maritime  town  of  European 
Turkey  in  Roumelia,  63  miles  S  from 
Adrianop!e. 

Enoibiirg.  post  town  of  Franklin 
county.  Vermont,  on  Missisque  river,  36 
miles  NE  trom  Burlington.  Population 
700. 

Enoshurg,  township  of  Vermont,  situa- 
ted in  Franklin  county,  on  th-  SE  side  of 
Michiscoui  river,  between  Hungerford 
and  M"ntgomf  ry. 

Ens,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  12  miles  SE  of  Lintz, 
and  90  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  22  E, 
lat.  48  !3  N 

Ensis/iei?n,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Aisace,  seated  on  the  111,  10 
miles  SVV  of  Brisach.  Lon.  7  30  E.  lat. 
47  58  N. 

Enskirke7i,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
duchy  of  Julier.s.  15  miles  SW  of  Colog- 
ne.   Lon    6  29  E,  la'.  31  0  N. 

Emre-Douerrj-e-Minho,  province  of 
Portugal,  45  miles  in  length  and  breadth. 
Bragji  is  the  capital 

Eficrics,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Saros,  remarkable 
for  its  mines  of  salt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
295 


£  P  P 


E  it  I 


i'atza,  20  miles  N  of  Cassovia.    Lon. 
21  13  E.  lat.  49  8  N. 

Efiernay,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne.  The  wines  pro- 
duced in  its  neighbourhood,  are  very  ex- 
quisite. It  is  17  miles  N  W  of  Chalons. 
Lon.  4  0  E,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Efihesusy  ancient  and  celebrated  city 
of  Natolia,  in  that  part,  anciently  called 
Ionia.  It  is  now  called  Ajasalouc,  by 
the  Turks ;  but  of  its  former  splendour 
there  is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  heaps  of 
marble,  overturned  walls,  columns,  capi- 
tals, and  pieces  of  statues.  The  fortress, 
which  is  upon  an  eminence,  seems  to  be 
the  work  of  the  Greek  emperors.  Ephe- 
sus  is  seated  near  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  and  has  still  a  good  harbour,  40 
miles  S  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  '27  33  E,  lat. 
37  48  N. 

Ephrata,  or  Tunkerstonvn,  town  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  county  of  Lancas- 
ter. It  is  the  principal  settlement  of  a 
sect,  who  are  professionally  baptists,  of 
German  extraction,  and  first  appeared 
in  America  in  1719.  It  is  60  miles  W 
of  Philadelphia. 

Ep.inal,  town  in  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Vosges  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle, 
near  the  mountains  of  the  Vosges,  and 
is  oS  miles  SE  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  0  E, 
lat,  48  9  N. 

Efiinglesy  les,  on  the  soutii-west 
branch  of  the  Ottawa  river,  Upper  Ca- 
nada, above  the  main  or  upper  forks,  be- 
tween P  irtage  a  la  Rose,  and  Portage 
Paresseux,  but  nearest  to  the  latter  ;  it 
is  nearly  half  way  from  the  fork  to  the 
lake  Nipissing  Portage. 

E/iirus,  NW  part  of  Greece.  It  was 
anciently  bound'-d  W  by  the  Ionian  sea  ; 
S  by  the  gulf  of  Ambracia,  and  E  by 
Thessaly.  To  the  N,  in  no  age  has  Epi- 
I'us  had  a  definite  limit.  By  the  ancients 
it  was  in  that  quarter  confounded  with 
lUyria,  and  by  the  moderns  with  Alba- 
ma 

E/ifiing;  f^wn  in  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  Friday.  Its  butter  is  highly  esteemed 
in  London.  Epping  is  seated  at  the 
N  end  of  a  fon^st  of  the  same  name,  17 
miles  NNE  ■  f  London.  Lon.  0  9  E,  lat. 
51  46  N. 

Ef I  fling  Forest,  fine  forest  in  the  SW 
of  Essf  X,  formerly  a  much  mort  exten- 
sive district,  that  contained  a  great  part 
of  the  county. 

Epfiing,  post  town  of  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  about  20  miles 
W  of  Portsmouth,  and  8  S  of  Notting- 
ham,  with  1120  inhabitants- 

Efifiing,  post  town,  Rockingham  couu- 


ty,  New  Hampshire,  twenty  miles  W 
from  Portsmouth.  Population  in  1820, 
1158. 

Ep/iingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Elfats,  20  miles  NE  of 
Phillipsburg.      Lon.    9    0    E,    lat.    49 

24  N. 

Epsom,  town  in  Surry,  that  has,  from 
the  number  of  opulent  people  residing  in 
and  near  it,  a  daily  market.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  mineral  waters  and  salts. 
It  is  15  miles  SSW  of  London.  Lon.  0 
15  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Epsom,  township  and  post  town,  in 
New  Hampshire,  in  the  county  of  Rock- 
ingham, 34  miles  VV  by  N  of  Portsmouth, 
and  14  SE  of  Concord.  Population  in 
1820, 1336. 

Epnvorth,  village  of  the  isle  of  Axholm, 
in  Lincolnshire,  9  miles  N  of  Gainsbo- 
rough. It  is  the  birth  place  of  John  Wes- 
ley, one  of  the  founders  of  the  sect  of  the 
methodists. 

Eraklea,  ancient  Heraclea,  town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Roumelia,  on  the 
Marmora  sea,  46  miles  W  from  Constan- 
tinople. 

Ericho,  ancient  Oricum,  harbour  of 
Albania  in  the  gulf  of  Aulona,  now  Va- 
lona.  Lon.  London,  19  28  E,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Erfurt,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Upper  Thuringia,  with  a  university.  It 
was  formerly  imperial,  but  is  now  sub- 
ject to  the  elector  of  Mentz,  and  is  de- 
fended by  two  strong  forts.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Gere,  30  miK  s  ESE  of  Mal- 
hausen.     Lon.  11  23  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Eribol  Loch,  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the 
N  coast  of  Sutherlandshire,  capable  cf 
aflFording  a  safe  retreat  to  the  largest 
vessels  It  receives  several  streams ; 
particularly  that  which  flows  from  a  lake 
called  L<ich  Hope. 

Ericlit.  Loch,  large  lake  in  Perthshire, 
which  '  xtends  several  miles  into  Inver- 
ness-shire. Near  this  place  the  unfortu- 
nate Prince  Charles  wandered,  after  the 
battle  of  (-ulloden,  in  1746,  lurking  in 
caves,  and  among  rocks.  Tlit-  waters 
of  this  lake  descend  >nto  another,  called 
Loch  Rann  ch. 

Erie,  lari^e  lake  of  the  Ujiittd  States 
and  Upper  Canada  extt  ndin  •  in  form  cf 
an  oval,  SW  by  W,  and  NE  by  E.  280 
miles  in  length.  It  is  about  65  miles 
wide  where  broadest.  Extreme  south 
part  at  N  lat.  43,  extreme  S.  N  lat.  41 
20  and  reaching  itoxa.  one  degree  E,  to 
6  W  lon.  W  C.  The  area  of  this  lake 
is  about  12,000  square  miles.  When  com- 
pared to  any  of  the  ether  four  great  Ca- 


te  II  i 


E  R  I 


nadian  lakes,  lake  Erie  is  shallow,  sel- 
dom exceeding  40  or  50  fathoms.  Its 
shores  are  in  some  places  low  and  sandy, 
and  in  others  rock  bound.  The  mouths 
of  its  rivers,  Detroit  and  Niagara  ex- 
cepted are  shallow,  and  not  very  favoura- 
ble to  commerce.  Its  position,  however, 
and  the  fertility  and  extent  of  the  adja- 
cent regions,  superinduces  a  very  exten- 
sive trade  on  this  great  inland  sea.  It 
receives  from  the  NVV  by  the  Detroit, 
the  immense  volume  discharged  from 
the  Superior,  Huron,  and  Michigan. 
From  the  peninsula  of  Upper  Canada, 
the  Ouse  flows  into  Erie  from  the  NW, 
from  the  peninsula  of  Michigan,  it  re- 
ceives the  Huron  and  Raisin  rivers ; 
from  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  New 
York,  Maumee,  Portage,  Sandusky,  Hu- 
ron, Vermilion,  Black,  Cuyahoga, 
Grand,  Ashtabula,  Conneauht,  Catta- 
i-augus,  and  BufFaloe  rivers.  The  Uni- 
ted States,  possess  at  present,  it  is  pro- 
bable more  than  3,000  tons  of  shipping 
on  this  lake.  Independent  of  Detroit 
and  Niagara,  Erie  has,  at  seasons  of  high 
water,  a  natural  communication  with 
Illinois  river.  The  Great  Western  Ca- 
nal of  New  York,  will  unite  it  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  through  the  Hudson,  as 
will  that  by  Cuyahoga  and  Muskingum 
river  with  the  Ohio  The  whole  form- 
ing an  unequalled  interior  chain  of  com- 
mercial connexion. 

Erie,  Fort,  strong  for!incation  in  the 
township  of  Bertie,  Upper  Canada ; 
situated  on  the  north  shore  of  lake  Erie, 
and  on  the  v<est  bank  of  the  'Niagara 
river,  27  miles  south  by  east  of  Niagara 
Fort,  and  18  above  the  carrying  place  at 
the  Falls  of  Niagara  It  has  a  barrack 
for  troops  and  a  block  house  ;  a  compa- 
ny of  soldiers  are  quartered  here  for  the 
purpose  of  transporting  the  public  stores. 
Lake  Erie  narrows  here  into  the  strait, 
•which  carries  the  waters  over  the  great 
Falls  of  Niagara ;  there  is  a  good  harbour 
here  for  vessels  of  any  size.  Fort  Erie 
frequently  suffered  from  the  western 
gales,  which  occasion  the  lakes  some- 
times to  rise  very  considerably.  The 
new  fort  is  projected  on  a  small  height 
in  the  rear  of  the  present  garrison.  N 
lat.  42  33  17  W,  Jong.  79  from  London. 
WC200W. 

Erie,  couDty  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Cattaraugus  county  S ;  by  Chatauque 
county  SW  ;  by  lake  Erie  and  Niaga^A 
river  W  ;  by  Tonnewanto  river  or  Nia- 
gara county  N,  and  by  Genessee  county 
E  ;  length  38  ;  mean  width  2.- ;  area  950 
square  miles.  Surface  part.y  hiliy  in  the 
eastern  and  south  eastpf-^  part ;  but  level 
towards  lake  Erie  and  Niagara  river. 
The  soil  generally  productive  in  grain, 
P  P 


fruits  and  pasturage.  Staples,  flour, 
"'^iskey,  salted  provision  and  live  stock. 
By  the  census  of  1820,  Erie  county  was 
included  in>ti.igara,  which  see. 

Erie,  NW  cout^y  of  Pennsylvania ; 
bounded  by  lake  Erie  >x\v ;  Chatauque 
county  in  New  York  Ne  ;  Warren 
countv  in  Pennsylvania  E;  Crawford  S, 
and  Ashtabula  county  in  Ohio  W ; 
length  36 ;  breadth  20 ;  area  720  square 
miles.  Surface  rather  waving  than  hilly; 
soil  generally  productive.  Chief  town, 
Erie. 

Population  in  fSlO. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,947 

do.  do.  females  ...  1,762 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        -        .         .  31 

Slaves       .....  IS 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do.    females    - 


3,758 


4,527 
3,942 


Total  whites       .        -        .        .  8,469 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  48 

do.            do.        females  23 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  0 

do.  females  ....  1 
A.11  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        .      .       12 


Total  population  in  1820   - 


8,553 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  15 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,484 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  372 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mi'e,  12  nearly. 

Erie,  post  town,  boro'gh,  and  seat  of 
justice,  in  Erie  county.  ^Pennsylvania.  It 
is  the  Presquile  of  theJpi'ench,  but  stands 
on  the  main  land,  opposite  the  peninsula, 
from  which  its  n--nfie  is  derived.  The 
best  part  of  the  villagi-  extends  in  one 
street  from  th^  harbour,  on  the  road 
towards  Pit«burg.  The  harbour  is 
formed  by  t^-  main  shore,  peninsula  and 
a  reef  of  J'^nd.  Over  th**  latter,  without 
an  extraordinary  swell  of  the  lake  there 
is  onV  8  feet  water ;  the  depth  and  an- 
chorage within,  are  comncodious  and 
s?ie.  'rbe  trade  of  this  town  is  considera- 
ole  and  increasing.  A  turnpike  road 
extends  from  there  to  Pittsburg,  distant 
fr<im  each  other  136  miles.  It  is  80 
miles  SSW  from  Buffalo.  It  has  a  num- 
ber of  neat  dwelling  houses,  several 
stores,  a  court-house,  jail,  and  printing 
office.     Population  in  1820,  635. 

Erie,  township  of  Erie  county,  Penn' 
sylvania,  on  lake    Erie,  including   anA 


E  It  U 


E  6  F 


commensurate  with  the  borough  of  the 
same  name. 

Erlevu'le,  post  village,  Madi«^"  coun- 
ty, New  York.  . 

Erin,  township  rf  Ind  ana,  Switzer- 
land cour.ty,  12  'niles  below  Vevay,  and 
opposit    the  mouth  of  Kentucky  river. 

Eritria  ancient  Erythrae,  town  of  Na- 
tolia.  36  miles  W  from  Smyrna. 

Ei-isso,  town  of  Macedonia,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  at  the  bollom  of  the  gulf  of 
Mount  Sanchio. 

■  Erith,  village  in  Huntingdonshire,  on  the 
Ouse,  five  miles  ENB  of*  St.  Ives  Near 
this  place  is  a  piece  of  antiquity  called 
Belfar's  Hill,  an  artificial  mount,  generally 
supposed  to  be  the  place  where  the  peo- 
ple took  up  arms  against  William  the  Nor- 
man, in  1066,  after  he  had  defeaed  He- 
rold  at  the  Ijattle  of  Hastings. 

Erivan,  city  of  Asia,"  in  the  province  of 
the  same  name,  and  capital  of  Persian  Ar- 
menia, with  an  Armenian  patriarch.  It  is 
detended  by  a  fortress,  in  which  is  the  go- 
vernor's pa' ace,  and  by  a  castle,  on  the  ri- 
ver Zuengui,  near  a  lake  of  its  own  name, 
which  is  very  deep,  and  60  miles  in.' cir- 
cumference. It  is  105  miles  NW  of  As- 
trabad.     Lon.  44  10  E.  lat.  40  20  N. 

Erkelens,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duf-hy  of  Juliers,  with  a  castle  seated  on 
the  lioer,  10  miles  NW  of  Juliers.  Lon. 
6  35  E., lat.  51  4  N. 

'Erlaiig,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Franconia,  and  marquisate  of  Culem- 
bach,  seated  on  the  Regnitz,  12  miles  NW 
of  Nuremberg.     Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  49  o5  N. 

Er?nelanfl,  country,  now  become  a  pro- 
vince of  Prussia,  by  which  it  is  surround- 
ed. 

Ernee,  town  of  France,  in  the  late  pro- 
vince, now  in  he  department  of  Mayenne. 
situated  on  the  Mr^yenne,  13  miles  NNW 
of  Laval.     Lon.  0  41  W.  ht.  48   19  N. 

Erbil,  ancient  Arbela,  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkev,  60  miles  E  ►•om  Mosul.  Lon.  43 
20E.1  t.  36  11  N. 

Ernest,  township  of  Linox  and  Hadding- 
ton county,  Upper  Canada \v  and  adjoining 
Kingston. 

Erpach,  town  of  Germany,  Jn  the  circle 
of  Franconia,  30  miles  SE  ol  Prancfort 
Lon.  9  10  E.  lat.  40  36  N. 

Erpach,  town  of  Suabia,  capital ol^  coun- 
ty of  tl\e  sime  name,  with   a  castle,  •jjjht 
miles  SE  of  Llm.     Lon.  10  19  E.  lat.  4b  20 
■  N. 

Erroly  township  of  Coos  county,  New 
Hampshire,  100  miles  N  from  Concord.  Vc- 
pulation  in  1820,  26. 

Eriolna,  post  village,  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Erxvinsville,  post  village,  Hutherford 
county,  North  Carolina. 

Erquino,  seaport  of  the  Red  Sea,  on  the 
opast  of  Abe.x,  subject  to  Turkey.      It  is 
""98 


320  miles  SW   of  Mecca.      Lon.  39  5  E. 
lat.  17  30  N. 

Erzenim,  city  of  Turkish  Armenia,  with 
Armenian  and  Greek  episcopal  sees.  It  is 
situated  between  the  two  sources  of  the 
Euphrates,  in  a  beautiful  plain,  at  the  foot 
of  a  chain  of  mountains,  fruitful  in  all  sorts 
of  corn  Wood  is  very  scarce,  for  which 
reason  their  fuel  is  only  cow  dung.  It  is 
surrounded  by  double  walls,  defended  by 
square  towers.  The  Tuiks,  who  are  all 
janizaries,  are  about  12,000  in  number : 
but  most  of  them  are  tradesmen  and  re- 
ceive no  pay.  The  Armenians  have  two 
churches,  the  Greeks  but  one ;  the  latter 
are  mostly  braziers,  and  live  in  the  sub- 
urbs. They  drive  a  great  trade  here  in 
furs,  Persian  si'ks,  cottons,  calicoes,  and 
drugs.  This  town  is  a  thoroughfare,  and  a 
resting  place,  for  the  caravans  to  die  East 
Indies.  It  is  104  miles  S  by  E  of  Tribi- 
sond.     Lon.  40  35  E.  lat.  39  56  N. 

Erzffeberg,  circle  of  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony. It  IS  a  minp  region  containing  a  po- 
pulation of  ab nut  460,000,  and  besides  many 
of  lesser  note,  the  towns  of  Freyberg,  At- 
tenberg,  Chemnitz,  and  Zwickavv. 

Escahna,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
14  miles  NNE  of  Segovia. 

Escalona,Xov/x\  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
surrounded  with  walls.  It  is  situated  on 
an  eminence,  in  a  fertile  country,  near  the 
Albreche,  20  miles  NW  of  Toledo,  and  32 
SW  of  Madrid. 

Escambia,  bay  and  river.  The  Escambia 
river,  rises  in  Alabama,  a  few  miles  north 
of  N  lat.  31,  and  flowing  SE  30  or  40 
miles  enters  Flonda,  and  unites  with  a 
much  larger  strean.  the  Conecuh,  from  the 
NE,  the  united  waters  continue  SE  10 
miles,  gradually  expands  into  a  bay  of  about 
10  miles  in  length  by  from  two  to  three 
miles  wide.  Tiie  Escambia  bay  is  an  arm 
of  that  of  Pensacola,  which  it  joins  on  the 
NW  part  of  the  latter. 

Eschelles,  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  frontiers 
cf  Dauphiny,  10  miles  SW  of  Chamberry. 
Lon.  5  45  E.  lat.  40  35  N. 

Esch-iveffen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hes.se  Cassel,  seated  on  the 
Werra,  22  miles  SE  of  Hesse  Cassel.  Lon. 
10  6  E,  lat.  51  9N. 

Escunal,  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile 
seated  on  the  Guadara,  15  miles  NW  of 
Madrid.  Here  Philip  II.  built  a  famous 
structure,  in  1563,  in  memory  of  tlie  vic- 
tory gained  over  the  French  near  St.  Quin- 
tin,  since  called  by  pre-eminence,  the  Pa- 
l^^e  of  the  Escurial.  The  church  is  built 
aftei  the  model  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 
Lon.  3  t25  N.  lat.  40  35  N. 

Essens,  iQwn  of  E  Friesland,  on  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  20  miles  N  of  Embden.  Lon. 
17  14  R.  lat.  5p  47  N. 

Esfarain,  town  of  Pcveja,  in  the  province 
of  Kcrasan,  famous  for  the  great  number  of 


fi  s  s 


E  S  S 


writers  It  has  produced.     It  is  90  miles  B 
of  Astrabad.    Lon.  41  23  E.  lat.  36  48  N. 

Esher,  village  in  Surry,  on  the  river 
Mole,  five  miles  SW  of  Kingston.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished by  a  noble  Gotliic  mansion,  the 
two  towers  of  which  are  as  they  were  origi- 
nally built  by  cardinal  Wolsey. 

Esk,  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  which  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  England  and 
Scotland,  and  fulls  into  Sohvay  Frith. 

Esk,  river  in  Edinburghshire,  Scotland, 
formed  bythe  junction  of  two  streams,  call- 
ed N  and  S  Esk. 

Eskimaux,  bay  on  the  coast  of  Labrador. 
Lon.  W  C  19  10  E.  lat.  51  30  N. 

Eskimaux,  cape  in  Hudsans  bay,  near 
the  mouth  of  Deer  river.  Lon.  W  C  16  20 
W.  lat.  61  20  N. 

Eskimaux,  small  group  of  islands,  on  the 
coast  of  Labrador,  E  from  the  Mengan  set- 
tlement, and  N  from  the  island  of  Anticos- 
ti,     Lon.  W  C  14  E.  lat.  50   10  N. 

Eslingen,  large  imperial  city  of  Suabia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Necker,  eight  mics  SE  of  Stutgard. 
Lon.  9  20  E.  lat.  48  47  N. 

Esmerahlas,  town  of  Columbia,  in  the 
.southern  part  of  Spanish  Guiana,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Upper  Orinoco.  Lon.  W  C 
11  20  E.  lat.  5  10  N. 

Esne,  Asne,  or  Esscnaij,  large  town  of 
Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  supposed  to  be 
the  ancient  Syena,  but  Norden  thinks  it 
was  Latopolis.  Esne  lies  near  the  grand 
cataract  of  the  Nile.  Lon.  31  40  E.  lat. 
24  46  N. 

Esopus,  township  of  Ulster  county,  New 
York,  on  Hudson  river,  and  Esopus  creek. 
Population  in  1820,  1513.     See  Kingston. 

Esopus,  Lirge  creek  i)f  Ulster  county. 
New  York,  rises  in  the  Catskill  mountains, 
and  falls  into  the  Huds')n  ai  Saugertics,  10 
miles  below  Catskill  town. 

Essek,  or  Eszek,  tividing  town  of  Sclavo- 
nia,  with  a  strong  castle.  Ft  has  a  wooflen 
bi'idge  over  the  Drave  and  the  marshes, 
eight  miles  in  length  and  80  feet  in  breadth, 
with  towers  at  a  quarter  of  a  miie  distant 
from  each  other.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Drave,  100  miles  WNVV  of  Pc^lgrade,  and 
136  S  ofBuda.  Lon.  19  ^6  E.  lat.  45^0 
N.  .  ,     . 

Esseiiiiovin  of  Westphalia,  in  tlir  clucny 
of  Berg.  Here  are  seated  catliolir  churches 
and  feonvents,  but  the  inhabita^cs  are  chief- 
ly Lutherans.  It  is  eight  m^les  E  of  Duys- 
burg. 

Essem,  town  of  Westphalia,  m  East 
Friesland,  now  the  German  ocean,  20  miles 
NNE  of  Emden. 

Esseqniho,  river  of  Guiana,  failing  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lon.  W  C  19  40  E. 
lat.  6  45  N. 

Essequiho,  province  of  Guiana,  along 
both  banks  of  the  Esseqnebo  river. 

.Kwar,  county  of  England.  54  mHcs  long 


and  48  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Suffolk,  E  by  the  Germ!»n 
Ocean,   S    by    Kent,  a  d  W  by  Hertford- 
shire and  Middlesex.  It  contains  1  .i'Hi.oUD 
acres;  is  divided  into  19  hun  lred-i,and  415 
parishes:  has 27  market  towns;  and  sends 
eight  members  to  parliament.       The  Tim- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  1811  was  252.473     It 
possesses   a    variety  of    soil    and    face   of 
coun  ry.      The  S\V  purt  is  occup  e»:  jjiin- 
cipally  by   tl.e  two  f  rc^ts  ot   Kpping  and 
Hainault ;  and  is  noted  for  its  hu' ter,  wliich 
takes  the  nwrnp.  of  Epping:  buitcr.      The  N 
W    part,   from  S.ifiVon-Waden    to    Cam- 
bridge, isfimous  for  the  growth  of  sail:  nn  f 
and  fur  a  kind  of  triple  t  rop  of  coriander, 
carraway,  and  teazle,  which   are  all  so«n 
together,  but  come  to  mattirity  at  (liferent 
periods.      The  middle  part  is  a  fine  corn 
country,  varied  with  gentle  inequ^^^ies  of 
surface,  and  sprinkled  with  v^oo^s.       Tiie 
part    borderiii,<  on  the    T  :i:><es    ■  n<l   '.iie 
sea    consis's    chi<  fly    of  rn'r-^hy    g:  oundh, 
wiiich  afford  excellent  pa-sturage,  yet  are 
deemetl    unwholesome  and  aguish.      The 
principal    rivers  are   Hie    ("lismes,  Black* 
water,  C'lla,  C   ehntr,   Stour,  ;-r mcii    .,..d_ 
Roding.     Besi.ie  v  -si.  q;,:.iiiities  of  corn  vi 
all  Kinds,  abundance   of  calves  are    sent  to 
the    London  ma- ket  ;  also  wild   'owis     nd 
oyi.ters.      The  chief  sranufac-ure  i"s  baize 
and  stufl's.       Chelmsford    is   the  county- 
town.       Population   in   1801,  22e,437;  in 
1811,  253,473;  and  in  1821,  28ft424. 

Essex,  county  of  Upper  Oanacia,  be- 
tween lakes  Krie,  and  St.  «-^lair,  and  be- 
tween Detroit  river  and  Si^oik  county. 

Essex,  county  of.Vpmont,  forming  the 
NE  angle  of  tha»  st-e  ;  bounded  hy  Con- 
necticut river  E  a-'l  SE;  bv  Culedoniaand 
Orleans  W;  s-t*  by  Lower  Canada  JSf; 
lensrth'  46  ;  'iean  width  18 ,  arei  728 
squire  mile'-  Surface  hilly  in  general, and 
in  part  n^''''^'^'''"""®'  ^^'''  "'^  '^^'^  streams 
fertile  '^^  productive  in  grain  and  pastur- 
age.   Chief  town,  Guddhall. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,607 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,474 
All  other  ptrsons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        -  6 


i,087 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
.Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


Total  whites  -        -        -        >^»274 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  ^ 

do.  do.        females,  7 


1,645 
1,629 


Total  population  in  1820 

29^ 


3,284 


ESS 


4 

.  1,016 

87 

4 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce    - 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  4. 

£s*ex,  town  of  Chittenden  county,  Ver- 
mont, IQ  miles  E  from  Burlington,  on 
Onion  river.     Population  in  1820,  1000. 

Essex,  county  of  Massachusetts,  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  NE.  E  and  SE, 
Middlesex  county  SW,  and  Rockingham 
county  in  New  Hampshire  NW;  length 
and  breadth  about  19  miles  each;  area 
360  square  miles.  Surface  rather  rough 
than  hilly.  Soil  of  middhng  quality. 
Chief  towns,  Salem  and  Newburyport. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  v^hite  males         ... 

do  do     females       ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        .        -        . 


34,539 
36,489 


860 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  ma'es 
do.  do.     females     - 

Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.    females 

Total  popiU^tion  in  1820.    - 


71,^ 


35,207 
37,969 

73,176 

328 
326 

73,930 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males     »  19 

do.  do.      females  -  9 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        ,  3 

do.    females  ...  q 

Total  population  in  1820  -      12,811 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  189 

Engaged  m  Agriculture                -  3,345 

do.        in  Manufactures             -  558 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  37 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Essex,  post  town  of  Essex  county.  New 
York,  140  miles  N  from  Albany.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1225. 

Essex,  county  of  New  Jersey,  on  Passaic 
river,  bounded  E  by  Passaic  river ;  S  by 
Middlesex;  SW  by  Somerset ;  W  by  Mor- 
ris, and  N  by  Bergen,  or  Passaic  river  ; 
length  21 ;  mean  width  12 ;  area  252. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  tovyn, 
Newark. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      - 
do.  do     f.-males 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  nituralized         -  374 

Engaged  in  Agricul.,r^      .        .         3.615 

do.        in  Manufaclu-es.         -         5,355 

do.  in  Commerce  .  .  2  473 
Population  to  tiie  square  mje,  203,  includ- 
ing the  large  towns.  , 

Essex,  township  of  Essex  coitvty  Massa- 
chusetts, on  Chebac.-.o  r.ver,  eigii  mile-  N 
E  from  Salem.     Population  in  1820, xio/. 

£ssex,  county  of  New  York,  boundi-i  e 
by  lake  Champlain  ;  S  by  Warren  ;  WSy 
Hamdton,  and  Fr.inklin  ;  an'!  N  by  Ciniton  ; 
length '45;  mean,  width  34;  area  1530 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  nnd  even 
mountainous;  with  a  rocky  and  sterile 
soil  in  general.  Chief  town,  Elizabeth- 
town. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,944 

do.  do.  fem  les  ...  4,530 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  3 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


9,477 


6,481 
6,199 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves        ..... 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        .        - 
do.     do.    females     .        -        - 

Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do..   ,  females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do.    females  .        .        _ 

Total  population  in  1820, 


12,212 
11,883 

758 
1,129 

25,984 


14,423 
14,301 


30.773 


Of  these;  • 
I'r.reigners  not'naturalized  -  433 

Engaged  \n  Agriculture  -        2,844 

do.        in  ilanufactures  -         3,543 

■lo,         in  Commerce       -         -  253 

Poptlation  to  tht  square  mile,  122. 

£ssey,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  NE 
by  Rnpp^Jianntck  river,  SE  by  Middlesex  .- 
SW  by  K'u^  an  Queens  :  and  NW  by 
Caroline.  Ler.gth  28;  mean  width  10; 
area  280  square  miles.  Surface  moderate- 
,  ly  hdly ;  and  ^oil  generally  of  second  rate 
quality.     Chief  town,  "Rappahannock. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,668 

do.  do.     females     -         -         .         1,743 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  306 

Slaves        -        -        -        .        .        5,652 


Total  whites 


■300 


12,780  Total  population  in  1810 


9,376 


E  T  A 


E  R  W 


Population  in  1820. 
^ree  white  males 
do.    do.     females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

do.             do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

males 
females 

1,762 
1,737 

3,499 

180 

184 

3,112 

2,934 

Total  population  in  1820 


9,909 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  2,798 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  571 

do.    in  Commerce             -  34 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  35. 

Esslington,  Port,  sound  on  the  coast  of 
New  Cornwall,  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
North  America.  Lon.  W  C  53  W.  lat.  54 
15  N. 

EsUng,  village  of  Austria,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Danube,  six  English  miles  be- 
low Vienna:  nndered  remarkable  for  a 
battle  fought  on  the  21st  and  22d  of  May, 
1809,  between  the  Firench  and  Austrian 
armies. 

Estachar,  small  town  of  Persia,  in  Ears, 
or  Farsistan,  near  the  ruins  of  Persepolis, 
about  30  miles  NNE  from  Shires.  Lat.  30 
05  N. 

Estramadnra,  province  of  Spain,  17  miles 
in  length,  and  100  in  breadth,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Leon  and  Old  Castile,  on  the  E 
New  Castile,  on  the  S  by  Andalusia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Portugal.  It  abounds  with  corn, 
wine  and/ruits ;  but  the  air  is  bad  for  fo- 
reigners, on  account  of  the  excessive  heat. 
It  now  makes  a  part  of  New  Castile. 

Estramadura,  province  of  Portugal,  ly- 
ing about  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo  ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Beira,  on  the  E  and  S  by 
Alentejo,  and  on  the  VV  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  It  abounds  with  wine,  excellent  . 
oil,  honey,  and  oranges.  Here  the  oran- 
ges were  first  planted  that  were  brought 
from  China,  and  which  are  known  by  the 
name  of  China  oranges.  Lisbon  is  the 
capital. 

Estravayer,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  fine  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  lake  of  Neufchatel.  Lon  6  56 
E.  lat.  46  55  N. 

Estremos,  town  of  Portugal  in  Alentejo, 
divided  into  the  upper  town  and  the  lower. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Terra,  which  falls 
into  the  Tajo,  15  miles  W  of  B.idajoz,  and 
75  E  of  LisDon.  Lon.  7  16  W.  lat.  38  44 
N. 

Eswecen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravaie  ot  Hesse-Cassel,  25  milps  SE  of 
Cassel.     Lon.  10  9  E.  lat.  51  11  N. 

Etain,  town  of  France,  in  the   depart- 


ment of  Meuse  and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  15 
miles  NE  of  Verdun.  Lon.  5  35  E.  lat.  49 
15  N. 

Etampes,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  province 
of  the  isle  of  France,  seated  on  the  river 
Loet  or  Etampes,  which  abounds  with 
crawfish.  It  is  15  miles  E  of  Chartres. 
Lon.  2  10  E.  lai.  48  30  N. 

Etaya,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Agra,  situated  on  a  high 
bank  of  the  .Tumna.  It  is  a  large,  but  very 
wretched  town,  having  but  two  tolerable 
houses.  It  is  62  miles  SE  of  Agra.  Lon. 
79  25  E.  lat.  26  43  N. 

Ethiopia,  name  by  which  a  vast  region  of 
Africa,  ha*  been  distinguished  by  some 
geographers,  who  have  divided  it  into  Up- 
per and  Lower  Ethiopia.  The  first  in- 
cluded the  centrical  part  of  Africa,  under 
the  equinoctial  line.  The  second  contains 
what  is  now  called  Nigriiia  or  Negroland. 

Etienne,  St.  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Forez,  remarkable  for  its  manu" 
fuctures  in  iron  and  steel,  for  the  temper- 
ing of  which,  the  water  of  the  brook  Eu- 
rens,  on  which  it  is  seated  is  extremely 
good.  It  carries  on  likewise  a  considera- 
ble manufacture-of  ribands.  Coal  is  found 
in  its  neighbourhood,  and  also  a  soft  stone 
fit  for  grindstones.  Its  merchandize  is  con- 
veyed to  Paris,  Nantes,  and  Dunkirk,  by 
the  Loire,  which  begins  to  be  navigable  for 
small  barges  at  St.  Lambero.  St.  Etienne 
is  22  miles  SE  of  Fuers,  and  260  S  by  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  4  30  E.  lat.  'i5  22  N. 

Etlingen,  ancient  town  of  Suabia,  of  the 
margravdte  pf  Bader-Dourlach,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Wirim,  and  Entz, 
tiiree  miles  3  uf  Douilach.  Lon.  9  30  E. 
lat.  48  59  N. 

Etna,  Mojint,  volcano  of  Sicily,  now 
called  Gibel  by  the  inhabitants.  It  is  62 
miles  in  circumference  at  the  base,  and 
10,954  feet  in  height.  The  first  eruption 
of  Etna,  on  record,  is  that  mentioned  by 
Diodorus  Siculus,  without  fixing  the  period 
when  it  happened  ;  but  the  second  record- 
ed by  Thucydides,  was  in  the  year  784  B. 
C.  From  this  period  to  the  year  1447, 
there  were  18  more  eruptions.  After  this 
it  ceased  to  emit  fire  near  90  years.  The 
next  was  in  1536  ;  others  followed  in  1537, 
1567,  1603  (which  continued  till  1736,) 
1564  (which  continued  14  years)  1682, 
1686,  1693,  1755,  1763,  1764,  1766,  1780, 
1787,  and  1794.  Of  all  its  erupdons,  that 
of  1763  was  the  most  terrible  ;  it  was  at- 
tended with  an  earthquake  that  overturn- 
ed the  town  of  Catania,  and  buried  18,000 
persons  in  its  rums.  It  is  10  miles  W  of 
Catania. 

Etna,  township  of  Penobscot  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  194. 

Er-ivin  Grant,  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
301 


E  V  E 


£  U  11 


ty,  Massachusetts.  Population  in  1820, 
331. 

EtoUa,  ancient  province  of  Northern 
Greece,  bounded  W  by  Acainynia ;  S  by 
tlie  Ionian  Sea,  and  gulf  of  Corinth  ;  E  by 
the  Locri  Ozolae ;  and  N  by  the  mountains 
of  Thessaly.     It  is  now  southern  Albania. 

£^071,  town  of  Bucks,  sealed  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to  Wind- 
sor. It  is  famous  for  a  school  and  college  ; 
founded  by  Henry  VI.  and  King's  college 
in  Cambridge  admits  no  other  students  for 
fellows  but  what  have  been  brought  up 
here.  It  is  20  miles  W  of  London.  J-on. 
0  36  W.  lat.  50  30  N. 

Etotoah,  river  of  Georgia,  rises  in  the 
Appalachian  mountains,  interlocking  with 
the  sources  of  tiie  Chatahoochee,  and  flow- 
ing SW,  joins  in  Alabama,  the  Oostenalah, 
and  forms  the  Coosa. 

Etncria,  village  in  Staffordshire,  near 
Newcastle.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  the 
potteries  in  this  county,  and  here  the  most 
elegant  vases  of  every  use  and  form  are 
made. 

Ettrick,  river  in  Selkirkshire,  which  rises 
from  the  mountainous  region  in  the  SW, 
and  having  formed  a  junction  with  the 
Yarrow,  their  united  streums  meet  the 
Tweed,  where  that  river .er.ters  Ruxbiirg- 
shire.  From  the  woods,  formerly  on  the 
banks  of  this  river,  tiie  county  obtained 
the  name  of  Ettrick  Forest.  Ettrick 
Banks  are  tlie  subject  of  a  pastoral  Scotch 
ditty. 

Evansham,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Wythe  county,  Virginia,  on  Reed  creek, 
branch  of  Great  Kenhawa,  56  miles  SW 
from  Christiansburg. 

Evansville,  post  town,  Alablima,  in  Mon- 
roe county. 

Eu,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  a  strong  castle,  and  a 
handsome  square.  The  principal  trade  is 
in  serges  and  lace.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 
on  the  river  Brele,  15  miles  NE  of  Dieppe. 
Lon.  1  30  E.  lat.  50  3  N. 

Evaiix,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse  and  late  province  of  Marclie 
20  miles  from  Mount  Lacon.  Lon,  2  35 
E.  lat.  46  13  N. 

Euclid,  post  town  and  townsiiip  of  Cuya- 
hoga county,  Ohio,  eight  miles  NE  from 
Cleveland,  on  tjie  shore  of  lake  Erie.  Po- 
puktion  in  1820,  809. 

Everding,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Austria,  seated  on  the  Danube,  12 
miles  W  of  Lintz,  Lon.  13  46  E.  lat.  48 
19N. 

Evershot,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  12  miles  NW  of  Dor- 
chester, and  129  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
2  55  W.  lat.  50  52  N. 

Evesham,  borough  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  has  a  manu- 
30? 


facture  of  stockings,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia-' 
ment.  It  is  seated  on  a  gradual  ascent 
from  the  Avon,  which  almost  surrounds  it, 
and  over  which  is  a  -^tone  bridge.  It  was 
formerly  noted  for  its  abbey,  and  still  con- 
tains three  parish  churches.  It  gives  name 
to  an  adjacent  vale,  remarkable  for  produc- 
ing plenty  of  corn.  It  is  14miles|SEof 
Worcester,  and  95  N  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  45  W.  lat.  52  4  N. 

Evesham,  township  of  Burlington  county, 
New  Jersey,  situated  eight  mdes  NE  of 
Haddonfield,  and  about  16  miles  E  of  Phil- 
adelphia. 

Eugnbio,  epiocopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Urbiiio,  35  miles  S  of  Urbino, 
and  87  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  37  E,  lat,  43 
18  N. 

Evian,  town  of  Savoy,  in  Ghablais,  on 
the  S  side  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  22  miles 
NE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  fr  50  E.  lat.  46  21 
N. 

Evoli,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ci- 
teriore,"  12  miles  E  of  Salerno.  Lon.  15 
16  E.  ht.  40  46  N. 

Evora,  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  capi- 
tal of  Alentejo,  with  an  archbishop's  see. 
and  a  university.  It  is  seated  in  a  coun- 
try, which,  though  a  little  unequal,  is  very 
pleasant,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  moun- 
tains, and  planted  with  large  trees  of  di- 
vers sorts.  It  is  65  miles  E  by  S  of  Lis- 
bon.    Lon.  7  30  W.  lat.  38  28  N. 

Eiiphemia,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  seated  on  a  bay,  50  miles  NE  of 
Reggio.     Lon.  16  32  E,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Euingsvjlle,  post  village.  Christian  coun- 
ty, Kpntiicky, 

Euphrates,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  ri- 
vers in  the  world,  and  the  principal  of 
Turkey  in  Asia.  It  has  its  rise  near  Erze- 
rum,  in  Armenia,  from  two  sources  on  high 
mountains  covered  with  snow  most  part  of 
the  year.  The  plain  of  Erzerum  is  enclos- 
ed between  these  two  fine  streams,  which, 
when  united,  are  called  the  Euphrates,  or 
the  Frat.  After  this  junction  it  begins  to 
be  navigably  for  boats  ;  but  the  channel  is 
so  rocky,  that  the  navigation-  is  not  safe. 
It  first  divides  Armenia  from  Natolia,  then 
Syria  from  Diarbeck  ;.  after  which  it  runs 
through  Irac-Arabia,  and  receives  the  Ti- 
gris on  the  confines  of  the  Persian  province 
of  Kusistan  ;  it  then  waters  Bussarah,  and 
40  miles  SE  ot  it  enters  the  gulf  of  Persia. 
It  is  also  the  NE  boundary  of  the  great  de- 
sert of  Arabia. 

Eiire,  department  of  France,  which  in- 
cludes part  of  the  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy. 

Eure  and  Lure,  department  of  France 
so  called  from  the  rivers  of  that  name.  It 
contains  the  late  province  of  Beauce,  and 
its  capital  is  Chartres. 


i>   (j    K 


EXE 


Bvreiix,  ancient  town  of  France,  seated 
In  the  department  of  Euie.  It  is  the  capi- 
tal of  Ihe  department,  and  its  cathedral  is  a 
handsome  structure.  The  trade  consists 
in  corn,  linen  and  woollen  cloth  ;  a;vl  it  ;:as 
a  manufacture  of  cotton  velvets,  and  ano- 
ther of  tick.  l\  is  seated  on  thf  river 
Iton,  25  miles  S  of  Rouen,  and  55  XW  of 
Paris      Lon.  1  14  E.  Iat.49  1  N. 

EUROPE,  one  of  thf  four  general  parts 
of  the  world,  bounded  on  th  ■  N  by  the  Fro- 
zen Ocean,  on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean, 
on  the  VV  by  the  Atlantic  and  N  ifther'i 
Ocean,  and  on  the  E  by  \sia.  From  cape 
St.  Vincent  to  the  mouth  of  the  Oby,  it  is 
near  3,6U0  miles  in  length  ;  and  from  cape 
Matapan  in  the  More  a,  to  the  Xor'^  cape 
in  Lapland,  about  2,200  in  breadth.  It  is 
much  less  than  either  Asia  or  Africa,  but 
surpasses  them  in  many  particulars.  It  is 
entirely  within  the  temperate  zone,  ex- 
cept a  small  part  of  Xonvay  and  Rus.ia  ; 
so  that  there  is  neither  the  excessive  heat, 
nor  the  insupportable  cold  of  the  other 
parts  of  the  continent.  It  is  much  more 
populous,  and  better  cultivated,  than 
either  Asia,  or  Africa ;  is  fuller  o;'  villai^'es, 
towns,  and  cities,  and  the  buildings  are 
stronger,  more  elegant  and  commodious. 
The  inhabitants  are  all  whites,  and,  for  the 
most  part,  much  better  made  than  the  Af- 
ricans, or  even  the  Asiatics.  With  regard 
to  arts  and  sciences,  there  is  no  manner  of 
comparison  ;  nor  yet  in  trade,  navigation, 
and  war.  Europe  contains  at  present  the 
Christian  governments  q/  Sweden,  Russia, 
Prussia,  Denmark,  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  Portugal,  Sardinia;  the  two  Sici. 
lies,  the  Popes  dominions ;  and  several  mi- 
nor  states  in  Italy  ;  Austria,  Bavaria,  Wir- 
temberg  and  Saxony,  with  other  minor 
states  of  Germany.  Mahometan  Europe 
embraces  all  Greece,  Epirus,  or  .\lban;a, 
Macedonia,  Thessaly,  Thrace,  Bulgaria, 
Servia  and  Bosnia,  with  part  of  Croatia, 
and  Herzegowina  :  or  briefly,  all  the  con- 
tinent and  most  of  the  islands  of  Europe, 
SE  from  the  Save  and  Danube  rivers. 

The  languages  are  the  Italian,  French, 
Spanish  and  Portuguese,  which  are  dia- 
lects of  the  Latin  ;  the  German,  Flemish, 
Dutch,  Swedish,  Danish  and  English, 
■which  proceed  from  the  Teutonic ;  the 
Sclavonian,  which  reigns  (though  in  dis- 
guise) in  Poland,  Russia,  Bohemia,  and  a 
great  part  of  Turkey  in  Europe;  the  Cel- 
tic, of  which  there  are  dialects  in  Wales, 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  Bre- 
tagne  in  France,  and  Lapland  ;  the  modern 
Greek,  and  several  others.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Danube,  Dniester,  Dnieper, 
Vistula,  Volga,  Dwina,  Bog,  Don,  Scheldt, 
Hhine,  Rhone,  Seine,  Loire,  Garonne, 
Groyne,  Tajo,  Thames,  and  Severn.  The 
principal  lakes  are  those  of  Constance, 
Geneva,   Lausanne,  Wenner,  Ladoga  and 


Onega.  The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps, 
Appcnnines,  and  Pyrenees.  Th--  preval- 
ingreligioa  is  the  Ghri-.tian  divided  into 
Gfeek,  Romish  md  Protestant  churches. 
There  are  a!si  Jews  in  every  country,  and 
Mahometinism  is  the  established  though 
not  general  religion  in  the  Turkish  empire. 

Eustis,  \  ke  .f  the  United  S^cttes  one  qf 
the  source  of  Yellowstone  river  Lon.  W 
C  31  3!  W  lat.  43  N. 

Eniino  Springs,  small  stream  of  South 
Car'iliiia,  flowing  into  the  Santee  rver,  in 
the  NVV  part  of  Charles  on  d  str  ci,  60 
miles  from  Charleston.  Here  September 
8,  17^1,  General  Greene  defeated  the  Bri- 
tish army,  and  terminated  the  revolution- 
ary wa:  1:1  the  southern  states. 

Euxine.     See  Black  Sea 

E'us'atii,  v.  one  of  the  -mallest  of  the 
Leeward  Islands  in  the  W  st  Indies.  1  is 
a  mountain  in  the  form  of  a  suga--loafi 
who-e  lop  is  hollow,  and  lies  t>  the  XW  of 
St.  Chr.stophe-.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Ditch  by  the  English  in  1781;  but  was 
af  erwards  aken  by  the.  F  ench,  nd  re- 
stored to  the  Dutch  in  1783.  Lo..  63  10 
W  iat.  17  29  iN 

Eutim,  town  of  Hols'ein,  with  a  castle, 
where  the  bi  hon  of  Lubec  resides.  It  is 
seveH  m  les  f  om  Lubec. 

•£^ye/,  town  in  Surry,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  seated  on  a  rivulet  v/iiich  emp- 
ties itself  into  the  Tiamcs,  at  Kingston. 
It  is  10  miles  NXE  of  Darking,  and  13  SSE 
of  London.     Lon.  0  15  W.  lat  51  26  N. 

Ex,  river,  which  rises  in  the  forest  of 
Exmoor,  in  Somersetsh  re,  and  after  being 
joined  by  several  httle  streams,  leaver  that 
county  below  Dulverton,  and  r  ms  to  Ti- 
verton, Exeter  and  Topsham.  from  whence 
it  fo'-ms  an  estu'iry,  which'  lerminntes  in 
the  Englisii  Channel,  at  Exmouth,  after  a 
course  of 40  miles. 

Exeter,  capital  city  of  Devonshire,  situa- 
ted on  the  river  Ex,  10  md  s  N  of  the  Bri- 
tish channel.  It  is  large,  populous  and 
vvealtliv,  v.ith  gates,  walls,  and  suburbs; 
the  circumference  of  the  whole  is  about 
three  miles.  Ships  of  burden  formerly 
came  up  to  this  city  ;  but  the  navigation 
was  almost  destroyed  by  Henry  Courtney, 
earl  of  Devon,  and  though  repaired,  could 
not  be  restored  to  its  form<rr  state.  Its 
port,  therefore,  is  at  Topsham,  five  miles 
below.  It  has  13  companies  of  tradesmen, 
a  manufacture  of  serges  and  other  woollen 
goods,  an  extensive  foreign  and  domestic 
commerce,  and  a  share  in  tlie  fisheries  of 
Newfoundland  and  Greenland.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  >ends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  68  miles  SW  of  Bristol, 
and  173  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  33 
W.  lat,  50  44  N 

Exeter,  township  of  Penobscot  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820.  582. 

Exeter,  post  town  and  township  of  Rock- 
203 


F  A  C 


F  A  H 


ingham  county,  New  Hampshire,  on  Exe- 
ter river,  branch  of  Piscataqu  ',  at  tht  h-  ad 
of  tide  water,  15  miles  SW  from  Ports- 
mouth, seated  at  the  fall  of  the  Bxeier  ri- 
ver. The  village  -f  Exeter  has  become 
the  seat  of  numerous  flouris  i  ig  manufac- 
tures, of  wo  lleii  Hntl  cotton  -1  tlis  and  ..Iso 
ordnance  and  small  arms.  Bxt-tT  academy 
is  a  very  respectable  institution,  originally 
founded  by  the  hon.  John  Piillips,  L.  L. 
D.  m  1781.  It  is  supported  by  the  stu- 
dent-, amounting  to  about  80,  and  by 
funds  exceeding  80,000  dollars. 

Exeter,  small  but  Important  river 
of  Mew  Hamjshire,  rising  in  Rocking- 
ham county,  and  flowing  past  Exeter  into 
Great  Bay. 

Expter,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Rhode  Island,  25  miles  StV  from  PrDvi- 
dence.     Population  m  1820,2581. 

Exeter,  po-tiown,  Otsego  county.  New 
York,  10  NVV  from  Cooiierstown.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1430. 

Exeter,  post  town,  Luzerne  county, 
Penns>!vania,  on  the  Susqueliannah  river 
10  iniies  .<bove  Wilkesbarre.  Population 
in   1820,  820. 

Exeter,  township  of  Be'-ks  county,  Penn- 
sylv.mia.  !VB  side  of  Scnuylkill  river,  com- 
mencing abo'it  three  mdes  below  Read- 
ing.    Population  in  1820,  1381, 

Exiter  town  of  New  Hanover  county, 
Norih  Car:>lina,  on  the  ti  fork,  of  cape 
Fear  'iver,  36  miles  a*iove  '^Vilmington. 

Exeter,  town  of  Harrison  county.  In- 
diana. 

Exilles,  strong  fort  oF  France,  now  m  the 
dep  rtment  of  the  Upper  Mps.  hteiy  in  he 
pr:>vi  ce  of  Dauphiny.  It  was  t.iken  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy  in  1708,  but  restored 
by  the  reaty  of  U  recht.  It  is  an  import- 
ant passage,  SIX  miles  W  of  Suza,  and  40 
NE  of  Einbrun. 

Exmoor,  forest  in  Somersetshire,  in  the 
JfiV  rornor  of  that  c  fvity,  extending 
thence  inu)  Devonshire. 

Exmouth,  village  in  Devonshire,  on  the  E 


side  of  the  bay  which  forms  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Ex,  10  miles  S  by  E  of  Exeter.  It 
is  much  frequented  for  the  benefit  of  sea- 
battling. 

Exiima,  lon»  narrow  island  in  the  group 
o'  the  Bahamas.  Lon.  W  C  1  15  E.  lat. 
23  25  N 

Exuma  Sound,  extending  SE  from  Elen- 
thera,  to  Yuma,  and  between  Guanahanni, 
and  Exuma  Keys. 

Exuma  Keys,  long  and  dangerous  reef, 
composed  of  rocks,  sand  banks,  and  small 
islets  stretching  NW  from  Exuma  island 
towards  New  Providence. 

Eye,  borough  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  sends  twa  members  to 
parliament,  and  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle, 
and  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  a  mean 
built  place,  wnh  narrow  streets;  the  chief 
manufacture  is  bonelace  and  spinning.  It 
is  20  miles  N  of  Ipswich,  and  91  NE  of 
London.     Loi.  1  10  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Eye,  river,  which  rises  in  the  NW  of 
Berwickshire,  and  falls  into  the  British 
Ocean  at  Eyem  uth. 

Eyernoutft,  seaport  in  Berwickshire,  at 
the  mou  h  of  tiie  Eye,  for  nerl^'  fortified  to 
curb  tUe  garrison  of  Berwick  from  which 
it  is  fi  stant  nine  miles.  Lon.  1  50  W.  lat* 
55  51  N. 

Eyesdale,  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
\rgyleshire,  to  the  SE  of  Mull.  It  is  noted 
for  its  slate  quarries. 

Eyhiv,  town  of  Prussian  Poland,   about 

30  miles  nearly  S  from  Koningsberg.  Here 
a  s.mguinary  battle- took  place  on  the  8th 
of  February,  18  J7,  between  the  French 
and  Russians. 

Eyndhoveii,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in 
the  d  strict  of  British-le-Duc,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Eynds  and  Dommel,  13  miles 
SE  of  Bois-le  Due.      Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  51 

31  N. 

Eusoch,  river  of  t!ie  bishopric  of  Brixen 
which  waters  the  town  of  that  name,  and 
falls  into  the  Adiere  below  Meran. 


F 


Faaborg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  on  the  S 
coast  of  the  island  of  Funeii.  Lon.  10  16 
E.  lat.  55  12  N. 

Fahius,  post  town  in  Ononcjago  county, 
New  York.  It  is  situated  on  t!ie  hea  i 
springs  of  Chenango  river,  148  miles  W  of 
Albany,  and  contained  in  1820,  2494  inha- 
bitants. 

Fabriano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqui- 
site  of  Ancoiia,  famous  for  its  good  paper. 
It  is  25  miles  NE  of  Foligui.  'Lon.  12  32 
E.  lat.  43  10  N. 

Factories,  post  office,  Hambden  county, 
Massachusetts. 

.304 


Faen:a,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  Romag- 
na,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  famous  for 
fine  earthen  ware,  invented  here  :  and  is 
se.ited  on  the  river  Amona,  12  miles  SW 
of  Ravenna. 

Fahlun,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Da- 
lecarlia,  situate  in  the  midst  of  rocks  and 
hills,  between  the  lakes  of  Run  and  War- 
pen.  It  contains  two  churches,  and  (in- 
cluding the  miners)  7000  inhabitants, 
whose  houses  are  generally  of  wood,  two 
stories  high.  It  is  chiefly  celebrated  for 
its  copper  mine,  which  is  on  the  E  side  of 


h'  A  1 


i'  A  i 


Ibe  town.  It  is;  30  miles  NW  of  Hedemo- 
ra.     Lon.  16  42  E.  lat.  60  34  N. 

Fairblujf,  post  village,  NorJi  Carolina, 
in  Colambus  county. 

Fairfax,  post  town  and  township,  Ken- 
nebec count}-,  Maine,  26  miles  N  from 
Augusta,     Population  in  1820, 1204. 

Fairfax,  post  town  and  township,  Frank- 
lin county,  Vermont,  on  the  river  Lamo- 
elle,  20  miles  NNE  from  Burlingion. 

Fairfax,  county  of  Virginia,  o!)  llie  Poto- 
mac, opposite  the  district  of  Columbia, 
bounded  by  the  Potomac  river  and  District 
of  Columbia  NE,  the  Potomac  river  E; 
Prince  William  SW ;  and  Loudon  NW  ; 
length  25  ;  mean  width  18  ;  area  450 
square  miles;  surface  broken,  and  soil  in 
most  parts  thin  and  sterile.  Cliief  town, 
Centreville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  niales       -        -        -  3,269 

do.  do.  females  -  -  3,357 
All  other  piireons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  543 

Slaves 5,942 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

13,111 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

- 

3,054 

do.  do.    females    - 

3,170 

Total  whites 

6,224 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

males 

261 

do.            do. 

females 

Slaves,  males 

- 

2,353 

do.     females 

- 

2,320 

Total  population  in  1820 


11,404 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  61 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         2,896 

do.        in  Manufuciures  -         -  292 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  44 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24. 

Fairfax,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Culpepper  county,  Virginia,  on  Mountain 
creek,  branch  of  Rappaliannock,  38  miles 
above  Fredericksburg,  and  7s  SW  from 
Washington. 

Fidrfidd,  post  town  and  townsiiip  on  the 
right  s:de  of  the  Ken'iebec  river,  in  the  ex- 
treme south  p:irt  of  Somerset  county, 
Maine.     Population  in  1820,  1609. 

Fair/idd,  post  town  and  township,  Frank- 
lin county,  Verm^iiit,  on  Black  river  a 
branch  of  Missisque  river,  26  miles  NXE 
from  Burlington.  Population  in  1820, 
about  1350. 

Fairfield,  county  of  Connecticut,  on  tiie 
SW  angle  of  that  state  ;  bounded  by  Nev/ 
York  W  ;  Litchfield  N  ;  Nc.-  Haven  NE ; 
and  E;  and  Long  Island  Sound  SE; 
length  35;  mean  width  \7 -.  aica  about 
'^00  ?nna.^e  mile?  >       '  *' '■- 


coimty  is  most  delightftil'y  variegated  by 
hill  and  dale.  The  soil  though  not  gener- 
ally very  fertile,  is  yet  productive,  and 
well  cultivated.  The  shore  along  the 
Sound  is  very  much  indented  by  small 
creeks,  bays  and  inlets,  affording  a  very 
convenient  navigation.  Staples  are  too 
numerous  for  discrimination,  consistiug  of 
a  great  variety  of  articles  suitable  to  the 
New  York  market.  Chief  towns,  Daubury 
and  Fairfield . 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males               -         -  19,895 

do.    do.    females           -         -  19,877 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  1,185 

Slaves 83 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 


40,940 


20,505 
20,852 


Total  whites       ....  41,357 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  .  673 

do.          do.            females  677 

Slaves,  males          .        -        .  10 

do.     females       -        -        -  17 

All  other  free  persons,  except  In- 
dians not  taxed       ...  5 


Total  population  in  1820 


42,739 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  96 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  6,149 

do.         in  Manufactures           -  2,083 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  472 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  71. 

Fairfield,  post  town,  township  and  port 
of  entry,  in  Fairfield  county,  Connecticut, 
of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  on  Long 
Island,  54  miles  NE  from  New  York.  It  is 
a  place  of  considerable  commerce.  It  is 
also  the  seat  of  an  academy,  and  contains 
the  ordinary  buildings  appertaining  to  a 
seat  of  jusdce.  Population  of  the  town- 
siiip in  "1820,  4151.  See  Greenfield  Hill, 
Saugatnck,  Black  Rock,  and  JVIiU-rixer. 

Fuirfidd,  post  tov.m  and  township,  Her- 
kimer co<:nty.  New  York,  on  the  east  side 
of  Wtst  Can  ida  creek,  10  miles  N  from 
Ilerk.mfcr.     Population  in  1820,  2610. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Cumberland  cou7i- 
t}',  New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
1869. 

Fairfield,  townsiiip  of  Crawford  county, 
Pennsylvania,  right  bank  of  French  creek, 
and  south  from  the  township  of  Mead.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  1553. 

Fairfield,  V/estmoreland  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, between  Loyalhannon  and  Con- 
vimaup'h  rivevp.  andi  between  thf^  Caurcl. 


F  A  1 


F  A  1 


600  square  miles.  The  surface  of  this 
Hill  and  Chesnut  ridge.  Population  in 
1820,2685. 

Fairfield,  post  town,  of  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvania,  seven  miles  S^V  by  W  from 
Gettysburg,  and  at  the  foot  of  Jacks  moun- 
tain. 

Fairjeld,  post  village,  Rockbridge  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  12  miles  NE  from  Lexington. 

Falrjield,  district  of  South  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Broad  river  SW  and  W  ;  Ches- 
ter N  ;  Wateree  river  NE  ;  Kershaw  E  ; 
and  Rickland  S  ;  length  30  ;  mean  width 
23  ;  area  690  square  miles.  Surface  mo- 
derately hilly  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Winnisborough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,149 

do.  do.  females  -        -        3,637 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             ...  37 

Slaves 4,034 


Total  population  in  1810  -      11,857 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...         4,770 
do.  do.  females  -        4,608 

Total  whites      -        -        .        -  9  378 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males       .  20 

do.            do.       females   -  28 

Slaves,  males      ....  3,822 

do.  females              -        -        -  3,926 

Total  population  in  1820  -      17,174 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  natur.alized  -  77 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        6,265 

do.        in  Manufactures   -         .  227 

do.        in  Commerce         -         .  30 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  24. 

Fairfield,  post  village,  Columbia  coun- 
ty, Georgia. 

Fairfield,  post  village,  Putnam  county, 
Georgia. 

Fairfield,  post  village,  Neson  county, 
Kentucky. 

Fairfield,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  by 
HockiHg  SE  ;  Pickaway  SW  ,  Franklin 
NW  ;  Licking  N,  and  Pt-rry  E ;  length 
30;  breadth  24  ;  area  540  square  miles. 
The  surface  of  t'lis  county  is  peculiar,  it 
is  mostly  level  hard  soil,  with  abrupt, 
and  comparatively  el  vated  and  precipi- 
tous piles  of  rock  iiiterspersed.  Prairies 
or  barrens  existed  in  the  natural  state  of 
the  country.  The  soil,  though  not  gene- 
rally very  fertile,  is  high,  dry,  and  tole- 
rably well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
grain.    Chiet  town,  Lancaster. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        5,928 

do.    do.    females  -        .'J,398 

306 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves     -        _        -        _        _ 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  .        .        _ 

Free  persons  of  ceSour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  nnales 
do.    females         -        .       . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.    in  Manufactures 

do.    in  Commerce 


35 
0 

11,361 


8,691 
7,920 


16,633 


17 

2,888 

284 

28 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio. ' 

Fairfield,  township  of  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio.    Population  in  18.;0,  1287. 

Fairfield,  township  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Highland  county,  Ohio.  Popula- 
tion in  1823,  2100. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Tuscarawas 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in    1820,  342. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio. 

Fairfield,  post  town,  and  township  of 
Greene  county,  Ohio. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Butler  county, 
Ohio     Population  in  1820.  1867. 

Fairfield,  township  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio,  4  miles  N  from  Newark. 

Fan-ford,  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  The 
church  has  28  lart^e  windows,  curiously 
painted  with  scripture  historit- s,  in  beau- 
tiful colours,  and  designed  by  the  famous 
Albert  Durer  It  is  seated  on  the  Coin, 
25  miles  SE  of  Gloucester,  and  80  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  44  W,  lat.  51 
40  N. 

Fair/iaven,  post  town  of  Vermont,  in 
Rutland  county,  18  miles  W  of  Rutland, 
and  50  N  of  Bennington,  with  about  650 
inhabitants. 

Fairhaven,  township  of  Bri.=itol  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  Acushnet  river  oppo- 
site  Bedford.     Population  in  1820,  2733. 

Fair  Isle,  island  of  the  Northern 
Ocean,  between  Shetland  and  Orkney, 
trom  both  which  its  high  towering  rocks 
are  visible.  On  the  E  side,  the  duke  of 
M.  dina  Sidonia,  admiral  of  the  Spanish 
armada  was  wrecked  in  1588. 

Fairlee,  post  town  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  on  Connecticut  river  opposite 


F  A  1- 


F7A  L 


Oxford,  in  Grafton  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

J'^air/iort,  new  and  flourishing  town,  on 
the  east  bank  ef  Grand  river,  in  Geauga 
county,  Oliio,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
lake  Erie;  and  has  a  tolerable  good 
port,  or  harbour,  for  vessels  usually  navi- 
gating the  lakes.  It  is  32  miles  NE 
from  Cleveland,  and  180  in  the  same  di- 
rection from  Columbus. 

jFair  Tonon,  post  town,  Cumberland 
county,  New  Ji^rsty,  on  Cohanzy  creek, 
4  miles  S  from  Bridgeton,  and  25  SE 
from  Salem. 

Fa'j-valcy  post  village,  Washington 
county,  New  York. 

Fairvieiv,  township,  in  the  extreme 
north  part  of  York  county,  Pennsylvania, 
between  the  Susquehannah  river  and 
Yellow  Breeches  creek.  Population  in 
1820,  1764. 

Fairvieiv,  post  village,  Erie  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth 
of  Walnut  creek,  8  miles  SW  by  W  from 
Erie 

Fairvieiv,  new  town  of  Guernsey 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  road  from  Zanes- 
ville  to  Wheeling,  25  miles  east  from 
Cambridge,  and  adjoining  the  east  line  of 
the  county 

Fainveather,  cape  of  Patagonia,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Gallegos  river,  on  the  At- 
lantic coast.  Lon.  W  C  8  10  E,  lat.  51 
30  S 

FairweatheTy  cape  of  North  America, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  W  C  60  20 
W,  lat.  58  50  N 

Fairweatlier,  Mount,  high  and  re- 
markable isolated  mountain,  12  miles  N 
E  from  Cape  Fair  weather  of  North  A- 
merica. 

Faiaans,  island  in  the  river  Bidassoa, 
■which  separates  France  from  Sp  lin.  it 
is  also  called  the  isle  of  Conference,  he- 
cause  Lewis  XIV.  and  Philip  IV.  here 
swore  to  observe  the  peace  of  the  Pyre- 
nees, in  1660,  after  24  conferences  be- 
tween their  ministers  Here  also  the 
hostages  of  France  and  Spain  are  receiv- 
ed and  delivered  ;  this  being  a  neutral 
island,  the  sole  dominion  of  which  can 
be  claimed  by  neither  kingdom.  It  is 
situated  between  Andaye  and  Fontara- 
bia  Lon.  1  46  \V,  lat.  43  20  N. 
,  Fakenliam,  town  in  Norfolk,  vvith  a 
market  on  Thursday  ;  situated  on  a 
hill,  20  miles  NW  of  Norwich,  and  110 
NNE  of  London.  Lon,  0  58  E,  lat.  52 
53  N. 

Falaise,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Calvadns  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  with  a  cast'e,  and  one  of 
the  finest  towers  in  France.  It  is  re- 
markable for  being  the  birth  place  of 
William  the  Conqueror.    It  has  a  good 


trade  in  serges,  linen,  and  lace ;  and  its 
fair,  which  begins  on  August  16,  is  the 
most  famous  in  France,  next  to  that  of 
Bf  aucare.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ante, 
20  mih  s  SE  ot  Caen,  and  115  W  of 
P,  ris.     L.n  0  2  W.  lat  48  35  N. 

-Fa/Ar^^z^er^^  S'.aport  of  Swt'deii  on  the 
Baltic,  17  niiesNWof  H  Imsladt  Lon. 
12  50  E,  lat   56  52  N, 

Falkenburg  strong  town  of  Gtrmaiiy, 
in  the  new  marche  of  Brandenburg, 
seated  on  the  river  Traje,  60  miles  E  of 
Stetin.     L.in.  15  -iS  E,  lat.  53  :^5  N. 

Falkingham,  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday  18  miles 
W  by  S  of  Boston,  and  104  N  of  London. 
Lon  0  20  W,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Falkirk,  town  in  Stirlingshire,  re- 
markable lor  a  battle  trained  by  Edward 
I,  over  the  Scots,  in  1298,  and  where  the 
high  landers  m  174o  dtfeattd  the  king's 
forces.  It  is  9  mil-  s  S  of  Stirling,  iyjn. 
4  58  W    lat    55  57  N. 

Falkland,  small  town  in  Fifcshire, 
made  a  royal  borough  by  Jairit  s  II.  in 
1458.  It  is  20  milts  N  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon  3  7  W,  lat.  56  18  N 

Falkland  Idands,  near  the  straits  of 
Magellan,  in  S  America,  discovered  by 
Sir  Richard  Hawkins,  in  1594.  Lon.  W 
C  17  E  lat.  52  S. 

Fall  Creek,  small  stream  in  Tompkins 
county.  New  York,  remarkable  lor  a  fine 
cascade  of  6 )  feet,  perpendicular  de- 
scent. 

Falling  Springs,  creek  of  Virginia,  in 
BathC'  unty.  li  is  a  branch  of  Jackson's 
river,  and  ab'tut  25  miles  SW  from  the 
Warm  Springs,  is  precijjitated  on  a  ledge 
of  rockb  of  2uiJ  fef't  pr  rp'.-ndicu!ar  height. 

Falling  Waters  post  village,  Berkeley 
county,  Virj^io'a. 

Falloivfi'-ld  E  and  IV,  tv/o  townships 
of  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania.  They 
are  contiguous,  on  the  W  branch  of  the 
river  Brandywine,  about  40  miles  W  of 
Philadelphia  See  East  Falloivfield,  and 
West  Fal'oivjield. 

Falloivjleld,  townsliip  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Monongahela  river  on  trie  waters  of  Pigon 
cr  ck.     Population  in  1820,  2020. 

Fallowfield,  township,  Crawford  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  sources  of  Big  Beaver 
river,  10  rn  lesSW  from  Meadville.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  742. 

Fall  River,  post  town,  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts. 

Falls,  township  of  P>ficlc  cf)unty,  in  tlie 
Great  Bend  of  Delaware  river,  opposite 
B'lrdentov/n.     Ponnlati  >n  in  182j,  1880. 

Falh,  township  in  Mnskingum  county, 
immediately  wes.  fr;>iii  ZancaVille,  Ohio. 
Poptdatitm  in  1820,  1112. 


J:   A  N 


is  A.  a 


Falls,  township  of  Hocking  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1001. 

Fallsuigton,  village  of  Bucks  coun£y, 
Pennsylvania,  5  miles  SW  from  Trenton. 

Fallsto~Mi,  post  town.  North  Carolina, 
Iredell  county. 

Fah7iouth,  corporate  town  and  seaport 
in  ('ornwall;  situated  where  the  river 
Fale  runs  into  the  English  Channel. 
Tiie  harbour  is  so  extensive  and  commo- 
dious that  ships  of  the  greatest  burden 
come  up  to  the  quay.  It  is  guarded  by 
the  castle  of  Maircs  and  Pendennis,  on 
a  high  rock  at  the  entrance,  and  there  is 
such  excellent  shelter  in  many  creeks 
belonging  to  it  that  the  whole  royal  navy 
might  ride  rafe  here  in  any  wind.  It  is 
268  miles  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  5  2 
W,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Falmoutli,  seaport  town  of  Barnstable 
county,  Ma£S;ichusetts  ;  situated  at  the  S W 
end  ofthe  pe;iinsula  of  Barnstable,  18  m  les 
S  by  W  of  Sandwich,  and  41  S  of  PI)  mouth. 
Populailtn  2370. 

Falmouth,  post  town  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Maine,  iivc  miles  NW  of  Portland. 
Population  in  1820,  1673. 

Fclir.onth,  tov.n  of  Stafford  county,  Vir- 
ginia ;  situated  on  the  N  side  of  the  river 
Rappahannock^  opposite  to  Fredericks- 
burg-, 70  miles  N  of  Richmond,  and  60  S  by 
W  of  Washington. 

FalmoKth,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Pendleton  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  south  fork  of  Licking  river,  30 
miles  south  from  Cincinnati. 

Fake  Bay,  bay  E  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  frequented  during  the  prevalence  of 
the  NW  winds  which  begin  in  May.  Lon. 
18  33  E,  lat.  34  10  S. 

False  Cape,  E  ofthe  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Lon.  18  44  E,  lat.  34  16  S. 

Falster,  little  island  of  Denmark,  near 
the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  between  the 
islands  of  Zealand,  Lapland,  and  Mona. 
Nikoping-  is  the  capital. 

Famagosta,  town  in  the  island  of  Cyprus, 
with  a  Greek  bishop's  see,  and  a  harbour, 
def  nded  by  two  forts.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Turks,  in  1570,  after  a  siege  of  six 
months,  when  they  flayed  the  Veneti:in 
governor  alive  and  murdered  the  inhabi- 
tants, though  they  surrendered  on  hoi^oura- 
ble  terms.  It  is  62  miles  NE  of  Nicosia. 
Lon  35  55  E,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Famart,  town  of  France,  3  miles  S  of 
Valenciennes,  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  where  the  allied  forces  defeated  the 
Prench  in  1793. 

Famine,  Port,  fortress  on  the  NE  coast  of 
the  straits  of  Magellan.  Here  a  Spanish 
garrison  perished  for  want ;  since  which 
it  has  been  neglected.  Lon.  70  20  W,  lat 
55  44  S. 

iFartdnot  town  of  tfaly,  in  the  Modcnese, 
308 


25  miles  S  of  Alodena.    Lon.  11  18  E,  ial . 
44  10  N. 

Fannet,  township  and  post  town,  in 
Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania;  sitUiUedon 
the  W  branch  of  Coneu;ocheagtie  creek, 
betvi'een  Strasburg  and  the  T..scc,iora 
mountain.     It  contains  1747  inhabitants. 

Funo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Ur- 
bino,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Here  is  ^n  an- 
cient triumphal  arch,  handsome  churches, 
and  fine  palaces.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  8  miles  SE  of  Pesaro.  Lon.  13 
5  E,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Fautin,  small  but  populous  kingdom  of 
Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  where 
the  English  and  Dutch  have  forts.  Its 
palm  wine  is  much  better  and  stronger 
than  that  in  other  parts  of  the  coast.  The 
principal  village  has  the  same  name. 

Fareham,  town  in  Hampshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  E  of 
Southampton,  and  74  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Farev-'ell,  Cape,  most  southerly  pro* 
montory  of  Greenland,  at  the  entrunce  o£ 
Davis'  Straits.  Lon.  W  C  34  48  E,  lat.  59 
38  N. 

Farewell,  Cape,  promontory  ofthe  island 
of  New  Zealand.  Lon.  172  41  B,  lat.  40 
37  S. 

Fargeau,  St.  ancient  town  of  France  in 
the  department  of  Yonne,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  with  a  castle  10  miles  SE  of 
P.rairie,  and  82  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  8  E,  lat. 
47  40  N. 

Farley-.Wlls,  post  office,  King  and 
Queen's  county,  Virginia. 

Farlysville,  post  village,  Charlotte  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Farmer,  post  town  Seneca  county,  New- 
York. 

Farmington,  post  town  and  township,  on 
Sandy  river,  in  the  NW  part  of  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  the  village  is  33  NW  from 
Augusta.     Population  in  1820,  1938. 

Farmington,  post  town  and  township, 
Stafford  county,  New  Hampshire,  on  Co- 
cheeho  river;  the  village  26  miles  NW 
from  Portsmouth.  Population  in  1820, 
1716. 

Farmington,  river  of  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut,  rises  in  Berkshire  county  of 
the  former,  and  flowing  SE  into  the  latter 
state,  crosses  Litchfield  and  Hartford  coun- 
ties by  a  very  circuitous  course,  and  falls 
into  Connecticut  river  4  miles  above  Hart- 
ford. 

Farmington,   post  town    and    township, 
Hartford  county,  Connecticut,  9  miles  west-     , 
ward  from  Hartford.    Population  in  1820, 
3042. 

Farmington,  post  town  and  township  of 
Ontario  county.  New  York,  between  Flint 
creek  and  the  outlet  of  Canandaigua  lake, 
S  miles  NE  from  the  village  of  Canandai- 
gua.   Population  in  1820,  4214. 


li-  A  K 


J :  A  \ 


Ohio. 


Favagnana,   small  island, 
"Farmville,  town  on  the  N  side  of  Appo-    comsjass,  on  tlie  W  side  of  Sicily,   with  a 
mat- ox  river,   in   P  ince   Edward  county,    fort.     Lon.  12  23  E,  lat.  08  16  N. 
Virginia,  20  miles  SW   from  Cumberland,        Fnuqiiemont,   or     Valkenburg,    town    of 
and  72  W  by  S  from  Richmond  the  capital    Dutch   Limbui-i^,   on   the   river  Geule,   7 
of  the  state.  mdes  E  of  Maestricht.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat. 

Farnham,  township  of  Bedford  and  Ri-    50  52  N 
chelieu  counties,   Lower  Canada,  on  the        faw^w/ep,  co'inty  of  Virginia;  bounded 
river  a  la  Fonue,  20  miles  SE  from  Mon-    by    Staff"  rd    SE;    Culpepper   SW;    Blue 
treal.  Ridge  nr  Frederick  NW  ;  Li.udon  NE,  and 

Farnham,  post  village,  Richmond  county.  Prince  William  E  ;  lengt.'i  45 ;  mean  width 
Virginia.  16  -,  area  720  square  mdes.     The  face  of 

Farnham,  town  in  Surry,  with  a  market  this  county  is  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill 
on  Thursday.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  dale  and  mountain.  The  soil  partakes  al-o 
wheat  markets  in  England.  It  is  fan.ous  of  tiie  varied  physiognomy,  being  of  al- 
for  hops,  of  which  there  are  mAny   plan-    most  every   variety    of  texture.      Staples 

Chief  town,  Warren- 


gram  and  tobacco, 
ton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  inah  s 

do.     do.    {rm;des 
All  othir  persons  excf  pt  Indians 
not  taxed  -        -        - 


Total  populatior:  in  1810 


tations  round  the  town.  It  is  seated  on 
th  Wye,  12  miles  W  of  Guildford,  and  39 
WSW  of  London.     Lun.  0  46  W,  lat.  51 

16  N. 

Farnham,  post  town  in  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia, distant  159  miles  S  from  the  city  of 
Washington. 

Farn  Islands,  two  groups  of  little  islands  Slaves 
and  rocks,  17  in  number,  lying  opposite  to 
Bamborough  castle  in  Northum  ;erland. 
At  low  water  the  points  of  several  otliers 
are  visible  besides  the  17  just  mentioned. 
The  largest  or  House  Island  is  about  one 
mile  in  compass,  and  has  a  fort  and  light- 
house It  contains  about  six  or  seven  acres 
of  rich  pasture ,  and  the  shore  ab  unds  with 
good  coals  which  are  dug  at  the  ebb  of 
tide. 

Faro,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  on 
the  gulf  of  Cadiz,  v/ith  a  bishop's  see,  20 
mites  SW  of  Tavira  Lon.  7  48  W,  lat.  36 
54  N. 

Faro  of  Messina,  the  strait  between  Italy 
and  Sicily.  It  is  so  named,  from  the  faro, 
or  lighthouse,  on  Cape  Faro,  and  its  vicinity    Foreigners  not  naturalized 


5,999 

4,985 

344 
10,161 

22,689 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

5.702 

do.    do.  females 

- 

5,727 

Total  whites 

. 

11,429 

Free  pf-rsons  of  colour 

ma'es     - 

3u7 

do.         do. 

fema  es 

2U0 

Slaves,  males 

. 

5,803 

dii      females 

- 

5.364 

Total  population  in  1820 
Ofihe>e; 


23,103 


to  Messina. 

Farringdov,  town  in  Berks,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
near  the  Thames,  18  miles  W  of  Oxford  ; 
and  50  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  27  VV, 
lat.  51  44  N. 

Farsistan,  province  of  Persia  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Kerman,  on  the  N  by  Irac 


50 
6,772 
524 
76 


Engaged  in  .Xi^riculture 

do         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  32. 

Fausse  Riviere,  a  lake  of  Louisiani,  in 
Point  Coupee,  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi 
river.  The  banks  of  the  lake  are  high, 
dry  and  arable ;  one  of  the   most    wealthy 


Agemi,  on  the  W  by  Kusistan,  and  on  the       i  .  .    ■    .u      ..  »     •  t-  t,- 

01     ^l        ^c   cTi      ■       r*  ■  r    .1       settlements  in  the  state  is  on  Fausse  Ri- 

S  by  the  gulf  of  Persia.     It  is  very  fertile. 


antl  famous  for  its  excellent  wines  called 
the  Wines  of  Schiras,  the  capital  of  this 
province.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  Perse- 
polis,  perhaps  the  most  magnificent  in  the 
world. 

Fartack,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  at  the 
foot  of  a  cape  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  51 
25  E,  lat.  15  55  N. 

Fate,  township,  Clermont  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1775. 

Fattipoiir,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 


Fawcettstowri,  post  town,  of  Ohio  river,  in 
Colcmbiana  county,  five  miles  below  the 
PcRnsylvania  line,  and  48  miles  by  water 
below  Pittsburg. 

Fatcn,  township  of  York  county,  Penn- 
s\lvania;  situated  on  the  S  side  of  Muddy 
Creek,  and  joining  the  divisional  line  that 
separates  this  state  from  Maryland.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  803. 

Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western 


tbe  province  of  Agra,  where  the  emperors   Islands,    which    suffered    greatly   bv    an 

309 


F  A  \ 


p-arthquake,  in  1764.  Its  capital  is  Villa  de 
Ilorta. 

Fayence,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
tnentof  Var  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
nearthe  river  Biason,  10  miles  W  of  Grasse. 
Lon  6  44  E,  lat.  45  38  N. 

Fayette,  post  town  and  township,  in  Ken- 
nebec county,  Maine.  Population  in  1820, 
824. 

Fayette,  township  of  Seneca  county. 
New  York,  between  Seneca  and  Cayuga 
lakes,  8  miles  BE  from  Geneva.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  3698. 

Fayette,  county  of  Pennsylvania ;  bounded 
SE  by  Allegany  county  in  Maryland ;  S  by 
Preston  and  Monongalia  counties  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  W  by  Monongaliela  river,,  or  Greene 
and  Washington  counties ;  N  by  West- 
moreland, find  E  by  Somerset ;  length  30 , 
breadth  27  ;  area  824  square  miles.  The 
surface  of  this  county  is  generally  broken, 
part  mou'^tamous,  and  every  where  hilly. 
The  soil  upon  the  streams,  and  except 
where  rendered  otherwise  by  rocks,  pro- 
ductive in  grain,  fruit  and  meadow  grasses. 
Staples,  flour,  whiskey,  grain,  salted  pro- 
visions and  iron.  Chief  towns,  BrownsvillCj 
Bridgeport  and  Union. 

Population  in  1810. 

Bree  white  males        ...  12,313 

do.  do.  females  -  -  11,753 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        -        -  590 

Slaves 58 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whte  males 
do.  do.  females 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -         419 


24,714 


-  13,475 

-  12,910 

-  26,385 


do 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


do.       females 


440 
14 
27 


27,285 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  •-  

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  280 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  4,485 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  1,958 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  9Z 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  oo. 

Fayette,  township  in  Allegany  county, 
Pemsylvania,  on  Chartier's  creek,  along 
the  borders  of  Washington  county,  14  miles 
from  Pittsburg,  and  15  from  Washington. 
Population  in  1820,  2000. 

Fayette,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  the 
sources  of  Elkhorn  river ;  bounded  by  Jes- 
samine SE  ;  Woodford  W  ;  Scott  NW^ ; 
Bourbon  NE ;  Clark  E,  and  Madison  or 
Kentucky  river  S  ;  length  22 ;  mean  width 
32;  area  264  square  miles.  Surface  gene- 
"^10 


rally  level,   and  Soil  fertile.    Chief  towii., 
Lexington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -  6,848 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -        6,650 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        .        _  208 

Slaves 7,664 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  n^les 
do.   do.     females    - 


21,370 


6,939 
6,789 


Total  whites       ....  13.728 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  109 

do.              do.       females  139 

Slaves,  males      ....  4,681 

do.    females            -        -        -  4,593 


Total  population  in  1820 


23,250 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  29 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        3,458 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -         1,160 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  169 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  88. 

Fayette,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  S  by 
Highland  ;  SW  by  Clinton,  N W  by  Greene ; 
N  by  Madison  ;  E  by  Pickaway  ;  and  SE 
by  Ross  ;  length  26  ;  mean  width  16 ;  area 
about  420  square  miles.  Surface  mostly 
level,  and  soil  tolerably  fertile.  Chief 
town,  Washington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        .        -         974 

do.     do.    females  -        -         876 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       -       -  4 

Slaves         0 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


1,854 


3,S50 
3,041 


Total  whites    ...        -  6,291 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  12 

do.           do.        females,  13 

Slaves,  males    .        .       -       -  none 

do.    females          -        .       -  none 

Total  population  in  iSSe           -  6,316 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  ^  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  1,793 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  25 

do.    in  Commerce             -  ^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Fayetteville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Cumberland  county,  North  Carolina,  on  the 


V  E  IS 


F  E  R 


right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  vivor,  about  60 
miles  S  from  Raleigh  and  100  NNW  from 
Wilmington,  N  lat.  35  03.  It  stands  at 
the  head  of  boat  navigation,  and  is  the  cen- 
tre of  a  very  extensive  inland  trade,  in 
grain,  flour,  tobacco,  some  cotton,  and  na- 
val stores.  A  branch  of  the  bank  of  the 
United  States  is  located  m  this  place. 

Fayetteville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Tjincoln  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Elk  river,  50  miles  SW  from  Mur- 
freesboro. 

Faystoxuti,  township,  Washington  Ver- 
mont, 17  miles  SW  from  Montpelier. 

Fearing,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  811. 

Fecamp,  ancient  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  ot  Lower  Seine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  Ii  had  lately  a  Bene- 
dictine abbey,  remarkable  for  its  opulence 
and  great  privileges.  The  church  is  one 
of  the  largest  in  France.  Fecamp  is  24 
miles  NE  of  Havre-de-Grace.  Lon.  0  23 
E,  lat.  49  o7  N. 

Federals  burg,  village  of  Caroline  and 
Dorchester  counties,  Maryland,  on  Marshy 
Hope  creek,  20  miles  E  from  Easton. 

Feeding  Hills,  post  office,  Ha-npden 
county,  Massachusetts,  5  miles  W  from 
Wfst  Springfield. 

Feesto-wn,  post  village,  Clermont  county, 
Ohio. 

Feldkirchs,  trading  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  a  c  junty  of  the  same  name,  in 
Tirol.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  111,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  Rhine,  15  mil  s  E  of 
Appenzel      Lon.  9  49  E,  lat  47  10  N. 

Feliciana,     See  JV^^o"  Feliciana. 

Feliaida,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in 
the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  W  of  Lipari. 

Felix,  St.  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  NNW  of  J'lan  Fernandes.  Lon.  86 
W,  lat.  26  S. 

Fellen,  town  in  the  Russian  government 
of  Riga,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
62  miles  SE  of  Revel.  Lon.  24  5  E,  lat.  58 
22  N. 

Felletin,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  and  late  province  of 
Marce,  noted  for  its  manul'acture  of  tapes- 
try. 

Feltri,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Trevisano,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Asona,  40  miles 
N  of  Padua.     Lon.  11  55  E,  lat.  46  3  N. 

Femeren,  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  in 
the  Baltic,  three  miles  from  the  coast  of 
Holstein. 

Fcmme  Osage,  post  town,  St.  Charles' 
county,  Missouri. 

Fenestrelle,  town  and  fort  of  Piedmont, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Vaudois.  It  was  taken 
by  the  duke  of  Savoy,  from  the  French,  in 
1708,  and  ceded  to  him  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht.  It  is  18  miles  W  of  Turiu.  Lon. 
7  21  E,  lat,  45  10  N. 


Fer,  Poinl.  Ait,  the  outer  SE  limit  of  At» 
chafalaya  bay.  Lon.  W  C  14  36  W,  lat. 
29  12  X. 

Fevabad,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Mazanderan, seated  amongthe  mountains 
which  bound  the  Caspian  Sea  to  the  S,  and 
12  miles  from  it.  Shah  Abbas  often  spent 
his  winters  here.  It  is  130  miles  VV  of 
Astrabad.     Lon   53  21  E,  lat.  o7  14  N. 

Ferabad,  town  of  Persia,  two  miles  from 
Ispahan,  and  extending  almost  three  miles 
along  the  banks  of  the  Zenderoud.  It 
was  built  by  Shah  Abbas,  who  brought  the 
Armenians  iiere  from  the  preceding  town, 
after  they  had  revolted  from  the  Turks. 

Ferdinand,  township,  Essex  county,  Ver- 
mont, on  Connecticut  river,  15  m  ies  above 
Lancaster  and  60  NE  from  Montpelier. 

Ferdinand,  township  of  St.  Louis  county, 
Missouri. 

Fere,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  fa- 
mous for  its  powder-mill,  and  sciiool  of 
artillery.  Near  this  town  is  the  castle  of 
St.  Gobin,  famous  for  its  manufacture  of 
fine  plate  glass.  Fere  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Serre  and  t)ise,  2'^  miles  N 
of  Soisons  and  75  NE  of  P^iris.  Lon  3  25 
E   lat.  49  29  N. 

Ferentino  or  Fiorento,  episcopal  town  of 
Italy,  in  Champagna  di  Roma,  seated  on  a 
m'urtain',  44  miles  SE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13 
27  B,  lat.  41  46  N. 

Ferelte,  town  of  Alsace,  in  Germany,  49 
miles  S  of  Strasburgh.  Lon.  7  36  E,  1  it, 
41  50  N. 

Ferguson,  southern  township  of  Centre 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  -u'srces  of 
Spring  and  Penns'  creeks.  Pop. nation  in 
1820,  1189. 

Fergusojis  Ferry,  post  office,  Johnson 
county,  Illinois. 

Fermanagh,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  38  miles  in  length,  and 
23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Done- 
gal and  Tyrone,  on  the  E  by  Tyrone  and 
and  Monaghan,  on  he  S  by  Cavaii  and  Lei- 
trim,  and  on  the  AV  by  Leitrim.  It  contains 
19  parishes,  and  before  the  Irish  Union 
sent  four  members  to  the  Irish  parliament. 
Inniskilling  is  the  capital. 

Fermanagh,  township  in  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  having  the  Shade  mountain 
on  the  N,  and  J'.iniata  river  on  the  S.  The 
inhabitants  in  1820,  2529 

Fermo,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mai'- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  with  an  ardibishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
17  mile.";  SE  of  Macerata.  Lon,  13  50  E, 
lat.  43  7  N. 

Feriiambuco.     See  Pernambuco. 

Fernandina,  sea  port  of  Amelia  Island, 
East  Florida. 

Fernando,  J^foronha,  island  near  the  coast 
of  Brasil,  subject  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon. 
32  33  W,  lat,  3  56  S. 

31! 


!■■  E  Z 


•I    i  G 


Ternando  Po,  an  island  of  Africa,  25  miles 
W  of  the  coast  of  Benin.  It  is  30  miles 
long-,  and  20  broad.  Lon.  3  3  E,  lat.  3  6  N. 
Ferrara,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  ducliy 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  in  an 
agreeable  and  fertile  plain,  watered  by  the 
river  Po,  which  is  a  defence  on  one  side  ; 
and  on  the  other  is  encompassed. 

Ferrier  Point,  cape  of  Mexicc/,  on  the 

Pacific  Ocean.     Lon.  W  C  41,  lat  33  42  N, 

Ferrisburg,  township  of  Addison  count)', 

Vermont,  on  lake  Champlain,  at  the  mouth 

of  Otter  river,  25  miles  S  from  Burlington. 

Feroe  Islands,  cluster  of  twenty -two  small 
islands  in  the  Northern  Ocean,  between  5 
and  8  W  lon.  and  61  and  63  N  lat.  subject 
to  Denmark.  Seventeen  are  habitHble, 
each  of  which  is  a  lofty  mountain,  divided 
from  the  others  by  deep  and  rapid  cur- 
rents. Some  of  them  are  deeply  indented 
with  secure  harbours,  all  of  them  steep, 
and  most  of  them  faced  with  tremendous 
precipices.  They  produce  agate,  jasper, 
and  beautiful  zeolites.  The  surface  con- 
sists of  a  shallow  soil  of  remarkable  fertili- 
ty ;  yielding  plenty  of  barley,  and  fine  grass 
for  sheep.  No  trees  above  the  size  of  a 
juniper,  or  stunted  willow,  will  grow  here  ; 
and  the  only  quadrupeds  are  sheep.  Vast 
quantities  of  sea-fowls  frequent  the  rocks, 
and  the  taking  of  them  furnishes  a  perilous 
employment  for  the  inhabitants.  The  ex- 
ports are  salted  mutton,  tallow,  goose- 
quills,  feathers,  eiderdown,  knit  woollen 
waistcoats,  caps,  and  stockings.  To  the 
S  of  these  islands  is  a  considerable  whirl- 
pool. 

Ferro,  or  Hiero,  the  most  westward  of  the 
Canary  islands,  about  18  miles  m  circum- 
ference. It  is  not  fertile,  but  produces 
some  corn,  sugar,  fruits,  and  legumes.  Lon. 
17  52  W,  lat.  27  47  N. 

Ferrol,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Atlantic.  Its  harbour  is  one  of 
the  best  in  Europe,  for  the  vessels  lie  safe 
from  all  winds ;  and  here  the  Spanish 
squadrons  frequently  rendezvous  in  time 
of  war.  It  is  30  miies  NE  of  Corunna,  and 
65  W  of  Rivades.  Lon.  8  4  W,  lat.  43 
30  N. 

Ferte-Alais,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  isle  of  France,  18  miles  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  27  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Ferte- Bernard,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Sarte  and  late  province  of 
Maine,  seated  on  the  Huisne,  20  miles  NE 
of  Mans.     Lon.  0  39  E,  lat.  48  8  N 

Feversham,  seaport  in  Kent,  on  a  creek 
of  the  Medway,  much  frequented  by  small 
vessels,  nine  miles  W  of  Canterbury,  and 
48  E  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  55  E,  lat.  51 
22  N. 

Fez,  kingdom  of  Barbary,  125  miles  in 
"length  and  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N  bv  the  Medi- 


terranean  Sea,  on  the  E  by"  Algiers,  and  on 
the  S  by  Morocco  and  Tafilet. 

Fez,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  and 
one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Africa.  It  is 
composed  of  three  towns,  called  Beleyde, 
Old  Fez,  and  New  Fe^.  Old  Fez  is  the 
most  considerable,  and  contains  about 
80,000  inhabitants.  Fez  is  160  miles  S  of 
Gibraltar,  and  250  NE  of  Morocco.  Lon. 
5  5  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Fezzan,  kingdom  of  Africa  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Tripoli,  on  the  E  by  deserts  that 
divide  it  from  Egypt,  on  the  S  by  Bornou, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  deserts  of  Zabara, 
lying  between  25  and  30  N  lat.  It  is  an 
extensive  pla^n,  encompassed  by  moun- 
tains, except  to  the  W.  Mourzook  is  tlie 
capital. 

Fiano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Tiber,  15  miles  N 
of  Rome. 

Fianona,  town  of  Venetian  Istria,  seated 
on  the  gulf  of  Carnero,  17  miles  N  of  Pola. 

Fiascone,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  the  chnrch,  noted  for  fine  mus- 
cadine wine.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  Lake  Bolsena,  12  miles  NW  of  Viter- 
bo,     Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  42  34  N 

Ficherulolo,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ferrai-ese,  seated  on  the  Po,  12  miles  W  of 
Ferrara.     Lon.  11  31  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Field's  Mills,  post  office,  Bi'unswick 
couniy,  Virginia. 

Fieranzuolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parme- 
san, 10  miles  SE  of  Placenlia.  Lon.  9  44 
E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Fiezoli,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Florentino,  with  a  bishop's  see,  five  miles 
NE  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  11  E.  lat.  43 
49  N. 

Fifeshire,  county  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  fine 
peninsula,  enclosed  between  the  Forth 
and  the  Tay  rivers,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
the  British  or  German  ocean  ;  on  the  S  by 
tlie  Frith  of  Forth  ;  on  the  AV  by  the  Oc- 
hill-hills,  Kinross  and  Pertlishire  ;  and  on 
the  N  is  divided  from  Forfar  by  the  Tay. 
It  is  about  36  miles  long  from  NE  to  S\V, 
and  about  17  where  broadest.  The  east- 
ern part  is  the  most  level.  The  N  and  S 
parts  are  fruitful  in  corn,  and  the  middle  fit 
for  pasture  The  number  of  towns  is  al- 
most unparalleled  in  an  equal  tract  of 
coast ;  for  the  whole  shore,  from  Crai)  to 
Culross,  about  40  miles,  is  one  continued 
chain  of  towns  and  villages.  Cupar  is  the 
countv-toun.  Population  in  1801,  93,745  : 
in  1811,  101,272  ;  and  in  1821,  114,556. 

Figari,  seaport  of  Corsica,  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  22  miles 
WNW  of  Bonifacio. 

Figeac,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  late  province  of  Querci, 
and  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Seil^,  22  miles 
E  of  Cahors,  and  270  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 
.58  E.  lat  44  32  ^r. 


i  1  \\, 


X'   1  » 


tigueirO'dos-Vinhos,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
listpamadura,  seated  among'  mountains, 
near  the  rivei*  Zizere,  and  remarkable  for 
its  excellent  vineyards.  It  is  22  irales  N  of 
Tomar.     Lon.  7  45  W.  lat.  39  49  N. 

Figxieras,  or  St.  Fernando -de-Figuer as, 
very  strong  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
which  was  taken  by  the  Frencli  in  1"94. 
Lon.  2  46  E.  lat.  42  18  N. 

Fillech,  town  of  Hung.ary,  in  the  county 
of  Xovigrad,  seated  on  the  Ipol,  20  miles 
from  Agria.     Lon.  19  8E.  lat.  48  24  N. 

Final,  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of  Ge- 
noa, with  a  strong  citadel,  two  forts,  and  a 
castle.  It  was  sold  to  tlie  Genoese,  by  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  in  1713.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Mediterranean,  and  is  30  miles 
SW  of  Genoa.     Lon.  8  0  E.  lat.  44  14  N. 

-FiV/afe,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese. 
It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
in  Nov.  ir95.  It  is  seated  on  an  island 
formed  bv  the  river  Panaro,  22  miles  NE 
of  Modena.     Lon.  11  25  E.  lat.  44  26  jV. 

Fincastle,  post  town  and  s-at  of  justice, 
Bottetourt  county,  Virginia,  situated  on 
.the  W  side  of  the  N.  Mountain,  containing 
765  inhabitants,  one  brick  court  house,  one 
presbyterian  and  one  methodist  church  ;  36 
miles  E  from  Lexington  and  192  W  by  N 
from  Richmond. 

'^H Findhom,  fishing  town  in  Miirrayshire,  at 
^tlie  mouth  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  it 
is  a  considerable  town  and  has  a  good  har- 
bour. It  is  17  miles  W  by  N  of  Elgin. 
Lon.  3  40  W.  lat.  57  45  N. 

Findhorn,  river  of  Scotland,  which  has  its 
source  in  Inverness-shire  and  crossing  Nair- 
neshire  and  the  N\V  cornsn-  of  Murray- 
shire,  forms  the  bay  of  Findhorn,  which 
opens  into  tlie  Frith  of  Murray,  at  the 
town  of  the  same  n.ime. 

Finisterre,  Cape,  the  most  western  cape, 
not  only  of  Spain,  but  of  Europe;  It  was 
thought,  by  the  ancients,  to  have  no  coun- 
try beyond  it ;  and  therefore  tiiey  gave  it 
a  name  which  signifies  tlie  end  of  the 
earth.     Lon.  9  17  W.  lut.  42  51  N. 

Finisterre,  department  of  France,  whicli 
includes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagnc.  'Its  name  corresponds  to  the  Eng- 
lish expression,  the  I^and's  End,  it  being 
the  most  westerly  part  of  France.  Quim- 
per  is  the  capital. 

Finland,  recently  one  of  the  five  gene- 
ral divisions  of  Sweden,  but  at  present  a 
province  of  Russia  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
TJothniaand  Lapland,  on  tlie  E  by  Wibtirgh, 
on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Finland,  and  on  the 
W  by  that  of  Bothnia.  It  is  about  200 
•  miles  in  length,  and  as  many  in  breadth. 
It  has  many  lakes,  in  v.'hich  are  several 
islands,  which  are  genei'ally  rocks  or  inac- 
cessible mountains.  It  contains  the  pro- 
vinces of  Finland  Proper,  the  isle  of  (Eland, 
Ostrobothuia,  Tavasteland,  Nylaud,  Savo- 
!as,  and  that  Qart  of  the  fiefs  of  Kvmne 
It  V 


and  Carelia,  which  Sweden  has  prese  rved 
Abo  is  the  capital. 

Fijilai'ville,  post  village.  North  Carolina, 
in  ^lecklenburg  county. 

Ftnleu,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 1967. 

Fnimark,  part  of  Danish  Lapland,  in  the 
government  of  Wardsburgs. 

Fionda,  ancient  Phaselis,  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  W  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Sata- 
lia,  36  miles  S  from  Adalia. 

Fiorenzo,  St.  seaport  of  Corsica,  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  seven  miles  W  of 
Bastia.  It  surrendered  to  the  English  and 
Corsicans,  ;u  1794,  but  has  since  revolted 
from  England.     Lon.  9  20  E.  lat.  42  35  N. 

Fireplace,  post  village,  in  SuS'o'k  county. 
New  York,  about  40  miles  NE  of  New 
York. 

F/.s'ier-ron;  village  about  five  miles  from 
Edinburgh.  It  is  seated  on  the  VV  side  of 
the  month  of  the  river  Eak,  and  has  some 
elegunt  villas  in  its  vicinity. 

Fisldng-creek,  lownsliip  in  Columbia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  which  takes  its  name 
from  a  creek  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  the  E  branch  of 
Susqueiiannah.  The  chief  town  is  Ber- 
wick.    Population  in  1820,  502. 

Fiskardt,  corporate  town  in  Penbroke- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a  mayor,  and  carries  on  a  good 
trade  in  herrings.  It  is  situated  on  a  steep 
clifF,  at  the  influx  of  the  river  Gwaine,  into 
St.  George's  Channel,  vvhicii  here  forms  a 
spacious  bay.  It  is  16  miles  NE  of  St. 
David's,  and  242  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
4  52  W,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Fi.^hkill,  small  river  of  New  York,  rises 
in  Oswego  and  Lewis  countiesi  by  a  num- 
ber of  creeks,  which  flow  into  and  unite 
in  Oneida  county,  and  join  Wood  creek  a 
sliort  distance  aljove  tlie  discharge  of  the 
latter  into  Oneida  Inke. 

Finhkill,  creek  of  'New  Y^'ork,  in  Sarato- 
ga countv,  falls  into  the  Hudson  opposite 
Battenkiil.  It  was  on  this  creek,  that  in 
October  17th,  1777,  that  getieral  Burgoyne 
surrendered  his  army  to  general  Gates. 

Fifshkill,  small  but  important  creek  of 
New  York  in  Ducliess  county,  falls  into 
the  Hudson  opposite  Newburgh. 

Fishkill,  post  town  and  township  of  New- 
York,  in  Duchess  county,  on  Fishkdl 
creek,  ne'ar  its  mouth.  This  is  one  of  the 
best  cultivated,  and  most  thickly  populated 
country  places  in  the  United  States.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  8203. 

Fishkill,  mountains,  is  the  continuation 
of  the  Highlands-  above  Westpoint,  and 
curving  to  the  NE  and  N  stretches  be- 
tween Dur.hcss  and  l^utnam  counties,  and 
thence  through  the  former  towards  the 
SW  angle  of  Massachusetts. 

Fisher's- field,    township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  on  Sunapee  lake, 
discharging  into  Saear  river,   branch  of 
313 


t    L   ti 


Connecticut  and  the  liead  waters  ot  the 
Warner  river,  branch  of  Contoocook  river. 
It  is  through  this  township,  that  a  canal 
has  been  contemplated  to  unite  the  Con- 
necticut and  Merrimac  rivers.  Population 
in  1820,  874.' 

Fisher's  Island,  island  in  the  NE  mouth 
of  Long  Island  Sound,  nearly  opposite 
Stonington  in  Connecticut.  It  is  about 
nine  miles  by  two,  and  forms  part  of  South- 
hold,  in  Siiftblk,  New  York. 

Fisher' s-store,  post  office,  Clarke  county, 
Alabama. 

Fish  River,  Great,  considerable  river  of 
Africa,  which  rises  in  the  unknown  interior 
regions,  divides  Caffaria  from  the  country 
of  the  iiottentotP,  and  falls  into  the  Indian 
Ocean,  in  lat.  30  30  S.  The  deepest  pai'ts 
of  this  river  are  inhabited  by  the  hippopo- 
tamus, and  the  adjacent  woods  by  ele- 
phants, rhinoceroses  and  buffaloes. 

Fistella,  fortified  town  of  Morocco.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  fine 
garments.  It  is  i25  miles  NE  of  Morocco. 
Lon.  5  55  W,  lat.  32  27  N. 

Fitchbiirg,  post  town  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  about  40  miles 
N\V  of  Boston,  and  25  N  of  Worcester. 
Population  in  1820,  1736. 

Fitz-TVilliam,  post  town  in  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  the  line  wliich  divides  this 
stale  from  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
1820,  1167. 

Five  Churches,  episcopal  town  of  Hun- 
gary, 85  miles  S  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  13  E. 
lat."  46  5  N. 

Fium,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
jiarae  in  Egypt.  It  is  very  populous,  and 
ihe  Cophts  have  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are 
many  ruins  of  magnificent  ancient  struc- 
tures ;  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
flax,  linen,  mats  raisins,  and  figs.  The 
province  contains  a  great  number  of  canals 
and  bridges  bui'.t  by  the  ancient  Egyptians. 
The  town  is  seated  on  a  canal,  that  com- 
municates with  the  Nile,  70  miles  SVV  of 
Cairo.     Lon.  39  49  E.  lat.  29  2  N. 

Fiume,  or  St.  Veit,  seaport  of  Austrian 
Istria,  with  a  castle  and  a  good  harbour 
formed  by  the  river  Fimarna,  which  enttrs 
the  bay  of  Carnero,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice. 
It  is  very  populous,  noted  for  wine,  good 
figs,  and  other  fruits  ;  and  the  cathedral  is 
worth  observation.  It  is  37  miles  E  of 
Capo  d'lstria.  Lon.  14  46  E.  lat.  45  40 
N. 

Fagg-Sjiring,  post  office,  Cumberland 
county,  Kentucky 

Flamhorongh  Heady  lofty  promontory  in 
Yorkshire,  wiiose  snow-white  cliffs  serve 
for  a  direction  to  ships.  Its  rocks  are  oc- 
cupied by  innumerable  multitudes  of  sea- 
fowls,  which  fill  the  air  and  ocean  all 
around.  It  is  five  miles  B  of  BurlingtO'i. 
Lon.  0  4  E.  :jit,  54  9  N. 
ol4 


Flanders,  country  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  60  miles  long  and  50  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  German  Ocean 
and  Holland,  E  by  Brabant,  S  by  Hainault 
and  Artois,  and  W  by  Artois  and  the  Ger- 
man ocean.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Scheldt,  Lys,  and  Benders.  It  is  a  level 
country,  fertile  in  grain  and  pastures,  and 
very  populous.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  beautiful  table  linen  and  fine  lace.  It 
was  formerly  divided  into  Dutch,  Austrian 
and  French  Flanders  ;  the  latter  was  com- 
prehended in  the  department  of  Nord,  on 
the  new  divisi/.)n  of  France,  in  1791.  The 
other  two  were  afterwards  annexed  to  that 
country,  and  called  the  departments  of 
Lys  and  Scheldt ;  but  on  the  Bourbons  re- 
ascending  the  throne  of  France,  they  were 
restored. 

Flat  Bush,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
in  King's  county,  Lonf^  Island,  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  '  It  is  situated  five  miles  S 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  163  of  Alba- 
ny. It  is  a  fine  little  village  in  one  street, 
with  an  academy  and  the  ordinary  county 
buildings.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  first 
considerable  field  of  action  beiween  the 
American  troops  under  General  Washing- 
ton, and  the  British  under  General  Howe. 
Population  in  1820,  1027.,  » 

Flat-Lands,  township  of  King's  county. 
Long  Island,  on  New  Y^ork  Bay,  S  from 
Brooklyn.    Population  in  1820,  512. 

Flattery,  Cape,  on  the  W  coast  of  North 
America,  so  named  by  captain  Cook,  who 
discovered  it  in  1788,  because  he  was  dis- 
appointed at  not  finding  a  harbour.  Lon. 
124  57  W.  lat.  48  25  N. 

Flavigni,  town  of  Erance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy.  It  had  before  the  French  re- 
volution a  benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seated 
on  a  moun'ain,  12  miles  E  of  Semur,  and 
140  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  37  E.  lat.  47  26 
N. 

Fleche,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart. 
ment  of  Sarte  and  late  province  of  Maine. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Loire,  22  miles  N 
of  Angers.     Lon.  0  3  W.  lat  47  39  N. 

Fleet,  river  in  K  rcudbrightshire ;  it 
winds  through  a  beau' iful  valley,  skreened 
by  woody  bills,  and  enters  Wigton  Bay,  at 
Gatehouse.  On  the  W  side  of  this  river 
are  the  vestiges  of  a  camp,  a  druidical  cir- 
cle, and  a  vitrified  fort. 

Fleming,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
SW  by  Lickiing  river  or  by  Bath  and  Ni- 
cholus  counties ;  NW  by  Mason ;  NE  by 
Lewis  and  Green  up  E  by  Lawrence  ;  and 
SE  by  Pike  ;  length  35  •  mean  width  16; 
area  560  square  miles.  Surface  rather  un- 
dulating than  hilly  ;  soil  fertile.  Chief 
town,  Flemingsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ,        -        -        4,360 

da.  do.    females    -        -        -       4.021 


T  lu  I 


F  h  O 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 

Slaves        .        -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.    females    ... 

Total  whites       ..... 

Pree  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males      .        ..        .        - 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820    . 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


17 
549 

8,947 


5,574 
5,437 


12,186 

5 

2,960 

406 

16 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  21^. 

Flemimgs,  post  office,  Wayne  county, 
Indiana. 

Flemingsbiirg,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Fleming  county,  Kentucky,  50  miles 
NE  from  Lexington, 

Flemington,  post  town,  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  on  a  branch  of  Rarilon 
river,  23  miles  N  from  Trenton. 

Flendsburg,  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of 
Slesvvick,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a  har- 
bour deep  enough  for  large  shipping.  It 
is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce,  15 
miles  NW  of  Slesvvick.  Lon.  9  4"  E,  lat. 
54  50  N. 

Fletcher,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Vermont,  between  Lamocl  river  and  tlie 
head  of  Black  river,  brancli  of  Missisque 
river,  23  miles  NE  from  Burlington. 

Flcurus,  village  of  ihe  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  the  province  of  Namur,  famous  for 
a  battle  fought  in  its  neiglibourhood  in 
1690,  between  the  French  and  the  allies. 
Here  also  in  June,  1794,  the  Austrians 
made  a  general  attack  on  the  French  posts, 
but  were  repulsed.  It  is  6  miles  NE  of 
Cnarleroy. 

Fleury,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  30  miles  N  of  Chalons.  Lon. 
4  50  E,  lat.  47  13  N. 

File,  or  Vlieland,  island  on  the  coast  of 
Holland,  at  the  middle  of  the  entrance  of 
tlie  Zuider-Zee. 

FUinis'  Fol'k,  post  village,  Caldwell  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  8  or  10  miles  NE  from  Prince- 
ton. 

FUni,  town  in  Flintshire  in  W;^)es,  which 
gives  name  to  the  county,  and  s^^nds  one 
member  to  parliament  ;  but  it  is  a  small 
place,  without  trade,  and  the  ussizes  are 
held  at  Mold.  Here  are  ihe  remains  of  a 
^asHe.  in  which  Richard  Yl.  was  delivered 


into  the  hands  of  his  rival,  afterwards 
Henry  iV.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Dee, 
12  miles  W  by  N  of  Chester,  and  193  NW 
of  London.     Lon.  3  2  VV,  lat.  53  16  N, 

Flintshire,  counly  of  N  Wales,  29  miles 
in  length,  and  12  wiiere  broud'-St ;  bounded 
on  tlie  N  and  NE  by  a  bay,  at  tlie  mouth  of 
the  Dee,  which  divides  it  from  Ciiesiiire  ; 
on  the  NW  by  the  Irish  sea  ;  on  the  E  by 
the  Dee,  which  continues  to  divide  it  from 
Cheshire,  and  on  the  S  and  y\V  from  Den. 
biglisiiiire.  Part  of  Fhntshire  extends  on 
the  E  side  of  tiie  Dee,  ab.iut  nine  iriiles  be- 
tween Cheshire  and  Shropshire.  It  is  divi- 
ded into  five  hundreds  ;  in  whicli  are  two 
market  towns  and  28  parishes.  Population 
in  1801.  39,622;  in  1811,  46,518,  and  in 
1821,  53,784. 

Flint  River.     See  .■Ippalacldcola. 

Flix,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catulonia,  strong 
botli  by  art  and  natni'e.  It  is  built  on  a 
peninsula  in  the  river  Ebro,  where  it  makes 
an  elbow,  which  serves  th.e  town  instead  of 
a  ditch,  and  may  be  conducted  quite  rnind 
it.  Tlie  side  where  t!ie  river  does  not  pass, 
is  covered  by  mountains,  and  defended  by 
a  casile  on  an  eminence;  and  ne;;r  it  is  a 
waterfall.  It  is  20  miles  S  of  Lerida.  Lon. 
0  26  E,  lut.  41  15  N. 

Florence,  capital  of  the  ducliy  of  Tusca- 
ny, and  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Italy.  It 
is  surrounded  on  all  bides  but  one  with 
higli  hills,  which  rise  insensibly,  and  at 
last  join  the  lofty  mountains  called  the  Ap- 
peniiines.  Towards  Pisa,  there  is  a  vast 
plain  of  40  miles  in  length  ;  which  is  £0 
filled  with  villages  and  pleasure-houses, 
that  they  seem  to  be  a  continuation  of  t!ie 
suburbs  of  the  city.  Independent  of  the 
churches  and  palaces  of  Florence,  most  of 
which  are  very  magnificent,  the  architec. 
ture  of  the  houses  in  general  is  in  a  good 
taste  ;  and  the  streeis  are  remarkabiy  clean, 
and  paved  witli  large  broad  stones  chiseled 
so  as  to  prevent  the  liortes  from  sliding. 
The  city  is  divided  into  two  unequal  parts 
by  the  river  Arno,  over  which  there  are 
no  less  than  four  bridc;es  in  sight  of  each 
other.  Florence  is  a  pl.ice  of  some  strength, 
and  contains  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  uni. 
vcrsity.  The  number  of  iiihahitants  is 
calculated  at  80,000.  Florence  is  45  miles 
S  of  Bologna,  and  1  5  NW  of  Rome.  Lon. 
11  15  E,  lat.  43  46  N, 

Florence,  townsliip  of  Oneida  county,  IS 
mi  es  NW  from  Kome.  P.ipulation  in 
1820,  640. 

Florence,  p'.st  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
LaudeiH^iale  county,  Ahiharr.a,  at  the  mouth 
of  Cypress  creek,  lov,er  esti-emity  of  the 
Muscle  shoals  in  Tennessee,  120  miles  SW 
from  .Murfreesboro' andSO  \V  from  Hunts 
ville. 

Floreiit,  St.  t'lwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
panmeni  of  xMaine  and  Loire  and  lale  pro- 
vince of  Anjou.     It  lately  had  a  rich  Bene. 
31-5 


dictine  abbev.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lou--, 
20  miles  WSW  of  Angers,  Lon.  0  56  W, 
iat.  4.7  24  N. 

Florentin,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ot  Yonne  ;  situated  at  t!ie  conflu- 
ence of  the  Armance  and  Armancon,  15 
miles  NE  of  Auxerre,  and  80  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  35  E,  Iat.  48  1  N. 

FloreiUino,  one  of  tlie  three  provinces  of 
Tuscany ;  bounded  on  the.  W  by  the  repub- 
lic of  Lucca  and  the  Modenese,  on  lh«  N 
by  the  Appennincs,  on  tlie  E  by  tiie  duchy 
of  Urbino,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Siennese. 
It  is  a  well  watered  province,  and  very 
fertile.     Florence  is  the  capital. 

Flores,  fertile  island,  one  of  the  Azores, 
so  called  from  the  abundance  of  flowers 
found  upon  it.  Lon.  31  0  W,  Iat.  39  34  N. 
Florida,  country  of  North  America,  600 
miles  long,  and  130  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Georgia,  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  tlie  S  Ijv  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
on  the  W  by  the  Mississippi.  It  is  divided 
into  E  and  W  Florida:  St.  Augustine  the 
capital  of  the  former,  and  Pcnsacola  of  the 
latter. 

:.Iiles 
Florida,  taken  in  its  utmost  extent 
has  a  boundary  from  the  mouth  of 
St.  Mary's  river  to  Cape  S.able  450 

Upon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between 
Cape  Sable  and  the  mouth  of  Per- 
dido  river  .         -         .         .  600 

Up  the  Perdido  bay  and  river  to  N 

Iat.  31 40 

Along    N   Iat.  31   to   Chatahooche 

river  -  -  -  -  -  140 
Down  Chatahooclie  to  the  junction 

of  that  stream,  and  Flint  river  40 

Thence  to  the  source  of  St.  Mary's 

river 140 

Down  St.  Mary's  river  to  the  mouth  80 
Havin.c:  an  entire  outline  of  1490  miles. 
Area  54,000  square  mi!t-s ;  34,560,000  acres, 
between  Iat.  25  and  31  N.  Extending 
through  6  degrees  of  latitude,  considerable 
diversity  of  seasons  must  be  expei'ienced 
in  Florida ;  but  from  the  uniformity  of  the 
general  surface,  the  whole  extent  exliibits 
none  of  those  rapid  transitions  of  seasons 
vi'liich  can  only  arise  from  great  inequality 
of  relative  elevation.  The  interior  of  the 
country  remains  but  imperfectly  known. 
As  far,  however,  as  coiTect  information 
has  been  received,  the  greatest  part  of 
this  large  peninsula,  is  composed  of  a 
very  i:jferior  so;l,  with  exceptions  found 
near,  and  along  the  streams.  The  vegeta- 
ble productions  are  numerous  and  impor- 
tant. Amongst  the  vjluable  cultiv.  ted 
plants,  may  bt  eniimerate.!,  cotton,  sugar 
cane,  rice,  indig),  tobacco,  Indian  corn, 
olive  tree,  peach,  orange,  lime  and  fig  tree. 
It  remains  undetermined,  whether  or  not 
the  coffee  plant  can  be  cultivated  in 
T^orida. 

316: 


i  lorida  was  discovered  in  lo"12,by  Joiin 
Ponce  ue  Leon,  and  named  Florida,  from 
having  been  discovered  on  Palm  Sunday, 
"  Pasqua  Florida."  The  first  civilized 
colony  in  this  country,  was  planted  by  the 
French  in  1562,  under  Francis  Ribault. 
The  French  colony  was  surprised  in  1565, 
and  the  colonists  murdered  by  the  Span- 
iards. St.  Augustine  was  soon  after  found- 
ed, and  the  Spaniards  remained  undisturbed 
possessors,  until  1666,  when  St.  Augustine 
was  taken  and  plundered  by  an  English 
squadron  under  iTohn  Davis.  Pensacola 
was  founded  by  Don  Andre  de  la  Riola,  in 
1699.  The  country  was  frequently  attack- 
ed by  the  French  and  English,  but  con- 
tinued a  Spanish  province  until  1763,  when 
it  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain.  In  1783,  it 
was  again  receded  to  Spain.  On  the  22d 
February,  1719,  by  the  treaty  of  Washing- 
ton, Florida  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the 
United  States.  This  treaty  was  on  the 
24th  October,  1820,  ratified  by  the  Cortes 
and  king  of  Spain  :  and  on  February  22d, 
1821,  ratified  by  the  Congress  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  Florida  is  now  a  territory  of 
the  U.  S.  under  the  first  grade  of  terri- 
torial government; 

Florida,  cape  of  Florida.  Lon.  W  C  2 
40  W,  Iat.  25  40  N. 

Florida,  gulf  of,  channel  between  the 
peninsula  of  Florida  and  the  Bahama 
islands. 

Florida  Stream,  strait  between  Florida 
and  Cuba. 

Florida,  township  of  Berkshire  countj', 
Massachusetts,  30  miles  NNE  from  Lenox. 
Population  in  1820,  43 1. 

Florida,  post  town  in  Orange  county. 
New  York,  about  60  miles  NW  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  on  the  post  road  to  Alban}'. 

Florida,  post  town  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty. New  York,  o5  miles  NW  from  Albanj'. 
Population  in  1820,  2743. 

Florisunt,  post  town,  St.  Louis  county, 
Missouri,  on  Missouri  river  opposite  St. 
Charles,  20  miles  NW  from  St.  Louis, 

Flotz,  town  of  Walachia,  seated  on  the 
Genissa,  near  its  influx  into  tlie  Danube. 

Flour  town,  post  village,  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  12  miles  N  from 
Philadelphia. 

Floviclen,  village  in  Northumberland,  5 
rniles  N  of  Wooler,  fan)ous  for  a  battle 
fonglit  here  by  the  English  and  Scots  in 
1513,  in  which  James  IV.  was  killed  to- 
gether with  the  flower  of  !iis  nobility. 

Floyd,  tovvnship  of  Oneida  county.  New 
York,  6  miles  NE  from  Rome.  Population 
in  1820,  1498. 

Floyd,  extreme  eastern  county  of  Ken- 
tucky; bounded  by  Virginia  NE  and  SE  ; 
Harlan  and  Perry  SW  -,  Pike  NW,  and 
Lawrence  N.  Surface  broken,  hilly,  and 
mountainous.  Soil  varied,  but  generally  of 
middling  quality.      Chief  town,   Preston- 


F  L  U 


i'  O  i) 


burg-.  Length  55;  mean  widtli  46;  area 
3.530.  Pike  county  has  been  formed  out  of 
tlie  N\V  part  of  Floyd.  Both  wire,  by  the 
census  of  1810,  included  in  one  table  by  the 
latter  name. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

Slaves         .... 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Vree  white  males 
do.     do.  females 

Total  whites       ... 
I?ree  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       .        .         - 
do.    females 

'Jotal  population  in  1820, 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
E/ngaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


1,809 
1,561 

0 
115 

3,485 


4,164 
3,703 

r,867 

92 

51 

81 

116 


great  foreign  trade.  It  is  4  miles  SW  ol' 
Middleburg.     Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Flushing,  township  in  Queen's  county. 
New  York ;  situated  about  5  miles  E  of 
New  York.  Population  in  1820,  about 
3,000.  I 

Fhivatina,  considerable  river  of  Vir- 
ginia, which  rises  in  the  Alleghanv  moun- 
tains, and  runs  nearly  an  E  course  till  it 
joins  the  Rivanna  near  Columbia.  The 
united  stream  is  then  called  James'  river. 
The  name  of  Fluvanna  given  to  the  main 
fork  of  James'  river  is  becoming  obsolete. 

Fluvanna,  county  of  Virginia ;  situated  at 
the  fork  of  the  Uivanna  and  Fluvanna 
rivers ;  bounded  SW  by  James'  river ; 
NW  by  Albemarle  ;  NE  by  Louisa,  and  SE 
by  Goochland,  and  the  bend  of  James' 
river,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Rivanna; 
length  23  ;  mean  width  18  ;  area  414  square 
miles.  Surface  beautifully  variegated  by- 
hill  and  dale,  and  well  watered  ;  the  soil  is 
not,  however,  in  general  very  productive. 
Chief  town,  Columbia. 


8,207       Population  in  1810 

,^ree  white  males         ...       1,257 

"do.     do.    females      ...       1,319 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed      .         -         -         .        .  57 

Slaves 2,142 


1 

2.960 

406 

16 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  31 . 

Floyd,  county  of  Indiana,  opposite  Louis- 
ville in  Kentucky  ;  bounded  by  the  Ohio 
river  SE  ;  Harrison  S  and  SW  ;  Washing- 
ton NW  ;  Scott  N,  and  Clarke  NE.  Abo>it 
20  miles  square  ;  area  400  square  miles. 
It  is  a  hilly  and  generally  not  very  fertile 
tract.  Chief  towns,  New  Albany,  and  Jef- 
fersonville.  This  county  was  formed  out 
of  the  SW  part  of  Clarke,  and  the  NE  of 
Harrison  county. 

Population  in  1820. 


4,775 


1,692 
1,683 


Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females     -        -        . 

1,431 
1,276 

Total  whites       -         .         .         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.          do.          females 
Slaves,  males      .         _        .         . 
do.    females           -        _        . 

3,707 

36 

33 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


2,776 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  41 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  570 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  196 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  38 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7  nearly. 

FloycPa,  post  office,  Buckingham  county, 
Virginia. 

FlusUnsf,  strong  and  considerable  sea- 
port of  Dutch  Zealand,  in  the  island  of 
Walcbeven.  with   a  sfood  ftarbour,  and  a 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        ,        - 
do.  do.   females 

Total  whites       -        .        .        _ 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        , 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  72 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Focliabers,  town  in  llanffshire,  seated  on 
a  plain  near  the  river  Spey.  It  is  48  miles 
NW  of  Aberdeen. 

Fo-chan,  village  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Quang-tong.     It  is  12  miles  from  Canton. 

Fochia,  J\'ova,  ancient  Phoceci,  town  of 
Natolia,  on  the  gulf  of  Satalia,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  a  castle.  The  Venetians 
beat  the  Turkish  fleet,  near  this  place,  in 
1650. 

Fodgin,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
seated  near  the  Cerbero,  10  miles  E  of 
Manfredonia, 

Fnrliuar,  town  of  Hungai'v,  seated  on  the 
."17 


6,704 


8 

1,980 

109 


F  O  N 


F  O  1< 


Danube,  opposite  Colocza.     Lon,  19  36  E, 
lat  46  39  N. 

Fogaras,  town  and  castle  of  Transylva- 
nia, on  the  river  Alauta,  30  miles  NE  of 
Hermanstadt.     Lon.  25  25  E,  lat.  45  30  X. 

Foglia,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on  the 
confines  of  Tuscany,  crosses  the  duchy  of 
UrbinOj  and  falls  into  the  g'ulf  of  Venice, 
at  Pcsaro. 

Fogo,    See  Ftiego. 

Fohr,  island  of  Denmark,  near  the  coast 
of  Slei>v>'ick.  It  is  about  12  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Foia,  ancient  town  of  Natolia  on  the  gulf 
of  Smyrna,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  a 
strong  castle,  30  miles  N  of  Smyrna. 

Foin,  Point  Av,  in  St.  Lawrence  river, 
the  first  above  river  a  la  vielle  Galette,  in 
Edwardsburg,  Upper  Canada. 

Foix,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Arriege  and  late  county  of  Foix,  It  is 
seated  on  the  Arriege,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyrenees,  ei^ht  miles  S  of  Paraiers.  Lon. 
132E,  lat.  43  ON. 

Fo'kien,  province  of  China ;  bounded  on 
the  2\'^  by  Tche-kiange,  on  the  W  by  Kiang- 
si,  on  the  S  by  Quang-tong,  and  on  the^ 
by  the  Chinese  Sea.  They  have  all  com- 
modities in  common  Vvith  tlie  rest  of  China ; 
but  more  particularly  musk,  precious  stones, 
quicksilver,  silk,  hempencloth,  calico,  iron, 
and  all  sorts  of  utensils  wrought  to  the 
greatest  perfection.  From  other  countries 
they  have  cloves,  cinnamon,  pepper,  san- 
dal-wood, amber,  coral,  and  many  other 
things.  The  capital  city  is  Foutcheon  Fou. 
It  contains  nine  cities  of  the  first,  and  sixty 
of  the  third  class. 

FoUgni,  episcopal  and  trading  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Umbria,  remarkable 
i'ov  its  sweetmeats,  paper-mills,  silk-manu- 
factures, and  fairs.  It  is  seated  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  mountain  near  a  fertile  plain, 
69  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24  E,  lat. 
42  48  N. 

Folkstoiie,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday.  It  was  once  a  flourishing 
place,  containing  five  churches,  which  are 
now  reduced  to  one,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing.  It  is  a 
member  of  the  port  of  Dover,  governed  by 
a  mayor,  and  is  seated  on  the  English 
•Channel,  eight  miles  SW  of  Dover,  and  72 
E  by  S  oPLondon.  Lon.  1  14  E,  lat.  51 
5  N. 

Fond  du  Lac,  or  St.  Louis,  enters  the  S 
W  extremity  of  lake  Superior.  This  river 
forms  one  of  the  most  direct  channels  of 
inter-communication  between  lake  Supe- 
rior and  Upper  Mississippi. 

Fondi,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora  It  is  seated  on  a  fertik-  plam, 
but  in  a  bad  air.,  near  a  lake  of  its  own 
name,  42  miles  NW  of  Capua,  and  50  SE 
of  Rome,  Lon,  13  24  E,  lat.  41  22  N. 
Fmt-taianir.foii,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
.318 


vince  of  Chen- si.  Its  district  covins  3 
cities  of  the  second  and  third  class.  It  is 
495  miles  SW  of  Peking. 

Fong-yang.fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, which  hangs  over  the  Yellow  River. 
It  is  70  miles  NE  of  Nanking. 

Fontainbleau,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  isle  of  France,  remarkable  for 
its  fine  palace,  where  the  kings  of  France 
used  to  lodge,  when  hunting.  It  stands  in 
the  midst  of  a  forest,  35  miles  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  47  E,  lat.  48  25N, 

Fontaine  VEveque,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  North  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Hainault,  near  the  river  Sambre, 
three  miles  W  of  Charlerov.  Lon.  4  18  E, 
lat.  SO  23  N. 

Fontarabia,  seaport  of  Spain,  ancient 
Ocaso,  in  Bisca)-,  seated  on  a  peninsula  in 
the  baj'-  of  Bisca}',  and  on  the  river  Bida. 
soa.  It  is  well  fortified  both  by  nature  and 
art ;  has  a  good  harbour,  though  dry  at 
low  water;  and  is  suiTounded  on  the  land 
side  by  the  Pyrenean  mountains.  It  is  a 
very  important  place,  being  accounted  the 
key  of  Spain  on  that  side.  It  surrendered 
to  the  French  arms  in  1794.  It  is  22  miles 
SW  of  Bayonne,  and  62  E  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
1  33  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Fontenai,  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy.  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Auxerre. 
Lon.  3  48  E,  lat.  47  28  N, 

Fontenai-le-Comte,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee  and  late  province  of 
Poitou.  it  has  a  woollen  manufacture,  and 
its  fair  is  famous  for  cattle,  particularly  for 
mules.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vendee,  near 
the  bay  of  Biscay,  25  miles  NE  of  Rochelle. 
Lon.  0  55  W,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Fonte7ioii,\i\lsige  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands  in  Hainault,  remarkable  for  a 
battle  between  the  allies  and  the  French, 
in  1745,  in  wliichthe  former  were  defeat- 
ed.   It  is  four  miles  SW  from  Tournay. 

Fontexirault,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou.  It  is  nine  mi!es  SE  of 
Saumur,  and  160  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  0 
E.  lat.  47  9  N. 

Forbes,  Grant,  large  tract  of  land  in  Flo- 
rids,  embracing  the  delta  of  the  Appala- 
chicola  riv'T. 

Ford'sfeiTi/,  post  office,  Marion  county, 
Mississippi,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Pearl 
river,  about  75  niiles  N  Ivom  New  Orleans. 
Forcalquier,  town  of  Frar.ce  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  .\lps,  and  late 
province  of  Priivence,  S'  au-d  on  a  bill  by 
the  river  Li^-e,  20  mles  NE  of  Aix.  Lon. 
5  48  E.  lat.  43  58  N. 

Forchain,  strong  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Bumberg,  with  a  fine  arse- 
nal.    It  was  taken  I)v  the  French  in  1796, 


r  o  R 


t   O  Li 


who  were  afterwards  compelled  ti  aband- 
on it.  It  is  seated  o»  til?  Rediiitz,  18 
milci  S  by  E  of  Bamber^^.  Lon  11  12  E. 
lat,  49  44. 

Fordham,  township  in  West  Chester 
coanty,  New  York,  containing  about  200 
inhabitants, 

Fordingbridge,  town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a  market  on  S:itard.<v,  seated  on  the  Avon, 
20  miles  WSW  of  Winchester,  and  87  W 
bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  49  W.  lat.  50  56 
N. 

Fordnn,  small  village  of  Scotland,  in  Kin- 
cardineshire. 

Fordwich,  member  of  the  port  of  Sand- 
wich, ill  Ke  it,  seated  or.  the  river  Stoiir, 
and  governed  by  a  miyor.  It  is  noted  for 
excellent  trouls,  and  is  three  miles  NE  of 
Canterbury,  and  eight  W  of  Sandwich. 

Foreland,  South,  vemsLrk&hle  point  of  Up- 
per Canada,  projecting  into  lake  Eric,  and 
usually  called  Point  Pelc.  It  lies  opposite 
to  Huron  county  in  the  state  of  Ohio. 

Foreland,  JVortk,  promontory  which  is 
the  NE  point  of  the  Isle  of  Tiianet,  in 
Kent.  It  is  also  the  snost  soiUheni  part  of 
the  port  of  London,  which  is  thence  ex- 
tended N,  in  a  right  line,  to  the  point, 
called  the  Nase,  in  Essex,  and  forms  what 
is  properly  called  the'  mouUi  of  the 
Thames.  Here  is  a  round  brick  tower, 
near  80  feet  high,  erectedjjy  the  Trinity 
House,  for  a  seamark. 

Foreland,  South,  headland,  forming  the 
E  point  of  the  Kentish  coast,  and  called 
South,  in  respect  to  its  bearing  from  the 
other  Foreland,  which  is  about  six  miles  to 
the  N.  Between  these  two  capes,  is  the 
noted  road,  called  the  Downs,  to  which 
they  afford  a  great  security. 

Forest  Towns,  four  towns  of  Suabia,  ly- 
ing along  the  Rhine,  and  the  confines  of 
Swisserland,  at  tiie  entrance  of  the  Black 
Forest.  Their  names  are  Waldschut,  Lauf- 
fenburg,  Seckingen  and  Rheinfelden ;  and 
they  are  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria. 

Foret,  Isle  an.     See  Gage's  Island. 

Foresterton,  village  of  Burlington  county, 
New  Jersey,  15  miles  E  from  Philadelphia. 

Forez,  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  W  by  Auvergne,  on  the  S  by  Velay  and 
the  Vivarais,  on  the  E  by  the  Lyonois,  and 
on  the  N  by  Burgundy  and  the  Bourbon- 
nois.  It  is  watered  by  the  Loire,  and  se- 
veral other  streams,  and  several  mines  of 
coal  and  iron.  It  is  now  included  with  the 
Lyonois,  in  the  department  of  Rhone  and 
Loire." 

Forfar,  borough  of  Scotland,  and  capital 
of  the  county  of  the  same  name.  It  stands 
on  the  valley  of  Strathmore  lliat  runs  from 
Perth  NE  to  the  sea.  Its  principal  manu- 
facture is  osnaburgs,  it  is  20  miles  W  of 
Montrose.    Lon.  2  54  W.  lat  5&  35  N. 

Forfarshire,  or  ^lugjtsshira,  county  of 
Scothnd,  bounded  N  by   Aberdeen,  and 


Kincardine ;  E  by  the  German  Ocean  ;  S 
by  the  Frith  of  Tay  ;  and  W  by  Perth'; 
are:i  977  square  miles.  St  iples  gr 'in,  fi^h, 
and  linsrid  Pi.puiation  in  1801,  99,127; 
1811,  107,264  ;  and  in  1821, 113,430. 

Forges,  town  of  France,  m  th_-  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  remirkable  for  its  mineral 
wa'ers.  It  is  60  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon, 
0  40  E  la;.  49  38  N. 

Forli,  ancient  town  of  Romagnia,  capital 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  Tlie  public  structures  are 
very  handsome,  and  it  is  seated  in  ;-  fertile 
and  healthy  country,  10  miles  SE  of  F;»xe- 
na,  and  40  NE  of  Florence,  Lon.  11 44  B. 
lat   44  16  N. 

Formosa,  island  in  the  Chinese  Sea,  90 
miles  E  of  Canton,  lying  between  119  and 
122  E  lon.  and  22  and  25  N  lat.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  Chinese,  who,  notwithstanding 
its  proximity,  did  not  kno  v  of  its  existence 
till  the  year  1430.  Tai-quang  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Formosa,  river  of^western  Africa,  falling 
into  the  gulf  of  Benin.  According  to  M. 
Reichardt,  it  is  the  outlet  of  the  Niger. 

Forres,  town  in  Murrayshire,  seated  on 
an  eminence,  close  to  a  rivulet,  it  is  a  small 
well  built  town  pleasantly  situated,  two 
miles  to  the  E  of  the  river  Findhorn.  For- 
res manufactures  some  linen  and  sewing 
thread,  and  is  15  miles  W  of  Elgin. 

Fort  Amanda,  Allen  county,  Ohio,  50 
miles  NE  from  Greenville. 

Fort  jinne,  post  town  and  township,  NW 
part  of  Washington  county.  New  York. 
The  village  seated  near  Old  Fort  Anne,  is 
on  Wood  creek,  at  t'le  northern  extremity 
of  the  Hudson  and  Champlain  canal.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  2911. 

Fort  Armstroiig,  military  establishment  of 
the  United  States,  on  Rock  Island  in  the 
Mississippi,  about  two  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Rock  river. 

Fort  Bro~^n,  Paulding  county,  Ohio,  16 
miles  S  from  Fort  Defiance. 

Fort  Broxvn,  at  the  head  of  Greene  Bay, 
of  lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  left  bank  of 
Fox  river.  Lon.  WC  10  30  W.  lat.  44  18 
N. 

Fort  Carlos,  on  a  small  island  in  the 
mouth  of  the  bay  of  Maraca\'bo,  20  mile.^ 
NE  from  Maracaybo. 

Fort  Chippexvayan,  one  of  the  British 
posts  on  Athapescow  lake,  25  miles  NE 
from  the  mouth  of  Elk  river.  Lon.  W  G 
33  AV.  lat.  58  N. 

Fort  Churchill,  on  the  W  coast  of  Hud- 
son's bay  at  the  mouth  of  Churchdls  river. 
Lon.  WC  17  45  W.  lat.  58  50  N. 

Fort  Claiborne,  post  town,  Monroe  coun- 
ty, Alabama,  on  the  left  bank  of  Alabama 
river,  at  the  head  of  Schooner  navigation, 
60  miles  above  the  junction  of  Tombigbee 
and  Alabama, 

:319 


1    O  K 


I'   O  li 


Fort  Clarke,  on  the  right  bank  of  Illinois 
river,  by  compHrativ  courses  about  250 
miles  ab:)ve  i'.s  mouth.  Lon.  W  C  12  15 
W.  lat.  40  35  N.  .j^ 

Fort  Crawfj^'d,  on  the  point  ml^  by  he 
confluence  oi  the  Missi-sippi  and  Ouiscon- 
sin  rivers,  an  iah'  ut  five  miles  above  their 
junction,  in  Prairie  da  Chien.  A  f  r  irade 
settlemeit  was  made  at  tiiis  place  hy  tiie 
French  when  ui  p..ssession  of  Cjii:ida  a  id 
about  5uOoitne  descendants  of  tae  origi- 
nal col  ny  :eniain.  It  is  a  very  impor'ant 
frontier  static ■,  ^nd  trading  r  stablisliment. 
Lon.  ^\  C  13  5.j  W,  l-i.  43  05  N. 

Fort  Coulonge,  Lower  Canada,  170  miles 
NW  \   v;  f-oni  Montreal. 

Fort  D'larboni,  Un  ted  States  fort,  about 
half  mile  TDni  lake  Miciiigan,  on  the  ri.^ht 
bank  of  Ch'.cag)  river.  Lon.  W  C  10  35 
W.  kt  41  43'    .. 

Fort  D.]fiance,  post  town  of  Paulding 
county,  Ohio,  at  the  confluence  o"  the 
Anglaize  and  Muunee  r.vers,  16  miles  SW 
from  Fort  Meigs. 

Fort  Diimmer.     S^e  Hinsdale. 

Forteventura,  one  of  the  Canar}'^  Islands, 
65  miles  in  lengih,  and  of  a  very  irregular 
breadth,  consisting  of  two  peninsulas  join- 
ed by  an  isthmus  12  miles  in  breadth.  It 
produces  plenty  of  wheat,  barley,  beeves, 
and  goats.     Lon.  14  26  W  lat.  28  4  N. 

Fort  Edward,  (formerly  a  C'lusiderable 
British  fortress)  now  a  post  town  of  W  .sli- 
ington  c  lunty,  Xew  York;  situated  on  tlie 
E  side  of  Hudson  river,  50  miles  N  fr:)m 
Albany.  The  New  York  northern  canal 
enters  Hudson  river  at  this  place. 

Fort  Ferree,  station  so  called,  at  Upper 
Sandusky,  40  miles  south,  or  up  the  nver, 
from  fort  Stephenson 

Fort  Finlcy,  small  post  on  tiie  military 
route  from  Urbana  to  fort  Meigs,  Ohio,  20 
miles  N  from  fort  Necessity. 

Fort  Gadsden,  Florida,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Chatahooche  river,  near  the  point  where 
that  stream  spreads  into  several  channels. 
Lon.  W  C  7  25  W,  lat.  33  15  N. 

Fort  Eric.     See  Ihie  Fort 

Fort  George,  town,  and  military  post, 
Lincoln  county,  Upper  Canada,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Niagara  river,  about  half  a  mile 
above  its  mouth. 

Fort  George,  Warren  county.  New  York, 
at  the  extreme  S  end  of  lake  George,  60 
]niles  N  from  Albany. 

Fort  Gratiot,  on  the  right  bank  of  St. 
Clair  river,  near  its  outlet  from  lake  Hu- 
jon. 

Fort  Greenville,  military  post  erected  dur- 
ing the  early  settlement  of  Ohio.  Here 
was  concluded  the  celebrated  Indian  trea- 
ty in  the  year  1795,  commonly  called  the 
treaty  of  Greenville.  A  village  has  since 
gradually  grown  up  in  its  vicinity,  called 
by  the  same  name,  which  is  now  the  seat 
of  justice  for  Dark  countv. 
290. 


Fort  Ha'.'ri.son,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus'« 
tice,  Vigo  county.  Indiana,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  >Vabish,  70  miles  above  Vincennes. 

Fort  Haiokins,  post  town,  .Tones  county, 
Ge:)rgia,  -^n  the  leit  bank  of  the  Oakmul- 
gee  river,  33  miles  SW  by  W  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Fort  Hoiaard.  See  Fort  Brovin,  of  Green 
Bay. 

Forth,  one  of  the  most  noble  and  com- 
modious rivers  in  Scotland.  It  takes  its 
ri-ic  near  the  bottom  of  Lomond  hills  ;  and 
running  from  E  to  W  receives  in  its  pas. 
s.ige  m":ny  considerable  streams,  deriving 
their  waiers  from  the  eminences  in  th;-  mid- 
land  counties  of  North  Britain.  There  is 
a  co-n!n'in.cat'on  between  tnis  river  and 
tiie  Clyde,  by  a  canal  35  miles  in  length. 

Fort  Independence,  on  Castle  Island,  Bos- 
ton H  rrjour. 

Fort  Jackson,  Montgomery  county,  Ala- 
bama, in  the  fork  between  Coosa,  and  Tal- 
lapoosa rivers. 

Fort  James,  Wayne  county,  Georgia,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Alatamaha  river,  10  miles 
below  the  junction  of  Oconee  and  Oakmul- . 
gee  rivers.  ,  -    . 

Fort  Jefferson,  Drake  county,  Ohio,  abovfl^jT. 
six  miles  S  from  Greenville.  r    ,  .  - 

Fort  Jennings,  SE  angle  of  Putnam  coun- 
ty, Ohi  ■,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Au  Glaize 
river,  32  miles  Sfrom  Fort  Defiance. 

Fort  Laivre7ice,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Flint  nver,  31  miles  SW  from  Fort  Haw- 
kins, 65  miles  W  from  ivf^ledgeville. 

Fort  Loramie,  NW  angle  of  Shelby 
couniy  Ohio,  30  miles  NW  from  Green- 
ville.    Lon.  W  C  7  15  W.  lat.  40  16  N. 

Fort  Louis,  or  Vanban,  important  fort- 
ress of  France  on  the  Rhine,  18  miles  be- 
low Strsburg. 

Fort  M' Arthur,  Hardin  county,  Ohio,  on 
the  nglit  bank  of'  Sciota  river,  65  miles 
NNW  from  Columbus. 

Fort  Maiden,  stood  on  the  left  bank  of 
Dtroit  river,  half  mile  above  the  village  of 
Amherstburg,  Upper  Canada.  The  fort 
has  been  abandoned  since  the  conclusion 
of  the  last  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States. 

Fort  Massac,  Pope  county,  Illinois,  on 
the  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  38  miles  above 
its  mouth. 

Fort  Meigs,  post  town.  Wood  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  rig  it  bank  of  the  Jlaumee, 
80  miles  S  W  from  Detroit. 

Fort  Michell,  or  Co-meta,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Chatahooche  river,  where  ti)e  road 
passes  from  Milledgeville,  to  New  Or- 
leans, about  100  miles  SW  by  W  from 
Milledgeville. 

Fort  Montgomery,  Mobile  county,  Ala- 
bama, 12  miles  NNE  from  Fort  Stod- 
dert. 

FiD-t  Moose,  9.i  the  mouth  of  Moose  ri- 


]b  o  s 


F  O  U 


ver,  into  James'  Bay  of  Hudson's  Bay. 
Lon.  VV  C  3  40  W.  lat.  51  30  N. 

Fort  Pickermg,  Shelby  county,  Tennes- 
see at  Kickisan  Blufi",  below  the  mouth  of 
Wolf  river.     See  J\Temphis. 

Fort  liecoverif,  Mercer  countj',  Ohio,  (m 
a  brancli  of  Wabash  river,  23  miles  NNW 
from  Greenville. 

Fortrose,  borough  in  Ross-shire,  situated 
on  the  Frith  of  Murray,,  nearly  opposite 
Fort  George,  and  nine  miles  W  of  Inver- 
ness. 

ForC  Royal,  see  port  of  the  south  side  of 
Martinico.    Lon.  W  C  16  E.  lat.  14  34  N. 

Fort  St.  Clair,  Preble  county,  Ohio, 
quarter  of  a  mile  S  from  Eaton. 

Fort  Kt.  David,  British  establishment  in 
Hindoostan,  C&romandel  coast,  and  in  the 
Camatie,  15  miles  SSW  from  Pondicherry. 
Lon.  79  57  E.  lat.  11   46  N. 

Fort  Si.  George,  at  Madrass. 

Fort  Sa}ita  Cruz,  citadel  of  the  city  of 
Rio  Janeiro,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  l$ia- 
zil.  It  stands  upon  a  lofty  mass  of  Granite 
rocks,  and  commands  the  entrance  into  the 
harbour. 

Fort  St.  Jean  de  Uloa,  on  a  rocky  island 
at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  of  Vera  Cru?, 
Intendancy  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Fort  St.  Julian,  o:\  tiie  point  N  side  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Tagus  Portugal. 

Fort  St.  Marks,  Vlovida,  on  St.  Marks  ri- 
ver, 20  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Fort  St.  jyfaiy,  Allen  county,  Ohio,  en 
St.  Mary's  river,  12  miles  S  from  Fort 
Amanda. 

Fort  St.  Philip,  post  oflicc,  and  import- 
ant militaiy  establishnient  of  the  United 
Slates,  on  the  left  bank  ot  tiie  Mississippi, 
at  tl'.e  Plaquemine  bend,  70  miles  below 
New  Orleans. 

Fort  St.  Sieplieiia.    See  St.  Stephens. 

Fort  Stanwix.     See   Rome. 

Fort  Stephenson,  Sandusky  county,  Ohio, 
18  miles  above  its  mouth. 

Fort  Siodderl,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Baldwin  county,  Alabama  :  at  the 
junction  of  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  ri- 
vers. 

Fort  Stother,  St.  Clair  county,  Alabama, 
on  the  right  oank  of  Coosa  river,  20  miles 
SE  from  St.  ClairsviUe. 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  at  the  junction  of 
St.  Mary's  and  Maumee  rivers. 

Fort  Williams,  Alabama,  on  the  E  side  of 
the  Coosa,  in  the  country  of  the  Upper 
Creeks,  about  60  miles  above  Fort  Jack- 
son. 

Fortescue,  bay  in  the  straits  of  Magellan. 
Lon.  W  C  3  38  E.  lat.  53  40  S. 

Fortune,  bay  in  the  S  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, enclosed  by  Miquelon  island,  and 
Point  May.  Lon.  W  0  21  40  E.  lat.  47 
N. 

Fossano,  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  with 
a  bishop's  see>  seated  on  the  Sture,  10 
Ss 


miles  NE  of  Com,  and  27  SE  of  Pignerol. 
Lon   7  56  E.  lat.  44  45  N. 

Fossombrone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
o '  Urbino,  \\'\(\\  a  bishop's  see ;  seated  near 
rfie  river  Metro,  16  miles  SW  of  Pesaro, 
and  12  SE  of  Urbino.  Lon.  12  48  E.  lat. 
43  40 N. 

•  Foster,  township  of  Providence  county, 
Rhode  Island,  15  miles  W  from  Providence. 
Population  in  1820,  2900. 

Foster'' s  ferry,  post  office,  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey. 

Fothcringay,  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
nine  miles  S  of  Stamford,  near  the  river 
Nen.  It  is  noted  for  the  ruins  of  the  cas- 
tle where  Richard  III.  was  born,  and  where 
Mary,  queen  of  Scotland,  was  beheaded. 

Folheringay,  post  village,  Montgomery 
cofcmty,  Virginia. 

Foueanlt,  seigniory,  Bedford  county. 
Lower  Canada,  between  Mississque  bay, 
the  northern  lioundary  of  the  United 
States,  and  Richelieu  river. 

Foue,  ancient  town  of  Lower  Egypt, 
seated  on  the  Nile,  25  miles  S  of  Rosetto, 
and  40  E  of  Alexandria.  Lon,  31  15  E. 
lat.  31  12  N. 

Fougeres,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  with  an  ancient  castle. 
It  is  stated  on  the  Coesnom,  25  miles  NE  of 
Rennes,  and  150  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  13 
W.  lat.  48  22  N. 

Foulksto-arn,  small  post  town  of  Colum- 
biana county,  Ohio. 

Foxdsham,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  16  miles  NW  of  Norwich, 
and  111  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  7  E.  lat. 
52  5\  N. 

Fonlweather,  cape  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  NW  from  Cannaveral 
bay.     Lon.  W  C  47  30  W.  lat.  44  55  N. 

Fourche  azi  Cado,  branch  of  Washitau 
river,  entering  from  the  left.  It  rises  be- 
tween Waschitau  proper,  and  Little  Mis- 
souri. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of  the.  See  Wald- 
sttetter  Sea. 

Four  Cornel's^  post  village,  Lincoln  coun- 
t}',  Maine. 

Four  Corners,  post  village,  Oswego 
county,  New  York,  14  miles  W  from  Ilot- 
terdaim. 

Four  mile  branch,  post  village,  Barnwell 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Fourneanx  Island,  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  143  2  W,  lat. 
17  11  S. 

Fourness,  in  Lyonsdale  Lancashire,  is  a 
tract,  between  the  Kent,  Leven,  and  Dud- 
den-Sands  which  runs  N  parallel  with  the 
W  sides  of  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land :  and  on  the  S  runs  out  into  the  sea  as 
a  promontory. 

Fou-tcheoufuu,  city  of  China,  in  Fokien ; 
one  of  the  most  considerable  in  that  prc- 
321 


¥  R  A 


F  R  A 


vince,  on  account  of  its  trade,  the  conven- 
ience of  its  rivers  and  port,  the  number  of 
its  literati,  and  the  magnificence  of  i\s 
principal  bridge,  which  has  more  than  100 
arches  constructed  of  white  stone,  and  or- 
n;tmented  with  a  double  b  dustrade  It  is 
the  residence  of  a  viceroy,  has  under  its 
jurisdiction  nine  cities  of  the  third  class^^^ 
and  is  360  tiiltj  NE  of  Canton 

Fo-zvey,  borougii  and  seaport  in  Corn- 
wall, wi'h  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  32 
miles  SW  of  Launceston,  and  240  W  by  S 
of  London.     Lon.  4  35  W.  lat.  50  19  N. 

Foiuey,  river  in  Cornwall,  which  rises  in 
the  NE  part,  pa'^ses  by  Lestwithiel,  and 
enters  the  English  Channe'.  at  Fowey. 

Fo-zvleness,  island  en  the  coast  of  Essex, 
formerly  subject  to  inundations,  till  by  the 
Dutcli  art  of  draining  it  has  become  good 
land. 

Fo-wler,  post  town  and  township,  St. 
Lawrence  county,  New  York.  Population 
in  18C0,  605. 

Fo-vler,  tov.'nship  of  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio,  12  m\\fT  NE  from  Warren.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,125. 

Foxbororigh,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Wading  creek, 
a  branch  of  Taunton  river,  about  25  miles 
S  of' Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  estimat- 
ed at  1000. 

Fox,  Cape,  Pacific  coast  of  North  Ame- 
rica.    Lat.  54  45  N. 

Foxcreft,  township  of  Penobscot  county, 
Maine,  between  Piscataquis,  and  Sebec 
rivers,  40  miles  NNW  from  Bangos.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  211. 

Fox  Islands.     See  Mentian  Islandn. 

Fox  river.  This  fine  and  very  import- 
ant stream  rises  to  the  NW  from  Green 
Bay  interlocking  with  the  souJces  of  Ouis- 
cousin.  Both  streams,  in  the  higher  part 
of  their  course,  flow  nearly  south,  upwards 
of  200  rniies ;  thev  the'i  approach  within 
one  and  a  half  miles  of  each  other,  and 
thence  turn ;  the  Ouisconsin  SW,  and  Fox 
river  NE.  The  portage  from  the  Fox  to 
Ouisconsin  is  one  of  those  singular  situa- 
tions, which  the  interior  of  America  affords, 
where  nature  seems  to  have  made  prepa- 
ration for  the  operations  of  human  inter- 
course. The  intervening  ground  is  level 
prairie,  over  which  at  time  of  high  flood 
loaded  canoes  are  easily  navigated.  Fox 
river  flows  by  a  gentle  course  as  far  as  the 
narrows,  through  a  range  of  highland  pass- 
ing W  off  lake  Michigan.  Relow  this 
rocky  pass  it  expands  into  Winnebago  lake, 
from  which  it  again  issues  by  a  course 
nearly  N  to  Green  bay,  which  it  enters  at 
Fort  Brown.  Tiie  entire  comparative 
course  of  Fox  river  is  about  300  miles. 

Fraga,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with 

a  castle.     Alphonso  VII.  king  of  Arragon, 

was  killed  here  by  the   Moors,  in  1134, 

when  he  besieged  this  town.    It  is  46  miles 

322 


E  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0  28  E.  lat.  48  46  K, 
Framingliam,  post  town  and  township  of 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  between 
Sherborn  and  Marlborough.  20  miles  SW 
of  Boston.     Population  in  1820,  2037. 

Framli7igham,  town  in  Suflblk  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  30  miles  E  of 
Bury,  and  87  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  26 
E.  lat.  52  25  N. 

Frampton,  township  of  Dorchester  and 
Hertford  counties,  Lower  Canada,  between 
Cranbourne,  and  lailiet,  30  miles  SE  from 
Quebec. 

France,  country  of  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  English  channel  and  the 
Austrian  Netherlands ;  on  the  E  by  Ger- 
many, and  the  Alps,  which  separate  it 
from  Swisserland,  Savoy,  and  Piedmont ; 
on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and 
Spain,  from  which  kingdom  it  is  divided 
by  the  Pyrenees ;  and  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  From  the  Pyrenees  in 
the  S,  to  Dunkirk  in  the  N,  its  extent  is 
625  miles ;  and  something  more  from 
the  most  easterly  part  of  Alsace  to  the 
most  western  point  of  Bretagne,  which 
province,  it  must  be  observed,  extends 
above  100  miles  further  into  the  Ocean 
than  any  other  part  of  the  country. 
At  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire, 
this  country,  then  called  Gaul,  was  in- 
vaded by  the  Franks,  (a  people  who  in- 
habited the  borders  of  the  Rhine)  and 
entirely  subdued  by  them,  under  the 
conduct  of  their  leader,  or  king.  Clevis. 
Their  kings  were  always  of  the  same 
family,  that  of  Clovis;  The  kingly  go- 
vernment of  France  continued  from 
Clovis,  who  established  himself  at  Sois- 
snns,  in  the  year  486,  till  Hugh  Capet 
obtained  the  crown  in  987 ;  and  whose 
descendants  are  now  on  the  throne. 
There  is  no  country  of  Europe  more 
beautiful,  or  more  agreeable  to  live  in 
than  France  ;  the  air  in  general  is  pure 
and  wholesome,  and  the  change  of  sea- 
sons is  less  inconvenient  than  in  almost 
any  other.  It  is  not  subject  to  such  se- 
vere cold  as  Germany,  nor  to  the  vio- 
lent heat  of  Italy  and  Spain.  In  the 
southern  parts  the  winters  are  indeed 
sharp,  but  of  short  duration.  The  sea- 
sons are  more  regular  than  in  England. 
The  soil,  diversified  by  mountains  and 
plains,  is  watered  by  a  great  number  of 
large  and  small  rivers,  which  serve  at 
once  1:0  fertilize  the  country,  and  con- 
vey merchandise  from  one  extremity  of 
the  nation  to  tlie  other.  The  industry 
of  the  inhabitants,  joined  to  its  natural 
advantages,  render  it  one  of  the  most 
fertile  countries  in  Europe.  It  abounds 
in  corn,  legumes,  fruit,  wines,  oil,  pas- 
ture, hemp,  and  flax,  sufficient  for  its 
"own  inhabitants,    and   much  to  spare. 


F  li  A 


F  R  A 


Here  are  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  cop- 
per;  there  are  likewise  some  of  silver 
and  gold,  but  the  last  are  not  rich  enough 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  working.  The 
chief  productions  of  France  are  wines, 
as  Champagne,  Burgundy,  claret,  &c. 
brandy,  vinegar,  fruit,  such  as  prunes 
and  prunelloes,  dried  grapes,  pears,  ap- 
ples, oranges,  and  olives  ;  corn,  salt, 
hemp,  flax,  silk,  resin,  oil,  soap,  cork, 
kid-skins,  perfumes,  drugs,  8j;c.  The 
manufactures  are  silks,  such  as  lubtrings, 
modes,  brocades,  velvets,  &c.  woollen 
cloth,  linen,  coarse  and  fine  lace,  paper, 
china,  of  exquisite  beauty  and  fineness, 
soap,  &.C.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Seine,  Loire,  Rhone,  and  Gironde  ;  and 
there  are  many  others  which  gave  name 
to  the  departments  in  the  new  geogra- 
phical division  of  this  country.  The 
most  considerable  mountains  are  the 
Alps,  Pyrenees,  Cevennes,  and  Vosges. 
France  was  an  absolute  monarchy  under 
her  kings,  from  the  time  of  Clovis  to  the 
death  of  Lewis  XVI.  in  1793.  It  was 
divided  into  several  military  govern- 
ments or  provinces ;  namely,  Alsace, 
Angoumois,  Anjou,  A.rmagnac,  Artois, 
Aunis,  Auvergne,  Barrois,  Basques, 
Beam,  Berry,  Bigorre,  Blasois,  Bou- 
lonnois,  Bourbonnois,  Bresse,  Bretagne, 
Burgundy,  Cambresis,  Champagne,  Cou- 
serans,  Dauphiny,  Forez,  Foix,  Franche 
Comte,  French  Flanders,  Gascony,  Ge- 
vaudan,  Guienne,  French  Hainault,  Isle 
of  France,  Languednc,  Llmosin,  Lor- 
rain,  Lyonois,  Marche,  Maine,  Marsan, 
Navarre,  Nivernois,  Normandy,  Orlea- 
nois,  Perehe,  Perigord,  Picardy,  Poitou, 
Provence,  Quercy,  Rouergue,  Rousillon, 
Saintongue,  Soissonois,  Touraine,  Velay, 
and  Vermandois.  These  varied  much 
from  each  other  in  point  of  extent  and 
importance,  and  there  were  others  of 
still  inferior  consideration.  The  estab- 
lished religion  was  the  Roman  catholic  ; 
and  the  ecclesiastical  division  of  the 
country  was  into  18  archl/ishoprics  and 
113  episcopal  sees,  exclusive  of  Avig- 
non, Carpentras,  Caivaillon,  and  Vaison, 
which  belonged  to  the  pope.  But  in 
1789,  a  wonderful  revolution  took  place. 
The  deranged  state  of  the  finances  of  the 
country  had  induced  Louis  XVI  to  con- 
voke, first  an  assembly  of  the  notables, 
and  next  (on  theinefiFcctual  result  of  their 
deliberations)  the  states  general,  which 
had  not  been  assembled  since  1614.  They 
consisted  of  three  orders ;  the  nobility, 
the  clergy,  and  the  commons.  The  last 
•were  double  the  number  of  the  other 
two  orders  when  united  ;  and  when  the 
states  assembled,  on  the  5th  of  May,  at 
Versailles,  a  contest  arose,  whether  the 
three  orders  should  make  three  distinct 


houses,  or  but  one  assembly.  The  com- 
mons insisted  upon  the  latter,  and,  as- 
suming the  title  of  the  National  Assem- 
bly, declared,  that  they  were  competent 
to  proceed  to  business,  without  the  con- 
currence of  the  two  other  orders,  if  they, 
refused  to  join  them.  The  nobility  and 
clergy  found  it  expedient  to  concede  the 
point,  and  they  all  met  in  one  hall.  In 
the  mean  time,  Paris  was  encircled  by 
50,000  men,  with  the  apparent  view  cf 
coercing  that  city,  if  necessary.  Not- 
withstanding this,  on  the  removal  of  the 
popular  minister,  M.  Neckar,  in  July,  a 
dreadful  insurrection  ensued,  on  the 
14th  of  that  month,  in  Paris ;  the  mili- 
tary refused  to  fire  upon  the  people ;  the 
Bastile  %vas  taken  by  the  citizens,  and 
the  governor  and  some  others  v/ere  be- 
headed. On  the  17ih  the  king  visited 
the  Hotel  de  Ville  in  Paris,  and  surren- 
dered himself  to  his  people.  The  na- 
tional assembly  now  proceeded  to  the 
most  extraordinary  measures :  they  abol- 
ished nobility,  and  the  whole  feudal  sys- 
tem ;  confiscated  the  possessions  of  the 
clergy ;  rendering  them  dependent  on  a 
public  allowance  ;  and  suppressed  all  the 
religious  houses.  The  monarchy  itself, 
divested  of  its  formidable  prerogatives, 
became  one  of  the  most  limited  in  Eu- 
rope. In  October,  in  consequence  of  a 
dreadful  riot  at  Versailles,  the  king,  the 
royal  family,  and  the  national  assembly, 
removed  to  Paris.  The  king  was  now, 
in  fact,  a  state  prisoner,  treated  with 
the  formalities  appendant  to  royalty,  but 
watched  in  all  his  motions.  From  this 
situation  he  attempted  to  escape,  in 
june  1791,  v/ith  the  queen,  his  sister,  the 
dauphin,  and  his  daugiiter;  but  they 
were  arrested  at  V^arennes,  and  con- 
ducted back  to  Pan's,  Such,  how^ever, 
was  then  the  moderation  of  the  popular 
party,  that  the  national  ass-  nil)ly  admit- 
ted tlie  king's  apologetical  explanation 
of  his  conduct,  and  even  declared  his  per- 
son inviolable.  This  was  one  of  the  ar- 
ticles of  the  new  constitution,  which  they 
completed  soon  after,  and  it  was  accept- 
ed by  the  king  in  September,  when  a 
new  national  assembly  v/as  elected.  In 
April  1792,  the  king  went  to  the  national 
assembly,  and  proposed  to  them  to  de- 
clare war  against  the  king  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia.  War  was  accordingly 
declared  ;  but  the  king  was  suspectecl  of 
acting  in  concert  vvith  the  enemy,  and 
with  the  emigrant  jjrinces,  who  were  in 
arms  against  their  country.  In  August, 
the  mayor  of  Paris  appeared  Ijefore  the 
national  assembly,  and  demanded  the 
deposition  of  the  king.  Before  they 
could  deliberate  on  this  demand,  a  dread- 
ful insurrection  ensued  ;  the  Thuil^erirs 


[•   R  A 


J--  li  A 


(the  royal  residence)  was  attacked ;  tlie 
Swiss  guards  were  massacred ;  and  the 
king  and  royal  family  took  refuge  in  the 
national  assembly  That  body  instantly 
decreed  the  suspension  of  royalty,  and 
the  convocation  of  a  national  convention. 
The  king  and  his  family  were  conveyed 
to  the  Temple,  and  there  kept  in  close 
confinement.  The  convention  met  on 
the  21st  of  September,  and  instantly  de- 
creed the  formation  of  a  republic.  la 
December,  they  decreed,  that  the  king 
should  be  tried  before  them.  'I"he  trial 
accordingly  took  place  ;  and  this  tribunal 
(notwithstanding  the  constitution  had  de- 
creed his  person  inviolable)  condemned 
the  unfortunate  monarch,  who  was  be- 
headed, in  the  Place  d<;  la  Revolution, 
lately  the  Place  de  Lovis  XV.  on  the 
21st  of  January  1793.  All  Europe  ex- 
claimed against  the  injustice  and  cruelty 
of  this  proceeding.  Powers,  hitherto 
neutral,  were  eager  to  take  part  in  the 
war  ;  and  the  new  republic,  in  addition 
to  the  arms  of  Austria,  Prussia,  Sardinia, 
and  the  empire,  had  to  encounter  the 
combination  of  Great  Britain,  Spain,  and 
Holland.  The  queen  did  not  long  sur- 
vive her  consort :  being  tried  and  con- 
demned by  the  revolutionary  tribunal, 
she  was  executed  in  the  same  place,  on 
the  16th  of  October.  Her  fate  was  a 
prelude  to  that  of  the  king's  sister,  who 
■was  also  beheaded  in  the  same  place,  on 
the  10th  of  May  1794.  The  dauphin 
and  his  sister  remained  in  confinement ; 
where  the  former  became  diseased  with 
swellings,  and  he  died  on  the  8th  of 
June  1795 :  the  princess  was  taken  the 
December  following  to  a  place,  near 
Basil,  on  the  confines  of  Germ.any,  where 
she  was  exchanged  for  some  French 
deputies,  who  had  been  some  time  pris- 
oners to  the  emperor.  Various  factions 
successively  seized  the  helm  of  govern- 
ment, and,  in  their  turn,  were  over- 
thrown ;  the  prisons  were  crowded  in 
every  part  of  the  republic ;  the  scafiToids 
streamed,  almost  incessantly,  with  blood; 
and  many  of  the  most  popular  patriots, 
and  of  those  who  had  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  king,  perished  on  the  scaf- 
fold, or  in  exile  and  misery  ;  while  in- 
surrections, proscriptions,  and  massacres, 
became,  in  a  manner,  only  common  oc- 
currences. By  the  conclusion,  however, 
of  the  year  1794,  this  reign  of  despotism 
and  terror  gave  place  to  a  more  moder- 
ate system  :  and  although,  at  one  period 
the  shutting  up  of  churches,  and  the  for- 
mation of  anew  calendar  (by  which  the 
year  was  divided  into  decades  instead  of 
weeks)  indicated  open  hostility  to  thr- 
christian  religion  ;  the  convention  found 
it  necessary,  at  last,  to  conform  so  far  to 
324 


the  prejudices  of  the  people  as  to  declare 
publicly  their  acknowledgment  of  a  Su- 
preme Being,  and  of  tlie  immortality  of 
the  soul,  and  to  permit  again  the  exer- 
cise of  religious  worship ;  abolishing, 
however,  all  clerical  distinctions,  and 
leaving  the  whole  maintenance  of  the 
ministers  to  the  benevolence  of  the  peo- 
ple. With  respect  to  the  war,  it  may 
be  sufficient  to  state,  in  general,  that 
after  four  campaigns,  in  which  great  re- 
verses of  fortune  were  experienced,  the 
French  nation  before  the  conclusion  of 
1795,  were  in  the  entire  possession  of 
Savoy,  and  of  the  Austrian  and  Dutch 
Netherlands;  and  had  made  such  pro- 
gress in  Holland,  Spain,  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, as  to  procure  a  peace  with  Prus- 
sia and  Spain,  and  form  an  alliance  with 
Holland.  Their  eommerce,  however, 
was  ruined  ;  and  their  finances  were  sup- 
ported by  a  vast  emission  of  compulsive 
paper  currency,  and  by  plunder  and  con- 
fiscation :  their  armies  nevertheless 
fought  with  ardour,  and  in  1796,  under 
general  Bonaparte,  subduied  the  whole  of 
Lombardy ;  and,  after  the  capture  of 
Mantua,  penetrated  through  the  Tyrol, 
and  threatened  the  city  of  Vienna,  that 
the  emperor  commenced  a  negotiation 
for  peace.  In  the  mean  time,  the  French 
turned  their  arms  against  Venice,  which 
government  they  revolutionized;  and  at 
the  conclusion  ot' the  treaty  of  peace  with 
the  emperor  of  Germany,  signed  at 
Campo  Formio,  Oct.  17, 1797,  they  ceded 
the  city  and  the  greater  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory to  Austria.  In  the  beginning  of 
1798,  a  congress  of  deputies  from  the 
states  of  Germany  met  at  Rastadt,  to 
negotiate  a  peace  for  the  empire,  with 
French  plenipotentiaries  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  which  came  to  no  final 
adjustment :  but  during  its  continuance 
the  French  obtained  possession  of  Mentz, 
forced  Ebrenbreitstein  to  surrender  by  a 
blockade,  and  sent  general  Bonaparte 
with  a  formidable  army  into  Egypt ;  the 
emperor  of  Germany  formed  an  alliance 
with  Russia;  the  Turks  declared  against 
France,  on  account  of  the  invasion  of 
Egypt;  and  the  flames  of  war,  which  had 
been  for  a  time  suppressed,  burst  forth 
■with  redoubled  fury.  The  French  re- 
monstrated to  the  emperor  of  Germany 
on  the  march  of  the  Russian  troops,  and 
receiving  no  satisfactory  answer,  passed 
the  Rhine,  under  general  Jourdan,  on 
March  5,  1799.  Hostilities  were  at  the 
same  time  commenced  by  the  French 
troops  in  the  Grison  country,  where  they 
gained  several  advantages  ;  but  on 
March  25,  the  army  under  Jourdan  suf- 
fered a  complete  defeat  by  the  archduke 
Charles,  near  Stockach,  and  was  com- 


F  R  A 


F  K  A 


peiled  to  recross  the  Rhine.  The  Rus- 
sian troops,  under  general  Suw  arrow, 
soon  after  joined  the  Austrian  army  in 
Italy,  of  which  that  general  to^k  the 
command.  The  success  of  the  allied 
armies  Avere  so  rapid  and  decisive,  that 
by  the  end  of  Aut!;ust  the  French  were 
almost  entirely  driven  out  both  of  Italy 
and  Switzerland.  But  in  the  iatter  a 
reverse  of  fortune  took  place  ;  for  the  re- 
publican armies  having  been  greatly  re- 
eiiforced,  general  Massena,  on  Sept.  25, 
at  Zurich,  totally  defeated  the  Austro- 
Russian  army,  under  general  Hotze,  who 
was  killed  :  general  Suwarrow,  who  had 
entered  the  country  from  Italy,  finding 
it  impossible  to  join  his  oefeated  allies, 
retreated  over  the  mountains  into  Ger- 
many ;  and  soon  afterward  the  Russian 
troops  were  ordered  home.  The  affairs 
of  the  republic  in  Egypt  appeared  not 
prosperous,  and  general  Bonaparte,  hav- 
ing found  means  to  escape  thence,  arri- 
ved at  Paris  in  October.  He  found  the 
authority  of  the  directory  was  greatly 
weakened  ;  and  this  one  man,  aided  by 
the  bayonets  of  a  few  soldiers,  affected 
another  revolution  on  the  10th  of  No- 
vember, by  which  the  directory  was 
abolished,  and  three  consuls  appointed 
to  govern  the  republic.  A  new  consti- 
tution was  afterward  formed,  in  which 
the  whole  of  the  executive  and  almost 
all  other  power  was  vested  in  the  first 
consul,  general  Bonaparte.  In  April, 
1800,  the  campaign  m  Italy  commenced, 
and  for  the  most  part,  with  loss  to  the 
French,  till  June  14,  when  Bonaparte, 
who  had  recently  arrived,  gained  a  de- 
cisive victory  over  the  Austrians,  at  Ma- 
rengo, which  reinstated  them  in  the  full 
possession  of  that  country  The  war  in 
Germany  was  prosecuted  with  vigour 
by  the  French,  who  pursued  their  suc- 
cesses into  the  territories  of  Austria, 
v/here,  in  December,  they  concluded  an 
armistice  with  the  emperor;  and  a 
treaty  of  peace  was  signed  on  the  od  of 
February,  1801,  at  Luneville,  France 
now  endeavoured  to  negotiate  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain,  the  preliminaries  of 
which  were  settled  in  London  on  the  1st 
of  October,  and  the  treaty  was  signed  at 
Amens  on  the  27th  of  March,  1802  ;  but 
this  treaty  held  little  more  than  a  year, 
the  French  deeming  it  violated  by  the 
English  refusing  to  evacuate  Malta. 
Bonaparte  was  now  appointed  consul  for 
life,  with  power  to  nominate  his  succes- 
sor; but  his  ambition  aspired  to  the 
throne,  and  on  the  20th  of  May,  ISO*, 
at  the  request  of  the  senate,  he  assumed 
the  title  of  Emperor  of  the  French,  and 
he  was  shortly  afterward  crowned  by 
the  pope,  who  was  ordered  to  repair  to 


Paris  for  that  purpose.  War  in  Germa- 
ny was  again  renewed  in  1805,  and  the 
grand  army  of  the  French,  h.-aded  by 
the  emperor  Napoeon,  crisstd  the 
Rhine  on  the  1st  of  October.  His  suc- 
cess and  rapid  progress  were  such,  that 
after  the  battle  of  Austerlitz.  on  the  2d 
of  December,  'h  emperor  of  Germany 
was  necessitated  to  negritiate  for  peace, 
and  a  treaty  between  the  two  emperors 
was  signed  at  Presburg  on  the  26th  of 
that  month.  In  1806,  many  of  the  prin- 
ces of  Germany  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  France,  and  a  treaty,  called  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  under  the 
protection  of  Napoleon,  was  signed  on 
the  12th  of  July  at  Paris.  Towards  the 
latter  part  of  the  same  year,  the  king 
of  Prussia  took  the  field  against  France  ; 
but  all  his  measures  were  marked,  by 
precipitation,  indecision,  and  a  total 
want  ef  resource,  on  any  unexpected 
change  of  circumstances.  Instead  of 
waiting  to  be  joined  by  the  Russian  ar- 
my, who  was  then  on  its  march  to  assist 
him,  he  ventured  on  a  battle  alone  with 
the  French,  (now  strengthened  by  the 
forces  of  the  Confederation)  at  Jena,  on 
the  14th  of  October,  which  ended  in  the 
total  destruction  of  the  Prussian  army. 
The  consequence  was,  Russia  was  now 
left  single,  as  it  were,  in  the  contest ; 
and  after  several  battles,  the  French  at 
length  succeeded  in  giving  them  a  total 
defeat  at  Friedland,  on  the  14th  of  June, 
1807",  which  was  decisive ;  and  a  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed  at  Tilsit,  on  the  9tti 
of  July  following.  In  the  beginning  of 
1808,  the  designs  of  Napoleon  began  to 
develope  themselves  respecting  Spain  ; 
and,  flushed  with  the  conquest  of  Prus- 
sia, and  the  brilliant  victory  which  he 
had  gained  over  Russia  at  Friedland,  he 
formed  the  design  of  seizing  the  govern- 
ment of  Spain,  and  transferring  the 
crown  from  the  Bourbons  to  his  own 
family.  Having  found  a  pretext  for 
drawing  16,000  of  her  best  troops  and 
sending  them  out  of  the  country,  he 
marched  an  army  of  80,000  men  to  de- 
pose the  king,  and  place  his  own  brother 
Joseph  on  the  throne,  in  which  he  suc- 
ceeded. In  the  following  year,  however, 
Austria  once  more  took  the  field  against 
France.  Numerous  battles  were  fought 
during  the  months  of  April  and  May, 
with  incredible  slaughter  and  various 
success  on  each  side ;  bat  on  the  6th  of 
Julv,  after  a  whole  day  spent  in  manceu- 
vering,  a  general  engagement  took  place, 
in  which  Napoleon  out  generalled  the 
archduke  Charles,  and  gained  a  com- 
plete victory.  This  was  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Wagram,  at  which  the  French 
took  20.000  prisoners.  An  armistice  was 
."25 


F  R  A 


X'   li  A 


concluded  on  the  12th  of  July,  and  a  de- 
finite treaty  was  a'so  signed  and  ratified 
in  the  month  of  October  foilowing.  Soon 
after  his  return  to  Paris,  Napoleon,  by  a 
formal  act  of  separation,  repudiated  his 
empress  Josephine,  and  married  Maria 
Louisa,  the  archduchess  of  Austria, 
whom  he  espoused  with  great  pomp  on 
the  1st  of  April,  1810.  This  event  ap- 
peared to  consolidate  his  power,  and  to 
fix  his  throne  on  an  immoveable  basis  ; 
and  except  the  war  in  Spain,  the  crnti- 
nent  of  Europe  was  at  peace  till  towards 
the  month  of  June,  1812,  at  which  time 
the  French  emperor  once  more  marched 
his  army  ti  the  north-east  of  Europe,  to 
attack  the  emperor  of  Russia's  dominions, 
who  had  given  him  some  cause  of  of- 
fence. Passing  through  Poland,  he  en- 
tered the  Russian  territory  ;  defeated  the 
armies  of  the  latter  at  Molnlnw-  and 
Smolensko ;  and  after  the  dreadful  bat- 
tle of  Boridino,  entered  the  city  of  Mos- 
cow on  the  14th  of  September,  with  an 
intention  of  there  fixing  his  winter  quar- 
ters. But  his  career  was  now  drawing 
towards  a  close.  The  houses  of  Moscow 
being  constructed  almost  entirely  of 
wood,  the  governor  of  the  town,  Rostop- 
chin,  formed  the  desperate  resolution  of 
setting  the  city  on  fire,  which  was  so  com- 
pletely carried  into  eflFect,  at  the  instant 
the  French  army  had  taken  possession  of 
it,  that  they  were  foiled  in  their  last  re- 
source, and  compelled  to  attempt  their 
retreat,  at  the  moment  they  considered 
themselves  securely  entrenched  for  the 
winter.  In  this  crisis  of  his  affairs,  the 
first  object  of  the  French  emperor,  was 
to  offer  terms  of  peace  to  the  Russians, 
which  were  rejected  ;  he  next  proposed 
an  armistice,  which  was  also  refused ; 
and  on  the  19th  of  October,  began  his  re- 
treat from  Moscow.  But  before  the  ar- 
rival of  the  French  army,  however,  at 
Smolensko,  the  frost  had  so  keenly  set  in, 
that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  proceed  ; 
and  their  loss,  in  the  course  of  a  few 
days,  was  so  great  in  men  and  horses, 
that  the  army  was  reduced  to  a  mere 
wreck.  On  arriving  at  Smorgonic,  a 
small  town  near  Wilna,  on  the  5th  of 
December,  Napoleon  gave  the  command 
of  the  army  to  Murat.  and  immediately 
departed  for  Paris.  It  has  been  suppo- 
sed that  the  loss  of  the  French,  in  this 
memorable  campaign,  was  not  less  than 
200,000  men.  'Tiie  remainder  of  the 
winter  was  spent  by  the  hostile  powers 
in  vigorous  preparations  for  the  campaign 
of  1813  ;  and  notwithstanding  the  almost 
entire  destruction  of  his  arttiy  in  the  ca. 
lamitous  retreat  from  Moscov/,  the 
French  emperor  was  the  first  to  take 
the  field  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  Af- 
326 


tei  the  batties  of  Lutaen  and  Bautzen, 
however,  it  was  soon  seen  that  Russia, 
although  now  strengthened  by  Prussia, 
was  by  no  means  a  match  for  France, 
without  more  powerful  assistance.  Aus- 
tria, into  whose  hands  the  balance  of 
Europe  was  thrown,  now  stept  forth  to 
offer  her  mediation  to  the  contending 
powers  ;  but  finding  all  her  efforts  una- 
vailing, after  a  fruitless  negotiation  of 
six  weeks,  at  length  joined  the  allies  on 
the  11th  of  August.  A  number  of  san- 
guinary engagements  soon  after  took 
place  between  the  opposing  armies  with 
a  vai'iety  of  success,  till  the  month  of 
October,  when  Bavaria  having  declared 
for  the  common  cause,  and  the  allies  had 
collected  all  their  forces  together,  they 
determined  to  hazard  a  general  battle, 
which  was  fought  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Leipsic,  on  the  16th  and  18th  of  the 
same  month,  The  result  of  this  battle 
was  the  capture  of  the  French  rear- 
guard on  the  following  morning,  and  the 
retreat  of  the  French  army  across  the 
Rhine.  The  allied  army  immediately 
invaded  France  ;  and  though  the  issue  of 
the  contest  there  appeared  doubtful  for 
a  short  time,  yet  the  allies,  by  a  skilful 
manoeuvre,  at  length  succeeded  in  arri- 
ving before  the  gates  of  Paris,  on  the 
30th  of  March,  1814,  and  which  was  en- 
Sei'ed  by  the  confederated  sovereigns  on 
the  next  day.  As  soon  as  the  sovereigns 
had  entered  Paris,  they  declared  their 
intention  was  not  to  make  any  peace  with 
Buonaparte ;  but  recommended  to  the 
French,  in  the  mean  time,  to  form  a  pro- 
visional government ;  and  in  a  few  days 
after,  got  the  senate  to  pass  a  vote  de- 
claring' the  dynasty  of  Napoleon  Buona- 
parte at  an  end.  In  this  posture  of  af- 
fairs, Buonaparte,  whose  sway  had  ex- 
tended over  all  the  states  of  Europe, 
Great  Britain  excepted,  for  years,  con- 
sented to  abdicate  the  thrones  of  France 
and  Italy,  both  in  his  own  right  and  that 
of  his  posterity,  and  to  retire  upon  a 
pension  of  4.500,000  francs,  to  the  island 
of  Elba.  The  provisional  government, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  allies,  now  re- 
stored the  ancient  family  of  the  Bom-- 
bons,  and  made  a  tender  of  the  sover- 
eignty to  the  eldest  brother  of  Louis 
XVI.  who  accepted  the  offer,  and  as- 
cended the  throne  of  France,  with  the 
title  of  Louis  XVIII.  A  definitive  treaty 
was  soon  after  signed  at  Paris  by  all  the 
powers  of  Europe,  on  the  oOth  of  June. 
Napoleon  retired  to  Elba,  where  he  ar- 
rived ill  May,  1814,  and  remained  until 
February  26lh,  1815,  when  he  again  left 
his  retreat,  sailed  to  and  entered  France. 
Tlio  nation  declared  for  him ;  the  king, 
royal  family,  and  their  adherents  fied.  and 


r  II  A 


he  was  once  more  acknowledged  emperor 
of  the  French.  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and 
Russia  collected  their  armies  to  restore  the 
Bourbons.  Austria  subsequently  acceded, 
and  after  a  short  but  sanguinary  contest 
France  sunk  under  the  enormous  weight 
opposed  to  her  armies,  and  on  the  18th 
of  June,  1815,  at  Waterloo  a  village  of  Bra- 
bant the  l;ist  hopes  of  Napoleon  perished. 
His  army  was  defeated — he  returned  to 
Paris;  abdicated  the  throne;  threw  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain, 
and  was  sent  to  exile,  prison  and  grave,  in 
the  island  of  St.  Helena.  Louis  XVllI, 
was  restored,  and  France  became  a  regu- 
lar limited  monarchy. 

The  Rondan  Catholic  religion  is  re-es- 
tablished in  France,  and  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal division  of  the  country  is  into  10 
archbishoprics  and  50  bishoprics;  the 
protestant  religion  is  also  tolerated.  As 
the  ancient  order  of  things  is  now  re- 
stored, it  is  necessary  to  notice  the  for- 
mer geographical  state  of  the  country. 
France  was  divided  into  83  departments, 
nearly  equal  in  extent,  instead  of  the  an- 
cient military  provinces  ;  and  these  de- 
partments were  subdivided  into  districts, 
cantons,  and  municipalities.  The  names 
of  the  departments  are  Ain,  Aisne,  Al- 
lier,  Alps  Upper,  Alps  Lower,  Ardeche, 
Ardennes,  Arriege,  Aube,  Aude,  Avei- 
ron,  Calvados,  Cantal,  Charente,  Cha- 
rente,  Lower,  Cher,  Correze,  Cote  d'Or, 
Cotes  du  Nord,  Creuse,Dordogne,  Doubs, 
Drome,  Eaire,  Eure  and  Loir,  Finisterre, 
Gard,  Garonne  Upper,  Gers,  Gironde, 
Herault,  Indre,  Indre  and  Loire,  Isere, 
lUe  and  Vilaine,  Jura,  Landes,  Loir  and 
Cher,  Loire,  Loire  Upper,  Loire  Lower, 
Loiret,  Lot,  Lot  and  Garonne,  Lozere, 
Mayenne,  Mayenne  and  Loire,  Manche, 
Marne,  Marne  Upper,  Meurthe,  Meuse, 
Morbihan,  Moselle,  Nord,  Nievre,  Oise, 
Ome,  Paris,  Pas  de  Calais,  Puy  de 
Dome,  Pyrenees  Upper,  Pyrenees  Low- 
er, Pyrenees  Eastern,  Rhine  Upper, 
Rhine  Lower,  Rhone,  Rhone  (Mouths  of 
the)  Saone  Upper,  Saone  and  Loire, 
Sarte,  Seine  and  Oise,  Seine  Lower, 
Seine  and  Marne,  Sevres  (Two)  Somme, 
Tarn,  Var,  Vendee,  Vienne,  Vienne  Up- 
per, Vosges,  and  Yonne.  All  the  coun- 
tries which  the  ambition  of  the  govern- 
mept  had  annexed  to  its  former  territory 
are  restored  except  that  part  which  now 
constitutes  the  departments  of  Mont 
Blanc  and  Vaucluse.  The  number  of 
departments,  therefore,  are  now  85,  all 
of  whom  appeared  in  this  work  ;  and 
the  account  of  the  late  provinces  are  still 
retained.  The  population  of  the  whole 
is  estimated  at  30,000,000. 

It  is  a  very  remarkable  fact,  that  the  po- 
pulation of  France  has  regularly  increased 


since  1789.  In  that  year  the  inhabitants 
were  26,300,000;  in  1805,  27,700,000  in 
1817,  upwards  of  29,000,000;  and  at  pre- 
sent, 1822,  no  doubt  exceed  30  000,000. 
The  national  debt  of  France  considering 
the  efibrts  made  during  and  subsequent 
to  her  revolution,  and  the  heavy  contribu- 
tions of  her  enemies,  is  comparatively 
small.  Her  annual  expenditure  is  about 
130,000,000  of  dollars.  The  revenue 
nearly  an  equal  sum,  but  nominally  a  frac- 
tion higher.  The  French  army  has  been 
reduced  to  90,000  men  ;  and  its  navy  has 
sunk  to  utter  insignificance.  With  all  it.s 
reverses  this  nation  has  gained  immensely 
by  the  revolution.  The  croud  of  useless 
nobility  and  governmental  priests  dimin- 
ished; its  internal  industry  revived,  active 
and  flourishing.  The  literary  institutions 
are  on  a  most  respectable  footing.  There 
now  exists  in  the  kingdom,  26  universities  ; 
36  royal  colleges  ;  3070  primary  schools  ; 
upwards  of  40  divinity  schools ;  about 
1400  boarding  schools;  and  near  22,500 
primary  schools.  In  all  these  seminaries 
are  educated  nearly  800,000  pupils.  With- 
out distracting  foreign  colonies  without 
paper  money,  or  false  credit :  and  with  a 
mild  and  limited  government,  France  is  now 
no  doubt  the  most  happy  and  prosperous 
nation  in  Europe. 

France,  Isle  of,  or  Maurithts,  island  iii 
the  Indian  Ocean,  200  leagues  E  of  Mada- 
gascar. It  was  early  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese.  After  them,  the  Dutch  set- 
tled on  the  SE  shore,  and  gave  it  the  name 
of  Mauritius,  in  honour  of  prince  Maurice, 
their  sladlholder.  But  they  abandoned  it, 
on  their  acquisition  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  It  then  remained  uninhabited,  till 
the  French  landed  there  in  1720.  This 
island  is  about  45  leagues  in  circumfer- 
ence. The  climate  is  healthy  :  but  the 
soil  not  very  fertile.  There  are  many 
mountains,  some  of  which  are  so  high  that 
their  tops  are  covered  with  snow  :  they 
produce  the  best  ebony  in  the  world.  The 
valleys  are  well  watered  with  rivers,  and 
are  made  very  productive  by  cultivation  of 
which  indigo  is  the  principal  object  The 
town  and  harbour  are  called  Port  Louis, 
and  are  strongly  fortified ;  the  town  is 
large  and  covers  a  great  deal  of  ground. 
But  in  the  hurricane  months,  the  harbour 
cannot  afford  shelter  for  more  than  eight 
vessels.  Here  are  large  storehouses  and 
every  thing  necessary  for  the  equipment 
of  fleets.  The  number  of  inhabitants  on 
the  island  exclusive  of  the  mihtary,  is  8000 
whites,  and  1200O  blacks.  Lon.  57  28  E. 
lat.  20  9  S. 

Frances,  port  of  Colombia,  in  Venezue- 
la, near  cape  Codera.  See  Codera  in  the 
Adcknda. 

Francestoivn,  post  town  and  township, 
Hillsborough  county,  New  Hampshire,  fif- 


F  R  A 


F  R  A 


teen  miles  NW  of  Amherst,  and  about  lif'ty 
five  W  of  Portsmouth.  Population  in 
1820,  1479. 

Franche  Comte,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Lorrain,  on  the  E  by 
Alsace  and  Swisserland,  on  the  VV  by  Bur- 
gimdy,  and  on  the  S  by  Bresse.  It  is  126 
miles  in  length,  and  80  in  breadth,  and 
abounds  in  corn,  wine,  cattle,  horses,  mines 
of  iron,  copper  and  lead.  It  was  conquer- 
ed by  France  in  1674,  and  ceded  to  it  by 
the  treaty  of  Nimeguen  in  1678.  It  now 
comprehends  the  three  departments  of 
Doubs,  Jura,  and  Upper  Saone. 

Franchemont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  12  miles  SE  of  Liege. 

Francis,  tov/n  of  St.  Genevieve  county, 
Missouri. 

Francisco,  Rio,  large  river  of  Brazils, 
vises  in  the  Capitania  general  of  Minaes 
Geraes,  lat.  19  S,  and  flowing  a  little  E  of 
N,  nearly  parallel  to  the  Atlantic  coast,  to 
lat.  14  S,  It  thence  gradually  curves  to 
NE,  E  and  SE  by  E  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
at  lat.  11  S,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  upwards  of  100  miles. 

Francois,  town  of  Wayne  county,  Mis- 
souri. 

Francois,  Cape,  fine  town  in  the  N  part 
of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  belonging  to 
the  French,  who  often  call  it  the  cape,  by 
way  of  eminence.  It  was  almost  ruined  by 
the  dreadful  commotions  which  attended 
the  French  revolution.  Lon.  W  C  4  42  E. 
lat.  19  46  N. 

Franconia,  circle  of  Germany,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  on 
the  E  by  that  of  Bavaria,  on  the  S  by  that 
of  Suabia,  and  on  the  W  by  the  circles  of 
the  Rhine.  The  middle  is  fertile  in  corn, 
wine  and  fruits,  but  the  boi-ders  are  full  of 
woods  and  barren  mountains.  The  Franks 
who  conquered  France,  came  from  this 
province,  and  gave  the  name  to  that  king- 
dom. 

Franconia,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  S 
side  of  the  NE  branch  of  Perquioming 
creek.     Population  in  1820, 848. 

Franconia,  Grafton  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  waters  of  Amanoosuck  river, 
15  miles  NE  from  Haverhill.  The  town- 
ship is  remarkable  for  the  abundance  and 
excellence  of  its  iron  ores.  There  are  two 
companies  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
iron  on  a  large  scale  ;  the  New  Hampshire 
Iron  Factory  Company  ;  and  the  Haverhill 
and  Franconia  company.  The  former  ma- 
nufacture weekly  from  12  to  15  tons  of  Iron 
and  steel,  and  the  latter,  though  on  a 
smaller  scale  do  extensive  business.  The 
whole  forming  one  of  the  most  extensive 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States. 

Franeker,  or  Franker,  town  of  the  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  in  Friesland,  with  a  castle  and 
328 


university.  Tiie  public  buildings  and 
palaces  are  magniiicent.  It  is  seven  miles 
W  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  33  E.  lat.  53  11 
N. 

Frankendal  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the 
allies  in  1794.  It  is  seated  near  the  Rhine 
seven  milt-s  S  of  Worms.  Lon.  8  29  E. 
lat.  49  25  N. 

Frankenstein,  town  of  Germanv,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  12  miles  NW  of 
London  •     Lon.  7  55  E.  hit.  49  18  N. 

Frankford,  township  of  Sussex  countv. 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1810,  2008. ' 

Frankford,  post  village  and  borough, 
Philadelphia  county,  Pennsylvania,  five 
miles  NE  from  the  centre  of  Philadelphia. 
The  Friends  Assylum  for  the  insane,  is  in 
this  borough.     P 'pulation  in  1820,  1405. 

Frankford,  chief  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  W  side  of  the  S 
branch  of  Potomac  river,  about  four  miles 
NW  from  Romney,  and  45  NW  from  Win- 
chester. 

Frankfort  on  the  JVIaine,  ancient  and  free 
imperial  city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  in  which  the  emperor  is  elected. 
All  religions  are  tolerated  at  Franckfort 
under  certain  restrictions  ;  but  Lutheran- 
ism  is  the  established  faith.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Maine,  15  miles  NE  of  Mentz, 
and  350  W  by  N  of  Vienna.  Lon.  S  40  E, 
lat.  49  55  N. 

Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  flourishing  city  of 
Germany,  in  the  middle  marche  of  Branden- 
burg, formerly  imperial  but  now  subject  to 
the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  remarkable  for 
three  great  fairs,  and  Its  university.  It  is 
45  miles  SE  of  Berlin,  and  78  S  of  Stetin. 
Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Frankfort,  post  town  and  township,  Han- 
cock county,  ;Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Penobscot  river.  At  this  place  winter  na- 
vigation terminates,  26  miles  N  from  Cas- 
tine.   Population  in  1820,  2129. 

Frankfort,  township,  Herkimer  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  1685. 

Frankfort,  post  town,  Franklin  county, 
Kentucky,  on  tlie  right  bank  of  Kentucky 
river.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  state,  and 
contains  beside  the  ordinary  buildings  ne- 
cessary for  legislative  purposes,  a  county 
ourthouse,  penitentiary,  an  academy, 
theatre,  Stc.  At  seasons  of  high  water 
steam  boats  of  300  tons  are  navigated  to 
this  town,  and  to  New  Frankfort,  a  flourish- 
ing village  opposite.  The  progressive  po- 
pulation of  this  town  is  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed table. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -  431 

do.      do.    females  -        -  255 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed       ....        -  6 

Slaves 407 


IRA 


P  R  A 


Total  population  in  1810 


1,092 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ... 

497 

do.  do.    females 

387 

Total  whites      -        -        .        . 

884 

Free  i)ersjns  of  colour,  males 

36 

do.             do.       females  - 

43 

Slaves,  males      .        _        -        - 

311 

do.    females             ... 

332 

All  other  persons  except  In- 

dians not  taxed 

74 

Total  population  in  1820 

1,679 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

8 

En.Ejaged  in  Agriculture     - 

22 

do.        in  Manufactures 

100 

do.        in  Commerce     - 

15 

Population  to  the  sf;^uare  mile,  uncertain. 

Frankfort,  town  of  Guernsey  county, 
^Ohio,  on  tile  great  road  from  Wlieeling 
to  Zanesville,  15  miles  E  from  Cambridge. 
Franklin,  county  of  Vermont,  bound- 
ed N  by  Lower  Canada ;  E  by  Orleans 
county,  Vermont ;  S  by  Chittenden ;  and 
W  by  lake  Chaniplain ;  length  3U ;  mean 
width  27  ;  area  810  square  miles.  The 
eastern  part  mountainous,  hilly  in  the 
central  and  western  sections ;  S)il  varied 
in  quality,  but  on  the  streams  in  many 
places  highly  fertile.  Cliief  town,  St.  Al- 
bans. 

Population  In  1810. 


Free  white  males 

do.  do.     females     - 
All  other  persons  except  Ind: 

not  taxed 
Slaves        .        .        -        . 

ians 

8,392 
8,143 

104 
0 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do.    females     - 

16,639 

8,799 
8,299 

Total  whites       .         -         -         - 

17,098 

Free  pei-sons  of  colour,  males    - 

48 

do.             do.         females 

46 

Slaves,  males      .... 

0 

do.    females    -        -        -        - 

0 

Total  population  la  1820    - 

17,192 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

145 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

2,085 

do.        in  Manufactures 

471 

do.        in  Commerce 

38 

both  sides  of  Connecticut  river,  bounded 
N  by  Windham  county,  in  Vermont,  and 
Cheshire  county  in  New  Hampshire  ;  E  by 
Worcester  county  in  Massachusetts;  S  by 
Hampshire ;  and  W  by  Bucisshira ;  length. 
36;  mean  width  18;  area  about  650 
square  miles.  Surface  highly  and  elegantly 
variegated.  Connecticut  river  divides  the 
county  into  two  nearly  equal  portions,  and 
^  each  of  these  sections  are  again  divided 
by  the  two  fine  little  rivers.  Millers  to  the 
E  and  Deerfield  to  the  W.  Detached 
though  not  very  elevated  mountains  decorate 
the  various  parts  The  soil  especially  near 
the  streams  is  highly  prodnctive  in  grain, 
fruits,  and  meadow  grasses.  Chief  tjwn, 
Greenfield. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  v»rhite  males    -        .       -       14,366 
do.    do.    females         -        -      14,767 

Total  whites     .        -        _  29,133 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  71 

do.            do.        females  58 

Slaves,  males           _        _       _  o 

do.     females        -        -        _  o 

Total  population  in  1820  -      29,268 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -  5,617 

do.        in  Manufaciures       -  910 

do.        in  Commerce             -  77 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  45. 

Franklin,  township,  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  SVV  from  Ded- 
ham.     Population  in  1820,  1^0. 

Franklin,  post  town,  and  townsliip.  New 
London  county,  Connecticut,  on  the  right 
side  of  Shetucket,  five  mile-,  above  Nor- 
wich.    Population  in  1820,  1161. 

Franklin,  county  of  Nw  Yoik,  bounded 
by  Lower  Canada  N;  by  Clinton  county  in 
New  York  E:  by  Essex  SE  ;  by  Hamilton 
S  ;  and  by  St,  Lawrence  W ;  length  60 ; 
mean  width  27j  ;  area  1665  square  miles. 
Surface  mountainous  taw.irds  tiie  south; 
in  the  central  and  northern  parts  level,  and 
swampy,  interspersed  iiills  and  with  som© 
spots  of  good  land.     Chief  town,  Meione. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     ...        1,551 

do.  do     fi;nales  -        -        1,063 

All  otiier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                ...  3 

Slaves 0 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Franklin,  county  of  Massachusetts,  on 
T  t 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do,    do.    females     . 


2,617 


2,361 
2,078 


1"  K  A 


1"  R  A 


Total  whites               ...  4,439 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

do.            do.       females  0 

Slaves,  males             ...  o 

do.   females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820,  4,439 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  195 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         1,250 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  151 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

Franklin,  post  town,  Delaware  county, 
New  YofK,  on  Oleout  creek  and  Susque- 
hann&h  river,  15  miles  W  from  Delhi.  Po. 
pulation  ill  1820,  2481. 

Franklin,  township  of  Somerset  county, 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  3071. 

jPra7z^'/J«,  township  of  Gloucester  coun- 
ty, New  York.     Popuh.uion  in  1820,  1137. 

Franklin,  township  of  Berg'en  county, 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  2968. 

Franklin,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed S  by  Washing'ton  county  in  Maryland ; 
W  by  Bedford  ;  NVV  by  Hantin^don  ;  N 
by  Mifflin  ;  NE  by  Perry  and  Cumber- 
land ;  and  E  by  A.dams ;  lengtij  30  ;  width 
25;  area  756  square  miles.  Tlie  surf;\ce 
of  this  county  is  highly  diversified  by 
mountains,  hills  and  valleys  It  is  limited 
by  mountains  on  two  sides  ;  on  the  W  and 
N  margin  extend  the  Cove  mountain,  Tus- 
carora,  and  North  mountains  ;  and  on  the 
SE  the  South  mountain,  with  the  truly  fine 
valley  of  the  Conecocheaque  and  Cone- 
dogwinet  intervening.  Those  two  large 
creeks  form  .nearly  a  boundary  between 
the  limestone  and  slate  formations  ;  leav- 
ing the  latter  to  the  NW  and  the  f  )rm- 
er  to  the  SE.  The  soil  of  those  great 
rock  form-atlons  differ  essentially,  the 
limestone,  in  the  present  state  of  agricul- 
tural science  being  much  the  most  produc- 
tive in  the  growth  of  valuable  cultivated 
vegetables.  Franklin  county  products  as 
staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  apples,  cider, 
live  stock,  and  salted  provisions.  Its  com- 
mercial outlet,  Baltimore.  Chief  town, 
Chambersburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...      11,393 

do.  do.  females  -        -      10,679 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        .        -        -  924 

Slaves 87 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females 
Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females     ... 


76;^ 
15 

4 


31,192 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  23,083 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ...  15,641 

do.  do.  females        ...  14,685 

Total  whites                -        -        -  30,326 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  784 


Total  population  in  1820      - 

Of  these :  

Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  416 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  4,505 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  1,597 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  [234 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  42. 

Franklin.    See  St.  Thomas. 

Franklin  post  tov/n  and  seat  of  justice, 
Venango  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
right  bank  of  French  creek  and  Allegany 
river,  at  their  junction,  about  70  miles 
N  from  Pittsburg.  Population  in  1820, 
252. 

Franklin,  township  of  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  forks  of  Marsh 
creek,  on  both  sides  of  the  road  from 
Gettysburg  to  Chambersburg,  7  or  8 
miles  from  the  former.  Population  in 
1820,  1456. 

Franklin,  township,  York  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  head  waters  of  Bermu- 
dian  creek  braiich  of  ('onewago,  between 
the  two  roads  from  Little  York  to  Car- 
lisle, 20  miles  from  the  former.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  973. 

Franklin,  townshifi,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Himtingdon  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia,  between  Little  Juniata  and  Spruce 
creek,  14  miles  NW  from  Huntingdon. 
Population  in  1820,  870. 

Franklin,  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  b 'tween  Youghiogeny  river 
and  Redstone  cr  ek,  and  between  Wash- 
ington and  Dunbar,  commencing  5  miles 
N  from  Union  town.  Population  in 
1820,  1749. 

Franklin,  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  extending  from 
the  head  branch  of  Poketon's  creek, 
falling  into  Allegany  river  to  the  road 
from  Greensburg  to  Pittsburg,  across  the 
head  waters  of  the  northern  branch  of 
Turtle  creek.  iVlarysville  near  its  cen- 
tre 11  miles  NW  from  Greensburg. 
Population  in  1820,  1757. 

Franklin,  township  of  Greene  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  south  fork  of  Ten- 
mile  creek.  Waynesburg  the  seat  of 
justice  for  the  county  is  in  this  township. 
Population  in  1820,  exclusive  of  the  bo- 
rough of  Waynesburg,  1591. 

Franklin,  county  of  Virginia ,  bounded 
by  Pittsylvania  E;  part  of  Henry  SE; 
part  of  Henry,  and  Patrick  S  ;  the  Blue 
Ridge,  or  Montgomery  W  ;  Bottetourt 
N,  and  Bedford  N£1  ;  length  28  ;  mean 
width  24  ;  area  about  670  square  miles. 
Although  bounded  on  two  sides  by  moun- 
tains, this  county  is  rather  waving  than 
hilly.    Soil    generally    fertile.     Staples. 


F  R  A 


P  R  A 


grain,  flour  and  tobacco.    Chief 

town, 

Rocky  Mount. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males    - 

4,038 

do.    do.    females 

3,928 

All  other  persons  exct  pt  Indians 

not  taxed     .... 

86 

Slaves     -       -       -        .        - 

2,672 

Total  population  in  1820 


9,741 


Total  population  in  1810  -      10,724 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        4,157 

do.    do.    females  -        -        4  070 

Total  whites             -        -       -  8,227 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  77 

do.            do.        females,  66 

Slaves,  males           -        -        -  1,779 

do.    females         ...  1,868 

Total  population  in  1820  -      12  017 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  II 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,692 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  339 

do.    in  Commerce  -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  18. 

Franklin,  post  town,  Pendleton  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  middle  fork  of  the 
south  branch  of  Potomac,  40  miles  SW 
rom  Mdorfields,  and  80  miles  NW  from 
Staunton. 

Franklin,  village  of  Russel  county, 
Virginia,  on  Cedar  creek,  branch  of 
Chinch  river,  17  miles  N  from  Abinj^dnn. 

Franklin  county.  North  Carolina  ; 
bounded  SVV  by  Washington  ;  Granville 
NW;  Warren  NE,  and  Nash  SE; 
length  26 ;  mean  width  20 ;  area  540 
square  miles  ;  surface  moderately  hilly  ; 
soil  in  part  fertile,  though  generally 
rather  unproductive  between  the 
streams.  It  is  drained  by  various  branch- 
es of  Tar  river.  Chief  town,  Lewis- 
burg. 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  Q 

Engaged  in  \griculture  -        3,108 

do.        in  Manufactures   -         -  130 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  18. 

Franklin,  county  of  Georj^ia  ;  bounded 
by  Elbert  and  Madison  E;  Jacksan  S 
W ;  Habershan)  NW,  and  Tugaloo  river 
or  South  Carolina  NE  ;  length  56  ;  mean 
width  23  ;  area  about  940  square  miles. 
Surface  broken  and  soil  varied.  Chief 
town,  Carnesville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -  4,689 

do.  d.>.  females  -  .  -  4,454 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  \j 

Slaves 1,656 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 

2,342 

do.  do    females 

2,323 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

171 

Slaves         

5,330 

Total  population  in  1810 

10,166 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

2,411 

do.  do.  females 

2,462 

I 

Total  whites       .... 

4.873 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

81 

do.            do.      females   - 

78 

Slaves,  males       .... 

2,337 

do.  females 

2;5-2 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.   do.     females    ... 

Total  whites       -        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 


10,816 


3,790 
3,450 


9,040 


6 

2,492 

32 

2 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  nnt  naturrlized 
Engaged  in  Agricnlture 

do         ill  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  9J 

Franklin.  Cf.unty  of  Alabama  ;  bound- 
ed N  by  T<-nnessee  river  ;  E  by  Law- 
rence ;  S  Ijy  Marion,  and  W  by  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  Chickisaws;  length  32; 
mean  width  21 ;  area  670  square  miles, 
Surface  hilly  and  broken.  Soil  produc- 
tive. Staple  cotton.  Chief  town,  Rus- 
seiv  lie. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...         1,818 

do.    do.    females     .         -        -         1,490 

Total  whites       ....  3,308 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  10 

do.           do.        females  -  3 

Slaves,  m-tles      ....  843 

do.     females            -        .        .  824 

Total  population  in  1820  -         4,988 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         -         1,498 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  301 

351 


f-  It  A 


I-  It  A 


Kn_:;aged  in  Commerce      -        -  '2:i 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7  1-3 

Franklin,  county  of  Mississippi;  bound- 
ed Sby  Amite;  SW  hy  Wilkinson  ;  W 
by  Adams  ;  N  by  J  ff  rson,  and  NE  by 
the  New  Purchase ;  length  46  ;  mean 
width  £0;  area  920  square  miles.  Sur- 
face hilly,  but  without  stone.  Soil  on 
the  streams  very  productive.  In  the 
eastern  and  northern  parts  of  the  county 
the  intervals  between  the  water  coursts, 
open  pine  woods-  Staple  cotton.  Chief 
town,  Franklin. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -         - 

do  do.     females      -         -         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .... 

Slaves,  -  -        -        - 


711 
557 


13 
7'25 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.     females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males     -        -         -         ■ 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820.    - 


2,016 


1,202 
1,075 

2,277 

5 

4 

748 

787 

3,821 


4 

1,365 

29 

9 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  MunufacUires 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mde,  4. 

Franklin,  village  of  Frank'in  county 
Mississippi,  25  miles  SE  by  E  from 
Natchez. 

Franklin,  post  office,  on  the  Teche 
river  in  St.  Mary's  Parish,  Attacapas  in 
Louisiana. 

Frank'in,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bound- 
ed S  by  Alabama  ;  VV  by  Lincoln  ;  NW 
by  Bedford  ;  NE  by  Warren,  and  SE  by 
Marion ;  !en:^th  42  ;  mean  width  J8  ; 
area  600  square  miles.  Surface  moun- 
tainous and  hilly  soil  fertile.  It  is  prin- 
cipally watered  by  the  heads  of  Elk 
river.    Chief  town,  Winchester. 

Population  in  1810, 

Free  white  niales               -        -  2.868 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,352 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  1 

Slaves 709 

Totalpopulationinl810,  -        5,930 

332 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         .        .         6,294 
do.    do.    females    ...        6,044 

Total  whites       ....  12,338 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  35 

do.          do.            females  31 

Slaves,  males               .        -        -  1,986 

do.     females           -        -        •  2,181 

Total  population  in  1820  -       16,571 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  27^. 

Franklin,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Williamson  county,  Tennessee,  on 
Harpeth  river,  17  miles  S  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Franklin,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Mercer  and  Washington  S  ;  Shelby 
SW  ;  Owen  N  ;  and  Scott  and  Woodford 
E  ;  length  40  ;  width  12  ;  area  270  square 
miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  soil  fer- 
tile.    Chief  town,  Frankfort. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         3j052 

do.  do.  females  ...  2,704 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  56 

Slaves 2,201 


Total  population  in  1810 

- 

8,013 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

_ 

3,818 

do.    do.    females 

- 

3,443 

Total  whites 

.        . 

7,261 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

males 

70 

do.             do. 

females 

69 

Slaves,  males 

. 

1,809 

do.    females 

- 

1,741 

All  other  persons  except 

Indians 

not  taxed 

■ 

74 

Total  population  in  1820 


11,024 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,051 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  193 

do.    in  Commerce  -  24 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

Franklin,  i  own  of  Simpson  county,  Ken- 
tucky. 

FrankHn,  county  of  'Ohio,  bounded  S  by 
Pickaway ;  W  by  Madison ;  N  by  Dela- 
ware, and  E  by  Licking  and  Fairfield ; 
lenj^th  25 ;  mean  width  22  ,  area  about 
520  square  miles.  Surface  generally  level, 
part  wet  and  marshy  ;  but  the  soil  almost 
uniformly  in  a  high  degree  fertile.  Staples 
gr  ,in  and  flour.     Chief  town,  Columbus. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      1,726 

do.    do.   females  -        -      1'647 


F  K  A 


F  R  A 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -       _        -  43 

.Total  population  in  1810          -  5,486 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males     -        -        -  5,332 

do.  do.  females            -        -  4.708 

Total  whites    ....  10,040 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  68 

do.           do.        females,  63 

Slaves,  males    ...        -  none 

do.  females  ...  none 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  120 


Total  whites      -        .        .        .  10,698 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  31 

do.            do.         females  34 

Slaves,  males         ...         -  0 

do.     females    .        -        -        -  0 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -  10,763 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          .  26 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  2,403 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  315 

do.        in  Commerce        .         -  15 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 


Total  population  in  1820 


24 

2,239 

607 

0 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.    in  Manufactures 

do.    in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 

Franklin,  township,  Franklin  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Sciota  river  op- 
posite Columbus.  Population  in  1820, 
777. 

Franklin,  post  town  and  township,  War- 
ren count)',  Ohio.  The  village  is  on  the 
left  bank  of  Great  Miami,  18  miles  above 
Dayton.  Population  in  1820,  2099  in  the 
township. 

Franklin,  township  of  Ross  county,  on 
the  road  from  Chilicothe  to  Portsmouth. 
Population  in  1820,  340. 

Franklin,  township  of  Portage  county, 
Ohio,  eight  miles  below  Ravenna  on  Cuya- 
hoga river.     Population  in  1820,  348. 

Franklin,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  462. 

Franklin,  township,  Coshocton  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  345. 

Franklin,  NW  township  of  Starke  coun- 
ty.    Poptilation  in  1820,388 

Franklin,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty.    Population  in  1820.  620. 

Franklin,  township  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,713. 

Franklin,  township  of  Jackson  county, 
Ohio      Population  in  1820,  536. 

Franklin,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,360. 

Franklin,  county  of  Indiana,  bounded  by 
the  state  of  Ohio  E  ;  Delaware  and  Ripley 
connues  S:  Fayette  W  ;  and  Wayne  N  ; 
length  24  ;  mean  width  21 ;  area  about 
540  square  miles.  Surface  moderately 
hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Brook- 
ville. 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males       ...         5,491 
do.   do.    females    ...        5,207 


-  Franklin,  county  of  Illinois,  bounded  by 

10,291  Johnson  and  Union  S  ;  Jackson  and  Ran- 
.  dolph  W  :  Jefferson  N  ;  and  White  and 
Gallatin  E  ;  length  30  ;  width  24 ;  area 
934  square  miles.  Surface  generally  level 
and  soil  productive.  It  is  principally 
drained  by  the   higher  waters    of  Muddy 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  rnales 

do.  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males       -        -        .        . 
do.    females 


875 
818 

1,691 

32 

3S 

4 


1,763 


0 

441 

0 

0 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  Ir}. 

Franklin,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Howard  county,  Mis.souri,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Missouri  river,  180  miles  by  land  above 
St.  Louis. 

Franklin,  county  of  Missouri,  bounded  N 
by  Missouri  river;  E  by  St.  Louis  and  Jef- 
ferson ;  S  by  Washmgton;  and  W  by 
Wayne  ;  length  33  ;  mean  width  30  ;  area 
990  square  miles.  That  part  of  this  coun- 
ty adjacent  to  the  Missouri  river  rather 
level  and  interspersed  with  prairies.  The 
southern  part  drained  by  the  Merrimac  ri- 
ver, hilly  broken  and  in  great  part  sterile. 
Much  of  the  soil  near  the  Missouri  excel- 
lent.   Chief  town  Rogerstown. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 


1,190 
980 

2,170 
0 


I'  II  E 


F  U  L 


Vree  persons  of  colour  females 
Slaves,  males      .        ,        -        . 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures    - 

do.        in  Commerce 


0 
111 

98 


2,379 


1 

523 

3 

7 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  2  1-3. 

Franklin,  post  town  of  Franklin  county, 
Ohio,  opposite  C.  lumbus. 

Franksto-.un-branch,  river  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, tiie  northwest  branch  of  Juniata,  rises 
in  Bedford  county,  and  flowing  N  about 
20  miles,  enters  Huntingdon  county,  turns 
E  and  SE  joins  Rays;  own  branch,  two 
miles  below  the  borough  of  Huntingdon, 
and  forms  the  Juniata. 

Frankstown,  township  of  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Frank^town  river, 
20  miles  SW  by  W  from  Huntingdon. 
Population  in  1820, 1297,  exclusive  of  Na- 
voy,  HolUdaysburg  and  Frankstown. 

Frankstoxon,  post  village,  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania,%n  the  left  bank  of 
Frankstown  river,  and  20  miles  nearly  W 
from  Huntingdon.  Population  in  1820, 
101. 

Frauenjield,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  the  Thurgan.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, and  was  the  place,  where  since 
1712,  the  deputies  of  the  Swiss  cantons 
held  their  genera!  diet.  Lon.  8  56  E,  lat. 
47  2,5  N. 

Fruustadt,  town  of  Silesia,  remarkable 
for  a  battle  gained  by  the  Swedes  over  the 
Saxons,  in  1706.  It  is  20  miles  NW  of 
Glogaw.      L(;n.  16  3  E.  lat.  51  48  N. 

Frazersbnrgh,  small  town  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, on  the  Gtrm^n  Ocean,  with  a  tolera- 
ble harbour.  I  is  seated  close  by  a  pro- 
montory, called  Kinnaird's  Head,  on  which 
is  a  lighthouse,  40  miles  N  of  Aberdeen. 
Lon.  "1  :^7  W.  lat.  57  35  N. 

.  Fradenbitrg,  town  of  Westphalia,  50 
miles  W  of  Cassel.  I^n.  8  16  E.  lat.  51 
10  N. 

Frederica,  post  village  in  Kent  county, 
Delaware  12  miles  E  from  Dover,  contain- 
ing 250  inhabitants. 

Frederica,  post  town  on  St.  Simon's 
island,  Glynn  county,  Georgia;  at  the 
month  of  Alatamalia  river. 

Frtderick^  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  side 
of  Perkiomen,  9  miles  NE  from  Potts- 
town.     Population  in  1820,  927. 

Frederick,  county  of  Maryland  ;  bound- 
ed N  by  Pennsylvania;  E  by  Baltimore; 
SE  by  Anne  Arundel  and  Montgomery  ; 
SW  by  the  Potomac  river,  or  Loudon 
county  in  Virginia,  and  by  Washington 
334 


W ;  mean  width  near  24  miles ;  area 
900  square  miles.  The  entire  face  of 
this  county  is  broken.  The  western  part 
mouritainous,  and  the  residue  diversified 
by  hills,  and  the  whole  drained  by  the 
various  branches  of  the  Monocacy  creek. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  productive  and 
well  cultivated  valleys  in  the  United 
States.  Staples  may  be  considered  every 
object  of  agricultural  industry,  suitable 
to  the  climate.  Chief  town,  Frederick- 
town. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  14,266 

do.  do.     females             -        -  13,717 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  783 

Slaves 5,671 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 


34,437 


16,312 
15,685 


Total  whites      .        .        -        .  31,997 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  951 

do.            do.        females  817 

Slaves,  males           -        -        -  3,575 

do.     females         -        -        .  3,110 


Total  population  in  1820 


40,450 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  645 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        .        6,621 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -        3,115 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  259 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  45  nearly. 

Frederick,  county  of  Virginia,  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  continuation  of 
the  Kittatiney  Mountain ;  bounded  by 
Loudon  and  Fauquier  NE ;  Shenandoah 
SW  ;  Hampshire  NW,  and  Berkley  and 
Jefferson  NE;  length  38;  mean  width 
22;  area  736  square  miles.  Surface 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  Soil  ex- 
cellent for  grain  and  orchard  fruits. 
Chief  town,  Winchester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        7,868 

do.  do.  females  -  -  7,679 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        .        -       -  glO 

Slaves 6,417 


Total  population  in  1810          -  22,574 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males              -        -  8,475 

do.    do.    females         -        -  8,082 

Total  whites            -        -        -  16,557 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  505 


ip  RE 


f  a  L 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females,         46.1 

Slaves,  males    ....        3,658 

do.    females  -        -        -        3,521 

Total  population  in  1820  -      24.706 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  123 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        4,149 

do.        in  Manufactures        -        1,179 

do.        in  Commerce    -        .  95 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  oo^. 

Frederick  Point,  Upper  Canada,  is  on 
the  east  side  of  Kingston  harbour,  and 
on  the  west  side  of  Haldimand  Cove, 
which  is  made  by  it  and  Point  Henry. 

Fredericksburg,  Danish  fort  on  the 
Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  near  Cape  Three- 
points,  62  miles  WSW  of  Cape  Coast 
Castle.     Lon.  1  5  W,  lat.  4  30  N. 

Fredericksburg,  post  town  in  Spott- 
sylvania  county,  Virginia  ;  seated  on  the 
S  side  of  the  river  Rappahannock,  66 
miles  N  from  Richmond,  and  62  SW 
from  Washington. 

This  is  a  very  advantageously  situated 
and  prosperous  commercial  port.  Vt-s- 
sels  of  about  140  tons  can  come  up  to  the 
foot  of  the  falls.  Its  staples  are  grain, 
flour  and  tobacco,  calculated  to  exceed 
an  annual  average  of  4,000.000  of  dollars. 
Its  public  institutions  are,  two  banks,  and 
an  academy.  Its  residcHt  population 
about  4.000. 

Fredericksburg,  post  town,  Gallatin 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  left  imnk  of  Ohio 
river,  55  miles  below  Cincinnati. 

Fredencksburg,  township  and  post 
town,  vVashington  county,  Indiana.  The 
village  is  on  the  right  bank  oF  Big  Mud- 
dy river,  17  miles  N  from  Cory  don. 

Fredericksburgh  Townshifi,  county  of 
Lenox,  Upper  Canada,  lies  to  the  west 
of  Ernest  town,  in  the  Bay  of  Quinte 

Frederickshall,  or  Frederickstadt,  sea- 
port of  Norway,  in  the  provi  ce  of  Ag- 
gerhuys ;  situated  on  the  extremity  of 
the  Swinesund,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Tist.  This  town  is  51  miles  SE  of 
Christiana.  Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  59  12  N. 
Fredericksham,  neatly  built  town  of 
Russia  in  Carelia,  whose  streets  go  off 
like  radii  from  a  centre,  it  is  seated 
near  the  gulf  of  Finland. 

Frederickstadt,  town  of  Denmark,  in  S 
Jutland ;  seated  on  the  river  Evder,  17 
miles  SW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  43  E. 
lat.  54  30  N. 

Frederickstein,  strong  fortr-ss  of  Nor- 
way. It  is  situated  on  thv  summit  of  an 
almost  perpendicular  rock,  which  over- 
hangs  the  town  of  Fredericksbail,  and 
has  never  been  taken.  It  was  besieged 
in  1718,  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  who 
was  killed. 


Frederickton,  or  6V.  Aimc,  capital  of 
New  Brunswick,  on  St.  John's  river,  at 
the  he-ad  of  Sloop  Navigation,  about  90 
miles  above  its  mouth, 

Fredericktoivn,  p.>st  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Frederick  county,  Maryland,  on 
Monocacy  creek,  about  42  miles  W  of 
Baltimore,  21  E  by  N  of  Harper's  Ferry 
on  the  Potomac,  and  44  from  Washing- 
ton. This  is  a  very  thriving  town,  and 
contains  about  4500  inhabitants. 

Fredericktown,  post  town,  Washing- 
ton county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Monongahela  river,  2  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  and  8  above 
Brownsville. 

Fredericktoivn.  post  town,  Knox  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  7  miles  N  from  Mount  Ver- 
non. 

Fredonia.  post  town,  Chatauque  coun- 
ty, New  York,  formerly  Canadaway,  45 
miles  from  Buffaloe,  and  45  from  Erie, 
on  the  road  between  the  two  latter  pla- 
ces, and  4  miles  from  Dunkirk  on  lake 
Erie.  It  is  a  flourishing  village,  with  a 
printing  office  and  several  stores. 

Freedom,  posl  town,  .wd  township,  Ken- 
nebec couaiy,  Maine,  28  miles  NB  from 
Angusta.     Population  in  1820,  788. 

Freed'/m,  post  town,  Baltimore  county, 
Maryland. 

Freehold,  or  Monmou'h,  post  town  and 
seat  of  justice,  M  wirnonth  county,  New 
Jersey,  15  m:le-sSW  by  W  from  Shrews- 
bnry;  and  25  miles  SE  ii'y  K  fr  im  H.jrdesi- 
towii.  It  was  near  hi-^  v  \\y^e  that  gene- 
ral Wash  ngt^n  d-fated  t  e  British  army, 
J  ne  28th,  1778.  I  is  the  seat  of  an  aea- 
demy.  Population  in  1820,  in  the  lown- 
ship,  514(5. 

Freehold,  Upper,  township  of  Monmouth 
county,  New  .fersey,  VV  from  Monmouth. 
Population  in  1820,  4541. 

Freeman,  post  towi  :ind  township,  So- 
merset c.un-.y,  M^in-,  40  miles  NW  fio:n 
Norridgerock.     Poimlati  -n  m  1820   517. 

Freeport,  post  town  and  town^lop,  Ourti- 
berland  county,  Maine,  20  mi!-  s  NE  from 
Portland.     Popui  .Hon  ui  1820,  2184. 

Freeport,  post  to^vn,  Armstrong  co^nity, 
Pennsylvania,  nn  the  right  bank  of  Allega- 
ny river,  at  'die  month  o  Buffalo  en  ek,  IS 
miles  below  Kiuanning,  and  26  miles 
above  Pittsburg. 

Freeport,  post  'own  and  township  in  the 
SW  an,de  of  H.rrison  county.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1194. 

Freeport.  township,  Ontario  county,  New 
York.     P  ipidati  .1)  m  1820,  1288. 

Frehel,  cape  of  France,  v\  the  depart- 
men'  of  the  North  Const  and  lite  province 
of  Bretagne,  13  miles  W  of  St.  Malo.  Lon. 
2  -10  W.  hit.  48  41  N. 

Frreio-wn,  principal  places  of  the  Bri- 
tish  settlement  of  Sierra,  Leone,  on  the  W 
coast  of  Africa. 


1'  R  E 


1  R  I 


Freetown,  post  town  and  township,  Bris- 
tol county,  Massachusetts,  left  side  of 
Taunton  river,  40  miles  S  from  Boston. 
Populat'.n  in  1820,  1863. 

FrbeCoxvn,  township,  Cortland  county, 
Nfw  Yoric.     l^ooaiaUon  in  1820,  663. 

Frtjus,  town  of  Provence  in  Fra.ice, 
now  in  the  depart  nent  of  Var.  By  the 
Romans,  it  was  Cfiici  Forum  Jaiii ;  and  at 
thai  time'  hid  a  gO')d  lorr  >n  the  Mediter- 
ranean whic'i  is  nuvahive  a  iniie  fron  it. 
Here  Napoleon  laided  in  1815,  when  he 
returne  1  into  Fi  ince  from  Elba.  It  is 
seated  near  the  river  Argi-ns,  in  a  morals, 
40  mii^s  NE  of  Toulon,  hm.  6  50  E.  lat. 
43  26  N. 

Frmch-broad,  river  of  North  Carolina, 
and  Tenne-see,  one  of  the  hranciies  of 
Tennessee  river,  risf;s  in  Banc  >mbe  coun- 
ty in  the  former,  and  flowing  NW,  enters 
the  latter  in  Cocke  county,  over  vviiich  it 
passes,  and  receives  the  Nolachucky  from 
the  left.  It  thence  turns  W,  and  traversiiiij 
part  of  JefFersin,  Sevier  and  Knox  coun- 
ties, joins  the  Holston,  five  miles  above 
Knoxville.  It  is  navigable  to  the  mouth  of 
Nolachucky. 

French  creek,  rises  in  Berks  county,  and 
flowing- SK  enters  Chester  countv,  falls  into 
Schuylkill  river,  10  miles  above  Nornst)wn. 

French  creek,  VR  township  of  Vfercer 
county,  Pennsylvatiia.    Population  in  1820, 

277. 

French  creek,  river  rises  in  Chataui[ue 
county.  New  York,  and  pursuing  a  com- 
parative course  SW  15  miles  enters  Penn- 
sylvania, in  Erie  county,  and  continuing 
SW  35  miles  by  comparative  courses  to 
Meadville,  there  receives  the  Cassawago 
from  the  NVV,  turis  to  NE  25  miles,  and 
unites  with  the  Allegany  river  at  Franklin. 
It  is  navigable  as  high  as  the  mouth  of 
Boeuf creek  five  miles  S  from  Waterford. 

French  creek,  township  of  Venango  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  along  the  right  side  of 
French  creek,  and  Allegany  rivers,  above 
and  below  Franklin.  Population  in  1820, 
521. 

French  jWills,  now  Fort  Covington,  post 
town  and  township  of  Franklin  county. 
New  York,  on  Salmon  river,  eight  miles  E 
from  St.  Regis. 

Frenchman's  Bay,  bay  and  a  settlement 
round  it,  in  Lincoln  county,  Maine.  It  was 
so  named  from  a  small  colmiy  of  French 
established  there  as  early  as  1637. 

French  river.     See  Francois. 

French,  river,  rises  in  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  joins  theQuinebaug  in  Wind- 
ham, Connecticut. 

Frenchton,  post  town,  Dinwiddie  county, 
Virginia. 

FrenchtD-wn  landing,  one  mile  S  from  Elk- 
ton,  Cecil  county,  Maryland. 

Frenchtoimi,  Monroe  county,  Michigan 
territory,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
336 


Raisin,  40  miles  SSW  from  Detroit.  Here 
on  January  2Ji;h  1813,  a,  body  of  U.  S. 
tro  ips  sui-rendered  to  the  British  and  their 
Lidiun  allies,  many  of  whom  were  after- 
wards murdered  in  cold  blood. 

Frescati,  town  of  Italy,  in  Champagna  di 
Rona.  It  derives  iti  o  me  from  the  cool- 
ness of  the  air,  and  fresii  verdure  of  the 
fields  around.  It  is  budt  on  the  r  ms  of 
the  aficient  Fusculum,  the  T  iscu  i »  I'da 
of  Cicero  is  at  no  great  distanct^.  Frescati 
is  seated  on  the  decuvny  of  a  hdt,  12  miles 
SE  of  Rome.     Lon.  11  42  E.  lat.  41  48  N, 

Fresnillo,  town  of  Mexico,  m  the  Inten- 
dancy  of  Xacatexas,  30  miles  NW  from 
Xacatexas.  Lon.  W  C  24  50  W.  lat.  23 
22  N. 

FreudenUadt,  strong  town  of  Suabia,  in 
the  Black  Forest,  built  in  1600,  to  defend 
the  passage  into  this  forest,  it  is  12  miles 
SE  of  Strasburg.     Lon.  21  E.  lat.  48  28  N. 

Freukenshal,  town  of  Silesia,  celebrated 
fir  its  breed  of  horses,  and  manufacture  of 
fine  linen.     Lon.  17  21  E.  lat.  50  3  N. 

Freuberg,  kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  most 
celebrated  mining  establishment  in  Europe, 
19  miles  WSW  from  Dresden.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  ''^rzgeberg,  and  the  residence 
of  the  mining  supenutendatits  throughout 
the  kingdom.  Beside  many  others,  this 
mineral  school  has  been  rendered  illustri- 
ous by  having  produced  Werner  the  New- 
ton of  mineralogy.     See  Erzgeberg. 

Freystadt,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Neitra,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  VV^aag,  opposite  Leopold- 
stadt.    Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Freystadt,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Treschen,  20  nailes  E  of  Troppaw. 
Lon.  18  15  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Frias,  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Ebro,  o5  miles  NW  of  Burgos. 
Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  42  52  N. 

Friburg,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Swis- 
serland,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the 
canton  of  Bern.  It  is  fertile  in  corn, 
fruits  and  pastures. 

Friburg,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital 
of  a  canton  of  the  same  name  ;  seated 
on  the  river  San,  15  miles  SW  of  Bern. 
Lon,  6  55  E,  lat.  45  48  N. 

Friburg,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
Brisgaw ;  remarkable  for  the  steeple  of 
the  great  church  and  for  its  university. 
The  inhabitants  are  famous  for  polishing 
crystal  and  precious  stones.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  French  in  June  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Triser,  10  miles  E 
of  Brisach,  and  26  S  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  57  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Fricenti,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Ulteriore,  near  the  river  Tri- 
apalto,  20  miles  SE  of  Benevento.  LoDv 
15  9  E,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Frisdberg,  imperial  town  of  Germany, 


F  R  I 


1'  R  O 


in  Weteravia,  seated  on  a  mountain,  15 
miles  NE  of  Francfort.    Lon.  8  46  E,  lat. 

50  10  N. 

Friedberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia, with  a  castle,  taken  and  plun- 
dered by  the  Swedes  in  1632.  It  is  30 
miles  KW  of  Munich.  Lon.  11  10  E, 
lat.  40  23  N. 

Friedberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Mis- 
nia,  remarkable  for  its  mines?  and  for 
being  the  burying  place  of  the  princes  of 
the  house  of  Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Multa,  15  miles  SW  of  Dresden;  Lon. 
13  36  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Friedber^,X.o\vn  of  Germany,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  seated  on  the  Unstrue,  30  miles  W  of 
Leipsick.     Lon   11  41  E.  lat.  51  19  N. 

Friedberg,  name  of  two  small  towns  in 
Silesia ;  the  one  in  the  duchy  of  Javer, 
and  the  other  in  the  duchy  of  Schweidnitz. 
The  last  is  remarkable  for  a  battle  gained 
there  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  over  the  Aus- 
trians,  in  1745. 

Friding,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Danube, 
30  miles  NE  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  31  E, 
lat.  48  UN. 

Fridland,  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  on  the 
Pregel  river,  40  miles  SE  from  Konings- 
berg.  Here  on  June  14th,  1807,  Napoleon 
defeated  the  allied  army  of  Russians  and 
Prussians,  which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Til- 
sit. 

Fridland,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Silesia,  55  miles  E  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  15  15  E.  lat.  52  4  N. 

Fridlingen,  town  of  Suabia,  tliree  miles  E 
of  the  Rhine,  and  four  N  of  Basle.  Lon.  7 
:i6  R.  lat,  47  40  N. 

Friendly  Islands,  group  of  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  so  named  by  captain 
Cook,  in  1773,  on  account  of  tlie  friendship 
that  appeared  to,  subsist  among  the  inha- 
bitants, and  their  courteous  beliaviour  to 
siraiigcTS  ;  a  character  reversed  by  subse- 
quent ;ind  more  accurate  observatio;).  The 
gener;<l  appearance  of  the -e  islands  convey 
an  idea  of  the  most  exuberant  fertility  ; 
the  surface,  at  a  distance,  seems  entirely 
clothed  witli  trees  of  various  sizes,  some 
of  which  are  very  large,  particularly  the 
tall  coco^-palm,  and  a  species  of  fig  with 
narrow  pointed  leaves.  On  closer  exami- 
nation, they  are  almost  wholly  laid  out  in 
plantations,  in  which  are  some  of  the  rich- 
est productions  of  nature ;  such  as  bread 
fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees,  plantains,  yams, 
sugar-canes,  and  a  fruit  like  a  nectarine. 

Friendship,  township  of  T/mcoln  county, 
Maine,  on*  the  E  side  of  Muscongus  bay, 
30  miles  E  from  Wiscasset.  Population  in 
1820,  587. 

Fnendihip,  township  of  Allegany  county. 
New  York,  15  miles  SW  from  Angelica. 
Population  in  1820,652. 

Friendship,  post  town,  Anne-Arundel 
ooimtv,  Maryland. 

■  U  u 


Friesach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Saltzburg,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, on  a  mountain.  It  is  56  miles  SE  of 
Saltzburg.     Lon.  14  12  E.  lat.  47  12  N. 

Friesengen,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  bishopric  of  the  same  name,  in  the  circle 
of  Bavaria.  It  surrendered  to  the  French, 
September  3,  1796  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  Iser,  20  miles  N  by  E 
of  Munich.     Lon  11  50  E.  lat.  48  26  N. 

Friesland,  one  of  the  United  Provinces, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  German  Ocean, 
on  the  W  by  the  Zuider-Zee,  on  the  S  by 
the  same  and  Overyssel,  which,  also,  with 
Groningen,  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Lewarden 
is  the  capital. 

Friesland,  East,  province  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  lying  near  the 
German  Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S  by 
the  bishopric  of  Munster,  on  the  E  by  the 
county  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  W  by  the 
province  of  Groningen,  and  on  the  N  by 
the  sea,  being  about  50  mdes  in  length, 
and  30  in  breadth.  The  principal  towns 
are  Norden,  Leer,  Essens,  Whitmunde, 
and  Aurick.  Embden  was  an  imperial 
city,  and  the  principal  place,  in  the  coun- 
try ;  but  now  belongs  also  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  who  bought  it  of  the  Dutch. 

Friesland,  West,  another  name  fi'r  that 
part  of  Holland,  called  North  Holland* 
The  states  of  Holland  hence  take  the 
title  of  the  states  of  Holland  and  West 
Friesland. 

Frimvalt,  town  of  Germany  in  the  mar- 
gr-ivate  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the 
Oder,  30  miles  NE  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  10 
E.  lat.  52  50  N.. 

Frio,  Cape,  promontory  of  Brasil,  in  the 
province  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Lon.  41  31  W* 
lat.  22  54  S. 

Frischah,  bay  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Vistula. 

Fritidar,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  20  miles  SW  of 
Cassel. 

FriuU,  province  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Garinthia,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  E  by  Carniola  and  the  gidf 
of  Triesto,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Trcvisano 
and  Beilunese.  It  is  fertile  in  wine  and 
fruits,  and  subject  partly  to  the  Venetians, 
and  partly  to  Austria,  Udina  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Frobisher's  Straitn,  little  N  of  Cap?  Fare- 
well, and  West  Greenland,  discovered  by 
Sir  Murlin  Frobisher.  Lon.  42  0  W.  lat. 
63  0  N. 

Frodingham,.  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tiiursday,  36 
miles  E  of  York,  and  194  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  12  W.  lit.  53  56  N. 

Frodsham.  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  cas- 
tle at  the  W  end,  and  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday. It  is  seated  near  the  Mersey, 
by   Frodsham    Hills, 'the   highest;   in    the 


F  R  U 


F  U  N 


county,  11  miles  NE  of  Chester,  and  182 
NNW  of  London.  Lcn.  2  48  W.  lat.  53  21 
N. 

Fro£''s  Point,  or  JPro^'s  JVeck,  West 
Chester  county.  New  York,  on  Ltrng 
Island  Sound,  n'ne  miles  NE  from  Harlem 
Heiglits. 

Frame,  or  Froom,  river  in  Dorsetshire, 
which  comes  from  the  SW  pan  of  the 
county  of  Dorchester,  and  proceeding  to 
Wareham  empties  itseU  ino  the  bay  that 
forms  the  harbour  of  Poole. 

Frame,  river  in  Snmersetsliire,  which 
flows  by  he  town  of  Frome,  and  unites 
with  the  A^on  :it  Bristol. 

Frome,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  Their  diief  majiu- 
facture  is  second  cloths.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Frome,  12  miles  S  of  Bath,  and  104  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  VV.  lat.  51  10 
N. 

Fronsac,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironeie  and  la'e  province  of  Gui- 
enne,  seate^!  on  the  Dordngne,  22  miles 
NE  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  16  W.  lat.  45  4 
N. 

Fronteira,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
19  miles  NE  of  Estremos. 

Fronteru,  San  Jzum  de  la,  town  of  the 
United  Provinc-  s  of  Buenos  Ayres,  about 
100  miles  N  bv  B  fmm  Mendoza.  Lon. 
W  C  8  24  E,  lilt.  31   17  S. 

Frontigniac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herault  and  late  province  of 
Langue.'.oc,  remarkuble  for  its  excellent 
muscadine  wine';.  It  is  S(  ated  on  Lake 
Maguleone,  14  miles  SW  ol  Montpellier. 
Lon.  3  48  E.  lat.  43  46  N. 

Frontenac  County,  Upper  Canada,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  county  ot  Leeds;  on 
the  S  by  lake  Ontario;  on  the  W  by  he 
township  of  Ernest,  running  N  24  degiees 
W,  uniii  it  intersects  the  Ottawa  or  Grand 
River ;  and  thence  ascending  ti.at  ri^*er 
until  it  meets  the  north-westernmost 
boundary  of  the  comity  of  Leeds. 

Front'tfucic,  fort      St-e  Kingston. 

Front  Jioyul,  ])Ost  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  E  side  of  She^.an- 
doah  river,  nt  ar  the  Blue  ridge,  20  miles 
S  from  Winchester. 

Frexvard,  Cnpe,  the  extreme  southern 
prolons-cation  of  the  American  continent,  in 
the  straits  of  Magellan.  Lon.  W  C  6  E. 
lat.  54  03  S. 

Fr&?/en,  island  in  the  North  Sea,  about 
35  miles  in  circumference,  and  situated 
near  the  coast  of  Norway.  Lon.  9  0  E. 
lat.  63  46  N. 

Frozen,  or  .Arctic  Ocean.  '  This  is  a  ge- 
neral and  very  indefinite  term  for  the  seas 
lying  N  from  Europe,  Asia,  North  Ameri- 
ca and  around  the  North  Pole. 

Fitdisto-wn,  post  towii  of  Columbia  coun- 
ty, Pennsjlvania,  15  miles  N  from  Dan- 
ville. 


Frutingen,  beautiful  town  of  Swissei  • 
land,  situated  in  ihe  canton  of  Bern,  31 
miles  SE  of  Friburg. 

Fryberg,  post  town  of  Oxford  county, 
Maiie,  and  the  ser.t  of  a  .\c-demy  ;  lymg 
on  the  N  branch  ofSaco  river,  58  miles  N 
W    fPonland.     P  pulation  in  1820, 1057. 

Frying  pan  Shoals,  ofl'  Cape  Fear  river, 
North  Curi'lina. 

Fuca,  St.  Juan  de,  straits  of  the  United 
States,  on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  ihe  Wakash  or  Qi.adra  and  Van- 
couvers  Island  and  the  contine.nt.  Its  en- 
trance from  the  ocean  is  between  Cape 
Flattery  ai;d  the  island  of  Quadra.  Lon. 
W  C  48  W.  hi.  48  30  N. 

Fuego,ox\&  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands, 
in  the  Atlantir  Ocean.  It  is  300  miles  W 
of  Cape  de  Verd.  Lon.  24  30  W.  lat.  14 
54  N. 

Fuen-hou-fou,  extensive  and  populous 
city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Peiche- 
11,  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  streets 
and  triumphal  arches. 

Fuen-tcheou-fou,  commercial  city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Chang  sii.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Fuen-ho,  250  miles 
§VV  from  Peking. 

Fuente- Duegna,  town  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile  ;  seated  on  the  Tajo,  35 
miles  SE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  0  W,  lat. 
40  14  N. 

Fuers,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Forez,  seated  on  the  Loire,  23 
miles  SW  of  Lyons. 

Fuessen,  town  of  Suabia,  belonging  to 
the  bishop  of  Augsburg,  with  an  ancient 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lech,  50  miles 
S  t»y  E  of  Augsburg.  Lon  11  15  E,  lat. 
47  40  N. 

Fuidentall,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Trnppaw,  seated  near  the  Mohra,  16 
miles  W  bv  S  of  I'roppaw. 

Fula,  or'  T/mle.  one  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  VV  of  Mainland,  thought  by 
snme  to  be  the  Ultimata  Thule  of  the 
ancients. 

Fulde,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  celebrated 
abbey,  whose  abbot  is  primate  of  the  ab- 
bies  of  the  empire,  and  sovereign  of  a 
small  territory  between  Hesse,  Francc- 
nia,  and  Thuringia.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Fulde,  55  miles  S  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  43 
E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Fidhain,  village  in  Middlesex,  four  miles 
W  by  S  of  London. 

Funchal,  capital  of  Madeira;  situate 
round  a  bay,  on  the  gentle  ascent  of  the 
first  hills,  in  form  of  an  amphitheatre.  Lon. 
17  6  W,  lat.  32  38  N. 

Funen,  island  oF  Denmark,  340  miles  in 
circumference ;  separated  from  Jutland  by 
a  strait  called  the  Little  Belt,  and  from 


G  A  I 


G  A  I.' 


viualand  by  the  Great  Belt.  It  is  remarka- 
bly fertile  in  pasture  and  grain,  and  exports 
to  Norway,  barley,  oats,  rye,  and  peas. 
Odensee  is  ttie  capital. 

Fumes,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  12  miles 
E  from  Dunkirk.  Lon  2  45  E,  lat.  51  4  N. 
Furruckabail,  district  of  Hiiidoostan 
Proper,  contiguous  to  the  VV  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  and  surrounded  by  the  dominions 
of  Oude.  I'  is  little  more  than  30  miles  in 
extent,  ajid  belongs  to  a  chief  of  the  Patan 
Rohilla  tribe.  Its  capital  is  of  the  same 
name.     I,on.  79  30  W,  lat.  27  28  N". 

Furstenbiirg,  principality  of  Suabia ; 
bounded  b\  the  duchy  of  VVirtenmburg,  the 
county  of  Hohenburg,  by  the  Brisgaw,  the 
Black  F  irest,  and  the  lake  and  bishopric 
of  Constance.  In  this  state  the  river  Dan- 
ube takes  its  rise.  It  is  subdivided  be- 
tween Baden,  Wirtemberg  and  Hohenzol- 
lern,  Sigmaringen. 

Fursteiiburg,  village  of  the  principality  of 
Furstenburg,  14  miles  NNW  from  Schaf- 
hausen. 

Furstenfsld,  town  of  Lower  Stiria,  with 
a  castle,  on  the  river  Ausnilz,  50  miles  S 
of  Vienna.     Lon.  16  5  E,  Ut.  47  23  N. 

Furstenivald,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on 
the  Spree,  20  miles  W  of  Francfort  on  the 


Oder.    It  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  16ol 
J.on,  USE,  lat.  52  23  N. 

FuUypour  Sicri,  considerable  -town  of 
Hiiidoostaa  Proper,  in  the  province  of 
Agra,  seated  under  a  range  of  hills,  the 
southern  boundary  of  an  immense  plain,  in 
which  for  the  greatest  part,  not  a  shrub  is 
to  be  seen,  and  the  soil  is  light.  It  is  42 
miles  W  of  Agra.  Lon.  77  45  E,  lat.  27 
0  N. 

Fyal,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  V^estern 
Islands.  The  most  coii;>ider„I:ii'-  :.dce  is 
called  Villa  de  Horta.  Lon.  i^  36 '.V,  lat. 
38  32  N". 

Fyers,  river  of  Inverness-shire,  in  Scot- 
land, which  descending'  from  the  S,  flows 
toward  Loch  Ness. 

Fytie,  J^och,  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  In  Ar- 
gyieshire,  near  40  miles  in  length,  noted 
as  the  resort  of  the  herring  shoals,  and  nu- 
merous fishing  vessels.  It  receives  and 
returns  a  tide  on  each  side  of  the  isle  of 
Arran,  which  is  directly  opposite  its  en- 
trance. 

Fyzabad,  large  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  territory  of  Oude,  of  which  it  was 
once  the  capital.  It  is  seated  on  the  Go- 
gra,  a  large  river  frum  Th  bet,  and  is  80 
miles  E  of  Lucknow,  and  500  NW  of  Cal- 
cutta,    Lon.  82  30  E,  lat.  29  34  N. 


G 


Gabaret,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers  and  late  province  of  Gascony, 
seated  on  the  Gelise,  20  miles  W  of  Con- 
dom.    Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  44  59  N. 

Gabel,  town  of  Bohemia,  45  miles  N  of 
Prague. 

Gabian,  villageof  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  famous  for  its  mineral  waters. 

Gabin,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Rav;(,  50  miles  NVV  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
19  45  E,  lat:  52  26  N. 

Gaieta,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavora,  with  a  fort,  a  citadel,  a  harbour, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1707,  and  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1734.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  sea,  30  miles  NW  of  Capua. 
Lon.  13  47  E,  lat  41  30  N. 

Gaillac,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Languedoc,  remarkable  for  its  wines  It 
is  seated  on  the  Tarn,  10  miles  SW  of 
Alby.    Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  43  54  N. 

GaiUon,Xtown  [of  France,  an  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
m-ndy,  remarkable  for  its  archiepiscopal 
palace,  which  lately  belonged  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen.  Ills  5  miles  from  An- 
dely,  and  22  from  Rouen. 


Gaines,  post  town,  Boone  county,  Ken- 
tucky. 

Gainsborough,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  near  the  river 
Trent,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone 
bridge.  It  is  17  mdes  NW  of  Lincoln,  and 
151  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  W, 
lat.  53  28  N. 

Gninsborough,  township  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Uf>per  Canada. 

Gainsborougfi,  post  village,  Frederick 
count}',   Virginia. 

Gairloch,  large  bay  of  Scotland,  on  t!ie 
VV  CO  ist  of  Ross-shire.  In  this  bay,  which 
gives  name  to  a  tract  of  land  ;ie:ir  it,  the 
fishing  of  cod,  and  otlier  white  fish  is  very 
considerable. 

Gaisee,  village  of  Swisserland  in  Rhode 
exterior,  which  is  the  protestant  division 
of  the  county  of  Appenzel.  It  is  much  re- 
sorted to  on  account  of  its  goat's  whey, 
which  is  brought  from  a  neighbouring 
mountain. 

Galacz,  town  of  Bulgaria ;  seated  near 
the  Danube,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
Pruth  and  Seret. 

Galashiels,  village  in  Selkirkshire,  seated 
on  the  Gala,  near  its  confluence  vv.th  the 
Twe.  d.  It  is  25  miles  S  by  E  of  Edin- 
buigh. 

Galaso,  river  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  which 
539 


It     a    L 


li  A  L 


rises  in  the  opening  near  Oria,  and  talis 
into  the  gulf  of  Taranto. 

Galata,  village  near  Constantinople,  or 
rath  r  a  suburb  of  that  city,  on  the  Euro- 
pe'.n  side  of  ihe  Bosphcmis  opposite  the 
Seraglio,  on  the  NK  side  of  tiie  rrier  har- 
bor. It  is  inhabited  by  Christians  of  all 
sorts,  us  well  as  Jews,  who  exorcise  tlicr 
religion  publicly  ;  and  here  wine  is  sold  in 
ta<erns,  which  is  not  allowed  in  the  city 
itself. 

Galicia,  country  in  the  SW  part  of  Po- 
land, which  extends  320  miles  ti'om  E  to 
W,  md  290  in  breadth.  It  comprises  Lit- 
tle Poldud,  I  he  greatest  part  of  Red  Russia, 
and  a  slip  of  Podolia  to  the  W  of  the  river 
Bog.  Tliis  territory  was  forcibly  seized  by 
the  Austrians  in  1772  and  1795,  and  incor- 
porated into  the  Austrian  dominions,  under 
the  appellation  of  the  kingdom  of  Galicia 
and  Loiomeria.  The  mountainous  parts 
produce  fine  pasture  ;  the  plains  are  most- 
ly sandy,  but  abound  in  forests,  and  are 
fertile  in  corn.  The  prin  ipal  articles  of 
traffic  are  cattle,  hides,  wax,  and  honey ; 
and  these  countries  contain  mines  of  cop- 
per, lead,  iron,  an  I  salt,  of  which  the  latter 
are  tlie  most  valuable.  This  country  is 
divided  into  East  Galicia  and  West  Gali- 
cia, of  which  the  capitals  are  Lemburg  and 
Cracow. 

Galicia,  province  of  Spain  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  and  W  by  the  Atlantic,  S  by  Portu- 
gal, and  E  by  Asturias  and  Leon  The  air 
is  temperate  along  the  coast,  but  in  '.th  r 
places  cold  and  moist.  It  is  thin  of  people. 
The  produce  is  wine,  flax,  and  citrons. 
Ilei  e  als  >  are  copper,  tin,  and  lead ;  and 
the  foies^s  yield  wood  for  building  ships. 
Compostella  is  the  cap  tal. 

Galicia,  JVe^u      See  Guadalajara. 

Galistio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
10  miles  NW  of  Placentia. 

Galitsch,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kostroma,  on  the  S  side  of  a  lake 
of  its  name,  56  miles  ENE  of  Kostroma. 
Lon.  22  54  E,  lat.  57  56  N. 

Gnlly  St.  nev/  canton  of  Switzerland, 
bordering  on  the  lake  of  Constance,  be- 
tween  the  cantons  of  Thurgad  and  Appen- 
zel. 

Gall,  St.  or  St.  Gallen,  town  of  Switzer- 
land, capita!  of  the  canton  of  St.  Gall.  It 
has  a  rich  abbey,  whose  abbot  formerly 
posse  sed  the  sovereignty  of  the  town.  It 
is  seated  m  a  narrow  valley,  on  two  small 
streams.  35  miles  E  of  Zurich.  Lon.  9  18 
E,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Gallam,  tov.'n  of  Negr  iland,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Senegal. 

Gallapagos,  group  of  islands  in  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  lying  under  the  equator.  The 
largest  65  miles  long  and  45  miles  broad. 
Lon.  W  C  12  W. 

340 


Gallatin,  township  of  Columbia  county, 
New  York.     See  Alteram. 

Gallatin,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice. 
Summer  county,  Tennessee,  27  miles  NE 
from  Nashville. 

Gallatin,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded 
N  by  01\io  river;  E  by  Giant ,  SE  by  Grant 
and  Owen,  and  SW  by  Hertty.  Length 
35 ;  mean  width  10 ;  area  350  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  where  fit  for  tillage, 
generally  fertile.  Chief  town.  Port  Wil- 
liam. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,393 
do.    do.  females             -        -        1,214 
All  oiher  persons  except  In- 
dians not  t;vxed        ...  12 
Slaves 688 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  pales 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        .         * 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agricuhure     - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.         in  Commerce 


3,307 


3,023 
2,799 

5,817 

10 

6 

601 

•   641 

7,075 


10 
1,873 
162 
S5 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 

Gallatin,  county  of  Illinois  ;  bounded  by 
Wabash  river  E  and  SE ;  Pope  S  ;  Frank- 
lin W,  and  White  N  ;  length  -36 ;  mean 
width  33  ;  area  880  square  miles.  Surface 
waving,  rather  than  hilly,  and  soil  ppoduc- 
tive.     Chief  town,  Shav.anee  town. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,609 
do.    do.    females     ...        1,254 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      -        .        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    . 


3,155 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  19 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  620 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  286 

do.  •      in  Commerce       -        .  29 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3^. 

Gallatin  s  River,  branch  of  Missouri,  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  Yellow 
Stone  river  and  Madison's  river,  and  joins 


GAL 


GAM 


the  Missouri  a  few  miles  below  the  junc- 
tion of  Madison's  and  Jefferson's  rivers. 
Lat.  45  15  N. 

Galle,  or  Point  de  Galle,  seaport  on  the 
S  coast  of  Ceylon,  in  a  rich  aad  beautiful 
district,  with  a  strong  fort  and  a  secure  har- 
bour. 

Gallia,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  by  the 
Ohio  river  E  and  SE ;  Lawrence  SW ; 
.Tackson  NW,  and  Meigs  N;  length  36; 
width  24  ;  area  500  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  hilly  and  broken  ;  though  much 
good  bottom  land  spreads  along  the  Ohio 
river.  Soil  on  the  hills  sterile.  Chief 
town,  GalJipolis. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...      2,175 

do.     do.     females      ...       1,991 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed      .....  15 

Slaves 0 


Total  population  in  1810 


4,181 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females     - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

do.                do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

males 
females 

3,603 
3,354 

6,957 

85 

56 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


7,098 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  116 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,439 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  101 

do.        in  Commerce       -         .  36 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14. 

Gallipoli,  strait  between  European  and 
Asiatic  Turkey,  the  ancient  Hellespont. 
It  forms  the  communication  between  the 
Archipelago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and 
is  detendf-d  at  the  SW  entrance  by  two 
castles.  It  is  here  two  miles  over,  and  is 
33  miles  long.     See  Dardanelles. 

GaUipoli,  seaport  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Romania,  the  residence  of  a  pacha,  and 
the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop.  It  contains 
about  10,000  Turks,  3,500  Greeks,  beside 
a  great  number  of  Jews.  It  is  an  open 
place,  with  no  other  defence  than  a  sorry 
square  castle,  and  stands  on  the  s'rait  of 
the  same  name,  100  miles  SW  of  Constan- 
tinople.    Lon  26  59  E,  lat  40  25  N. 

Gallipoli,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  and  a  bishop's  see.  This  place 
is  a  great  mart  for  olive  oil,  and  has  a  manu- 
ficture  of  muslins.  It  is  seated  on  a  r.cky 
island,  on  the  S  shore  of  the  bay  of  Torento, 
and  joined  to  tlie  main  land  by  a  bridge, 
protected  by  a  fort,  23  miles  W  of  Otranto. 
Lon.  18  5  E.  lat.  40  20  N. 


Gallipolis,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Gallia  county,  Ohio,  on  an  elevated  second 
bottom  of  Ohio  river.  Lat.  38  50  N.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  Academy.  Population  of 
the  town  and  township  in  1820,  830. 

GalUvant's  Ferry,  post  village,  Kingston 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Gallop,  or  as  they  are  commonly  called 
Galloo  Islands ;  a  group  of  beautiful  small 
islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  Upper  Canada. 
They  are  about  30  m  number,  with  a  very 
rich  soil,  and  appertain  mostly  to  St.  Law- 
rence county.  New  York,  and  lie  opposite 
to  Edwardsburgh  in  Grenville  county.  Up- 
per Canada.  They  commence  about  five 
miles  below  Ogdensbutgh,  and  extend 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  6  or  7  miles. 

Gallo,  cape  of  the  Morea,  the  .^ncient 
Acritas.     Lon.  21  52,  E,  lat.  36  48  N. 

Gallo,  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near 
the  coast  of  Peru  ;  the  first  place  possessed 
by  the  Spaniards,  when  they  attempted  the 
coiquest  of  Peru.  It  is  also  the  place 
where  the  Buccaneers  used  to  come  for 
wood  and  water,  and  to  refit  their  vessels, 
Lon.  W  C  2  W,  lat.  2  30  N. 

GalloTvay,  JVeto,  borough  in  Kircudbright- 
shire  ;  situated  on  the  river  Ken,  14  miles 
N  of  Kircudbright. 

Galloivay,  Upper,  or  TVest.  See  fVigton- 
sJiive. 

Galveston,  small  post  village  of  Louisiana, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Amite  river,  at  the 
pouth  of  Ibberville,  20  miles  NNE  from 
Donaldsonville,  and  25  SE  from  Baton 
Rouge. 

Galveston  Bay,  bay  of  Texas  in  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  the  mouth  of  Trinity  river. 
Lon.  W  C  18  W,  lat.  29  N. 

Gahvay,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pi'o- 
vince  of  Connaught,  82  miles  in  length, 
and  42  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  the  counties  of  Mayo  and 
Roscommon ;  on  the  E  by  Roscommon, 
West  Meath,  and  King's  county  ;  on  the 
SW  by  Tipperary ;  on  the  S  by  Gal  way 
Hay  and  Clare  ;  and  on  the  W  by  the  At- 
lantic. The  river  Shannon  washes  the 
frontiers  of  the  E  and  SE,  and  forms  a  lake 
several  miles  in  length.  It  contains  136 
parisi)es,  and  formerly  sent  eight  members 
to  the  Irish  parliament. 

Galivay,  seaport  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
Galway  county,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  40  miles  WSW  of 
Athlone,  and  100  W  of  Dublin.  Lon.  9  0 
W,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Gahvay,  post  town- and  township  of  Sara- 
toga county.  New  York;  12  miles  NW  from 
Ballstown,  and  33  from  Albany.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2579. 

Gal-way  Bay,  large  bay  of  Ireland,  en- 
circled on  the  N  and  E  by  Galway  county, 
,ind  S  by  county  Clare ;  to  the  W  it  is 
open  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Gambia,  creat  river  of  Africa,  which 
.341 


G  A  K 


G  A  U 


cunning  from  E  to  W,  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  between  Cape  Vi  rd  on  the  N,  and 
Cape  St.  Mary  on  ihe  S,  It  (.verdows  the 
country  a.inually,  like  tne  Nile.  Tlie 
Ganrjbia  was  io.  g  supp  'sed  to  be  a  branch 
of  tiie  Niger;  btii  iis  source  was  determin- 
ed by  Mr  Park  to  be  130  geojfraphical 
miles  \V  ot  Uiat  TiVer. 

"dananuqui,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  falls 
into  the  St.  LawTt-ncc,  18  miles  be.ow 
Kings' nn.  Tliere  is  an  exc  llent  harbour, 
witli  from  12  v  15  feet  water  at  its  mouth. 

GaJiamha,  smaii  river  of  Ufper  Canada, 
fails  uu  >  lake  On  arjo  nearly  opp.js  u  o 
Geucsec  cciiii  y  u\  N^w'Y^rk.  Lon.  VV 
C  1  15  W. .  From  its  mouth  ther-  is  a 
car'-)  ng  p'ace  of  about  15  miles  'o  liice 
lake  •wtiie  lixer  Ir^n. 

Ganderslieim,  lown  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  iluchy  of  Brunswick  WolfenbuUle, 
with  a  celebrated  nunn  ry,  17  miles  SW  of 
Goslar.     Lon  18  20  E   i^t  51  54  N. 

Gandin,  seaport  ot  Sp.ii  i,  m  Valencia, 
With  a  smad  i;niversit\,  55  miles  N  ot  Ali- 
cant.     Lu  0  2oE   lat.  39  6  N. 

Gandicotta,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hihdoosian,  rtm  rkable  for  a  strong  for- 
tress, .tnd  a  d  ^moiid  mine  near  it.  Ii  is 
seatrd  near  ihe  river  Pelaiar,  between 
Gooty  and  Cuudapa. 

Ganges,  or  Ganja,  town  ■ /f  Persia,  in  the 
proviiict;  of  P>iva..,  105  miles  S  by  E  of 
Tefflis.     Lon.  45  50  E   lat   41   ION. 

Ganges,  large  and  celebrated  river  of 
Asi  ,  wnicii  has  its  source  in  two  springs 
on  the;  W  side  of  Mount  Kemaifi'e,  in  Thi- 
bet. The-.e  two  stieams  take  their  c  urse 
westward,  inclm.ng  c  )nsidei-ably  to  the  N, 
for  a  course  ot  about  300  mdes,  when 
meetmg  the  i;reat  ridge  of  Mount  Himma- 
leh,  they  turn  to  the  S,  in  which  course 
they  unite  tlieir  waters,  and  form  what  is 
properly  called  the  Ganges.  This  great 
body  ot  water  now  f  Tces  a  passage  through 
the  ridge  oi  ILmmaleh,  at  the  distance  of 
100  miles  below  the  place  of  its  first  ap- 
proach, and,  sapping  its  very  foundation, 
rushes  through  a  cavern,  and  precipitates 
itself  into  a  vast  basin  which  it  has  worn 
in  the  rock,  at  the  higher  f  >ot  of  the 
mouritains.  The  G..nges  thus  appears,  to 
incurious  spectators,  to  derive  its  original 
from  this  chain  ot  mountains.  The  mind 
of  superstition  has  given  to  the  mouth  of 
the  cavern,  the  form  of  the  head  of  a  cow  ; 
an  animal  held  by  the  Hindoos  in  a  degree 
of  veneration,  almost  equal  to  that  in  which 
the  Egyptians  held  their  god  Apis.  From 
this  second  source  (as  it  may  be  termed) 
of  the  Ganges,  its  course  becomes  easterly, 
through  the  rugged  country  of  Sirinagur, 
until,  at  Hurdwar,  it  finally  escapes  from 
this  mountainous  tract  in  which  it  has 
vandered  800  miles.  From  Hurdwar 
where  it  gushes  through  an  opening  in  the 
oiountains,  and  enters  Hindooslan,  it  flows 
342 


with  a  smooth  navigable  stream  through 
delightful  plains,  during  the  remainder  of 
its  course  to  tiie  bay  of  Bengal,  which  is 
about  1350  miles  In  the  animal  inunda- 
tion of  this  immense  river,  the  country  is 
overfl  )wed  to  the  e.vtent  of  more  th^n  100 
miles  in  wid  h  ;  nothing  appearing  but  vil- 
lages and  trees,  excepting  very  rarely,  the 
top  of  an  elevated  spot,  the  artificial  mound 
of  some  deserted  village,  appearing  hke  an 
island.  The  rise  of  the  wa.er,  is,  on  an 
average,  31  feet.  '  In  a  woftl,  it  is,  in  every 
rfsp  ct,  one  of  the  most  b,  neficial  rivers 
in  Llie  -.vorKl,  diffusing  plenty  immediately 
by  means  of  its  living  productions,  and  se- 
condarily by  enrichiiit;  the  lands,  affording 
uneasy  Cjnve\ance  for  the  productions  of 
its  borders,  :md  giving  employment  to 
many  thousand  boatmen. 

Gangotri,  town  of  Thibet,  situated  on 
the  Ganges,  138  mile  •  N  of  Delhi.  Lon. 
76  o5  E.  lat.  33  8  N. 

Gangpour,  town  f>f  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doo tan,  225  miles  S  of  Patna.  It  is  in  the 
countrv  o*.  Orissa.  Lon.  83  57  E.  lat.  21 
25  N.' 

Ganjam,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doo^tan  in  one  of  the  Northern  Circars, 
subject  to  the  English.  It  lies  on  the  bay 
ot  Bengal,  between  a  river  and  the  SW 
end  of  Chilka  Lake.  Lon.  85  20  E.  lat. 
19  22  N. 

Gannat,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  AUicr,  and  l.te  provinc.;  of  Bour- 
bunnois,  30  miles  S  of  Moulins. 

Gap,  incieiit  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Alps,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Diuphiny,  and  lately  a  bishop's 
see.  Gap  is  seated  on  the  smad  river 
Bene,  at  the  foot  or  a  mountain,  in  which 
some  mineral  waters  are  found  that  are 
dee.iied  febrifuge.  It  is  27  miles  N  of  Sis- 
tron.     Lon.  6  10  E.  lat.  44  33  N. 

Garack,  island  of  Asia,  in  the  gulf  of 
Persia,  remarkable  for  the  fine  pearls  fish- 
ed up  on  its  coasts.  Lon.  48  0  E.  lat.  28 
15  N. 

Gard,  department  of  France,  which  com- 
prehends part  ot  the  late  pruvince  of  Lan- 
guedoc.     Nismes  is  the  episcopal  town. 

Garda,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronescj 
seated  at  the  end  of  a  lake  of  its  own 
name,  17  miles  NW  of  Verona.  Lon.  11 
4  E.  lat.  45  36  N. 

Gardeleben,  town  of  Germany,  In  the  old 
Marche  of  Brandenburg.  It  has  a  trade  in 
hops  and  excellent  beer,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Beise,  32  miles  N  by  VV  of  Mag- 
deburg.    Lon.  11  35  E.  lat,  52  41  N. 

Garden,  bay  on  the  NE  side  of  New- 
foundland. Lon.  W  C  54  30  E,  lat,  49  42 
N. 

Gardiner,  post  town  and  township,  Ken- 
nebec county,  Maine,  between  Cobbese 
conte,  and  Kennebec  river,  opposite  PittS' 


G  A  K 


GAT 


town,  and  six  miles  below  Augusta.  Popu- 
latinn  in  1820,  2053. 

Gardiner's  Bay,  or  rather  small  gulf  of 
Long  I-land,.  enclosed  between  Rocky 
Point,  Plum  Island,  Gardiners  Island, 
East  H  mpton,  and  Sheller  Island. 

Gardner'' s  Island,  at  the  E  end  of  Long 
Island,  f;)rm  ng  part  of  the  township  of 
East  Hampton,  Suffolk  county,  New  York. 
It  lies  nearly  in  a  N  and  S  direction  about 
four  milea.  long  exclusive  of  a  long  sandy 
beach. 

Gardner's  Inlet,  New  Hanover,  Pacific 
coast  of  North  America.  Lon.  W  C  51  43 
AV.  lat.  5o  35  N. 

Gardner,  township  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachuseits,  on  the  highland  between 
the  sources  of  the  W  branch  of  Nashua 
river,  and  those  of  Millers  river,  60  miles 
NW  from  Boston.  Population  in  1820, 
911 

Garland,  post  town  and  township,  Pe- 
nobscot county,  Maine,  28  miles  NW  from 
Bangor.     Population  m  1820,  275. 

Garonne,  river  of  France,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  and  ta- 
king a  NW  direction,  waters  Toulouse  and 
Bourdeaux,  below  w'hich  it  is  joined  by  the 
Dordogne,  and  thence  to  its  entrance  into 
the  bay  of  Biscay,  assumes  the  name  wi»h 
Gironde.  It  commuiiica*es  with  the  Me- 
diterranean, by  its  junction  with  the  Royal 
Can^l. 

Garonne,  ?7/)/)er,  department  of  France, 
which  comprehends  part  of  Languedoc. 
Toulouse  is  the  capitnl. 

Games,  township  in  the  southern  part  of 
Genesee  countv.  New  York.  Population 
in  1820.  1134.  ' 

Gainesville,  township  of  Genesee  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820, 1088. 

Garrards,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Rockcastle  SE  ;  Lincoln  SW  ;  Mercer 
NW  ;  Kentucky  river,  or  Jessamine  N ; 
and  Madison  NE  ;  length  28  ?  mean  width 
8  ;  area  220  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
,  Lancaster. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  3,592 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  3,496 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  15 

Slaves        -----  2,083 


Slaves  females 


Total  population  in  1820 


1,488 
10,851 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females    - 


9,186 


3,953 
3,948 


Total  whites      .        -        -        -  7,901 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  18 

do.            do.        females,  14 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,430 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  11 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      - .       -         2,085 

do.        in  Manufactu;"es  -  73 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  50  nearly. 

Garretsville,  post  office,  Otsego  county. 
New  York,  on  Butternut  creek,  75  miles 
W  from  Albany. 

Garrison,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Fermanaugh,  10  milts  SE  of  Ballyshan- 
non.     Lon,  17  43  W.  lat.  54  25  N. 

Garstzang,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the  river 
Wyre,  10  miles  S  of  Lancaster,  and  225 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  5Z  VV.  lat.  53 
56  N. 

Gartz,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  13  miles  S  of  Stetin. 
Lon.  14  45  E.  lat.  53  23  N. 

Gasconade,  river  of  Missouri,  rises  in 
Wayne  county,  interlocking  sources  with 
those  of  White,  St.  Francis,  and  Merrimac, 
and  flowing  N  enters  Missouri  about  100 
miles  above  St.  Louis. 

Gasco7Vj,  late  province  of  France,  bound- 
ed on  the  W  by  the  bay  of  Biscay,  on  the 
N  by  Guienne,  on  the  E  by  Languedoc, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  Pyrenees.  This  pro- 
vince, with  Armagnac,  is  now  included  in 
the  department  of  (iers. 

Gaspe,  bay  of  Lower  Canada,  SW  from 
Cape  Gaspe,  the  shores  are  high  and 
rocky.  • 

Gaspe,  cape  of  Lower  Canada  in  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  between  Cape  Rosier, 
and  Gaspe  bay.  Lon.  W  C  12  30  E.  lat. 
48  50 N. 

Gaspe,  district  of  Lower  Canada,  on  the 
right  side  of  St.  Lawrence  bay,  bounded 
N  by  St.  Lawrence  ;  E  by  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  and  S  by  Chaleur  bay  and  the 
province  of  New  Brunswick.  New  Car- 
lisle, principal  town.  • 

Gaspe,  seigniory,  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  15  miles  SW  from  Quebec, 
on  tlie  left  side  of  Beaur^vage  river. 

Gatehouse,  considerable'  village  in  Kir- 
cudbrightshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Fleet,  with  a  cotton  mill.  The  river  is  na- 
vigable for  sloops,  witkin  a  short  distance 
of  the  town.  It  is  nine  miles  NW  of  Kir- 
cudbright. 

Gates,  township  of  Monroe  county.  New 
York,  N  from  the  mouth  of  Genesee  river. 
Population  in  1820,  2643. 

Gates,  county  of  North  Carolina,  bound- 
ed N  by  Virginia ;  W  by  Chowan  river ; 
S  by  Chowan  county  ;  SE  by  Perquim.(ns ; 
and  E  by  Pasquotank ;  length  23 ;  mean 
width  12 ;  area  276  square  miles.  Surface 
343 


G  A  U 


(i  E  S 


Jevel,  and  soil  part  sandy  or    swampy. 
Chief  town,  Hertford. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.  do.    females     ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        - 
Slaves        -        -      "  - 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    . 

Total  whites       .        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  ihese  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


1,568 
1,494 

113 
2,790 

5,965 


1,998 
1,991 

3,989 
47 

116 
1,742 

943 

6,837 


11 

2,636 

853 

80 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  24. 

GatioTh  borough  in  Surry,  which  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  but  now  has 
neither  market  nor  fair.  It  is  l9  miles  S 
by  W  of  London.  Lon  0  10  W.  lat.  51  18 
N. 

Gavardo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bi'esciano, 
seated  on  the  Weise,  seven  miles  W  of 
Lake  Garda.     Lon.  10  9  E.  lat.  44  40  N. 

Gaiidens,  St.  town  of  France  m  the  de. 
partment  of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Garonne 
eight  mi^'s  NE  of  St.  Bertrand.  Lon.  0 
56  E.  lat.  43  1  N. 

Gaxieren,  or  Waveren,  town  "of  Austrian 
Flanders,  seated  on  the  Sche.l:it,  eight  miks 
S  of  Ghent.     Lon.  3  51  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Gavi,  town  of  Italy  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  seat.d  on  the-Lemo,  19  miles  NW 
of  Genoa.     Lon.  8  57  F,,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Gau'etft  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Ran- 
dolph, and  flowing  nearlj  W,  separates 
Greenbriar  froi.n  Kenbawa*  counties,  enters 
the  right  side  oK  Kenhawa,  at  tiie  great 
ails. 

GcMte  or  Indian  t^ppe?inines,  stupendous 
wall  of  mountamsi,  which  extend  13  de- 
grees f  f  laM'.nde  from  Cape  Cosnorm,  the 
S  extre.nity  of  H!-idoost.Tin,  to  'he  Tapfy, 
or  Surat  river,  at  unequd  disti!nrp>  from 
the  coast  ;  seldom  more  than  70  miles, 
and  commonly  abosn  40;  and  within  one 
short  space  only,  it  approaches  within  six 
miles.  They  rise  abr:iptly  from  the  I'nv 
country,  called  the  Conran,  supporting, 
in  the  nature  of  a  terrace,  a  vast  extent  of 
fertile  and  populous  plains,  which  are  so 
344 


elevated,  as  to  render  the  air  cool  and 
pleasant.  This  celebrated  ridge  does  not 
terminate  in  a  promontory,  when  it  ap- 
proaches the  Tapty ;  but  departing  from 
its  meridional  course,  it  bends  eastward, 
in  a  wavy  line,  parallel  with  the  river ;  and 
is  afterwards  lost  among  the  hills,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Burhampour.  In  its 
course  along  the  Tapty,  it  forms  several 
passes  or  descents  toward  that  river. 

Gai/head,  W  point  of  Martlva's  Vine- 
yard. 

Gaza,  ancient  and  celebrated  town  of 
Palestine,  three  miles  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean,  with  a  harbour  called  New  Gaza. 
It  is  now  very  small ;  but,  from  appear- 
ance of  the  ruins,  it  was  formerly,  a  consi- 
derable place.-  There  is  a  cas-.le  near  it, 
where  a  bashaw  resides.  It  is  50  miles 
SW  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  34  45  E,  lat.  31 
28  N. 

Gearon,  or  Jaron,  town  of  Persia,  in  Far- 
sistan,  in  whose  territory  the  best  dates  of 
Persia  are  produced.  Lon.  51  17  E.  lat. 
28  15N. 

Geauga,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  NW 
by  Lake  Erie ;  e'  by  Ashtabula  and  Trum- 
bull ;  by  Geauga  ;  and  W  by  Cuyahoga  ; 
length  28 ,  width  21 ;  area  600  square 
miles;  soil  tolerably  fertile;  chief  town 
Chardon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  -        _        _ 

Slaves        -        -        .        .        . 


2,175 
1,991 

15 

0 

4,181 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  4,244 

do.            do.        females  3,541 

Total  whites       ....  7,785^ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  6 

do.     do.  females    -         -         -  0' 

Slaves,  males      ...         -  0 

do.     females           .         -        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -         -  7,791 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  1,855 

do.         in  Ma nufac lures           -  272 

do.         in  Com    erce       -         -  27 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Gebharts,  po.st  office,  Somerset  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Geste,  the    capital    of  the  .  province   of 

Gestrike,    in    Sweden,  seated    on  three  . 

branches  of  a   river  of  the    same  name, 
which  begins  to   be  navigable  here,   and 


G  E  N 


G  E  N 


falls,  in  a  sliovL  distance,  into  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic.  It  is  the  most  commercial  town  in 
H;is  northern  part  of  Sweden  ;  and  its  ex- 
ports are  principally  iron,  pitc';,  tar,  and 
planks.  It  is  65  miles  N  by  V/  of  Stock- 
holm.    Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  63  0  X. 

Gegenhach,  free  imperial  c.ty  of  Suabia, 
under- the  protection  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria. It  is  seated  on  the  Kinzii,  12  miles 
SE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  S  2  E,  lat.  48  24  N". 

GeUliure,  town  of  Suabia,  near  the  river 
Kocher,  with  a  castle,  belonging  to  the 
lords  of  Li  m  burg. 

Geiden^en,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
\7  miles  NVV  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  3  E,  lat. 
48  36  N, 

Geismar,  town  of  Germaiiy,  in  tlie  princi- 
pality of  Hesse.    Lon.  8  57  E,  lat.  51  19  N'. 

Gelhausen,  small  imperial  lo'vn  of  We- 
leravia,  under  the  pr  )tection  of  th--  elec- 
tor palatine,  with  a  castle,  sealed  on  the 
Kintzig,  25  rftiles  E  of  Hanau.  Lon.  9  15 
E,  lat'  50  7  N. 

Gemaf'ipc,  village  of  Austria  Ilainanlt, 
three  miles  W  by  S  of  Mons.  It  is  re- 
markable for  a  bloody  battle  between  the 
Austrians  and  the  French,  Xov.  5  1792, 
in  which  the  Austrians  were  defeated  with 
great  loss. 

Gembtonrs,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
with  an  ancient  abbey,  Don  John  of  Aus- 
tria gained  a  battle  here  over  the  Diitch 
in  1578  ;  and  it  was  twice  burnt  dawn,  in 
1628  ajid  1712.  It  is  seated  on  the  Or- 
neau,  22  miles  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  51 
E,  lat.  50  .37  N. 

Geminiani,  St.,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Florenlino,  seated  on  a  mountain,  in  which 
is  a  mine  of  Vitriol,  25  miles  SSVV  of  Flo- 
rence. 

Gemmi»g-eii.  towr\  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Khine,  30  miies  E  of  Phi- 
lipsburgh.     Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Gemnnd,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  v.-ith 
a  manufacture  of  chaplcts  or  beads,  which 
are  sent  to  distant  countries  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  August  1796  ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Reims,  30  miles  N  by  W  of 
Ulm.     Lon.  9  48  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Vemimd,  town  "f  Westphalia,  in  the 
aacby  of  Juliers,  seated  on  the  Roer,  24 
miles  SW  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  48  E,  lat. 
.50  38  X. 

Giimund,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  re- 
markable for  its  salt  works  ;  seated  to  the 
N  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Draun,  20  miles  SSW  of  Llntz. 

Genap,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  with 
an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the  Dyle,  15 
miles  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  40  E,  lat. 
50  40  N. 

Genep,  or  Gennep  town  of  Westphalia, 
subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  seated 
on  the  Nears,  five  miles  SW  of  Cleves. 
Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Genessee,  river,  rises  in  Potter  county 
""nnsylvania,   and   flowing  NNW   enters 

X    K 


Allegany  county  New  York,  and  continu- 
ing that  direction  30  miles,  turns  t  >  NN'E 
65  miles  through  Allegany,  Livingston  and 
Monroe  counties,  falls  into  lake  Oi'tario 
30  miles  NW  from  Canaiidaigiia.  This 
stream  is  navigable  for  large  boats  5  miles 
to  i?s  fails  at  Rochester  Above  the  fdls 
it  is  again  navigable  at  h  gii  water  to  near 
Angelica,  in  All  gany  coumy.  The  Grand 
Western  Canal  closes  the  Genessee  at  Ro- 
chester. 

Genessee,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
S  by  Allegany  and  Cataraugus;  W  by 
Erie  and  Niagara ;  N  by  lake  Ontario  ;  and 
E  by  Monroe  j<nd  Livingston  cou.  ties. 
Length  52;  width  26 ;  area  1356  sq  lare 
miles.  'I'he  surface  of  tiiis  country  with 
ver\'  partial  exccp  ions  is  hilly.  The  soil 
is  very  varied  in  quality  ;  but  may  in  ge- 
neral  be  consiJcrad  as  productive  in  grain, 
fruits,  and  m.ea  low  grasses  Tiie  central 
parts  is  a  kind  of  able  land,  from  which 
flow  ihe  sources  of  BufFdoe  and  To  ne- 
wanto  cret-ks  to  the  west  ;  and  Biack,  and 
Allen  creek  branches-of  Genessee  nver  to 
the  NE.  The  Grand  Canal  traverses  the 
northern  part  of  this  county  along  the 
Ontario  hi'ls.     Chief  town  Baiavja. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -         6,823 

do.     do.     females  -         -         5,740 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -        .        -  4 

Slaves     -----  11 


Total  population  in  1810 


12,588 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      30,267 
do.  do.         females        27,681 

All  other  persons  except  Indi..ns 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .  28 


Total  whites       -         -         - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females  - 
Slaves,  males 

do     females 


57,976 


42 

40 
20 
15 


58,093 


Total  population  in  1320     - 

Of  these;  

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  147 

Engyged  in  Agricdtuie      -         -       15,894 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -         1,655 

do.        in  Comm  rce       -        -  57 

Population  to  the  square  mile  43. 

The  foregoing  tabi  ■  includes  the  town- 
ship of  Mount  Morris  E,  and  all  the  o'her 
townships  of  Liv  ngston  and  Monroe  coun- 
ties west  from  Genessee  river.  The  two 
latter  counties  were  formed  subsequent  to 
the  census  of  1820 

Genessee,  post  town,  and  township,  Li- 
vingston county  New  York,  on  Genessee 
river,  30  miles  SW  by  W  from  Canandat- 
eua.    Population  1820, 1598. 
345 


fj  E  iS 


«T  i:  o 


Geneva,  ancient,  large,  and  populous 
town,  capital  of  a  republic  of  the  same 
name,  and  a  member  of  the  Swiss  confe- 
deracy, near  the  confines  of  France  and 
Svvisserland.  It  is  seated  on  the  most  nar- 
row part  of  the  lake  of  the  same  name, 
where  the  Rhone  issues  in  two  large  nar- 
row channels,  whicli  soon  after  unite. 
This  river  divides  the  city  into  two  une- 
qual parts.  Geneva,  which  lies  partly  in 
tlie  plain  on  the  bordei-s  of  the  lake,  and 
partly  on  a  gentle  ascent,  is  irregularly 
built.  It  is  the  most  populous  town  of 
Swisserland,  containing  24,000  souls.  The 
treaty  of  alliance  which  Geneva  contracted 
with  Bern  and  Friburgh,  in  1526,  may  be 
considered  as  the  xra  of  its  liberty  and  in- 
dependence ;  not  long  after,  the  dukes 
of  Savoy  were  deprived  of  the  authority 
which  they  possessed  over  this  city ;  the 
bishop  was  expelled ;  a  republican  form  of 
government  was  established,  and  the  re- 
formation introduced.  In  1584,  Geneva 
concluded  a  treaty  of  perpetual  alliance 
with  Zurich  and  Bern,  by  which  it  is  allied 
with  the  Swiss  cantons.  Geneva  is  40 
miles  NE  of  Chimberrv,  and  136  NW  of 
Turin.     Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.'46  12  NT. 

Geneva,  Lake  of  ancient  Leman,  a  mag- 
nificent expanse  of  water,  in  Svvisserland, 
which,  from  the  city  of  Geneva  to  Vil- 
leneuve,  extends  54  miles  in  length  :  and 
its  bre:ulth  in  the  widest  part,  is  12.  It  is 
in  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  of  which  Swis- 
serland forms  the  concave,  and  Savoy  the 
convex  part 

Genei'u,  po^t  town,  in  Seneca  township, 
Ontario  county  New  York,  on  the  NW 
margin  of  Seneca  lake.  In  this  village  is 
a  bnk,  an  academy,  and  several  manufac- 
tures ;  two  printing  offices,  and  several 
planes  of  public  woi-ship.  The  site  is  un- 
commonly fine,  rising  by  gentle  P-cclivity 
from  the  lake,  and  afl^ording  an  elegant 
prospect  of  the  lake  and  adjacent  country. 
It  is  16  miles  E  from  Canandaigua,  and  22 
W  from  Auburn.  The  population  about 
2,000. 

Geneva,  township  of  Ashtabala  county 
Ohio,  on  lake  Erie.    Population,  1820, 315. 

Geneva.     See  J\''eiv  Geneva. 

Genevieve.     S;e  St.  Genevieve. 

Genito,  bridge  post  office,  Powhatan  coun- 
ty Virginia. 

Genevois,  duchy  of  Savoy,  of  which  Ge- 
neva and  its  territory  were  formerly  a  part. 
Annecy  is  the  capital. 

Gengenback,  town  of  Suabia,  10  miles  SE 
of  Strasburgh.     Lon  7  53  E,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Gengoiix  de  Royal,  St  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire  and 
late  province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for 
its  excellent  wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  17  miles  SW  of  Chalons. 
Lon.  4  43  E,  lat  46  37  N. 

Geniz.  St.  town  of  France,  in  tire  depart* 
346 


ment  of  Aveiron,  24  miles  NE  of  Rhodesfr 
Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  44  35  N. 

Gent's,  town  of  Savoy,  seated  on  the 
Guier,  12  miles  W  of  Chamberry.  Lon.  5 
30  E,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Genoa,  formerly  a  republic  of  Italy,  now 
a  province  of  Sardinia;  extending  along 
that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  called  the 
gulf  of  Genoa,  152  miles ;  but  its  breadth 
is  very  unequal,  being  from  eight  to  12 
miles.  Where  it  is  not  bounded  by  the 
sea,  it  is  bordered  from  W  to  E  by  Pied- 
mont, Montserrat,  Milan,  Placentia,  Parma, 
Tuscany,  and  Lucca.  It  is  populous,  well 
cultivated,  and  fertile  near  the  sea;  but  the 
inner  parts  are  mountainous,  and  barren  in 
several  places,  having  neither  trees  nor 
grass  upon  them. 

Genoa,  ancient  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situated 
at  the  bottom  of  a  little  gulf,  partly  on  the 
declivity  of  a  pleasant  hill ;  in  consequence 
of  which  it  appears  to  great  advantage  from 
the  sea.  It  is  defended  on  the  land-side, 
by  a  double  wall,  which  in  circumference 
is  about  six  miles.  Genoa  is  62  miles  SE 
of  Turin,  and  225  NW  of  Rome.  Lon.  8 
41  E,  lat.  44  25  N. 

Genoa,  post  town  and  township,  Cayuga 
county  New  York,  on  the  E  side  of  Cayuga 
lake,  26  miles  S  from  Auburn.  Population 
1820,  2,585. 

Genoa,  post  village  and  township  in  the 
south  part  of  Delaware  county.  Popula- 
tion  1820,  493. 

George,  Fort,  Strong  and  regular  fortress 
in  Inverness  shire,  which  has  several  hand- 
some streets  of  barracks.  It  is  seated  on 
a  peninsula  running  into  the  Murray-fritb, 
and  completely  commands  the  entrance 
into  the  harbour  of  Inverness. 

George,  Fori.     See  JMadrass. 

George,  Lake,  lake  of  New  York.  It 
lies  SW  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  35 
miles  long,  but  narrow.  The  adjacent 
country  is  moimtHinous.  The  scenery 
around  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water  is  high, 
bold,  and  extremely  romantic.  Its  vicini- 
ty is  a  favourite  resort  in  summer  of  the 
visitants  to  Ballston  and  Saratoga  springs. 
It  is  about  33  long,  and  with  about  a  mean 
width  of  two  miles. 

George,  lake  of  Florida,  in  N  lat.  29  N 
about  25  miles  in  length  and  8  wide.  This 
lake  is  a  mere  delatation  of  St.  John's 
river,  and  is  generally  surrounded  by  low 
marshy  grounds.  What  land  is  of  a  suffi- 
cient height  for  cultivation  is  generally  of 
the  first  rate  quality.  The  timber,  live 
oak,  cabbage  palm,  cypress,  and  pine. 

George,  St.  one  of  the  Azores.  The  in- 
habitants are  employed  in  the  cultivation 
of  wheat,  and  may  amount  to  5000.  Lon. 
23  0  W,  lat.  38  39  N. 

George,  St.  island  of  the  United  States, 
in  the  strait  of  St.  Marv,  that  forms  th& 


L.   E   O 


U   K   «> 


communication  between  Luke  Supcnwaiid 
Lake  Huron. 

George  del  mina,  St.  best  fort  on  the 
■Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  and  the  principal 
seUleraerit  of  the  Dutch  in  those  parts. 
It  is  30  miles  W  by  S  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Lon.  0  22  W,  lat.  5  3  N. 

George's,  St.  small  inland  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  lying  to  the  S  of  Venice,  to  which 
it  is  subject.  Here  is  a  Benedictine  mo- 
nastery, whose  church  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  Itajy. 

George's,  St.  largest  of  the  Bermuda 
Islands,  in  which  is  ihe  town  of  St.  George, 
the  capital  of  all  the  islands.  Lon.  65  30 
W,  lat.  32  45  N. 

George* s,  St.  island  in  the  gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Aopalachi- 
cola.     Lon.  W  C  7  50  W,  lat.  29  30  N. 

George's  Key,  St.  small  island  of  No.tli 
America,  oft'  the  coast  of  H  iiiduras.  It  is 
likewise  called  Casina  or  Cajo  Cassina 
By  a  convention  in  1786,  the  English  Log- 
wood cutters  were  permitted  to  occupy 
this  island. 

Georgetown,  post  village,  and  township, 
Lincoln  county  Maine,  on  the  left  side  of 
Kennebec  river  at  its  mouth.  Population 
1820,  1,165. 

Georgetown,  post  village,  and  township 
of  Madison  county  New  York.  Population 
1820,  824. 

Georgetown,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice Sussex  county  Delaware,  on  the  divi- 
ding ground  between  the  heads  of  Indian 
and  Nanticoke  rivers,  40  miles  S  from 
Dover. 

Georgetown,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
District  of  Columbia,  3  miles  W  from  the 
Capitol.  The  siie  of  Georgetown  is  an 
acclivity  rising  by  a  bold  sweep  from  Po- 
tomac river,  and  Rock  creek.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  which 
possesses  two  large  buildings  a  well  cho- 
sen library  of  7000  volumes,  and  about  150 
students.  This  town  is  the  mart  of  consi 
derable  commercial  business  ;  its  progres- 
sive population  is  shown  by  the  following 
table 

Population  In  1810, 

Free  white  males         ...  1,678 

do  do.  females  ...  1,557 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        -        -        .  551 

Slaves,           -              ...  1,162 


Slaves,  males     -        -        -         -  jiq 

do.    females  -        -        -  81{» 

Total  population  in  1820.    -        -       7,360 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  43 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  19 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  225 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Georgetoivn,  tovvn  <f  Kent  county, 
on  the  left  side  of  Sassafras  river,  65 
miles  SW  from  Philade'phia. 

Garget'jtvn,  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  boundc(i  by  the  Ailaiuic  Oct  an  S 
E  ;  by  Santee  rivtr  or  Charleston  SVV  ; 
by  VVilHamsburg  NVV,  and  by  Marion 
and  H  Try  NL  Length  36;  mt-an 
width  25  ;  area  900  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  level,  and  in  part  sandy  or 
swampy.  Soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief 
town,  Georgetown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -        .  ggg 

do.  do.     females     -         -         -  811 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        -        .  1 02 

Slaves 13,867 


Total  population  in  1810             -  4,948 

Population  in  1820. 

Pree  white  males        -        -        -  2,475 

.do.  do.     females     -         -  2,465 

Total  whites        ....  4,940 

^ree  persons  of  colour,  males      -  375 

do.               do.    females    -  519 


Total  population  in  1810    - 


15,679 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  wiiite  males 

. 

945 

do.    do.    females 

- 

885 

Total  whites 

^ 

1,830 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

males 

116 

do.             do. 

females 

111 

Slaves,  males 

- 

7,851 

do.    females 

- 

7,695 

Total  population  in  1820 


17.603 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        9,522 

do.    in  M'lnufictures        -  3 

do     in  Commerce  -  52 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19^. 

Georgetown,  post  town,  sea  port,  and 
seat  of  justice,  Georgetown  district. 
South  Cardina,  on  the  point  between 
Sampit  Creek  and  B;ack  river,  near  the 
head  of  VViny-^n  bay.  60  miles  NE  from 
Charleston.  Lat.  33  21  N.  The  popu- 
lation about  2000.  it  is  well  situated  for 
a  port  of  trade,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of 
Pedee  admitting  vessels  of  11  feet  draft, 
and  having  the  extensive  cou'  try  water- 
ed by  the  Great  Pedee  and  its  branches 
in  the  rear.  It  contains  several  places 
of  public  worship,  a  bank,  and  the  erdi- 
nary  buildings  necessary  for  legal  pur- 
Doses. 

347 


GEO 


(.  E  O 


Georgetown,  village  of  Warren  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  on  the  itftsi-Ie  of  Ogeechee 
river,  60  mi!f-s  from  Savannah  and  35 
above  L  u  ^i'le. 

George' own,  iiost  village  of  Beaver 
county.  P  niisy'var.ia 

Georgetown,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justicf  Scott  c  >u.  tv.  K  ttjcky,  n  the 
left  bank  .f  Nith  Elkh.:ni 'cr  ek,  15 
miles  E  fr<)!u  Frankfort  it  contains  a 
court  h  luse,  bank  printing  ifficc,  a.id 
several  paces    f  puinic  worship. 

Georgetown  post  village,  Harrison 
county  Onio.  6  niilc^s  SE  fr.  m  Cadiz 

Georg'  town,  post  town,  Dearborn 
county    Indian,!. 

Georgetown,  called  by  the  Dutch 
Scabrotck,  tv.'wn  of  S  iith  America,  in 
Dem^rara,  on  the  right  bank  of  Dema 
rara  river.  Lon.  WC  19  E,  'at.  6  40  N. 
P  pu'ation  9000 

Gtorgei'own  Cros-i  7?oac?s.  post  nffice, 
K-  nt  county,  Maryland,  3  miles  S  from 
Georgetown. 

Georgia,  country  of  A!:.ia,  called  by 
the  Persians  Gurdistan,  and  by  the 
Turks  Gurtuhi.  It  is  one  of  the  seven 
Caucasian  nations,  in  tlu-  countries  be- 
tween th  Black  sea  and  the  Caspian, 
and  comprehends  the  ancient  Ibf-ria  and 
Colchis  It  is  bonnd>  d  on  thr  N  by  Cir- 
cassia,  E  by  Da.i?h:  staii  and  Sciiirvan,  S 
by  Armenii  and  W  by  Cuban,  or  the 
new  Russian  govern  lent  of  Caucasia.  It 
is  divided  into  nine  provinces.  C)t  these, 
five  form  wtiat  is  commmly  called  the 
kingdom  of  Georgia  ;  and  four  the  king- 
dom or  principality  of  Imeritia.  The 
last  reigning  prince  ceded  this  country  to 
Russia  on  his  death,  which  happened  in 
ISoO.  The  hiils  of  Georiia  are  covered 
with  forests  of  oak  ash,  beech,  chesnuts, 
walnuts,  and  fim.s,  encircl  d  with  vines, 
growing  perfectly  wild,  but  producing 
vast  quantities  of  grapes,  from  which 
much  wine  and  brandy  are  made.  Cot- 
ton grows  spontaneously,  as  wt  11  as  the 
finest  European  fruit-trees.  Rice,  wheat, 
millet,  hemp,  and  H,tx,  are  raised  on  the 
plains,  almost  without  culture.  I'he 
valleys  afford  the  finest  pasturage,  the 
rivers  are  full  of  fish,  the  mountains 
abound  in  minerals,  and  the  climate  is 
healthy.  The  rivers  of  Georgia,  being 
fed  by  mountain  torrents,  are  always 
either  too  rapid  or  too  shallow  for  the 
purposes  of  navigation.  The  (ieorgians 
are  Christians  of  the  Greek  communion. 
The  principal  mountains  are  the  Cauca- 
sus, separating  it  from  Circassia. 

Georgia,  one  of  the  United  States ; 
bounded  SE  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  S 
by  Florida  ;  W  by  Alabama  ;  N  by  Ten- 
nessee, and  NE  by  South  Carolina. 
Length  380  miles ;  mean  width  150;  area 
343 


within  a  small  fraction  of  58,000  square 
miles,  equal  to  37,120,000  acres.  Lying 
between  lat.  30  22,  and  35  N. 

Of  ail  the  states  of  the  United  States, 
Georgia  preseits  the  greatest,  diversity 
ot  climate,  and  of  vegetable  production, 
indigenous  and  exotic.  Its  mountainous 
northern  extremity,  rises  into  elevation 
favourable  to  the  cereal  gramina,  whilst 
Its  southern  extremity  on  the  branches 
of  Appalachicola,  St.  Mary's  and  Alata* 
mahah,  have  a  climate  sufficiently  mild 
to  permit  the  growth,  and  even  profita- 
ble culture  of  the  sugar  cane,  orange, 
olive,  date  and  lemon  tree.  Between 
those  c  xtr'  mes,  every  valuable  vegeta- 
ble substar.ce  produced  in  the  United 
States,  can  be  brought  to  perftction. 
From  the  much  higher  tetnptrature  of 
the  s  asons  on  the  At  a  tic  coast,  than 
those  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi,  ten- 
der tropical  vegetabks  are  cultivated 
upwards  of  two  degrees  of  latitude 
farther  m^rth  in  the  former  than  in  the 
latter  reeion  Sweet  oranges  are  culti- 
vated in  Beaufort  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. Lat  32  20  N.  This  fruit  ceases 
ill  Louisiana,  at  about  lat.  30  <0  N. 
Oranges  are  cultivated  along  the  entire 
sea  board  of  Georgia,  as  is  the  sugar 
cane.  Cott.  n  may,  however,  be  con- 
sidered as  the  staple  commodity  of  the 
state. 

Georgia  is  naturally  divided  into  three 
zones,  presenting  very  distinct  and  ap- 
projjriate  features.  First,  the  almost 
flat,  and  in  many  places  inundated  bor- 
der ;  the  sand  hill  tract,  between  the 
sea  border  and  the  falls  of  the  rivers  j 
and  lastly,  the  hilly  and  mountainous 
section  above  the  falls.  The  first  is 
marked  by  some  very  productive  islands, 
but  generally,  by  a  marshy,  or  sterile 
pine  wood  soil,  reaching  80  or  90  miles 
inland.  The  Sv"Coik1,  or  sand  hill  tract, 
interspersed  v/ith  much  very  valuable 
river  alluvion.  The  third,  the  most  ex- 
tensive, most  fertile,  and  much  the  most 
salubrious  part  of  the  state,  reaches 
from  th.e  interior  of  the  middle  zone  to 
the  utmost  limits  of  the  state.  On  the 
latter,  is  cultivated  in  full  perfection,  all 
the  grains  of  the  U.  S.  rice  excepted, 
and  an  indefinite  variety  of  orchard  and 
garden  fruits,  and  other  vegetables. 
Taken  as  a  whole,  this  state  produces, 
grain,  sugar,  coton,  tobacco,  indigo,  &c. 
The  interests  of  education  have  re- 
ceived their  share  of  attention  in  Geor- 
gia. A  university  has  been  planned 
and  partially  establi.shed,  consisting  of 
Franklin  college,  already  in  operation  at 
Athens,  and  of  an  academy  intended  to 
be  located  in  each  county.  The  latter 
part  of  the  design  remains  necessarily 


GEO 


G  E  II 


incomplete,  though  several  academical 
establishments  have  been  actually  form- 
ed. Free  schools  were  projtcted  in 
1817,  and  200,000  dollars  appropriated  by 
the  legislature  to  carry  the  enl  ghtened 
proJL-ct  into  effect. 

Tlie  state  is  judicially  divided  into 
four  districts,  southern,  eastern,  middle 
and  western.  Similar  to  other  states  of 
the  United  States,  the  legislature  of 
Georgia,  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives ;  but  elections  are 
more  than  ordinarily  frequent.  The 
members  of  both  houses  are  chosen  an- 
nually by  the  respective  counties.  The 
governor  is  chosen  biennially  by  the  le- 
gislature. 

In  point  of  commercial  imports,  Geor- 
gia from  the  value  of  her  products,  holds 
a  high  rank;  in  1817,  her  exports 
amounted  to  near  nine  millions  of  dol- 
lars. 

For  local  purposes,  Georgia  is  subdi- 
vided into  the  following  counties. 
Inhabitants  in  1820. 
Appling 


Twiggs     - 

-      10,640 

Walton     - 

4  192 

Warren    - 

-       10630 

Washington 

-      10,627 

Wayne 

1,010 

Wilkes     - 

-       17,607 

Wilitinson 

6,992 

Baldwin 
Bryan 
Bullock     - 
Burke 

Camden    - 

Chatham 

Clark 

Columbia 

Early 

Effingham 

Elbert 

Emmanuel 

Franklin 

Glynn 

Greene     - 

Gwinnett 

Habersham 

Hall 

Hancock 

Irwin 

Jackson    - 

Jasper 

Jtfferson  - 

Jones 

Laurens    - 

Liberty     - 

Lincoln 

M  Intosh 

Madison 

Montgomery 

Morgan    - 

Og'lethi  rpe 

Pulaski 

Putnam    - 

Rabun 

R  chmond 

Scriven 

Tatnal 

Telfair     - 


1,264 
7,734 
3,031 
2,578 

11,577 
4,342 

14,737 
8,767 

12,695 

768 

3,018 

11,788 
2,928 
9,040 
3,418 

13.589 

4  589 
3,145 

5  086 
12,734 

411 
8,355 

14,614 
7.056 

16,5(0 
5,436 
6,695 
6,458 
5,129 
3,735 
1.862 

13,520 

14,046 
5,283 

15,475 
524 
8,608 
3,941 
2,644 
2,104 


340989 

This  population  was  composed  of 
whites  189,570  ;  free  people  of  colour 
1763  ;  and  slaves  149,656.  The  produc- 
tive part  classed. 

Persons  engaged  in  Agriculture      97,231 

Do.  do.  Manufactures    3,427 

Do,  do.  Commerce         1,989 

Georgia,  gulf  of  ti\e  United  States,  on 

the  Pacific  coast,  between  the  continent 

and  Quadra  and  Vancouver's  island.     It 

extends  from  Johnson's  Straits  to  the 

straits  if  John  de  Fuca. 

Georgia,  post  town  of  Franklin  county, 
Vermont ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Champlain,  about  5  miles  N  of  Milton, 
containing  1800  inhabitants. 

Georgia,  Southern,  island  of  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  cap- 
tain Cook  in  1775,  and  so  named  by  him. 
It  is  31  leagues  long,  and  10  in  its  great- 
est breadth.  It  seems  to  abound  with 
bays  and  harbours,  which  the  vast  quan- 
tities of  ice  render  inaccessible  the  great- 
est part  of  the  year.  The  valleys  were 
covered  with  snow  ;  and  the  only  vege- 
tation observed,  was  a  bladed  grass, 
growing  in  tufts ;  wild  burnet ;  and  a 
plant,  like  moss,  which  sprung  from  the 
rocks.  Not  a  stream  of  fresh  water  was 
to  be  seen  on  the  whole  coast.  This 
island  lies  between  38  13  and  o5  34  W, 
Icn.  and  53  57  and  54  57  S  lat. 

Gepping,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  in 
the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on 
the  river  Wils,  35  miles  E  of  Stutgard. 
Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Gera,  town  of  Germany,  in  Misnia, 
with  a  handsome  college  on  tht  river 
Elster,     Lon.  11  56  E,  lat.  50  50  N, 

Geraw,  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  10  miles  NW  of  Darmstadt. 
Lon   8  29  E,  lat,  49  45  N. 

Gtrberoy,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  50  miles  N  by  W  of 
Paris.     Lnn.  1  54  E,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Gerbes,  Gerbi,  or  Zerbi,  island  on  the 
coast  of  '1  unis.  It  bears  no  other  corn 
than  barley  ;  but  has  large  quantities  of 
figs,  olives  and  grapes,  which,  when 
dried,  form  the  principal  trade.  It  de- 
pends on  the  dey  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  10 
30  E,  lat.  33  56  N. 

Gerbevillersy  town  of  France,  in  the 
349 


tS  E  R 


G  fc  11 


department  of  Meurthe  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lori  ain,  with  a  handsome  cas- 
tle. I'he  church  of  the  late  Cdrmelites 
is  very  ekgaut.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Agfn,  fivf  miles  from  Luneville. 

Gergenti,  town  of  Sicily,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  a  bishop's  S(re  ;  seated  near  the 
river  St.  Blaise,  50  miles  S  of  Palermo. 
Lon.  13  24  E,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Gerisau,  village  of  Swisserland,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  lake  of  Schweitz,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Rigi.  It  is  a  republic,  the 
smallest  in  Europe.  Its  territory  is  two 
leagues  in  length  and  one  in  breadth, 
composed  entirely  of  scattered  houses 
and  cottages,  of  a  very  neat  and  pictu- 
resque appearance.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  about  1200  and  are  much 
employed  in  preparing  silk  for  the  ma- 
nufactures at  Basle.  This  republic  is 
under  the  protectios  of  the  cantons  of 
Lucem,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Und^  rwai- 
den ;  and,  in  case  of  war,  furnishes  its 
quota  of  men.  Gerisau  is  12  miles  SW 
of  Schweitz. 

Germain,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
magnificent  palace,  embellished  by  se- 
veral kings,  particularly  Lewis  XIV. 
Here  James  II.  found  an  asylum,  when 
he  fled  to  France.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  near  a  forest,  10  miles  NW  of 
Paris.     Lon.  2  15  E,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Germain's  St.  borough  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  stands 
near  the  sea,  10  miles  W  of  Plymouth, 
and  224  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  24 
W.  lat.  50  22  N. 

Germain  Laval,  St.  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Rhone  and  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Forez,  remarkable 
for  excellent  wine.  It  is  225  miles  SE  of 
Paris     Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

German,  township  of  Chenango  coun- 
ty, New  York,  18  miles  W  from  Nor- 
wich    Population  in  1820.  2675, 

German,  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Brown's  river,  6  miles 
W  from  Union.  Population  in  1820, 
2379. 

German,  township  of  Clarke  county, 
Ohio.    P(  pulation  in  1820,  897. 

German,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  2o79. 

German,  western  township  of  Dark 
county  Ohio. 

German,  township  of  Cape  Girardeau 
county.  Missouri. 

German  Coast,  district  of  Louisiana, 
on  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
above  the  parish  of  Orleans.  See  St. 
Bernard. 

German  Flats,  post  town  and  township 
of  Herkimer  county.  New  York,  on  the 
35n 


level  point  between  Mohawk  river  and 
West  Canada  creek.  The  township  is 
named  from  the  extensive  alluvial  bot- 
toms of  ihe  Mohawk.  Population  in  1820, 
2(565. 

Germanto-wn,  township  of  Columbia 
county,  New  York,  on  Hudson  river,  12 
miles  below  Hudson.  Population  in  1820, 
891. 

Gei^vianto-ivn,  post  town,  of  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  commencing  six 
mill  s,  and  extending  along  the  Reading 
road  to  Chesnut  hill,  lo  miles  north  from 
Philadelphia.  In  this  fine  village  is  located 
Mount  Airy  college,  a  respectable  literary 
institution.  In  this  village  on  October 
4th,  1777,  a  battle  was  fouglit  between  the 
American  and  British  armies.  Population 
in  1820, 431  i. 

Gernifintoivn,  post  town,  Hyde  county. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  N  side  of  Pamlico 
Sound,  30  miles  SE  b\  Efiom  Washing  on. 

Germanto-ivn,  pnst  town,  S  okes  county. 
North  Carolina,  on  Dan  river,  100  miles 
NW  from  Raleigh. 

Germanto-wn,  town  nearly  on  the  line 
between  Bracken  and  Mason  couniies, 
Kentucky,  33  miles  SE  from  Cincinnati. 

German,  township  and  post  town,  Mont- 
gomery county,  Oiiio,  13  miles  SW  from 
Dayton.     Population  in  1820,  2079. 

German  Ocean,  that  expanse  of  water 
bounded  by  Germany  and  France  S :  by 
the  British  Islands  W ;  a  part  of" the  north- 
ern Atlantic  E  ;  and  by  Norway,  Jutland, 
and  a  part  of  Germany  E.     See  JVorth  Sea. 

Germany,  country  of  Europe,  650  miles 
in  length,  and  600  in  breadth  ;  bounded 
on  the  E  by  Hungary  and  Poland,  N  by 
the  Baltic  sea  and  Denmark,  W  by  the 
Netherlands  and  France,  and  S  by  Switzer- 
land and  Italy ;  area  220,000  square  miles. 
It  contains  a  great  many  aovereign  princes, 
who  are  independent  of  each  other  ;  and 
lately  there  was  a  number  of  imperial 
towns,  which  were  so  many  little  repub- 
lics; but  the  whole  of  them  formed  a  great 
confederacy,  governed  by  political  laws, 
at  the  head  of  which  was  an  emperor, 
whose  power  in  the  collective  body,  or 
diet,  was  not  directive  but  executive. 
The  western  Roman  empire,  which  had 
terminated  in  the  year  475,  in  the  person 
of  Augiistulus,  the  last  Roman  emperor, 
and  which  was  succeeded  by  the  reign  of 
the  Huns,  the  Ostrogoths,  and  the  Lom- 
bards, was  revived  by  Charlemagne,  king 
of  France,  on  Christmas  day,  in  the  year 
800.  This  prince  being  then  at  Rome, 
pope  Leo  III.  crowned  him  emperor,  in  St. 
Peter's  church  ;  tind  Nicephorus,  who  was 
then  emperor  of  the  eas',  consented  to  this 
coronation.  After  the  death  of  Charle- 
magne, and  of  Lewis  le  Debonnaire,  his 
son  and  successor,  the  empire  was  divided 
between  the  four  sons  of  the  latter.    Lo- 


G  E  R 


G  E  R 


thario,  the  first,  was  emperor  ;  Pepin  was 
king  of  Aquitaine;  Lewis  king  ol  Ger- 
many;  and  Charles  le  Ohanve,  king  of 
France.  This  partition  vi'as  the  so'j'-ce  of 
incessant  feuds.  The  French  kepi  ih':- 
empire  under  'iglit  emperors,  til  ine  year 
912,  wiien  Lewis  III.  the  last  ;)riiice  of  the 
line  of  Charl  magna,  died  without  issue 
male,  Conrad,  count  of  Franconia,  the 
son-in-law  of  Lewis,  was  then  elected  em- 
peror. Thus  the  empire  went  to  the  Ger- 
mans, and  became  elec  ive  ;  for  it  had 
been  hereditary  unier  the  French  empe- 
rors. The  emperor  was  chosen  hy  the 
princes,  the  lords,  and  the  deputies  ot 
cities,  till  the  year  1239,  when  the  num- 
ber ot  the  electors  was  reduced  to  seven  ; 
one  more  was  added  in  1649,  and  another 
in  1692;  these  nine  electors  continued  to 
the  year  1798,  when,  in  consequence  of 
the  alterations  made  in  the  constitution  of 
the  enipire,  under  the  influence  of  France 
and  Russia,  they  became  ten  in  numbei-; 
namely,  the  elector  and  archbishop  of  lld- 
tisbon,  the  elector  and  king  of  Bohemia 
(the  then  emperor)  the  electir  of  Bava- 
ria, the  elector  of  Saxony,  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg  (Icing  of  Prussia)  the  elector 
of  Hanover  (king  of  England)  the  elector 
of  Wurtzburg  (late  grand  duke  of  Tusca- 
ny) the  elector  of  Wirtemburg,  the  elector 
of  Baden,  and  the  elector  of  Hesse.  Ro 
dolphus,  count  of  Hapsburg,  was  elected 
emperor  in  1273.  He  is  the  head  of  the 
house  of  Austria,  which  is  descended  from 
the  same  stock  as  the  house  of  Lorrain, 
re-united  to  it  in  the  person  of  Francis  I., 
father  of  the  two  late  emp  -rors,  Joseph 
and  Leopold.  On  the  death  of  Charles 
VI  of  Austrii,  in  1740,  an  em.peror  was 
chosen  from  the  house  of  Bavar  a,  by  the 
n ime  of  Ciiarl^-s  Vll.  On  the  death  of  th.s 
prince,  in  1745,  the  above-mentioned  Fran- 
cis, grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  was  elected 
emperor ;  whose  grandson,  Francis  II ,  en- 
joyed the  dignity  of  emperor  of  Germany 
till  1806,  when  he  fomially  resigned  'he 
title  and  office.  At  the  close  of  the  Saxon 
race,  in  1024,  the  prerogat  ves  of  the  empe- 
peror  were  very  considerable  ;  but,  in  1437, 
they  were  reduced  to  the  nghi  of  c  mfer- 
ping  all  dignities  and  titles,  except  the  pri- 
vilege of  being  a  state  of  the  empire  ;  of 
granting  dispensations  with  respect  to  the 
age  of  maj  'rity  ;  of  erecting  cities,  and  con 
ferring  the  privilege  of  coining  money  ;  of 
calhng  the  meetings  of  the  diet,  and  pre- 
siding in  them.  But  after  all  there  was 
no'  a  foot  ofland  annexed  to  this  li'le  ;  fir, 
ever  since  the  reign  of  Ch  rIesIV,  the 
emperors  depended  entirely  on  tiie  r  here- 
ditary dominions,  as  the  only  source  of 
their  power,  and  even  of  their  subsistence. 
To  prevent  the  c^damities  of  a  contested 
election,  a  king  of  the  Romans  was  often 
chosen  in  the  lifetime  of  the  emperor,  on 


whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  imperial 
dignity  of  course.  The  emperor  (always 
elected  and  crowned  at  Pr.mkfort  on  the 
Miine)  assiimed  t!ie  t'tle  of  august,  and 
pretended  to  !>e  successor  to  d<e  emperors 
of  R-.j'Tie.  Althjiigh  !e  wis  chief  of  the 
enpire,  t  le  suiireme  u'.i'iiorit,  resided  in 
the  diet,  which  was  cti:np;)sed  of  three 
colleges;  the  college  of  electors,  the  col- 
lege o'  princes,  and  the  colleg*'  orimoerial 
towns,  riie  diet  had  the  po  v.r  of  making 
pe-ace  or  war,  of  lettiii-.g  general  imposi- 
tions, and  of  reipiluing  all  tlie  '.inpoitant 
affairs  of  tile  empi  e  :  bii*.  tiie  decisions  had 
not  the  Inrce  of  I  iw  till  t'.ie  emperor  gave 
liis  consent.  When  a  w:.r  v.as  det'.-rm'ned 
on,  every  pr.nre  contrih  ited  ius  <|)j  ita  of 
men  and  money,  as  vaaied  in  tlie  matricu- 
lation roll ;  though  as  an  elector  or  prince 
he  might  espotise  a  different  side  from 
that  of  the  diet  All  the  sovereigns  of 
Germany  have  an  abs)lu!e  autitority  in 
their  own  domoiiuis,  and  can  lay  taxes, 
levy  troops,  and  make  alliances,  provided 
they  dill  not  prejudice  the  empire.  They 
determine  al.  civil  cA'ises  definitely,  unless 
in  some  particular  caes,  in  wir-ch  an  ap- 
peal may  be  m.de.  These  appeals  were 
to  two  courts,  called  the  Im[)e:ial  CKa'n- 
b?r,  atWetzlar;  and  the  Aulic  Coitncil,  at 
Vienna  The  three  principal  religions 
are,  the  Roman  caiholic,  the  Lutheran,  and 
tite  Calvinists  ;  but  Christians  of  all  dcio- 
minations  are  toK  rated,  and  there  is  a  mul- 
tittidt  of  Jews  in  all  the  great  towns.  'I^he 
principal  rivers  of  Germany  are  the  Da- 
nube, Rhine,  Elbe,  Wesser,  Maine,  and 
Oder.  Germany  was  divided  into  nine  cir- 
cles, namely,  Austria,  Bavaria,  Suabia, 
Franconia,  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  West- 
phalia, and  Upper  ?.nd  Lower  Saxony  :  each 
of  these  includes  several  other  stat  v! ;  and 
Ro'iemia,  Moravia,  Lusatia,  and  Silesia  are 
not  comprised  in  the  ten  circles  Germa- 
ny lately  contained  six  archbishoprics  and 
thirty-eight  bishoprics  ;  but  this  hierarchy 
was  thrown  into  confusion  by  the  seculari- 
zations in  1798,  and  is  not  yet  restored  to 
Older:  i he  archbishop  of  Ratisbon  is  pri- 
mate and  metropolitan  of  all  Germany  ; 
the  see  of  Vlentz  having  been  moved  to 
Ratisbon.  No  country  has  undergone  such 
a  variety  of  changes  for  the  last  20  years  as 
Germany,  This  account  must  be  consi- 
dered as  what  Germany  was  previous  to 
the  year  1806 ;  after  which  lime,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  formation  of  the  Confede- 
ration of  the  Rhine,  the  emperor  Francis 
II.,  resigned  his  office  as  emperor  of  Ger- 
mmy,  which  dissolved  that  ancient  con- 
stitution. And  therefore,  that  confedera- 
tion may  now  be  considered  as  abolished. 
By  the  confederation  of  1815,  Germany 
was  new  modelled,  and  now  stand  as  fol- 
lows. A  permanent  diet  is  formed,  and 
holds  its  sessions  at  Frankfort  on  the: 
^51 


U  E  R 


G  £   X 


Maine.    The  stUes  which 
representation  in  that  body 


Austrian  Germany 

Prussian  Germany 

Bavaria  ... 

Wirt^mberg 

Hanover       ... 

Saxony         ... 

Baden,  grand  duchy     - 

Hes  e  Damstadl 

Hesse  Cas.-el 

Holstein,  and  Lunenberg 

Luxanburg 

Mecklenburg  Schwerin 

Biiihswick 

Nassau  ... 


are  entitled  to 
arc  the  follow- 

Population. 

9,482,000 

7,923,000 

3,560,000 

1  395,000 

1,305,000 

1,200,000 

1,000,000 

62u,000 

520,000 

360.000 

214,000 

358,000 

21U,000 

303,000 

28,450,000 


The  6  largest  have  4  votes  in  the  general 
diet;  B  den,  Hesse  Dams'adt,  Hesse  Cas- 
sel,  Holsiein,  and  Lunenbug,  and  Bruns- 
w.ck,  have  each  3,  and  the  residue  two 
votes. 

The  following  have  each  one  vole,  Saxe 
Weimar,  Saxe  Gotha,  Saxe-Cobourg,  Saxe- 
Meinungen,  Saxe-Hikiburgliau'^en,  Meek. 
lenburg -  Strtli  z,  Oldenbcrg,  Anhault 
Bern'urg,  Anhall  Dessau,  A'lhelt-Kothen, 
Schwartzb'irg-Rudoistadt,  Schwartzburg- 
Sonder!iausL-n,  Hohenzoliem-Heckei.gen. 
Lichti.n--.ein,  Hohe  zoUern-Siginaringrn, 
Waldeck,  Keus-Gretz,  Reiiss  Lobenstein, 
Hesse  Homberg,  Schaumburg-Lippe,  Lip- 
pe,  Lippe-Detmold ;  and  the  four  free 
town-  nf  Lubeck,  Frankfort  on  the  Maine, 
Bremen,  and  Hamburg. 

Taken  colleciively  these  minT  states 
have  a  p  pulation  of  1,621,000  ;  which  ad- 
ded to  28.450,000,  vieMs  30,071,000  as  ihe 
entire  p  pu!atiou  of  Germany. 

Many  f  atures  of  the  ancient  constltui  ion 
has  been  revived.  In  ordinary  concerns, 
the  smaller  states  are  di\ided  into  six  clas- 
ses, each  class  havirg  one  vote.  The  lar. 
ger  stall  s  liave  also,  each  one  vote  in  the 
discission  ofqutstions  of  general  import; 
or  in  (he  passage  of  fundamental  laws,  ihe 
diet  is  res'^ved  ints-  a  general  assembly  and 
each  state  votes  in  its  single  c^p  city  as  we 
have  noticed.  The  military  con'ingent 
more  n' miny]  than  real,  is  fixed  in  peace 
to  120,000  and  in  war,  to  upwards  of 
300,000.  The  respective  revenues  of  the 
Gernsan  states  is  also  in  mosi  ins'ances  too 
uncertain  and  capricious  to  adn.it  exact 
specihcat.on.  Nt)  people  apply  themselves 
more  closely  to  their  studies  th;.n  the  Ger- 
mans ;  and  ine  Htbrew  is  no  where  so  ge- 
nerally learnt,  or  better  understood.  Print- 
ing is  most-extensively  encouraged  ;  every 
man  of  letters  is  an  author  ;  they  multiply 
books  without  number;  thousands  of  sup- 
T^ositions  and  disputations  are  annually  pub- 
352 


li.shed,  with  wiiich  they  overstock  the  fairs 
of  Frankfort  and  Leipsic ;  for  no  man  can 
be  a  graduate  in  tlie  universities  who  has 
not  published  one  disputation  at  least. 
Tlie  language  of  Germany  is  a  dialect  of 
the  Teutonic,  which  succeeded  that  called 
the  Celtic.     Vienna  is  the  principal  city. 

Germany,  southeast  township  of  Adams 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  heads  of  the 
M  nocacey,  and  Conewago  creeks.  Popu- 
lati  m  1820, 1272. 

Gertminy,  village  of  shade  township, 
So:Tierseit  county  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
head  waters  of  Shade  creek,  20  miles  NFi 
from  Somerselt. 

Gemerslieim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinaie  of  the  Khiiie,  situated  near  the 
Rhine,  5  miles  W  irom  Philipsburgh.  This 
is  one  of  tlie  cities  of  Germany  appropri- 
ated as  a  barrier  fortress,  and  266,400  dol- 
lars voted  by  the  diet  for  the  augmentation 
of  its  works. 

Gerry,  township  of  Chatauque  county 
New  York.     Population  1820,  947. 

Gerry,  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, state  of  Massachusetts.  See  Phillifis- 
ton. 

Gers,  department  of  France,  in  which 
are  comprthended  the  late  provinces  of 
Gascnny  and  Arnaagn&c 

Gcrirudenburg,  kingdom  of  theNeth- 
erl.inds.  in  Brabant ;  situated  at  the  E 
extremity  of  the  Biesboch  lakes  which 
are  formed  by  the  Macse,  and  make  a 
good  harbour  It  is  10  miles  N  of  Ere- 
da.    Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Gerumenhi,  ancient  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Aleiiiejn,  with  a  strong  castle  ;  but  was 
taken,  in  1662,  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Guadiana, 
18  tniles  below  B.-.daji  z. 

Gentrike,  or  Gestricia,  province  of 
Sweden,  h  unded  on  the  N  by  Helsin- 
gia,  on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  on 
the  S  by  Upland,  and  on  the  W  by  Dale- 
carlia. 

Gettysburg,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  in  Adams'  county,  Pennsylvania, 
28  miles  SW  of  Yorktown,  the  capital 
of  the  county,  and  115  westward  of  Phi- 
ladelphia; between  Rock  and  Marsh 
creek,  branches  of  Monocacy,  on  a  fine 
elevated  site,  with  a  fertile  well  cultiva- 
ted surrounding  country. 

Get'cmdan,  territory  of  Languedoc,  in 
France,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Auvergne 
on  the  W  by  Rouergue,  on  the  S  by  the 
Cevennes,  and  on  the  E  by  Velay.  It  is 
a  mountainous,  barren  country ;  and  now 
forms  the  department  of  Lozcre. 

Gever,  or  Gower.    See  Goar,  St. 

Gex,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aine  and  late  province  of  Bresse, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Claude, 


G  I  B 


ti  I  L 


between  the  Rhone,  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
and  Swisserland.  It  produces  excellent 
cheese  ;  and  is  10  miies  NVV  of  Geneva. 
Lon.  6  1  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Gezira,  town  of  Diarljcck,  in  an  island 
formed  by  the  Tigrs,  70  miles  NVV  of 
Mousui.     Lon.  40  50  E,  lat.  36  36  N. 

Glianah,  or  Ghinnah,  town  of  the  em- 
pire of  Cashna,  in  Africa.  It  is  seated 
between  a  lake  and  the  river  Niger.  It 
is  90  miles  NE  of  the  citv  of  Caslina, 
and  208  S  of  Agadez.  Lon.  13  12  E, 
lat.  15  55  N. 

Ghants.     See  Gants. 

Ghent,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands.  It  is  seated  on  four  navi- 
gable rivers,  the  Scheldt,  the  Lys,  the 
Lieve.and  the  Mosre,  which  run  through 
the  city.  The  city  is  cut  by  many  ca- 
nals, which  divide  it  into  26  isles,  and 
over  the  canals  are  300  bridges.  It  has 
also  two  navigable  canals  ;  the  one  to 
Sasivan  Ghent,  the  other  to  Bruges  and 
Ostend.  the  last  of  which  was  destroyed 
in  1798,  by  the  British.  It  i-  26  miles 
NW  of  Brussels.  Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  51 
3  N. 

Ghent,  post  town,  Ga'latin  county, 
Kentucky,  opposite  Vevay,  65  miles  by 
water,  below  Cincinnati. 

Ghergang,  city  of  Asia,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Assam.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Degoo,  near  its  conflux  with  the 
Burrampooter.  400  miles  NE  of  Calcut- 
ta.   Lon.  93  15  E,  lat.  25  55  N. 

Ghcriah,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Ilin- 
doostan,  on  that  part  of  the  W  side 
called  the  Pirate  Coast.  It  was  lately 
the  capital  and  principal  port  of  Angria. 
It  is  295  mi'es  S  by  E  of  Bombay.  Lon. 
72,  8  E,  lat.  17  59  N. 

Ghilan,  prQvince  of  Persia,  on  the  SW 
side  of  tile  Caspian  Sea  ;  supposed  to  be 
the  Hyrcania  of  the  ancients.  It  is  very 
agreeably  situated,  liaving  the  sea  on  one 
side,  and  high  mountains  on  the  other  ; 
and  there  is  no  entering  it  but  tlirough 
narrow  passes,  which  may  be  easily  de- 
fended.   Resht  is  the  capital. 

Ghilan,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province 
of  French  Hainault,  seated  on  the  Haina, 
five  miles  W  of  Mons.  Lon.  3  53  E,  lat. 
50  28  N. 

Chizni,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
formerly  the  capital  of  an  extensive  em- 
pire of  the  same  name.  It  is  termed  the 
second  Medina,  owing  to  the  great  num. 
ber  of  illustrious  persons  interred  here. 
Lon.  68  20  E,lat.  16  12  N. 

Gibraltar,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, near  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
formerly  called  Calfie,  which,  with  Aby- 
la,  on  the  opposite  shore  of  Africa,  were 
Y  v 


called  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Tarick, 
a  general  of  the  Moors,  built  a  fortress 
liere,  which  he  called  Gibel  Tarick,  that 
is,  Mount  Tarick.  Since  that  time  a  town 
has  been  built  at  the  foot  of  this  rock, 
which  is  strongly  fortified.  It  was  for- 
merly thought  to  be  impregnable  ;  but,  in 
1704,  it  wis  taken  by  the  confederate 
ileet,  commanded  by  Sir  George  Rooke  ; 
and  has  ever  since  continued  in  the 
hands  of  the  English.  The  strait  of  Gib- 
raltar is  24  miles  in  length,  and  15  in 
breadth,  and  a  st"'ong  current  always 
runs  through  it  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Mediterranean.  '  Gibraltar  is  25  miles  N 
from  Ceuta,  and  45  SE  from  Cadiz. 
Lon.  5  17  W,  lat.  36  6  N 

Gien,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lyiret  -.w\  late  province  of  Orl.annois, 
sealed  on  tlie  Loire,  76  miles  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  43  E.  lat.  47  34  N. 

Gienzor,  town  of  Barbary,  in  Tripoli,  10 
mil^s  from  ihe  town  of  Tripoli. 

Gierac",  episcopal  (own  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  sea,  32  mil:-s  NE  of  Resrgio.  Lon. 
16  40  E,  lat.  38  13  N, 

Giesciu  tov/n  of  Ciermany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a  castle  and 
a  university.  It  belongs  to  the  house  of 
Darinst<idt,  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1796,  but  retaken  tiie  same  year  by  the 
Austrians.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lohn,  16 
miies  VVSW  of  M,*rpiirg.  Lon.  8  41  K, 
lat.  50  30  N. 

Giga,  small  island  on  the  W  coast  of 
ScotL'Tid,  between  t!ie  isle  of  Skye  and  the 
peninsula  of  Cantyre,  in  Argyleshire,  in 
which  county  it  is  included.  Tlie  inhabi- 
ta!its  annually  export  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  grain 

Giglio,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, v/ith  a  castle.  It  makes  part  of  the 
sta'e  of  Sienna,  and  is  15  miles  W  of  Porto 
tlercole.     Lon   11  16  E,  lat.  42  1  N. 

Giles,  cmniw  of  Virginia ;  bounded  SW 
by  T  z  rwell;  NW  by  Cabell,  an  !  Kenhawa; 
NE  by  Kenhiwa  river,  or  by  Grc  nbriar 
and  M'lnroe  ;  and  SEby  .Montgosaery ; 
length  75;  mean  width  30;  area  1900 
square  miles  ;  surface  exlremtly  broken ; 
sail  generally  steri)e.  Chief  town,  Paris- 
burg 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        .        1,739 

do.  do.     females  -        -         l,f39 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  25 

Slaves 242 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 


3,745 


2,150 
2,024 


GIL 


U    I  V 


4,174 

23 

19 

146 

160 

4,522 


4 

1,222 

20 


T«ta\  whites      .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do.     females         ... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these  ; 
Boreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufaciures  - 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Giles,  county  of  West  Tennessee;  bound- 
ed by  Alabama  S  ;  Lawrence  W ;  Murray 
N ;  and  Lincoln  E  ;  length  30  ;  mean  width 
20 ;  area  600  square  miles.  It  is  chiefly 
situated  in  the  valley  of  Richland  branch  of 
Elk  river.  Surface  undulating  and  soil  fer- 
tile.    Staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males    -        -        .  2,030 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,783 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       .       -        .  q 

Slaves     -----  7^33 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 


4,546 


4,735 
4,537 

9,272 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males  16 

do.           do.        females,  9 

Slaves,  males           -        -        .  1,625 

do.    females         -        -        -  1,636 


Total  population  in  1820 


12,558 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  •        3,288 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  189 

do.    in  Commerce  -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21,  nearly. 

Gill,  township  ot  Franklin  county  Mas- 
sachusetts, W  off  Connecticut  river.  Po- 
pulation, 800. 

Gilespies',  store,  post  office,  Blount 
county  Tennessee. 

Gihnanton,  post  village,  and  township, 
Strafibrd  county,  New  Hampshire,  18  miles 
NE  from  Concord.  The  village  is  alter- 
nately with  Rochester  the  seat  of  justice 
tor  the  county.     Population  1820,  3527. 

Gilmanton,  Lower,  village  of  Gilmanton 
township,  Stafford  county  New  Hampshire. 

Gilolo,  large  island,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  Archipelago  of  the  Mo- 
laccaS",      It   does  not  produce   any  fine 
354 


spices,  though  it  lies  near  the  Spice  Isl- 
ands ;  but  much  rice,  the  inhabitants  are 
fierce  and  cruel.  It  is  seated  under  the 
line.     Lon.  130  0  E. 

Gikum,  township  of  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampsliire,  48  miles  SW  by  W  from 
Concord.    Population  1820,  601. 

Giiigen,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  16 
miles  N  of  Ulm.  Lon.  10  13  E,  lat.  48 
39  N. 

Gingee,  large  and  populous  town  on  the 
coast  of  Coromandel.  It  is  strong  both 
by  art  and  nature,  being  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, whose  top  is  divided  into  three 
points,  on  each  of  which  is  a  castle.  The 
Great  Mogul,  in  1690,  began  a  siege,  which 
continued  three  years  to  no  purpose.  It 
is  33  miles  W  of  Pondicherry.  Lon.  79 
25  E,  lat.  11  42  N. 

Giodda,  or  Giddah,  seaport  on  the  B 
coast  of  Arabia,  on  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  the 
port  of  Mecca,  and  carries  on  a  great  trade. 
Lon.  39  27 E,  lat.  21  SON. 

Giovannazzo,  lov/n  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  sea, 
10  miles  NW  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat. 
41  26  N. 

Gierst,  large  town  of  Persia,  in  Kerman, 
whose  trade  consists  in  wheat  and  dates. 
Lon.  57  55  E,  lat.  2730  N. 

Giro7ide,  department  of  France,  which 
includes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Gui- 
enne. 

Giro7tna,  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  side  of  the 
river  Onhal.     Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Giroii,  Si.  town  of  Prance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Airiege,  and  late  province  of 
Cousreans,  seated  on  the  Sarat,  three 
miles  S  of  St.  Lisier.  Lon.  1  16  E,  lat.  42 
53  N. 

Girvmi,  village  in  Ayrsliire,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  al- 
most opposite  the  rock  of  Ailsa.  Here 
are  some  manufactures ;  particularly  in 
tiie  tanning  of  leather,  and  the  making  of 
shoes  and  boots.  It  is  16  miles  S  by  W 
of  Ayr. 

Gisborough,  town  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Monday.  It 
is  noted  for  being  the  first  place  where 
alum  was  made,  as  it  was  formerly  for  its 
abbey.  It  is  four  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Tees,  22  NW  of  Whitby,  and  247 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  55  W,  lat.  54 
35  N. 

Gisborn,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  Lon.  2 
22  W,  lat.  53  55  N, 

Gisors,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, seated  on  the  Ept,  28  miles  SE  of 
Rouen,     Lon.  1  43  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Givet,  fortified  town  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  divided  in  two  by  the  river  MaesC;, 


t  L  A 


G  L  A 


21  miies  SW  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  34  B,  lat. 
50  13  N. 

Givira,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
sealed  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  eight 
miles  fr.m  Anghierra. 

Gvila,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Transylvania.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Turks  in  1566  and  retaken 
in  1695.  It  is  seated  on  ihe  Keresblan,  30 
miles  SW  of  Great  Waradin.  Lon.  20  40 
E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Ghtliana,  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  craggy 
rock,  12  miles  NNE  of  Xacca,  and  30  SSW 
of  Palermo 

Giustandel,  large  town  of  Macedonia,  with 
a  Greek  archbisiiop's  see,  stra  ed  near  lake 
Ochrida,  sixty  miles  SE  of  Durazzo.  Lon. 
20  36  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Glaciers,  name  given  to  some  very  ex- 
tensive fields  o*  ice  among  the  Alps  of 
Swisserland  These  glaciers  may  be  divi- 
ded into  two  sorts  :  the  first  occupying  the 
deep  valleys  situated  in  the  bosom  of  the 
Alps,  and  termed  by  the  natives  the  Valley 
of  Ice,  but  which  Mr.  Coxe  distinguishes 
by  the  name  of  Lower  Glaciers ;  the  se- 
cond, which  clothe  the  summits  and  sides 
of  the  mountains,  he  calls  the  Upper  Gla- 
ciers. 

Glainorffanshire,  county  of  S  Wales,  43 
miles  long  and  26  broad ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Carmarlhensiire  and  Brecknock- 
shire, on  the  E  by  Monmouthshire,  and  on 
the  S  and  W  by  the  Bristol  Channel.  It 
lies  in  the  diocess  of  Landaff;  contains  10 
hundreds,  one  city,  eight  market-towns, 
and  118  parishes  ;  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  Population,  1801,  71,525  ; 
in  1811,  85,067,  and  in  1821,  101,737. 

Glandfordbridge,  or  Brig-g,  town  in  Lin- 
colnshire, with  a  market  on  Thursday  :  It 
is  23  miles  N  ol  Lincoln,  and  156  N  by  W 
of  London.     Lon.  0  23  W,  lat.  53  35  N. 

Glarus,  canton  of  Swisserland,  bounded 
on  the  E  by  the  Grissons  ;  on  the  S  by 
the  same,  the  canton  of  Uri,  and  that  of 
Schweitz  ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  river  Lmth. 
it  is  a  mountainous  country ;  and  the  chief 
trade  is  in  cattle,  cheese,  and  butter. 

Glanus,  large  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  a  canton  of  the  same  name,  and 
seated  on  the  river  Llnth,  32  miles  SE  of 
Zuric,  The  streets  are  large,  and  the 
houses  kept  in  good  repair.  Lon.  9  1  E, 
lat.  46  56  N. 

Glasgow,  large  and  populous  city  of 
Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire.  From  its  ex- 
tent, beauty,  regularity,  and  modern 
improvements,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  se- 
cond if  not  the  first  city  in  North  Bri- 
tain. The  university,  instituted  in  1450, 
is  constantly  increasing  in  reputation.  At 
present  it  consists  of  a  chancellor,  rec- 
tor, dean  of  faculty,  a  principal,  and  16 
professors,  of  which  one  is  for  law,  four 
for  theology,  five  for  the  study  of  medi- 


cme  and  subjects,  connected  therewith, 
and  the  others  for  the  faculty  of  arts. 
It  has  lately  been  greatly  enriched  in 
the  mathematical  department  by  the 
library  of  the  late  celebrated  Dr.  Robert 
Simpson,  author  of  the  translation  of 
Euclid,  and  has  received  an  important 
addition,  by  a  collection  of  rare  books  and 
manuscripts,  in  every  departinent  of 
science,  but  particularly  in  medicine,  be- 
queathed by  the  late  Dr.  William  Hun- 
ter, who  has  also  left  his  extensive  mu- 
seum to  the  university  of  Glasgow.  Be- 
sides the  anatomical  preparations,  the 
museum,  for  which  an  elegant  building 
has  bt-en  erected,  contains  the  collection 
of  shells,  corals,  insects,  and  fossils,  made 
by  the  late  Dr.  Fothergiil,  and  a  cabinet 
of  medals  and  coins,  ancient  and  modern, 
the  most  complete  of  the  kmd  in  Europe. 
The  observatory  is  well  fitted  up,  and 
supplied  with  the  most  improved  instru- 
ments for  the  use  of  the  professor  of 
practical  astronomy.  Glasgow  has  a 
considtrable  foreign  trade  ;  and  its  nu- 
merous manufactures,  particularly  of 
muslin,  cotton,  ca'ico,  coarse  woollen 
cloth,  porcelain,  glass,  the  refining  of 
sugar,  and  the  tanning  of  leather,  are 
carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  Glasgow 
was  originally  one  parish,  but  is  now, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  and  ease  of 
ministers,  divided  into  eight,  with  as 
many  churches,  besides  three  chapels  of 
ease.  The  population  of  Glasgow,  with 
its  suburbs  and  dependencies,  amounted 
in  1811,  to  108,000.  It  is  seated  on  the 
N  side  of  the  Clyde,  over  which  are  two 
stone  bridges.  The  river  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  eight  feet  water  as  far  as 
the  bridge  ;  but  larger  vessels  stop  at 
Port  Glasgow,  or  Greenock,  to  unload; 
it  has  also  the  advantage  of  two  canals, 
beside  the  Great  Canal  that  joins  the 
Clyde  to  the  Forth.  Glasgow  is  44  miles 
W  of  Edinburgh,  and  60  SW  of  Perth. 
Lon.  4  30  W,  lat.  55  50  N. 

Glasgow,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Barren  county.  Kentucky,  about  125 
miles  NE  from  Nashville,  in  Tennessee, 
and  150  miles  SW  from  Lexington, 

Glasborough,  village  of  Gloucester 
county.  New  Jersey,  20  miles  nearly  E 
fronn  Philadelphia. 

Gla&tonbury,  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  6 
miles  SW  of  Wells,  and  129  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  2  40  W,  lat,  51  8  N. 

Glastonbury,  post  town  of  Hartford 
coimty,  Coi.necticut,  on  the  E  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  about  5  nules  SE  of 
the  city  of  Hartford.  Population  in 
1820,3114. 

Glai^tonbxiry,  township  cf  Bcnnic  4ti-^r» 
355 


county,  Vennoiit,  9  miles  NE  from  Ben- 
nington. 

Glatz,  county  of  Germany,  seated  be- 
tween Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Muravia; 
and  surrounded  by  mountains,  which  ren- 
der it  very  difficult  of  access.  It  is  38 
miles  long,  and  23  broad.  It  has  miiu-s 
of  coal,  copper,  and  iron,  j^ood  quarries 
of  marble  and  stone,  a' id  fine  springs  of 
mineral  waters.  In  1724,  it  was  ceded 
to  the  king  of  Prussia,  by  the  quc-tn  of 
Hungary. 

Glatz,  city  nf  B.iheniia,  and  c;\pital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situa- 
ted at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  which 
divide  that  kingdom  from  Silesia,  near 
the  river  Neisse  On  tlie  top  of  the  hill 
is  an  ancient  casth- ;  and  the  Prussians 
have  not  only  greatly  augmented  and  im- 
proved it,  but  havi-  built  a  new  citadel. 
It  has  been  frtquently  besietred  and  taken. 
It  is  48  miles  SSE  of  Bres!aw,  and  82 
ENE  of  Prague.  Lon.  18  50  E,  lat.  50 
25  N. 

Glcncoe,  Vale  of,  valley  in  Scotland, 
near  the  head  of  Loch  Eiive,  in  Argyle- 
shire,  noted  for  the  cruel  massacre  if  its 
unsuspecting  inhabitants  in  1691.  King 
William  had  published  a  proclamation, 
inviting  the  Highlanders,  who  had  been 
in  arms  for  King  James  II.  to  accept  a 
general  amnesty  bf  fore  the  1st  of  Janua- 
ry, on  pain  of  military  execution  after 
'hat  period.  Alexander  Macdonald, 
laird  of  GlencdC,  on  the  last  day  of  De- 
cember, went  to  Fort  William,  the  go- 
vernor of  which  referred  him  to  a  civil 
officer.  This  made  it  the  first  of  January 
bef  re  he  could  reach  Inverary,  where 
he  surrendered  to  the  sheriff,  who,  how- 
ever, accepted  his  submission,  in  con- 
sideration of  his  offer  to  surrender  the 
day  before.  The  laird  having  taken  the 
oaths,  returned  to  Glencoe,  in  full  assu- 
rance of  safety  ;  notwithstanding  which, 
he,  and  his  whole  clan,  were  butchered, 
en  the  15th  of  February,  and  the  whole 
of  that  beautiful  valley  rendered  a  scene 
of  massacre  and  desolation. 

Glencroy,  Vale  of.  wild  and  romantic 
tract,  near  the  NE  extn  mity  of  Loch 
Loung,  in  Argyleshire.  The  two  ranges 
of  mountains,  which  overhang  this  valley, 
approach  each  other,  and  between  the^e 
the  traveller  is  immured.  Their  stu- 
pendous height  and  the  naring  oi  nu- 
merous cataracts,  that  pour  over  their 
broken  surface,  produce  an  effect  av/fully 
sublime. 

Glengary  County,  Upper  Canada, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  line  that  di- 
vides Upper  frrm  Lower  Canada;  on 
the  south  by  thr  river  St.  Lawrence  ; 
and  on  the  west  by  the  township  of  Corn- 
ivall;  running  north  24  degrees  west, 
356 


(i  I.  o 

until  it  intersects  the  Ottawa  or  Grand 
river  ;  thence  descending  the  said  river 
until  it  meets  the  divisional  line  afore- 
said 

Glenluce,  town  in  Wigtonshire,  seated 
on  the  river  Luce,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  bay  of  that  name,  16  miles  VV  by  S 
of  Wigton. 

Glcnns,  post  village,  Gloucester  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Glenns  Falls,  Hudson  river,  at  Glen- 
ville.  The  river  is  here  precipitated 
over  a  ledge  of  rocks,  in  a  cataract,  de- 
scending 28  feet  in  about  3  perches 

Glenshee,  H/iital  of.  n.  ted  pass  of  the 
Grampian  mountains  in  Scotland,  a  little 
S  of  the  point  v/here  the  counties  of 
Perth,  Angus,  and  Aberdeen  meet. 

GttiiDiUe,  post  village  of  New  York, 
in  Washington  county.  The  village 
stands  at  Glenns  Falls,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  river,  over  which  a  fine  bridge  has 
been  erected. 

Glockner,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the 
mountains  of  Saltzburg,  it  rises  on  the 
confines  of  Saltzburg,  Tyrol  and  Carin- 
thia,  to  the  height  of  12,760  feet.  Lat. 
47  4  N,  ion.  12  51  E. 

Glogaw,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  <^  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  and  wfeli 
fortified  on  the  side  of  Poland.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Oder,  50  miles  NW 
of  Breslaw,  and  115  NE  of  Prague.  Lon. 
16  15  E,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Glomvie,  longest  river  of  the  province 
of  A,;gerhuys,  in  South  Norway,  which 
flows  into  the  North  Sea,  at  Frederic- 
stadt.  It  receives  the  river  Worme 
which  issues  from  Lake  Micss.  It  is 
not  navigable  in  any  part  of  its  course 
from  this  lake  to  Frederickstadt,  its 
stream  being  intercepted  by  such  fre- 
quent cataracts  and  shoals,  as,  in  some 
places,  to  render  it  necessary  to  drag 
the  trees,  which  are  floated  down,  over 
the  ground.  At  least  50,000  trees  are 
annually  floated  by  this  river  to  Frede- 
ricstadt. 

Gloucester,  city  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  market  on  VVednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  seated  on  the  E  side  of  the 
Severn,  where,  by  two  streams,  it  makes 
the  isle  of  Alney.  Here  is  a  good  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  Severn,  with  a 
quay,  wharfs  and  custom  house,  but  most 
of  its  business  is  engrossed  by  Bristol. 
It  is  24  miles  NE  of  Bristol,  and  106  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51 
50  N. 

Gloucester,  county  of  England,  63 
miles  in  length,  and  47  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Herefordshire  and 
Monmouthshire,  m  t!ie  N  by  Worces- 
tershire, on  the  E  by  Warwickshire  and 
Oxfordshire,  and  on  the  S  by  Wiltshire 


G  L  O 


Lr   L   ^ 


and  Somersetshire.  It  contains  13  hun- 
dreds, 1  city,  27  market-towns,  and  218 
parishes.  Population  in  1801,  250  809; 
in  181 1,  286,514 ;  and  in  182i,  335,843. 
Gloucester  J:iay,  Upper  (Canada,  is  the 
eastern  txuemity  "t  lake  Huron. 

Gloucesfer Fort,oT  Foiiaau  Pins,  Up- 
pt-r  (Canada,  the  first  point  on  the  north 
shorr  in  the  narrows  leading  from  lake 
Superior  towards  the  tails  ot  St.  Mary. 

Gloucester  Toivnshipy  Upper  Canada, 
in  the  county  of  Dundas,  is  the  st  venth 
township  in  ascending  the  Ottawa  river ; 
it  lies  eastward  also  of  and  adjoining  the 
river  Radeau. 

Gloucester,  maritime  and  post  town 
in  Essex  county,  Massachusetts ;  situa- 
ted near  Cape  Ann,  14  miles  NE  of 
Beverly,  and  about  18  from  Salem,  and 
Marblehead.    Population  in  1820,  6384. 

The  village  has  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive fishing  ports  in  the  U.  S.  Thatch- 
er's island  with  two  Light  houses,  forms 
a  part  of  the  township. 

Gloucester,  township  of  Providence 
county,  Rhode- Island  ;  situated  in  the 
Is  W  corner  of  the  state,  having  Massa- 
chusetts on  the  N,  and  Connecticut  on 
the  W.    Population  in  1820,  2504. 

Gloucester,  small  town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Delaware,  fcur  miles  below 
Philadelphia,    Population  in  18,0,  2059. 

Gloucester,  county  of  New  Jersey; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE; 
Cape  May,  Cumberland  and  Salem 
counties  SE  ;  Delaware  river  NW,  and 
by  Huntii  gdon  NE  ,  length  40 ;  breadth 
20;  area  800  square  miles.  Surface 
level,  and  though  the  soil  is  sand\ ,  tole- 
rably  productive,  ('hief  towns,  Wogd- 
buy,  Gloucester  and  Camden. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        9,605 

do.  do     females  -        -        9,179 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  886 

Slaves 74 


Total  population  in  1810 

19,744 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ... 

11,351 

do.     do.    females     - 

10,617 

All  other  persons  except  In- 

dians not  taxed 

18 

Total  whites       -         -        .         . 

21,986 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      . 

552 

do.            do.      females  - 

512 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        . 

19 

do.    females            ... 

21 

Total  population  in  1820 

23,090 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  100 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         3,017 

do.        in  Manufactures  •        1,079 

do.        in  Commerce     -  -  249 

Population  to  the  square  nide,  28|. 

Gloucester, cciMwty  of  Virginia;  bound- 
ed E  by  Mock  Jack  bay  ;  SE  aixl  S\V  by 
York  river,  NW  !)y  King  and  Queen, 
and  NE  by  Middlesex  and  Mathews; 
length  20 ;  mean  widtii  16 ;  urea  320 
square  miles  Surface  level,  and  soii  of 
midiing  quality.  Chief  town,  Glouces- 
ter. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,059 

do.  do,  females  -  -  2,124 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        _        -  445 

Slaves         -        -         .        .         .         5,798 

Total  population  in  1810         -      10,427 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males  -        -  1,964 

do.    do.    females  -        -  2,044 

*  '  _____ 

Total  whites            -  -        _  4,008 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  214 

do.             do.  females,  248 

Slaves,  males    -        -  .        .  2,649 

do.    females         -  -     •  -  2,559 

Total  poptilation  in  1820  .        9,678 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  9 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,050 

do.        in  Manufiicturcs        -  292 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  18 

Population  to  tiie  square  milt,  30- 

Gloucester,  town  of  Gloucester  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  York  river,  nearly  oppo- 
site York  town. 

Gloucester  Factory,  establishment  of 
the  Hudson's  bay  Company,  on  a  branch 
of  Albany  river.  Lon.  W  C  10  W,  lat. 
51  iON. 

Glover,  township  of  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  o5  miles  NNE  from  Montpe- 
lier.    Population  400. 

Gloydsborough,  post  office,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Virginia. 

Gluckstadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  near 
its  mouth,  30  miles  NW  of  Hamburg, 
and  55  N  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9  15  E,  lat. 
5o  53  N. 

Glynn,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  SE  :  Camden 
county,  or  Little  St.  Ilia  river  S\V  ;  Wayne 
NW ;  and  Alatamahah  river  or  M'Intosh 
county,  NE  ;  length  20  ;  width  20  ;  area 
400  square  miles.  Surface  level  and  part 
o57 


Li  O  A 


G  O  I 


Ttnarshy ;  staples  cotton  and  sugar.      Chief 
town,  Biuinswick. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  wiiite  males        -         -        -  314 

do.  do.     females     ...  250 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         .         .         .  8 

Slaves 2,845 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

3,4ir 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.   do.    females    -        .        . 

Total  whites       -        -        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.            do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.    females   .        -        .        - 

548 
295 

643 

7 

8 

1,417 

1,343 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


3,418 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  IJ'G 

do.        in  Manufactures            .  0 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  6 

Popidation  to  the  square  mile,  83. 

Gnedenhviten,  post  town  of  Tuskarawa 
county,  state  of  Oliio;  a  Moravian  settle- 
ment, planted  with  the  pious  view  of  pro- 
pagating the  Christian  religion  among  the 
Indians,  50  miles  from  Zanesville. 

Gnetsna,  city  of  Great  Poland,  of  which 
it  is  the  capital,  with  an  archbishop's  see, 
whose  prelate  is  primate  of  Poland,  and 
viceroy  during  the  vacancy  of  the  throne. 
It  was  the  first  town  built  in  the  kingdom, 
and  formerly  more  considerable  than  at 
present.  It  is  90  mileb  N  by  E  of  B:eslaw, 
and  125  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  17  40  E. 
lat.  52  28  N. 

Goa,  considerable  city  of  the  Hither 
India  with  a  harbour  to  the  coast  of  Mala- 
bar, in  the  kingdom  of  Deccan,  in  Visia- 
pour.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese 
settlements  in  India,  and  the  seat  of  u  vice- 
roy. It  stands  in  an  island,  22  miles  in 
length,  and  six  in  breadth ;  and  the  city 
built  on  the  N  side  of  it,  having  the  con- 
veniency  of  a  fine  river,  capable  of  receiv- 
ing  ships  of  the  greatest  burden,  where 
they  lie  within  a  mile  of  the  town.  It  is 
292  miles  S  by  E.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  7^  45 
E.  lat.  15  28  N. 

Goar,  St.  or  Gower,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  s-ubject 
to  the  landgrave  of  He^se  Cassel.  It  stands 
immediately  under  the  stupendous  rock  of 
R*;einfels,  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1794.  It  has  a  considerable  commerce  in 
wines  and  hides,  and  is  15  miles  SE  of 
Coblentz. 

358 


Goat  Island,  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island 
near  the  enlrance  of  the  harbour  of  New- 
port.    It  is  f  >rtitied  wilh  a  fort  and  citadel. 

Goat  isL.nd,  island,  in  Niagara  river, 
fornnng  a  pail  of  Erie  count}.  New  York, 
It  overhangs  ihe  falls  and  divides  the 
water  of  Niagara  river  into  two  unequal 
portions. 

Goave,  Petit,  or  Hispaniola,  town  of  St. 
Domingo,  in  tlie  Gonave  channel,  20  miles 
WSW  Turn  Leogane.  Lon.  W  C  4  25 
E.  lat.  18  25  N 

Gobcehi,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala. 
tinate  of  the  Rhme,  18  miles  SE  of  Phdlips- 
burg.     Lon.  8  56  E.  lat.  49  6  N. 

Gobin,  St.     See  Fere. 

Gocn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleves,  seated  on  tlie  Neers,  six  miles  S  of 
Cleves.     Lon.  5  52  E.  lat.  51  39  N. 

Gociano,  town  of  Sardinia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Thurse,  25  miles  E  of 
Algher. 

Godalming;  town  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the  VVey, 
where  it  divides  into  several  streams,  four 
miles  SW  of  Guildford  and  54  of  London. 
Lon.  0  34  W.  lat.  51  13  N. 

Godavei'y,  or  Gonga  Godoiury,  river  of 
the  Deccan  of  Hindoos'.an,  which  has  its 
source  90  miles  to  the  NE  of  Bombay. 
After  crossing  Dowlataoart  and  Golconda, 
from  "\V  to  E,  it  runs  to  the  SE,  and  re- 
ceiving the  Bain  Gonga,  about  90  miles 
above  the  sea,  besides  aany  smaller  rivers 
separates  into  two  principal  channels  at 
Kajamundry  ;  and  these  subdividing  again, 
form  altogctiier  several  tide  harbours,  for 
vessels  of  moderate  burden,  such  as  Inge- 
ram,  Coringa,  Yalam,  Bandarmalanka,  and 
Narsapour. 

Godmanchester,  large  village  in  Hunting- 
donshire, parted  from  Huntingdon  by  the 
river  Ouse. 

Godwin  Sands,  famous  sandbanks  off  the 
coast  of  Kent,  lying  between  the  N  and  S 
Foreland,  and  as  they  run  parallel  with  the 
coast  for  three  leagues  together,  at  about 
two  leagues  and  a  half  distant  from  it,  they 
give  additional  security  to  the  Downs. 

Goes,  or  Ter  Goes,  strong  town  of  the 
LTnited  Provinces,  in  Zealand,  and  capital 
ot  the  Island  of  South  Beveland,  It  com- 
municates with  the  Scheldt  by  a  canal,  and 
is  20  miles  E  of  Middleburg.  Lon.  3  50 
E.  lat.  51  33  N. 

Godefroi,  fief  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  St.  Lawrence  river  be- 
tween Roquetaillaide,  and  Becancour,  three 
miles  above  Three  Rivers. 

Goffsto7m,  post  town  and  township, 
Hillsborough  county,  New  Hampshire. 
The  village  is  at  Amoskf  ag  falls,  15  miles 
below  Concord.  Population  in  1820, 
2173. 


G  O  L 


GOO 


(iogra,  01"  Soorjeiu  River,  large  river 
which  rises  in  Lake  Lunkee  Diie,  in  Thi- 
bet, in  lat.  33  17  N.  an.l  forcing  its  way 
through  Mount  Himmaleh,  lakt^^s  a  SE  <li- 
rection,  and  unites  with  rhe  G^ng'es,  above 
Chupr.ih,  in  the  province  of"Ba!;ar. 

Gohitd,  territory  of  H;nti()o.-;tan  Proper, 
in  the  piovince  of  A^a  ;  suhjr ct  to  a  ra- 
jah, who  IS  tributary  to  the  Poonah  Mah- 
rattas,     Gwalior  is  the  capitul. 

Goiaz,  one  of  the  Capitamas  of  Brazil, 
chiefly  between  the  rivers  Araquaya  and 
Tocantinas,  bounded  E  by  Maranham, 
Bahia  and  Minas  Gerat-s  ;  S  by  Saint 
Pauls,  W  by  Mattogr.sso;  and  NVV  and 
N  by  Grand  P:-ra.  Chi  f  town,  Vill,.  B  a. 
Go/conda,  country  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  between  the  Lower  par^s  of 
the  courses  of  Kistna  and  Godavery  rivers, 
and  the  principal  part  of  Dowlatab.:d.  It 
was  formerly  called  Teilingana,  or  Tilling, 
and  is  subject  to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan. 
It  is  most  remarkable  for  its  diamond 
mines,  the  most  considerable  m  the  world. 
Here  are  also  mines  of  salt,  fine  iron  for 
sword  blades,  and  curious  calicoes  and 
chintzes.  Hydrabad  or  Bagnagur  is  the 
capital. 

Golconda,  celebrated  fortress,  in  a  coun- 
try of  the  same  name,  six  miles  WNW  of 
Hydrabad,  and  joined  to  that  city  by  a  wall 
of  communication. 

Golcondo,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Pope  county,  Illinois,  on  the  Ohio  river,  31 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  Tr.nnessee,  and 
50  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Wabash 
river. 

Gohlengrove,  post  office,  Greenville  dis- 
trict, Soutli  Carolina. 

Goldberg,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Lignltz,  36  miles  W  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
16  23  E.  lat.  51  3  N. 

Gold  Coast,  maritime  country  of  Guinea, 
where  the  Europeans  have  several  forts 
and  settlements.  It  reaches  from  the 
Gold  River,  12  miles  W  of  Assine,  and 
ends  at  the  village  of  Ponni,  eight  m,les  E 
of  Acraw. 

Golden  Island,  barren  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  or  gulf  of  Darien,  where  the 
Sct^ts  attempted  to  make  a  settlement  in 
1698.     Lon.  77  10  W.  lat.  9  0  N. 

Goldingen,  town  of  Courland,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Wela,  60  miles  W  of 
Mittau.     Lon.  22  21  E.  lat.  56  48  N. 

Goldsborough,  post  town  of  Hancock 
county,  Maine :  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Fr>^nchman's  bay,  about  50  miles  from 
Castine.    Population  in  1820,  560. 

Goleita,  island  of  Africa,  at  ttie  entrance 
of  the  bay  of  Tunis  ;  taken  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  when  he  attempted  the  seige  of 
Tunis,  and  kept  by  the  Christians  several 
years.  It  is  29  miles  N  of  Tunis.  Lon. 
10  20  E,  lat.  37  10  N. 


Golnaw,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Una,  18  miles  NE  of  Stetin. 
Lon.  14  59  E.  lai.  53  45  N. 

Gvmhv'iun,  c./!(3idcr<i'oie  seaport  of  Per- 
sia, ill  Fai -i-.tan,  cal:ed  by  ttie  natives  Ban- 
d<<r  Abassi.  It  is  seated  m  a  bay  of  the 
s>  rait  of  Ornms,  120  mi'ei  bSE  o:  Kerman. 
Loa.  56  30 E.  la..  27  2S  X. 

G'jinera,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  be- 
tween Fcrro  and  TenerifFe.  It  has  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour, where  the  Spanish  ships  often  take 
in  refre  hments.  Here  is  corn  -uincient 
to  support  ihe  inhibitants,  and  one  ^ugar- 
work,  wi'h  gr^  at  pLirv  of  win-  and  fruits. 
Lon.  17  3  VV.  lat.  28  6  N. 

Gonave,  island,  near  tha-t  of  Hispaniola ; 
haviuif  St.  Mj  ks  Channel  NE  and  Gonave 
Cliannel  SW.  It  i;  about  35  tiulc:;  long 
and  10  vvide,  with  a  to\vn  and  t'arbour  of 
the  sa'ne  name. 

Gondar,  fnetropolis  of  Abyssinia,  situated 
on  a  hdi  of  considerable  height,  ..nd  con- 
taining about  10,000  fa^nilies  in  time  of 
peace.  I:  is  180  oiies  SE  of  Sennar.  Lon. 
57  33  E  lat.  12  34 N. 

Gondfgatna,  or  Gondlacomma,  river  of 
the  peninsul'  of  Hindoost^-n,  which  rises 
near  Combam,  forms  the  n'jminal  boundary 
of  thf  Carnatic  on  the  N,  and  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Beuijal,  at  Mootapilly. 

Gondrecourt,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  .Meuse  and  late  duchy  oF  Bar, 
seated  on  the  Ornay,  20  miles  S  of  St. 
Michael.     Lon.  5  37  E.  lat,  48  30  N. 

Gondreville,  town  of  Franca,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  wi'h  a  castle  and  a  magnificent 
ho?.pital.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Mviseile,  eight  miles  from  Nanci.      Lon.  6 

9  E.  lat.  48  40  N. 

Gonesse,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  provmce 
of  the  Isle  of  France,  remarkable  for  the 
goodness  of  Its  bread,  which  is  brought 
twice  a  week  to  Pans.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  king  Philip  Augustus;  and  is  seated  on 
the  Crould,  10  miles  NE  of  Paris.     Lon.  2 

10  E.  lat.  48  58  N. 

Gonga,  town  of  Romania,  seated  near 
the  sea  of  Marmora,  37  miles  NE  of  Ga- 
lipoli.     Lon.  37  31  E.  lat.  40  53  N. 

Gonjak,  kingdom  of  Africa,  between  the 
coast  of  Guinea  on  the  S,  and  Tombucton 
on  the  N.  supposed  by  major  Rennel  to  be 
the  Corkche  of  M.  d'Anville.  Gonjah,  the 
capital,  is  870  miles  W  by  S  of  Cashna. 
Lon.  6  low.  lat.  13  20  N. 

Goochland,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  James  river  or  Powhatan  and  Cumber- 
land county  S  and  SW ;  Fluvanna  NW ; 
Louisa  and  Hanover  NE,  and  Henrico  SE; 
length  28 ;  mean  width  12  ;  area  336 
square  miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly, 
359 


G  O  li 


G  O  S 


and  soil  tolerably  productive.     Chief  town, 
HadeiisviUe. 

Population  in  1810. 

Tree  wiiite  males        •         -         -  2,060 

do.  do.  females                -        .  2,170 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              -         -         -  509 

Slaves 5,464 


Total 

population  in  1810 
nidation  in  1S20. 

10,203 

Poi 

Free  white  males         ... 

1,889 

do. 

do.  females 

1,907 

Total 

whites      .        .        - 

3.796 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

317 

do.            do.       females    - 

368 

Slave; 

5,  males       .        -        .         - 

2,919 

do. 

females 

2,607 

Total 

population  in  1820 
these ; 

10,007 

Of: 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

0 

Enejaged  in  AgrlciUture 

3,201 

do. 

in  Manufactures   - 

296 

do. 

in  Commerce 

0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Goochland,  cotirlhouse  and  post  office, 
Goochland  county,  30  miles  \V  by  N  from 
Riciimond. 

Goodwomans  river,  falls  into  Missouri 
from  the  left,  190  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  latter. 

Good.  Hope.     See  Cape  of  Good  H«pe. 

Goodwin  Sajids.     See  Godwin  Sands. 

Goodwinsville,  post  village,  Dinwieddie 
county,  Virginia. 

Goompty,  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
which  rises  in  the  Rohilla  Country,  and 
flowing  SB  by  Lucknow  and  .Tionpour, 
falls  into  the  Ganges,  a  little  below  Be- 
nares. 

Gooty,  or  Gtitii,  strong  fortress  in  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  formerly  the  seat 
of  government  of  a  Mahratta  prmce,  and 
now  subject  to  the  British,  (t  is  seated  on 
the  Pennar,  25  miles  S  by  E  of  Aduni. 
Lon.  77  35  E.  lat  15  15  N. 

Gorcum,  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland,  which  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble trade  in  cheese  and  butter-  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  junction  of  the  Linghe  with  the 
Waal,  12  milts  E  of  Dort,  and  32  S  of 
Amsterdam.     Lon.  4  51  E.  lat.  51  51  N. 

Gordon's  Ferry,  post  office,  Hickman 
county,  Tennessee. 

Gordonsville,  post  village,  Orange  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  at  t'.e  foot  of  the  South  Moun- 
tain, 45  miles  SW  by  W  from  Frederick- 
burg. 

Gore,  townsliip  of  the  land  of  the  state, 
Penobscot  county,  l^Jaine.  Population  in 
1820,37.  ■       ' 

.-^eo 


Goree,  small  island  of  Africa,  near  Cape 
de  Verd,  subjec'  to  the  French.  It  is  bar- 
ren, but  of^great  importance  on  account  of 
its  good  trade.  Lon.  17  25  W.  iat.  14  40 
N. ' 

Goree,  capital  of  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  in  Holland,  eight  inles  SSVV  of 
Bi-iel.     Lon.  4  20  E.  iit.  51  44  N. 

Gores  Island,  barren  and  uninh'ibited 
island  in  tlie  North  Pacific  Ocean,  so 
named  by  captain  Cook,  wlso  discovered  it 
in  1778.  Cape  Upright,  the  SE  extremity 
is  in  lon.  172  50  W.  lat.  60  30  N. 

Gorgona,  small  island  ."f  Italy,  in  the 
sea  of  Tiiscnny,  eight  miles  m  circumfer- 
ence, remai'kdble  for  the  l.'irge  quantity  'if 
anchovies  tsken  near  it.  Lon.  10  0  E.  lat. 
43  22  N. 

Gorgona,  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  12  miles  W  of  the  coast  of  Peru- 
It  is  high  land,  very  woody,  and  some  of 
the  trees  are  proper  for  masts.  It  is  10 
miles  in  circumference,  and  has  several  ri- 
vulets of  excellent  water.  Lon.  77  50  W. 
Iat.  3  20  S. 

Gorgontua,  remarkable  high  rock  on  the 
north  shore  of  lake  Superior,  lying  at  a 
small  dist:ince,  iotd  southerly  of  the  point 
which  forms  Michipicoten  Bay,  to  the 
southward  and  eastward  ;  the  rock  is  lioJ- 
low,  wi;h  an  openmg  into  it. 

Gorham,  township  and  post  village, 
Cumberland  county,  Maine.  Population 
in  1820,  2795.  The  vdlage  is  nine  miles 
NW  from  Portland. 

Gorham,  township  and  post  village  of 
Ontario  county.  New  York-  Population 
in  1830, 3991.'  The  village  is  10  miles  W 
from  Geneva. 

Goritz,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  duchy  of  Carmola,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Lisonzo,  16  miles  NE  of 
Aquileia.     Lon.  13  30  E.  iat.  46  20  N. 

Gorlitz,  strong  town  of  G-.rm;iny,  in  Up- 
per Lusatia,  on  the  river  Neisse,  55  miles 
E  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15  40  E.  lat.  51  10 
N. 

Gone,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle  and  late  province  of  Lor- 
rain.  It  had  a  rich  abbev,  previous  to  the 
revolution,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  eight 
miles  SW  of  Metz, 

GoxfieJd,  township  of  Essex  county, 
Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Erie,  west  from 
Mersea. 

Goshen,  township  of  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  30  miles  W  from  Con- 
cord.    P  .puiation  in  1820,  687. 

Goshen,  township  of  Addison  county 
Vermont,  33  miles  SW  from  Montpelier. 
Population,  100. 

Goshen,  township  of  Lichfield  county, 
Connecticut,  7  miles  W  fiom  Lichfield, 
and  38  NW  of  the  city  from  Hartford.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1586. 

Goshen,   township  and  post  village  of 


G  O   T 


G  O  T 


Hamshire  county,  Massachusetts,  situated 
between  Worthington  and  Convvay,  about 
90  miles  westward  from  Boston.  Papula- 
tion in  1820,  632. 

Goshen,  p.ist  town  and  township,  (Jrange 
county,  New  York,  famuMs  for  excellent 
cheese,  distant  60  miles  NW  from  ilie  city 
of  New  York,  and  112  S  of  Albany.  Po- 
pulation  in  1820,  3,441.  The  county 
courts  are  held  alternately  at  the  village  of 
Goshen,  and  at  Newberg, 

Gosheii,  ^Fesf,  towiiship  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  about  5  miles  K  from 
Downingstown,  on  some  of  the  creeks  of 
Brandywine,  and  the  heads  of  Chester 
creeks.  Population  in  1820,  1,309,  inclu- 
ding the  borough  of  West-  Cht  ster.  Chief 
town  West-Chester. 

Goshen,  post  village  Loudon  county  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  road  from  Washington  to 
Winchester,  35  miles  from  Washington. 

Goshen,  post  town  Lincoln  County  Geor- 
gia, about  40  miles  above  Augusta. 

Gos/ten,  township  of  Tuscarawas  county 
Ohio,  in  which  stands  New  Philadelphia, 
seat  of  justice  for  the  county.  Population 
in  1820,  604,  including  New  Philadelphia. 

GosAen,  township  of  Columbiana  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  492. 

Goshen,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio.     Population  m  1820, 1416. 

Goshen,  tovvnsiiip  of  OisampMign  county, 
Ohio.     Popdation  in  1820,  911^ 

Goshen,  township  of  Clemont  county, 
Ohio,  18  miles  NW  from  Williamsburg. 
Population  m  1820,  755. 

Goshen,  townsiiip  of  St.  Clair  countv,  Illi- 
nois.    Population  2,000 

Goshen  Hill,  post  office,  Spartanburg, 
South  Carolina. 

Goslar,  ancient,  fvee,  and  imperial  city  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of  Bruns- 
wick, seated  at  tiie  foot  of  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Cose.  It  is  28  njiies  S  of 
Brunswick.     Lon   10  42  E,  lar.  52  0  N. 

Gosport,  fortified  town  in  liamp-.hire,  on 
the  W  side  of  the  Harbour  of  Port-^mouth, 
over  which  is  a  ferrv.  It  is  78  miles  SW 
of  Londm.     Lon.  1  3  W,  lat.  50  49  E. 

Gostynen^  or  Gosttivin,  town  of  Pcdand, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Rava.  36  miles  NE  of 
Rava.     Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Gotha,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of 
a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  18  miles  W  of 
Erfort.     Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Gotha,  river  of  Sweden  which  issues  from 
Lake  Wenner,  and  falls  into  the  North  Sea, 
at  Gotheborg. 

Gothard,  St.  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  Svitzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Uri. 
Itii-  9075  feet  above  the  sea,  and  22  miles 
S  of  AUorf.  Though  not  the  highest. 
mountain,  it  is  deemed  the  prinfipal  sum- 
mit of  the  Helvetian  Alps  ;  for  in  its  vici- 
nity rise  the  rivers  Tesino,  Aar,  Reuss,  and 
llhine,  which  Sow  hence  in  everv  direction. 
Z  z 


Gotheburg,  or  Gothenboi'^,  city  of  Swe- 
den, capital  of  Wtst  Gothland,  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Gotha,  which  forms  an 
excellent  ha  hour ;  the  best  situate  for 
foreign  tnide  of  any  in  the  kingdom,  as  it 
iies  on  the  Categat.  I  is  180  miles  SW 
of  Or  bo.     Lon.  11  39  E,  lat.  57  42  N. 

Gothland,  one  of  the  five  general  divi- 
sions of  Sweden;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Sw'::den  Proper,  E  an  ;  S  by  the  IJaltic,  and 
W  by  the  Sound,  the  German  Ocean,  and 
Norway.  Thi>.  country  is  inhabited  by  a 
nation,  celebrated  for  their  excursions  and 
invasionsof  other  countries,  which  had  its 
origen  from  the  G-se,  or  Tarta'S  of  the 
Crimea.  The  Goths  had  kings  of  their 
own  till  1132,  when  they  were  united  to 
Sweden.  It  includes  nine  provinces  and 
the  isles  of  Gothland  and  CEland. 

Gothland,  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic, 
70  miles  frii.m  N  to  S,ancl  25  in  its  greatest 
breadth.  From  its  form  and  situation  it 
has  obtained  the  name  of  the  Eye  of  the 
Baltic  The  siil  is  fertile,  and  remarkable 
for  .»n  excedent  breed  of  sheep.  Here  are 
fine  wood>5  of  oak  and  pine,  quarries  of  ex- 
cellent stone,  and  very  good  limestone. 
Wisby  is  the  capital. 

Gothland,  East,  province  of  Sweden,  in 
the  division  of  Gothland,  between  the 
B;iitic  on  the  E,  and  laki'  Wetter  on  the 
W,  80  mile.s  loi.gand  70  broad.  The  .soil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  abundance  of  all 
sorts  of  grain.  It  has  fine  orchards,  pas- 
tures, lakes,  and  rivers,  forests  of  oak  and 
birch,  iron-mines,  and  quarries  of  stone 
and  marble.  The  chief  town  is  Nord- 
koping. 

Gothland.  West,  province  of  Sweden  in 
the  division  of  Gothland,  between  the 
lakes  Wettf-r  and  Wenner,  30  miles  long;' 
and  from  25  o  70  broad,  The  soil  and 
produce  are  similar  o  East  Gothland.  The 
chief  town  is  Gotheburg. 

Gottesbnrg,  town  of  Silesia,  wliere  great 
quantities  of  worsted  stockings  are  knit, 
16  miles  SW  ot  Schweidnitz. 

Gottengcn,  cUy  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Briinswick.  Here  George  IL  of 
Great  Britain  foun<led  a  university,  which 
has  acquired  a  very  distinguislied  reputa- 
tion; and  it  contains  one  of  the  most  capi- 
t;il  libraries  in  Europe.  The  university  of 
Gottingen  is  amongst  the  most  respectable 
literary  institutions  that  has  ever  been 
formed.  Regular  professorships  are  es« 
tablisiied  on  every  subject  which  consti- 
tute education  of  the  most  enhghtened  of 
mankind.  The  number  of  students  rarely 
falls  short  of  1000,  sent  from  every  part  of 
Eurnpe.  The  library  exceeds"  200,000 
volumes.  There  are  also  many  other  lite- 
rary institutions,  and  a  commandery  of  the 
Teutonic  order.  The  woollen  manufac- 
tures are  the  principal  support  of  the  in- 
habitants. It  is  seated  on  the  Lein,  58 
■361 


6  O  W 


G  R  A 


miles  S  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  53  E,  lat.  51 

32  N. 

Gottingen,  province  of  Hanover,  inclu- 
ding the  city  of  Gottingen,  and  the  princi- 
palities of  Grubenhagen,  Hohensteln,  and 
Elbingeroda,  with  the  bailiwicks  of  Plesse, 
and  Gleichen. 

Gottorp,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Hoi 
stein  Gottorp,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  called  the  Slev,  four  miles 
WSW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  54 
36  N. 

Gotisberg,  town  of  Silesia,  in  tlie  duchy 
of  Schweidnitz,  remarkable  for  its  silver 
mines. 

Gouda,  or  Turgo-w,  strong  town  of  the 
United  Provinces,  in  Holland,  celebrated 
for  its  noble  church,  and  painted  glass 
■windows,  supposed  to  be  the  finest  in 
Europe.  It  is  seated  on  the  Issel,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  41  E,  lat. 
52  2  N. 

Gondhurat,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday,  12  miles  SW  of  Maidstone, 
and  44  BE  of  London.  Lon.  0  31  E,  lat. 
51  8N. 

Governolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
seated  on  the  Minchib,  12  miles  SE  of 
Mantua.     Lon.  10  56  E,  lat.  45  4  N. 

Goura,  or  Gnra,  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Masovia,  belonging  to  the 
bishop  of  Posnania.  Lon.  21  50  E,  lat.  51 
1  N. 

Gordon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  and  late  province  of  Querci, 
18  miles  NW  of  Cahors,  Lon.  1  24  E,  lat. 
45  43  N. 

Gonpe,  Riviere  da,  stream  of  Lower  Ca- 
nada, falling  into  the  north  side  of  St. 
Lawrence  45  miles  below  Quebec. 

Gouverneiir,  township  of  St.  Lawrence 
county,  New  York,  on  Oswegatchie  river. 
Tlie  village  stands  on  the  road  from  Og- 
densburg  to  VVatertown,  about  33  miles 
from  each.  ' 

Gmimay,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  lately  in  the 
province  of  Normandy,  remarkable  for  its 
fine  butter.  It  is  seated  on  the  Epte,  52 
Miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  49 
32  N. 

Gourock,  town  in  Rcifreshire,  on  a  bay 
of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  with  a  copper  mine 
in  its  neigiibourliood,  lately  shut  up. 

Go-wer,  peninsular  extremity  of  Glamor- 
ganshire, to  the  W  of  the  bay  of  Swansey. 
It  has  very  lofty  limestone  cliffs  next  the 
sea,  whence  large  quantities  of  lime  are 
exported  to  the  English  counties  across 
the  Bristol  Channel.  The  coast  abounds 
with  oysters.  The  land  is  a  fertile  tract  of 
arable  and  pasture. 

Goiver,  or  Gever.     See  Goar,  St. 

Go-wran,  borough  and  post  town  of  Ivc 
3&2 


land,  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny.    Lon.  7  0 
E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Go-wrie,  Carse  of,  a  fertile  tract  of  coun- 
try in  Perthshire,  remarkable  for  the  fine 
crops  produced  there, 

Gozzie,  or  Gozes,  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, to  the  S  of  the  isle  of  Candia,  12 
miles  from  Fort  Selino. 

Gozzo,  fortified  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, five  miles  NW  of  Malta,  and  belong- 
ing to  the  knights  of  that  island. 

Graaf  Reynet,  Easterii  District  of  the 
colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  extend- 
ing from  Stellenboch. 

Graboiu,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  18  miles  S  of 
Schwerin.     Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Gi-aceham,  post  village,  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Maryland. 

Graciosa,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  West- 
ern Islands.  It  contains  about  300  inhabi- 
tants, and  produces  wheat,  wine,  butter, 
and  cheese.     Lon.  27  58  W,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Graciosa,  rocky,  barren,  uninhabited 
island,  one  of  the  Canaries,  to  the  N  of 
Lancerota.  It  is  three  miles  long,  and 
two  broad. 

Grudista,  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Croatia,  taken  by  the  Turks 
In  1691.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save,  20 
miles  SW  of  Posega.  Lon.  18  39  E,  lat 
45  21  N. 

Gradiska,  strong  town  of  Germany  in 
the  coimty  of  Goritz,  seated  on  the  Lison- 
zo,  15  miles  SE  of  Udina.  Lon.  13  14  E, 
lat.  46  6  N. 

Grado,  town  of  Italy,  in  a  small  island  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Venitian 
Friuli,  50  miles  E  by  N  of  Venice.  Lon. 
13  10  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Grafton,  village  in  Northamptonshire, 
between  Stony  Stratford  and  Northamp- 
ton, where  there  is  a  manor-house  and 
park,  given  by  Charles  II.  to  the  duke  of 
(Jrafton,  whence  the  title  is  derived. 

Grafton,  county  of  New  Hampshire ; 
bounded  by  Connecticut  river,  or  Vermont 
NW  and  N;  Coos  NE;  Strafford  SE  ;  and 
Hillsborough  and  Cheshire  S  ;  length  55  ; 
mean  width  28  ;  area  154'0  square  miles. 
Surface  broken,  hilly  and  part  mountain- 
ous. Soil  where  arable,  productive  in 
grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town  Haver- 
hill. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      14,295 

do.  do.  females  -        -      14,105 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    .        -        -        -  64 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


28,462 


16,448 
16,524 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


Total  tvhltes  -        -        -    32,942 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  22 

do.            do.        females  -  25 

Slaves,  males       -        -        .  -  0 

do.    females    ...  -  0 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -    32,989 

Of  these: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  34 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  8,653 

do.        in  Manufactures  •  1,097 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  118 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Grafton,  post  town  and  township  in  Graf- 
ton county.  New  Hampshire,  20  miles  SE 
from  Dartmouth  college,  and  29  N\V  from 
Salisbury.     Population  in  1094. 

Grafton,  township  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  about  45  miles  SW  from 
Boston.     Population  in  1820,  1154. 

Grafton,  post  town  and  township,  Wind- 
ham county,  Vermont,  22  miles  S  from 
Windsor.     Population  in  1820,  1500. 

Grafton,  township  of  Rensallaer  county 
New  York,  12  miles  E  from  Troy.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1611. 

Graham's  Store,  post  office,  Albemarle 
county  Virginia. 

Grainier,  county  of  Tennessee  between 
Chinch  and  Holston  rivers ;  bounded  by 
Jefferson  SE ;  Knox  S  W  ;  Claiborne  NW  ; 
and  Hawkins  NE ;  length  30 ;  mean  width 
12;  area  360  square  miles.  Surface  hilly, 
and  soil  sterile,  except  along  the  margin  of 
the  streams.    Chief  town  Itutledge. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males              -        -  2,894 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,784 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  182 

Slaves 537 

TofalpopulationinlSlO,  -        6,397 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        3,407 
do.    do.    females     .        -        -        3,394 

Total  whites       .        -  .        .  6,801 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  94 

do.          do.  females  104 

laves,  males               -  -        -  334 

do.     females            .  -        -  317 

Total  population  In  1820  -        7,650 

Of  these;  "" 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  0 

Engaged  m  Agriculture               -  1,977 

do.       in  Manufactures            .1  135 

do.       in  Commerce        -        .  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21% 


Grammonl,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Viene  and  late  province 
of  Limosin.  It  is  15  miles  NE  of  Litno.'-es. 
Lon   1  30  E,  lat,  46  1  N. 

Grampian  Hills,  chain  of  high  mountains 
in  Scotland,  running  from  E  to  W,  nearly 
the  whole  breadth  of  the  kingdom.  Tliey 
take  their  name  from  the  Mons  Grampius 
of  Tacitus,  whence  Galgacus  waited  the 
approach  of  Agricola,  and  where  the  battle 
was  fought  so  fatal  to  the  brave  Caledo- 
nians. 

Grampound,  borough  in  Cornwall,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a  consi- 
derable manufacture  of  gloves,  is  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  seated  on  the  Valles, 
40  miles  SW  of  Launceston,  and  244  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  49  W,  lat  50 
22  N. 

Gran,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  with  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  been  several 
times  taken  and  ret:;ken,  but  last  of  all  by 
the  Austrians,  in  1683.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Danube,  87  miles  E  by  S  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
18  6  E,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Granada,  province  (formerly  a  kingdom) 
of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N  and  W  by  An- 
dalusia, on  the  E  by  Murcia,  and  on  the  S 
by  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  It  is  175  miles 
in  length,  and  75  in  breadth.  Though  a 
mountainous  country,  the  soil  is  good. 
This  province  has  the  highest  mount  un 
in  Europe  SW  from  Mount  Blanc  ;  the 
Muley  Hassan  rising  to  11,250  feet. 

Graiiada,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Granada,  Avith  an  archbish- 
op's see,  and  a  university.  It  is  built  on 
four  hills,  and  divided  into  four  parts. 
In  one  part  is  the  palace  of  the  kings  of 
Spain,  and  an  ancient  palace  of  the 
Moorish  kings,  the  Atliambra,  with  so 
many  rooms  that  it  is  like  a  labyrinth. 
In  the  third  is  the  university ;  the  fourth 
has  nothing  considerable ;  but  all  the  pub- 
lic buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  confluence  of  the  Ore  with 
the  Xenil.  125  miles  SW  of  Murcia,  and 
225  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  30  VV,  lat.  37 
8N. 

Granada,  island  in  the  West  Indies, 
the  principal  of  the  Grenadines  ;  situated 
in  lon.  W  C  5  40  E,  and  between  11  55 
and  12  23  N  lat.  It  is  the  last  of  the 
Windward  Caribbees,  and  30  leagues 
NW  of  Tobago.  The  chief  port  caled 
Lewis,  is  on  the  W  side,  in  the  middle 
of  a  large  bay,  with  a  sandy  bottom,  and 
is  very  spacious. 

Granada,  town  of  North  America,  in 
the  province  of  Nicaragua,  seated  on  tlie 
l;^ke  Nicaragua.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a  great  trade  by  means  of  the  lake, 
whicii  communicates  with  the  AtTamrc 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


90  square  miles.    Chief  towB,   North - 
hero. 


Population  in  1810. 
P'ree  wiiite  males 
do.    do.   females 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males 
do.   do.     females    - 


Ucean.    It  is  54  miles  SE  of  Leon.    Lon. 
W  C  8  46,  W  lat.  12  5  N 

Granada,  Afew,  extensive  country  in 
South  America,  denominated  by  the 
Spaniards  tlie  n.w  kinf^dom  of  Granada. 

It  now   forms    part    of  tlie    republic  of  ^jj  ^^^^^  persons  except  Indians 
Columbia,  and  contains  tlie  departments       ,^q^  taxed 
of  Boyacca,  Cundinamurca,  Cauca,  and    gloves 
Magdalena.    Sfe  Colombia. 

New  Granada  was  conqutred  by  the   ^^^^1  population  in  1810 
Spaniards  in  1536.     It  is  so  far  elevated 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  that  thuugit 
it  approaches  almost  to  the  i^quator,  the 
climate  is  remarkably  temperite.     The 
fertility  of  its  valleys  is  not  interior  to 
that  of  the  richest  districts  in  America;    Total  whites       .        -        - 
and  its  higher  grounds  yield  gold  and    Pi-ee  persons  of  colour,  males 
precious    stones   of   various    kinds.     Its  do.  do.       females 

towns  are  populous  and  flourishing.     The    Slaves,  males      .        .        - 
capital  is  Santa  Fe-de- Bogota.  ,  do.    females 

Granby,  township  of  Bedford  and  Ri- 
chelieu counties,  Lower  Canada,  on  the   Total  population  in  1820    , 
river  a  la  Tortue,  45  miles  ESE  from 
Montreal.  Of  these ; 

Granby,   township    of  Essex  county,   Foreig'ners  not  naturalized 
Vermont.     The  village  on   the  head  of  Engaged  in  Agriculture 
Moose  river,  on  the  road  from  Guildhall  ,     do         in  Manufactures  - 
to  BrcwningtoH,  50  miles  NE  from  Mont-       do.        in  Commerce 
pelier. 

Granby,  township  of  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts;  situated  about  85 
miles  W  of  Boston.  Population  in  1820, 
1066. 

Granby,  township  and  post  village, 
Hartford  county,  Connf  cticut ;  joining 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  north, 
and  bounded  in  the  west,  by  the  Poppoto 
nuck  mountain.  The  village  is  situated 
about  20  miles  NW  from  Hartibrd. 
Population  in  1820.  3012. 

Granby,  tov.'nship  of  Oswego  c  unty. 
New  York,  on  Oswego  river.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  555 


l.J'QS 
1,633 

14 
0 

3.445 


1,841 
1,677 


3,527 


0 

337 

80 

8 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  39. 

Grand  Isle,  island  in  Niagara  river, 
and  in  Erie  county  New  York,  about  6 
miles  long  and  5  miles  wide  where  broad- 
est, and  c.nnta  ns  about  11,000  acres. 
Surface  rising  by  a  gentle  acclivity,  and 
soil  generally  good.  It  is  yet  in  great 
part'  uninhabited,  and  the  property  of 
the  state. 

Grand  Manan,  island  of  Washington 
county,  Maine,  opposite  to  Passamaquod- 
dv  bay.  Lon.  W  C  10  17  E,  lat.  44 
48  N. 

Grande-Pre,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  A  rdennes  and  late  province 


Gra^z^^,  post  town,  Lexington,  district  ^f  "Champagne,  seated  on  the  Ayre,  32 

of  South  Carohna  on  the  right   banii  ot  ^.,^^  j,  ^^  jlheims.     Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  49 

Congaree  river,  about  2  miles  below  Co-  r,i  «^ 

lumbia.    Granby  is  at  the  head  of  navi-  "  ^,.;^^^   p^^^    seigniory    St.    Maurice 

gation  ;  a  bridge  has  been  there  erected  ^           Lower  Canada,  on  lake  St.  Peter, 

over  the  Congaree.                                   .  18  miles  W  from  Three  rivers      It  ex- 

Grand  Jme,   or  Jmwje,  seaport  of  ^^^,15  f^om  the  lake  between  the  seignio- 

Hayti,  or  Hispaniola,  on  the  SW  penm-  -  - 


sula.  Lon.  W  C  2  55  E,  lat  18  15  N 
Grand  Cailloiu  island  on  the  coast  of 
Louisiana,  near  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  Cape,  between  the  Atchafalaya  and 
Lafourche  river 


ries  of  Riviere  du  Lvup,  and  Grosbois  or 
Machiche. 

Grondon.     See  Fairfiort. 

Grand  River,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Trum- 
bull county,  and  flowing  about  10  miles 


GranrfGosffr,  low  and  small  island,  a  nearly   north,  enters  Ashtabula  county, 

and  contnmrg  north  about  20  miles, 
turns  rieariy  at  right  angles  and  enters 
Geauga  county,  in  which  it  falls  into  lake 
Erie  at  Fairport.  after  an  entire  com- 
parative course  of  50  miles.  See/*aOTs- 
ville  and  Fairfiort. 

Grand  River,  or  JN'ifiigon  River,  Up- 


little  west  of  north  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  lying  between  Breton  island 
and  the  south  end  of  die  Chandeleurs. 
Lat.  29  3i  N,  lon  W  C  12  15  W. 

Grand  Isle,  NW  county  of  Vermont, 
formed  by  the  peninsula  of  Alburg,  and 
S  and    N    Hero,    with    several  smaller 


islaf-ds  in  lake  Champlain.    Area  about  per  Canada,   falls   into  lake  Superior 
364 


G  R  A 


G  R  A 


from  the  N,  a  little  E,  opposite  Keweena 
point. 

Grand.    See  Ottanva  River. 

Grand  Traverse,  group  of  islands  in 
lake  Michigan,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Green  bay. 

Grand  Vieiv,  NE  township  of  Wash- 
ington county,  O'nio,  so  called  from  an 
extensive  view  upon  the  Ohio  river,  30 
miles  above  Marietta.  Population  in 
1820,  35L 

GrandvVle,  post  village,  Monongalia 
county,  Virginia,  on  Duncard's  creek,  12 
miles  NW  from  Morgantown- 

Grand,  Rio,  fine  river  of  Brazil  in 
Minaes  Geraes,  flovrs  NE,  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat  15  2.5  S,  after 
an  entire  comparative  course  of  350 
miles. 

Grange,  La,  cape  of  Hispaniola,  on 
the  N  side,  NE  from  the  mouth  of  Yaqui 
de  St.  Jago  river  Lon.  W  C  5  25  E, 
lat.  19  54  N. 

Granger,  county  of  E  Tennessee.  See 
Graniger. 

Granger,  township  on  lake  Erie,  and 
on  the  west  side  of  Rocky  river,  in  Cuy- 
ahoga county,  Ohio,  7  miles  west  from 
Cleveland.  Population  in  1820,  uncer- 
tain. 

Granger,  township  of  Medina  county, 
Ohio,  immediately  east  from  the  town- 
ship of  Medina.     Population  in  1820,  217. 

Granic,  or  (^tfhucus,  small  river  of 
Natoiia,  which  nas  its  source  in  Mount 
Ida,  near  the  ruins  nf  ancient  Troy,  and 
falls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora,  to  the  E 
of  Lampfaco.  It  is  now  the  Ousoola. 
On  its  banks  was  fought  the  celebrated 
battle,  in  which  Alexander  the  Great, 
obtained  his  first  victory  over  the  Per- 
sians. 

Granitza,  town  of  European  Turkey, 
near  the  gulf  of  Coi'inth,  between  Liva- 
dia  and  Tebes. 

Grant,  county  of  Kenturky,  bounded  by 
Owen  S  ;  Gallatin  W  ;  Boone  N  ;  and 
Pendleton  E;  length  20;  mean  width  13; 
area  260  square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and 
soil  of  middling  quality. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -  853 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -  813 

Total  whites       ....  1,666 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  2 

do.            do.        females  -  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  69 

do.    females            -        -        -  68 

Total  population  in  1820  -        1.805 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1, 


Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  358 

do         in  Manufactures  -  22 

Engaged  in  CoTmierce       -        -  0 

Pop. elation  to  the  square  mile,  7, 

Gransoii,  'own  of  Ssvi^seri.uid,  in  the 
Pay;i  de  VhiuI,  cap-^al  of  a  bailiwic  of  the 
same  name,  wiih  a  cattle.  Charles  the 
Bold,  dukv  of  Burgundy,  tot)k  it  by  storm; 
but  in  a  brittle  near  it,  in  1476,  he  was  to- 
tally defeated.     Lon  6  30  E.  lat.  46  50  N. 

Grantham,  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a  mirket  on  Saturday,  It  is  seated  on  the 
Witham,  20  miles  S  by  W  of  Lincoln,  and 
110  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon,  0  36  W.  lat. 
52  59 N. 

Grantham,  township  of  Buckingham 
couniy,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  left  bank  of 
St.  Francis  river,  25  mdes  S  from  Three 
Rivers. 

GranfsUek,  post  office,  Campbell  county, 
Kentucky. 

Grantsville,  post  vdlage.  Green  county, 
Georgia. 

Grantham,  township  in  the  county  of 
Line  In,  Upper  Canada,  lies  west  of  New- 
ark, and  fronting  lake  Ontario. 

Gran-ville,  se  'port  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  parily  seated  on  a  rock, 
and  p-rtly  on  a  plain.  It  is  15  miles  S  by 
E  of  Cnutances,  and  185  W  ofPiris.  Lon. 
1  32  VV.  lat.  48  50  N. 

Granville,  township  of  Anapolis  county, 
Nova  Scotia,  near  the  mouth  of  Anapolis 
river. 

Granville,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  S  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence, 80  miles  NE  from  Quebec. 

Granville  and  Lachenaye,  seigniory, 
Cornwallis  county.  Lower  Canada  on  the 
S  side  of  St.  Lawrence  bay,  90  miles  be- 
low Quebec. 

Graiiville,  township  of  Hamden  county, 
Ma^^sachusetts,  14  miles  W  of  Springfield. 
Population  in  1820,  1643. 

Granville,  township  of  Washington 
county.  New  York ;  on  the  line  which  di- 
vides this  state  from  Vermont,  and  60 
miles  NNE  of  Albany.  Population  in  1820, 
3727. 

Granville,  flourishing  post  town  and 
township  of  Licking  county,  Ohio,  in  the 
middle  tbrk  of  Licking  river,  32  miles 
W  from  Zanesviile,  26  NEfrom  Lancaster, 
and  26  E  by  N  from  Columbus.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1472.  Lon.  5  35  W,  lat. 
40  5N. 

Granville-tmlls,  post  office,  Charlescity, 
county,  Virginia. 

Granville,  count}'  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  N  by  Virginia ;  E  by  Warren 
and  Franklin  counties  ;  S  by  Wake  and  W 
by  Orange  and  Person ;  length  30 ;  mean 
width  23;  area  690  square  miles.  Surface 
hilly,  though  not  very  broken,  and  soil  ge- 
nerally productive.  Chief  town,  Oxford, 
365 


tin  A 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males       -       -        -  ^•'^'^^ 

do.    do.    females  -        -  3,617 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -       -       -        '  „t^l 

Slaves         -----  7,746 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -       -       - 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites    -       -       -       - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males    .       .       -       - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


15,576 


4,296 
4,328 


18,216 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturaliz-ed       -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,552 

do.    in  Manufactures       -  332 

do.    in  Commerce  -  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24  nearly. 

Grasse,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Provence.  It  was  lately  a  bishop's  see ; 
and  is  sealied  on  an  eminence,  15  miles  W 
of  Nice.    Lon.  6  56  E.  lat.  43  39  N. 

Grasse,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ande  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seated  on  the  river  Othieu,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains  of  Courbiere,  18 
miles  SE  of  Carcassonne. 

Grasse,  Baye  (le,  on  the  north  shore  of 
lake  Ontario,  lies  to  the  eastward  of  Point 
aux  Cheveaux. 

Grasse,  river  of  St.  Lawrence  county, 
Nev/  York,  rises  in  the  SE  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, and  curving  to  the  W,  N  and  NE,  falls 
in'io  St.  Lawrence  river,between  St.  Regis, 
afid  Long  Sant  rapids,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  about  100  miles.  This  stream 
and  the  Oswegatchie,  are  united  by  a  na- 
tural canal,  15  miles  SE  from  Ogdens- 
burgh. 

Grasty's-store,  post  orScc,  Pittsylvania 
county,  Virginia. 

Graieley,  village  in  Hampcl.ire,  on  the 
SE  side  of  Quarley  Hill,  in  the  road  from 
Andover  to  Salisbury,  where,  in  926,  king 
Athelstan  held  a  grand  council  of  the  no- 
bility. Near  it  is  a  great  Roman  camp, 
and  on  Quarley  hill  is  a  large  British  camp. 

Gratz,  town  of  German]',  capital  of  Sti- 
ria,  with  a  castle,  and  a  university.  Here 
are  many  palaces,  and  a  fine  arsenal.  The 
castle  stands  on  a  rock,  and  communicates 
with  the  river  by  means  of  a  deep  well. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Muehr,  miles  SW  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  15  30  E.  lat.  47  4  N, 


G  R  A. 

Graudentz,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinateof  Culm,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Vistula,  30  miles  N  of  Thorn,  and  110  NW 
of  Warsaw.     Lon.  18  52  E.  lat.  53  36  N. 

Grave,  strong  town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  river  Maese,  beyond  which 
there  is  a  fort.  It  has  been  often  taken 
and  retaken,  the  last  time  by  the  French 
in  1794.  It  is  eight  mites  S  of  Nimeguen. 
Lon.  5  45  E.  lat.  51  47  N. 

Grave  Creek,  post  town  of  Ohio  county, 
Virginia,  12  miles  below  Wheeling.  This 
town  derives  its  name  from  a  large  creek, 
which  rises  near  Washington  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  flowing  W  falls  into  Ohio  river. 
The  town  stands  on  an  elevated  alluvial 
bottom,  remarkable  for  the  number  and 
magnitude  of  aboriginal  antiquities. 

Gravelines,  strong  seaport  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  the  North,  lately 
in  French  Flanders.  It  was  ceded  to 
France,  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Aa,  12  miles  E  of  Calais. 
Lon.  3  13  E.  lat.  50  59  N. 

Gravel  Point,  on  lake  Ontario,  in  Marys- 
burgh,  lies  between  St.  Peters  Bay  and 
Point  I'raverse,  Upper  Canada. 

Gravenac,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  33  miles  W  of 
Ulm.    Lon.  9  28  E.  lat.  48  22  N. 

Graven  Machren,  town  of  Luxemburg", 
on  the  Moselle,  taken  in  1552,  by  the 
marquis  of  Brandenburgh,  who  burnt  it. 

Grarvesande,  tovin  of  Holland,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  ancient  counts  of  Holland, 
It  is  seven  miles  W  oMnjjp. 

Gravesend,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  and  is  a 
place  of  g^eat  resort,  being  the  common 
landing  place  for  seamen  and  strangers  in 
their  pass.^ge  to  London.  It  is  22  miles 
SE  of  London.     Lon.  0  27  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Graves  Island,  in  the  SE  part  of  lake 
Simcoe,  Upper  Canada. 

Gravina,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  32  miles  SW  of 
Bari, 

Gravois,  Pointe  au,  is  the  W  point  of  the 
little  Detroit,  on  the  N  coast  of  lake  Supe- 
rior. 

Gravois,  Riviere  au,  in  the  Missassaga 
land,  on  the  north  shore  of  lake  Ontario, 
runs  into  that  lake,  between  Burlington 
bay  and  the  river  Credit. 

Giaulhct,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tai-n,  12  miles  NW  of  Castres. 

Gray,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Siione  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte.  It  carries  on  a  trade  in 
iron !  and  it  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  25 
miles  NE  of  Dijon,  Lon.  5  41  E,  lat.  47 
28  N. 

Gray,  post  village,  and  township  of  Cum- 


G  R  A 


6  K  E 


berland   county,   Maine.      Population   in 
1820,  1479. 

Grayson,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  S 
W  by  North  Carolina  ;  NW  by  Washing- 
ton and  Wythe ;  NE  by  Montgomery  and 
SE  by  Patrick;  length  70;  mean  width 
13  ;  area  about  900  square  miles.  Surface 
broken  and  mountainous;  soil  generally 
sterile.    Chief  town,  Greenville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males              -        «  2,338 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,303 
All  other  persons  except  Indiai>s 

not  taxed           -        -        -  30 

Slaves 270 

Total  population  in  1810  -        4,941 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,678 
do.  do.        females  2,492 

Total  whites       -        .        -        -        5,170 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  50 

do.    do.  females    -        -  -  33 

Slaves,  males      ...  -  173 

do.     females           ,        -  .  172 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         5,598 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized     ■     -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -  863 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  H 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  ^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Grayson,  county  of  Kentucky,  between 
Green  river  and  Rough  creek,  bounded  S 
by  Warren ;  SW  by  Butler  ;  W  by  Ohio , 
N  by  Breckenridge  ;  NE  by  Hardin  and 
E  by  Hart ;  length  36  ;  mean  width  16|  ; 
area  600  square  miles.  Surface  broken, 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Litchfield. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.  do.    females     .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Slaves 103 


Total  population  in  1810 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  eolour, 

do.            do. 
Slaves,  males     - 
do.    females 

males     - 
females 

1,927 
1,909 

3,836 
19 

96 
88 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,179 

do.        in  Manufactures  »  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6^. 

Gray''s  Thurroch,  town  in  Essex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  24  miles  E  of  London.  Lon.  0 
24  E.  lat.  51  26  N. 

Great  Harrington,  post  town  in  Berk- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  about  23 
miles  W  of  Springfield  on  the  river  Con- 
necticut.    Population  in  1820,  1908. 

Great  Bay.  extensive  sheet  of  water, 
between  Stafford  and  Rockingham  coun- 
ties. New  Hampshire,  five  miles  above 
Portsmouth.  It  unites  with  Piscataqua  ri- 
ver, and  receives  Oyster,  Lamprey  and 
Exeter  rivers. 

Great  Dismal,  extensive  morass  in  the 
state  of  North  Carolina,  containing  upwards 
of  350,000  acres,  in  the  middle  of  which 
is  a  small  lake,  about  40  miles  in  circuit. 
From  this  lake  a  canal  has  been  cut,  com- 
municating wilh  Scuppernong  river. 

Great  Bridge,  post  office,  Norfolk 
county,  Virginia. 

Great  Ca/ie,  on  the  north  side,  where 
lake  Superior  descends  into  the  narrows  of 
the  fall  St.  Mary. 

Great  Crossings,  post  office,  Scott 
county,  Kentucky,  on  Great  Elkhorn 
creek. 

Great  Mills,  post  office,  St.  Mary's 
county. 

Grebna,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Thessaly,  50  N  by  E  from  loanina,  in  Epi- 
rus. 

Greece,  country  of  Europe,  included  in 
the  empire  of  the  Ottoman  Turks.  The 
boundaries  of  this  truly  interesting  coun- 
try, as  well  as  the  etymology  of  the  name, 
are  equally  uncertain.  The  common 
opinion  of  the  Greeks  themselves,  derive 
their  national  appellation  from  Graicus,  son 
of  Thessalus.  Many  sources  liave  been 
sought  for  the  origin  of  this  people,  proba- 
bility is  in  favour  of  the  supposition,  that 
the  mass  of  the  people  originated  from 
Gothic,  or  Scythian  colonies,  but,  that  their 
civilization,  arts,  and  sciences,  were  drawn 
from  the  cultivated  nations  of  western 
Asia,  and  NE  Africa.  The  word  Ylixxirytt, 
signifies  a  stork,  or  bird  of  passage,  and  is 
peculiarly  applicable,  to  either  a  nomadic 
or  commercial  people,  and  given  with  the 
warm  and  happy  felicity  of  Greek  nomen- 
clature. They  prided  themselves  also,  on 
the  t«itle  of  Autochthones ;  children  of  the 
earth.  Gradually  civilized,  and  quitting 
the  nomadic  state  rather  by  tribes  than 
nationally,  new  provincial  names  arose,  and 
in  the  lapse  of  successive  ages,  the  primi- 
tive nimes  were  lost,  in  those  of  Helleni- 
4,055  ans,  lonians,  Dorans,  Stc« 
367 


1,159 
1,039 


2,301 


G  R  E 


G  R  E 


We  understand  commonly  by  the  name 
of  Greece,  the  country  generally  so  known, 
and  which  forms  the  SW  part  of  European 
Turkey.  Though  I  have  already  observed 
that  this  country  was  peopled  by  colonies, 
advancing  from  the  norili,  I  have  only,  in 
the  present  article,  included  under  the 
name  of  Greece,  divisions  admitted  by  the 
ancients  themselves ;  but  the  Greek  nation, 
not  only  inhabited  that  part  of  Europe,  they 
also  extended  colonies  into  the  south  of 
Italy,  to  which  they  gave  ihe  name  of 
Magna  Graecia ;  into  Sicily,  in  which  they 
founded  many  large  and  populous  cities ; 
on  the  coast  of  Africa,  west  from  Egypt, 
and  particularly  into  Asi-i  Minor 

The  following  synopsis  will  suffice  for 
•Greece  proper,  and  for  the  principal  towns 
of  each  section. 

Greece  was  divided  into  three  great 
portions,  by  th^,  hand  of  nauire  ;  these  sec- 
tions were,.penW^^ui;lr  Greece,  or  the  Pe- 
loponnesus, jmw^  Morea;  Continental 
Greece,  and  Il^5^a^  Greece. 

Peloponnesus  w^s  subdivided  into  the 
provinces  of  ArgollS,  in  which  were  the 
rivers  Inachus  and  Erasinus,  and  the  cities 
of  Argos,  Myoena  and  Ep:dauris.  Jjaco- 
nia,  with  the  Eurota-.  river,  and  the  cities 
of  Sparta,  Amyclae,  Gytliium,  and  Taena- 
rium.  MessenJa,  with  the  Pamisus  river, 
and  the  cities  o^fitenyclarus  and  Colonides. 
Elis,  with  the  )Bfc>heus,  Anigus,  and  Sel- 
leis,  and  the  citieajS^f  Olympia,  Pjsa,  and 
Elis.  Achala,  wateVi^jtf^y  the  Melas  and 
Crathis  rivers,  and  li^H^"  the  cities  of 
Dyme,  Patrae  and  AegrB|(|iv  Sicyonia, 
with  the  I'iver  Asopus,  and  tmS<jiUes  of 
Sicyon  and  Phlius.  Coriiuhus,  \mh-the 
cities  of  Corinth.  Lerhaeum  and  Cenchrae. 
The  last  subdivision  of  the  PeUiponnesus, 
was  that  of  Arcadia  in  the  centre,  contain- 
ing the  Alpheus,  Ei-yman'hus  a;:d  Aora- 
nius  rivers,  and  the  cities  of  Megalapolis, 
Mantinaea,  Tegea,  Orchomenus  ajid  Phi- 
galia. 

Next  followed  Greece  proper,  or  conti- 
nental Greece,  subdivided,  advancing  from 
south  to  north  ;  into  Attica,  with  the  cities 
of  Athens,  Eleusis  >nd  Marathon.  Mega- 
ris,  with  the  cities  of  Megara  and  Nysaea. 
BcEOtia,  with  the  lake  Cop:ns  and  river  Aso- 
pus,  and  the  cities  of  Thebes,  Orchomenus, 
Cheronea,  Tanagra,  Eleuterae  and  Thes- 
piae.  Phocis,  with  the  river  Cephisus,  and 
the  cities  of  Delphi,  Elatia,  Crys^a  and 
Anticyra.  Doris,  witii  ihe  city  of  Cytini- 
um.  Locfis  Ozolae,  with  the  cities  of  Am- 
phissa,  and  Naupactus.  Locr  s  Epicnemi- 
dii,  with  the  city  of  Cnemides.  Locri 
Opuntii,  with  the  ci'.y  of  Opus.  Aetolia, 
with  the  rivers  Achelous  and  Evenus,  and 
the  cities  of  Thermui,  Calydon  and  Chal- 
cis.  Acarnania,  with  the  cities  of  Argos, 
Araphilochicum,  Stratus  and  Actium. 
Thessilia,  with  the  rivers  Peneus,  Onches- 


tus  and  Sperchius  and  the  cities  of  Larissa, 
Pharsalus,  Pherae  and  Demetrias.  Epirus, 
with  the  rivers  Acheron  and  Avas,  and  the 
cities  of  Buthrotum  and  Nicopolis.  Ulyria, 
with  the  cities  of  Epidair.-ia  and  Apollo- 
nia.  Macedonia,  wnh  the  rivers  Erigon, 
Axius,  Strymon  and  Haliacmon,  and  the 
cities  of  Pella,  Edessa,  Thessalonica  and 
Olynthus. 

Insular  Greece  was  subdivided  into  the 
East,  South  and  West  sections  That  of 
the  East,  contained  the  islands  of  Thtra. 
Naxia,  Paros,  Delos,  Myconus,  Tenos,  An- 
dros,  Eeos,  Eub 'ea,  Scyos,  Thasos,  and 
some  smaller  groups.  That  of  the  south 
contained  Crete,  and  Cythera.  In  the  west 
were  Corcyra,  Leucadia,  Cephallenia,  Du- 
lichium  and  Zacynthus, 

In  this  exposition  oi  the  states  of  Greece 
Macedonia  is  included  ;  but  it  may  be  ob- 
served that  It  W.1S  only  after  the  reign  of 
Philip  11.  and  his  son  Alexander  U.  ;  or 
Alexander  the  Great,  that  the  Greeks  com- 
menced to  regard  Manedonia,  as  a  part  ot 
Greece.  Before  that  period  the  people  in- 
habiting the  country  called  Grecia  and  also 
Hellas,  regarded  the  Macedonians,  as  well 
as  the  Thraciaiis  as  barbarians.  Similar 
observations  might  indeed  be  extended  to 
Thessaly,  Etolia,  Acarnania,  Epirus  and 
lllyria.  These  countries  v.ere  slowly  and 
with  the  advance  of  arts,  science  and  poli- 
tical power,  admitted  into  the  list  of  Gre- 
cian states!  Taken  in  extenso,  Greece  was 
bounded  south  by  the  Mediterranean  sea; 
west  by  the  Ionian,  and  part  of  the  Adria- 
tic sea  ;  north  by  the  mountains  of  lllyria, 
Macedonia  and  Thrace,  and  east  by  Thrace 
and  the  Aegean  sea.  It  extended  from  lat. 
35  to  43  N.  or  about  560  English  miles; 
and  from  east  to  west  250  mdes  wide 
where  broadest.  Its  area  about  40,000 
sqtiare  miles. 

Greece  is  formed  by  a  peninsula  bearing 
a  strong  resemblance  to  that  of  Italy,  the 
Peloponnesus  representing  Sicily.  Nearly 
parallel  to  the  two  opposite  coasts  extends 
a  range  of  mountains  with  latteral  ridges, 
branching  tosvards  each  sea.  The  main 
chain  gradually  declines  ;n  elevation  from 
north  to  south.  In  the  northern  part  of 
Greece,  the  ndges  of  Pindus  and  Parnas- 
sus rise  to  from  7  to  8000  feet,  whilst  the 
mountains  oi'  Boeotia  and  Attica  do  not  ex- 
.  eed  fr-.m  500  to  1000  feet.  Parallel  to 
the  mai'i  ch.;!ii  another  rises  near  the  head 
of  the  gulf  of  Salonica  or  the  ancient  Sinus 
Thermaicus,  and  by  the  local  names. of 
Ossa,  and  Pehon,  and  Octa,  and  Othrys,  ex- 
tends through  Thessaly  to  the  ancient  gulf 
of  ArtimisiuiT,  and  is  continued  through 
the  islands  of  Euboea,  Andros,  Tenos,  .My- 
conus, &c.  The  latter  c'.ain  is  in  reality  a 
ramnification  of  the  main  central  chain 
which  it  leaves  betv"  een  the  sources  of  the 
Haliacmon  and    Pencus   rivers,  and    first 


G  R  E 


G  R  E 


stretching  eastward  toward  the  Themiaic 
gulf,  thence  turns  SE  as  already  described. 

Along  the  northern  frontier  of  Macedo- 
nia ranges  Mount  Orbelus,  a  part  of  the 
great  chain  of  Mount  Ilaemus.  From 
Mount  Orbelus,  between  the  sources  of  the 
Axius  and  Strymon  rivers  extends  an 
humble  but  distinct  ridge  of  which  Mount 
Athos  in  the  Cealcidice,  was  the  utmost 
southeastern  termination.  The  countries 
of  Acarnania,  Etolia  and  Epirusare  also  ex- 
tremely mountainous. 

The  Peloponnesus,  now  Morea,  posses- 
ses its  appropriate  mountain  ridges,  of 
which  the  principal  are  Mount  Cyllene  in 
the  west,  and  Taygetus  near  the  south  ex- 
tremity. The  whole  peninsula  is,  how- 
ever, excessively  mountainous.  The  cen- 
tral table  land  of  Arcadia,  rising  to  an  ele- 
vation which  gives  it  a  climate  of  consider- 
able severity  in  winter,  but  a  mast  salubri- 
ous and  delicious  atmosphere  in  spring, 
summer  and  autumn.  In  brief  all  Greece 
may  be  viewed  as  a  region  rough,  but 
highly  conducive  to  the  full  developement 
of  tlie  haqpan  frame  and  mental  faculties. 

A  country  so  indented,  cannot  be  sup- 
posed abundant  in  rivers,  but  tKougli  com- 
paratively small,  and  of  limited  length  of 
course,  many  of  the  rivers  of  Greece  fare 
fine  mountain  streams,  and  some  drain  val- 
lies  rich  with  every  gift  of  nature.  Ad- 
vancing from  north  to  south  we  find  in  Ma- 
cedonia, the  ihree  beautiful  basins  of  the 
Strymon,  Axius  and  Haliacmon.  In  Tiies- 
saly  spreads  the  basin  of  the  Peneus,  now 
Saiympria,  celebrated  in  all  ages,  as  one 
of  the  most  inviting  spo'.s  on  earth.  The 
gorge  through  Mount  Ossa  made  by  the 
Peneus  in  its  escape  to  the  Aegean  sea,  is 
the  famous  vale  of  Tempe.  The  Gepliisus 
river  of  Boetia  is  remarkable  as  having  no 
outlet  to  any  sea. 

Though  not  very  generally  fertile,  the 
soil  of  Greece  is  more  productive  than 
could  be  expect^ed  from  a  country  so  bro- 
ken by  mountains.  It  is  more  cel-brated 
for  fruits  than  grain.  The  plains  and  val- 
leys of  Greece,  produces  however,  in  suf- 
ficient abundance,  wheat,  barley,  rice, 
maize,  millet  and  other  cerealia.  Its  fruits 
are  abundant  and  delicious  ;  the  prmclpal 
species  are,  figs,  grape-,  apples,  &.c. 

In  many  places,  extensive  orchards  of 
the  while  mulberry  tree  are  cultivated,  to 
feed  the  s  Ik  worm.  The  modern  name  of 
the  Po'oponnesus  the  Morea,  is  deriVed 
from  Morus,  tlie  Latin  name  of  the  mulber- 
ry tree. 

Honey  is  also  amongst  the  most  valuable 
productions  of  Greece  That  of  Attica, 
has  been  from  time  immemorial  celebrated 
for  its  peculiar  excellence.  Cotton  ^nd  to- 
bacco, in  modern  timi^s,  have  been  intro- 
duced and  are  now  generally  cultivated. 

In  brief  Greece,  wants  onlv  freedoxn  and 
SA 


release  from  the  deteriorating  and  murder- 
ous despotism  of  the  Turks  ;  and  national 
union  to  again  resume  her  rank  amongst 
the  most  respectable  nations  of  the  world. 
Considerable  advance  hasbeen  made  during 
the  last  70  years,  in  rousing  the  Greeks  to 
a  recollection  of  what  was  once  their  an- 
cestors, and  an  anticipation  of  what  they 
may  themselves  be,  if  restored  to  self  go- 
vernment. Literature  has  made,  if  we  es- 
timate the  many  impediments  opposed  to 
its  advance,  astonisiiing  progress  of  late. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  ancient  and 
modern  languages  of  Greece  The  formerf 
distinguished  by  tiie  title  of  Helenic,  and 
the  latter,  by  th.at  of  Romaic,  and  differing 
about  as  much  as  Latin  and  Italian 

Increasing  intelligence,  and  reading  of 
their  own  classic  authors,  have  led  to  a  re- 
sult which  was  inevitable,  a  resistance 
against  their  ancient  and  ferocious  oppres- 
sors. That  resistance  is  now  in  operation, 
and  lost  must  that  heart  be,  which  is  not 
witli  its  every  feeling,  arrayed  on  the  sids 
of  the  Greeks. 

Green,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  both  sides  of  the  road  from 
Shippensburg  to  Chambersburg.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,2010.- 

Green,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded  by 
Clinton  and  Warren  S ;  Montgomery  W  ; 
Clark  N ;  Madison  NE,  and  Fayette  E ; 
length  24;  breadth  18;  and  area  400 
square  miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly, 
and  soil  productive.     Chief  town,  Xenia. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,039 

do.  do.  females  ...  2,795 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  35 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -        5,870 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        5,366 

do.  do.  females  ...  5,102 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  g 

Total  whites      ....  10,476 

Free  persons  of  Colour,  males    -  25 

do.            do.        femaleSj  28 

Slaves,  males      .        .        ,        .  0 

do.  females             ...  0 


Total  population  in  1820 


10,529 


Of  these ; 
Foreij^ners  not  naturalized         -  52 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         2,094' 

do.         in  4Manufactures  -  365 

do.         in  Commerce        .         -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  26. 

Green,  township  of  Adams  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1620,678. 


G  R  E 


G  R  £ 


Gt'een,  township  of  Glark  ceunty,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  658. 

Green,  township  of  Clinton  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  917. 

Green,  township  of  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  ii  1820,  772 

Green,  lownsi-.ip  of  Fayetie  coiinty,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  905 

Green,  township  of  Gal'ia  county,  Ohio. 
Population  i.i  1820,  700. 

Green,  townsliip  in  Harrison  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  2978. 

Green,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  621. 

Green,  township  of  Ross  county,  Ohio,  on 
the  east  side  of  Sciota  river.  Population 
in  1820,  1531. 

Green,  township  of  Sciota  county,  Ohio, 
on  Ohio  river;     Population  in  1820,  582. 

Green,  post  village  and  township  of 
Stark  county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
503. 

Green,  township  of  TFumbull  county, 
Ohio,  18  miles  NE  from  Warren.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  135 

Green,  town  hip  of  Wayne  county,  Ohio, 
six  miles  NE  from  Wooster.  Population  in 
1820,413. 

Green  Bank,  soutk  from  the  island  of 
Newfoundland,  about  150  miles  long  and 
50  wide,  lying  in  form  of  an  ellipsis.  Lon. 
W  C  from  20  10  to  24  40  E.  lat.  45  30  to 
46  50  N. 

Green  Bay,  formerly  Bay  Puan,  large 
bay  of  lake  Michigan,  or  more  correctly  the 
estuary  of  Fox  river.  Its  form  is  that  of  a 
triangle,  extending  about  90  miles  from 
lake  Michigan,  gradually  narrowing,  from 
20  miles  to  the  confined  stream  of  Fox  ri- 
ver. The  mouth  of  Green  bay  is  closed 
by  a  group  of  islands.  See  Grand-traverse. 
Vessels  of  200  tons  can  navigate  this  bay 
and  enter  some  distance  into  Fox  river. 

Green  Bay,  settlement.  This  region  was 
colonised  by  tiie  French  when  in  posses- 
sion of  Canada,  about  1700.  The  majority 
of  the  present  settlers  are  descendants  of 
the  original  settlers.  See  Brotim  county, 
^Michigan. 

Green-briar,  river  of  Virginia,  which 
rises  in  Pendleton  county,  Virginia,  and 
flowing  SWby  S  through  Pendleton,  Bath, 
Nicholas  £nd  Monroe  counties,  falls  into 
the  Great  Kenhawa,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  100  miles. 

Green-briar,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  Nichelas  E ;  Monroe  SE  ;  Kenhawa 
river  or  Giles  SW;  Kenhawa  NW ;  and 
Randolph  NE  ;  length  50  ;  mean  width  24  ; 
area  1200  square  miles.  Surface  hilly  and 
mountainous  generally,  with  a  soil  mostly 
rocky  or  stony  and  barren  Chief  town, 
Lewisburg, 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...      2,714 

(h).    do;    females     -       .       .       ?,576 


All  other  per»>ns  except  Indians  uot 

taxed 30 

Slaves 594 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females 


5,814 


3,228 
2,935 


Total  whites       -        .        .        .  6,163 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  50 

do.                do.     females  43 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        -  413 

do.    females            -        -        -  372 


Total  populatioain  1820 


7,040 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  12 

Engaged  in  .\griculture      -         -         1,899 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  161 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  17 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6, 

Greenbnsh,  post  village  and  township, 
opposite  the  city  of  Albany,  and  in  Ren- 
sallaer  county,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  2764. 

Green  Castle,  post  town  in  Franklin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles  S  of  Cham- 
bersburg,  and  the  same  distance  N  of  Ha- 
gerstown,  Maryland,  with  about  1300  inha- 
bitants. 

Greencaalle,  post  town  Fairfield  county, 
Ohio,  10  miles  NW  from  New  Lancaster, 
and  11  SE  from  Columbus. 

Greene,  post  village  and  township  of 
Kennebec  county,  Maine,  24  miles  SW 
from  Augusta.     Population  in  1820,  1890. 

Greene,  county  of  New  York,  bounded 
E  by  Hudson  river ;  S  by  Ulster ;  W  by 
Delaware  ;  NW  by  Schoharie,  and  N  by 
Albany  ;  length  32  ;  mean  width  20;  area 
640  square  miles.  The  surface  of  this 
county  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  diversified. 
Its  central  parts  are  occupied  by  the  high- 
est elevations  of  the  Kaatsbergs,  rising  to 
near  4000  feet,  and  are  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  Appalac  an  or  Allegany  range  SW 
from  Hudson  river.  Around  these  Alpine 
summits,  .re  many  valleys  of  the  first  rate 
land,  highly  productive  in  grain,  fruits  and 
pasturage.  It  is  indeed  one  of  the  most 
interesting  countries  in  ihe  United  States, 
for  the  richne-is  and  variety  of  its  scenery 
and  its  mineral  and  vegetable  productions. 
Chief  town,  Athens. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         9,547 

do     do.  females             -        .        9,251 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        .        -        -  371 
Slaves 367 


Total  population  in  1810, 


19,536 


G  R  E 


G  P  E 


Population  in  1820. 


Pree  white  males 

11,283 

do.    do.  females 

10,942 

Total  whites       -        -        - 

32,225 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

311 

do             do.      females 

326 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        . 

62 

do.    females            ... 

72 

Total  population  in  1820, 

22,996 

Of  these ; 

Poreigneps  not  naturalized 

81 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

4,627 

do.        in  Manufactures 

996 

do.        in  Commerce 

155 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  36. 

Greene,  post  town,  Chenango  count)', 
New  York,  12  miles  S\V  from  Norwich. 
Population  in  1820,  2590. 

Greene,  SW  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
bounded  by  Virginia  S  and  W  ;  by  Wash- 
ington, Pennsylvania  N  ;  and  by  the  Mo- 
nongaiiela  river  E  ;  length'  32  ;  breadth 
12  ;  area  600  square  miles.  <  Surface  gene- 
rally hilly,  with  a  good  soil  on  the  streams 
and  some  fpart  of  the  highlands.^  ^  Chief 
town,  Waynesboro. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  •         -       6,282 

do.      do.     females  -         •         6,180 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed T2 

Slaves 10 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do.    females    - 

Total  whites      .        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 

do.     females     •        -         - 

Total  population  in  1830     - 


12,544 


7.784 
7,509 

15,293 

127 

127 

4 


15.554 


28 ;  mean  width  15 ;  area  420  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly  and  soil  productive. 
Chief  town,  Greensb'rough. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  3,332 

do.  do.    females     -         -        •  3,076 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  45 

Slaves      .....  5,236 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      11,679 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        3,415 
do.    do.    females         -        -        3,184 

Total  whites    -       -       -  6,599 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  25 

do.            do.        females  28 

Slaves,  males            .        -        -  3,497 

do.     females        -        -        -  3,440 

Total  population  in  1820  -      13,589 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  1 

Engaged  in  Agricwlture  -        -        4,309 

do.         in  Manufactures       -  146 

do.        in  Commerce  -  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Greene,  county  of  Alabama,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tuscaloosa,  or  Black  Warrior  river  ; 
bounded  by  the  Tombigbee  river  W  ; 
Pickins  and  Tuscaloosa  N  ;  Perry  K,  and 
Da  las  and  Marengo  S  ;  length  35  ;  mean 
width  2U  ,  areii  700  squan  miles.  Surface 
in  gf-nt-ral  hilU.  Soil  upon  the  streams 
highly  fertile, but  in  t!ie  Intermediate  space 
sterile.     Chief  town,  Erie. 

Population  in  lb20. 
Free  white  males         ...         1,543 

do.    do.  females  -         -         1,318 


Total  whites 

. 

2,861 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

males     - 

1 

do.             do. 

females 

1 

Slaves,  males 

. 

834 

do.     females 

- 

857 

Of  these; 

.  Foreigners  not  naturalized  •  23 

Engaged  in  .\griculture      -         -         2,248 

do.        in  Manufnctures  -  715 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  64 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  26. 

Greene,  township  of  Greene  county, 
Pennsylvani  i,  on  Whitely  creek.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,1801. 

Greene,  township  of  Beaver  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  S  side  of  Ohio  river. 
Population  in  1820,  1194. 

Greene,  county  ot'  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Oconee  river  SW  ;  Clarke  and  Oglethorpe 
N ;  Wilkes  E  ;  and  Hancock  SE  ;  length 


Total  population  in  1820 


4,554 


Ofthe.se; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         -        -  496 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  33 

do.        in  Commerce         •         -  16 

Popula'ion  to  the  square  mile,  2^ 

Greene,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Lenoir  S  ;  Wayne  W  ;  Edge- 
comb  N  ;  Pitt  NE,  and  Craven  SE  ;  length 
20  ;  mean  width  14 ;  area  280  square  miles. 
S\irface  moderately  h  liy,  and  soil  tolerably 
profluctive. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,412 
371 


G  R  V. 


G  R  E 


Fi;ee  white  females    -        •        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves        ..... 


1,558    Total  population  in  1810 


55 

1,842 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.    do.    females     .        -        - 

4,867 

1,122 
1,172 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.          do.          females 
Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females           ... 

2,294 

47 

18 

1,113 

1,061 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  ma'es 
do.  do.    females 

Total  whites         ... 
Free  per-:o.~.s  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males     .        -         -         - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820. 


Total  population  in  1820 


4,533 


Of  these ; 

Forei.^ners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         1,569 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  36 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Greene,  county  of  Mississippi ;  bounded 
by  Alabama  E  ;"by  Jickson  S  ;  Perry  W, 
and  Wayne  N  ;  lengtli  36 ;  mean  width  30 ; 
area  1090  square  miles.  Surface  uneven, 
rather  than  hilly.  Soil,  except  in  a  few 
places  along  the  -treams  sterile,  and  tim- 
bered, with  fine  staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  545 

do.    do.  females  -        -  518 

Total  whites        ....  1,063 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  2 

do.              do.      females  -  0 

Slaves,  males       ....  200 

do.    females             ...  i80 

Total  population  in  1820  -       1,445 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  23 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  428 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  5 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1§. 

Greene,  county  of  East  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  SE  ;  Cocke  S 
W  ;  Jefferson  W  ;  Hawkins  N.  and  Wash- 
ington E ;  length  32  ;  mean  width  22  ;  area 
about  700  square  n\iles.  Surface  greatly 
diversified  by  mountain,  hill  and  dale.  The 
Nolicluicky  river  winding  tlirough  the  cen- 
tral parts  of  the  county,  affords  much  good 
land.     Chief  town,  Greenville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         .         >         .       4,608 

do  do.  females  -  -  -  4,438 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •         .        -         .  12 

tSIaves,  -  ...  ,655 


9,715 


5,230 

5,235 

10,465 

10 

20 

415 

418 

11,328 


Of  these ; 
Foreignere  not  naturalized  -  16 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        2,577 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  331 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Green,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded  by 
Adair  SE  ;  Barren  SW  ;  Hart  W  ;  Hardin 
NW,  and  Washington  N  ;  length  34  ;  mean 
width  12  ;  area  about  400  squ:ire  miles. 
Surface  generally  rather  level,  and  being 
drained  by  Green  river  and  its  numerous 
branches,  possesses  a  great  proportion  of 
good  land.     Chief  town,  Greensburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -         -         -         2,720 

do.  do.  females  -  •  -  2,545 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ....  61 

Slaves        ....        -        1,401 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

6,735 

Population  in  1620. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    fennales 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do.        fcKiales 

Slaves,  males           _        .        - 

do.    females         _        _        - 

4,662 
4,021 

8,683 
9 

10 
1,533 
l,7u8 

Total  population  in  1820 

11,943 

372 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,827 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  181 

do     in  Commerce  -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19^. 

Greenfehl,  township,  and  post  village, 
Franklin  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
west  bank  of  Connectcut  river,  20  miles 
above  Northampton.  The  village  is  the 
seal  of  justice  for  the  county,  and  is  a  pros- 
perous commerci;*!  depot.  Population  of 
the  township  in  1820,  1361 

Greenfield,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Saratoga  county.  New  York,  10  miles  N 
from  Balston  Spa.  Population  in  1820, 
o02'4. 


g;  R  E 


G  R  E 


Greenjield,  northern  township  of  Bedford 
county,  Pennsylvania,  principally  on  the 
head  waters  ot  the  Frankstovvn  branch  of 
Juniata.     Population  in  1820,  1141. 

Greeiijield,  townsliip  of  P'airhcld  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Greenfield,  western  township  of  Gallia 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  326. 

Greenjield,  post  village,  on  the  eastern 
pan  of  Highland  county,  22  miles  W  from 
Chiliicothe. 

Greenjield  Hill,  post  village,  Fairfield 
county,  Connecticut,  6  miles  west  from 
Bridgeport. 

Green  Garden,  post  office,  Sumner  coun- 
ty, Tennessee. 

Green  Hill,  post  village,  Campbell  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Greeidand,  general  name  by  which  are 
denoted  the  most  easterly  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca, stretching  towards  the  north  pole,  and 
likewise  some  islands  to  the  northward  of 
the  continent  of  Europe,  lying  in  very  high 
latitudes.  This  country  is  divided  into  W 
and  E  Greenland.  Greenland  was  for  a 
long  time  considered  as  a  part  of  the  conti- 
nent of  West  Greenland,  but  is  now  dis- 
covered to  be  an  assemblage  of  islands  ly- 
ing  between  76  46  and  80  30  ot  N  latitude, 
and  between  9  and  20  of  E  longitude.  It 
was  discovered  by  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  in 
1553,  who  Called  it  Greenland  ;  supposing 
it  to  be  a  part  of  the  western  continent.  In 
1595,  it  was  again  visited  by  William  Ba- 
rentz  and  John  Cornelius,  two  Dutchmen, 
who  pretended  to  be  the  original  discov- 
erers, and  called  the  country  Spitzbergen, 
or  Sharp  Mountains,  from  the  many  sharp- 
pointed  and  rocky  mountains  with  which  it 
abounds.  The  only  quadrupeds  of  either 
W  or  E  Greenland,  are  deer,  white  bears, 
and  foxes.  To  its  frozen  seas,  the  English 
and  other  nations  repair  annually,  in  the 
proper  season,  to  fish  for  whales.  See 
Spitzbergen. 

G')'e«z/a«f/,townshiiJ  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  on  the  south  side  of 
Great  bay      Population  in  1«20,  634. 

Greenland,  hitherto  considered  as  a  part 
of  tlw;  continent  of  America,  has  been  de- 
termined by  the  researches  of  Captain 
Parry,  to  be  separated  from  that  country  by 
a  strait,  or  rather  an  intricacy  of  straits  and 
islands. 

Greenlaw,  county -town  of  Berwickshire, 
seated  on  a  river  that  joins  ilie  Tweed,  be- 
fore it  reaches  Berwick.  It  is  18  mUes 
W  bv  S  of  that  town.  Lon.  2  10  W,  lat. 
55  43  N. 

Green  JMowUains,  ridge  extending  from 
the  Highlands,  in  New  York,  tlirough 
Connecticut,  Massachusetts  and  Vermont, 
into  Lower  Canada,  In  Berkshire  county, 
Mussachusatts,  a  branch  leaves  the  Green 
Mountains,  and  stretching  south  through 
Connecticut,  terminates  at  New  Haven. 


The  Green  Mountains  vary  in  height  from 
300  to  4000  feet,  with  some  elevated, 
though  highly  fertile  valleys.  Vermont  de- 
rives its  name  from  this  range,  the  word 
meaning  liierally  Gieen  Mountain. 

Green  Point,  in  the  bay  of  Quinle,  is  the 
norUi  pomt  in  Supliiasburgti,  and  iuys  op- 
posite to  John's  isla'id.  Upper  Canada. 

Greenock,  considerable  seaport  in  Ren- 
frewshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  which 
here  expands  into  a  basin  four  miles  wide. 
It  is  20  miles  W  ot  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  29 
W.  lat.  55  54  N. 

Greai  Jiiver,  river  of  Kentucky,  rises  in 
Lincoln  county,  and  flowing  by  a  generally 
western  course,  througii  Case}',  Adair, 
Green,  Hart,  Warren,  Grayson,  Butler, 
Ohio,  iMuhlenburg,  Hopkins,  Davis  and 
Henderson  counties,  falls  into  Ohio  river, 
after  a  comparative  length  of  about  230 
miles. 

Greensborough,  post  town,  Orleans  coun- 
ty, VeriTiont,  on  the  head  of  La  Moelle 
river,  30  miles  NNE  from  Montpelier. 

Greensboro',  post  town  in  Caronne  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  situated  on  the  branch  of 
Choptank  river,  eight  miles  N  of  Denton, 
and  10  miles  E  of  Centreville. 

Greensborough,  post  village,  Guilford 
coujty,  North  Carolina. 

Greensboro' ,  town  in  Green  county, 
Georgia,  38  miles  W  by  S  ot  Washington, 
and  67  NW  of  Louisville,  Here  is  a  post 
office. 

Greensburgh,  township  of  West  Chester 
county.  New  York,  on  Hudson  river,  30 
miles  above  New  York.  Population  1820, 
2064, 

Greensburg,  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylvania,  31 
miles  E  by  S  of  Piltsbiirg,  and  264  W  of 
Philadelphia  ;  it  has  a  court  house,  jail, 
and  about  800  inhabitants  Population  in 
1820,  770, 

Greejuburg,  small  post  village  in  Green 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  V/hitcIay  creek, 
18  n.iles  S  fiom  Bro^vnsville. 

Greensbitrg,  post  town  in  Green  couiity, 
Kentucky,  situaled  on  the  N  side  of  Green 
river,  about  56  miles  SW  of  Springfield. 

GVeCTwieJ,  village  in  Essex,  one  mile  VV 
of  Chipping  Or.gar,  remarkable  for  its  little 
church,  the  walls  of  wliicli  are  formed  of 
the  sohd  trunks  of  trees  placed  in  rows, 
and  are  entire  though  built  betore  the  con- 
quest. 

Green  valley,  post  village,  Bath  countj', 
Virginia,  on  Cowpasture  river,  12  miles  N 
E  from  the  Warm  Springs. 

Greenville,  township  of  York  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  N  side  of  Ottawa 
river,  50  miles  W  from  iNIontreal, 

Greenville,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Green  county.  New  York,  on  Catskill 
creek,  16  miles  above  Catskill. 

Greenville,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 


G>  R  E 


GR  E 


by  North  Carolina  S  ;  Brunswick  W;  Dim- 
vidrlie  NW  ;  Susst-'^i  NE,  and  Sou'hamp  oi 
E,  length  22  ;  ipeaii  widih  14;  arf^  about 
300  square  mile'  Gem  rally  Itvrl,  and 
soil  of  (iiidiilipg  quality.  Chief  towii, 
Hick>foid. 

Pop -latian  v.:  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -         1,135 

CIO.     do.      emaies  -         -         1,119 

All  oTiier  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 

Slav.b 4,59y 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites      -        -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females  - 
Slaves,  males 

do     females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


6,853 


1,015 
1,041 

2,056 

141 

149 

2,320 

2,192 


branch  »f  Tar  river,  23  miles  above  Wash- 
inf^'  n 

Greenville,  district.  South  Carolina, 
bouiderl  by  Nor'h  Caroli  .:i  NW ;  Spar- 
tans lur^  E;  l.atreps  SG ;  and  P.-ndleton 
SW ;  Ici  gih  47;  nie  n  width  15;  area 
about  700  sq-are  mde-.  S'.rface  moun- 
tai  i>ais  or  hilly,  sol  of  the  bottomlands 
fertile      Chief  t^wn,  Greenville. 

Populatiun  in  1810. 
Free  wlnte  malts         -        -         •       5,458 

do.  do.  females  ...  5,281 
AI;  other  per  ons  except  Indians 

not  taxtd  .... 

Slaves  .         .        -         .        - 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    fei'iales 

Total  whites 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

6,858    Slaves,  males        ... 

do.    females 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  4 

Engaged  in  Agrictdture      .         .         2,225 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  66 

do.         in  Commerce       -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile  23  nearly. 

Greenville,  post  town  of  Muhlenburg 
county,  Kentucky,  on  tue  W  side  ot  Green 
river.  14  miles  SW  of  Hanford. 

Greenville,  pist  town  in  Pitt  county, 
North  Carolina,  on  tne  6  bank  of  Pampii- 
co  river,  23  miles  above  Washiiij^Ton,  on 
the  same  stream. 

Greenville,  post  town  in  Green  county, 
Tennessee,  60  miles  E  fmm  Kioxvil.e. 

Greenville,  post  town  in  Greenville  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  the  head  ot  Reedy  river,  100  miles 
above  Columbia. 

GreenviUe,  county,  Upper  Canada,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  the  county  of  Dundas ;  on 
the  S  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the 
W  b>  the  tow  nship  ot  Elizabeth  Town, 
ru'-;nmg  N  24  degrees  W,  until  it  inter- 
sects the  O'.awa  or  Grjind  River;  thence 
it  descends  tiiat  nver,  untii  it  miets  tlie 
northwes'er-.most  boundary  of  the  county 
of  Dundas.  The  county  of  Green  vile  com- 
prehends all  the  ihlands  near  to  it  m  the 
river  St  L-iwrence.  It  sends  one  repre- 
sentative to  provincial  p  rliament. 

Greenville,  township,  Somerset  county, 
Pel.n^ylvania,  on  the  head  brunches  of 
Castlemans  river,  branch  of  Yougi:iogany 
river.     Popul  tion  in  1820,  594. 

GreenviUe,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus' ice, 
Pitt  county,  North  Carolina,  on  the   left 
374 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
F'reigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


13,133 


5,898 
5,119 

ii,oir 

52 
38 

i,n2 

1,711 

14,530 


161 
1.618 
355 
27 
Population  to  the  square  mile  20  nearly. 

Greenville,  village  of  Darli:  gton  distinct, 
South  Carolina,  on  Black  river,  80  miles 
NE  by  E  from  Culumbia. 

GreenviUe,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Jeffir  on  coiinty,  Mississipp  .  on  Coles 
creek.  21  miles  NEfrom  Natchez. 

Greenville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Dark  county,  Ohio.  It  contains  1154 
inhabiants.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  place 
where  general  Wayne  made  his  treaty  with 
the  Indians,  in  1795,  It  is  46  miles  W 
from  Urbafia.  86  westerly  from  Columbus, 
and  80  northwardly  from  Cincinnati.  Lon. 
7  30  W.  lat.  44  2'N. 

GreenviUe  Creek,  tributaiy  of  the  SW 
branch  of  Miami  river,  running  E  pas  old 
f  rt  GreenviUe.  One  mile  above  its  mouth 
and  17  below  Greenville,  it  has  a  perpendi- 
cular fall  of  15  feet. 

Greemip,  NE  county  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
ed N  by  Ohio,  and  E  by  Big  Sandy  river ; 
S  by  Lawrence;  W  by  Flt-ming,  .md  NW 
by  Lewis  :  length  43 ;  mean  widt'i  14 ; 
area  about  590  square  miles.  These  limits 
include  what  \s  no-s  Greenup  county,  since 
1820,  the  so'ithern  pari  has  been  erected 
into  Lawrence  c  unty,  containing  720 
square  miles  ;  of  course  when  the  last  cen- 
sus was  taken  the  former  couny  extend- 
ed over  1310  square  miles,'      Surface  hilly, 


GEE 


ORE 


broken  and  soil  generally  of  indifferent 
quality.     Chief  town,  Greenupiburg 

P(>|)uIation  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -        .        .  1,039 

do.  do.    females               -         -  835 
A'l  oilier  persons  except  Indians 

not  tuxed         .        -        -         .  11 

Slaves 484 

Total  population  i-i  1810    .        -  2,369 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 

Total  whites               .        -        .  3,730 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  10 

do.            do.     females   -  5 

Slaves,  males             _        .        -  334 

do.    females          -        .        .  232 

Total  population  in  1820             -  4,311 


1,959 
1,771 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  847 

do.       in  Manufactures           -  169 

do.  in  Commerce  -  4 
Population  to  the  square  mile  3  1-3  includ- 
ing Lawrence  and  Greenup  counties. 

Greenupsburg,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Greenup  county,  Kentucky,  on  Ofto 
river  above  the  mouth  of  little  Sandy  river. 

Greenwich,  town  in  Kent,  wi'h  a  market 
on  Wednesday  and  Sa'urday.  It  is  famous 
for  a  magnificent  hospital  for  decayed  sea- 
men, and  a  royal  observatory  in  a  delight- 
ful park.  The  hospit>^l  is  thought  to  be 
the  fi.iest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the 
world  ;  tiie  front  to  the  Thames  consists  of 
two  rang'S  of  stone  buildings.  These 
buildings  perfectly  correspond  with  each 
other,  and  have  their  tops  crowned  with  a 
stone  balustratle.  The  observatory  was 
built  by  Charles  11.  on  the  summit  if  a  hill, 
called  Fiamstead  IIiH,  from  the  greit  as- 
tronomer of  that  name,  who  was  here  the 
first  astronomer  royal.  The  English  com- 
pute the  longitude  from  tlie  meridian  of 
this  place.  Greenwich  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  five  mdes  E  of  London. 

Greenwich^  post  town  in  Fairfield  coun- 
ty. Connecticut,  situat  d  on  L'fn--  Island 
sound,  about  half  way  between  Ni'w  York 
and  New  Haven  ;  the  township  cont  lined  in 
1820,  3790. 

Greenwich,  post  village  and  township, 
Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  20  miie- 
from  Northampton.  Population  in  1820, 
778. 

Greenwich,  East,  post  village  aid  town- 
ship, Kent  county,  Rh.ide  Island.  The  vil- 
lage is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  county.and 
situated  on  Nassanket  bay,  15  miles  S'from 


Providence.  It  contains  a  respectable 
acadeny.     Popnlati  41  in  1820,  1519. 

Greenwich,  fVest^  township  Ke--t  county, 
Rhode  Island,  on  Pawtuxet  river.  Popu- 
late.'n  in  1820.  1927. 

Grcenxoich,  post  town  and  township, 
W.iS'iinguon  county.  New  York.  The  vil- 
lage is  on  the  Hiitsoii  at  the  mou'h  of  Bat- 
terkill.  i7  iniles  above  Albunv.  Population 
of  the  township  in  1820,  3197. 

Greemvich  Village,  in  trie  northern  part 
of  the  city  of  Naw  Vork. 

Greenwich,  village  and  township,  in  Cum- 
berland county.  New  Jersey,  on  Cohansy 
creek,  about  20  miles  SE  of  Salem,  and  10 
S\V  of  Bridgetown.  Population  in  1820, 
890. 

Greenwich,  township  of  Gloucester  coun- 
tv,  New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
2"699. 

Greenwich,  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Maiden  creek,  8  miles  E  of  Hamburg,  and 
18  NE  of  Reading.  Population  in' 1820, 
1337. 

Greemvich,  post  village,  Charleston  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Greenwood,  township,  Oxford  county, 
Miine,  5  miles  NW  from  Paris.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  5j9 

Greenwood,  lownship  of  Mifl'iin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Susquehannah,  and  on  the  N  of  Juniata ; 
being  an  angle  formed  by  the  two  rivers. 
Population  in  1820,  1800. 

Greenwood,  NE  township  of  Perry  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  between  the  Susquehan- 
nah and  Juniata.     PopuLiJ^n  in  1820, 1660. 

Gregory,  Cape,  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean.     Lat.  43  23  N. 

Gregstoivn,  post  town,  Somerset  county. 
New  Jersey,  on  Millstone  river,  6  miles  N 
E  from  Princeton. 

Grenada,  JVew.  See  Colombia,  aad  JWty 
Granada. 

Grenada,  island  in  the  W.  Indies,  the  last 
of  the  W  ndward  Caribbees,  and  30  leagues 
NW  of  Tobago.  It  is  20  miles  Itmg  and 
13  bro>'d,  finely  wooded  and  the  soil  suited 
to  produce  sugar,  tobacco,  and  indigo.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Fr-nch  in  1762,  con- 
firmed to  rhe  English  in  1763,  taken  by 
the  French  in  1779,  and  restored  to  the 
English  in  1783.  In  179J,  the  French 
landed  some  troops,  ^nd  caused  an  insur- 
rection in  this  island,  which  was  not  finally 
quelled  till  June,  1796.  St.  George  is  the 
capital. 

Grenada,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Nicaragua.  It  was  taken  twice  by  the 
French  buccaneers,  and  pillaged.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  gre^t  trade  by  me  -ns  of 
the  lake  Nicaragura,  on  which  it  is  seated, 
60  miles  SE  of  Leon  de  Nicaragura.  Loiu 
86  36  W,  lat.  12  5  N. 

Gi-enade,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
375 


G  R  I 


ment  of  Upper  Garonne,  17  miies  NW  of 
Toulouse. 

GrenadilUis,  or  Grenadines,  group  of 
small  islands  bet\veen  Grenada  and  St. 
Vincent. 

Grenoble,  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Isere,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
with  a  fortified  castle.  The  leather  and 
gloves  tliat  are  made  here  are  iiighly  es- 
teemed It  IS  seated  on  the  Isere,  over 
which  are  two  bridges  to  pass  into  that 
part  called  Perriere,  a  large  street  on  the 
side  o;  the  river.  It  is  27  miles  S  of  Cham- 
berry.     Lon.  5  44  E,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Grenville,  p'^nt  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean.     Lat  47  50  N. 

Gre?iville's  Canal,  channel  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  North  America.     Lat.  56  30  N. 

Grlersburg,  post  village  of  Beaver  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  11  miles  NNVV  from  Bea- 
ver. 

Griffenhageriy  town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia,  in  the  duchy  of  Sletin,  seated  on  the 
Oder  opposite  Gartz.  Lon.  14  42  E,  lat.  53 
25  N". 

Grimbergan,  t:)Wn  of  Austrian  Bnabant, 
wiih  an  :<bbey  and  a  castle,  six  miles  N  of 
Brussels.     Lon.  4  27  E,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Grimm,  town  in  the  electorate  of  Saxony, 
with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the  Muldaw,  10 
miles  SE  of  Leipsick.  Lon.  12  c>5  E,  lat. 
51  15  N 

Griinmen,  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania, 
five  miles  S  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13  27  E, 
lat.  54  12  N. 

Grimperg,  town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  vvifh  a  bishop's  see,  17  miles  SE  of 
Treves.     Lon.  6<^9  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Grimsby  Great,  seaport  and  borough  in 
Lincolnshire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  35  miles  NE  from  Lin- 
coln. 

Grimsby,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Ontario,  W  from 
Niagara. 

Grindstone  Ford,  post  town  of  Claiborne 
county,  Mississippi,  or  Bayou  Pierre. 

Grinstead,  East,  borough  in  Sussex,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday.  The  assizes  are 
sometimes  held  here,  and  it  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  20  miles  N 
of  Lewes  and  29  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  2 
E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Grips-wald,  Rtrong  town  of  Swedish  Po- 
merania,  formerly  imperial,  with  a  good 
harbour,  and  a  university.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Baltic  Sea,  15  miles  SE  of  Stral- 
sund, and  55  NW  of  Stetin.  Lon.  13  44 
E,  lat  54  4  N. 

Griso7is,  people  Inhabiting  the  Alps,  and 
in  alliance  with  Swisserland.  They  are 
divided  into  three  parts  called  the  Leagues, 
which  form  one  republic ;  namely,  the 
Grey  League  ;  the  League  of  the  House  of 
God ;  and  that  of  the  Ten  Jurisdictions. 
Thtoughout  the  three  leagues  the  Bomati 
376 


law  prevails,  modified  by  the  municipal 
customs. 

Gripvold,  township  of  New  London  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  Thames  nver,  east 
side,  8  miles  below  N'orwich.  Pt.pulation 
in  1820,  1869. 

Grodno,  pretty  large  city  of  Lithuania, 
and  capi  al  of  the  government  of  Grodno, 
in  Russian  Poland,  and  next  to  Wilna,  the 
best  in  that  duchy.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Niemen,  partly  on  a  plain,  and  partly 
.in  a  mountain.  Grodno  is  125  miles  NE 
of  Warsaw,     Lon.  24  15  E,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Grondines,  seigniory,  Hampshire  county. 
Lower  Canada  on  the  left  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence river,  45  miles  above  Quebec. 

Groll,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  in  the 
county  of  Zutphen.  The  French  took  it  in 
1672,  and  demoli  hed  the  fortifications. 
It  is  seated  un  the  Slinghe,  15  miles  SE  of 
Z'.uphe-n. 

Groningen,  populous  city  of  the  klngdoni 
of  the  Netlierlanis,  capital  of  a  lordship 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  university.  It 
is  seated  on  the  riv--rs  Hunes  and  Aa ;  at 
10  miles  dii>tance  from  the  sea,  with  which 
it  has  a  communication  by  a  canal.  It  is 
85  miles  NE  of  vmsterdam.  Lon.  6  31  E, 
lat.  53  10  N. 

Groningen,  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
East  FriPsKind,  n  tlie  W  by  Friesland,  on 
the  N  by  the  German  Ocean,  and  on  the  S 
by  Overyssel.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
of  which  the  town  of  Groningen  and  its 
district  are  one,  and  the  Ommerlands  the 
other. 

Grosbois,  or  YamacMche,  seigniory,  St. 
Maurice  county,  Louver  Canada,  on  the 
north  side  of  lake  St.  Peters,  14  miles  W 
from  Tlnve  rivers. 

Gros  Isle,  island  of  the  territory  of  Michi- 
gan, in  Detroit  river,  near  its  discharge 
into  lake  Erie. 

Grossa,  i.sland  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  near  the  coast  of  the  county  of 
Zara.  It  is  5l»  miles  in  circumference,  and 
belongs  to  the  Venetians. 

Grossetto,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  caslle 
and  a  bishop's  see;  siuated  near  the  sea, 
30  miles  SW  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  1  E,  lat. 
42  40  N. 

Groton,  post  village  and  township,  Graf- 
ton county.  New  Hampshire,  15  miles  NE 
from  Dartmouth  college.  Population  in 
1820,  (588. 

Groton,  township  of  Caledonia  county, 
Ver.mont,  18  miles  E  lirom  Montpelier. 
Population  500. 

Groton,  post  town  and  township,  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Massachuselts,  35  miles  NW 
of  Boston.     Populati  .n  in  1820,  1897. 

Groton,  township  of  New  London  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  E  side  of  the  river 
'i'hames,  nearly  opposite  to  New  London. 
I'opulation  in  1820,  4664, 


G  U  A 


G  U  A 


Groton,  township  of  Huron  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Grolskaiv,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  30  miles  NE  .  f 
Glatz.     Lon.  17  25  E,  lau  50  37  N 

Grotskaw,  town  of  Servia,  wh^re  the 
Turks  defeated  the  Germans  in  1739.  Lon 
21  10  E,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Grovehill,  post  village,  Warren  county, 
North  Carolina. 

Grovdand,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Livingston  county,  New  York,  on  Genesee 
river,  30  miles  SW  from  Canandaigua. 
Population  in  1820, 1273. 

Grovepoint,  N  point  at  the  discharge  of 
Sassafras  river  into  Chesapeak  bay,  Cecil 
county,  Maryland. 

Groyne,  river  oif  Spain,  in  Galicia,  which 
enters  the  bay  of  Biscay,  at  Corunna. 

Griibenhagen,  town  and  castle  of  Lower 
Saxony,  and  the  chief  place  of  a  principality 
of  the  same  name,  belonging  to  the  house 
of  Hanover.  In  the  mountains  near  it  are 
mines  of  silver,  iron,  copper,  and  lead.  It 
is  45  miles  S  of  Hanover.  Lon.  10  3  E, 
lat.  51  31  N. 

Gruckfeldt,  town  of  Carinthia,  with  a 
castle  on  the  river  Save.  Lon.  15  45  E,  lat. 
46  7  N. 

Griinberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Hesse  Here  Charlemagne  and  the  kings 
of  the  Merovingian  race  held  their  court. 

Grunberg,  town  of  Silesia  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Glogan ;  it  is  S'lrrounded  with 
vineyards,  and  has  a  miinutacture  of  cloth. 

Gviaule,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Biunswick,  and  in  tiie  mountains  of 
Hartz.     Lon.  13  35  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Gniningen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Halber^tadt,  on  the  river 
Felke.     Lon.  11  41  E,  ht.  52  4  N. 

Grumngen,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zuric,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the 
same  nime.  The  cas'.le  stands  on  a  lofty 
rock,  and  commands  an  extensive  prospect. 
Lon.  8  43  E,  lat.  47  14  Ts' . 

Gnnjires,  town  of  Svvi.sserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
bailiff"  resides.  It  is  famnis  for  cheese,  and 
is  15  miles  SW  of  Friburg.  Lon.  6  43  E. 
lat.  46  35  N. 

Guacoclcingo,  town  of  New  Spain,  30 
miles  SE  of  Mexico.  Lon.  99  45  W,  lat. 
19  36  N. 

GuadaJaviur,  ancient  Durias,  river  of 
Spain,  rises  in  the  province  of  Aragon,  and 
flowing  south,  by  comparative  course  80 
miles,  turns  SE  about  100  miles,  and  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean,  below  the  city  of 
Valencia. 

Guadalaxara,  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  on  the  Henares,  30  miles  N 
E  from  Madrid.  Lon.  2  47  W,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Cuadaxara,  province  of  Spain,  bounded 


SW  by  Toledo  and  SE  by  Cuenca.    It  is 
drained  oy  various  branches  of  the  Tagus. 

Giiadolaxara,  intendancy  of  the  empire 
of  Mexico,  bo^mded  3W  and  W  by  the 
Pac  fie  Ocean  ;  N  by  Sonora  and  Dmango; 
NE  by  Xacatecas,  E  by  Guanaxuato,  and 
SE  by  Viuladohd  ;  length  from  N  to  S  320, 
and  breadth  from  E  to  W  250  miles  ;  area 
74.280  square  miles.  Population  in  1803, 
630,000;  at  present  1822, probably  850,000. 
Between  lat.  18  and  23  40  N. 

The  intendancy  of  Guadalaxara,  is  cross- 
ed from  SE  to  NW,  by  tbe  Rio  de  San- 
tiago, a  considerable  stream,  which  com- 
municates with  lake  Ciiapaht,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  in  the  advance  of  population,  wealth, 
and  civilization,  become  an  important 
channel  of  inland  commrcefrom  Salaman- 
ca, and  Ze:aya,  to  San  Bias. 

All  the  ea-tern  part  of  this  province  is 
the  table  land,  and  western  declivity  of  the 
Cordilleras,  of  Anhnac.  The  maritime 
regions,  especially  those  which  siretch 
towards  the  grewt  bay  of  Bayona,  are 
covered  with  forests,  and  abound  in  ex- 
cellent wood  for  ship  building.  But  in 
this  latter  country,  the  air  is  excessively 
heated,  and  unhealthy.  The  high  interior, 
and  eastern  part  is  temperate  and  salubri- 
ous. The  difference  in  elevation  from 
the  Pacific  coast  to  the  confines  of  Gua- 
naxuato, ami  Valladolid  exceeds  6000  feet. 
The  Volcano  of  Colima,  I'ises  in  an  isolated 
ridge  to  upwards  of  10,000  feet.  It  is  only, 
however,  occasionally  covered  with  snow. 
Coiima  is  the  most  western  active  Vol- 
cano, known  in  America.  Lon.  W  C  26 
W,  lat.  18  05  N. 

Tiie  staples  of  this  intendancy,  are 
maize,  wheat,  cotton,  cochineal,  and  the 
precious  met  ds.  In  1802,  the  value  of  its 
agricultural  pi'oduc*-  amounted  to  2,599,000 
dollars,  and  that  of  its  manufactures  to 
3,302,200  dollars.  The  province  con.ains 
two  ciiies,  six  large  and  322  sm  dl  villages. 
'I'he  principal  mines,  are,  those  of'Bulanos, 
Asientes  de  Ibara,  Hostiotipaquillc;,  Copala 
and  Guichichilla. 

Guadalaxara,  capital  of  the  Intendancy 
of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Santiago.  Lon.  W  C  25  50  W.  lat. 
21  10  X.  It  is  the  seat  of"  the  intendant 
and  of  the  Audiencia.  Population  about 
20,000. 

Guadaloupe,  handsome  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estramadura,  with  a  rich  convent.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rivulet  of  the  same  name,  34 
miles  E  by  N  of  Iruxillo.  Lon.  4  45  W. 
lat.  39  12  N. 

Gandulovpe,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bee  Islands  in  the  West  Indies,  between 
Antigua  and  D  minica,  in  ton  62  0  W. 
and  lat.  16  20  N.  The  island,  which  is  of 
an  irregular  figure,  may  be  about  80 
leagues  in  circumference.  It  is  divided 
into  tw»  parts  bv  a  small  arm  of  tke  s&a, 
377 


G  U  A 


G  U  A 


wijick  is  «ot  above  two^leagiies,  and  from 
15  to  40  fathoms  broad.  This  canal, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Salt  River,  is 
navigable,  but  will  only  carry  v  sst-ls  o»'  50 
tons  burden.  The  soil  is  exceedingly 
good  and  well  watered  near  .he  sea,  by 
rivulets  whicli  fdl  from  the  mountains. 
The  French  settled  in  this  island,  in  1632, 
in  whose  possession  it  still  remains.  Bas- 
seterre is  the  c;ipltal. 

Guadaloitpe,  river  of  the  empire  of  Mex- 
ico, in  Texas,  i'ails  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
after  a  course  of  about  200  miles.  Its  mouth 
180  miles  W  from  that  of  the  Sabine. 

Guadalqniver,  river  of  Spain,  wiiich  rises 
in  the  S  part  of  New  Castile,  flows  through 
Andalusia,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Cadiz, 
at  the  town  of  San  Lucar,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  350  miles.  It  is  the  hfth  in 
size,  and  the  most  navigable  river  of  the 
Spuiiish  peninsula  The  basin  of  the  Gua- 
dalquiver,  is  also  the  most  fertile  region  in 
Spain.  The  cities  of  Audujar,  Cordova 
and  Seville  are  up m  its  banks. 

Gundarama,  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, remarkable  for  its  great  trade  in 
cheese.  It  is  seated  on  the  Guadaram,  25 
miles  NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.3  48  VV,  lat. 
41  45 N. 

Guadiana,  river  of  Spain,  which  having 
its  source  in  New  Castile,  crosses  Esiiama- 
dura  into  Portugal,  and  separating  Algarva 
fro  n  Andalusiii," falls  into  the  bay  of  <;adiz 
between  Ayamonte  and  Castro  Marin,  85 
miles  NW  from  Cadiz,  after  an  entire  com- 
parative course  of  400  miles. 

Gaudix.  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  E  of  Granada. 
Lon.  2  47  W.  lat.  37  4  N. 

Giiilas,  or  Huilas,  province  of  Peru,  N 
from  Caxatambo.  Central  lat.  9  S.  nearly 
due  south  from  W  C. 

Gitaria,  La,  city  of  C<dorabia,  in  C  .racas. 
I  is  the  port  ot  the  city  of  Caracas,  is  well 
fortified.  The  harbour  is  good  and  much 
frequented  ;  sf v^  n  mdes  N  from  Caracas. 
Lon.  W  C9  58E.  la',  10  48  N. 

Gualior,  celebr  ited  fortress  of  Hindoo. 
Stan,  in  possession  of  the  Mahrattas.  Lon. 
78  14  E,  lat.  26  18  N. 

Gualaffii,  river  of  Peru,  hea  Is  with  the 
Caxamarca,  flows  a  little  E  of  N  between 
the  Caxamarca  and  Grand  Para,  and  falls 
into  she  Tun;^uragua,  after  a  comparati\e 
course  of  400  miles,  from  lat.  8  20  to  4 
50  S. 

Gnaldo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  eight 
miles  NW  of  Nocera.  In  1751,  it  was  al- 
most destroved  by  an  earthqu  ke.  Lon. 
12  43  E,  lat.  43  6  N. 

Guam,  chief  of  the  Ladrone  Islands,  in 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  100  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  depends  upon  the  Sp^n- 
iards  who  have  a  garrison  here,  hut  the 
inhabitants  are  almost  all  natives  of  the 
country,  and  repute  I  to  be  very  skilfui  in 


building  boats.  It  abounds  with  excellent 
fruit,  and  the  air  is  wholesome ;  notwith- 
standing which  the  natives  are  subject  to 
a  kind  of  leprosy.  Lon.  145  15  E,  lat.  13 
5N. 

Guamanga,  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
province  o-  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  IS  remarkable  for  sweetmeats,  and 
neurit  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  loadstone 
and  qnicksilver.  It  is  200  miles  SE  from 
Lima.    Lon.  W  C  2  45  K  lat.  13  20  S. 

Giianhani,  or  Cat  Island,  one  of  the  Ba- 
liania  Islands,  the  first  land  of  America  dis- 
covered by  Columbus,  in  1492,  and  named 
by  him  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  W  C  1  30  E, 
lat.  24  20  N. 

Guannpu,  small  river  of  the  province  of 
Grand  Para,  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the 
Amazon  from  the  S. 

Giianare,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Vene- 
zuela, near  the  borders  of  Varinas,  on 
Guanare  river.  Lon.  W  C  7  50  E,  lat.  8 
25  N.  It  is  200  miles  SW  from  Caracas, 
and  60  NE  from  Truxillo. 

Giianaxuato,  intendancy  of  the  empire  of 
Mexico,  bounded  by  Guadalixara  W  ;  Za- 
ctaexas  and  S.in  Louis,  capital  Potosi  N ; 
Mexico  E ;  Valladohd  S  ;  length  and 
breadth  nea  ly  equal,  each  about  80  miles. 
Area  about  6900  square  mile?^.  Popula- 
tion in  1803,  517,300.  11  now,  1822,  no 
doubt  contains  upwards  of  700,000. 

This  fine  though  smdl  and  elevated 
province,  is  entirely  on  the  table  land  of 
Anahuac,  and  is  the  most  populous  region 
of  Spanish  America.  The  mountain  of 
Llanitos  in  Guanaxuato  rises  to  9,235  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sen,  and  the  whole 
province  lies  above,  it  is  probable  5000 
feet. 

The  mine  of  Valenciana,  near  tlie  city  of 
Guanaxuato,  is  the  mo.st  productive  ever 
yet  discovered,  exceeding  tliose  n.^yr  Po- 
tosi. The  producis  of  the  province  are, 
however,  considerable  in  objects  of  agri- 
cultural and  miiu'ificturing  industry.  Gua- 
naxuato, contains  five  cities;  Guanaxuato, 
Salamanca,  Celaya  or  Silao,  Leon  and  San 
M'guelel  Grande. 

Guanaxuato,  capital  of  the  preceding  in- 
tendancv,  stands  170  miles  NW  from  the 
city  of  Mexico.  Lon.  W  C  23  50  W.  lat. 
21'n.  This  city  was  begun  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1554;  it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
Villa  in  1619,  and  to  that  of  Ciudad,  in 
1741.  Popubtion  of  the  city  and  adjoin- 
ing mir.es,  70j000  The  principal  mines  are 
Miirsil;  Santa  Anna,  Santa  Rosa,  Valen- 
ciana, Rayas  and  McL'ado.  The  ground  on 
which  Guanaxua  ()  is  built,  is  above  the 
level  of  the  sea  6836  fe-t ;  Valenciana  at 
the  mouth  of  the  new  pit,  7586  feet;  and 
Rayas  at  the  mouth  of  the  main  gallery, 
7075  feet. 

Gnancavelica,  city  of  Peru,  remarkable 
for  its  abundant  mines  of  quicksilver ;  14.0 


G  U  A 


G  U  E 


miles  SE  from  Lima.    Lon.  W  C  2  51  E, 
lat.  12  56  S. 

GHtWicAaco,  town  of  Peru  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  the  port  of  Truxillo.  Lon. 
W  C  1  58  VV,  lat.  8  5  S. 

Guanta,  province  of  Peru,  on  the 
branches  of  the  Apiirimac,  lying  N  from 
Guamanga,  central  latitude  13  south. 

Gnardnfui,  cape  of  Africa,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  strait  of  Bdbelmamlel,  Lon. 
53  5  E,  lat.  11  46  N. 

Guardarville,  seigniory,  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Lower  Canada,  on  the  N  side  of  St, 
Lawrence,  five  miles  above  Qiebec. 

Guardia,  or  Guar  da,  town  ot  Portugal, 
in  Beira,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  fortifi- 
ed both  by  art  an  1  nature,  and  has  a  state 
ly  cathedral.  It  is  138  miles  E  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  6  37  W,  lat.  40  22 N. 

Chiardia-Alferez,  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Molise,  witli  a  bishop's  see,  seven  miles  N 
W  of  Larino.     Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  4i  39  N. 

Guarico,  cape  of  Cuba,  on  its  NE  coast. 
JLon.  W  C  2  38  E,  lat.  20  30  N. 

Guarochiri,  town  of  Peru.  Lon.  W  C  0 
42  E,  lat.  11  55  S.  It  stands  60  miles  NE 
from  Lima. 

Guasco,  or  Huasco,  town  and  seaport  of 
ChiU.     Lon.  W  C  0  52  K.  lat.  28  29  S. 

Guarma,  seaport  of  Peru,  120  miles  NW 
of  Lima.    Lon.  77  49  W,  lai.  10  10  S. 

Guaatalla,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  .Vlantuan, 
ceded  to  the  duke  of  Parma,  in  1748.  It 
is  noted  for  a  battle  between  the  Austri 
ans  and  the  French,  in  whicli  the  former 
were  defeated  with  the  loss  of  5000  men. 
Itis  seated  near  the  river  Po,  15  m  le.s  N 
of  Reggio.     Lon.  10  38  E,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Gtiasto,  or  Vasto,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
15  miles  SE  of  Lanciano.  Lon.  15  6  E, 
lat.  42  14  N. 

Guatimala,  J\'Vw,  capital  of  the  captain 
generalship  and  province  of  Guatiniula, 
with  a  bish.ip's  see  and  a  university.  It  is 
situated  25  miles  S  from  the  site  of  tlie 
former  town  oftliat  name,  which  was  des- 
troyed, 3 nwQ  7th,  1773,  by  a  dreadful 
earthquake,  attended. by  an  erupt. on  f r  mi 
the  neighbouring  volcano.  New  Guatima- 
lais  650  miles  SE  from  Mexico.  Lon.  W 
C  14  10  W,  lat.  14  28  N. 

Guatimala,  captain  generalship  in  North 
America,  bounded  by  tlie  Pacific  Ocean  S 
W  ;  Mexico  NW  ;  Yucatan,  bay  of  Hon- 
duras and  Caribbean  sea  NE  ;  and  by  Ve- 
raguain  Colombia  SE.  Length  from  NW 
to  SE  1000  miles.  The  settled  parts  are 
chiefly  along  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  aver- 
age about  100  miles  in  width.  The  wliole 
captain  generalship  is  subdivided  into  the 
provinces  of  Chiapa,  Vera  Paz,  Guatimala, 
Hond'iras,  Nicaragua  and  Cost.i  Rica.  The 
country  is  excessively  mountainous,  and 
Volcanoes  are  numerous ;  of  which  about 
20  are  active.      The  soil  is  in  general  exu- 


berantly fertile.  Staples,  grain,  wax,  ho- 
ney, cochineal,  cotton,  wool  and  particu- 
larly the  finest  indigo  made  in  America. 
Population  about  2,000,000. 

Guatimala,  NW  province  of  the  captain 
generalship  of  the  same  name,  lies  along 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  extending  from  tlie  in- 
tendancy  of  Oaxac'  in  .VI  xico,  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Nicaragua,  and  having  Cliiapa  and 
Vera  Paz  NE.  It  is  abov.t  400  miles  long 
and  50  mean  aidth. 

Guachinango,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Pu- 
ella,  91  miles  oE  from  Mexico. 

Gnaquil  province  of  Colombia,  in 
New  Grenada,  lying  a'ong  the  Pacihc 
Ocean,  on  the  Guaquil  river  and  north 
side  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name. 
Population  about  SO  000.  Staples,  cacas, 
cotton,  tobacco,  salt,  wax,  rice,  and 
honey. 

Guaquil,  city  of  Colombia,  and  capital 
of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
west  side  of  Guaquil  river.  It  possesses 
an  excellent  port.  Ship  timber  abounds 
in  the  vicinity,  from  which  many  vessels 
have  been  built.  It  is  150  miles  SSW 
from  Quito.  Lon  W  C  2  50  W,  lat. 
2  11  S 

Guaquil  River,  rises  in  the  province 
of  Quito,  flo»<ts  south  150  miles,  and  falls 
into  Guaquil  bay,  below  the  city  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  an  uncommonly  large 
stream  for  its  length. 

Guaquil,  bay  or  gulf,  extending  from 
Cape  St.  Helena,  to  Ponta  de  Picos,  up- 
wards of  100  miles,  and  extending  inland 
in  form  of  a  triangle,  receiving  at  its 
head  Guaquil  river  The  gulf  is  che- 
quered by  numerous  i»slanc!s,  one  of  which 
Puna  is  of  considerable  size. 

Guara,  town  and  sea  port  of  Peru, 
province  of  Chancev.  Lon.  W  C  1  W, 
lat   11  6  S. 

Guasacualco,  river  of  Mexico,  is  a 
short  but  important  stream,  falling  into 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  at  its  extreme  south- 
ern extension.  It  rises  in  Oaxaca,  inter- 
locking sources  with  those  of  the  Chi- 
malapa  This  is  one  of  the  channels  of 
communication  mentioned  by  Hur.Jxjldt, 
as  suitable  to  unite  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Ocean.  From  the  mouths  of 
these  two  rivers  is  a  di.stance  of  about 
120  milt  s- 

Guuviari,  river  of  Colombia,  in  Cun- 
diuamarca,  rises  in  the  Andes,  and  flow- 
ing SE  by  E  500  miles,  talis  into  the 
Orinoco,  'Lon.  VV  V.  9  E,  lat.  4  N. 
Giiaxaca.  See  Oaxaca. 
Guben,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Lusatia,  seated  on  the  Neisse,  62  miles 
NE  of  Dresdei.  Lon  14  39  E,  lat.  51 
58  N. 

Gubio,  or  Eugubio,  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  ducliv  of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's-  seCf. 
37-P 


G  L   £ 


«,  L  I 


SJ  miles  N  of  Rome.    Loti.  12  38  E,  lat. 
43  16  N. 

Guelderland,  or  Guftldrcs,  territory  of 
the  N-  thtTlancls.  which  was  overrun  by 
the  Fr  nch  in  1794 

Gueldres,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  territory  of  the  saai--  name,  which 
has  been  often  taken  and  retaken.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  kinj^  of  Prussia  by  the 
peace  of  Utrecht,  and  was  taken  bv  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  10  mil(rs  NE  of 
Velno.    Lon.  6  0  E.  lat.  51  26  N. 

Guerande,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lov/er  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  white  salt,  and  is  three 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  350  VV  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Guere(,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse  and  late  province  of 
Marche,  seated  on  the  Gartampe,  35 
miles  NEof  Limogps,  and  170  S  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  56  E.  lat.  46  10  N. 

Guernsey,  island  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
mandy, subject  to  Great  Britain,  but 
governed  by  its  own  laws.  It  is  natural- 
ly strong,  being  surrounded  by  high 
rocks,  and  of  a  round  form,  30  miles  in 
circumference.  The  natives  speak 
French,  it  havint^  been  a  part  of  Nor- 
mandy.   Lon.  2  37  W,  lat   49  32  N. 

Guernsey .  courxy  of  Ohio,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Tuscarawas,  east  by  Bel- 
mont, south  by  Morgan,  and  west  by 
Muskingum  and  Coshocton  counties.  It 
is  nearly  26  miles  square,  and  contains 
470  square  miles.  The  land  is  generally 
hilly  and  of  a  moderately  good  quality  ; 
although  there  are  several  tracts  of  ex- 
cellent land  along  Well's  creek  ;  which 
stream,  and  its  branches,  compose  the 
principal  waters.  Chief  town,  Cam- 
bridge. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,616 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,428 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        .        -        .  7 

Slaves        -        -        .        .        .  0 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


3,051 


4,766 
4,474 


Total  whites            -        .        -  9^240 

Free  persuns  of  colour,  males  30 

do.             do.        females,  22 

Slaves,  males    -        -        .        .  0 

do.    females         -        -        -  0 


Total  population  in  1820 

©f  these  ; 

380 


9  292 


Foreigners  not  naturalized  Stf 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  891 

do         in  Manufactures        -  85 

do.        in  Commerce     -        -  18 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19 

Gucta  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
60  miles  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  56  W, 
lat.  40  22  N. 

GwaJia.  large  country  of  South  Ame- 
rica, is  bounded  on  ttie  E  and  N  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  all  other  sides  its 
limits  are  rathtrr  indefinite.  The  term 
is  indeed  used  vulgarly  for  the  country 
between  Venezuela  and  Brazil.  The 
British,  Dutch,  French,  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  nations,  all  have  settlcmicnts 
in  Guiana.  British  Guiana,  reaches  from 
the  Essequebo  to  the  Corantyn  rivers. 
Dutch  Guiana,  from  the  Corantyn  to  the 
Maroui.  French  c  uiana,  from  the  Ma- 
roui  tothe  Aruary.  Portuguese  Guiana, 
from  the  Aruary  to  the  Amazon.  Span- 
ish Guiana,  is  now  included  in  Venezue- 
la. The  settlements  of  the  civilized 
nations  are  confined  to  the  coast,  or  to 
the  banks  of  some  of  the  larger  rivers, 
at  a  very  limited  distance  inland.  Dutch 
Guiana,  is  mure  particularly  known  by 
the  name  of  Surinam,  and  that  apper- 
taining to  France  as  Cayenne.  The 
principal  British  settlements,  are,  Esse- 
quebo  and  Demerara  The  population 
of  the  European  colonies,  amount  to 
about  200.000 ;  ff  which,  those  of  Spain 
have  30,000;  British  70,000;  Dutch 
80,000  ;  French  20,000.  The  body  of  the 
inhabitants  are  negro  slaves,  the  whites 
in  all  the  settlements,  not  being  compu- 
ted ab  >ve  20,000.  The  sea  coast  of  Gui- 
ana, is  one  vast  plain  of  unequalled  fer- 
tility. Staples,  sugar,  coffee,  and  cot- 
ton. 

Guienne,  ancient  province  of  France, 
now  parcelled  out  into  the  departments 
of  Girondes,  Lot  and  Garonne,  Dordog- 
ne.  Lot  and  Aveyrou. 

Guiacjuil,  commercial  city  of  Peru, 
capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  the  same  name. 
It  stands  partly  on  the  side  and  partly  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill,  which  descends  gently 
towards  the  river  Guiaquil,  on  which  the 
town  stands  It  is  large  and  populous, 
and  is  140  miks  N  by  E  of  Paita.  Lon. 
81  11  W,  lat.  2  11  S     See  Guaguil. 

Guira  seaport  of  Terra  Firma,  on 
the  coast  of  Caracca.  Lon.  66  5  W,  lat. 
10  35  N. 

Guilderland,  post  village  and  town- 
ship, Aliiany  county.  New  York,  WNW 
from  Albany.    Population  in  1820,  2270. 

Guilford,  borough  and  capital  of  Sur- 
ry, on  the  Wey,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. The  Wey  is  navigable  to  the 
Thames,  and  much  timber  and  corn  are 
carried  upon  it.    It  is  a  ivell  built  town, 


G  L    I 


GUI 


with  two  churches,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor.  It  is  23  miles  WSW  of  Croy- 
don, and  30  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  29 
W,  lat  51  15  N. 

GtiUdhall,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Esst-x  county,  Vermont,  on  Connec- 
ticut river  opposite  Lancaster.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  6U0 

Guilford,  township,  Somerset  county, 
Maine,  40  miles  NE  from  Norridgevvock. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Guilford,  township  of  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  50  miles  S  from  Windsor.  Po- 
pulation 2000. 

Guilford,  post  town  and  township  in  New 
Haven  county,  Connecticut,  18  miles  E  by 
S  of  New  Haven,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
Population  1820,  4131. 

Guilford,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  including  the  borough  of 
Chambersburg.     Population  1820,  2439 

Guilford,  courthouse,  and  post  office, 
Guilford  county,  North  Carolina,  48  miles 
NW  from  Hillsborough  ;  the  scene  of  a 
hard  fought  battle  between  the  Americans 
under  gen.  Greene,  and  the  British  under 
Lord  Cornwallis,  March  15th,  1781. 

Guilford,  township  in  the  southern  part 
of  Medina  coumv,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
72. 

G^iiford,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  by  Randolph  S :  Rowan  and 
Stokes  W;  Rockingham  N;  and  Orange 
E.  Length  26 ;  width  25 ;  area  650 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly  and  soil  pro- 
ductive.    Chief  town,  Martinsville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  4,547 

do.  do  females  -  -  5,303 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             ...  103 

Slaves 1,467 


TotalpopulationinlSlO              -  11,420 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ...  6,562 

do.  do.  females                          -  6,130 

Total  whites      .        -        -  12,692 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males       -  116 

do.            do.      females   -  92 

Slaves,  males       .         .         -        .  873 

do.  females              ...  738 

Total  population  in  1820             -  14.511 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  AgricuUiire                -  3,621 

do.        in  Manufactnies   -        -  105 

do.        in  Commerce         .        -  0 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Guillaia,  Si.  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 

Ilainault,  seated  in  marshy  land,  on  the  ri- 


ver Haisne,  six  miles  W  of  Mons.  Lon.  3 
53  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Guillandiere,  fief,  Surry  county,  Lower 
Canada,  on  the  right  bank  of  St.  Lawrence, 
16  milts  below  Moiuital. 

GuiUhmtme.  Boniitimmc.  seigni(-ry,Hiimp- 
shire  county.  Lower  Canad.*,  on  Jacques 
Cartier,  river,  and  in  the  rear  of  Demaiire, 
or  St.  Augustin,  12  miles  NW  from  Que- 
bec. 

Guillestree,  town  and  caslle  in  the  Alps, 
once  belonging  to  Dauphiny,  in  France. 
It  was  taken  by  prince  Eugene  in  1692, 
and  is  nine  miles  NE  of  Embrum.  Lon. 
6  36  E,  lat.  44  41  N. 

Guimaraens,  considerable  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  the  province  of  Entre-Douero-Min- 
ho.  It  has  formerly  been  the  residence  of 
their  kings  aid  is  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New.  The  public  buildings  are  m/.g- 
nificent.  It  is  165  miles  NE  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  21  W,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Guinea,  large  region  of  Africa,  of  which 
httle  is  known  except  the  coast  It  Les  in 
the  Torrid  Zone,  between  14  W  and  28  E 
lon.  and  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Guinea.  The  first  comprehends  Sierra 
Leone,  the  Grain  coast,  the  Tooth-coast, 
the  Gold  coast,  the  Slave-coasi  (which  in- 
cludes Whidah,  Dahomy  and  Ardrah) 
Benin,  Biafara,  Majombo,  Gabon  and  An- 
ziko.  Lower  Guinea  is  commonly  called 
Congo  It  is  very  unhealthy  for  Europeans. 
There  are  many  little  siates,  whose  chiefs 
are  often  at  war  with  each  other,  when  the 
people  taken,  on  both  sides,  are  sold  for 
slaves ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  for  the 
nearest  of  kin  to  sell  each  other.  The 
English,  Dutch,  Portuguese,  Danes,  and 
French,  have  factories  upon  this  coast. 

Guinea,  JSTeiv,  or  Paqua,  island  of  the 
Souih  Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  N  of  New 
Holland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  En- 
deavour strait.  It  is  next  in  size  to  New 
Holland,  extending  SE  from  the  equator 
to  12  S  lat.  and  from  131  to  153  E  lon.  a 
length  of  more  than  1200  miles,  by  a  me- 
dal breadth  of  perhaps  300;  but  the  coasts 
of  the  eastern  part  are  far  from  being  com- 
pletely investigated.  The  northern  part 
is  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards,  in  1528,  who  had  sailed  from 
Mexico  to  explore  the  Spice  Islands.  The 
coasts  are  generally  lofty  ;  and  in  the  in- 
terior, mountain  rises  above  mountain  :  but 
the  whole  appears  covered  with  luxuri- 
ance of  wood  and  herbage,  as  can  scarcely 
be  conceived.  The  cocoa,  sago,  bread- 
fruit, and  plantain-tree,  beside  most  of  the 
trees,  shrubs,  and  plants,  common  to  the 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  are 
found  here  in  great  perfection.  This 
island  is  the  chosen  residence  of  the  singu- 
lar birds  of  paradise,  which  breed  here 
during  the  wet  monsoon,  and  in  the  dry 
migrate  in  flocks  westward,  to  the  smaller 
381 


G  U  N- 


gw  a 


islands,  particularly  Arroo.  The  inhabit- 
ants make  much  the  same  appearance  a8 
the  New  Hollanders. 

Gtd7icawp,  town  ot"  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment ofihe  No-^th  Coast  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretag'ne,  seated  on  the  Tiieu, 
13  miles  S  of  Tieguier.  Lon.  3  8  W,  lat. 
48  36  N. 

Guipuscon,  NB  division  of  the  province 
of  Biscay,  boundei  on  the  N  by  the  b.y  of 
that  name,  on  the  E  by  Navarre,  on  tlie  W 
by  Bu-cay  Proper,  and  on  the  S  by  Alava. 
Tolosa  is  the  c  ipital. 

Guise,  small  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Picardy,  with  a  castle,  s-^ated  on  the 
Oise,  25  miles  E  of  St.  Quiniin,  and  95  NE 
of  Paris.     Lon.  3  42  E,  lui.  49  54  N. 

Guito,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
seated  on  the  river  Mincio,  between  the 
lake  of  Mantua  and  that  of  Garda,  15  miles 
N  W  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  40  E.  lat.  45  16 
N. 

Gull  Islands,  two  smnll  islands,  at  the 
eastern  extr  mity  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
and  between  Plum  and  Fishers  islands. 
On  Little  Gull  island,  there  is  a  light 
house. 

Gwnbiimen,  government  of  East  or  Po- 
lish Prussia,  E  from  Koningsberg.  Popu- 
lation 350,000, 

Gumbinnen,  t"wn  of  East  Prussia,  and  ca- 
pital of  the  government  of  Gumbinnen,  80 
miles  E  from  Koningsberg. 

Gum  Springs,  post  village  of  Orange 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  south  side  of  Ra- 
pid Anne  river,  40  miles  above  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Gumw'Sfinia,  town  of  Romania,  on  the 
road  from  Salonica  to  Constantinople,  and 
200  miles  W  from  the  latter. 

Gunpovider,  river  of  Maryland,  which 
rises  in  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  and 
runniMg  in  a  SE  dir  ction  througli  Balti- 
more county,  falls  into  Chesapeak  bay, 
opposite  Poole  island. 

Gunpo-udev,  post  office,  crossing  of  Gun- 
powder river,  Baltimore  county,  Mary- 
land, 16  miles  NE  from  Baltimore. 

Chintoor,  one  of  the  Northern  Circars,  in 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoost;m.  It  is  also 
called  Moi'linazagiir  ai.d  Condivir,  and 
occupies  the  space  between  Condapilly, 
the  southmost  of  the  tour  English  Circars, 
and  the  N  part  of  the  Carnatic  ;  extending 
along  the  sea-coa>t  of  the  bay  of  Bengal 
more  than  30  miles.  Tiie  maritime  parts 
of  this  circar  are  flat  and  open  but  t'le  in- 
terior par  s  contam  some  very  s  rong  for- 
tresses and  po-ts.  It  was  subject  to  the 
nizam  of  the  Deccan,  but  has  been  ceded 
to  the  Engh:.h. 

Guntzberg,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  mar- 
gr^tvale  of  Burgaw,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Danube,  16  miles  NB  of  Ulm.  Lon. 
10  25  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

3S2 


Guntienhausen,  town  of  Franconia,  fiva 
miles  from  Weissemberg.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Altmul,  near  a  forest,  and  subject  to 
the  king  of  Prussa. 

Gnrk,  town  of  Carlnthia,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  sealed  on  the  river  Gurk,  55  miles  E 
of  Saitzburg.     Lon.  14  18  E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Gustavus,  township,  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  371, 

Gnstrotv,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  :md  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Wenden.  The  chief  courts  of 
judicature  for 'he  duchy  are  held  here ; 
and  it  has  an  elt-gant  palace,  in  which  the 
dukes  sometimes  reside.  It  is  35  miles  N 
E  of  Schwerin.  Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  57 
N, 

Gutta,  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Danube,  opposite  the  island 
ofSchut,  29  miles  E  by  S  ot  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  47  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Gutskoiv,  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Peene,  14  miles  W  of  Wol- 
gast.     Lon.  13  39  E,  lat  54 ON. 

Giiyandot,  Big,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Giles  and  Tazewell  counties;  and  flowing 
NW  between  the  branches  of  Big  Sandy 
and  Great  Kenhawa,  enters  Cabell  coun- 
ty, turns  N  and  falls  into  Ohio  river,  alter 
an  entire  comparative  course  of  100  miles. 

Giiyandot,  Little,  creek  of  Virginia  be- 
tween Big  Guyandot  and  Great  Kenhawa, 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Cabell 
and  Mason  counties. 

Giiyandot,  creek  of  Lawrence  county, 
Oiiio  enters  Ohio  river,  nearly  opposite  to 
Big  Guyandot. 

Guyandot,  post  office  Cabell  county, 
Virginia. 

Guzlehisar,  ancient  Magnesia,  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Sarabat,  ancient 
Hermus  river,  about  70  miles  NE  from 
Smyrna.    Lon.  27  50  E,  lat.  37  45  N. 

Guzerat,  peninsula  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, about  200  miles  long,  and  140  broad, 
formed  by  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the  gulfs 
of  Cambay  and  Cutch.  The  West  part  is 
motmtainous  and  woody,  and  inhabited  by 
a  wild  hardy  race,  governed  by  rajahs  of 
their  own.  But  the  largest  as  well  as  the 
finest  purt  is  subject*  to  the  Mahrattas. 
Amedabad  is  the  capital. 

Gwalior,  ancient  fortress  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Gohud.  It 
stands  on  a  vast  rock,  about  four  miles  in 
length,  but  n^^rrow  and  of  unequal  breadth, 
and  nearly  flat  on  the  top.  Tl-e  sides  are 
so  steep  as  to  appear  almost  perpendicular 
in  every  part  ;  for  wnere  it  was  not  na- 
turally so  it  has  been  scraped  away;  and 
the  heigiit  from  the  plain  below,  is  from 
200  to  300  feet.  This  place  is  considered 
as  the  Gibraltar  of  the  East :  but  in  1780, 
major  Popham  took    it  by  an  unexpected 


11  A  (- 


HAD 


jjoctuiiial  escalade.      It  is  80  miles  S  of 
Agr.i.    Lon.  78  30  E,  lat.  26  9  N. 

G-winnet,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded 
SW  by  the  country  of  the  Lower  Creeks; 
W  by  ;he  Chatahooche  river ;  N  by  Cbata- 
hoochee  river ;  NE  by  Hail  and  Walton 
coun'.ies;  and  SE  by  Newton  and  Henry. 
Lengl'i  o5 ;  mean  width  28 ;  area  980 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Lawrenceville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,071 

do.    do.    females     ...         1,979 

Total  whites       .        -        .  4,050 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  0 

do.  do.        females  1 


Slaves,  males 

do.    females    -         -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.         in  Commerce 


239 
299 


4,589 


0 

1,136 

13 

11 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  4|. 

Givynedd,  town-hip  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania  on  the  he.'.ds  of  the 
Towamensing  and  Wi'^sahlccon  creeks,  18 
miles  NNW  from  Philadelphia.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1221. 


H 


Hiaag,  or  Hag,  town  of  Bavaria, 
seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Inn,  30  miles 
E  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  48 
18  N 

Habersham,  NE  county  of  Georgia, 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  N ;  South 
Carolina  NE ;  Franklin  and  Jackson  SE  ; 
Hali  S,  and  Rabun  W  ;  length  60 ;  mean 
width  20  ;  area  1200  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  hilly  and  part  mountain- 
ous. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 


Total  whites  .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females         ... 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,494 
1,374 

2,868 

0 

0 

146 

131 

3.145 


0 

719 

36 

1 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.    in  Manufactures 
do.    in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

Hacht,  small  river  of  Colombia,  in 
Santa  Marta. 

Hacha,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Santa 
Marta,  on  the  Caribbean  sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  Hacha  river.  Lon.  W  C  4  8 
E,  lat  11  31  N. 

Hacketstown,  post  town  in  Sussex 
county,  New  Jersey,  twelve  miles  E  from 
the  river  Delaware,  and  22  W  from  Mor- 
ristown. 

Hackinsack,  town  in  Bergen  county. 
New  Jersey,  and  the  principal  seat  of 
justice  ;  it  has  a  post  office,  and  is  dis- 
tant from  the  city  of  New  York  about  15 

miles  NW.    Population  m  1820,  3076, 


Hackinsack,  river  of  New  Jersey, 
which  rises  in  Rockland  county,  New 
York,  and  running  a  southern  course 
through  Bergen  county,  falls  into  New- 
ark bay,  near  mid  distance  from  Paulus 
Hook  to  Newark. 

Hackney,  populous  village  to  the  NE 
of  London  ;  the  first  that  was  accommo- 
dated with  carriages  for  occasional  pas- 
sengers ;  from  hence  the  hackney  coach- 
es of  London  derive  their  name. 

Hadamar,  town  of  Germany,  in  We- 
taravia,  with  a  castle  seated  near  the 
Elss,  22  miles  NW  of  Mentz.  Lon.  S  0 
E,  lat  50  23  N. 

Haddam,  post  town  and  township,  of 
Middl'- sex  county,  Connecticut ;  situated 
on  the  W  side  of  Connecticut  rivtr,  17 
miles  NE  from  New  Havc-n,  and  8  be- 
low Middletown.  Population  in  1820, 
2478. 

Haddington,  borough  in  Scotland,  iu 
a  county  ot  the  sanif-  name,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday  for  grain.  Part  <  i  a  Fran- 
ciscan uir-nastery  here  is  occui)ied  as  a 
parish  church  ;  and  at  a  smail  distance 
are  the  ruins  of  a  nunnery,  founded  in 
1178.  Haddington  is  sfat<  d  on  the  Tyne, 
18  miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  39  W, 
lat.  55  58  N 

Haddingtonshire,  or  East  Lothian, 
county  of  Scotland,  bnundfd  on  the  N 
and  E  by  the  Frith  of  F^rtb  ;  S  by  Ber- 
wickshire, and  VV  by  Edinburghshire. 
It  is  about  27  miles  long  from  E  h  W, 
and  about  17  from  N  to  S  Hire  are 
several  convenient  harbours,  with  the 
advantage  of  some  hshiiig  towns.  This 
county  may  be  reckoned  as  fruitful, 
rich,  and  pleasant  as  any  in  Scrtland  ; 
or  indeed  as  most  in  England.  The 
chit  f  towns  are,  Dunbar,  Haddington, 
and  North  Berwick  ;  and  its  principal 
river  the  Tyne,  which  receives  several 
smaU  streams.  Population  in  1801, 
383 


II  A  G 


II  A  I 


29,986;  in  1811,  31,184;  and  in  1821, 
35,127. 

Haddonfield,  post  town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  8  milts  SE  from 
Philadelphia,  anu  6  E  from  Gloucester 

Hadenville,  post  town,  Gochland  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  35  miles  NW  by  W  from 
Richmond. 

Hadersleben,  maritime  town  of  Den- 
mark, in  Sleswick,  with  a  strong  citadel, 
on  a  small  island  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic, 
25  miles  E  of  Ripen.  Lon.  9  50  E.  lat. 
55  18  N. 

Hadiey,  corporate  town  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a 
pretty  large  town,  and  has  a  very  hand- 
some church.  Large  quantities  of  yarn 
are  spun  here  for  the  Norwich  ma  lifac- 
ture  ;  and  it  had  a  Cdusiderable  woollen 
manufacture,  which  Is  now  decayed  It 
is  seated  on  the  Bret,  20  mile's  SE  of 
Bury,  and  64  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  6 
E;  lat.  52  10  N. 

Hadiey,  viiiat;e  in  Essex,  5  miles  SW 
of  Rochford.  Here  are  to  be  seen  the 
ruinous  remains  of  a  castle,  on  a  channel 
of  the  Thames  between  Canvey  Island 
and  the  sliore. 

Hadiey,  post  town  and  township, 
Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  oppo- 
site Northampton  and  Hatfield.  The 
town  is  situated  along  the  river,  and  be- 
side many  other  fine  buildings,  contains 
Hopkins' Academy,  a  respectable  litera- 
ry institution.  Population  of  the  town- 
ship in  1820,  1461. 

Hadiey,  township  and  pnst  village, 
Saratoga  couniy  New  Y.^rk,  17  miles  N 
from  Bailston  Spa.  Population  in  1820, 
798. 

Haf,  or  estuary  of  the  Oder,  large  bay 
of  Denmark  and  Prussia,  in  Pomerania. 
It  is  closed  towards  the  Baltic  by  the 
islands  of  Usedcni  and  Wollin. 

Haf,  or  Frische  Haf,  estuary  of  the 
Vistula  and  Pregel  rivers  It  is  nearly 
enclosed  towards  the  Baltic  by  a  long 
narrow  and  sandy  pnint,  called  Frische 
Nehrung.  The  Frische  Haf  extends 
from  Ebling  to  K  ningsburg  70  miles, 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  10  miles,  and 
opens  into  the  Baltic  bv  a  narrow  strait, 
between  Pillau  and  the  NE  point  of  the 
Frische  Nehiung 

Haf  or  Cur:che  Haf  estuary  of  the 
Memeli  in  Prlish  or  E  Prussia.  It  is  in 
form  of  a  triangle,  extending  from  La- 
biau  to  Memel  70  miles,  and  formed  by 
a  long  narrow  and  low  sandy  j)oint,  ex- 
tending from  the  province  of  Samland, 
and  calhd  the  Curiche  Nehrung.  The 
opening  from  the  Curiche  Haf  into  the 
Baltic  is  at  Memel. 

Hagarstonvn,  flourishing  inland  post 
384 


town  and  seat  of  justice,  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  i.i  t.'.e  fertile  and  well 
cultivated  valley  of  Conegocheague,  near 
Antietam  creek.  It  is  a  well  built  town, 
containing  about  300  houses,  constructed 
of  brick  and  stone.  Population  about 
1500  Distant  70  miles  NW  from  Wash- 
ington, and  79  WNW  from  Baltimore. 
Hague,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  Holland,  which  may 
compare  with  the  handsomest  citie-  in 
Europe,  in  the  beauty  of  its  palaces,  its 
streets,  its  agreeable  walks,  and  its  great 
trade.  It  is  seated  two  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  there  is  a  pavement  across  the 
sand  hills  with  trees  on  each  side,  which 
leads  to  Sche\'eling,  near  the  sea-shore. 
It  is  10  miles  NW  of  Rotterdam,  and  30 
SW  of  Amsterdam.     Lon.  4  23  E,  lat. 

52  4  N. 

Hague,  township  of  Warren  county. 
New  York,  on  the  west  side  of  Lake 
George.    Population  in  18 JO,  514. 

Hague,  township,  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, N.  w  York,  on  St.  Lawrence  river. 
Population  in  1820,  827. 

Haguenau,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late 
province  of  Alsace,  on  the  Motter,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  12  miles  N  of 
Strasburg.  and  252  E  of  Paris     Lon.  7 

53  E,  lat.- 48  47  N. 

Hailbron,  free  imperial  town  of  Sua- 
bia.  ill  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemburg,  on 
the  Neckar,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge, 
25  miles  NE  from  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  25 
E,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Haimburg,  town  of  Lower  Austria  on 
the  Danube,  10  nailes  W  of  Presburg,  and 
25  E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58  E,  lat  48 
12  N. 

Hain,  town  of  Uppsr  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Khcdar,  12  miles  NW  of 
Dresden. 

Hai  nan,  considerable  island  of  the 
Chinese  Sea,  to  the  N  of  the  gulf  of  Co- 
chin-China,  and  to  the  S  of  the  province 
of  Quang  tong  from  which  it  is  22  miles 
distant.  It  is  400  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence The  soil  of  the  N  part  is  level  ; 
but  in  the  S  and  E  are  mountains,  among 
which  are  valleys  that  produce  two  crops 
of  rice  every  year.  There  are  mines  of 
gold  and  lapis  lazuli,  which  last  is  car- 
ried to  Canton,  to  paint  the  porcelain. 
It  produces  the  same  fruits  as  China, 
beside  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton  and  indigc, 

Hainault,  proviuv^-e  of  the  Nether- 
lands ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Brabant,  on 
the  NW  by  Flanders,  on  the  W  by  Ar- 
tois^  on  the  S  by  Gambresis,  Picardy,  and 
Champngne,  and  on  the  E  by  the  terri- 
tories of  Liege  and  Namur. 

Hamburg,  town  of  Austria,  on  the 


HAL 


HAL 


Danube,  35  miles  E  of  Vienna.  Lon,  IT 
18  E,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Halberstadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  formerly  capital  of  tlie 
bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  now  secularized. 
It  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
seated  on  the  Hothiem.  32  miles  SE  of 
Brunswick.    Lon.  U  24  E,  lat.  52  6  N 

Haldenstein,  free  and  independent 
barony  of  tht-  country  of  the  Grisons.  It 
consists  of  a  semicircular  plain,  between 
the  Rhine  and  the  foot  of  Mount  Calen- 
dar, about  five  milesin  length,  and  scarce- 
ly one  in  breadth. 

Haldimand,  county  of  Upper  Canada, 
on  lake  Ontario. 

Halen,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  on 
the  river  Geet,  24  miles  W  of  Maes- 
tricht.     Lon.  5  4  E   lat  50  58  N 

Hales-Owen,  town  in  Shropshire,  en- 
closed by  Worcestershire,  six  milt-s  E 
of  St  lurbridge.  It  is  the  birth  place  of 
Shenstone,  and  near  it  is  the  celebrated 
seat  of  Leasowes. 

Haleswort/i,  town  in  Suffolk,  v/ith  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  trade  in 
linen,  yarn,  and  sailcloth,  and  about  the 
town  is  raised  a  great  deal  of  hemp  It 
is  seated  on  a  neck  of  land  between  two 
branches  cf  the  river  Blyth,  28  miles  NE 
of  Ipswich,  and  101  of  London.  Lon.  1 
40  E   lat.  52  25  N 

Haleysbridgc,  post  village,  Southamp- 
ton county,  Virginia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Meherin  river,  40  miles  south  froai  Pe- 
tersburg. 

Haleysburg,  post  village,  Lunen!)urg 
county,  Virginia. 

Halfmoon,  township  of  Centre  county, 
Pennsylv mia.  on  Bald  Eigle  river,  18 
miles  NVV  from  Bellefonte.  Population 
in  1820    ns. 

Halfway  House,  \)ost  village,  Vork 
county,  Virginia,  15  miesSE'rom  Wil- 
liamsburg, and  23  NW  from  N  irfolk. 

Halibut^  Island,  island  in  the  N^rth 
Pacific  Oc^an,  so  named  by  Captain 
Cook,  on  account  of  the  number  nf  fish 
of  that  name  they  caught  here.  It  is  7 
leagues  in  circumference,  and  except 
the  head  very  low  and  barren.  Lon. 
164  15  W,  lat.  54  48  N 

Halifax,  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
seated  in  a  hilly  country  near  a  branch 
of  the  Calder.  It  is  a  very  lari;e  par- 
ish, containing  12  chapels  of  ease,  and 
upwards  of  12,000  inhabitants  who  are 
pri  :cipally  employed  m  the  woollen 
manufacture. 

HaVfax,  town  and  capital  <f  Nova 

Scotia,  begun  to  be  built  by  the  English 

planters  in  1749.    It  is  delightfully  seated 

in  Chebucto  harbour,    -which   is  large 

3  (" 


enough  to  shelter  a  squadron  of  men  of 
war  through  the  winter.  It  is  789  miles 
NE  from  New  York.  Lon.  W  C  13  3® 
30  E,  lat.  44  45  N.  Population  about 
15,000. 

Halifax,  town  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  waters  of  Nicolet 
and  Becancour  rivers,  45  miles  SEfrom 
Three  rivers. 

Halifax,  township  and  post  town  of 
Windham  county,  Vermont,  situated  be- 
tween Guildford  and  Whittingham,  25 
miles  E  from  Bennington,  It  has  about 
2000  inhabitants. 

Halifax,  post  town,  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  35  miles  SE  from  Bos- 
ton.    Pojjulation  in  1820,  749. 

Halifax,  post  tovn  in  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  standing  on  the  E  side  of 
the  river  Susquehannah,  19  miles  N  from 
Harrisburg. 

Ha- fax,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
S  by  N :)rth  CaroUna  ;  W  by  Pittsylva- 
nia ;  N  by  Ca  npbell  or  Roanoke  river, 
NE  by  Charlotte  or  Roanoke  river,  and 
E  by  Mecklenburg ;  length  30  ;  mean 
width  32 ;  area  960  square  miles.  Sur- 
face moderately  hilly  and  soil  produc- 
tive.   Chief  town.  Banister. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  m  iles      -        -        -  6,113 

do.  do  females  -  -  6,004 
All  oilier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                -        -        -  353 

Slaves 9,663 


Total  population  in  1310 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.     do.    females     - 

22,133 

4,380 
4,378 

Total  wliites       -         .        .         . 
Free  pers:)ns  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males 

do.    females             .        .        - 

8,758 
245 
177 

5,005 

4.875 

Total  popuiatio.i  in  1820 

19,060 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         6,015 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  475 

do.        in  Commerce     -  -  75 

Population  to  the  squsre  mile,  20  nearly. 

Halifax,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  SE  by  Martin;  SW  bv  Erlg- 
comb  and  Nish  ;  NVV  by  Warr;  n  ;  N 
and  NE  by  Ro.tnoke  river  or  N-rtnamp- 
ton,  anri  E  by  Roanoke  rivt-i-  or  Bertie. 
Length  42;  mean  width  16;  area  67'^- 
square  miles,    Chief  towu,  Halifax. 


r 


II  A  I. 


UAL 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males       -        -        -  2,897 

do.  do.     females  -        -  2,863 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  1,236 

Slaves 6,624 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      13,620 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males        .         •         ■         3,181 
do.  do.     females     ...         3,055 

Total  whites      ....        6,236 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  749 

do.            do.        females  802 

Slaves,  males            ...  4,848 

do.     females         ...  4,602 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      17,2  7 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  natural  zed  -  34 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        4,350 

do.        in  Manufac aires  -         -•  21 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  30 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Halifax,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Halifax  county,  N'tth  Carolina,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  R  anoke,  7o  miles  by 
land,  above  the  mouth  of  Rnanuke  river. 
Vessels  of  45  tons  caii  ascend  to  this 
place,  and  when  th^  intended  canals  and 
lock  around  the  falls  are  completed,  a 
batteaux  navigation  will  be  opened  to 
the  fine  country  on  the  Roanoke  and 
Dan  rivers,  for  upwa'-ds  of  130  miles 
above  Halifax.  Lon.  \V  C  0  38  lat.  36 
18  N. 

Halitz,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
territfiry  of  the  same  name,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Dniester,  46  miles  S  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
25  19  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Hall^  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Chattahoohe  river,  or  Rabun  county  N 
W;  Habersham  NE  ;  Jackson  and  Wal- 
ton SE,  and  Gwinnett  SVV.  Length  40  ; 
mean  width  12 ;  area  480  square  miles. 
Chief  town,  Gainesville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females     - 


2,370 
2,311 

4,681 


Total  whites       -        -        -  - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 

do.           do.             females  3 

Slaves,  males               -        -  -           182 

do.     females            -        -  -           217 

Total  population  in  1820  -        5,086 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -             0 
386 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,384 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  50 

do.       in  Conninerce         -        -  7 

Popula'i  in  to  the  square  mile,  lOJ. 

Hallam,  township  of  York  county, 
Penns\lvania,  on  the  S"uth  side  of  the 
rivf r  Susquehannali,  and  on  the  ?>E  side 
of  Codorus  creek.  Papulation  in  1820, 
2)^2. 

Hulland  province  of  S-vrden.  on  the 
W  coast  of  Gotidand.  It  is  60  miles 
along  the  coasi,  but  not  12  in  breadth. 
Halmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hallaton^  town  in  Leicestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Thursday,  12  miles  SE  of 
Leicester,  and  90  N  by  E  of  London. 
Lon  0  50  E,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Halle,  town  of  Hainault.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Senne,  8  miles  SSW  of  Brussels. 
Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  50  46  N 

Halle,  considerable  city  of  Upper 
Saxviny,  in  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg, 
seated  on  the  Sal,  4i.  miles  E  f  M;igde- 
burg.  It  is  famous  for  its  university, 
and  salt  works.     Lon.  1 ;  8  E,  lat.  51 

36  N. 

Halle,  free  imperial  city  of  Suabia, 
famous  for  its  salt  pits.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kncher,  among  rocks  and  mount  tins, 

37  miles  NE  of  Stutgard.     Lon.  9  52  E, 
lat.  49  20  N. 

Halle,  town  of  Germany  in  Tirol,  6 
mile  NE  of  Inspruck.  Lon.  11  33  E, 
lat.  47  12  N 

Hallein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg  ;  seated  on 
the  Saltza,  among  mountains  that  abound 
in  mines  of  salt,  which  are  the  chief 
riches  of  the  town  and  country.  It  is  7 
miks  SE  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  13  12  E, 
lat  47  33  N 

Haliowell,  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  on  the  W  side  of  the 
rivf-r  Keniiebtc,  about  25  miles  above 
the  junction  of  this  river  with  the  An- 
drascoggin,  and  at  the  head  of  tide  water. 
It  is  now  the  seat  of  government  for  the 
state,  and  a  very  prosperous  town,  con- 
taining 400  houses,  and  in  the  township 
about  3503  inhabitants.  Kennrbec  river 
is  naviiiablf:-  thus  far,  for  vessels  of  150 
tons  burthen.  It  contains,  beside  the  ne- 
cessary public  build  ns  s,  a  respectable 
academy  Lo;i.  VV  C  7  05  E,  lat  44  16 
N.    Distant  44  miles  NE  from  Portland. 

HalloivelL  township  of  Prince  Edward 
county.  Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Onta- 
rio 

Halmstadt  strong  seaport  of  Sweden, 
capital  of  Halland,  situattd  on  a  bay  of 
the  North  Sea,  80  mdes  SSE  of  Gothe- 
bnrg.     Lon.  12  48  E,  lat.  36  39  N 

Hals  tend,  town  io  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Friday,  and  a  manufacture  of 
bays,  says,  and  callamancoes.    It  is  seat- 


ir  A  M 


II  A  M 


■efl  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  at  the  toot 
of  which  runs  the  Coin,  16  miles  N  of 
Chei  iisford  ami  47  NEof  Lun-don.  Lon. 
0  45  E,  lat.  51  59  N. 

HaUeren,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster,  seated  on  the  Lippe, 
25  miles  SW  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  27  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Halton,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  seated  near  the 
Mi-rsfy,  13  miles  NE  of  Chester,  and 
184  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  47  VV,  lat. 
5:i  2J  N. 

Halva,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
seated  on  the  Cebu,  8  miles  S  of  F.z. 
Lon  5  5  W.  lat.  33  32  N 

Ham,  strong  town  of  Westphc<lia,  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Mi  ok,  stated  on 
the  Lippe,  24  miles  S  of  Munster.  Lon. 
7  50  E.  lat.  51  36  N. 

Ham,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Somme,  48  miles  N  of 
-Paris      Lon.  3  6  E   iat  49  45  N. 

Ham,  village  in  iSurry,  one  mile  fr  m 
Kingston.  Near  it  is  Hanr.  Walks,  cele- 
brated by  Thomson  and  oth  r  poets. 

Ham,  West,  village  in  E-sex,  where 
are  the  remwins  of  an  opulent  abbey, 
founded  in  1135  This  village  is  seattd 
on  the  river  Lea,  four  miles  E  by  N  of 
London. 

Ham,  East,  village  in  Essex,  adjoining 
to  Wtst  Ham.  In  this  parish  is  a 
spring  called  Miller's  Well,  the  excel- 
lent water  of  which  has  never  been 
known  to  freeze,  or  to  vary  in  its  height. 

Ham,  township,  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  both  sides  of  the  NE 
branch  of  Nicolet  river,  50  miles  SSE 
from  Three  rivers 

Hamadan,  or  Amadan,  city  of  Persian 
Irak,  probably  the  ancitnt  Ecbatana,  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Elwend,  or  Tag 
Aigha  mountains,  340  milis  NE  by  E 
from  Bagdad.    Lon.  46  E,  lat.  34  54  N 

Haviali,  large  town  of  Syria,  seated 
among  hills  on  the  Ass  river,  ancient 
Orontes.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
Emessa.  The  inhabitants  have  a  trade 
for  linen,  of  their  own  manufacture.  It 
is  78  miles  SW  of  Aleppo,  Lon.  34  55 
E,  lat.  36  15  N. 

Ham.am.et,  town  of  Barbary,  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  naiTie,  45  miles  S  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  10  15  E,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Hamar,  town  of  Norway  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aggerhuys,  60  miles  NE  of 
Christiana.    Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  60  33  N. 

Hameledin  Hill,  near  Sturminster,  in 
Dorsetshire.  Here  was  a  Roman  camp, 
and  many  Roman  coins  have  been  dug 
up. 

Hamburg,  free   and  imperial  city  of 


Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony,  consisting  of 
the  old  and  the  new  town ;  both  nearly 
of  an  equal  size.  Most  of  the  houses 
are  built  after  the  manner  of  the  Dutch, 
and  richly  furnished  within.  The  prin- 
cipal streets  of  the  old  town  have  long 
and  broad  canals,  which  are  filled  by 
the  tide.  It  is  seated  on  the  i-ivers 
Elbe  and  Alsttrs,  and  the  late,  before  it 
enters  the  t  wn  by  sluices,  forms  a  fine 
basin.  Here  is  a  celebrated  college,  an 
arsenal,  a  bank,  and  a  handsome  ex- 
change. Themitabitants  were  estimated 
till  lately  at  100  OJO-  The  religion  is 
Lutheran,  and  m,  e  but  the  English  have 
th  liberty  of  performing  divine  service 
in  a  chapel  of  their  own.  Hamburg, 
from  its  sivaation,  has  all  p  ssible  advan- 
tages for  foreign  and  domestic  trade  ; 
particularly  froio  its  communication,  by 
the  Elbe,  with  some  of  the  principal 
navigable  rivers  of  Germany  ;  and  hence 
it  is  one  of  the  nnost  commercial  places 
in  th  world.  It  is  distinguished  for  its 
sugar  rt  finery,  and  it  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  stockings,  gold  thread,  ri- 
bands and  velvets.  It  is  55  NE  of  Bre- 
men.    Lnn    10  1  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Hamburg,  territory  of  Germ;iny,  of 
which  Hamburg  is  the  capital.  It  con- 
sists of  the  city  pr.  per,  and  a  circle  in 
the  vicinity ;  the  town  and  bailiwick  of 
Cuxhaven  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe, 
and  some  scattered  villages  in  Holstein, 
the  whole  amounting  to  about  133  square 
miles,  and  130,000  inhabitants.  Ham- 
burg, since  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  has, 
in  conjunction  with  Frankfort,  Lubec, 
and  Bremen,  a  vote  in  the  Germanic 
diet.  The  character  of  this  city  is 
commercial,  and  though  possessing  an 
extensive  library  and  many  literary  in- 
stitutions, the  attention  of  the  inhabitants 
to  objects  of  science,  is  much  less  mark- 
ed than  that  of  any  other  of  the  large 
cities   f  north  Germany. 

Hamburg,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Ni..ga  a  county,  on  lake  Ontario.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  2034. 

Hamburg,  po.st  village,  Sussex  county, 
Ni  w  Jersey,  on  a  branch  of  Wailkill 
river,  50  miles  NE  from  Easton  in  Penn- 
sylvania 

Hamburg,  thriving  inland  post  town  in 
Berks  county,  Pennsylvania,  immediate- 
ly beiow  the  Schuylkill  water  gap,  about 
15  miles  N  froiVi  Reading  on  the  post 
road  to  NorthuiTiberland,  with  about  400 
inhabitants. 

Hamdbitrgh.  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
territory  of  the  abbey  of  Fukle,  seated  on 
the  Saab,  28  miles  SE  of  Fu'de.  Lon. 
10  12  E,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Hamclin,  string  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Calenberg,  at  the  extrem' tv 
.387 


II  A  M 


ir  A  M 


uf  the  duchy  of  Berwick,  of  wliicli  it  is 
the  key.  It  is  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Hamel  and  \^'^eser,  25  miles  SW 
of  Hanover     Lon  9  36  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

JTamersiein,  castle  and  village  nt  Ger- 
many, belonging  to  the  elector  of  Treves. 
The  castle  is  seated  "n  a  I'.ifty  mcmntain, 
on  the  E  side  of  tiie  Rhine,  two  miles  N 
by  W  of  Andtrr.ach. 

JIa  mi,  country  situated  to  the  NW 
from  China.  The  country  of  Ha-mi, 
though  surrounded  by  deserts,  is  ac- 
counted one  ot  the  most  dtiigiitful  in  the 
world.  The  soil  produces  abundance  of 
grain,  fruits,  legurfiinous  plants,  and  pas- 
ture of  every  kind  The  rice  which 
grows  here  is  particularly  esteemed  in 
China;  and  pomegranates,  oranges, 
peaches,  raisins,  and  prunes,  have  a  most 
exquisite  taste.  It  is  a  kingdom,  tribu- 
tary to  that  country;  and  its  capital  is 
of  the  same  name. 

HamiUon,  tuwn  in  Lamerkshire,  seated 
in  a  very  agreeable  plain.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  a  collegiate  churc'i  founded  in 
1451  Near  ii  is  Hamilton  Huuse,  the 
magnificent  st  at  ot  the  duke  of  Hamilton. 
Tht  town  is  situated  on  the  C  yde,  10 
miles  SE  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  16  W,  lat. 
55  58  N. 

Hamilton,  post  town  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  NW  of  Salem, 
with  802  inhabitants  in  1820. 

Hamilton,  township  of  Northumberland 
countv    Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Ontario, 

Hamilton,  tov.'nship  of  Gaspe  county, 
Lower  Car.ada. 

Hamilton,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  M-  nti;omeTy  S ;  Herkimer  SW 
and  W  ;  St.  La^vrence  and  Franklin  N, 
and  Essex,  Warren,  and  Saratoga  E  ; 
length  60;  mean  wi«dth  28;  area  1680 
square  miles.  Surface  extremely  broken, 
and  soil  sterile  in  general  This  county 
■was  formerly  contained  in  the  northern 
part  of  Montgomery. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...  666 

do.     do.  females     ...  583 


Total  whites       ....  1,249 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  1 

do.            do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males      ...  1 

do.     females            ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -  1,251 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naUiralized          -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  .    229 

do.        in  Manufactures           ..  15 

do.        in  Commerce       •        -  .          6 
population  to  the  square  mi'e,  ^. 

JIamUton,   post  town,   St.  Lawrence 


county,  New  York,  on  St.  Lawrence 
riv"er,  on  a  fine  declivity  rising  from  the 
stream.  Population  300.  Distant  20 
miks  beluw  Ogdensbur  h. 

Hamilton,  post  village  of  Madison  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on  a  branch  of  Chenango 
river.  The  vihage  is  on  the  main  nad 
from  Cherry  vallty  to  Auburn,  28  miles  S 
W  from  Utica,  and  42  W  from  CheiTy 
Valley. 

Hamilton,  village  of  Cattaraugus  cnunty. 
New  York,  on  tho  right  bank  of  Allegany 
liver,  at  and  below  the  moudi  of  Olean 
creek.  It  is  laid  out  in  seven  streets  run. 
ning  N  and  S  and  five  ru.miiig  E  and  W. 
The  .\llegany  river  is  there  about  80  yards 
wide,  and  at  seasons  of  high  water  naviga- 
ble for  vessels  ot  8  or  10  tons  burthen.  It 
is  very  favourably  situ.ited  to  become  an 
extensive  inland  mart,  and  thoronghfare 
between  the  northeastern  and  southwest- 
ern  states.  Distant  from  Pittsburg  by  land 
170,  by  water,  260  miles  from  Buffalo, 
65,  and  from  navigable  water  in  Genesee 
river  near    Angelica  about  25  miles. 

Hamilton,  Albany  couniy,  New  York. 
See  GuilderlancU. 

Hamilton  College.  See  Clinton,  in  Onei- 
da county.  New  York. 

Hamilton,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  belv.  een  Back  creek  and 
the  main  E  branch  of  Conococheague,  im- 
mediately opposite  Chambersburg.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1688. 

Hamilton-ban,  township  of  Adams  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  between  Marsh  cveek, 
and  'he  west  limit  of  the  county,  com- 
mencing about  four  miles  W  from  Gettys- 
buig.     Population,  1820,  1053. 

Hamilton,  post  village,  on  ti;e  W  bank  of 
the  Schujdvill  opposite  PluladeJphia  in 
Blockley  township.  It  is  in  reality  a  sub- 
urb of  Philadelphia,  built  upon  a  fine 
swelling  acclivity  rising  from  the  river. 
The  village  extends  principally  along 
Darby,  West  Chester  and  Lancaster  roads. 
It  is  well  built,  and  forms  the  summer  re- 
treat of  raa:'.y  of  tlie  wealthy  citizens  of 
Philadelphia.  Resident  population  about 
1000. 

Hamilton,  township  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  west  of  die  Bine  or 
Kitta  inn)  Ridge,  an  M'Mickles  and  Cher- 
ry creeks,  20  miles  N  from  Easton.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  1320. 

Hamilton,  county  of  East  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Tennessee  river  E,  S  and  SW  ; 
Marion  W  ;  and  Bledsoe  and  Rhea  N ; 
length  28 ;  mean  width  18 ;  area  470 
square  miles.  Surfitce  hilly  in  general,  and 
in  part  mountainous. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ,        -        .  387 

do.    do.   females    ...  379 


H.  A  M 

Total  whites       ,        -        .        .  T66 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  10 

do.           do.        females  -  6 

Slaves,  m;.les      ...         -  20 

do.     females            ...  19 


Total  population  in  1820  -  821 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           •  0 

Engaged  in  \j^riculture       -        •  177 

do.        in  iVIanuiactures          -  3 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Hamilton,  post  town,  Martin  county, 
North  Carolina. 

Hamilton,  SVV  county  of  Ohio,  bounded 
by  O  lio  river  S;  the  state  of  Indiana  W  ; 
Butler  N ;  Warren  NE  ;  and  Clermont  E  ; 
length  30;  breadth  16;  area  400  square 
miles  ,  surface  generally  brokei\  and  hilly, 
soil  excellent.  Staples  grain,  whiskey, 
fruit,  and  salted  provisions.  Mineral  coal 
abounds  near  Cincinnati.  Ciiief  town, 
Cincinnati 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  mah  s              -        -  7,886 

do.  do.  females  -  -  7,214 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           -        -        -  158 

Slaves        -        .        .        .        .  0 

Total  population  in  181©  -      15,258 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...       16,262 
do.     do.  females  14,869 

Total  whites       ....  31,131 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  328 

do.     do.  females    -        -        -  305 

Slaves,  males      ...         -  0 

do.     females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  .        -       31,764 


H  A  M 

Ohio,  containing  943  inhabitants  of  whom 
17  are  free  blacks. 

Hammersmith,  hrgr  village  in  Middlesex, 
seated  on  the  Thames,  four  miles  W  of 
London.  lUre  is  Brand  nbftrg  House,  I'.ie 
magnificent  neat  or  the;  m^.rgrave  of  An- 
spach. 

Haviont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 
opr  c  ot  Ltige,  17  mile-  yV  ofRuremonde. 
Lon.  5  31  E.  lat.  41  17  N 

fli(7n/>r/en,  townsii.p  f  H  tncock  county, 
Maine.  It  has  a  po^  office,  and  1000  in- 
habitant . 

Hampshire  Hantshire,  or  /Tan/s,  coimty  of 
Englmd,  bnundeU  on  tiie  N  by  Berks,  on 
the  E  by  Surry  and  Sussex,  on  the  S  by 
tlie  English  Channel,  and  on  the  VV  by 
Dorsetshire  arid  Wilts.  It  extends,  exclu- 
sive of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  42  miles  from  N 
to  S,  and  38  from  E  to  W.  Population  in 
1801,  219,656;  in  1811,  245,080,  and  in 
1821,282,203.     See  Southampton. 

Hampshire,  counly  of  Lower  Canada,  ex- 
tentimg  along  the  N  side  of  St.  Lawrence 
river,  from  about  two  miles  above  the 
St.  Ann's  river,  to  five  miles  above  Que- 
bec. 

Hampden,  post  town  and  township,  Pe- 
nobscot county,  Muine,  10  miles  SSW 
from  Bangor.     Popidation  in  1820,  1442. 

Hampden,  county  of  Massachusetts, 
bounded  S  by  Connecticut ;  W  by  Berk- 
shire;  N  by  IL»r.>pshire,  and  E  by  Wor- 
cester ;  ifiigth  45;  mean  width  13;  area 
585  square  miles.  Surface  very  much 
varugated  by  hill,  dale,  and  mouniain 
sct-nery.  Soil  fertile  ar.d  well  cultivated. 
Chief  town,  Springfield. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  ...     13,800 

do.  do.  females         ...     13,915 


303 
4,127 
1,548 

389 


Total  whites                 -        -        -  27,715 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      .  166 

do.            do.        females  .  140 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females     ....  0 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.         in  Manufac'ures 

do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  79. 

Hamillon,  flourishing  post  town  and  seat 
of  just.ce  for  Butler  county,  Ohio,  with  a 
printing  office,  a  bank,  14  mercantile  stores 
and  100  dwelling  houses.  It  i--  situated  on 
the  southeastern  side  oi  the  Great  Miami 
river,  25  miles  north  from  Cincinnati,  and 
105  s-uthwest  from  Columbus.  Lon.  W 
C7  30  W.  lat.  39  22  N. 

Hamiltoji,  township  of  "Warren  county, 
Ohio,  containing  1069  inhabitants. 

Hamilton,  fertile  township  on  the  cast 
side  of  Scioto  river,  in  Franklin  county. 


Total  population  in  1320 


28,021 


Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  28 

Engaged  in  Agrii  ulture  -  5,685 

do.        in  Manuf  ctures  -  1,430 

do.        ill  Commerce      -         •  60 

Populaiion  to  the  square  mile,  47. 

Hampden,  township  of  Gt  auga  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,296. 

Hampshire,  county  oi  Massachusetts,  on 
both  sides  of  Connecticut  river,  bounded 
by  Hampden  S  ;  Berkshire  W  ;  Franklin 
N  ;  and  Worcester  V, ;  length  38 ;  mean 
width  14;  area  532  sqiiaie  miles.  Sur- 
face most  highly  diversiiied  by  hill,  dale 
and  mountain.  Soil  generally  productive, 
and  well  cultivated.  Staples  grain,  fruit, 
389 


1£  A  M 

live  stock,  and    salted    provision.    Chief 
town,  Nor'.liampton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -  37,968 

do.  do.  females  ...  37,7ul 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -         -         -  6'  6 

Slaves         0 

Total  population  in  1810    .        .      76  275 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -         -        .       13,038 
do.  do.     females    ...      13,223 

Total  whites       ....  26,261 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  104 

do.              do.       females  112 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.    females            ...  Q 

Total  population  in  1820  -      26.477 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  16 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         5,868 

do.         in  Manufactures  -         -         1,103 

do.        in  Commerce       -         .  146 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  50. 

Hampshire,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  Hardy  SW  ;  the"  Potomac  river,  or  Al- 
Jeg:.ny  county  in  Maryland  NE  and  N  ; 
and  Berkeley  and  Frederick  SK  ;  length 
50;  mean  width  25;  area  1250  square 
miles.  Surface  extremely  mountainous, 
though  its  river  soil  is  highly  productive. 
Chiei  town,  Romney. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  niales        ...      4,478 

do.     do,    females  -        -      4,252 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .  -  -  .  124 
Slaves         .....  929 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


9,78:; 


Free  white  males     -        -        _ 
do.  do,  females 

4,893 
4,614 

Total  whites    .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.           do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 

do.    females          ... 

9,507 

52 

51 

675 

604 

Total  population  in  1820 


10,889 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturaliz-ed        -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,486 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  330 

do.     in  Commerce  -  16 

population  to  the  square  niile,  8. 

JTampstead,  village  in  Middlesex,   four 
390 


HAN 

mUes  NNW  of  London,  formerly  famous 
for  its  lie  icinal  'at  rs.  It  is  seated  on 
th.  de  ivity  ,)t  a  lull,  on  the  top  o  which 
is  a  fine  heath  that  commands  a  delightful 
prospect. 

Hampsiead,  towrship  in  Rockingham 
county,  N.  w  Hampshire,  36  miles  W  by  S 
ot  Port  tiiOMth.     Population  18:0,  1098. 

Hampstearl,  townstiip  of  Queen's  county. 
New  Brunsw  ck,  right  bank  ot  St  Johns 
river. 

Hampstead,  pos  town  and  township, 
RocklaRcf  CO' nt\  New  York,  35  miles  NN 
W^from  New 'York.  Populatiou  1810, 
2072.  The  extensive  irow  works  called 
Ramapoo  works  are  in   his  township. 

Hampstead,  p-  si  village.  King  George 
coun  \,  Virginia. 

Humpton,  vilLige  in  Middl-  sex,  famous 
for  a  ro\  al  palace,  called  Hampton  Court, 
b'!iltby  ca  dii.al  Wolsey,  who  gave  it  to 
H  my  VII  It  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of 
the  Thames,  14  mi.es  SW  of  London, 

Hampton,  o  Minching  Hampton,  town  in 
Gloucestershire  with  a  markt-t  on  Tues- 
..ay  It  is  seat,  d  on  the  Coleswol  Hilis, 
14m-es  S  of  Gloucester,  and  9vj  W  of 
London.     Lon.  2  15  W.  lat   51  36  N 

Hampton,  small  maritime  po>t  town,  in 
Rocking!  am  county.  New  H  mp.shire, 
abi  ut  s  X  miles  E  of  Exeter,  between  Rye 
and  Newtown.  Inhabitants  in  182u,  1098. 
H  mpton,  lo^vnship  of  Windham  county, 
Co!  necticut,  on  the  E  side  of  Bigatew's 
river,  five  miles  N  of  Windham,  containing 
in  1820,  1313  inhabitants. 

Hampton,  township  ot  Washington  coun. 
ty.  New  Y.  rk,  situated  70  miles  NNEfrom 
Albany.     Population  in  1820,  963. 

Hampta7i  Falls,  post  town  and  township, 
Rockingham  county.  New  Hampshire,  10 
miles  SVV  from  Portsmouth.  Population 
1820,  572. 

Hampton,  seaport  town  in  Elizabeth  city 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  Hampton 
roail,  about  20  miles  NW  of  Cape  Henry, 
and  10  miles  E  of  York,  on  York  river. 
Lat.  37  N,   lon.  76  28  W 

Hamptonville,  post  town,  Sury  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Hariaii,  county  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Lower  Rhine,  which  belongs  to  its 
own  prince.  It  is  45  miles  in  length,  but 
the  breadth  is  small  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  county  of  hheinec  and  the  territo- 
ry oi  Fulde,  on  the  W  by  the  counties  of 
Weissembu  g  and  Soims  and  on  tiie  Nand 
S  by  the  territories  of  ilentz,  and  Franc- 
fort. 

Hanau,  strong  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  countj  ot  the  same  name.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  towns,  the  Old  and  the  New, 
and  is  seated  near  the  Maine,  18  n-ilesNE 
ot  Darmstadt.  Here  is  a  university  with 
several  manufactures,  and  a  very  consider- 
able traffic.    Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  49  56  N, 


HAN 


M  A  N 


Weuicock,  eounty  of  Maine,  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  O'-.ean  S;  by  Lincoln  and 
Kennebec  S\V  ;  by  Penobsc,.  N  W  and  N  ; 
and  VVasiiington  B.  Ivs  for  n  is  ve.y  irre- 
gular, inciudiiig  ihe  numero  s  islands  and 
peninsulas  SE  trom  the  mo  ith  of  Penob- 
scot river.  T'lis  re  iders  an  estimate  of  its 
length  diffictiit.  From  the  Fox  islands  to 
ScUoodic  lake  is  upwards  of  90  mdes.  The 
area  may  be  est  mated,  including  the 
islands,  300l»  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
Castine.  t, 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  15,481 

do.  do.  females  .  -  -  14,459 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

hot  taxed        ....  91 

Slaves      -       .       .       -       .  0 

Total  population  in  1810    -         -       30,031 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -       15,964 
do.    do.    females  -        -       15,285 

Total  whites    -        -        -  31,249 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  21 

do.            do.        females  20 

Slaves,  males           -        -       _  o 

do.     females        -       -       _  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -      31,290 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  147 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -  5,250 

do.         in  Maimfac  ures       -  706 

do.        in  Commerce             -  1,085 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Hancock,  post  village  and  township, 
Hdlsb  rugli  cunt},  New  Hampshire,  13 
miles  Fi  from  Keeiie.  Population  in  1820, 
1178. 

Hancock,  post  village  and  township,  Ad- 
dison count  ,  Ve  m  nt,  30  mdes  SW  from 
Monipe'  er.     Population,  350 

Hancock,  post  v  llage  an  i  township  of 
Beikshire,  Ma  s  ■  'busetts.  It  is  situ  <ed  be- 
tween Richiiond  and  Lamsborough,  on 
the  Ne-.v  York  line.  P  ip;ilaiion  in  1820, 
1165. 

Hancock,  post  village  and  'ownship  of 
De  aw  re  county,  New  York,  22  milt-s  SW 
from  Delhi.     Population  \n  1820,  525. 

Hancock,  post  town,  Salem  county,  New 
Jersey 

Hancock,  post  town  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  standing  on  ihe  N  side  of 
the  river  Potomac,  35  miles  W  of  Hagers- 
town 

Hancock,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  S 
E  by  Washington  ;  SW  by"  Balduine;  W 
by  Pumam  ;  NW  by  Green,  and  NE  by 
Warren ;  length  22 ;  mean  width  ^O  ;  area 


440  square  miles.  Surface  rather  waving' 
than  hilly.  Soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Spart;i 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -  -       3,575 

do.      do.     femules  -         -         3,274 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 35 

Slaves        -        .        -        .        .        6,456 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whi^e  males 
do.   do.    females    - 


13,330 


3,030 
2,817 


Total  whites       ....  5,847 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  9 

do.            do.         females  15 

Slaves,  males         ....  3,617 

do.     females     ....  3,246 


Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
E  gaged  in  Agr. culture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce        - 


12,734 


4 

4,313 

191 

95 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  32  nearly. 

Hancock,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  W  by 
Putnam  ;  N  by  Wood  ;  E  by  Seneca  and 
Crawford,  and  S  b\  Hardin.  l\  is  24  miles 
square ;  area  576  square  miles.  Surface 
level  and  soil  fertile.  It  was  formed  out  of 
the  New  purchase  subsequent  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1820, 

Hancock,  county  of  Mississippi,  bounded 
by  Lake  Boigne  S  ;  by  Pearl  river  or  Lou- 
isiana W  ;  by  Marion  and  Perry  N,  and  by 
Jackson  NE.  L'^ngth  40  ;  mean  width  25; 
area  900  square  miles.  Surface  level  in 
the  S,  a'ld  hilly  in  the  centre  and  northern 
parts.  Soil,  except  with  partial  excep- 
tions on  ihe  streams,  ste  iie  and  clothed 
with  pine.     Chief  town,  Shieldsboro. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 
do.    do.  females 


697 
445 

1,142 

65 

66 

171 

150 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,   ma'es     ■ 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.     females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820  -         1,594 

Ofthe'fe  ;  "" 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  38 

Engaged  in  .\ijri culture        -  -  153 

do.        in  Manufactures    -  -  130 

do.        in  Commerce        -  -  31 

Population  to  the  square  mile.  If. 

f?91 


II  A  N 


II  A  N 


Hancocks,  post  office,  Uiiioa  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Hiing-Tcheon  Foil,  caplial  of  the  province 
of  Tche-kiang.  in  China  It  is  four  leagues 
in  circumerence,  exclusive  of  its  suburbs, 
and  contains  more  than  a  million  of  inhabi- 
ants.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  lake,  called 
Si-hou!  has  under  its  jurisdiction,  seven 
cities  of  the  second  and  third  class  ;  and  is 
225  miles  SE  of  Nan-king.  Lon.  120  20 
E,  lat.  30  21  N. 

Hannibal,  post  town  and  township  of 
Oswego  county.  New  York,  SW  from  tlie 
mouth  of  Onondaga  rivei".  Population  in 
1820,  935. 

Hanover,  kingdom  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony.  It  contains  Ca- 
lenberg,  Gottingen,  Luneburg,  Hoya, 
Diepholty,  Hildesh-ini,  Oznaburg,  Verdun, 
Bremen  the  city,  Bremen  the  duchy,  Rent- 
heim.  East  Fnesland,  Lin'jen,  Rheina  and 
Meppen.  Area  14,600  square  miles,  and 
1,300,000  inhabitants. 

Hanover  is  an  aristocratical  monarchy,  if 
such  terms  are  admissble.  The  crown  is 
on  the  head  of  ihe  king  of  Kngland,  but 
represen'ed  by  a  regent  resident  in  Hano- 
ver. The  taxes  are  laid,  and  municipal  re- 
gulations made  by  and  with  consent  of  the 
states,  consisting  of  the  nobility,  clergy 
and  deputies  of  towns. 

The  country  with  the  exception  of  some 
spurs  of  the  Hartz  mountains,  is  a  level 
and  almost  undeviating  plain,  in  some 
places  extremely  fertile.  Produce  iron  and 
copper,  and  lead,  from  the  Hartz  ;  grain, 
timber,  live  stock,  &,c. 

Hanover,  fortified  city  of  Germany,  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name. 
In  its  neighbourhood  are  the  palace  and 
elegant  ga"d  ns  of  Herenh  iusen.  Hano- 
ver is  well  built,  contains  upwards  of 
15,000  iiihabitants,  and  has  manufactures 
of  lace,  stuff,  stockings,  ribands  a-nd  lea- 
ther. The  French  took  it  in  \757,  but 
were  soon  after  expelled.  They  took  it 
again  in  1803,  but  eviiCnated  it  in  1813.  It 
is  seated  on  boh  sides  of  the  Leine,  38 
miles  W  by  N  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  9  48 
E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Hanover,  post  village  and  township  of 
New  Hampshire,  in  Grafton  county,  on  the 
E  bank  of  the  Connecticut.  Three  miles 
S  of  the  village  and  near  the  same  river, 
stands  Dartmouth  college,  one  of  the 
most  respectable  seminaiies  of  education 
in  the  United  States.  Hanover  is  100  miles 
NW  of  Portsmouth.  Population  in  1820, 
ij222.     See  Dartmnuth   College. 

Hajiover,  post  village  and  township  of 
Plymouth  county,  M  ssachusetts,  15  miles 
NW  from  Plymouth.  Popvdation  in  1820, 
1211. 

Hanover,  village  in  Oneida  county.  New 
York,  on  Oriskany  creek,  12  miles  SW 
from  Utica. 

392 


Hanover,  post  village  and  towttsiiip, 
Chatauque  county,  New  York,  on  the  NK 
part  of  the  coantv.  Population  in  1820, 
2217. 

Hanover,  post  town  and  township,  Mor- 
ris county,  New  Jersey.  Population  in 
1820,  3503.  The  n!lag2  is  on  the  S  branch 
of  Passaick  river,  11  miles  W  from  New- 
ark. 

Hanover,  township  and  post  village  of 
Burlington  county.  New  Jersey,  on  Anco- 
cus  creek,  29  miles  NE  by  E  from  Phila- 
delphia, ar.d  12  miles  E  from  Mount  Holly. 
Population  1820,  2642. 

Hanover,  J^e-^u,  t)wnship  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Swamp  creek, 
branch  of  Perkiomen,  30  miles  NW  from 
Philadelphia.     Population  1820, 1320. 

Hanover,  Upper,  NW  township  of  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Perkio- 
men creek,  35  miles  NW  from  Philadel- 
phia.    Population  1820,  12f3 

Hanover,  post  village  and  township  of 
York  county,  Pennsylvania.  Population 
1820,  946.  The  village  or  borough  is  sit- 
uated between  thr  heads  of  tue  Codorus 
and  Conewago  creeks,  11  mdes  SW  from 
York. 

Hanover,  township  of  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  extending  from  the  Ncjco- 
peck  mountain,  and  Lehigh  river  to  the 
Susquehannah  river,  including  on  the  lat- 
ter a  part  of  old  Byoming.  Population  in 
1820,  879. 

Hanover,  East,  township  of  Lebanon 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  side  of 
Swatara,  20  miles  NE  from  Harrisburg.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1871. 

Honover,  West,  township  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  side  of 
Swatara,  10  iTiiles  NE  from  Harrisburg. 
Population  1800,  3015,  including  ihat  part 
of  East  Hanover  in  Dauphin  county.  Bethel 
and  Rush. 

Hanover,  township  of  Northampton  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  in  the  great  bend,  and  on 
the  left  side  of  Lehigh  river,  between 
Bethlehem  and  Allentown.  Population  in 
1820,  358. 

Hanover,  SW  township  of  Beaver  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  heads  of  Raccoon 
creek.     Population  1820,  1147. 

Hanover,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty, Ohio      Population  1820,  1486. 

Hanover,  village  of  Harrison  county,  five 
miles  S  from  C.idiz. 

Hanover,  to^vnship  of  Butler  county; 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1512 

Hanover,  tovvubh  p  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  594. 

Hanover,  county  of  Virgini;!,  bounded  S 
W  by  Henrico  &nd  Goochland  ;  NW  by 
Louisa;  NE  by  North  Anna  and  Piimunky 
rivers,  or  the  comtties  of  Spotsylvania  Ca- 
roline and  King  AVilliam  ;  and  SE  by  New 
Kent,    Length  40;  mean  width  16:  »rca, 


H  A> 

640  square  miles.  Surface  generally  hilly, 
soil  sandy  in  general,  though  along  the 
streams  much  excellent  alluvion  is  found. 
Staples  gr.iin,  flour  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  Hanover. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -         -         •       3,002 

do.  do.    females       ...       3,217 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ....         409 

Slaves  .....       8,454 


Total  population  in  1810       - 

15,082 

Population  in  1*820. 

Free  white  males 

2,9-1 

do.  do.     females 

3,159 

Total  whiles 

6,130 

I?ree  persons  of  colour,  males 

188 

do.            do.       females 

193 

Slaves,  males        -         -        -  '      - 

4,396 

do.     females 

4,260 

Total  population  in  1820 

15,267 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,554 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  51 

do.        in  Commerce        .        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile  23|. 

Hanover,  post  town,  Hanover  county, 
Virginia,  25  miles  NK  from  Richmond. 
Washington  academy  is  located  near  this 
town. 

Hanse  towns,  or  Hanseatic  Leas'tie.  In 
the  I3ih  century,  a  league  was  f(n-med  be- 
tween some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Ger- 
many, Poland  and  the  Netherlands,  ibr  the 
protection  of  trade.  It  yet  subsists,  though 
confined  to  Lubeck,  Hamburg,  and  Bre- 
men. This  respectable  confederacy  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  flourishing  state  of 
manufactures  and  commerce  in  the  nonh, 
and  had  n'>  trifling  share  in  preparing  tlie 
Way  to  the  present  civilizitlon  of  Eurojie. 

Hants,  county  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Hanuiic^Xovin  of  Austrian  Brabant,  20 
miles  SE  of  Louvain.  Lon.  5  16  E,  lat.  50 
41  N. 

Han-yang-fou,  populous  and  commercial 
city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou-quang. 
It  has  one  city  under  i'sjurisdiction. 

Hapaee,  name  of  four  of  the  Friendly 
Islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
plantations  are  numerous  and  extensive, 
and  some  of  them  are  enclosed  in  such  a 
manner,  that  the  fences,  running  parallel  to 
each  other,  form  spacious  public  roads,  that 
would  appear  ornamental  in  countries, 
where  rural  conveniences  have  been  earn- 
ed to  the  greatest  perfection.  These 
islands  extend  about  19  miles. 

Hapaal,   seaport  of  Livonia  in  llussia  in 
the  government  of  Revel,  scaled  oa  the 
o  D 


.     H  A  II 

Baltic,  hve  miles  SVV  of  Revel  opposite  the 
island  of  Dago.     Lon.  22  47  E,  lat,  57  4  N. 

Hapabiii'ff,  ancient  castle,  now  in  ruins, 
o:\  a  lofiy  eminence,  near  Schintznach,  in 
Sivisseriund.  famous  for  being  the  patri- 
mony of  liodolph  Count  of  Hapsburg,  who 
by  his  bravery  and  abilities  r.iised  himself 
to  the  imperial  throne  of  Germany.  The 
remains  of  it  are  inhabited  by  the  family 
of  a  peasant. 

Harborough,  town  of  Leicestershire,  with 
a  market  on  Tui.sd.ay,  seated  on  the  Wei- 
land,  14  miles  S  of  Leicester  and  83  N  by 
W  of  London.  It  is  observed  of  this  town, 
that  there  are  no  lands  belonging  to  it. 
Lon  0  62  W,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Harburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Lunenburg,  with  a  strong  castle. 
It  is  sealed  on  the  Elbe,  opposite  Ham- 
burg, equally  well  situated  for  trade  as  that 
c.ty,  and  is  37  miles  NW  of  Lunenburg. 

Ilarcourl,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Calvados  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  is  12  miles  S  of 
Caen. 

Hardeberg,  town  of  Germany,  52  miles  S 
of  Vienna  ;  it  is  situated  in  the  duchy  of 
Stiria.  ■  Lon.  16  12  E,  lat.  47  22  N.  _ 

Hardegseri,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Calenberg,  10  miles  NW  of 
Gottingen.  Il  has  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  leather. 

Ilardenberg,  town  .of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  it  is  13  miles  ENE  of  Dus- 
seldorp.    Lon.  6  43  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Hardenbiirg,  town  of  Overyssel,  situated 
on  the  Vecht,  10  miles  SW  of  Covoerden, 

Hardenbiirg,  post  village,  Breckenridge 
coun  y,  Kentucky.     See  Hardinsbiirg. 

Hardcnburg-milk,  post  office,  Delaware 
county.  New  York. 

Hardens  Cove,  post  village,  Randolph 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  East  branch  of 
Monongahela  river,  65  miles  above  Mor- 
gantown. 

Ilardar-wich,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
with  a  uitiversity.  It  was  often  taken  and 
retaken  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  16lh  cen- 
tury ;  the  French  did  it  a  great  deal  of 
damage  in  16/2,  since  which  time  it  has 
been  upon  the  decline.  It  is  seated  on  tke 
Zuider-Zee,  32  miles  E  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Hardin,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  NW  ;  Bullitt,  Nelson  and 
Washington  NE  ;  Greene  SE  ;  and  Hart, 
Giuyson  and  ^breckenridge  SW.  Length 
55  ;  mean  width  20 ,  area  1100  square 
miles.    Surface  extremely  hilly. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        3,314 

do.     do.     females  -        -        3,249 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -         -        -        -  28 

Slaves     -----  940 


?3 


H  A  K 


H  A  R 


Total  population  in  1810     -  7,531 

Population  in  1820; 
Free  white  mules 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites       ... 
I'ree  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females  - 
Slaves,  males 

do-    females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  9*. 

Hardin,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  by 
Hancock  N  ;  Crawfoid  and  Marion  E  ;  Un- 
ion and  Logan  S  ;  and  Allen  W,  It  is  24 
miles  square  ;  area  576  square  miles.  This 
county  was  formed  from  tlie  new  purcliase 
and  of  course  not  included  in  the  census 
of  1820. 

Hardin,  county  of  West  Tennessee,  on 
both  sides  of  Tennessee  river,  bounded 
by  Alabama  SE  ;  Mississippi  S\V  ;  Hen- 
derson county  W  and  N ;  and  Perry  and 
Wayne  E.  Length  30;  mean  width  22; 
area  660  square  miles. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  679 

do.     do.  females  -         -  638 


4,539 
4,470 

9,009 
19 

.  4 
767 
699 

10,498 


62 

2,673 

62 

So 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 


1,317 

4 

5 

81 

55 

1,462 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  255 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  8 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  1 

I'opulation  to  the  square  mile,  2  nearly. 

Hardin,  village  of  Shelby  county,  Ohio. 

Hardlnsbnrg,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Breckenridgc  county,  Kentucky,  45 
miles  Nfrom  Russelville,  asd  110  SW  by 
W  from  Frankfort. 

Hardiston,  townsliip,  Sussex  countv. 
New  Jersey.     Population  1820,  2160. 

Hardivick,  post  village  and  township  of 
Caledonia  county,  Vermont,  21  miles  NE 
from  Monlpeiier.     Population  750. 

Tlardu-ick,  lowrship  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  :  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Ware  river,  55  miles  W  from  Boston. 
394 


In  1820  it  contained  1657  inhabitants,  and 
in  1820,  1836. 

Hardivick,  township  of  Sussex  county. 
New  Jersey,  on  Delaware  river,  60  miles 
above  Easton  in  Pennsvlvania.  Population 
1820,  3360. 

Hardieick,  post  village,  Bryan  county, 
Georgia,  at  the  mouth  ot'Ogechee  river. 

Hardivick,  island  in  Johnson's  strait  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  Lon. 
W  C  48  45,  lat.  50  26  N. 

Hardy,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  by 
Maryland NW  ;  Hamps'iire  county  in  Vir- 
ginia NE  ;  Shenandoah  SE  and"  Rocking- 
ham, Pendleton  and  Randolph  SW.  Length 
42  ;  mean  width  17 ;  area  about  700 
square  miles.  The  South  branch,  and  vari- 
ous other  branches  of  the  Potomac  cross  this 
county  from  SW  to  NE.  The  surface  is 
excessively  mountainous,  and  soil  rocky, 
and  generally  barren.  Chief  town,  Moor- 
fields. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -  ■      -         -  2,333 

do.  do.     females    -        .        -  2,246 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  , 

not  taxed        .         -        .         .  197 

Slaves 749 


Total  population  in  1810, 
w. 
Population  i-n  1820. 
Free  while  males     ,- 
do.     do.    females     - 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        . 
do.    females 

Totj]  population  in  1820    - 


5,525 


2,337 
2,270 


5,700 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  19 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  1,273 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  98 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8^ 

Hare,  large  bay  on  the  E  side  of  the 
northern  peninsula  of  Newfoundland.  Lon. 
W  C  19  20  E,  Lt.  51  20  N. 

'Hardif,  county  in  the  state  of  Virginia, 
containing  5525  inhabitants  in  the  year 
1810. 

Harfeur,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  Its  fortifications  have  long 
been  demolished,  and  its  harbour  choked 
up.  The  English  took  it  by  assault  in  1415. 
It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  36 
miles  NW  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  19  E,  lat.  49 
30  N. 

Harford,  township  of  Susquehannah 
county,  Penu&yivania,  between  Martins  and 


n  A  R 


n  A  It 


VaYiwinkles  branches  of  Tunkhannock 
river,  12  miles  SE  from  Montrose.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  642. 

Harford,  county  of  Maryland,  bounded 
N  by  Pennsylvania ;  NE  by  Susquehannah 
river  ;  SE  by  Chesapeak  bay,  and  SW  and 
W  by  Baltimore  county  ia  Maryland, 
Length  30;  mean  width  16;  area  480 
square  miles.  Surface  undulating  rather 
than  hilly.  Soil  productive  in  grain,  pas- 
turage and  fruit.     Chief  town,  Ejllair. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        7,450 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  7,156 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ....  2,221 
Slaves         -         ...         -         4,431 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


21,258 


Free  white  males 

5,706 

do.   do.    females     ... 

5,511 

Total  whites      .        -        -        . 

'  11,21- 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     . 

691 

do.             do.         females, 

696 

Slaves,  males      -        - 

1,811 

do.  females 

1,509 

Total  population  in  1820 


15,924 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  37 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        •         1,782 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  395 

do.  in  Commerce  .  -  .  50 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

Harford,  post  town,  Harford  county, 
Maryland,  at  the  head  of  Bush  river 
bay  and  of  tide  water,  25  miles  NE  from 
Baltinnore. 

Harlebec,  town  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Lis,  three  miles  NE  of 
Ccartray.    Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  50  52  N 

Ilartech,  town  in  Mericnetlishire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  It  i.s  seated  on 
a  rock,  on  Cardigan  Bay,  and  but  a  poor 
place,  though  the  county  tnwn  and 
governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  28  miles  S 
SE  of  Carnarvon,  and  213  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  4  0  VV,  lat.  54  57  N. ' 

HarleesviUe,  post  village,  Marion  coun- 
ty, South  Carolina. 

Harlem,  or  Haerlem,  village  of  the 
county  of  New  York,  on  Harlem  river. 

Harlem,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  2I3. 

Harlem,  populous  city  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Netherlands.  This  place  claims 
the  invention  of  printing  ;  the  first  at- 
tempts in  the  art  being  attributed  to  Lau- 
rentius  Costa,  a  magistrate  of  the  city. 
It  is  situated  10  miles  W  of  Amsterdam, 
Loo.  4  38  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 


Harlem,  Mc7'e,  lake  of  Holland,  near 
Hark-m,  14  miles  long  and  the  same 
broad.  It  lies  between  Leyden,  Harlem, 
and  Amsterdam  ;  though  it  is  navigable, 
it  is  subject  to  dangtrous  storms ;  on 
which  account,  the  canals  from  Leyden 
to  Amsterdam  were  made,  which  are  a 
safer  passage. 

Harlesion,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  seated  on  the 
Waveney,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge, 
16  miles  S  of  Norwich,  and  IM  NE  of 
London.    Lon.  1  2o  VV   lat.  5J  26  N. 

HartiJig,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  seated  on  a  rivulei  ije- 
tween  Thetf^rd  ar,d  Buckiiigi.am  It 
manufactures  a  little  liiun- cloth,  and  is 
24  miles  SW  of  Norwich,  and  88  NE  of 
Lond  n.    Lon   0  58  _E,.  lat.  52  27  N. 

Harlingen.  s?ap;.rt  of  tiie  Unittd  Pro- 
vinces, in  Wcbt  Frieslaiid.  Thf  manu- 
factures are  salt,  bricks,  tiles,  and  all 
sorts  of  linen  cloth.  It  s  13  miles  W  of 
Lewarden.     Losi   5  14  E,  lat.  53  9  N. 

Zfor/ow.-towu  in  Essex,  seven  miles  N 
W  of  Chipping  On.i^ar.  O.i  .1  common, 
two  miles  fr;>m  the  town  is  a  fam  us  an- 
nual fair  on  the  9th  of  September,  called 
Harlow  Busi^.  Fair,  'nuch  tYkqucnled  by 
the  neighbouring  gentry. 

Harm'ans,  creek  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia,  rises  in  Washington  ci.ninty  in 
the  former,  and  falls  intu  the  Ohio  rivv  r, 
in  Brooke  county  in  thj  latter 

Harmony,  pos>t  t')wn  and  township, 
Somerset  county,  M^.ine,  25  miles  E 
from  Norridgewock.  Population  in  1820, 
584. 

Harmony,  township  of  Chatauque 
county.  New  York,  S  from  Chauuique 
lake.     Population  in  1820,  C4j. 

Harmony,  post  village,  Suase  x  county, 
New  Jersey. 

Harmony,  post  town,  Butler  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Conaquenessing  creek, 
14  miles  SW  by  W  from  Butler,  and  12 
NE  by  E  from  Reaver. 

Harmonif,  township  nf  Clark  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1820.  1412, 
•  Harmony,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Posey  crtunty,  Indiana,  en  the  left 
bank  of  the  Wabash.  It  was  settled  by  • 
the  sect  called  the  Harmonists,  after 
their  removal  from  Harmony,  in  Butler 
county,  Pennsylvjiuia  In  their  new  es- 
tablishment, they  have  formed  'an  exten- 
sive woollen  -manufactory,  asid  have 
commenced  the  cultivation  of  the   vine. 

Harper's  Ferry,  post  village,  Jefferson 
county,  Vir  'inia,  en  the  right  bnnk  of 
Potomac  river,  at  the  month  of  Shenan- 
doah river.  05  milesbv  i  ^nd  above  Wash- 
ington. Thejustly  celebrated  jj^iL^-age  of 
the  Potomac,  through  the  B:uc  Kidge  is 
at  this  place.  The  United  States  has  an 
395 


!!   \   R 

armoury  and  manufactory  ci  afms  es- 
tablished here,  in  whicli,  about  260  men 
are  annually  employed. 

Harfiersfield,  post  town  and  towns-hip, 
of  Delaware  county,  New  Yoik,  55  miles 
SW  from  Albany,  and  on  a  creek  of 
Charlotte  river,  branch  of  Susquehan- 
nah      Population  in  1820,  1884. 

Jlarpemjield,  township  in  the  western 
part  of  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  763. 

Harfieth,  post  village,  Williamson 
county,  Tennessee. 

Harfionellu,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  \S2  miles  NNVV  of  Seringa- 
I)atam,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Mysore  country.  Lon.  75 
28  E,  lat.  14  40'N. 

Harfisiveli,  township  of  Cumljerland 
county,  Maine,  40  miles  E  from  Portland 
Population  1253. 

Harria.  or  Jlardinland,  province  of  Li- 
vonia, lying  on  the  NW  part  of  the  gulf 
of  Finland.     Revel  is  the  only  town. 

Harrington,  township  of  Washington 
county,  Maine,  28  miles  W  from  Machi- 
as.    Population  in  1820,  723. 

Harrington,  township  of  Bergen  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
2296. 

Harrisborough,  village  of  Richmond 
county,  Georgia,  a  little  below  Augusta. 

Harris durg,  borough,  seat  of  justice  for 
Dauphin  county,  and  seat  of  government 
for  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  Susqnehannah  river,  96  miles 
from  Philadelphia  and  35  from  Lancas- 
ter. The  upper  part  of  the  site  of  Har- 
risburgh,  is  a  gently  swelling  hill  or  high 
bank  between  Susquehannah  river  and 
Paxton  creek.  The  lower  part  extend- 
ing on  the  level  bottom  or  plain,  above 
the  mouth  of  Paxton.  The  town  ex- 
tends in  three  streets,  parallel  to  the 
river  and  several  cross  streets.  The 
middle  part,  opposite  the  bridge,  is  toler- 
ably well  built.  The  bridge  is  a  fine 
structure  of  its  kind,  resting  on  stone 
piers,  with  a  roof.  *  It  is  composed  of  two 
parts,  extending  over  the  two  channels- 
of  the  Susquehannah,  on  each  side  of  an 
island  opposite  tlie  town.  'I'he  state 
capital  is  an  elegant  edifice,  erected  on 
the  highest  part  of  the  hill,  on  which 
part  of  the  town  stands.  From  the  cu- 
pola of  the  state  house,  is  one  of  the  finest 
inland  landscapes  in  Pennsylvania,  em- 
bracing a  wide  extent  of  cultivated  coun- 
try, swelling  hills,  the  meanders  of  the 
river,  and  the  adjacent  mountains.  Be- 
side the  state  hou-e  or  capital,  Harris- 
burgh  contains  a  court  house,  market 
house,  and  a  number  of  places  of  public 
worship.     Population  in  1820,  2990. 

ITarlan,  SE  county  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
396 


J I   A  li 

C'l  by  Cumberland  Mountain  or  Virginia 
SE  ;  Tennessee  SW;  Whltely  W  ;  Knox 
and  Perry  NW ;  and  Floyd  NR.  Length 
80  ;  mean  width  12  ;  area  about  720 
square  miles.  Surface  rocky,  hilly  and  in 
part  mountainous.  Soil  in  great  part  bar- 
ren. This  county  was  formed  from  Knox, 
in  which  it  was  included  in  the  census  of 
1810. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  953      4 

do.    do.  females  -        -  898      'j 

Total  whites        -•       -        -        -  1,851 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      •  1 

do.              do.      females  -  1 

Slaves,  males       ....  58 

do.    females              -         -         -  50 

Total  population  in  1820  -       1,961 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  492 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  1 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3  nearly. 

Uarrisbtirg,  post  village  of  Lancaster 
county,  Cieorgia. 

Harriaort,  townsliip  of  Cumberlasid  coun- 
ty, Maine,  40  miles  NW  from  Portland. 
Population  1820,  789. 

Harrison,  township  of  IJroomc  county. 
New  York:.     Population  1820,  uncertain. 

Harrison,  towni-hip  of  Westchester  coun- 
ty. New  York,  30  miles  NE  from  New 
Yf.rk.     Population  1820,  994. 

Harrison,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  by 
Lewis  S  ;  Wood  W  ;  Tyler  NW  ;  Monon- 
galia NE  ;  and  Randolph  SE  ;  length  50  : 
mean  width  22  ;  area  about  1100  square 
miles.  Surface  exccssiveiy  broken  with 
higli  hills.  Soil  upon  the  streams  in  many 
places  highly  fertile,  but  in  general  rocky, 
or  stony  and  part  barren.  Chief  town, 
Clarksbt'.rg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...       4,939 

do  do.  females  -  -  -  4,509. 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •         ^         .         .  51 

Slaves,  -  ...  459 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  mates 
do.  do.     females 


9,958 


5,484 
5,816 


Total  whites        ...        -  10,300 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  36 

do.                do.    females    -  27 

Slaves,  males     .        -         •         -  258 

do.    females           ...  311 


Total  population  in  1820. 


10,932 


ir  A  R 


H  A  R 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  2 

Enp^aged  in  Agriculture      -         -        2,071 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  248 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Harnson,  county  of  Keniucky,  bounded 
by  Bourbon  S  ;  Scott  and  Owen  W  ;  Pen- 
dleton N  ;  Bracken  NE  ;  and  Nicholas  E  ; 
length  23  ;  mean  width  15  ;  area  about 
330  square  miles.     Chief  town,  Cynthiana. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males       ...        3,372 

do.  do.  females  -  -  .  3,266 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  9 

Slaves 1,105 


Total  population  In  1810    -        -        7,752 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,011 

do.    do.    females  -        -        5,040 

Total  whites             -        -        -  10,051 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  43 

do.             do.       females  47 

Slaves,  males           -        -        -  1,019 

do.    females         _       _        -  1,118 

Total  population  in  1820  -      12,271 

Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  15 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,857 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  389 

do     in  Commerce  -  i2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  37. 

Ifarrison,  coun'y  of  Ohio,  bounded  by 
Stark  and  Coh'mbiana  N;  Jefierson  E; 
Belmont  and  Guernsey  S  ;  and  Tuscara- 
ra  W ;  length  27 ;  width  24  ;  area  450 
square  miles.  It  is  an  elevated  and  hilly 
region,  with  a  tolerably  fertile  soil.  Chief 
town,  Cadiz. 


Free  white  males 
do:  do.    females 

7,289 
7,028 

Total  whites                .         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      • 

do.            do,    females   - 

Slaves,  males              ... 

do.    females           -        -         . 

Total  population  in  1820 

14,317 
21 
7 
0 
0 

14,345 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do.       in  Commerce 

289 

2,487 

557 

19 

Harrison,  SE  township  of  Stark  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  518. 

Harrison,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Ohio,  on  Alhim  creek.  Population  1820, 
426. 

Harrison,  township  on  the  E  side  of  Ross 
ctivmty,  Ohio.     l'opu!a>ion  1820,  unctrtain. 

Harri'sun,  SW  lownship  of  Dark  county, 
Ohio.     Population,  1820,  907. 

Harrison,  townsiiip  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  1820,  uncertain. 

Harrison,  township  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio,  E  from  Sciota  river.  Population  in 
1820, 534. 

Harrison,  township  of  lacking  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  S  fork  of  Licking  river.  Po- 
pulation 1820,357. 

Harrison,  post  village  and  township. 
Champaign  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820.  332. 

Harrison,  township  of  Prebble  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  815. 

Harrison,  post  village  of  Ohio  and  In- 
diana, It  is  remarkable  as  standing  on 
the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  two 
states,  one  part  being  in  Hamilton  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  and  the  other  in  Dearborn,  In- 
diana. 

Harrison,  village  of  Knox  county,  Ohio, 
15  miles  SE  from  Mount  Vernon. 

Harrison,  county  f  Indiana,  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  SE,  S,  and  SW ;  Big  Blue 
river  W ;  Washington  N,  and  Floyd  N 
E  and  E.  Length  30  ;  mean  width  14 ; 
area  about  410  square  miles.  Surface 
hilly,  but  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Co- 
rydon. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...       1,866 

do.    do.     females      ...       1,696 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 12 

Slaves  .....  21 


Population  to  the  square  mile  32  nearly. 

Harnson,    township   of    Gallia    county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  475. 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.     female 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufiictures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 


3,595 


4,038 

3,768 

7,806 

36 

3o 

0 

0 

7,875 


1,531 
0 
0 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  19  nearly. 
Harrison,  post  village  and  township, 
597 


H  A  II 


H  A  11 


Population    Total  population  In  1820 


4,184 


0 

1,235 

126 


of  Harrison  county,  Indiana 

1200." 

Harrison,  township  of  Franklin  coun-       Of  these; 
ty,  Indiana,  25  miles  NW  from  Cincin-    Foreigners  not  naturalized 
nati.    This  township  is  remarkable  for    Engaged  in  Agriculture 
the  number  and  magnitude  of  aboriginal       do.       in 'Manufactures   - 
remains  found  within  its  limits.    .  do.        in  Commerce        -        -  >> 

Harrisonburg,   post  town  and   seat  of   Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 
justice,  Rockingham  county,  Virginia,  on       Hartford,  or  Hertford,  the  county  town 
one  of  tiie  branches  of  Shenandoah  river,    cf  Hertfordshire,  seated  on  the.river  Lea. 
25  miles  NNE  from  Staunton,  and  40    It  sends  two  members  to  parliament;  and 
miles  NNW  from  Charlotte vi He.  its  market  is  oh  Saturday,  the  chief  com- 

Harrisori's   Store,  post  office,   Bruns-    modities  of  which  are  wheat,  malt  and 
■wick  county,  Virginia.  wool ;  and  it  sends  5000  quarters  of  malt 

Harrison's  Store,  post  office,  Franklin    to  London  weekly  by  the  river  Lea. 
county.  North  Carolina.  Hartford,  post  village  and  township,  Ox- 

Harrisonville,  post  town  and  seat  of   ^^j.^^   countv,  Maine,  12  miles  NE   from 
justice,  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  en  the    ^^,^1^,    Population  in  1820,  1133. 
left  bank  of  the    Mississippi,    opposite        //art/or^f,  post  village   and  township,  of 


Herculaneuni  30  miles  below  St.  Louis. 

Harrisville,  post  village,  Brunswick 
county,  Virginia. 

Harrisville,  post  village  and  township, 
of  Medina  county,  Ohio,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  county.  Population  in  1820, 
231. 

Harrisville,  post  town,  Harrison  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  9  miles  NE  from  Cadiz. 

Harrodsburg,  post  town  in  Mercer 
countv,  Kentucky,  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
Salt  River,  30  miles  south  from  Frankfort, 
the  capital  of  the  state.  ^        elevated  but  very  distinct  mountains, 

//arroe-aiff,  village  m  the  W  riding  ot    „„/ i:.^:f„,i   ^.,  •,<=  «mci^r„  Km-ri^r  Ku  ,. 


Windsor  county,  A^ermont,  15  miles  above 
Windsor.     Population  2000. 

Hartford,  county  of  Connecticut,  on  both 
sides  of  Connecticut  river ;  bounded  by  the 
state  of  Massachusetts  N  ;  by  Tolland  E  ; 
New  London  SE  ;  Middlesex  and  New  Ha- 
ven S,  and  Litchfield  W.  Length  32 ; 
mean  width  23  ;  area  about  740  square 
miles.  Surface  very  diversified,  being 
traversed  by  the  Connecticut  from  north  to 
south,  and  on  both  sides  of  that  stream,  at 
a  distance  of  7  or  8  miles  by  chains  of  not 


Yorkshire,  in  the  parish  of  Knaresbo- 
rough,  noted  for  medical  springs ;  one  of 
which  is  the  strongest  sulphur  water  in 
Great  Britain.  It  is  206  miles  N  by  W 
of  London. 

Harroiv,  village  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
highest  hill  in  the  county ;  on  the  sum- 
mit of  which  is  the  church,  with  a  lofty 
spire.  Here  is  a  celebrated  free-school, 
founded  by  Mr.  John  Lyons,  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  10  miles  WN 
W  of  London. 

Hart,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  bath  sides 
of  Green  river;  bounded  by  Barren  S  ; 
"Warren  SW ;  Grayson  W  ;  Hardin  N,  and 
Gr-ene  E.  Length  30;  nr.ean  width  11; 
area  320  square  nniles.  Chief  town,  Madi- 
sonville.  Surface  level,  and  on  both  sides 
of  Green  river,  in  great  part  occupied  by 
that  species  of  soil  denominated  barrens. 
Hart  county  has  been  since  1810,  formed 
out  of  par'  of  Hardin  and  Barren  counties, 
and  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1810. 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  while  males         -       ,-         -         1,825 
do.  do.  females  -         1,747 


and  limited  on  its  western  border  by 
third  ridge.  The  river  valleys  of  the  Con- 
necticut and  Farmington  (see  Fannington') 
a.*j  exuberantly  fertile,  and  highly  cultiva- 
ted. Much  of  the  high  land  is  also  pro- 
ductive, in  grain  and  pasturage.  The  as- 
pect of  the  county,  is  indeed  that  of  pros- 
perous and  active  industry.  Chief  town, 
Hartford. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -      21,747 

do.    do.    females         -        -      22,049 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 


Total  whites       .         -         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.  females 

398 


3,572 


not  taxed 
Slaves         -         -         .         .         . 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    -        -        -        - 
do.    females 


920 
17 


9 

293 

303 


7    Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


44,735 


22,599 
23,428 

46,027 

601 

589 

9 


47.234 


106 


H  A  R 


H  A  R 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        7,919 

do.        in  Manufactures'       -        3,305 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  626 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  63  j. 

Hartford,  city  of,  capital  of  Coimecticut, 
and  seat  of  justice,  for  Hartford  county,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of^Jcnneclicut 
river,  about  50  miles  above  its  mouth,  14 
miles  above  Middletown  by  land,  and  34 
miles  froiTi  New  Haven.  The  site  of  tiie 
town  rises  by  rather  a  steep  acclivity  from 
the  river,  to  an  extensive  plain.  The  miiin 
sheet  extends  along  the  latter.  A  large 
creek  rising  ii>  the  Farmington  hills,  crosses 
the  city  nearly  at  right  angles,  aijd  is  tra- 
.versed  by  a  substantial  bridge  on  tiie  mairi 
street.  Surrounded  by  a  thickly  popula- 
ted and  well  cultivated  country.  Hertford 
is  a  very  active  and  flourishing  place  ;  iris 
at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  The 
amount  of  >hipping  owned  here,  is  between 
9  ai,d  10  thousand  tons. 

Public  buildings,  besides  common  schools 
and  places  of  public  v/orship,  are;  a  state 
.house,  state  arsenal,  2  banks,  2  ensurance 
companies^  7  or  8  printing-  officer,  an 
academy,  museum,  and  an  assylum  for  the 
deaf  an4  dumb.  The  Connecticut  river  is 
crossed  opposite  the  city  by  a  fiii'  bridge, 
erected  at  a%expense  of  upwards  §100,000. 
Lon.  W  C  4  22  E,  lat.  41  46.  Population 
•  in  1820,  4726. 

Hartford,  township  of  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  including  ihe  city  of  the  sam'e 
name.  Population  in  1820,  exclusive  of 
the  city,  2175. 

Hartford,  township  and  post  village,  of 
Washingtor^ounty,  New  York,  oii  a  branch 
of  Wood  creek,  54  miles  N  from  Albany. 
Population  in  1820,  2493. 

Hartford,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Pulaski  county,  Georgia,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Oakmulgee  river,  50  miles  SSW  from 
Milledgeville.  j 

Hartford,  post  towii  and  seat  of  justice, 
Ohio  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Green  river,  45  m'lles  N  from  llussel- 
ville. 

Hartford,  post  village  and  township, 
Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  Population  in 
1820,  625. 

•    Hartford,  N\V  township  of  Licking  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  285. 

Hartford,  po^t  village,  Dearborn  county, 
Indiana,  on  Lougtiery  creek,  7  miles  from 
Lawrenceburg,  and  5  from  Oiiio  river. 

Hurttand,  town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  oi  the 
Bristol  Channel,  near  a  promontory  called 
Hartland-point,  28  miles  W  of  Barnstable, 
and  213  W  by  S  of  LoHdon.  I.an.  4  31  W, 
lat.  51  12  N. 

Hartland,  post  town  in  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  lying  on  the  W  side  of  Connec.i- 
cut  river,  about  nine  miles  N  of  Windsor. 
The  township  has  2400  inhabitants. 


Hartland,  NW  township,  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  on  the  east  brunch  of  F.ar- 
mington  river.     Population  in  182u,  1254. 

Hartland,  NE  townsh'.p  o'  Niagara  conn. 
ty,  New  York,  on  lake  Ontario  Popuia- 
tion  in  1820,  1448. 

Hartlepool,  seaport  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. It  is  16  miles  SE  of  Dur  lam,  and  254 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  W,  lat.  54 
47  N. 

Hartlelon,  post  town,  and  NW  township, 
Union  county,  Pennsylvania.  Population 
in  1820,  1239. 

Hartley,  iown  in  Northunv-erland,  NW 
of  Ti  mouth,  whet e  lord  DeLival  has  con- 
st: ucte;!  a  haven,  whence  coal  s  shipped  to 
London.  Here  are  l.rge  -y-A^.,  copperas,  and 
glass,  works;  ind  a  canal  has  been  cut 
through  a  solid  rock  to  tii<^  Jiarbour. 

Hitrtx''  Store,  post  office,  Alberinarle 
county,  Virginia. 

Hurtsville,  post  village.  Summer  county, 
Ten.'.esjee. 

Hartville,  post  village,  on  a  branch  of 
Wappingers  creek,  Dutcliess  coui.ty.  New 
York,  12  miles  NE  by  E  from  Poughkeep- 
sie. 

Hurtivick,  post  town,  and  township,  Ot- 
sego ciunty.  New  York,  5  miles  S\V  from 
C  -operstown.     Population  in   1820,  2579. 

Hth^iz,  muuntainous  and  f  n-est  dis'rict, 
princ'pally  in  the-  south  of  Hanover,  in 
North  Germany.  It  is  particu.a;  ly  remarka- 
ble for  the  quant  ay  and  excelit-nce  of  its 
minei-al  tre,;su-es,  especially  iron,  c.ipper 
and  lead.  The  ama;  1  tenth  of  the  iron 
mines,  prod  ices  a  revenile,  exceeding 
115,000  pounds  sterling,  upwardsof  510,000 
dolkrs 

Hariz^erode,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
situated  near  the  Har'.z  moiiniains  in  the 
priacipahtv  of  Anhalt  Bei'nburg,  Lon.  11 
2  E,  tat.  51  46  N. ' 

Hansard,  post  town  and  township,  Wor- 
cester county,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  NE 
from  Worcester.  Population  in  1820, 
1597. 

Harvard  CoUejd.-  See  Cambridge,  Mid- 
dlesex  county,  JMassachnsetts. 

Harvey's  Island,  island  in  the  South  Sea. 
Lon.  151  48  W,  lat.  19  17  S. 

Harwich,  seaport  and  borough  in  Essex, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday  and  Friday. 
Here  the  i)ack.  t  boats  aresl^itioned  that  go 
to  Germany  and  Holland.  Harw.ch  is  42 
miles  E  bv  N  of  Clielmsford,  72  EXE  of 
London.  "Lon.  1  25  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Huv-Mch,  post  town  and  township,  iu 
Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  Barnstable  Bay,  nine  miles  from  Cha- 
tham, and  eight  from  Yarmouth,  containing 
1942  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820, 
1980. 

Hnr-wich,  township  of  Kent  county.  Up- 
per Canada,  extending  between  lake  Erie 
and  the  river  Thames. 
399 


11  A  T 


H  A  V 


Jfanvinton,  post  village  and  township, 
Litchfield  county,  Massachusetts,  23  miles 
west  from  Hartford.  Population  in  1820, 
1500. 

Hasbat,  province  of  Africa,  in  Barbaiy, 
and  in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Jfaselfelde,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Saxony. 

Haslem,  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Cate- 
gate  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  N  of 
Zealand.     Lon.  11  51  E,  lat.  56  21  N. 

Haslemere,  borough  in  Surry,  with  a  mar- 
ket  on  Tuesday.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  12  miles  S\V  of  Guild- 
ford, and  43  of  London.  Lon.  0  3&  W,  lat. 
51  6  N. 

Haslingdeii,  town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  16  miles  N  by  W 
of  Manchester,  and  196  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Hasselt,  handsome  town  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the 
Vecht,  five  miles  N  of  Zwoll. 

Hasselt,  town  of  Germany  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Demer,  20  miles 
NW  of  Maestricht. 

Hassli,  small  territory  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  county  of  Bern. 

Hastenbeck,  town  in  the  principality  of 
Calenberg,  in  Lower  Saxony,  five  miles  SE 
of  Hamelin.  Here  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land  was  defeated  by  the  French  under 
Marshal  D'Estres. 

Haste  Rival'  Mills,  post  office,  Culpepper 
county,  Virginia. 

Hastiiigs,  borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It 
is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  Here  William  the 
Conqueror  landed,  in  1066,  and  Harold  II. 
was  slain  in  battle.  It  is  24  miles  E  of 
Lewes,  and  64  SE  of  London.  Lori.  0  46 
E,  lat.  50  52  X. 

Hatborongh,  post  village,  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Penepack  creek, 
17  miles  N  from  Philadelphia. 

Hatchy,  Big,  river  of  Tennessee  and  Mis- 
.sissippi,  rises  in  the  latter,  and  flowing  N 
W,  enters  Henderson  and  Madison  coun- 
ties in  the  former,  gradually  turns  to  W, 
and  enters  Mississippi  river,  at  lat.  35  30  N. 

Hatfield,  township  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  line  between  that 
and  Bucks  county,  24  miles  NNW  from 
Philadelphia.     Population  in  1820,  756. 

Hatfield,  town  in  Herts,  with  a  market 
on  Tl^uirsday.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
see  ef  Ely,  but  was  alienated  to  the  crown 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Sir  Itobert  Ce- 
cil, aflerwai-d  earl  of  Salisbury,  built  the 
present  magnificent  seat  called  Hatfield 
House.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lea,  20 
miles  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 
51  48  N. 

Hatfield-Jiroad-Oak,  or  Hatfield  Regis, 
town  in  Essex,  w  ith  a  market  on  Saturdav, 
40:> 


30  miles  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  E, 
lat.  51  48  N. 

Hafield,  post  village  and  township, 
Hampsiiire  county,  Massachusetts,  5  miles 
above  Northampton.  Population  in  1820, 
823. 

Hatherl^,^o\vn  in  Devonshire,  on  a  branch 
of  the  river  Towridge,  with  a  market  on 
Friday,  26  miles  NW  of  Exeter,  and. 201 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  9  W,  lat.  50 
52  N. 

Hatley,  township  of  Richelieu  and  Buck- 
ingham counties.  Lower  Canada,  on  lakes 
Mempiiramagog,  Scaswaninfepus,  and  To- 
mefobi.  • 

Hatiem,  town  of  Dulch  Guelderland-, 
seated  on  the  Yessel,  five  miles  SW  of 
Zvveil, 

Hattengen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  JMarck, 
seated  on  the  Roer,  17  miles  ENE  of  Dus- 
seldorp.     Lon.  7  14  E,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Hatieras,  cape  of  North  Carolina.  It  is 
the  salient  point  of  a  very  long  reef  of  sand 
extending  from  Ocracock  to  New  Inlet. 
The  cape  propeily  so  called  is  at  lon.  W 
C  1  30  E.  lat.  35  15  N. 

Havanna,  city  and  seaport  on  •the  NW 
part  of  Cuba,  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  the  capital  of  the  island.*  The  houses 
are  elegant,  built  of  stone,  and  the  churches 
are  rich  and  magnificent.  The  harbour  is 
capable  of  containing  upwards  of  1000 
vessels,  and  the  entrance,  so  narrow  that 
only  one  ship  can  enter  at  a  time,  is  defend" 
ed  by  two  strong  forts,  called  the  Moro 
and  the  Puntal ;  there  are  also  many  other 
forts  and  platforms,  well  furnished  with 
artillery.  Here  all  the  sliips  that  come 
from  tile  Spanish  settlements  rendezvous 
on  their  return  to  Spain.  This  city  was 
taken  by  the  English,  in  1762,  but  restor- 
ed to  the  Spaniards,  in  1763.  It  is  seated 
on  the  W  side  of  tLw  harbour,  and  water- 
ed by  two  branches  of  the  river  Lagida. 
Lon.  W  C  5  02  W,.  lat.  23  12  N. 

HavatU,  town  in  Hampshire,  between 
F.u-eliam  and  Chichester,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday,  seven  miles  NE  of  Portsmouth, 
and  64  VV  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  53  E, 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Havel,  river  of  Germany,  in  Brandenburg> 
which  empties  itself  into  the  Elbe, 

Havelberc-,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elect- 
oiate  of  Brundei.burg,  with  a  secularized 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Havel, 
57  miles  NW  of  Brandenburg.  Lon.  12 
26  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Havenslcin,  small  village  in  Suabia, 
where  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  which  was 
thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  in  1356. 
The  town  is  situated  en  the  Rhine,  13  miles 
NW  ofBaden. 

HiLverfurd,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
Pennsvlvartia,  containing  754  inhabitants 


tt  A  U 


HAW 


in  1810;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Derby- 
creek,  bout  six  miles  W  of  P!iilade!pin<«, 
Haver- ford iveH,  borough  in  We  nbroke. 
The  assizes  are  kept  here.  It  is  15  miles 
S  by  E  of  Si.  Divid's,  nd  ,329  W  by  N  of 
London.     Lin.  5  0  W,  Lt  51  50  X. 

Hnverhill,  onsiderable  pust  town  and 
township  in  Rssex  cuuntv,  Massachusetts, 
l_ving  on  the  NW  side  of  the  river  Merri- 
mack, at  the  distance  of  15  miles  VV  from 
Newburyport,  and  32  N  from  Boston;  it 
carries  on  a  brisk  trade,  foreign  and  do- 
mestic.     Population  1820,  3070. 

Kiverhill,  post  town  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampsiiire,  on  the  E  side  of  Connec- 
ticut river,  35  miles  NW^  by  N  ot  Dart- 
mouth college.     Population  1820, 1609. 

Haverill,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Wednes;iay,  and  a  manufacuire  of 
checks,  cottons  and  fustians.  It  appears 
by  the  ruins  of  a  church  and  castle,  to  have 
been  of  more  consequence  formerly  than 
now.  It  is  16  miles  SW  of  Bury,  and  59 
NE  of  London.  Lon.  0  28  E.j  lat.  52  6 
N. 

Havering  Boiver,  village  in  Essex,  three 
miles  NE  of  Kumford.  It  was  once  the 
seat  of  a  royal  palace,  in  which  died  Joan, 
queen  of  Henry  IV. 

Haverstraiv,  post  town  of  Rockland  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  1866  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river  33  miles  N  of  New  York, 
and  120  S  of  Albajiy. 

JTavre-cIe- Grace,  considerable  seaport  of 
France,  in  t!)e  department  of  Lower 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  on 
the  English  Channel,  in  a  large  plain  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Seine.  It  is  a  small 
fortified  town,  divided  into  two  parts  by 
the  harbour,  surrounded  with  a  wall,  antl 
other  works,  and  defended  by  a  strong  ci- 
tadel, which,  together  with  its  foreign 
trade  makes  it  one  of  the  most  important 
places  in  France,  It  is  45  miles  W  of 
Rouen,  and  112  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  U 
E,  lat.  42  29  N. 

Havre-de- Grace,  considerable  seaport 
town,  in  Hartford  county,  Maryland;  situa- 
ted at  the  head  of  Chesapeak  bay,  in  the 
lat.  of  39  35  N,  and  lon.  of  76  8  W.  It  is  a 
principal  enire  pot  of  tiie  lumber  and 
grain  brought  down  the  river  Susquehan- 
nah,  it  has  a  post  office,  and  is  37  miles  NE 
from  Baltimore. 

Hante-rive,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  U])per  Garonne,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Arriege,  Lon. 
1  26  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Hautvilliers,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marne  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  where  the  best  champagne  is 
made.  It  is  seated  on  the  Marne,  20  miles 
S  by  E  of  Ilheims. 

Hato,     river  of  North   Carolina,    wliicli 
rises    in    Rockingham    county,    near    the 
:3  E 


northern  border  of  the  state,  and  flowing: 
SE  joins  Deep  river  in  Chatham,  and  forms 
the  NFE  branch  of  Cape  F-.  ar  river. 

Hawick,  pleasantly  situated  town  in  Ilnx- 
burghshire,  sealed  on  the  Tiviot  amid 
v.'o  ids,  rocks,  cataracts,  and  bridges,  15 
miles  SW  of  Kelso. 

Haivke,  townsliip,  Rockingham  county, 
New  Ha  npshire,  20  miles  SW  from  Ports- 
mouth.    Popuiatiini  i  i  1820,  421. 

Haivk'biirii,  river  of  New  Holland,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  far  inland,  and  flow- 
ing E,  falls  into  Broken  bay. 

Hawkeshury  Toiunship,  in  the  county  of 
Prescott,  Upper  Canada,  lies  on  the  Otta- 
wa river  adjoining  to  Lower  Canada. 

Hrwkins,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bounded 
by  Virginia  N  ;  Sullivan  county  in  Tennes- 
see E  .  Greene  aid  . I  jffers  in  S;  Grainger 
W,  and  Claiborne  NW.  Lengt'i  40  ;  mean 
width  17;  ai-ea  4S0  square  miles.  Sur- 
face very  much  broken  by  hills  and  moun- 
tains. Being  traversed  by  Holston  river, 
in  the  entire  length  of  the  country,  and 
drainsd  by  numerous  minor  branches,  it 
contains  much  excellent  alluvial  soil.  Chief 
town,  llogersville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -         .^        3  473 

do.  do.  females  -         .        3,225 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -         -         .         .  j5 

Slaves 930 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -        7,643 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        .        4,876 

do.    do.    females  -        .        4,432 

Total  whites  .        .        _        9,308 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  151 

do.            do.        females,  i59 

Slaves,  males            -        -        -  659 

do.    females         -        ,        .  672 

Total  population  in  1820  -      10,949 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  12 

Engaged  in  Airriculture  -        1,802 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  191 

do.    in  Commerce  -  17 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  23  nearly. 

Haivley,  post  town  and  township,  Frank- 
lin county,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  SW  by 
W  from  Greenfield.  Population  in  1820, 
1089. 

Hatukshead,  town  in  Lancashire,  situated 
in  Fourness,  24  miles  NNW  of  Lancaster, 
and  273  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  54 
24  N. 

Haws-water,  lake  in  Westmoreland,  S  of 
Penrith,  three  miles  long,  and  half  a  sr.ile 
401 


HAY 


H  E  B 


over  in  some  places.  It  is  almost  divided 
in  the  middle  by  a  promontory  of  enclo- 
sures, so  that  it  consists  of  two  sheets  of 
water. 

Haiothornden,  ancient  building,  a  few 
miles  to  tiie  SB  of  Edinb-iri,di,  famous  for 
some  artifici.d  caves  cut  oui  of  the  solid 
rock  ;  it  W.-JS  the  seat  of  Drummond  the  poet 
and  historian. 

Hay,  town  in  Brecknockshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seated  between  the 
Wvll  and  Dulas,  15  miles  NE  of  Brecknock, 
and  151  VV  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  4  W, 
lat.  51  59  N. 

Hay  Bay,  in  the  township  of  Fredericks- 
burgh,  running  south-w^esterly  into  East 
Bay,  makes  the  fork  of  the  north  channel 
of  the  bay  of  Quinte,  Upper  Canada. 

Haycock,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  tbe  N  side  of 
Tokickon  creek,  22  miles  NW  oFXewton, 
and  contained  836  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820,  926. 

Haye,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  lately  in  the 
province  of  Touraine.  It  is  memorable  for 
being  the  birthplace  of  Des  Cartes,  and 
seated  on  the  Creuse,  25  miles  S  of  Tours, 
and  135  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  46  E,  lat.  46 
56  N. 

Hayhham,  town  in  the  county  of  Sussex, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  of 
Lewis,  and  58  SE  of  London.  Lon.  0  20 
E,  lat.  50  55. 

Haymarket,  post  town  in  Prince  William 
county,  Virginia ;  at  the  distance  of  38 
miles  W  from  Washington. 

Haymarkct,  village  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  on  the  east  bank  of  Mu.skingum 
river,  9  miles  above  Zanesville. 

Jlaynes,  SE  township  of  Centre  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  Penns  valley.  Population 
in  1820,  2350. 

Haywood,  western  county  of  North 
Carolina  ;  bounded  by  Georgia  S  ;  Tennes- 
see NW,  and  Buncombe  E.  It  is  nearly  in 
form  of  a  right  angled  triangle,  with  the 
base  58  miles  on  Georgia,  and  the  perpen- 
dicular on  Buncombe,  50  miles  on  Bun- 
combe county ;  area  1450  square  miles. 
The  great  body  of  the  county  is  an  eleva- 
ted mountain  valley,  drained  by  different 
branches  of  Tennessee  river.  Soil  in 
general,  rough,  rocky,  and  barren,  but  with 
some  remarkable  exceptions  near  the 
streams. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males       -       -        -      1,366 

do.    do,    females  -        -      1,236 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

-     .     -       in 


1,888 
1.892 


not  taxed 
Slaves 


4,073 


0 

594 

15 

9 


Total  population  in  1810 

402 


2,780 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -       -        - 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites    .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.    in  Manufactures 

do.    in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2|. 

Hay~Moodsborottgh,  post  town  of  Chatham 
county,  North  Carolina,  in  the  forks  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  46  miles  above  Fayette- 
ville. 

Hazlegreen,  post  office,  Madison  county, 
Missouri. 

Hazlepatch,  post  office,  Knox  county, 
Kentucky. 

HazktorCs  Ferry,  post  office,  Knos  coun- 
ty,  Indiana, 

Headford,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Galway,  and  province  of  Connaught,  12 
miles  N  of  Galway.  Lon.  0  3  W,  lat.  22 
12  N. 

Head  of  Elk,  post  town,  Cecil  county, 
Maryland,  near  the  head  of  the  bay  of 
Chc^apeak,  on  a  small  river  of  its  own 
name.  It  enjoys  great  advantages  from 
the  carrying  trade  between  Baltimore  and 
Fhiladelphia,  being  about  50  miles  from 
each. 

Head  of  Chester,  post  village,  Kent  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  about  50  miles  E  from  Balti- 
more. 

Head  of  Sassafras,  post  village,  Kent 
county,  Maryland,  about  50  miles  NE  by  E 
from  Baltimore. 

Heath,  post  village  and  township,  Frank, 
lin  county,  Massachusetts.  Population  in 
1820,  1122. 

Heath  Point,  SE  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Anticost  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Hebrides,  or  TFesterji  Islafids,  numerous 
islands  on  tbe  W  coast  of  Scotland,  on  the 
principal  of  which  are  Skye,  St.  Kilda, 
Lewis  and  Harris,  Uist,  Cannay,  Staffa, 
Mull,  Jura,  and  Islay,  The  situation  of 
these  islands  in  the  great  Atlantic  Ocean, 
renders  the  air  cold  and  moist  in  the  most 
of  them, 

Hebrides,  J\''exu,  a  cluster  of  islands,  lying 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
Quiros  in  1606,  and  considered  as  part  of 
a  great  southern  continent,  under  the  name 
of  Tierra  Australia  del  Espiritu  Santo. 
They  were  next  visited  by  Bougainville  in 
1768,  who  did  no  more  than  discover  that 


II  E  I 


H  E  L 


Ihe  land  was  not  connected,  but  composed 
of  islands,  which  he  called  the  Great  Cy- 
clades.  Captain  Cook,  in  1774,  ascertain- 
ed the  extent  and  situation  of  the  whole 
groupe,  and  gave  them  tlie  name  they  now 
bear.  They  lie  between  14  25  and  20  4  S, 
lat.  and  166  41  and  170  21  E  Ion.  extend- 
ing' 125  leagues, 

Hebron,  town  of  Palestine,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  an  eminence  on  which  are  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  castle  The  sepulchre 
of  Abraham  is  shown  here  which  is  visited 
by  Christians  and  Mahometans.  It  is  25 
miles  SW  of  Jerusalem. 

Hebron,  post  town  and  township,  Oxford 
county,  Maine,  9  miles  S  from  Paris. 
Population  in  1820,  1727. 

Hebron,  post  village  and  township,  Graf- 
ton county,  Nev/  Hampshire,  35  miles  N 
from  Concord.     Population  in  1820,  572. 

Hebron,  post  town  in  Tolland  county, 
Connecticut,  18  miles  SE  ot  Hartford. 
Population  in  1820,  2094. 

Hebron,  post  village  and  township.  Wash, 
jngton  county,  New  York,  50  miles  NNE 
from  Albany.     Population  in  1820,  2754. 

^ecA?Za,  mountain,  and  volcano  of  Iceland, 
rising  to  about  5000  feet,  40  miles  SE  from 
Skalholt. 

Hector,  post  village,  and  SW  township, 
Tompkins  county,  New  York,  between  Se- 
neca and  Cayuga  lakes.  Population  in 
1820,  4012. 

Hedjas,  holy  land  of  the  Mahometans,  ex- 
tending along  the  NE  shore  of  the  Red 
Sea,  and  including  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Hedomora,  town  of  Dalecarlia  in  Sweden, 
seated  on  the  lake  Hafran,  famous  for  the 
gunpowder  made  here  ;  it  is  55  miles  NW 
of  Upsal.     Lon.  17  7  E,  lat.  60  14  N. 

Heideberg,  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of  Schuyl- 
kill river,  commencing  six  miles  above 
Reading,  at  the  mouth  of  Cacoosing  creek. 
Population  1820, 3605. 

Heidelberg,  post  town  of  Lebanon  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  30  miles  E  from 
Harrisburg,  and  about  the  same  distance  N 
from  Lancaster.  It  is  the  chief  lown  of 
Heidelberg,  the  NE  township  of  the  coun- 
ty. Population  of  the  township  in  1820, 
2384. 

Heidelberg,  township  in  the  western  part 
of  York  county,  Pennsylvania.  Population 
1820, 1313. 

Heidelberg,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  celebrated 
university.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool- 
len stufis,  carpets,  silk  stockings,  velvet 
and  soap.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  palati- 
nate, and  celebrated  for  a  great  tun,  which 
held  800  hogsheads ;  but  it  has  undergone 
so  many  calamities  by  war  and  fire,  tliat  it 
is  not  so  large  as  formerly.  The  protest- 
ant  electoral  house  becoming  extinct  in 
1693,  a  bloody  war  ensued,  in  whicli  the 


castle  was  ruined,  and  the  elector  remov« 
ed  his  residence  to  Munheim.  The  French 
took  possession  of  this  to^nm  180U,  and  in 
1803  it  was  given  to  the  elector  of  Baden. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  12  miles  SE  of  M;iiiiieun,  and  52  S 
of  Frankfort.     Lon.  8  .38  E,  l..t,  49  21  N. 

Heidenheim,  town  of  Suabia,  and  in  the 
teri'itory  of  Brentzhali,  witli  a  handsome 
palace  belonging  to  llie  liouse  oi  Wurtem- 
burg.  It  was  takt n  oy  the  Fiench  m  Au- 
gust, 1796,  and  is  22  miles  N  of  Uim.  Lon. 
10  9  E,  lat.  48  47  X. 

Heila,  town  of  Western  Prussia  in  Po- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  ihe  Vistula,  oa  tiie 
Baltic  Sea,  12  miles  N  of  Uantzic.  Lo:». 
19  25  E,  lat.  54  53  N. 

Heilegen  Have,  seaport  of  Holstein  ia 
Germany,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  opposite 
the  Island  of  Femeren.  Loo.  10  57  E.  lat. 
54  30  N. 

Hdligoland,  island  of  the  German  Ocean, 
belonging  to  the  king  of  Denmark ;  it  is 
seated  between  tlie  mouths  of  the  Eider 
and  the  Elbe.     Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  54  21  N. 

Heiligensludt,  town  of  Gensany,  belong- 
ing  to  the  elector  of  Mentz,  capital  of  the 
territory  of  Etchset.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Geisland  and  Leina,  30 
miles  NW  of  Eisnach.  Lun.  iO  14  E,  lat 
51  22 N. 

Helena,  St  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
27  miles  in  circuit,  belonging  to  the  Eng- 
lish East  India  Company.  It  lies  between 
the  continents  of  Alrica  and  South  Ameri- 
ca, about  1200  miles  W  of  the  former,  and 
1800  E  of  the  latter;  and  was  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese,  in  1502,  on  St.  Helena 
day.  Afterward,  the  Dutch  were  in  pos- 
session of  it  till  1600,  when  they  were  ex- 
pelled by  the  English  in  1673,  the  Dutch 
retook  it  by  surprise ;  but  it  was  soon  after 
recovered.  It  has  some  high  mountains, 
particularly  one  called  Diana  Peak,  which 
is  covered  with  wood  to  the  very  top. 
There  are  other  hills  also,  which  bear  evi- 
dent marks  of  a  volcanic  origin,  and  some 
have  huge  rocks  of  lava  and  a  kind  of  half 
vitrified  Hags.  Tlie  chief  inconvenience  to 
which  the  island  is  subject,  is  want  of  rain  ; 
however,  it  is  fiir  from  being  barren,  the 
interior  valleys,  and  little  hills,  being  co- 
vered with  verdure,  and  interspersed  with 
gardens,  orchards  and  various  plantations. 
There  are  also  many  pastures,  surrounded 
by  enclosures  of  stone,  and  filled  with  a  fine 
breed  of  small  cattle,  and  with  English 
sheep  ;  goats  and  poultry  are  likewise  nu- 
merous. The  inhabitants  do  not  exceed 
3000,  Including  near  500  soldiers,  and 
1600  blacks,  who  are  supplied  with  corn 
and  manufactures  by  the  company's  ships 
in  return  for  refreshments.  The  town, 
called  Jamestown,  is  small,  situate  at  the 
bottom  of  a  bay  on  the  S  side  of  the  island, 
between  two  steep  dreary  mountains,  Thrs 
403 


II  E.  L 


11  E  M 


jsiaiul  has  now  become  cla^^slc  ground  in 
history  by  becoming  the  place  of  exile,  and 
death  of  the  emperor  Napoleon,  and  con- 
taining the  grave  of  this  ex'raordinary 
man.  He  was  landed  on  the  isl.tmi,  Octo- 
bi-r  16th,  1815  ;  dird  on  the  5th,  and  was 
interred  on  the  Qtli  of  May,  1821,  aged  ol 
years,  eight  nionths,  and  20  days.  id.  wa.v 
born  at  Ajacoo  in  Corsica,  August  l5th, 
1769. 

Eden's  St.  town  in  East  Medina  in  the 
isle  of  Wight.  It  has  a  large  bay,  and,  in 
a  war  with  France,  is  often  the  station  o; 
the  royal  navy. 

Helicon,  r,ow  Scmgma,  mountain  of 
Greece,  in  Boeolia,  near  the  gulf  of  Co- 
rinth. 

Heller,  St.  little  island,  near  the  town  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  bay  of  St.  Aubin, 
on  the  S  side  of  Jersey. 

Helier,  St.  capital  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
in  the  English  Channel,  seated  in  the  bay 
of  St.  Aubin,  where  it  ha^  a  harbour  and  a 
stone  pier.  The  inbabitants  are  computed 
to  be  2000. 

Heligoland,  or  Helgoland,  island  in  the 
German  Ocean,  abi  ut  28  miles  distant  from 
the  moutli  of  the  Weser,  Elbe  and  Kjder. 
This  island  has  two  good  liarbours,  and 
about  2000  inhabitants.  It  has  been  m  pos- 
session of  the  British  since  1807.  Lon.  7 
55  E,  lat.  54  UN. 

Hellgate,  strait  of  New  York,  between 
Long  Island  and  West  Chester  county.  It 
unites  Long  Island  Sound  to  the  East  river, 
eight  miles  from  New  York. 

Hellespcnt,  now  Dardanells,  river  or  strait 
uniting  the  sea  of  JIarmora,  with  that  of 
the  Archipelago.  It  extends  in  a  NE  and 
SVv"  direction  about  50  miles,  differing  in 
width  from  one  to  ihrce  miles. 

Helmsdale,  river  in  Sntherlandshire, 
which  descends  from  the  mountains  bor- 
dering on  Caithness-shire,  and  empties  it- 
self into  the  German  Ocean,  where  there  is 
a  good  salmon  fishery. 

Helmoiit,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in  the 
low  countries  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
on  the  Aa,  17  miles  SE  of  Bois-le-Duc,  and 
20  W  of  Venlo.    Lon.  5  67  E,jlat.  51  31  N 

Helmsley,  or  Helmsley-Blackmore,  town  in 
the  N  riding  of  Yorkshire,  in  Rhidalvale, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  had  form- 
erly a  castle,  for  the  defence  of  this  part 
against  the  Scotch  invaders,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Rye,  20  miles  N  of  York,  and  220 
N  by  W  of  London.      Lon.  1  0  W^  lat.  54 

19  N. 

ffetmstadt,  town  of  Brunswick  and  Low- 
er Saxony  in  Germany,  with  a   university, 

20  miles  SE  of  Brunswick.     Lon,  11  16 
E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Helmstadt,  strong  iT,aritime  town  of  Swe- 
den, and  capital  of  a  province  of  Holland. 

Helsinburg,  or  Eluinburg,  seaport  of  Swe- 
den in  the  province  of  Gothland  and  tcr- 
494 


ritoryof  Schonen,  seated  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Sound,  seven  miles  E  of  Elsi- 
nore,  and  37  S  of  Halmstadt.  Lon.  13  2 
E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Hdmngfors,  town  of  Swedish  Finland, 
with  a  harbour  reckoned  almost  the  best  in 
the  kingdom.  It  is  150  miles  E  of  Abo. 
Lon.  25  0  E,  lat.  60  2U  N. 

Hdsingia,  province  of  Sweden,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Jempterland  and  Madelpadia, 
on  the  E  by  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  on  the 
S  and  W  by  Dalecarlia  and  Austricia.  It 
is  full  of  mountains  and  forests,  and  tiie 
employment  of  the  inhabitaitts  is  hunting 
and  fishing. 

Hehton,  town  in  the  county  of  Cornwall, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  seaied  on  the 
Cober,  near  ij.s  influx  into  Mounts-bay.  It 
is  one  of  the  towns  appointed  for  the  coin- 
age of  tl;e  tin,  and  the  place  of  assembly 
for  the  W  division  of  the  shire.  It  is  go- 
verned  by  a  ma)  or,  sends  two  members  to 
parluimeiit  and  has  the  largest  market 
house  in  the  county.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Low,  and  is  11  miles  SW  of  Falmouth 
and  274  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  5  15  E, 
lat.  50  2  N. 

Helvcelshiys,  seaport  of  Holland,  on  the 
i.sland  ot  Yoorn,  whtre  the  Eogh..h  packet 
boat  always  goes.  It  is  but  a  smali  place, 
consisting  only  of  a  handsome  quay,  and 
iwuor  three  litik  streets.  Here  some  of 
the  Dutch  men  if  war  are  laid  up  in  ordina- 
ry ;  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  Janua- 
ry 1795  ;  and  is  five  miles  S  of  the  Briel. 
Lon  4  23  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Hemlock,  lake  of  New  York,  in  Livingston 
county,  discharges  into  Genesee  river  by 
Honeoy  creek. 

HemwingJ'ord,  township  of  Huntingdon 
county  Lower  Canada,  34  miles  S  from 
Montreal,  and  adjoining  Clinton  county, 
New  Yoik. 

Hemjjield,  township,  Lancaster  county, 
Pennfjlvaiiia  ;  situated  on  the  NE  side  of 
Susquehannih,  and  containir g  3431  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  m  1820,  3339.  It  is 
now  divided  into  E  and  AV  Hempfield. 

Hempfeld,  township  of  Westmoreland 
countv,  Pennsylvania,  containing  3444  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  3885.  It  is 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  Big  Sewickly 
creek,  about  25  miles  SE  of  Pittsburg. 
The  chief  town  Is  Greensburg. 

Hempsted,  or  Hemel  Hempsted,  corporate 
town  in  Herts,  with  a  market  on  Thursday, 
seated  among  the  hills  on  a  branch  of  the 
Coin,  18  miles  SW  of  Hertford,  and  23  N 
"VV  of  London.    Lon,  0  15  W,  lat,  51  47  N. 

Hempstead,  post  town  on  Long  Island,  in 
Queen  Ann's  county.  New  York,  23  miles 
E  of  the  city.  It  issltuated  on  the  edge  of 
an  extensive  plain,  16  miles  I'lng,  and  vary- 
ing in  width  from  one  to  about  four  miles. 

Hempstead,  county  of  Arkansas.  Limits 
and  relative  position  uncertain. 


HEN 


HEN 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .        .        - 
do.   do.    females    -        .        - 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        . 
do.    females   -        -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820   - 


2,489 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  .  592 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  12 

do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

*  Hen  and  Chickens,  groupe  of  small  islands 
in  the  VV  part  of  lake  Ene,  and  N  from  the 
Bass  Islands.  By  tlie  decision  of  the  com- 
missioners appointed  to  settle  the  bounda- 
ry between  the  U.  S.  and  Canada,  the  line 
runs  between  the  Bass  Islands  and  Hen 
and  Chickens. 

Henbxiry,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  near 
Bristol,  two  miles  from  St.  Vincent's  Rock. 
In  this  parish  is  a  camp,  with  three  ram- 
pires  and  trenches,  supposed  to  have  been 
British.  In  digging  up  this  hill  in  1707, 
great  numbers  of  Koman  coins  were 
found. 

Henderson,  post  village,  and  township, 
Jefferson  county.  New  York,  on  lake  On- 
tario, between  Chaumonl  bay,  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  river.     Population  1820,  1919. 

Henderson,  county  of  Ken'.uck),  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  N  ;  Davies  couity,  Kentuc 
ky  E  ;  Hopkins  S  ;  and  Union  W  ;  length 
36  miles ;  mean  width  16^  ;  area  600 
square  miles.  Suriace  iiilly,  and  soil  fer- 
tile.    Chief  town,  Henderson. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females    . 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        > 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules 
do.  do.     females    - 

Total  whites       .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  18^0 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


1,670 
1,489 

20 
1,514 

4,693 


1,821 
1,598 

3,419 

18 

12 

1,106 

1,159 

5,714 


Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,749 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  210 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  40 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9^. 

Henderson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Henderson  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Ohio  river,  about  200  miles  by 
water  below  Louisville,  and  44  above  the 
mouth  of  W;^bash  river. 

Hendersons,  post  village,  York  district. 
South  Carolina. 

He-nderston,  post  town,  Montgomery 
county.  North  Carolina. 

Hendersonville,  NoUaway  couniy,  Virgia- 
ia,  on  Little  Nottaway  ri^r,  45  miles  SW 
by  W  from  Petersburg. 

Hendersonville,  or  Henderson^s  ferry,  post 
village,  Newbury  di-strict,  South  Carolma, 
30  miles  above  Columbia, 

Hendersonville,  post  village,  in  Sumner 
county,  Tennessee;  20  miles  N  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Hendrick's  store,  post  office,  Bedford 
county,  Virginia. 

Heneago,  or  Heneagas,  the  two  most 
northern  islands  of  the  groupe  of  the  Baha- 
mas. 

Henley,  corporate  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
on  the  'i'hanes,  over  which  is  a  lundsome 
stone  bridge,  and  sends  malt,  corn,  wood, 
&c.  to  London,  by  barges.  It  is  24  miles 
SE  to  Oxford,  .;nd  35  W  of  London,  Lon. 
0  46  VV,  lal.  51  2,3  N. 

Henley,  town  on  the  AIne,  10  mil  s  NW 
of  Warwick,  and  202  NISW  oi  London. 
Lon.  1  50  W,  lal.  52  23  N. 

Henley-House,  station  of  the  Hudson  bay 
compuny,  on  Alb  ny  river.  Loi;.  W  C  8 
05  W.lut.  52  14  N. 

Hevlupen  Cupe,  cape  oi  Uelnware  state, 
oppt'site  10  Cape  Miv,  ai  ttie  entrai  ce  of 
Delaware  bay.,    Lat.  38  55,  U.n,  75  \^  . 

Henncberg,  coimty  ot  Ger.-xiany  iii  the 
circle  oi  Franconia  ;  it  is  bouhded  cm  tiie 
N  by  'I'hunngia,  un  the  \V  by  Hose,  on 
ti;e  S  by  tlie  bishopric  of  VVurtzburg,  and 
on  the  E  by  that  of  Bamberg.  Mainungen 
is  the  capital. 

Henneberg,  town  of  Franconia,  in  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  wuh  a  castit,  34 
miles  NW  of  Banib.  rg,  Lon  10  3b  £,  lat. 
50  40  N 

Hennehon,  own  <i  l-':unc<:-,  now  in  the 
deparimeiit  of  M.,ibil,aM  and  iuieiy  in  the 
proviocf  ot  B  et:Agne,  seated  ()'>  the  river 
B;avet,  22  miles  NV\  of  Vannes  bite.  260 
miles  \V  by  S  of  I'aris.  Lon.  3  4  W,  lat. 
47  50  N. 

Hennchemont,  town  of  Frnce,  now  in 
the  department  of  Cher  and  late  province 
of  Bt-  rry.  it  was  the  capital  of  a  district 
which  Henry  IV.  gave  to  his  miii  siei  the 
duke  of  SuUy.  It  it.  seated  on  the  tsandre, 
15  mi'f-s  NNE  of  Bourges. 

Hemico,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
James  river  or  Chesterfield  SW;  Gooch' 
405 


HEN 


«  EN 


knd  NW ;  Hanover  and  New  Kent  NE, 
and  Charles  City  SE.  Length  30 ;  mean 
width  10  miles;  area  300  square  miles. 
Surface  moderately  hill)-.  Soil  generally 
of  ffiiddling  quality.  Chief  town,  Rich- 
mond. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     ... 

do.  do     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ... 
Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females     - 

Total  whites      -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.   females 

Total  population  in  1820 


2,111 

2,273 

715 
4,846 

9,945 


2,546 
2,772 


11,600 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  42 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -        2,469 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  455 

do.       in  Commerce     -  -  27 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38^. 

Henrietta,  township  of  Monroe  county. 
New  York,  on  Genesee  river.  Population 
in  1820,  2181. 

Henry,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded  by 
North  Carolins  S  ;  Patrick  county  in  Vir- 
ginia W  ;  Fianklin  N,  and  Piitsylvania  E, 
It  averages  about  20 miles  ?qtiare;  area  400 
square  miles  Surface  broken,  and  soil 
generally  rather  sterile.  Chief  town,  Mar- 
tinsville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.  do.    females     ... 
All  othei-  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        . 
Slaves      ..... 


1,823 
1,818 

215 
1,575 

5,611 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -       -       -        1,650 
do.    do.    females         .       •        1,671 

Total  whites    .       -       - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  -        -       - 

do.     females        -       -       - 

Total  population  in  1820         -        5,624 

406 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -        1,87§ 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  151 

do.        in  Commerce  -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14. 

Henry  Cape,  cape  of  Virginia,  the  south 
point  of  the  entrance  into  Chesapeak  bay, 
Lon.  W  C  1  E,  lat.  36  58  N. 

Henry,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded  by 
Jefferson  SW;  Obio  river  W;  Gallatin  N 
and  NE  ;  Kentucky  river,  or  Owen  county 
E,  and  Shelby  S.  Length  32 ;  mean  width 
12^ ;  area  400  square  miles.  Surface  hilly 
and  broken ;  but  soil  productive.  Chief 
town.  New  Castle. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wiiites,  males  -         -       3,023 

do.      do.    females  -        -        2,60^ 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 11 

Slaves- 1,137 


Total  population  in  1810  6,777 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        4,452 
do.   do.    females    ...        4,356 

Total  whites      -        -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males        ... 
do.    females    ... 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -      10,816 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        •  1,685 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  111 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  .3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  27. 

Henry,  county  of  Ohio,  in  the  New  Pur- 
chase ;  bounded  N  by  the  territory  of 
Michigan  ;  by  Wood  county  E  ;  by  Putnam 
S,  and  WiiJiamd  W  ;  length  31;  mean 
width  24 ;  area  about  450  square  miles. 
This  county  is  crossed  by  Maumec  river, 
and  contains  a  great  extent  of  excellent 
land. 

Henry,  SE  county  of  Alabama,  bounded 
by  Chatahoocbe  river  E ;  Florida  S  ;  Co- 
vington W,  and  Pike  N.  Length  50 ; 
mean  width  27  ;  area  1350  square  miles.- 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


Total  whites 

Fiee  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males     ... 
do.    females 


1,133 
878 

2,011 

1 

0 

326 

300 


HER 


HER 


'f  otal  population  in  1829 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -        •  773 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  4 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Henry  Point,  the  east  point  of  Haldimand 
Cove,  Upper  Canada,  which  is  formed  by 
it  and  Point  Frederick  on  the  west. 

Hemhaia,  township  in  the  NW  part  of 
Trumbull  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
uncertain. 

Heppenheim,  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  with  a  castle  and  an 
abbey.    Lon.  8  41  E,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Heraclea,  ancient  seaport  of  Romania, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  was 
very  famous  in  ancient  times  ;  and  there 
are  still  considerable  remains  of  its  former 
splendour.  It  is  50  miles  W  of  Constanti- 
nople.   Lon.  27  58  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Herat,  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan,  160 
miles  SE  of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  0  E,  lat. 
34  30  N. 

Herault,  one  of  the  departments  of 
France,  so  named  from  a  river  which  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Lyons.  It  includes  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Languedoc ;  and  the 
capital  in  Montpellier. 

Herbemont, \.o\vn  of  Austrian  Luxemburg, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Semoy,  three  miles  NW  of  Chiney. 

Herborn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Rhine  and  territory  of  Nas- 
sau, with  a  famous  tmiversity  and  woollen 
manufactui'e,  eight  miles  S\V  of  Uillen- 
burg.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  0  40  N. 

Herculaeiieiim,  ancient  city  of  Italy,  five 
miles  E  by  S  from  Naples.  It  was  over- 
whelmed by  an  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvi- 
us, AD.  79. 

Hercutaeneum,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Jefferson  county,  Missouri,  30  miles 
below  St.  Louis,  and  30  above  St.  Gene- 
vieve ;  and  36  from  Mine  A  Burton,  in  the 
lead  mine  district.  It  is  the  chief  empori- 
um of  the  lead  made  at  the  various  mines 
in  the  interior. 

Hereford,  capital  of  Herefordshire.  It  is 
24  miles  WSW  of  Worcester,  and  130  W 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  35  W,  lat.  52  4 
N. 

^ere/or<fsAjre,  county  of  England,  nearly 
of  a  circular  form,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Worcester  and  Gloucester,  on  the  S  by 
Monmouthshire,  on  the  W  by  Radnor- 
shire,  and  Brecknockshire,  and  on  the  N 
by  Shropshire.  lis  length  from  N  'o  S  is 
46  miles.  Us  breadth  from  E  to  W  40,  and 
its  circumference  220.  Population  1801, 
97,557;  in  1811,  111,654;  and  in  18^1, 
129,714. 


2,638  Hereford,  township  of  Buckingham  couh- 
— ~  ty.  Lower  Canada,  on  the  head  waters  of 
Connecticut  river,  and  bounded  on  Ver- 
mont. 


Hereford,  NE  township  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  branches  of 
Perkiomen  creek.  Population  in  1820, 
1431. 

Herenthals,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  Nethe,  20  miles  NE  of  Lon- 
vain.     Lon.  4  54  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Herford,  or  Hervorden,  free  imperial 
town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Ravensberg,  with  a  famous  nunnery  be- 
longing to  the  protestants  of  the  confes- 
sion of  Augsburg,  whose  abbess  is  a  prin- 
cess of  the  empire.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Aa,  17  miles  SW  of  Minden.  Lon.  8  47 
E,  lat.  52  9  N. 

Hergrundt,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  re- 
markable for  its  mines  of  vitriol,  which  are 
extremely  rich.  The  miners,  who  are  nu- 
merous have  built  a  subterraneous  town. 
It  is  65  miles  N  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  15  E, 
lat.  48  30  N. 

Heri,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  two 
miles  NNW  of  Ternate.  It  is  pretty  high 
and  not  more  than  two  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  appears  to  be  in  a  perfect  slate 
of  cultivation,  and  well  inhabited. 

Herisau,  considerable  commercial  town 
of  Swisserland,in  the  canton  of  Appenzel. 
It  is  famous  for  its  manufactures  of  very 
fine  linen  and  muslin.  It  is  seven  miles 
SW  of  St.  Gall. 

Herk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Leige,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Ueraer, 
two  miles  W  of  Maestricht.  Lon.  5  58 
E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Herkimer,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  Otsego  S  ;  by  Oneida  and  Lewis  W  ; 
St.  Lawrence  N  ;  and  Hamilton  and  Mont- 
gomery E  ;  kngth  90  ;  mean  widih  18; 
area  1620  square  miles.  This  is  one  o^the 
most  diversified  counties  m  the  United 
States,  extending  from  lat.  42  50,  to  44  07, 
and  very  much  ijroken  by  mountainous  or 
very  high  hilly  ridges  :  the  climates  of  its 
two  extremes  are  very  different,  deep 
snows  frequently  cover  the  ridges  drained 
by  the  waters  of  Black  river,  when  spring 
blooms  in  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.  The 
soil  is  also  excessively  varied  ;  no  land  in 
the  United  States  exceeds  in  fertility  the 
alluvia]  bottoms  of  the  Mohawk,  and  that 
ofthe  two  Canaia  creeks.  The  body  of 
the  population  exists  on  the  southern  half 
of  the  county,  though  even  on  the  branch- 
es of  Black  river,  much  good  land  extends 
along  the  streams. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...      11,350 
do.  do.    females  -       -      10,547 

m 


22,046 


15,653 

15,032 

72 


31,017 


253 

5,661 

1,365 

70 


HER 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        - 
Slaves         

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        .  •  . 

do.  do.     females     .  .  - 

All  other  persons        -  -  - 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males  -         - 

do.     females         .        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriciduire 

(io.        in  Manufaciures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  19. 

Herkimer,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Herkimer  county,  New  York,  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Mohawk,  78  miles  W  from  Al- 
bany, anl  14  beloA-  U»ica.  This  to'vn 
stands  upon  a  most  profUictive  alluvial 
plain,  about  one  mile  above  the  mouth  of 
West  Canada  creek.  Population  in  1820, 
3055,  m  the  township. 

Hermamtadt,  ancient  Cibinium,  or  Her- 
manopoUs,  large  and  strong  town  of  Him- 
gary,  and  until  1790,  the  capital  oj"  Tran- 
sylvania, with  a  bishop's  see.  It  fs  seated 
on  the  Ceben,  25  miles  E  of  Weissemhiu-g, 
and  205  SE  of  Buda.  Lon.  24  40  E,  lat. 
46  25  N. 

Heme,  town  of  Kent,  six  miles  from  Can- 
terburv,  wi  h  a  commodious  bay  frequent- 
ed by  Collier-!. 

Her/ihut,  fimous  place  in  Upper  Lusatia, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  between  Zit- 
taw  and  Leohan.  Here  in  1722,  some 
persecuted  Moravian  bretliren,  settled 
in  the  fields  of  the  villag^e  of  Berhels- 
dorf,  belonging  to  count  Z'nzindorf,  and 
began  to  buil-.l  another  village. 

Herman,  township  of  Peno'iscot  county, 
Maine,  seven  miles  W  from  Bangor.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  266. 

Hernosand,  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the  W 
coas'  (iFthe  gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lon.  17  58 
E,  lat.  62  3f^N. 

Heron,  Pass  of,  inlet  between  Mobile 
bay  and  Pascagoula  Sound,  and  between 
the  main  shore  of  Alabama  and  Dauphin 
island. 

Herstal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Leige,  with  an  ancient  castle,  seat" 
408 


tt  E  R 

ed  on  the  Maese,  three  miles  N  of  Leige. 
Lon  5  40  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Hertfordshire,  county  in  England,  deriv- 
ing its  name  from  Hartford,  or  Hertford, 
the  county  town,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Cambridgeshire,  on  the  E  by  Essex,  on 
the  \V  hy  Bedfordshire  and  Buckingham- 
shir?,  and  on  the  S  by  Middlesex.  It  is  35 
miles  in  length,  27  in  breadth,  and  about 
190  in  circumference.  Population  1801, 
97,557;  in  1811,  111,654;  and  in  1821, 
129,714. 

Hertford,  town  of  England  and  capital  of 
Hertfordshire.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  East 
India  college,  21  miles  N  from  London. 

Hertford,  county  of  Lower  Canada,  on  the 
right  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
the  isla  d  of  Orleans  and  boimded  by 
Cornwallis  NK,  and  by  Dorchester  SW. 

Herford,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  by  Virginia  N  ;  by  Chowan  river 
NE  and  E  ;  Bartie  S  ;  and  Northampton 
\V  ;  lengtli  26;  mean  width  14  ;  area  364 
square  miles  Surface  hvel,  and  soil 
rathe- sterile  generally.  Chief  town,  Win- 
ton. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  1,517 

do.    do.  females             •        -  1,426 

All  o'her  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed        .        -        -  304 

Slaves 2,805 

Total  population  in  1810,  .         6,052 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,796 
do.     do.  females     -        -         -         1,884 

Total  whites       ....  3,680 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  376 

do,            do.        females  412 

Slaves,  males      ...  1,676 

do.     females            ...  1,568 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        7,712 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0> 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  2,350 

do.         in  Mamifactures            -  144 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  35 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Hertford,  post  town  and  seat  of  justicei 
Perquimans  county.  North  Carolina,  on 
Perquimans  river,  18  miles  NE  from  Eden- 
ton. 

Hertzherff,  considerable  town  of  Germa- 
ny in  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  35  miles 
NW  of  Dresden.  Lon,  13  17  B,  lat.  51  41 
N. 

Herzegotvlna,  part  of  ancient  Illyfia, 
along  the  NE  side  of  the  Adriatic  sea.    It 


HEX 


H  1  C 


extends  from  about  lat.  43  to  44  20  N,  and 
belongs  mostly  to  the  Turks. 

Hesdiii,  strong  town  of  Fr.ince,  now  in 
the  department  of  the  straits  of  C.ilais,  and 
lately  in  the  county  of  Artois  ;  it  is  a  regu- 
lar hexagon,  and  surrounded  with  mor.s- 
ses  seated  on  the  Ganche,  25  miles  SS\V 
of  St.  Omer,  and  165  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
6  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Hesse,  country  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Upper  Rhine;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  bishopric  of  Paderborn  and  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  on  the  E  by  Thuringia, 
on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  Fulde  and 
Wateravia,  and  on  the  W  by  the  counties 
of  Nassau,  Witgenstein,  Hatzfeldt,  and 
Waldeck.  The  house  of  He-se  is  divid- 
ed into  four  branches ;  namely,  Hesse 
Cassel,  Homberg,  Darmstadt,  and  Rhin- 
feld,  each  of  which  has  the  title  of  land- 
grave, and  takes  its  name  from  one  of  the 
four  principal  towns. 

The  principal  Hessian  house  is  that  of 
Cassel  ;  area  4,350  square  miles,  and 
540,000  inhabitants.  The  title  of  the  so- 
vereign is  Elector  of  Hesse,  and  grand 
duke  of  Fulda  ;  his  power  is  that  of  a  li- 
mited monarch.  The  dominions  of  the 
Elector  of  Hesse  Cassel  is  hilly  and  drain- 
ed by  the  various  sources  of  the  Weser. 
Revenue  about  380,000  pounds  sterling. 

Hesse  Darmstadt,  or  Grand  Duchy  of 
Hesse.  This  is  the  second  great  division  of 
the  family  of  Hesse.  Area  about  5000 
square  miles,  and  620,000  inhabitants. 
The  country  is  mountainous,  though  the 
soil  is  productive.  The  mountains  yield 
ores  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead.  The  coun- 
try is  drained  by  the  s  'urces  of  the  We--er ; 
by  some  final  streams  flowing  westward 
into  the  Rhine,  and  by  the  lower  northern 
branches  of  the  Muine.  The  constitution 
is  that  of  limited  monarchy.  The  Grand 
Duke  is  a  member  of  the  Germanic  IJiet, 
and  in  the  smaller  as'^embly  has  one  vote 
and  the  9th  place,  at  the  larger  he  has 
three  votes.  Revenue  abo'.!t  370,000  pound 
sterling. 

Hesse  Hcmber^,  principality  of  Germany, 
south  of  the  Maine,  and  near  Frankfort. 
It  belongs  with  the  title  of  Landgrave,  to 
a  branch  of  the  Hesse  family.  Population 
20,000. 

Henkelum,  or  Hoekehim,  town  of  the  Uni 
ted  Provincfs,  in  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Linghe,  5  miles  NE  of  Gorcum.  Lon.  4 
55  E,  lat   51  55  N. 

Heusden,  strong  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Maese, 
with  a  castle.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1795;  and  is  eight  mihs  NW 
of  Bois-le-Duc.     Lon.  5  3  E,  ht.  51  44  N. 

Hexham,  town  in  Northumberland,  with 

a  market  on  Tuesday.     It  i-  seated  on  the 

river  Tyne,  and  was  formerly  famous  for 

an  abbev^:    A  battle  was  fought  in  1463, 

3  F 


near  tliis  place  between  the  Louses  of  York 
and  Lancast-er;  in  which  the  latter  was 
defeated.  Hexlium  has  a  manufacture  of 
tanned  leatlicr,  bhoes,  and  gloves ;  and  is 
22  miles  VV  of  Newcastle,  and  28*  NNW 
of  London.     Lon.  2  1  W,  lat.  55  3  N. 

Heydon,  borough  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Thursday. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls  into 
the  Humber ;  and  was  formerly  a  considera- 
ble town,  but  is  now  much  decayed.  It  is 
six  miles  W  of  Mull,  and  181  N  by  W  of 
London      Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  53  45  N. 

HeyJesem,  town  of  Austrian  Urabant,  14 
miles  SE  of  Louvain.  Lon.  5  7  E,  lat.  50 
45  N. 

Heytesbury,  borough  in  Wilts,  that  sends 
two  members  It)  parliament,  but  has  now 
no  market.  It  is  20  miles  NW  of  Salisbu- 
ry, and  93  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  8 
W,  lat  51  12  N. 

Hiaqui,  river  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora,  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  C.difornia,  after  a  course 
of  400  miles.     M.iuth  at  lat.  27  30  N. 

Hiaistoxvn,  village  of  Mid  '.lesex  county. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  head  of  Mill-sloae 
river,  13  .niles  NE  from  Trenton. 

Hickman,  county  of  Webt  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Lawrence  S  ;  Perry  W ;  Dick- 
son N,  and  Murray  E.  Length  33  ;  mean 
width  22  ;  area  726  square  miles.  Surface 
hilly,  and  soil  varied. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         .        -         1,338 

do.  do.    females  -        -  994 

A'!  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  6 

Slaves 245 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females     - 


2,583 


2,782 
2,589 


Total  wiiites       •         .        .         .  5,371 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  8 

do.          do.             females  \ 

SLives,  males                ...  311 

do.     females            -        -         -  389 


Total  population  in  1820 


6,080 


Of  thes?  ; 
Foi'eigners  not  natiuralized  -  0 

Engaged  m  Agriculture  -        1,605 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.       in  Co'r.iiierce         -         -  2 

Population  to  the  -quare  mile,  8 

Hickman,  county  ot  Kentucky,  including 
the  spar-e  enclo-ed  by  the  nor  hern  boun- 
dary of  Tennessee,  and  Tennessee,  Ohio, 
and  Mississippi  rivers  This  region  ex- 
tend about  75  miles  el  ng Tennessee, and 
embrace,  about  1500  square  miles.  It  ie 
in  great  part  unsettled. 

409 


II  J  G 


H  I  L 


Hickory,  post  village,  Washington  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Hickory-Flats,  post  office,  Madison  coun- 
ty, Alabama. 

Hickory  Grove,  post  office,  Abbeville 
distiict.  South  Carolina, 

Hickory  Hill,  post  office,  Beaufort  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Hickaford,  post  villige,  Greenville  coun- 
ty, "S'irginia,  on  the  S  side  of  Meherin 
river,  69  miles  S  from  Richmond. 

Hieres,  town  of  France  in  the  depaitment 
of  Van  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
seated  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea ;  but 
its  harbriur  being  choaked  up,  it  is  con- 
siderable only  for  its  salt  works.  It  is  a 
pretty  little  town,  situated  in  a  beautiful 
country.  This  town  is  the  birth  place  of 
Massil  on,  the  celebrated  French  preacher. 
It  is  12  miles  E  of  Toulon,  and  350  S  by 
E  of  Paris.     Lon.  6  20  E,  lut.  43  5  N. 

Hieres,  four  islands  of  France,  on  the 
coast  of  Provence,  and  opposite  to  the 
town  of  the  same  name.  Their  names  are 
Porqu'  roltos,  Porterous,  Bagueau,  and 
Tit!in,  which  last  is  the  largest.  Between 
these  islands  and  the  continent,  is  the  ro:-d 
of  Hieres,  which  is  so  capacious  and  ex- 
cellent, that  it  has  afforded  shelter  fo^•  the 
largest  squadrons.  It  is  defended  by  three 
forts. 

Hiero.     See  Ferro. 

Hiesmes,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne  and  late  province  of  Norman- 
dy, s"a:ed  on  a  barren  mountain,  10  miles 
from  Seez,  and  90  W  of  Paris. 

Higham  Ferrers,  borough  in  Nerthamp- 
tonshire.  It  is  seated  on  an  asc:-nt.  on  the 
E  bank  of  the  nver  Nen,  25  miles  ESE  of 
Cov  nt  y,  and  66  NNW  of  London.  Eon. 
0  40  VV,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Highgate,  village  m  Middlesex,  seated  on 
a  hili,  E  ot  that  of  Hampstead,  and  four 
miles  N  by  W  of  London.  On  the  side 
next  LfiU'ion  the  fineness  of  the  prospect 
occasioned  several  handsome  edifices  to 
be  built.  Here  lord  chief  bar.)n  Chol- 
mondely  built  a  free  school  in  1562. 

Highgate,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Franklin  county,  Vermont,  on  Mississque 
bay,  33  miles  north  from  Burlington. 

Highland,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  S 
by  Adams  and  Brown  ;  W  by  a  pari  of 
Brown  ;  N\V  by  Clinton  ;  N  by  Fayette  ; 
NE  by  Ross,  and  E  by  Pike.  Length  25  ; 
width  22  ;  area  420  square  miles.  It  is  a 
hilly,  broken  and  elevat'-d  coun'y,  occupy- 
ing the  Height  of  1  'ud  between  the  waters 
of  Ohio  river.  Sciota  and  Miami  rivers. 
Chief  town,  Hill-borough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  3,044 

do,    do.    females  -        -  2,596 

410 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         .        .  126 

Slaves         0 

TotalpopulationinlSlO,  -         5,766 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...       6,256 
do.  do.  females        -        .        .      5,881 

Total  whites                 -        -        -  12,137 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  87 

do.            do.        females  -  84 

Slaves,  males       -         .         .        .  0 

do.    females     •        -        -        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820      -        .    12,308 

Of  these: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  2,799 

do.        in  My.nufictures  -  288 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Highland,  township  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, diiio.     Population  in  1820,  577. 

Highivorth,  town  in  Wdts,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
which  stands  in  a  rich  plain,  36  miles  N  of 
Salisbury,  and  77  W  of  London.  Lon.  X 
40  W,  lat.  51  o6  N. 

Hildburghausen,  Saxe,  duchy  of  central 
Germany,  enclosed  between  Saxe-Meinun- 
gen  and  Saxe-Coburg.     Population  30,000. 

Hildbiirghausen,  town  of  Franconia,  and 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Werra,  and  is  22  miles 
N  by  W  of  Cobourg.  Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  50 
53  N. 

Hildesheim,  free  imperial  city  of  Low- 
er Saxnny,  in  a  bi^hoprc  of  the  same. 
It  is  now  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  nnme,  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ii  neste,  17  miles  SSE 
of  Hanover.     Lon.   10  10  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Hikleshdm,  province  of  Hanover,  adjoin- 
ing Gotiiiigen.     Population  130,000. 

Hillah,  or  Hcllnh,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
in  Irak  Arabia,  and  Pachalic  of  Bagdad,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates.  It  is  a 
miserable  place,  supposed  to  be  on  the  site 
of  ancient  Babylon.  Lon.  44  13  E,  lat.  33 
34  N. 

Hillham,  post  town,  Overton  county, 
Tennessee. 

Hillsborough,  routity  of  New  Hampshire  ; 
bounded  by  Massachusetts  S  ;  Cheshire  W  ; 
Grafton  N  ;  S  raflbrd.NE,  and  R'  ckingham 
E.  Length  46  ;  mean  width  25;  area  1150 
square  miles.  Surface  rocky,  hilly,  and  in 
part  mountainous ;  soil,  however,  on  the 
streams,  and  in  many  other  parts  hilly,  fer- 
tile, and  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage. 
Chief  town,  Hillsborough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -       -      24,104 


H  I  M 


H  I  X 


Free  white  females         •       -  24,816 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           -        -        -  229 

Slaves        -        .        .        .        .  0 


Total  population  in  181 6 

49,149 

Population  In  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females 

26,155 
2r,496 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males      .        .        .        . 

do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

53,651 

109 

124 

0 

0 

53,884 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  26 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -       13,197 

do.        in  Manufacures  -         2,400 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  238 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  46|. 

Hillsborough,  township  and  post  town  of 
Hillsborough  county,  New  Hampshire,  W 
from  Contacook  river,  and  20  miles  W 
from  Concord.     Population  1820,  1982. 

Hillsboro2igIi,  township  of  Somersett 
county,  New  Jersey,  15  miles  W  from 
Brunswick.     Population  1820,  2885. 

Hillsborough,  post  village,  Caroline  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  on  the  E  side  of  Tuckahoe 
river,  26  miles  SSW  from  Chester. 

Hillsborough,  post  village,  Loudon  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  40  miles  NW  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Hillsborough,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, on  Eno  river,  45  miles  NW  from 
Raleigh,     Population  about  400. 

Hillsborough,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Highland  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Rocky 
fork  of  Paint  creek,  36  miles  W  b}'  S  from 
Chilicothe.     Lat.  39  14  N. 

Hillsdale,  post  town  and  township,  in  Co- 
lumbia county,  New  York,  18  miles  SE  of 
the  city  of  Hudson.  Population  in  1820, 
2511. 

Hilllon,  post  villag-e,  Charles  county, 
Maryland. 

Hilton,  considerable  island  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina,  opposite  Beaufort  dis- 
trict. It  is  about  20  miles  in  lenijUi,  and 
five  in  breadth,  L6n.  80  20  W,  lat.  32  10 
N. 

Hilto~,vn,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  New  Britain  arid 
Rockhill  townships,  17  miles  SW  of  New- 
ton. In  1810,  it  contained  1335  inhabit- 
ants, and  in  1820,  1501. 

Himmaleh,  chain  of  mo'.mtains  in  Asia, 
which  extends  from  Cabul  alor.g  the  N  of 
Hindoostan,  and  is  the  genera!  boui'dary  of 
Tibet,  through  the  whole  estent  li-om  the 
Jo^anges   to    the    river    Testa ;    cnulcsing 


between  it  and  Hindoostan,  a  tract  of 
country  from  100  to  189  miles  in  breadth, 
divided  into  a  number  of  small  states, 
which  are  understood  to  be  either  tributa- 
ries, or  feudatories  of  Tibet ;  such  as  Siri- 
nagur,  Napuul,  &c.  This  ridge  is  proba- 
bly that  designed  by  the  ancients,  under 
the  names  of  Imaus  and  '.he  Indian  Cauca- 
sus. The  natives  call  it  Hindooko  (the 
Indian  mountains)  as  well  as  nim.naleh ; 
which  last  is  a  Sanscrit  word,  signifying 
snoiuy ;  its  summit  being  covereil  with 
snow.  The  Daw  ilgen  and  several  other 
peaks  of  this  range,  rise  above  27,000  feet, 
and  are  the  most  elevated  mountains  yet 
measured. 

Hinchinbrook  Isla?id,  one  of  tlie  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  South  Pacific  Octan.  Lon. 
168  33  E,  lat,  17  25  S. 

Hinchinbrook,  cape  of  America,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  entrance  of  Fiince 
William's  Sound.  Lon.  W  C  69  W,  lat. 
60  16  N. 

Hinchinbrook,  island  of  America,  in 
Prince  William's  Sound,  on  which  the 
Russians  have  a  factory. 

Hinckley,  town  in  Leicestershire,  with  a 
market  o;i  Monday.  It  has  a  large  church 
with  a  lofty  spire,  and  a  considerable 
stocking  manufacture.  It  is  12  miles  SW 
of  Leicester,  and  91  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Hindelopen,  seaport  of  the  Unied  Pro- 
vinces, in  Friesland,  seated  on  tlie  Zuider- 
zee, 20  miles  SW  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5 
10  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Hinesburg,  post  town  in  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  about  12  miles  SE  from 
Burlington. 

Hindoostan,  or  India,  celebrated  country 
of  Asia,  which  in  its  most  extensive  signiti- 
cation,  comprehends  the  tract  situated  be 
tween  the  Thibetian  and  Tartarian  moun- 
tains on  the  N,  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  S, 
the  Burrampooter  and  the  bay  of  Bengal 
on  the  E,  and  the  Indian  Ocean  and  Persia 
on  the  W.  But  this  country  must  be  con- 
sidered under  the  three  grand  divisions  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  the  Dcccan,  .-md  the 
Peninsula.  Hindoostan  Proper  includes 
all  the  countries  on  the  N  of  the  river  Ner- 
buddah,  which  bounds  it  on  tlie  S  as  far 
as  it  goes  ;  Bengal  and  Bahar  compose 
the  remainder  of  its  southern  boundary. 
It  is  divided  into  eleven  soubah^,  the 
names  of  which  are  Lahore,  Aroultan  (in- 
cluding Sindy)  Agimere,  Delhi,  Agra, 
Onde,  Allakabad,  Bahai-,  Bengal,  Mdwa, 
and  Guz^-rat.  A  12th  soubah,  n.imed  Cu- 
bul,  was  formed  out  uf  tne  countries  con- 
tiguous to  the  W  sources  of  the  Indus, 
and  three  new  ones  out  of  the  conquests 
of  the  Deccan  ;  Berar,  Candus  c,  and 
Amednagur.  The  Deccan  in  its  most  ex- 
tensive signification  is  applied  to  the  whole 
region  of  >l!ndoost;;i)  Proper  ;  in  its  mors 
111 


H  I  X 


H  !  N 


restricted  sense,  it  means  only  tlie  coun- 
ties situate  between  Hindoostan  Proper 
and  the  river  Kistnu  ;  tlies-  are  C  nd  isli, 
Dowlatubad.  Beiar,  Oriss  ,  ti>e  Circars,  the 
chief  pait  of  G-lconia.  Vis  .pour  ;ind 
Concan.  The  tract  S  >f  tliese,  or  t  e  ri- 
ver Kistiia,  is  generally  called  ihe  Peninsii 
la ;  although  its  form  does  not  authorize 
that  appellation  ;  it  includes  a  small  part 
of  Golconda,  Mysore,  and  tlie  Carnatic, 
with  Madura,  and  other  smaller  districts  ; 
the  W  coast  being  called  that  of  Malabar, 
and  the  E  that  of  Coromandel.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  of  this  extensive  region  are  the 
Ganges,  Burrampooter,  Indus,  Jumna, 
Pudda,  Nerbudda,  Tapty,  Godavery;  Kist- 
Tia,  Pennar  and  Cauvery.  The  chief  moun- 
tains are  those  of  Himmaleh  and  the  Gauts 
To  give  an  idea  of  the  modern  revolutions 
in  the  empire  of  Hindoost>.n,  it  is  proper  to 
observe,  that  from  a  pure  Hindoo  govern- 
ment, it  became,  at  last,  a  Maliome  an 
state,  and  continued  'o  be  so,  under  vari- 
ous dynasties,  till  tl'.e  begmning  of  th  18th 
century.  The  first  irruptions  of  tht-  Maho- 
metans was  in  the  year  1000.  From  this 
period  the  provinces  of  Hindofistan  were 
held  rather  as  tributary  kingd  ms,  than  as 
provinces  of  the  same  empire  ;  and  the 
conquest  of  the  Deccan,  in  particulai ,  was 
forages  an  object  of  considerable  import- 
ance to  the  emperors.  In  1389,  the  Mo- 
gul Tartars,  under  the  conduct  of  Timiir, 
or  Tamerlane,  invaded  Hindoos' an  ;  but 
the  conquest  of  the  country  was  no',  efft- ct- 
ed  till  1525,  by  Sultan  Baber,  one  of  his 
descendants,  who,  from  this  circumstance, 
was  the  founder  of  the  Mogul  dynasty  ; 
and  hence  Hindoostan  has  been  called  the 
Mogul  Empire,  aad  its  c  ief,  the  Gi  cat 
Mogul.  The  illustrious  Aclmr,  his  .son, 
failed  m  his  attack  upon  the  Deccan  ;  an 
attempt  in  which  many  of  his  snccesscrs 
were  equally  unfortunute,  and  which 
tended,  in  the  sequel,  to  the  decline  and 
dissolution  of  the  empiri-.  In  1615  em- 
peror Jehanguire,  his  son,  n-reived  Sir 
Thomas  Roe,  as  the  first  English  ambassa- 
dor; and  the  Puriuguese  had,  by  this  ime, 
acquired  considerable  settlements  in  Ben- 
gal and  Guzerat  la  the  reign  of  his 
grandson  Aurungzebec,  which  Listed  from 
1660  to  170r,  the  empire  attained  its  full 
extent  ;  his  authority  reached  from  10  to 
35  degrees  in  lat.  and  nearly  as  much  in 
Ion.  and  his  revenue  exceeded  32,000,000/. 
sterling.  The  conquest  of  the  Deccan 
employed  the  last  years  of  his  life,  fri>m 
1678  to  1707  during  15  years  of  which 
time  be  was  actually  in  the  field.  This 
dereliction  of  his  capital  for  nearly  0  years 
occasioned  great  disorders  there,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  many  more.  Under  hs 
reign  the  empire  attained  to  its  full  mea- 
sure of  extent,  see  major  Rennel's  memoir 
«f  a  map  of  Hindoostan,  p.  Ixiii,  In  a  word, 
412 


instead  of  finding  the  emperors  attempt- 
ing now  the  conquest  of  the  Deccan,  their 
enipiie  was  atiacked  by  the  powerful  ni- 
zam  of  that  country,  through  whose  con- 
trivance, Nadir  Shah,  the  Persian  usurper, 
invaded  Hindoostan  in  1738.  By  the  in- 
tri{jue  -  of  the  Nizam  and  his  party  Maho- 
m  d  Shah  was  induced  to  throw  himself 
on  the  cleint-ncy  of  the  invader,  who  en- 
tered Delhi,  and  demanded  30  millions 
sterling,  by  way  of  ransom.  Tumults, 
massacres  and  famine  were  the  result : 
100,000  of  the  inhabitants  were  massacred, 
and  62  millions  of  plunder  were  said  to  be 
collected.  H«  evacuat.  d  Delhi,  however, 
and  left  the  Nizam  in  possession  of  the 
whole  remaining  power  of  the  empire, 
which  he  sacrificed  to  his  own  views  in 
the  Deccan,  where  he.  established  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.  MaliomedShah  died 
in  1747,  having  seen  the  Carnatic  and  Ben- 
gal become  likew  se  independent,  under 
their  respective  nabobs,  an  independent 
s\at('  tO'  ,  formed  hy  the  Rohillas  (a  tribe 
from  the  mouniains  between  India  and 
Persia)  on  the  E  by  ihe  Ganjjes,  within 
80  miles  of  D  Ihi ;  and  the  kingdom  of 
Candaliar,  erected  by  Abd  dla,  one  of  the 
grnerals  of  Nadir  Sliah.  Ahmed  Shah,  the 
son  of  Mahomed,  succeeded ;  in  whose 
reign  the  emire  division  of  tiie  empire  took 
phict- ;  nothing  reniaining  to  the  Irouse  of 
T  imerlane  but  a  small  terri  oiy  round 
Delhi,  with  tht-  city  i's.  If  (no  longer  a  ca- 
pi-.il)  exposed  to  depredanons  massacres, 
and  (amines  by  the  con  ests  of  invaders. 
The  last  imperi  1  army  was  defeated  by 
the  Rohillas  in  1749.  The  Jats,  a  Hindoo 
tribe,  founded  a  state  in  Agra  ;  Oude  was 
St  ized  by  the  grand  father  of  the  present 
nabob ;  Allahabad,  by  Mahomed  Kooli. 
Tiie  Mahratta-^,  besides  their  ancient  do- 
mains in  thi-  Deccan,  obtained  great  part 
of  Malwa,  Guzent.  Bcrar  and  Orissa  The 
Mogul  empire  was  now  become  merely 
nominal  :  and  the  emperors  from  this  pe- 
riod, must  be  regarded  as  of  no  political 
consequence,  otherwise  than  as  their  names 
and  persons,  were  made  use  of,  by  differ- 
ent parties,  to  promote  their  own  views. 
That  the  name  and  person  of  the  emj>eror 
were  of  use,  as  retaining  a  considerable 
degree  of  veneration  among  the  bulk  of 
the  people  in  Hindoostan,  is  evident,  from 
the  application  made,  at  different  times, 
for  grants  of  territory,  forcibly  obtained  by 
the  grantee,  but  which  required  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  lord  paramount,  to  reconcile  the 
transaction  to  the  popular  opinion.  Ano- 
ther instance  of  he  effect  of  this  opinion, 
is,  that  the  coin  throughout  the  whole 
tract,  known  by  the  name  o''  the  Mogul 
Empire,  is  to  this  day  struck  in  the  name 
of  the  nomin<l  emperor.  Ahmi-d  was  de- 
posed in  1753,  and  was  succeeded  by  Al- 
lumguire,  who   was  deposed  and  murder* 


H  I  K 


H  I  N 


ed  in  1760.  He  was  succeeded,  however, 
by  his  son  Shah  Aulum,  w)>o  was  alternate- 
ly deptndent  on  the  contending  powers, 
and  more  particularly  upon  tlie  English, 
who  obtained  from  him  a  gra^it  of  the 
provinces  of  Bengal,  Bahai-  and  Orissa,  to- 
gether with  the  Northern  Circars  on  con- 
dition of  paying  him  360,000/.  per  annum 
by  way  of  tribute.  It  was  liis  misfor  une, 
however,  that  he  could  not  accomod.-te  his 
mind  to  his  circumstances,  and  put  him 
self  into  the  hands  of  Uie  Maliratt  s,  wlvi 
promised  to  seat  him  on  the  throne  of 
Delhi.  He  thus  lost  all  he  had  acquired 
with  the  British,  am;  has  evrr  since  con- 
tinued a  kind  of  stale  prisoner  ;  living  on 
the  produce  of  a  trifling  domain,  allowed 
him  out  of  venera  ion  for  his  ancestors,  and 
for  the  use  of  his  name.  In  the  sequel,  he 
was  deihrotied  and  murdered  by  the  Ro- 
hiUas.  These  beii  g  defeated  by  Madajee 
Sindia,  a  Maiiratta  chief,  liis  so  i,  Jewan 
Bucht,  was  permitted  to  succeed  lii'n,  and 
to  live  in  the  same  ciepiorabie  sta'e  of  de- 
gradation. The  whoi'  nf  Hiiidoo>tan  in 
1792,  consisted  of  six  principal  sta'e^i, 
which  hold  as  tributaries,  or  f  udatories, 
some  inferior  sta  es.  Tli  se  six  prin-  pal 
states,  were,  the  British,  the  Poonah  Mah- 
rattas,  the  Berar  Mahrattas,  Nizam  Ally. 
soubali  of  the  Deccan ;  Mysore,  or  the 
dominions  of  Tippoo  Sultan  :  and  the 
Seiks. 

The  Britisli  possessions  are  Bengal,  Ba- 
har,  Benares,  the  Northein  Circar  ,  the 
Jaghire  in  the  Carnatio.  Bombay,  Salsette, 
the  district  of  Midnapous  in  Orissa,  and 
some  considerabe  cessi'  n  from  Tippoo 
Sultan,  in  1792.  S'nce  1792,  war  broke 
out  with  T  ppoo,  who  was  defeated,  and 
his  capital  tak-  n  by  assault,  together  with 
an  immense  quantity  of  plunder,  Tippoo 
lost  his  Ufe  in  the  attack.  By  his  fall,  a 
great  extent  of  t  rritory  will  accrue  to  the 
British,  and  their  power  will  be  secured 
on  a  stable  and  permanent  foundation.  The 
allies  of  the  British,  who  may  be  consider- 
ed as  dependent  upon  them,  are  the  na- 
bobs of  Oude,  and  the  Carnatic,  and  the 
rajahs  of  Travancore  and  Tanjore.  For 
the  five  other  principal  states,,  see  their  re- 
spective  names,  and  for  an  account  of  some 
inferior  independent  states,  see  Bundela, 
Ballogistan,  the  Jats,  Kohilcund,  &c.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Orme,  the  inhabitants  of 
Hindoostan  are  computed  at  about 
10,000,000  Mahometans,  and  100,000,000 
Hindoos.  The  Mahometans,  or  Musul- 
men,  whom  the  English  improperly  call 
Moors,  are  represented  to  be  of  a  de'esta- 
ble  character.  The  Hindoos,  or  Gentoos, 
are  of  a  black  complexion;  their  hair  is 
long,  their  person  straiglit  and  elegant, 
and  their  countenunce  open  and  pleasant. 
They  diflTer  materially  from  all  other  na- 
tions, by  being-  divided  into  tribes  or  casts. 


The  four  principal  tribes  are  the  Bramins, 
Soldiers,  Labourers,  and  Mechanics ;  and 
these  are  subdivided  into  a  multiplicity  of 
inferior  distinctions.  There  are  Bramins 
of  va-ious  degrees  of  excel  ence,  who  liive 
the  care  of  religion  allotted  to  tiem,  and 
are  held  saced  by  vhe  res'  ;  some  of  hese 
acknowledge  the  errors  th^t  have  crept 
into  their  religi  n,  own  one  Supreme 
B  ing,  and  iaugh  at  the  idolatry  of  the 
miilti  U'le  but  insist  upon  the  necessity  of 
working  upon  the  wi  knesses  of  the  vul- 
ga  ;  ye'  tiie  generalii-  of  them  .re  as  ig- 
norant a  the  Ijity.  Sifh  as  ate  not  enga- 
)^ed  in  worldly  pursuits  aie  a  very  super- 
stitious, innocent  people,  who  promote 
charity  as  much  as  they  can,  both  to  man 
and  beast  :  but  th  se  who  e-ig  ge  in  the 
world  are  generdly  the  worst  of  all  the 
Gentoos;  for,  rersuadetl  that  the  wa'ers  of 
the  Ganges  will  purif\  t  em  from  their 
sins,  and  being  exempt  fr-im  the  utmost 
rigou:  of  the  courts  of  justice  (under  the 
Gentoo  governments)  they  run  into  much 
gi"<  ater  excesses,  '['he  Soltliers  are  com- 
monly called  Rajah  pools;  that  is,  de- 
scended troiTi  th  rajihs.  Thc-y  are  much 
more  robust  than  the  rest,  have  a  great 
share  of  courage,  and  a  nice  sens'  of  mili- 
tary honour,  wl  ich  c  in.^ists,  um>ng  them, 
in  fidelity  'o  those  they  serve.  F  ghting  is 
their  prof  ss  on  ;  tiiey  readily  enter  into 
the  sernceof  an\  that  will  pay  them,  and 
will  follow  wherever  he  leads  ;  but,  should 
their  leader  fall  i'  die  battle,  thai  cans-  s 
at  an  end,  and  they  run  offthe  field,  with- 
out any  stain  of  their  reputation.  The 
English  E.  Ind  a  Company  have  many  bat- 
talions ot  them  in  iheir  service:  they  are 
Cidled  Sepoys,  and  are  clothed  and  discip- 
lined  in  the  European  manner.  The  La- 
bourers include  farmers,  and  all  who  culti- 
vate the  land.  The  Mechanics  include 
merchants,  bankers,  and  all  who  follow  any 
trade  :  these  again  are  subdivided  into  each 
profession.  Beside  these,  are  the  Halla- 
chores,  who  cannot  be  called  a  tribe,  being 
rather  the  refuse  of  all  the  tribes.  They 
are  a  set  of  unhappy  wretches,  who  per- 
form all  the  vilest  officers  of  Ufe,  bury  the 
dead,  and  carry  away  every  thing  that  is 
polluted.  All  the  different  tribes  are  kept 
distinct  from  each  other  by  insurmountable 
barriers  :  they  are  forbidd'  n  to  intermarry, 
to  cohabit,  to  eat  with  each  other,  or  even 
to  dri  k  out  of  the  same  vessel  with  one  of 
another  tribe  Every  deviation  f  om  hese 
points  subjects  them  to  be  rejected  by 
their  tribe,  renders  them  polluted  for 
ever,  and  obliges  t  em,  from  that  instant, 
to  herd  with  the  Hallachores  The  mem- 
bers of  each  cast  adhere  invari  bly  to  the 
profession  of  their  forefathers:  from  gene- 
rat  on  to  genetation  the  same  families  have 
followed,  and  still  continue  to  follow,  one 
uniform  manner  of  life.  To  this  may  be 
413 


H  I  N 


II  I  N 


ascribed  that  high  degree  oi'  perfection 
conspicuous  in  many  oT'  the  Indian  manu- 
factures ;  and  also  that  striking  peculiarity 
in  the  state  of  Hindoostan,  the  permanence 
of  its  institutions,  and  tiie  immutability  in 
the  manners  of  the  inhaoitants.  Hence  it 
is,  that  the  Hindoos  admit  no  cnnverts,  nor 
are  themselves  ever  converted,  whatever 
the  Roman  missionaries  may  pretend.  The 
Hallacliores  may  be  here  excepted,  wlio 
are  glad  to  be  admitted  into  any  society 
where  they  are  treated  as  fellow  creatures. 
The  Hindoos  vie  with  the  Chinese,  in  re- 
sped  to  ihe  antiquity  of  ilieir  na'ion;  and 
the  doctrine  of  transmigration  is  one  of 
their  distinguishing  tenets.  Theii-  institu- 
tions of  religion  form  a  complete  system  of 
superstition,  upheld  by  everv  thing  which 
can  excite  the  reverence  of  the  people. 
The  temples  consecrated  to  their  deities 
are  magn  ficent ;  their  relig'ous  cerem  ^nles 
splendid ;  and  the  absolute  dominion  which 
the  Bramins  have  obtained  over  the  minds 
of  the  people  is  -upported  by  the  c  immand 
of  the  immense  revenuts,  wih  wliich  tiie 
liberality  of  prmces,  and  the  zeal  of  pil- 
grims and  devotees  have  enriched  their 
pagodas.  The  dominion  of  religion  ex- 
tends to  a  thousand  particulars,  which,  in 
other  countries,  are  governed  by  the  civil 
laws,  or  by  taste,  cu-tom,  and  fashion. 
Their  dress,  their  food,  the  common  inter- 
courses of  life,  their  marriages,  and  profes- 
sions, are  ail  under  the  jurisdiction  of  reli- 
gion. The  food  of  the  Hindoos  is  simple, 
consisting  chiefly  of  rice,  ghee  (a  kind  of 
imperfect  butter)  milk,  vegetables,  and 
oriental  spices  The  warrior  cast  may  eat 
of  the  flesh  of  goats,  sheep,  and  poultry. 
Other  superior  casts  may  eat  poultry  and 
fish  ;  but  the  inferior  casts  are  prohibited 
from  eating  «esh  or  fish  of  any  kind. 
Their  great  luxury  consists  in  the  use  of 
the  richest  spiceries  and  perfumes,  of 
which  the  greiit  people  are  very  lavish. 
They  esteem  milk  the  purest  of  food,  be- 
cause  they  th^ak  it  partakes  oi'some  of  the 
properties  of  the  nectar  of  tlieir  gods,  and 
because  they  esteem  the  cow  itself  almost 
as  a  divinity.  Tlieir  manners  are  gentle. 
Their  happiness  consists  in  the  solaces  of 
domestic  life  ;  and  they  are  tuught  by  tlieir 
religion,  that  matrimony  is  :in  indispensable 
duty  in  every  man,  who  does  not  entirely 
separate  himself  from  the  world,  from  a 
principle  of  d'  votion.  Their  religion  per- 
mits them  to  have  several  wives,  but  they 
seldom  have  more  than  one ;  and  their 
wives  are  distingui'«hed  by  a  decenc)  of  de- 
meanour, a  solicitude  in  their  families,  and 
a  fidelity  to  tiieir  vows,  which  might  do 
hon>-:ur  to  imman  nature  in  the  most  civili- 
zed countries.  The  custom  of  women 
burning  themselves  in  the  fire  with  the 
CO  pse  of  their  husbands  is  still  practised 
in  Hindoostan,  The  code  of  Gento©  laws, 
414 


with  their  sacred  books,  the  Vcidam  and 
the  Shastah,  are  written  in  the  Sanscrit  lan- 
guage, which  is  very  copious  and  nervous, 
although  the  style  of  their  best  authors  is 
wonderfully  concise.  Hindoostan,  toward 
the  N,  is  pretty  temperate,  but  hot  toward 
the  S ;  and  it  rains  almost  constantly  for 
three  months  in  the  year.  Its  products 
are  diamonds  and  other  precious  stones, 
silks,  spices,  aromatics,  drugs,  maize,  rice, 
and  sugar;  and  the  chief  manufactures  are 
muslins  and  calicoes.  But  these  and  va- 
rious other  particulars  will  be  found  under 
the  difi'erent  names  of  its  provinces,  cities, 
towns,  mountains,  and  rivers,  described  in 
this  work. 

Politically  Hindoostan  is  now  divided 
between  the  following  powers.  The  Mah- 
raltas  are  yet  the  most  powerful  people  of 
India,  and  retain  either  all,  or  part  of 
Ajmeer,  Agra,  Allahabad,  Gujerarat,  Mal- 
wah,  Berar,  Ori-sa,  Khandeish,  Dowlatabad, 
Visiapore,  Concan.  British  India,  contains 
Bengal,  Behar,  the  Circars,  and  Canara, 
with  part  of  Agra,  Oude,  Allahabad,  Guze- 
rat,  Mulwah,  Berar,  and  Onssa. 

The  Nizam,  rules  over  Golconda,  part 
of  Berar,  Visiapore,  and  Dowlatabad.  Part 
of  Oude  continues  subject  to  its  Nabob. 

The  Sciksare  next  to  the  Mahrattas,  the 
most  powerful  native  people  of  India,  and 
retain  very  extensive  territories ;  consist- 
ing of  states  in  the  Punjab  and  Moultan. 

Some  other  regions  continue  subject  to 
native  rulers;  the  Afghans  possess  extensive 
territories  in  the  NW  part  of  Hindoostan  ; 
Serinagur,  under  its  own  Rajah  ;  Nepaul, 
under  the  Ghoorkali,  or  Rajah  ;  and  Bootan 
Lama  of  Tibet;  as  independent  sovereigns, 
the  Rajahs  of  Assam,  Odeypore,  Jypore, 
and  Joudpore,  with  many  other  petty 
chieftains. 

Kandahor  and  Cashmere,  are,  though 
vaguely,  considered  as  Hindoostanic  re- 
gions.    See  Cashmere  and  Kandahor. 

Hinclsdale,  formerly  Fort  Dummei;  post 
village  and  township,  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  55  miles  SW  from  Con- 
cord.    Population  in  1820,  890. 

Hingham,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday,  12  miles  SWof  Norwich,  and 
97  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  E,  lat.  52 
43  N. 

Hingham,  post  village  and  township,  town 
in  Plymouth  county,  Massachusetts,  19 
miles  SE  of  Boston.  The  township  con- 
tained 2857  inhabitants  at  the  last  census. 

Hingham,  post  village,  Suffolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  14  miles  SE  from  Boston. 

Hinsdale,  post  village  and  town-hip,  of 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  822. 

Hinznan,  Joanna,  St.  one  and  the  princi- 
pal of  the  Comora  islands  in  the  Indiaa 
Ocean.  This  i)5  and  is  a  proper  place  of 
refreshment  for  the  East  India  ships,  whosQ 


II  O  A 


u  o  u 


crews,  when  ill  of  the  scurvy,  soon  recover 
by  the  use  of  limes,  lemons,  and  oranges, 
and  from  the  air  of  the  land.  The  town 
where  the  king  resides  is  at  tlie  east  side 
of  the  island  ;  and  though  it  is  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  in  length,  it  does  not  contain 
above  200  houses.  Their  principal  houses 
are  built  with  stone,  with  a  quadrangle,  in 
the  middle,  and  are  only  one  story  high. 
All  the  other  houses,  or  rather  huts,  are 
slightly  composed  of  plastered  reeds ;  and 
yet  the  mosques  are  tolerably  structures, 
very  neat  and  clean  in  the  inside.  Lon.  44 
15  E,  lat.  12  30  S. 

Hio,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland, 
seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  145  miles  SW 
of  Stockholm,  and  25  E  of  Falcoping.  Lon. 
14  0  E,  lat.  57  5Z  N. 

Hiram,  post  village  and  township,  Oxford 
county,  34  miles  SW  from  Paris.  Popula- 
tion  in  1820,  700. 

Hiram,  post  village  and  township,  Port- 
age county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
296. 

Hirch-Horn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Neckar, 
near  Eberbach. 

Hirchfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Rhine,  capital  of  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same  name,  depending  on  the 
house  of  Hesse-Castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Fulde,  16  miles  NE  of  the  town  of  Fulde, 
and  32  SE  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  50 
56  N. 

Hirberg,  town  of  Silesia,  famous  for  its 
mineral  baths.  It  is  the  most  trading  place 
in  all  Silesia,  next  to  Breslaw,  there  being 
in  the  town  and  suburbs  considerable 
manufactures.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bosar, 
44  miles  SW  of  Breslaw. 

Hirsova,  Hirsowa,  or  Kerscho-wa,  town  of 
European  Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  45  miles 
below  Silistria,  and  64  above  Ismail. 

Hispaniola,  or  Hayti.     See  Domingo,  St. 

Hitchin,  large  and  populous  town  in 
Hertfordshire,  15  miles  NNW  of  Hertford, 
and  34  NW  of  London.  Lon.  0  10  W,  lat. 
51  58  N. 

Hithe,  or  Hythe,  borough  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  one  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  and  had  formerly  five  parish- 
es, but  by  the  choaking  up  of  the  haroour 
it  is  now  reduced  to  one.  It  is  10  miles 
W  of  Dover,  and  68  SE  of  London.  Lon. 
1  10  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Hi-wassee  River,  a  branch  of  Tennessee, 
rises  in  the  NW  part  of  Georgia,  and  flaw- 
ing NW,  enters  Tennessee,  and  falls  into 
Tennessee  river,  after  separating  M'Minn 
and  Khea  counties  from  the  Cherokee 
lands. 

Hoai-ngan-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pt-o- 
vince  of  Kiang-nan,  seated  in  a  marsh,  and 
enclosed  by  a  triple  wall.     This  place  is  a 


very  populous,  and  every  thing   in  it  an- 
nounces a  brisk  and  active  trade. 

Hoang-Ho.     See  Yellow  River. 

Hoang-tcheou  fort,  populous  and  commer- 
cial city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou- 
quang.  Its  district  contains  one  city  of  the 
second  and  eight  of  the  third  class. 

Hochberg,  marquisate  of  Suabia,  in  Bris- 
gaw,  belonging  to  the  prince  of  Baden 
Dourlach. 

Hochstet,  town  of  Suabia,  remarkable  for 
the  great  battle  gained  near  it  by  the  duke 
of  Marlborough,  in  1704,  and  which  the 
English  call  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  from  a 
village  three  miles  SW  of  this  place.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Danube,  22  miles  NE  of 
Ulm.     Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  38  48  N. 

Hockerland,  territory  of  Germany,  and 
one  of  the  circles  of  Prussia. 

Hockhocking,  Great,  river  of  the  state  of 
Ohio,  which  empties  into  the  river  Ohio, 
200  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  one  of  the 
deepest  and  best  beatable  streams  of  any 
in  the  conn  ry,  in  proportion  to  its  quanti- 
ty of  v.ater ;  but  is  narrow,  not  exceeding 
50  yards  in  breadth.  Near  its  source, 
seven  miles  northwestwardly  from  Lancas- 
ter, is  a  very  romantic  cascade  in  the 
stream  ;  the  water  falling  over  a  stratum  of 
rock,  of  about  40  feet  perpendicular 
height.  A  flouring  mid,  five  stor  es  hi^h, 
is  e-ected  on  th:s  fall ;  and  24  or  25  miles 
bel  'W  this,  is  another  perpendicular  f  .11  of 
seven  feet.  Excepting  the  interruption  of 
the  lower  falls,  and  some  mill  dam-,  latter- 
ly erected,  this  river  is  navigable  about  70 
mdes  Among  the  branches  of  Hockhock- 
ing, are  Rush  creek.  Sun  lay,  Monday, 
Margaret's,  and  Federal  creeks. 

Hocking,  interior  county  of  Ohio,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  Fairfield  and  Perry, 
east  by  Athens,  south  by  Jackson,  and  west 
by  Ross  counties.  It  is  26  by  24  miles  in 
extent,  and  contains  432  square  miles. 
The  land  is  generally  hilly  and  broken. 
It,  however,  contains  considerable  fertile 
and  valuable  land,  particularly  along  the 
borders  of  Hockhocking  river,  which  runs 
across  the  n  irth-.-astern  quarter  of  the 
county,  from  northwest  to  southeast.  The 
head  waters  ot  Raccoon  and  Salt  creeks, 
are  also  in  this  county.  Chief  town,  Lo- 
gan. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,099 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -        1,031 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        _ 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 

415 


2,130 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2,130 


H  O  H 


H  O  L 


Poreiijners  not  naturalized  ■  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  380 

do.        in  Maniitactures  -  30 

do.        in  Corimerce        -         -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5  nearly. 

Hocking,  central  townsliip  of  Fairfield 
county,  Oiiio,  in  wliicii  is  situattd  the  town 
of  Lancaster.  It  con'ained  2236  inhabi- 
tants, by  the  en  us  of  1820 

Ho'Jtlesdoii,  town  in  Herts,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  seated  near  the  Lea,  tliree 
miles  S  of  Ware,  and  17  N  by  E  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Hoei  tcheou,  the  most  s.>utbern  city  of 
the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  in  China,  famous 
for  its  teas,  varnish,  and  engravings.  It  is 
one  of  t'^e  richest  cities  in  the  empire,  and 
has  six  cities  of  the  third  class  dependant 
on  it. 

Hoei  tcheou-foH,  commercial  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Quang-ong.  Its  juris- 
diction contains  11  cities  of  the  second  and 
third  cla^s. 

Hoekelun.     See  Heiikelum. 

Hoesht,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electo- 
rate of  Mentz,  seated  on  the  Maine,  three 
mil  s  from  Fr  ncfort. 

Hog  Island,  below  Peach  Island,  is  situa- 
ted in  the  strait  of  Detroit,  where  it  opens 
into  lake  St.  Clair  ;  the  lower  end  of  it  is 
about  two  miles  from  Detroit. 

Hoq  Island,  islan'!  of  Lake  Champlain, 
forming  part  of  Frmklin  county. 

Hague,  Cape  la,  the  NW  point  of  Nor- 
mandy, in  France.  Lon.  1  52  W,  lat.  49 
45  N. 

Huhenlinden,  town  of  B.ivaria,  near  which 
the  French  gained  a  great  victory  over  the 
Austrians,  December  3d,  1800.  It  is  22 
miles  E  from  Munich. 

Hohenlohe,  or  Holach,  principality  of 
Franconia,  W  of  the  margravate  of  Ans- 
pach,  abounding  in  wine,  corn,  wood,  and 
catile.  Since  1809,  Hohenloche  forms  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg.  The  chief 
town  is  Obringen. 

Hohenmant,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
river  Me\ta,  13  miles  E  of  Chrudim. 

Hohenstein,  ancient  castle  of  Upper 
Saxony, in  Thuringia,  which  gives  name  to 
a  county.  It  is  situated  on  a  moun'ain,  at 
the  foot  of  which  is  the  village  of  Neus- 
tadt,  five  miles  NNE  of  Nordhausen. 

Hohe?it-weil,  f'^riress  ofSnavIa  surrounded 
by  the  county  of  Nellenburg.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  destr  yed  by  tlie  French  in 
1800.  It  stands  on  a  mountain,  nine  miles 
ENE  ofSchaffhausen. 

HohenzoUei^,  town  of  Siiabia,  in  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same,  with  a  castle,  on  a 
mountain,  the  seat  of  the  ancient  counts  of 
Hohenzollern.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Neckar,  16  miles  S  by  W  of  Tubingen. 
The  principality  is  now  divided  into  the 
416 


two  houses  of  Heckingen  and  Sigmaringen. 
Lon.  9  8  E,  lat  48  28"n 

Hohnsteiii,  t/wn  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
iM  snia,  on  the  river  Muida,  11  mdcs  NE  of 
Zwick^n. 

Ho  kien  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Pe-tcheli,  situa'e  be- 
tween two  rivers,  85  miles  S  of  Peking. 
Lon.  116  23  E,  lat.  38  4'j  N. 

Hola,  town  of  Iceland,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  on  the  N  coast. 
Lon.  19  20  W,  lat.  65  40  N. 

Holbeach,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
mark^-t  on  Thursday,  12  miles  S  by  E  of 
Boston,  and  109  N  by  E  of  London. 

Holbeck,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Zealand,  with  a  good  harbour, 
from  which  greai  quantities  of  corn  are 
annually  exported.  It  is  30  miles  W  of 
Copenhagen.     Lon.  11  44  E,  lat.  55  42  N. 

Holden,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  6  miles 
N  from  Worcester.  Popidation  in  1820, 
1402. 

Holderness,  township  of  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimack,  35 
miles  above  Concord.  Population  in  1820, 
1160. 

Hole  in  the  Wall,  village  of  Talbot  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  -ix  miles  south  from  Easton. 

Hole  in  the  Wall,  remarkable  rock  in  the 
W.'Si  Indies,  in  the  inland  of  Abaco.  Lon. 
W  C  1  W,  lat.  25  50  N. 

Holland,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  bounded  by  the  German 
Ocean  W ;  Zealand  S ;  the  Zuydersee 
and  province  of  Utrecht  E.  Ar  a  2100 
square  miles.     Popul  tion  900,000. 

In  point  of  cleanliness  no  country  sur- 
passes, and  few  come  up  to  it,  especially  in 
North  Holland,  and  that  even  in  the  villa- 
ges. It  has  considerable  linen  and  woollen 
manufactures,  and  numerous  docks  for  the 
building  of  ships.  The  established  reli- 
gion is  Calvanism ;  but  ali  religious  sects 
are  tolerated.  Amsterdam  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Holland,  J\^eiv,  the  largest  known  land 
that  does  no'  bear  the  name  of  a  continent : 
it  extends  from  10  30  to  43  42  S  lat.  and 
from  110  30  to  153  30  E  lon.  so  that  its 
square  surface  considerably  exceeds  that  of 
Europe  When  this  vast  island  was  first 
disc  ivered,  is  uncertain.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  last  century,  the  N  and  W  coasts 
were  traced  by  the  Dutch  :  the  S  extremity 
was  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1642.  Cap- 
tain Cook,  in  1770,  expl  red  the  E  and  NE 
from  38  S,  and  asc  rtained  its  separation 
from  New  Guinea;  and,  in  1773,  captain 
Fnrneaux,  by  connecting  Tasman's  dis- 
coveries with  Cook's,  completed  the  cir- 
cuit. In  thit  part  of  it,  which  Tasman  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  and  which  was  visited  by  Furneaux  in 
1773,  and  again  by  Cook,  in  1777,  the  land 


M  O  L 


H  O  M 


is,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  good  height,  di- 
versified with  hills  and  valleys.  See  Wales, 
JVero  South. 

Holland,  township,  Orleans  county,  Ver- 
mont, 56  miles  N  from  Montpelller.  Popu- 
lation 130. 

Holland,  township,  Hampden  count}', 
Massachusetts,  20  miles  E  from  Springfield. 
Population  in  1820,  453. 

Holland,  township,  of  Niagara  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  768. 

Holies,  township  of  Hillsborough  county, 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1529  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  tlie  W  side 
of  Merrimack  river,  between  Bunstable 
and  Merrimack  townships.  Population  in 
1820,  1543. 

Holliduy  Cove,  post  village,  Brooke 
county,  Virginia,  30  miles  W  from  Wash- 
ington, Pennsylvania. 

HoUidaysburg,  post  village,  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Uollingsworth's  Ferry,  post  office.  Mason 
county,  Virginia. 

Hollies,  York  county,  Maine,  on  Saco  ri- 
ver, 42  miles  N  from  York.  Population 
1820,  1762. 

Holliston,  post  town  and  township,  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Massachusetts,  27  miles  S 
W  from  Boston.     Population  1820,  1C12. 

Holm,  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  a  small  place  seated 
on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  12  miles  N  of  Cock- 
ermouth,  and  310  NNW  of  London,  Lon. 
3  19  W.  lat.  54  53  N. 

Holmesburff,  thriving  village  with  a  post- 
office,  in  Philadelphia  couniy,  Pennsylva- 
nia, situated  on  the  post  and  stage  road 
to  New  York,  10  miles  NE  of  Philadelphia. 

Holme^  Hole,  post  town,  Dukes  county, 
Massacliusetts,  on  Maithas  Vineyard,  nine 
miles  from  Falmouth.  It  contains  about 
70  houses,  and  350  inhabitants. 

Holslein,  duchy  of  Germany,  bounded  by 
the  German  Ocean  on  the  \V  ;  the  Baltic 
or  the  gulf  of  Lubeck  on  the  E ;  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg  on  the  SE  ;  that  of 
Bremen,  with  the  river  Kibe  on  the  .S\V; 
and  Lunenburg,  with  the  territory  of  Ham- 
burg on  the  S,  Us  greatest  length  is 
about  80  miles,  and  its  breadth  60.  A 
great  part  of  this  country  consists  of  rich 
marshland,  which  being  much  exposrd  to 
inundations  both  from  tlie  sea  and  rivers, 
dykes  have  been  raised  at  a  great  expense 
to  guard  and  defend  them.  Hamlmrg  and 
Lubec  supply  the  inliabitants  with  what 
they  want  from  abroad ;  from  wfience  and 
Altena  tliey  export  some  grain,  malt,  grots, 
starch,  buck-wheat,  peas,  beans,  rape-seed, 
butter,  cheese,  sheep,  swine,  horned  cattle, 
horses  and  fish.  The  manufactures  of  the 
duchy  are  chiefly  carried  on  at  Altena, 
Kiel  and  Gluckstadt.  Denmark  now  pos- 
sesses the  whole  ducliy ;  the  imperial  cities 
excepted.  The  king  of  Denmark,  as 
3  G 


Duke  of  Holstein,  and  Lauenburg  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  diet,  and  entitled  to 
three  votes  in  the  gen^  ra:  assi  mbly.  Area 
3250  square  miles."    Pop;dati';n  360,000. 

Hokton,  navigable  river  of  Tennessee 
state  It  rises  in  Virginia,  and  running  in 
a  SW  direction,  passes  by  Knoxville,  the 
capital  or  the  st=ite,  and  falls  into  Tennes- 
see, near  the  town  of  Maryville. 

Holt,  town  ni  Norfolk,  w  ith  a  market  on 
Saturday,  20  miles  NNW  of  Norwich,  and 
122  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  6  E,  lat.  53  5 
N.  , 

Holy  Island,  island  on  the  coast  of  North- 
umberland, six  miles  SE  of  Berwick.  It 
is  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad  ;  the  soil 
rocky  and  full  of  sioues.  It  has  a  town 
and  a  custle,  under  wliich  is  a  commodious 
harbour  defended  by  a  blockhouse  On 
this  island  which  is  llkewse  called  Lindis- 
farne,  are  the  ruins  of  a  stately  monastery, 
and  here  was  anciently  a  bishop's  see,  re- 
moved with  the  body  ol  St.  Cuthbert,  first 
to  Chester  le  Street,  and  afterward  to  Dur- 
ham 

Holyhead,  seaport  and  cape  of  the  isle  of 
Anglesea.  It  is  the  most  usual  place  of 
embarkation  for  Dublin,  there  being  pack- 
et-boats that  sail  for  that  city  every  day, 
except  Tuesday,  wind  and  weather  per- 
mitting. Holyhead  is  93  miles  WNW  of 
Chester,  and  276  NW  of  London.  Lon.  4 
22  W,  lat.  53  19  N. 

Holyxoe'l,  town  in  Flintshire  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  famous  well  ot  St  Winifred,  concern- 
ing which  so  many  fables  and  superstitious 
notions  have  prevailed.  It  is  a  copious 
stream,  bursting  out  of  the  ground  with  a 
considerable  degree  of  impetuosity.  Be- 
sides the  cold  bath,  celebrated  for  wonder- 
ful cures,  formed  at  the  spring-head,  and 
covered  with  a  beautiful  Gothic  shrine,  it 
is  now  applied  to  the  purpose  of  turning 
several  mills  for  the  working  of  copper, 
making  brass  wire,  paper  and  snuff,  and 
spinning  cotton.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  St. 
Asaph,  and  212  NE  of  London.  Lou.  3  21 
W,  lat.  54  13  N. 

Homlnirg;  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravaie  of  Hesse  Cassel,  150  miles  N  of 
■pranckfoit.     Lmi.  9  25  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Uombnrff,  town  cf  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux  Ponts  between  the  Moselle 
and  the  Rhine,  50  miles  SE  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  32  E,  lat  49  16  N. 

Homer,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Cortiandt  county.  New  York,  on  the 
Tiougl'.niaga  creek,  branch  of  Chenango 
river,  145  miles  W  from  Albaiiv.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  5504. 

Homnchittn,  river  of  the  Mississippi,  rises 
in  Hinds  and  Lawrence  counties,  flows  S 
W  through  Franklin  and  Amite,  and  be- 
tween Wilkinson  and  Adams  counties, 
falls  into  the  Mississipjii  44  miles  below 
417 


H  0  0 


HOP 


Natchez,  after  a  comparative  course  of  70 
miles, 

//o-7jfl?i,  province  of  China,  bounded  on 
the*  N  by  the  province  of  Petcheli  and 
Chan-si,  on  the  E  by  Kiangsi,  and  Chan- 
tonsc,on  the  S  by  Hcuquantf,  and  on  the  W 
by  Ciu  n-si  As  every  thing  that  can  con- 
tribute to  rendir  a  country  delightful,  is 
found  ill  tiiis  proMnce,  the  Cliiuese  call  it 
Tonghea  ;    the  middle  Flower, 

Ilonanfou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Hainan.  It  has  under  its  jurisdiciion 
one  city  of  the  second  class,  and  13  of  the 
third.     It  is  500  miles  SW  of  Peking. 

Hcnduras,  large  province  of  Guatimala, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  bay  of  Honduras, 
on  the  E  by  the  Mosquito  Sliore,  on  the  S 
by  Nicarigua,  and  on  the  W  by  Chiapa 
and  Guatimala.  This  province,  and  the 
peninsida  of  Jucatan,  on  the  other  side  of 
the  bay  of  Honduras,  derive  much  ot  their 
value  from  the  great  abundance  ot  the 
logwood  Tee.  But  by  a  convention  >>ign- 
ed  in  1786  the  En<rlish  were  not  only  per- 
mitted to  cut  logwood,  but  mahogany  or 
any  other  kind  of  wood,  and  to  carry  away 
any  o'her  produce  of  the  country;  and 
also  to  occupy  the  small  island  called  Ca- 
sina.  The  ci.piiai  of  Honduras  is  Valludolid. 

Honduras,  Bay,  or  Gulf  of ,  is  that  part 
of  the  Caribbean  sea,  lying  between  Hon- 
duras and  Yucatan. 

Honeoy,  creek,  Ontario  county,  New 
York,  outlet  of  a  lake  of  the  s  me  name. 

Honey  Creek,  of  Ohio,  branch  of  Sandus- 
ky river. 

Honey  Brook,  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvan  a,  on  the  heads  of  both 
brand  es  of  Brandywine.  Population  in 
1820,  1322. 

Honfeur,  considerable  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Calvndos  and  late 
province  of  Normandy,  with  a  g'lod  bar- 
bour  and  a  trade  in  lace.  It  is  eight  miles 
N  of  Pont  i'Eveque,  and  110  NW  of  Par  s, 
Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  49  24  N, 

Hojiitoti,  town  in  Oevonshire,  on  the  Ot- 
ter, 16  miles  E  f'f  Exeter,  and  156  W  bv 
S  of  London.     Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Hoiwlsteiii,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  5  E,  lat,  49 
48  N. 

Hood  Island,  one  of  the  Marques:is  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  and  named  by 
captain  Cook,  in  1774.  Lon,  138  47  W, 
lat.  9  26  S. 

HooEfly,  small  but  ancient  city  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Bengal.  It  is  now  nearly  in  ruins, 
but  possesses  many  vestiges  of  former 
greatness.  In  the  beginning  of  this  cen- 
tury, it  was  the  great  mart  of  the  expert 
trade  of  Bengal  to  Europe,  It  is  seated  on 
an  arm  of  the  Ganges,  called  Hoogly,  26 
miles  N  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88  28  E,  lat.  32 
30  N. 

Hoogly  jRiver,  arm  of  the  Ganges,  formed 
418 


by  the  union  of  its  two  westernmost  branch^ 
es,  named  the  Cossimbuzar  and  Yellingby 
rivers.  It  is  the  port  of  C  Icutta,  and  the 
only  branch  of  the  Qjnges  that  is  common* 
ly  naviga'ed  by   ships, 

Hoogsiratev,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  10  miles  S  of  Breda,  and  15  NE  of 
Antwerp. 

Hookset  Falls,  in  Merrimac  river,  eight 
miles  above  the  Amoskeag  falls,  and  eight 
below  Concord. 

Hookstown,  village  of  Maryland,  6  miles 
NW  from  Baltimore,  and  on  the  road  to 
Reisterstown. 

Hookstoxm,  Green  county,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Hookstoim,  Talbot  county,  Maryland,  3 
miles  N  from  Easton, 

Hoosack,  one  of  the  most  elevated  sum- 
mits of  tlie  Green  mountain  range,  in  Wil- 
liatnstown,  Berkshire  county,  Mas.iachu- 
setts. 

Hoosack  Itivery  rises  in  Bennington  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  flows  west,  and  falls  into  the 
Hu('son,  8  miles  above  W^tertord. 

Hoosack,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Renellaer  county,  New  York,  30  miles  N 
of  Albany,  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river. 
Population  in  1820,  3373. 

Hopebottom,  village  of  Susquehannah, 
county,  Pennsylvania, 

Hope  Tottmship,  county  of  Durham,  Up- 
per Canada,  lies  to  the  west  of  Hamilton, 
and  fronts  lake  Ontario. 

Hope,  township,  Lincoln  county,  Maine, 
38  NE  from  Wiscasset,  Population  in 
1820,  1179, 

Hope,  post  town  in  Sussex  county,  New 
■Jersey,  a  sm:  11  Moravian  settlement  22 miles 
NE  of  Easton  in  Penns\  Ivania, 

Hopejield,  village  of  Arkansas  territory, 
on  the  Mississippi,  opposite  the  Chickisaw 
Bluffs. 

H'pervell,  township  ot  New  Brunswick,  in 
Westmoitlard  coun'y,  on  a  siT.all  nver 
flow  ng  into  the  Bay  ot  Fundy. 

Hopcivell,  towf  ship  ot  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
1952 

Hope-velh  township  of  Hunterdon  county. 
New  Jer  ey,  containing  2565  inhabitants 
in  1810.  U  is  situated  on  the  NE  side  of 
the  river  Delaware,  14  miles  E  of  Prince- 
ton, and  10  N  of  Trenton.  Population  in 
1820,  2881. 

Hopeivell,  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  joining  to  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland. In  1810  it  contained  1587  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1820,  1630, 

Hope-well,  township  of  Washington  coi'.n- 
ty,  Pennsylvania,  containin.e  2193  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  about  14  miles 
NW  by  W  from  Washington.  Population 
in  1820,  2186. 

Hopeii-ell,  SW  township  of  Cumberland 


HOP 


II  O  R 


county,  Pennsylvania,  between  the  Blue 
Mountain  and  Comie  logvvinnet  creek. 
Popa!atio>  in  182U,  820. 

Hope-well,  township  of  Bfdford  county. 
Pen  isylvania,  on  the  iVE  border  of  the 
county,  a-id  on  boih  sides  of  Raystown 
branch.     Population  in  1820,  1327. 

Hope-ivell,  townsliip  of  Huntinj^don  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  both  sidvsof'Ray  town 
branch,  12  miles  SW  from  Huntingdon. 
Populat.on  in  1820.  1047. 

Hopewell,  'own-hi:  >  of  Perry  county,  Ohio, 
J'  miles  N  from  Somerset.  Population  in 
1820,  1037. 

Hope-well,  township  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio.     Populition  in  1820,  657. 

Hopewell,  township,  on  'he  western  bor- 
der of  Maskinj^jum  county,  Ohio.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1259. 

Hopkins,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Christian  S;  Caldwell  SW;  Union  W ; 
Henderson  NVV  ;  Green  river  or  I)avi-s  N  ; 
and  Muhlenburg  E.  Length  35 ;  mean 
width  22;  area  750  square  miles.  Chief 
-town,  Madisonville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -         •       1,355 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,196 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          ...        -  1 

Slaves 412 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popidation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  coli>ur,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males        .         .         - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820      - 


3,964 


2,220 
2,114 


5,322 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engai^ed  in  A.griculture  -        1,443 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  77 

do.        in  Commerce        .        -  11 

Population  to  the  sq'i  .re  mile  7. 

Hopkinsville,  township  of  Caledou'a  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  36  miles  NE  from  Montpe- 
lier. 

Hopkinsville,  post  village,  Po'.vhattan 
couniy,  Virginia,  20  miles  W  from  llich- 
mond- 

Hopkinsville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jiH- 
tice,  Christ  an  county,  Kentucky,  on  Lit  le 
river,  a  brancn  of  Cumberland  river,  36 
miles  W  from  Riisselville 

Hopkinton,  pos^  t^jwn  and  township, 
Hillsboroug'i  cnunty,  New  H;\mp-hire,  on 
Contacook  river,  8  miles  W  from  Concord. 
Population  in  1820,  2437. 


Hopkinlon,  townsliip  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Rhode  I^lind,  containing  1774  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,1821.  It  is 
situated  between  Wood  and  /Vshewa^ue 
rivers,  and  joins  the  slate  of  Connecticut. 

Hupkuiton,  post  village  and  township,  St. 
Lawrence  county,  New  York,  on  a  branch 
of  St.  Regis  river,  40  miUs  E  from  Ogdens- 
burg,     p'opulition  in  1820,  581. 

HopkirUon,  to\\nsW\p,  Middl,  sex  county, 
M.t-sachuset  s,  30  mi:es  SW  from  Boston. 
P  pu'.ation  in  1820,  1655. 

Horeb,  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea,  in 
A>ia. 

Horn,  cons  derable  town  of  the  ^United 
Provinces,  in  N  Holland,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, on  the  Ziiider-Zec,  13_  miles  NE  of 
Amsierd:;m.     Lon.  4  59  E,  lut.  52  38  N. 

Horn,  town  of  liie  I'te  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, in  the  bishopric  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  55 
E,  lat.  51   12  N. 

Hornbach,  town  in  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux-Ponis.  Lon.  7  36  E,  lat. 
49  10  N. 

Hor)iberg,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  IJlack  Forest,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
bcrg,  with  a  fortrf  ss  on  a  mount  .in.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Gutlish,  21  miles  NE  of  Fri- 
burg.     Lon  8  27  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Hornby,  town  of  Lancashire,  in  England, 
seated  on  a  branch  of  'he  rivsr  Lone,  with 
a  handsome  church.  Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  54 
6  N. 

Horn,  Cape,  the  most  southern  part  of 
Tiei'ra-del-Fuego,  in  Sou'li  America.  It 
is  now  the  common  route  fro  u  he  Atlan- 
tic into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  W  C  9 
14  E,  hii.  56  S. 

Horncastle,  large  well  built  lown  in  Lin- 
colnshire, on  the  nver  Bane.  It  is  20 
miles  E  or  Lincolir,  and  136  N  of  London. 
Lon  0  2  W,  lit  53  14  N. 

Hornchurch,  vdlage  in  Essex,  two  miles 
E  by  S  of  liumford,  of  which  it  is  the 
mother  cliurch.  A  large  pair  of  horns  is 
affixed  to  the  E  end  o'  tiie  church,  for 
wtiich  tradition  assigiis  a  rea:.on  too  idle  to 
be  repeated. 

Horndon,  town  in  Essex,  with  a  market 
on  S/itunlay.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  which 
commands  a  beautiful  prospect,  16  mile-i  .S 
bv  W  of  Chelmsford,  and  19  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  35  E,  1  .t  51  32  N. 

Horn  Island,  long  narrow  bank  of  sand, 
off'  the  co.iSt  of  .Mississippi,  betiveen  Pe- 
litebois  and  Dog  islands.  It  is  about  17 
m.les  long,  wiih  a  mtran  width  of  half  a 
mile. 

Hornaeri,  town  of  York-hire.  188  miles 
from  Lo  don  It  is  almost  sur^. .und^^d  by 
a  small  arm  of  t:ie  sea,  and  the  church 
h  -vin;;  a*iiigli  steeple,  is  a  noted  s"a-m  irk. 
Not  many  •  cars  ago  tljere  was  a  street 
h  reca'l  d  Horns-y  beck  which  wis  .Vish- 
ed  away  by  the  sea,  except  a  house  or 
two.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  54  0  N. 
419 


H  O  T 


H  {■>)  \ 


Mornsen,  town  in  Middlesex,  five  miles 
N  of  London.  It  is  a  long'  straggling  place, 
situated  in  a  low  vallej',  but  extremely 
pleasant,  having  the  new  river  winding 
through  it. 

//orr!/,  eastern  district  of  South  Carolina  ; 
boundfd  bj'  Xortu  C  rolina  NE  ;  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  SE;  Geoigetown  S, -rnd  Lit- 
tle Red  river  or  Marion  W.  Length  35, 
menn  widih  28  ;  area  1100  square  miles. 
Surface  level,  :ind  soil  generally  sandy  or 
marshy,  und  sterile.  Chief  town  Conways- 
boii'Ugh. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  whites,  males  -         -         1,472 

do.      do.     females  -         -         1,461 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -         .         .         .  18 

Slaves 1,398 


Total  population  in  1810 


4,349 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

- 

1,820 

do.   do.    females 

1,748 

Total  whites 

3.568 

Free  persons  of  colour. 

males     - 

15 

do.         do. 

females 

8 

Slaves,  males 

. 

731 

do      females 

. 

7Q'o 

Total  population  in  1820     -         -         5,025 

Of  these  ;  • 
Foreigners  not  natur.ilized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,275 

do         in  Manufactures  -         -  157 

do.        in  Comm'-vce       -        -  2 

Population  to  i!ie  square  mile  Al., 

Horsaieck,  cape  of  Long  Island',  extend- 
ing into  Long  Island  Sound,  NW  from  Hun- 
tingdon bay. 

Horseneck,  village  of  Essex  county.  New 
Jersey,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Passaic 
river,  4  miles  S\V  from  Patterson. 

Horsens,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland, 
seated  on  the  bottom  of  a  bay  ihat  0|,'ens 
into  he  Categatc  near  the  island  of  Hiar- 
noe,  125  miles  W  by  N  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  9  40  R,  lal.  55  57  N. 

Horsham,  boruiigh  in  Sussex.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  36  m  Ic.s 
S  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  W,  lat.  51 
8  N 

Horsham,  township  of  M  ntgomery  coun- 
ty, Penn  ylvania  ;  situated  on  the  S  branch 
of  Neshauiiny  creek,  j -.i'.ing  Bucks  county. 
It  entail  ed  938  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820,  1081. 

Hottentots  Country  of  the,  large  region  in 
the  S  extremity  .jf  \fiica,  extending  N  by 
W,  from  the  Cape  of  G(iod  Hope,  beyond 
the  mouth  of  Oranue  river,  and  from  that 
eape,  in  an  ENE  direction,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Great  Fish  river,  which  parts  it  from 
429 


CafFraria.  It  lies  between  the  tropic  of  Ca^ 
pricorn  and  35  S  lat.  and  is  bounded  on  the 
W,  S,  and  E  by  the  Atlantic,  Southern,  and 
Indirin  Oceans,  .and  on  the  N  by  regions 
very  little,  if  at  all,  explored.  The  Hot- 
tentots are  as  tall  as  most  Europeans,  but 
are  more  slender;  and  the  characteristic 
mark  of  this  nation  is,  the  smallness  of  their 
hands  and  feet,  compared  with  the  other 
parts  of  their  body.  Their  skin  is  of  a 
yellowish  brown  hue,  resembling  that  of 
a  European  who  has  the  jaundice  in  a 
high  degree.  There  are  not  such  thick 
lips  among  the  Hottentots  as  among  their 
neighbours  the  Kegroes,  the  Caffrts,  and 
the  Mozambiques :  and  their  mouth  is  of 
the  middling  size,  with  the  finest  set  of 
teeth  imaginable.  Their  heads  are  cover- 
ed with  hair,  more  woolly,  if  pobsible,  than 
that  of  the  Negroes.  That  part  of  the 
Hottentot  country  possessed  by  the  Dutch 
or  British  is  considerable ;  extending  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  N  to  lat.  30,  and 
E  to  the  Great  Fish  river,  about  550  miles 
in  length,  and  230  in  breadth.  The  whole 
is  naturally  barren  and  mountainous.  See 
Cape  Toivn, 

Haitat,  island  of  France,  near  the  coast 
of  Bretagne.  It  is  10  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. 

Hoiidnn,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Etire  and  Loire  and  lately  in 
the  province  of  Beauce,  with  a  manufac- 
turt-  of  woi.'llen  stockings.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Vegre,  10  miles  from  Dreux,  and  32 
miles  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  41  E,  lat.  48 
47   N. 

Houghton,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Upper  Canada,  on  lake  Erie,  W  from 
Walsingham. 

Hounnfield,  township  of  Jefferson  county. 
New  York,  on  lake  Ontario,  including  the 
village  of  Sackett's  Harbour.  Population 
1820,  3429. 

Housatoiiick,  river  of  Connecticut,  It 
rises  in  Massachusetts,  and  runs  through 
Lichfield  county,  nearly  due  south,  till  it 
passes  N.  Milford.  Thence  it  flows  SE 
till  it  joins  the  Stratford,  and  the  united 
stream  falls  into  Long  island  Sound  near 
the  town  of  Stratford. 

Hounslow,  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  situated  on  a 
heath  of  the  same  name,  on  which  are 
some  powder-mills,  on  a  branch  of  the  ri- 
ver Coin.  Here  is  a  charity  school  and  a 
chapel.  The  heath  is  noted  for  robberies 
and  horse  races.  Huunslow  is  10  miles  W 
by  S  of  London. 

Houssa,  county  of  central  Africa,  on  the 
Niger.  It  is  too  little  known  to  admit 
specific  description. 

Hoiiquang,  province  of  China,  which 
occupies  nearly  the  centre  of  the  empire. 
Yang-tse-kiang  river  traverses  it  from  E 
to  W,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts. 


H  O   V 


H  i:  © 


Housionville,  post  village,  Iredell  county, 
North  Carulina. 

Houstonville,  post  village,  Pendleton,  dis- 
trict, Sou'h  Ca'olina. 

Hou-tcheoufou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tciie-kiang.  It  is  160  miles  NE 
of  Nan-king.     Lon.  119  45  B,  lat.  oU  35  N 

Ilou-ard,  towiiihip  of  Steuben  county. 
New  York,  on  Canistes  river,  18  miles  W 
from  Bath.     Population  1820. 

Ho-ward,  township  of  Centre  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  on  Beach  creek  in  the 
northern  angle  of  the  county.  Population 
1820.  1055. 

Ifuivarrl,  NW  county,  of  Missouri,  lying 
N  from  Missouri  river.  This  couniy  oc- 
cupies an  e.\tent  of  11,450  square  miles, 
and  must  consequently  be  soon  subdivided, 
it  would  be  therefore  useless  to  give  its 
existing  boundaries    Chief  town,  Franklin. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        6,160 

do.     do.  females  -        -         5,159 


Total  whites       .... 

11,319 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

11 

do              do.       females 

7 

Slaves,  males      .... 

1,049 

do.    females            .        -        , 

1,040 

Total  population  in  1820, 


13,426 


Of  these ; 
Foreigr.ers  not  naturalized  -  42 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         2,788 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  372 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  51 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  I5  nearly. 

Ifowden,  town  in  tlu  E  riding  of  York- 
shire. It  gives  name  to  a  small  district 
called  Howdenshire,  and  has  a  large 
church,  hke  a  cathedral.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Otise,  15  miles  SE  of 
York,  and  179  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  51  W,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Ho-oell,  townsliip  of  Monmouth  county. 
New  Jersey.     Population  1820,  354. 

^ow/a7ic?,  township  of  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio,  E  from  Warren.  I'opulation  1820,625. 

Hoxter,  lown  of  U'es'phalia,  scat  d  on 
the  Weser,  eight  miles  NVV  of  Corwey,  27 
miles  NE  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  39  E,  lat. 
51  50  N. 

Hoy,  one  of  the  Oi'kney  Islands  situated 
between  the  Island  if  Pomona  and  the 
N  coast  of  Caiihness-shire.  It  is  10  miles 
long.     Lon.  3  20  W,  lat.  58  36  N. 

Hoyn,  province  of  Hanover,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  the  same  name,  on  the  Allor,  23 
miles  SE  from  Bremen. 

^oi/e,  town  of  Westphalia,  capit  1  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the 
elector  of  Hanover,  seated  on  the  Weser, 
13  miles  NW  of  Zell.  Lon.  9  6  E,  lat.  52 
57  N. 

Hua,  or  Kahau,  large  town  of  Asia,  ca- 


pital of  Cochin-China,  with  a  royal  palace, 
it  is  seated  in  a  beautiful  plain,  and  divid- 
ed into  two  parts  by  a  large  river.  Lon. 
105  5  E,  lat.  17  40  N. 

Huahine,  one  of  the  Society  Islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  30  leagues  from 
Otaheite.  It  is  21  miles  in  compass,  and 
has  a  commodious  harbour.  Lon.  151  1 
W,  kt.  16  44  S. 

Hubbard,  township  of  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  843. 

Hubbardstoivn,  township  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1127  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1367.  It  is 
situa'ed  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Ware,  45 
miles  W  from  Boston. 

Hubbardstoivn,  post  village  and  township 
of  Rutland  county,  Vermont,  40  miles  NW 
from  Windsor.     Population  1820,734. 

Hubert,  seigniory,  Quebec  county.  Lower 
Canada. 

Hubert,  St.  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg, 
with  an  abbey,  20  miles  SE  of  Rochefort. 
Lon.  5  12  E.  lat.  50  0  N. 

Huddersfield,  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a  market  on  Tuesduy.  It 
is  the  mart  for  narrow  cloths,  called  plains. 
It  is  42  miles  SW  of  York,  and  189  NNW 
of  London.      Lon.  1  40  W,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Hudsoji,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  ci- 
ties in  the  state  of  New  York  ;  situated  on 
the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river,  in  Columbia 
county,  115  miles  N  of  the  city  of  New 
York,' and  30  S  of  Albany,  in  the  lat.  cf  42 
15  N.  The  foundation  of  the  first  house 
was  laid  in  1783,  and  in  1800  it  contained 
4048  inhabitants;  and  by  the  census  of 
1820,  5310.  It  is  considered  as  the  third 
town  in  the  stwte  in  manufactures  and  the 
fourth  in  commerce.  The  si:e  rises  by  a 
gentle  acclivity  from  Hudson  river;  and 
the  main  street  following  the  ascent  ex- 
tends above  a  mile  from  the  water. 

Hudson,  river  of  New  York.  The  basin 
of  the  Hudson,  if  we  include  Uaritun  bay 
and  river,  the  bay  of  Newark,  with  i;s  two 
small  confluent  rivers,  Hackinsack  and 
Passaick,  and  the  contiguous  part  f  Long- 
Island  Sound,  in  the  Hudson  ba.-in,  we  iiKve 
before  us  a  very  curious  connexion  be- 
tween inland  and  maritime  navigation. 
Taken  wiih  this  extcn-ion,  ihe  Hudson 
basin,  reaches  from  Sandy  Hook,  N  lat.  40 
30,  to  the  extreme  sources  of  the  Hudson,  in 
N  lat.  44  05,  or  above  250  miles  in  length, 
with  a  mean  width  of  40  miles,  exclusive  of 
the  western  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Schoharie  river. 
This  latter  section  includes  a  parallelogram 
of  60  miles  long,  and  35  wide.  The 
whole  basin  sprtading  over  an  area  of 
14,600  square  miles.  The  Hudson  river 
is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  Hud- on,  and 
for  sloops  to  Albany.  The  tide  flo  '  s  to 
Troy,  to  which  small  sloops  ascend.  When 
the  two  great  canals  of  New  York  are 
421 


HUE 


H  O  M 


completed,  the  Hudson  will  have  a  water 
eommunicatioii  with  lakes  Champlain  and 
Erie. 

Hudson,  p.ist  villa.^e  and  township  of 
Portage  con  y,  Oiiio,  12  mils  N\V  from 
Ravenna.     Popii  alioii  1820,  491. 

Hndsuu  Bay,  bay  of  N.  America  lying 
between  51  and  69  N  laiitule,  dis  overed 
in  1610  by  captain  Henry  Hudson.  Tni^; 
iiitrepi.l  mariner,  in  s-arrhing  aftera  NW 
passage  o  tlie  Pacitii  Octa  i,  di  covered 
three  s  laits,  through  which  he  hoped  lo 
find  out  a  new  way  to  Asia,  Tliis  bay 
communicates  on  the  N  by  two  s'rai  s, 
with  Bassin  bay  ,  on  the  E  si  le  it  s  border- 
ed i<y  Labrador,  on  the  SVV  by  New  South 
Wales,  ..ndon  the  W  b\  N-w  N  rth  Wales. 
These  countries,  included  under  the  n  .me 
of  New  Brit  in,  abound  with  animals  whose 
skins  and  furs  are  far  superior  in  quality 
to  those  found  in  les-  n  r  heily  r  gions. 
The  natives  are  called  Esquimaux,  and 
northern  In  Hans  ;  and  arc-  materially  dif- 
ferent from  ad  the  southern  tribes.  In 
1670,  a  cliarler  was  graned  to  a  company 
for  the  exclusive  trade  to  this  bay.  This 
company  po  ses.s  three  forts,  on  ihe  S  coast 
of  James  b  >y,  by  v\  hich  name  the  S  part 
of  Hu  is')n  b  y  is  distinguislied;  these  fac- 
tories are  called  Rupert,  VI  lose,  and  Alba- 
ny, but  the  former  has  been  aband-  ned. 
On  th(-  W  side  '>f  Hudson  bay,  up  Hayes 
river,  is  a  factory  calKd  Flamborough  ; 
and  to  the  N  of  this  is  York  Tort  and 
Prince  of  Wales  Fort.  In  December  1770, 
Mr.  Hearne,  in  the  service  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  set  out  from  Prince  of 
Wal  s  Fort  to  explore  a  river,  that  the 
Esqu  mai;x,  wlio  came  to  the  company's 
factories  to  trade,  had  brought  to  their 
kno^vledge ;  and  which,  on  account  of 
much  copper  being  found  near  it,  had  ob- 
tained he  OMme  of  Coppirr-mine  River. 
Under  the  cmvoy  of  f'cse  Indians,  he  ar- 
rived at  this  river  in  1771,  and  traced  it  tdl 
he  came  in  sight  of  the  Pacfic  Ocean, 
finding  it  incumbered  with  shoals  and  falls 
to  its  mouth,  which  is  in  lat,  72  N.  By 
late  observations  the  position  of  H.^ame's 
river,  is  found  much  more  to  the  W  than 
laid  down  by  that  traveller. 

Hudson's  House,  factory  of  Hudson  Bay 
Comp iuy  on  Saska-hawin  river.  Lon,  W 
C  29  27  W,  lat.  53  N. 

Hudsons  Strait,  unites  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

^He?m,  isla'  d  of  the  Baltic,  three  miles 
from  the  coast  of  Sweden,  and  subj  ct  to 
the  Swedes,  to  whom  it  -as  ceded  by  the 
Danes  in  1658.  In  this  ;sla  id  was  the  ob- 
servatory of  the  ceiebra*ed  Tyclio  Hrahe. 
It  is  six  miles  in  circumference ;  nine 
miles  S  by  E  of  E'.smore;  and  fourteen  N 
by  E  f  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  38  E,  lat. 
55  54  N. 

Huescs,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
422 


gon,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  university. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Issuela,  35  miles  NE  of 
Sarag.ssa.     Lon.  0  2  W,   at.  42   18  N. 

Huescar,  town  of  Spain,  in  ihe  kingdom 
of  G;a'iaja,  with  a  cas.le,  60  miles  NE  of 
Granada.     Lon.  2  20  W,  (at.  o7  45  N. 

Hiiessen,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  three  rniles  S  of  Arn- 
heim. 

Huetta,  old  and  small  town  of  Spain,  in 
New  C  ibtil  ,  67  m,les  E  of  Madrid.  Lon, 
1  55  W.  :a: .  40  22  N. 

HitghsviUe,  post  village,  Patrick  county, 
Virginia,  about  75  miles  SW  by  S  from 
Fincastle- 

Hulingsburg,  post  village,  Armstrong 
count),  Pennsylvania. 

Htdl,  or  Ki7.gHton  upon  Hull,  borough  and 
sea.jort  in  the  E  riding  of  Yoikshire.  It 
was  built  by  Edv.'ard  I.  who  called  it  Kings- 
ton, and  it  is  s  ated  on  the  river  Hull,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Humber.  The  harbour 
is  artificial ;  and  here  are  docks  for  build- 
ing and  repairing  ships.  Among  the  pub- 
lic buildings,  are^he  Trinity  House,  for 
the  relief  of  seamen  and  their  widows;  a 
custom  liouse,  an  exchange,  a. id  a  town- 
hall  The  stone  bridge,  over  the  river  to 
Holderness;  was  rebuilt  in  1787,  and  con- 
sists of  14  arches.  Hull  sends  two  mem- 
ber-, to  parli-.ment,  and  is  36  miles  SE  of 
York,  and  173  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  14 
W,  lal.  53  45  N. 

Hidl,  township  of  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  S  side  of  Boston  har- 
bour nine  miles  E  from  Boston.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  172. 

Hull's-cross  roads,  post  office,  Hartford 
county,  Maryland. 

Hdl's  stare,  post  office,  Pendleton,  coun- 
ty, Virgmia. 

flidmville,  post  town,  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Hulfie7t,  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, nine  miles  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4 
37  E,  lat.  51  44  N. 

Hidst,  strong  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
seated  on  a  plain,  which  may  be  ove.  flow- 
ed.    I    has  a  very  fine  townliouse,  15  miles 
NW  of  Antwerp,  and  17  NE  of  Ghent. 
Lon   4  6E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Hiimber,  river  of  England,  formed  by 
the  Trent,  Ouse,  Derwent  and  several 
other  streams  it  divides  Yorkshire  from 
Lincolnshire,  and  fads  into  the  German 
Oce  .n,  at  Holderness. 

Humber,  river  of  Newfoundland,  flows 
W  into  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Humber,  small  river  of  Upper  Canada,  in 
York  coun'v,  falls  in'o  :ake  Ontario,  a  short 
dis  aoce  W  of  York. 

Humburstone^  township  of  LTpper  Canada 
in  Lin-  oln  county,  nn  lake  Erie,  between 
Bertie  and  Wainfieet. 

Hommelsto-wn,  town  of  Danphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  tlie   E  side  of 


II  U  N 


H  U  N 


Swatara  creek,  nine  miles  E  from  Harris- 
btirg  and  27  NW  from  Lancaster.  Popu- 
lation 182U,  4i8, 

Hvmmoch,  island  of  Asia,  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  about  six  miles  lonpf.  Ti.e  r  jah 
is  supported  in  his  authority  by  the  Di.tch 
East  India  C  nipanv.  It  hes  five  leagues  S 
ofMinlanao       Lom.  125  12  E,  lat.  5  27  N 

Hiimp/'ries,  county  ut Tennessee,  bound- 
ed by  Perry  S  ;  Tennessee  river,  or  Caro- 
line W  ;  Stewari  N;  and  Dickson  E. 
Length  30;  mean  width  25;  area  750 
square  milea.  Surface  rather  varying-  than 
hilly.     Chief  town,  Ueynoldbberg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Fr^e  whi'e  males        -        -         -  711 

do.  do.     females     .        .        -  645 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  13 

Slaves 132 

Total  population  in  1810,  -         1,511 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -      ,  -         -         1,824 
^o.     do.    females     -    '  -         -         1,698 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        - 
do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        4,067 

Of  tliese ; 
Foreii^ners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Knj^aged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,048 

do.        in  .Vlanuiactiires  -  72 

do.        in  (Jommerce       -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5. 

Humphreysville,  post  village,  Nf  w  Haven 
county,  Conneclicui,  on  the  W  side  of 
Naugatuck,  four  miles  ubcve  its  junction 
with  the  Housatonick.  This  village  was 
named  from  General  Humphries  who  first 
intriiduced  Merino  sheep  in  the  United 
States  at  this  place.  It  is  now  the  seat  of 
an  fexiensive  woollen  manufacture. 

Humphreysville,  post  village.  Union  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

Hungary^  kingdom  of  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Poland  and  Silesia,  W  by  Mo- 
ravia, Austria,  Sliria,  S  by  Sclavonia  and 
Servia,  and  E  by  Walathia  au'l  Tran  ylva- 
nia.  It  is  divided  imo  Upper  and  Lower 
Hungar)  ;  ai:d  to  tliese  may  be  wdded  the 
Bannat  of  Temeswar,  incoipor  ited  i  to  the 
kingdom  of  Hungary,  in  1778  Hungary 
formerly  included  Transylvania,  Sclavonia, 
Dalmatia.  St- rvia,  and  VValachia.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are,  the  Danube,  Save,  Drave, 
Tresse,  Maros,  Haab,  and  Waag.  The  air 
is  unhealthy,  occasioned  by  the  lakes  and 
bogs  ;  but  it  abounds  in  all  the  ntcessaries 
of  life,  and  the  wine,  especially  that  called 


Tockay,  is  excellent.  There  are  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron  ;  and  also  of 
opal,  at  Czerweniza,  wiiich  gem  is  ■  cculiar 
to  t'.iis  country  'Mere  is  such  plenty  of 
game,  ti'at  hunt  ng  s  allowed  to  all.  The 
inhabit'.nts  ;:.e  wel  sh;ip' d,  gentrou  ,  and 
br^ve,  but  haughty  and  revcnget'ul ;  and 
art"  estimated  at  seven  mi  lions.  The 
trarle  princip  liy  consists  in  c.tt  e,  hogs, 
slieep,  flour,  wheat,  rye,  wool,  :ind  wine  ; 
and  these  are  almost  wh  lly  stnt  to  the 
Austrian  provinces.  Tiie  kingdom  of 
Hungary  can  easily  raise  an  army  o!  1(JO,OUO 
men.  The  horsemen  are  called  Hussars, 
and  the  fo  t  Heydukes.  A'mos'  all  the 
towns  of  Hungary  have  two  namts,  the  one 
G(.rnrian  and  the  other  Hiingari,.n  ;  and  the 
langiuige  is  a  dialect  of  i  e  Scia\onsan. 
The  government  is  liereditar\  in  the  house 
of  AuslHa.  No  country  in  the  world  is 
bettor  suppliefl  wih  mineral  waters  and 
baths  ;  and  those  of  Buda,  when  tiie  Turks 
were  in  poss  ssion  of  it,  werr  reckoned  the 
finest  in  Euiope.  Buda  is  the  capii;d  of 
Lower  Hungary,  and  Pi  esburg  of  the  Up- 
per.  Popu'latiort  8  580,000;  corsisti  ,g 
of  Roni..n  Catholics  4.000,000,  Greeks 
2  500.000;  Calvinists  1,300,000;  Li.theians 
7u(j,000  ;  and  Jews  80,000. 

Hungerford,  town  in  Berkshire;  it  is  64 
miles  W  of  L-  ndon  Lon.  1  26  AV,  lat,  51 
26  N. 

thmgerford,  township  of  Upper  Canada, 
in  Hasiinf;s  c  unty 

Hungry  Bay,  New  York,  Jefferson  coun- 
ty.    Sf  e  Suchdt's  Harbour. 

Hungry  toiun,  post  town,  Lunenburg 
coun  y,  Viri.',i  .la 

Hiinmanby,ti>^'  n  in  the  E  riding'  of  York- 
shire, witii  a  mark  t  on  Tut-sdav,  34  miles 
NE  of  York,  and  209  N  of  L  naon.  Lon. 
0  12  \V,  lat  54  12  N. 

Hiinningueii,  fortified  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  der)artment  of  Upper  Rhine 
and  I  'ely  in  the  province  ol  Alsaci-,  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  five  miles  N  of  Basle.  Lon. 
11  40  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Hunterdon,  county  of  New  Jersey  ;  bound- 
ed by  Dt-laware  river  SW  ;  Sussex  county 
NW  ;  Morris  NE  ;  Somerset  E,  and  Mid- 
dlesex and  Burlington  SE.  Lengh  32; 
mean  width  17 ;  atva  about  540  squ  .re 
miles.  Surface  h  Ily  ;  bu  with  a  soil  gene- 
rally productive  in  grain  fruits  and  pastu- 
rage.    Chiei'tow'i,  irenton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -      11,448 

do.  do.  ft  males  -  -  11,302 
All  other  pi  rsons  except  Indians 

iiot  taxed      -        -        -        -  687 

Slaves 1,119 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 

423 


24,556 


II  U  N 


HUN 


Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons 


13,155 

13,299 

91 


Total  whites           -        -        .  26,545 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  711 

do.             do.        females,  732 

Slaves,  males    ....  295 

do.    females          -        -        -  321 


cellent  soil  skirts  the  streams.    Chief  town, 
Huntingdon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        7,522 

do.  do.     femnles     -         -         -        7,146 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  110 

Slaves         ....        -  0 


Total  population  in  1820 


Total  population  in  1810 


28,604 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  113 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  4,268 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  1,955 

do.        in  Commerce    .        -  205 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  53. 

Hunter,  township  of  Green  county.  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  1025. 

Hnnterstown,  township  of  St.  Maurice 
county,  Lower  Canada,  28  miles  NW  from 
Three  Kivers. 

Huntersto-zvn,  village  of  York  countj', 
Pennsylvania,  25  miles  W  from  York. 

Jftinteraville,  post  village,  Lincoln  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Huntingdorishire,  county  of  England,  25 
miles  in  length,  and  20  in  its  broadest  part ; 
bounded  on  the  N  and  NW  by  Nnrthamp- 
tonshire,  on  the  E  by  Cambridgeshire,  and 
on  the  SW  by  Bedfordshire.  Population 
in  1801,37,568;  in  1811,  42,208,  and  in 
1821,48,771. 

Huntingdon,  county  town  of  Huntingdon- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  on 
the  river  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge 
to  Godmanchester. 

Huntingdon,  town  in  Chittenden  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  S  side  of  Onion  river,  10 
miles  northward  of  Bristol,  .and  16  SE  of 
Burlington,  with  about  450  inhabitants. 

Huntingdon,  township  m  Fairfif-id  cotmty, 
Connecticut,  on  the  S  side  of  Housatonic 
river,  about  16  miles  N  of  Fairfield.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  2805. 

Huntingdon,  townsh  p  in  Suffolk  county. 
New  York  ;  situated  on  Long  Island,  14 
miles  SE  of  Smithtown,  an;'  o6  NE  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
4935. 

Huntingdon,  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
between  the  N  boundary  of  New  York, 
and  Ilicheheu  and  St.  L:iwrence  rivers. 

Huntingdon,  township  of  Hastings  coun- 
ty. Upper  Canada,  N  from  Thurlow. 

Hnntingdon,  cotmty  of  Pennsylvania, 
hounded  SW  by  Bedford  ;  NW  by  Cam- 
bria ;  N  bv  Centre ;  E  by  Mifflin  ;  and  SE 
by  Fr  nkhn  ;  length  48;  mean  widtii  30  ; 
and  area  1185  square  m  les.  This  is  a  very 
mountainous  county  watered  by  the  Junia- 
ta, and  its  various  branches.  Though  ge- 
ncrallv  rocky  and  barren,  much  very  ex- 
4?1 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.  females  - 
All  other  persons 


14,778 


10,231 
8,635 


Total  whites      ....  19,869 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  140 

do.             do.         females,  128 

Slaves,  males      ....  3 

do.  females            ...  2 


Total  population  in  1820    . 


20,142 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          .  71 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      .        -  3,208 

do.         in  Manufactures           .  878 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  31 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17. 

Huntingdon,  borough,  post  town,  and 
seat  of  justice,  Huntingdon  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  left  bank  of  Raystown, 
bi'anch  of  .Tuniata,  45  miles  NE  from  Bed- 
ford.    Population  1820,  841. 

Hmtingdon  townsiiip  of  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvani;!,  on  Bermudian  creek,  12 
m  les  NNE  from  Gettysburg.  Population 
1820,  1198. 

Huntingdon,  township  of  Luzerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  12  miles  SW  by  W  from 
Wilkesbarre,  and  on  Fishing  creek.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1274. 

HuTdingdon,  East,  township  of  West- 
moreland county,  Ptnnsylv.inia,  between 
Jacobs  creek,  and  Big  Sewlckly,  10  miles 
E  from  Greensburg,  Population  1820, 
1383. 

Huntingdon,  JS'ort/i,  township  of  West- 
moreland county,  Pennsylvania,  along 
Yough  river,  and  between  Big  Sewlckly 
and  Brush  creeks.  Population  in  1820, 
2217. 

Huntingdon,  South,  township  of  West, 
moreland  county,  Pennsylvania,  along 
Yough  river,  between  Big  Sewlckly  and 
Jacob's  creeks.     Populati'  n  in  1820,  2004. 

Hunting  Sound,  cl)annel  of  North  Caro- 
lina, in  Carteret  county,  uniting  Core  Sound 
to  the  Main  Ocean. 

Huntingdon,  township  of  Chittenden 
county,  Vermont,  15  miles  SE  from  Bur- 
lington.    Populaiion  in  1320,  514. 

Huntingdon,  post  village  and  township, 
Fairfield  county,  Connecticut,  on  the  Hou- 


H  U  R 


H  U  S 


satonick,   17  miles   W  from  New   Haven. 
Population  in  1820,  2805. 

Hunrington,  post  town  and  township, 
Suffolk  county,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
The  village  is  built  upon  a  bay  (if  Long 
Island  Suund,  and  conains  an  academy. 
Population  of  the  towaship,  1820,  4935. 

Huntington,  post  village,  Luurens  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Huntington,  township  of  Gallia  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1320,  474. 

Huntington,  townsliip  of  Ross  comity, 
Ohio,  W  off  Sciota  river.  Population  1820, 
981. 

Huntington,  township  of  Brown  county, 
Ohio.     P.ipulation  1820,  2350. 

Huntingtoiun,  post  town,  Calvert  county, 
Maryland,  on  Hunting  creek,  40  miles 
from  Anapolis. 

Huntsburg,  township  and  post  village, 
Franklin  county,  Vermont,  situated  near 
the  line  that  divides  this  state  from  Lower 
Canada,  at  the  distance  of  about  12  miles 
E  of  Lake  Cham  plain. 

Hunts-mills,  jjost  office,  Huntingdon 
county,  New  Jersey. 

Himtspil,  small  town  in  Somersetshire,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  t'arrei,  five  miles  N 
of  Bridgewater,  and  143  W  by  N  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  3  12  W,  lat.  31   UN. 

Huntsville,  small  post  town  in  Surry 
county,  North  Carolina,  15  miles  SVV  of 
Berthania  the  M'Pavijn  town. 

Huntsville,  post  village,  Laurens  district. 
South  Carolina. 

Huntsvilk,  post  town  and  seat  ()f  justice, 
Madison  county  Alibam;;,  113  miles  S  from 
Nashville  in  Fennessee,  Tliis  is  a  new  but 
very  flourishing  vidage,  about  12  miles  N 
from  Tennessee  river.  PopHlatii/U  1820. 
White  Males,  over  21  308 

do.     do,       under  21  188 

White  Females,  over        21  157 

do.         do.       under      21  180 

Black  Males,  220 

do.  Females,  228 

Free  Males  of  colour,  22 

do.  Females  do.  13 


Total 


1,306 


Huntsville,  post  village,  Robertson  coun- 
ty, Tennessee. 

Hurd-uiar,  town  of  t'le  province  of  Delhi, 
where  the  Ganges  first  enters  the  plains  of 
Hindoosian.  it  is  117  miles  N  by  E  oF 
Delhi.     Lon  78  15  H,  lat.  29  35  N. 

Huron,  one  of  the  five  great  lakes,  com- 
monly called  the  lakes  of  Canada.  It  is  in 
form  of  a  triangle  ;  tlie  S\V  and  NE,  sides 
of  which  is  about  200  miles :  that  of  the 
SE  110  miles.  Following  the  indenlings 
of  the  sliores  lake  Hur  >n  exce-ds  lUOO 
miles  in  circumference.  It  is  almost  se- 
parated into  two  lakes  by  a  cliain  of 
islands,  extending  from  its  N  W  to  SE  side. 
3  H 


This  chain  retains  its  Indian  name  of  Mani- 
toulin,  or  Ishiiids  of  the  Evil  Spirit.  I.,ake 
Huron  receives  the  discliarge  of  lake  Su- 
perior by  St,  Mary's  strait;  that  of  lake 
Michigan  by  tiie  straits  of  Miciidimakinak  ; 
that  of  Nipissiiig  by  the  river  du  Francois, 
and  dischari^es  the  accumulated  mass  into 
the  river  St.  Clair. 

Huron,  river  of  Michigan  territory,  rises 
in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula,  and  flow- 
ing E,  enters  lake  St.  Clair. 

Huron,  anoiher  river  of  Michigan  terri- 
tory, rises  with  the  preceding  and  flowing 
SE,  falls  into  lake  Erie  immediately  S  of 
the  mouth  of  Detroit  river. 

Huron,  river  of  tiie  state  of  Ohio,  rises  in 
Richland  and  Crawford  counties,  and  flow- 
ing north,  enters  Huron  county,  which  it 
traverses  and  falls  into  hike  Erie,  10  miles 
SE  from  the  mouth  of  Sandusky  buy. 

Huron,  lake,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  lake  Erie,  east  by  Cuyahoga 
and  Medina  counties,  south  by  Richland, 
anil  west  by  Seneca  and  Sandusky  counties 
in  the  lately  acquired  Indian  territory.  It 
is  55  by  40  miles  in  extent,  and  contains 
about  900  square  miles.  It  includes  all 
the  tract  desi-iiated  by  the  appellation  of 
Fire  lands;  beside  several  townships  north 
of  Medma  county,  and  west  of  Black 
river.  Sandtisky  bay,  and  lake  Erie,  skirt 
the  whole  northern  boundary.  Surface 
r,ither  level  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Norwalk. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         .         _        .        3,678 

do.    do.  females  -         -        2,990 

Total  whites        .         -         .         .  6,668 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  7 

d.».              do.      females  -  0 

Slaves,  males       -         -         .         .  Q 

do.    females              ...  Q 

Total  population  in  1820  -       6,675 

Of  these ; 
Foreig-ners  not  nattiralized  -  37 

Engaged  in  Ag-riculture  .         I,3l4 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  190 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  62 

Population  to  tiie  squaj-e  mile,  7. 

Huron,  post  township  in  Huron  county, 
Oiiio,  on  the  laiie  shore ;  distance,  47  miles 
westerly  from  Cleveland,  and  110  north  by 
e;ist  from  Columbus.  Lit.  41  25  N,  lon. 
5  36  W.     Population  in  1820,  651. 

Hurst  Castle,  castle  in  Hampshire,  near 
Lymington.  In  this  castle  Cliarles  I.  was 
confined  previously  lo  his  being  brought 
to  trial.  It  is  seated  on  the  extreme  point 
of  a  neck  of  land,  which  shoots  into  the 
sea  toward  the  isle  of  Wight,  from  wiiich 
it  is  distant  two  miles. 

Hussingabad,  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
province  of  Malwa,  the  eastern  division  of 
425 


I  B  E 


I  B   E 


the  Maliratta  empire.     It  is  140  miles  NW 
of  Nagpour.     Lon.  77  54  E,  hit.  i2  42  N. 

Husim,  town  of  Denmarii,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  with  a  stron_£f  citadel,  and  a 
very  handsome  church.  It  is  seated  near 
the  river  Ow,  on  tiie  German,  20  miles  W 
of  Sleswick.     Lon.  9  0  E,  lut.  54  45  N. 

HuttonsviUe,  post  village,  R  indolph  coun- 
ty, Virfjinia,  on  Roaring  creek,  and  on  the 
road  from  Clarksburg  to  Beverly,  35  miles 
SSE  from  the  former. 

Huy,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege ;  the  Dutch,  in  1718, 
demolished  the  fortifications,  and  surren- 
dered it  to  the  bishop  of  Liege.  It  is 
seated  on  the  !klaese,  12  miles  WSW  of 
Liege.     Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Hyde,  county  of  North  Carolina  ;  bounded 
SE  and  S  by  Pamlico  Sound  ;  W  by  Beau- 
ford,  and  N  by  Washington  and  Tyrrell. 
Surface  level,  and  soil  marshy,  sandy  and 
generally  sterile.  Chief  town,  German- 
town. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,829 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2,258 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        -        -  90 

Slaves 1,852 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


6,029 


1,599 

1,642 


Total  whites 

3;241 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

72 

do.             do.        females 

74 

Slaves,  males           .        .        _ 

801 

do.    females         _        -        - 

779 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,967 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,464 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  0 

do.    in  Commerce  -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Hijdra,  or  Idra,  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.     See  Idra. 

Ilydvahad,  capital  of  Golconda,  in  the 
Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a  river 
that  falls  into  the  Kistna,  352  miles  N  by 
E  of  Madrass.     Lon.  78  51  E,  lat.  17  12  N. 

Hydrahad,  fort  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Sindy.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  Mahometan  prince,  who  is  tributary  to 
the  king  of  Candahar.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Indus,  not  far  above  the  head  of  the 
Delta,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Nus- 
serapour.    Lon.  69  30  E,  lat.  25  29  N. 

Hypolite,  St.  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Gard  lately  in  the  province 
of  Languedoc.  This  town  has  a  good  fort, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Vidourle,  near  its 
source,  12  miles  SW  of  Alais.  Lon.  0  4 
E,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Hythe.    See  /fithe. 


Ibarra,  town  of  Columbia,  in  Quito,  42 
miles  NE  from  Quito. 

Iberville,  upper  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  on  the  left  side.  It  is  a  small  outlet 
leaving  the  Mississippi,  14  miles  below 
Baton  Rouge.  Water  only  enters  this 
channel  at  high  flood.  After  flowing  about 
20  miles,  and  receiving  from  both  sides  the 
drain  of  the  adiacent  low  lands,  Iberville 
ioins  the  Amite.  Schooners  drawing  5 
feet  water,  ascend  the  Amite  to  the  mouth 
of  Iberville,  and  those  of  2  or  3  feet  draft 
are  navigated  up  the  latter,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Spanish  bayou,  5  or  6  miles. 

Iberville,  parish  of  Louisiana  ;  bounded 
by  the  bayou  Iberville,  Mississippi  river, 
and  bayou  Plaquemine  N  and  NW  ;  Atcha- 
falaya  i-iver  SW  ;  parish  of  Ascension  SE 
and  E,  and  A.mite  river  NE.  Length  35  ; 
mean  width  10;  area  350  square  miles. 
Stu'face  dead  level,  and  soil  exuberantly 
fertile  ;  but  except  along  the  streams,  the 
sti-eams  not  arable,  on  account  of  being 
subject  to  annual  overflow.  Staple  cotton. 
Chief  town,  St.  Gabriel. 
426 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        •        -        -  786 

do.  do    females                -         -  643 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ...  45 

Slaves 1,205 

Total  population  in  1810              -  2,679 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ...  1,120 

do.  do.  females                        -  899 

Total  whites       ....  2,019 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males       •  60 

do.            da.       females   •  56 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,256 

do.  females              ...  1,023 

Total  population  in  1820             •  4,414 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  na'  ur.ilized          -  44 

Engaged  in  Agrici  Uure               -  1,624 

do.        in  Manufactures   -        •  14 


I  C  K 


I  L  A 


Engaged  in  Commerce        -        -  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12^5. 

Iben,  lake  of  South  America,  between 
the  Parana  and  Uruguay  rivers.  Il  is 
rather  an  overflowed  country  than  a  real 
lake. 

Iberville,  or  St.  Gabriel,  post  village,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  in  the 
parish  of  Iberville,  18  miles  by  water  and 
6  by  land,  below  the  outlet  of  bayou  Iber- 
ville. 

Iborg,  or  Iberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  in  the  bishopric 
of  Osnaburg,  10  miles  SW  (if  Osnaburg,  and 
30  NE  of  Munster.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  52 
14  N. 

lea,  province  of  Peru,  bordering  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

lea,  capital  of  the  province  of  lea,  140 
miles  ESE  from  Lima.  Lon.  W  C  1  30  E, 
lat.  13  50  S. 

Iceland,  large  island  to  the  W  of  Nor- 
way, 300  miles  in  len.^th,  and  150  in 
bi'eadth,  lying  between  64  and  66  N  iat. 
For  two  months  together  the  sun  never 
sets  ;  and  in  the  winte^  it  never  rises  for 
the  same  space,  at  least  not  entirely.  The 
middle  of  this  island  is  mountainous,  stony, 
and  barren  ;  but  in  some  places  there  fire 
excellent  pastures,  and  the  gras^  has  a  fine 
smell.  The  ice  which  gets  loose  from  the 
more  northern  country  in  May,  brings  with 
it  a  large  quantity  of  wood  and  several  ani- 
mals, such  as  foxes,  wolves,  and  bears. 
Mount  Hecla  is  the  most  noted  mountain, 
and  is  a  volcano,  which  sometimes  throws 
out  sulphureous  torrents.  The  iniiabit  nts 
believe  that  some  of  the  soul^.  of  '.he  damn- 
ed go  to  this  mountain,  and  that  others  are 
confined  to  the  ice  near  this  island.  Their 
houses  are  at  a  distance  f  om  each  other, 
and  many  of  them  deep  in  the  ground  ;  but 
they  afe  all  miserable  huts,  covtred  with 
skins.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  profess 
Christianity;  but  those  that  live  at  a  dis- 
tance are  pagans.  They  are  mostly  clothed 
with  the  skins  of  beasts.  The  Danes  trade 
with  the  natives  for  hides,  tallow,  trainoil, 
whale-bone,  and  seahorses  teeth,  which  are 
as  good  as  ivory.  Iceland,  which  was'con- 
sidered  by  the  ancients  as  the  Ultima 
Thule,  or  the  extremity  of  the  world,  and 
by  us  as  scarcely  habitable,  once  abounded 
in  learning  and  science,  at  a  time  when 
great  part  of  Europe  was  involved  in  dark- 
ness. Their  language  was  the  old  Gothic 
or  Teutonic,  the  vernacular  tongue  of  the 
Swedes,  Danes,  and  Norwegians,  before  it 
branched  into  the  several  dialects  since 
spoken  by  the  natives  of  these  three  king- 
doms. 

Iclvwell,  village  in  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
fair  on  .\pril  5. 

Ickleton,  village  in  Carabridgesliire,  with 
a  fair  on  August  2d. 

Icfnoortfi,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 


on  Friday.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  an. 
cient  priory,  and  several  Roman  coins  have 
been  dug  up.  It  is  23  miles  NW  of  Ips- 
wich, and  74  NNE  of  London.  Lon.  1  0 
E,  la'.  52  22  N. 

IcolmkiU,  formerly  lona,  famous  little 
island,  one  of  the  Ilebrides,  near  the  SW 
point  of  the  isle  of  Mull.  It  is  only  three 
miles  long,  and  one  broad  ;  but  is  very  fer- 
tile. This  once  celebrated  seat  of  royalty 
and  learning  is  now  almost  destitute  of  an 
instructor,  to  teach  the  people  the  com- 
mon duties  of  religion. 

Ida,  .Mount,  lofy  and  pointed  mountain, 
in  the  middle  of  th;-  island, of  Candia,  fa- 
mous in  ancient  times.  Ai!  the  cattle  tiiat 
are  bred  on  it  are  a  few  p:dtry  horsss,  some 
sheep,  and  h-df  starved  gouts. 

Jd<i,  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Na- 
tolia  Proper,  faui'ms  in  ancient  fable,  for 
the  judgment  of  P.^r  s,  and  for  being  tiie 
re!>ort  of  the  gods  during  the  'frojan  war. 

Idanba  hi-.Yueva,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Bei:a,  five  mdes  SW  of  Idanha  la-\'ella. 

Lhmhala  fella,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Heira.  The  French  took  it  by  assault  in 
1704.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv-er  Ponsul, 
25  miles  NE  of  Casiel-Branco,  and  25  N 
W  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  14  W,  lat,  59 
39  N. 

Idn'a,  town  of  Austria  in  Ulyria,  in  the 
circle  of  Adesberg,  remarkable  for  its 
mines  of  quicksilver.  Lon.  14  08  E,  lat. 
46  N. 

Idsleiu,  town  of  German}',  in  Weteravia, 
which  is  the  residence  of  a  branch  of  the 
house  of  Nassau,  to  whom  it  belongs.  It  is 
12  miies  KE  of  .Menlz.  Lon.  8  23  E,  lat. 
50  2  N. 

If,  island  of  France,  the  most  eastern 
of  the  three  before  the  harbour  of  Mar- 
seilles. It  is  well  fortified,  and  its  port 
is  one  of  the  best  in   the   Mediterranean. 

i^'-w,  town  of  the  country  ':f  the  Grisons, 
in  Cadoea  with  a  magnificent  castle,  in 
which  is  a  cabinet  of  curiosities,  and  a 
librarv.  It  is  23  miles  SW  of  Coire,  and 
23  S  of  Glarus.     Lon.  9  OE,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Iglaiv,  considerable  and  populous  town 
of  Moravia,  where  they  have  a  manufacture 
of  good  cloth,  and  excellent  beer.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Iglaw,  40  miles  W  of  Krinn, 
and  62  SE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  42  E,  lat. 
49  8  N. 

Igk'sins,  town  in  the  S  part  of  the  i.sland 
of  Sardinia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  37  miles 
WS>W  of  Gagliari.  Lon.  8  39  E,  lat.  39 
18  N. 

Iffiiatius,  Point,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
strait  of  Miciiilimacinau,  8  miles  W  from 
Mackinau  island. 

Ihor.     See  Johore, 

Hay.     See  May. 

link,   or  JcJak,  Iowhi,.j^  Nubia,  on  the 
Nile  supposed  by  some  to  be  tlie  ancient 
^leroe.     Lon.  36  30  E,  lat.  18  48  N. 
427 


I  L  L 


1  L  I- 


Jldnts,  town  in  the  coiiiihy  of  the  Gri- 
Eons,  capital  of  the  Grey  I<e;igue.  It  is 
partly  surrounded  by  walls.  Here  the 
general  diet  of  the  three  leagues  assembles 
every  third  year.  Ii  is  seated  on  the 
Khine,  17  miles  SW  of  Coire. 

Ilckester,  town  in  Sf-mersetshire,  with  a 
market  oji  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ivel,  16  miles  S  of  Wells,  and  123  W  bv  S 
of  London.     Lon.  2  37  W,  lit  50  56  N. 

I/dpfonso,  St.,  village  <  f  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  five  miles  N  of  Uzeda,  on  the  river 
CogoUudo.  Here  is  a  mat^niiicent  palace, 
built  by  Philip  V.  It  is  a  superb  structure, 
with  fine  water-works  and  gardens. 

Ildtfonso  de  los  Zapolacos,  St.  town  of 
New  Spain,  seated  on  a  mountain,  50  miles 
NE  of  Antequiera.  Lon.  27  30  W,  lat.  17 
5  N. 

Uderton,  village  in  Xorthuinberland,  four 
miles  S  of  Wooler. 

Bfracombe,  seaport  and  corporate  town 
in  Devonshire.  It  is  seated  almost  oppo- 
site Swansea,  in  Glamorganshire,  49  miles 
]S;N\V  of  Exeter,  and  181  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  4  5  W,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Ilheos,  seaport  of  Brazil,  in  Bahia,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  und  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  W  C  S>7  18  E,  lat.  14  34  S. 

Ilheos,  seaport  of  Brasil,  in  South  Ameri- 
ca, capital  of  Uio-los-lllieos,  it  is  seated  in 
a  fertile  country,  and  is  150  nniles  SSW^  of 
St.  Salvador.     Lon.  41  25  \V,  lat.  15  5  S. 

Ilheos,  or  Rio  los  I'heos,  provuice  of  South 
America,  subject  to  Portugal. 

Ilkuch,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Cracow,  remarkable  for  its  silver  mines, 
mixed  with  lead.  It  is  seated  in  a  barren 
country,  at  the  foot  of  several  mountains, 
15  miles  NW  of  Cracow.  Lon.  19  40  E, 
lat.  50  20  N. 

///,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  near 
Basle,  and  falls  into  the  Rhnic. 

Ille,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  Rousillon.  10  miles  SE 
of  Perpignon.     Lon   3  5  E,  lat.  42  35  N, 

Iller,  river  of  German)',  which  lises  in 
Tirol,  runs  N  through  Suabia,  p«ssiiig  by 
Kempten,  Memmingen,  and  Kirchberg,  and 
falls  into  the  Dav.ube,  at  Ulm. 

Illesugaguen,  strong  town  of  Africa  in 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Illinois,  river  rises  near  the  S  end  of 
Lake  Michigan,  and  taking  a  SW  cour.'^e, 
falls  into  the  Mississippi,  18  miles  above 
the  Missouri.     See  Illinois,  state  of. 

Illinois,  state  of  the  United  States,  be- 
tween  lake  Michigan,  the  Wabash,  Ohio, 
and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Miles. 
Illinois  has  a  boundary  on  N  lat.  42  30,  210 
Along  Michigan  lake  and  Indiana  to 

Wabash  river,  ...         216 

Down  Wabash  to  the  jimction   with 

Ohio, 150 

428 


Down  the  Ohio  to  its  junction  with 
Mississippi,         ....         130 

Thence  up  the  Mississippito  the  north- 
west angle  of  the  state,      -        -        500 

Having  an  outline  of  1206 

Area  58,900  square  miles  =  35,696,000 
acres. 

Extreme  South.      North  lat.  37  00. 

Extreme  North.     North  lat.  42  30.     , 

Greatest  length  from  the  junction  of 
Ohio  and  Mississippi,  to  North  lat.  42,  380 
miles.     Mean  width,  150  miles. 

Illinois  is  the  fourth  state  of  the  United 
States  in  respect  to  extent  of  territory,  and 
the  first  in  point  of  fertility  of  soil.  Ex- 
cep  ing  Georgia,  it  is  also  the  state  whose 
climate  and  sea'^ons  differ  most  at  the 
north  and  south  extremities.  Extending 
through  five  degrees  of  la'itude,  Illinois 
embraces  the  greatest  extent  north  and 
south,  of  any  section  of  the  United  States. 
New  York  only  reaching  through  four  and 
a  half,  and  Georgia  about  an  equal  distance. 
The  latter  is  indebted  to  the  greater  ine- 
quality of  its  surface,  for  the  superior  va- 
riety of  its  climate. 

Illinois  is  a  country  of  very  little  ine- 
qualit}  of  surface  compared  with  its  great 
extent.  Tiie  lower  or  southern  part  is 
rolling  rather  than  hilly,  and  not  one  emi- 
nence in  the  state,  it  is  probable,  would 
reach  600  feet  above  the  common  level- 
In  point  of  -oil  Illinois  iidmits  a  similar 
classific!  tion  with  Ohio  and  Indiana ;  though 
in  proportion  to  extent,  the  former  iias 
less  wet  irreclaimable  land,  and  more  rich 
prairie  than  tiie  two  latter.  The  state 
may  be  considered  as  rolling  in  its  southern 
and  western,  and  level  in  its  eastern  and 
north-eastern  sections. 

In  its  ct't'.tral  parts  the  prairies  almost 
vie  in  extent  with  those  of  Louisiana,  Ar- 
kansaw,  and  Miss^issippi.  Tlieir  margins 
are  generally  compo.<ed  of  rich  soil,  wliich 
as  elsewhere  de'eriorates  in  receding  from 
the  woods.  Extensive,  however,  as  are 
the  pri^iries,  the  much  gre^ter  proportion 
of  the  state  is  covered  vvidi  for^st  timber 
ot  growth  suitable  to  the  soil  and  climate. 

The  Illinois  river  is  an  object,  however, 
that  though  its  entire  cour.se  is  within  the 
state  of  tlie  same  name,  ytt  from  some  pe- 
culiar circumstances  in  its  natural  history 
it  becomes  rather  a  subject  of  general  than 
local  interest. 

In  examining  the  rivers  of  the  Ohio  val- 
ley flowing  from  its  right  slope,  we 
find  their  currents  slow  towards  their 
sources,  and  gaining  accelerated  rapidity 
in  their  progress  towards  their  common  re- 
cipient. Tlie  caiises  of  this  increased  ve- 
locity of  current  has  been  discussed  and 
explained.  This  common  characteristic 
distinguishes     the     Muskingum,     Sciota 


I  L  I. 


I  L  L 


Great  IVfiamee,  and  Wabaah,  but  does  not 
extend  to  the  Illinois.  The  latter  has 
many  traits  peculiar  to  itself;  the  most  re- 
niurkuble  of  which  are  the  immensity  of  its 
bed,  and  the  oniformity  of"  its  current. 
What  may  in  snclness  be  designated  the 
bed  of  Illinois  is  from  tv»o  to  three  miles 
wide,  ami  in  so'oe  places  even  more.  This 
space  would  seem  to  indicate  an  ancient 
quantity  of  watc-r  far  greater  tlian  now 
flows  down  that  river.  In  f  ct  tlie  present 
appearance  of  the  str  am  much  more  re- 
sembles a  strait  than  river,  m  the  simple 
acceptation  of  the  latter  term.  The  water 
flows  gently,  and  in  a  great  measure  uni- 
form in  all  its  length.  Rapids  there  exists 
none  worth  notice  in  Illinoi!-,  and  except  at 
very  low  water,  but  very  litUe  local  accele- 
ration is  any  where  perceptible. 

The  country  around  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Michigan  lake  is  mostly  compo- 
sed of  level  swamp  intersected  by  inter 
locking  streams,  or  rather  lagoons.  Th:s 
is  more  particul  rly  the  case  between  the 
lake  and  the  heads  of  the  Flein  branch  of 
Illinois.  Here  tiie  face  of  the  globe  so 
nearly  appro.sches  to  a  perfect  I  vel,  as  to 
produce  almost  stagnation  in  the  wa'ers. 
and  leave  them  nearly  balanced  on  this 
table  land. 

Lake  Erie  is  elevated  565  feet  above 
tide  water  in  th.e  Hiuls  .n  at  Albany.  The 
distance  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  St.  Clair, 
is  28  miles;  from  Lake  St.  Clair  to  Lake 
Huron  55  mdes,  a  id  througli  the  straits  of 
Michilimackinak  10  miles,  or  the  entire 
length  of  current  between  Lakes  Erie  and 
Michigan  is  73  miles.  Of  th:S  dista^.ce  the 
current  is  every  where  gentle  except  the 
efflux  of  St  Clair  river  fi  om  Lake  Huron 
at  Fort  Gratiot,  where  a  strong  current 
rather  than  rapid  continues  about  2  miles. 
An  allowance  of  6  inches  per  mile  is  too 
hi.^h  an  esimate  ;  but  in  this  instance  we 
will  assume  tliat  ra..  ;  nd  consequently 
allow  an  elevation  of  36|  feet  for  the  sur- 
face of  Lake  Michigan  over  that  of  Erie, 
and  give  to  the  former  6OI2,  or  in  round 
numbers  600  feet  above  tide  water  in  the 
Hudson,  and  about  500  above  the  surface 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  existence  of 
the  Gulf  stream  demonstrates  that  the 
surface  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  elevated  at 
least  100  feet  above  that  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  between  the  Chesapeak  and  New 
York  bays  inclusive.  The  point  of  conflu- 
ence of  the  Monongahela  and  Alleghany 
rivers,  at  the  city  of  Pitisburgh,  is  above 
the  surface  of  Chesiipeak  bay,  within  a 
trifle  of  800  feet.  All  these  estimates  are 
formed,  on  mathematic;d  operations,  or  on 
the  result  of  analogical  induction,  almost 
equally  certain ;  and  the  singular  facts  are 
developed,  that  if  channels  were  open 
from  Pittsburgh  into  Erie  and  Michigan, 
the  Ohio  would  flow  into  the  latter  with  a 


descent  of  200  feet  in  about  400  miles,  and 
into  the  former  235  feet  in  little  more  than 
100  miles. 

If  we  allow  361  feet,  as  the  difference  of 
level,  between  the  water  at  the  mouth  of 
Ohio,  and  the  suiface  of  the  Gulf  ot  Mexi- 
co. It  is  about  230  miles  by  wattr  between 
the  mouths  of  Illinois  and  Ohio;  a  fall  of  6 
ii)cht.s  per  mile  would  anmunt  to  150  feet, 
which,  added  to  361,  yields  476  feet  as 
the  height  of  the  mouth  of  Uiinois  above 
the  surface  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

We  have  already  determined  that  of 
Lake  Michigan  to  be  600  feet,  therefore 
differing  only  36  feet  from  the  Mississippi 
at  its  j   notion  with  the  Illinois. 

It  has  been  determ.ned  by  repeated  ex- 
periment, that  loaded  bi)ats  of  co'isiderable 
size  CATi  pjss  fr  m  ti.c  Mississippi  through 
Illinois,  into  the  Canadian  sea,  and  vice 
versa.  Very  little  current  is  found  in  the 
small,  and  very  short  streams,  which  inter- 
lock with  the  sources  of  the  Illinois,  and 
flow  into  the  s-uthern  extremity  of  Michi- 
gan ;  therefore  tiie  sources  ot  1  linois  can- 
not be  much  above  the  surtiice  ot  Lake 
Michigan.  Fifteen  or  twmty  feet  is  as 
much  as  the  data  b  fore  us  vvid  justify  ;  of 
course  the  whole  volume  of  Illinois,  from 
a  point  opposite  the  head  of  Chicago  river, 
in  a  distance  following  the  windings  of  up- 
wards ut  400  miltrs,  does  not  fall  60  teet. 

Thi-  face  of  the  g  obe  maj  in  vain  be 
examined,  o  find  any  other  spot,  exceut 
the  so'rces  of  Or  noco,  and  tht  Rio  Negro, 
in  South  Anrieri'a,  wiiere  nat  rai  facili  y  to 
internal  communiv.a'ion  b)  water  is  equal 
to  tnat  we  have  this  mom  nt  'iirvtyed.  If 
we  g!a^  ce  an  eye  over  the  immense  re- 
gions tiius  ronn  cted  ;  ii  \'.  e  regaici  the  fer- 
tility of  soil,  the  null  ip'.icit)  of  product 
which  characterize  those  regi..ns  ;  ai,d  if 
we  combine  those  advantaj;es  afl'oided  by 
nature,  with  the  moral  energy  of  tlie  free 
and  active  people  wh  ch  are  spreading 
their  increasing  millions  over  its  surface, 
what  a  vista  through  the  darkness  of  future 
time  opens.  The  view  is  indeed  almost 
too  much  for  the  faculties  of  man.  We  see 
arts,  science,  industry,  virtue,  and  social 
happiness  already  increasing  in  those  coun- 
tries beyond  what  the  most  infl  ted  fancy 
would  have  dared  to  hope,  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago. 

Civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Illinois, 
with  the  result  of  the  census  of  1820,  an- 
nexed 

Counties.  Inhabitants.  Square  miles.  To  square  mile 
Alexander,       626        410  1^ 

Bond,  2,931         600  5  nearly. 

Clark,  931         500  2  nearly. 

Oawford,     3,022         500  6 

Edwards,      3,444         970  3i 

Franklin,      1,763         864  2" 

Gallatin,        3,155         900  3  J 

Jackson,       1,542        720  2 

429 


ILL 


I  N  C 


Jefferson, 

691 

970 

if 

Johnson, 

843 

486 

1* 

Madison, 

13,550 

600 

22 

Monroe, 

1.537 

324 

5  nearly, 

Pope, 

2,610 

611 

4 

Randolph, 

3,492 

860 

4 

St.  Clair, 

5,253 

720 

7 

Union, 

2.362 

430 

5 

Washington,!, 517 

900 

H 

Wayne, 

1,114 

800 

H 

Wliite, 

4,828 

830 
13,495 

6  nearly. 

55,211 

4 

The  foregoing  estimate  is  confined  to 
the  southern  and  settled  parts  of  Illinois. 
The  whole  state  is  calculated  to  embrace 
58,900  square  miles ;  it  is  obvious,  there- 
fore, that  but  comparatively  a  small  pai  t  of 
this  state  is  yet  inhabited  by  civilized  set- 
tlers. Taken  as  a  whole,  it  is,  however, 
from  the  tenor  of  the  best  information,  the 
most  fertile  continuous  tract  of  land  in  tlie 
United  States  ;  and  in  a  peculiar  manner 
accessible  to  navigation. 

By  the  census  of  1820,  there  were  found 
in  Illinois,  whites,  53,788  ;  free  coloured 
persons,  506;  and  slaves,  917:   the  whole 
amounting  to  55,211,  thus  classed  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  598 

Persons  engaged  in  Agriculture   -     12,395 

do.  do.      in  Manufactures       1,007 

do.  do.      in  Commerce  233 

Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  confedera- 
tion as  an  independent  state,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1818 

The  progressive  population  of  Illinois 
since  1810,  has  advanced  with  considera- 
ble, though  unequal  celerity  with  that  of 
Ohio  and  Indiana,  but  nevertheless  with 
constant  and  considerable  rapidity.  In 
1810,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  12,282, 
and  in  1820,  had  risen  to  55,211. 

Illock,  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  15  miles  from  Peterwara- 
din,  and  55  N\V  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  20  6 
E,  lat.  45  36  N. 

lim,  or  Stack  Urn,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  county  of  Srhwarizburg-Rodolstadt, 
14  miles  S  of  Erfurt. 

Ihnene,  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  which  has  a  commu- 
nication wiih  the  lake  Ladoga,  by  tlie  ri- 
ver Volkhof.     Lon.  34  0  E,  lat.  58  0  N. 

Ilminster,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  in  a  dir- 
ty bottom,  among  the  hills,  137  miles  W  by 
S  of  London.     Lon.  2  54  W,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Illijria,  vague  name  for  the  regions  NB 
from  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  has  in  no  age 
been  clearly  defined.  Since  1816,  the 
title  of  kitigdom  of  Illi/ria,  has  been  given 
to  that  part  of  the  Austrian  empire,  includ- 
ed in  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Friule,  Cividal, 
Istria  and  Croatia.  It  is  again  subdivided 
into  the  governments  of  Lavbach  and 
430 


Trieste.      Area  15,500  square  miles.    Po- 
pulation, 1,060,000. 

Jlse,  river  of  Germany,  rising  in  the 
mountains  o;  B' hemia,  and  running  S  falls 
into  the  Danube  at  lllsta'lt. 

Jlsley,  East,  town  in  Berkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  a 
pleasant  valley,  between  two  hills,  and 
excellent  downs  for  feeding  sheep.  It  is 
53  miles  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  22  W, 
lat.  51  32  N. 

list,  town  of  the  United  Provinces,  in 
Friesland,  seated  on  the  Weymer,  12 
miles  S  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  24  E,  lat. 
53  1  N. 

Ilstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Danube 
and  Ills,  opposite  Passau.  Lon.  13  37  E, 
lat.  48  27  N. 

Ilstrop,  town  of  Sweden,  in-  West  Goth- 
land.    Lon.  11  51  E,  lat.  57  23  N. 

lUen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Lunenburg. 

Illzhofer,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Halte. 

Ilmenstaclt,  town  of  Suabia,  20  miles  E  of 
Lindau.     Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Imbro,  woody  and  mountainous  island  in 
the  Grecian  archipelago.  It  abounds  with 
game,  and  is  about  20  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. 

Imeritia,  country  of  Asia,  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  ihe  Caspian,  bounded  on 
the  S  by  Turkey,  on  the  W  by  Mingrelia, 
on  the  N  by  Os^etia,  and  on  the  E  by 
Georgia,  of  which  it  is,  properly  speaking, 
a  part.  The  Imeritians  are  of  the  Greek 
religion.  Their  patriarch,  who  is  gene- 
rally of  the  roi'al  family,  can  seldom  read 
or  write  ;  and  the  inferior  clergy  are  not 
better  instructed.  Their  churches  are 
wretched  buildings,  scarcely  to  be  distin- 
guished from  common  cottages,  but  from  a 
paper  cross  over  the  principal  door,  and 
some  paintings  of  the  virgin  and  the  saints. 
Cutais  is  the  capital.  Imeritia,  is  now,  po- 
litically subject  to  Russia,  but  in  its  own 
municipal  concerns  indepettdant. 

Immenhauscn,  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  in 
Germany. 

Immeiistndt,  town  of  the  county  of  Ko- 
negsegg  in  Su:.bia.  It  is  situated  on  a 
small  river  14  miles  SF>  of  Tsny. 

Imola,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  Ro- 
magna,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the 
Santerno,  45  miles  N  by  E  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Imperial,  pleasant  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Chili,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock  in  a 
charming  country.  Lon.  72  35  W,  lat.  38 
40  S. 

Lichrolm,  island  in  the  frith  of  Forth, 
near  the  coast  of  Fife,  but  within  the  coun- 
ty of  Edinburgh. 

Jnchkeith,  desolate  little  island  in  Edin- 
burghshire,  in   the   frith  of  Forth,  lying 


I  N  D 


I  N  D 


midway  between  the  ports  of  Leith  and 
Kinghorn.     Here  is  a  ruinous  fort. 

Inchmarnock,  beautiful  fitlle  island  of 
Scntland,  SW  of  the  isle  of  I3ute.  It  is  one 
mile  long,  and  on  the  W  side  :ire  vast 
strata  of  coral  and  shells.  It  derives  its 
name  of  Inchmarnock  f  om  a  chapel  dedi- 
cated to  St.  M.  rnoc,  the  ruins  of  '.vhich 
are  still  to  be  seen. 

Indapour,  seaport  of  the  island  of  Su- 
matra.    I.on  100  50  E,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Independence,  township  of  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey.     Population  1820,  1850. 

Independence,  township  of  Cuyahoga 
county,  Ohio,     Population  1820,  354. 

Independence,  poet  village  and  seat  of 
justice.  Bond  county,  Illinois,  on  Kaskas- 
kia  river,  65  miles  a  little  N  of  E  from  St. 
Louis. 

India,  extensive  region  in  Asia,  which 
lies  between  66  and  93  E  Ion.  and  7  and 
25  N  lat.  Under  this  name,  the  Europe- 
ans have  erroneously  included  all  tlie  coun- 
tries which  lie  S  of  Tartary,  and  extend 
from  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Persia  to  the 
eastern  coasts  of  C'lina.  But  the  name  of 
India  can  be  applied,  with  propriety  to 
that  country  only,  which  is  distinguished 
both  in  Asia  and  Eur  ipe,  by  the  name  of 
Hindoost»n.  The  countries  to  the  E  of  the 
river  Burampooter,  namely,  Aracan,  As- 
sam, Ava,  Burmah,  Cambodia,  Cochin- 
China,  Laos,  Malacca,  Pegu,  Siam  and  Ton- 
quin,  which  geographers  have  hitherto 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Peninsu- 
la of  India  beyond  the  Ganges,  are  no 
more  to  be  considered  as  belonging  to 
India,  than  the  bordering  countries  of  Per- 
sia, Tartary  and  Thibet.      See  Hindoostan. 

Ijuliana,  state  of  the  United  States ; 
bounded  by  Ohio  river  S  ;  tlie  state  of  Il- 
linois W ;  lake  Miciiigan  NW ;  Michigan 
territory  N  ;  and  state  of  Ohio  E. 

Indiana  has  an  interior  boundary  on 
Ohio  river  opposite  Kentucky,  from  the 
mouth  of  Great  Miamee,  to  that  of  Wa- 
bash, of  -  -  -  -  336  miles 
Up  Wabash  river  to  a  meridian 

line  extending  from  North  lat. 

39  23,        -        -        -        -        150 
Alofig  meridian  line  to   Lake  Mi- 

chigan,      .        -        .        .        160 
Along  Lake  Michigan,  to  North 

lat.  41  45.  ...  32 

East  along  parallel  of  North  lat. 

41  45,  to  the  north-east  angle 

of  the  state,       -        -        -        110 
Due  south  to  the  mouth  of  Great 

Miamee 185 

Having  an  outline  of  973 

Area  34,000  square   miles ;   21,760,000 
acres. 
The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in 


Indiana,  is  from  its  south-west  to  its  north- 
east angle,  325  miles. 

Its  mean  breaJth  oetween  Ohio  and  Illi- 
nois, 150  miles. 

Extreme  south,  at  the  mouth  of  Wabash, 
37  <9. 

Extreme  north,  along  the  territory  of 
Michi<^a;i,  41  45. 

Tiie  position  of  this  state  lying  length- 
wise, north  and  south,  exposes  it  to  con- 
siderable vicissitude  of  seasons  and  dif- 
ference of  temperature  It  is,  still  less 
than  Ohio,  marked  by  bold  and  prominent 
scenery.  Advancing  towards  the  lowest 
depression  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  its  sur- 
face is  in  most  places  monotonous,  and  in 
the  central  and  northern  parts  level  and 
marshy.  In  every  general  attributi',  the 
two  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  have,  how- 
ever, so  much  resemblance,  that  the  same 
terms  of  description  apply  to  both.  They 
are  in  fact  naturally,  one  undivided  part  of 
the  right  slope  of  tiie  Ohio  valley;  and  as 
such  might  be  connected  in  geographical 
description. 

The  prairies  which  we  have  found  com- 
mencing in  Ohio,  expand  ui  entering  In- 
diana. The  central  flat,  or  table  land,  is 
also  wider  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former. 
The  sources  of  the  Idinois,  Wabash,  St. 
Joseph,  and  .Maumee,  are  all  on  this  table 
land.  The  Maumee  is  a  very  remarkable 
stream.  Its  two  superior  branches,  the 
St.  Joseph  and  St.  Mary's,  unite  in  Indiana. 
The  St.  Mary's  river  rises  in  Allan,  and 
Mercer  county  in  Ohio,  and  pursues  a 
north-west  course  of  65  miles  to  Fort 
Wayne.  The  St.  Joseph  river  rises  in 
Michigan,  within  less  than  20  miles  of  the 
mouth  of  Maumee,  flows  80  miles  south- 
west to  Fort  Wayne,  unites  with  the  St. 
Mary's  river  at  that  place,  and  forms  the 
Maun^ee.  The  latter,  hteraliy  turns  upon 
its  con-.tituents,  flows  north-east  60  miles, 
and  falls  nito  the  extreme  south-west  angle 
of  Lake  Erie 

From  the  junction  of  the  St  Mary's  and 
St.  JoS'  ph's  rivers,  at  Fort  Wuyne,  to  the 
navigable  sources  of  Wabash  is  not  10 
mill  s. 

The  country  before  us,  is  one  widely 
extended  flat,  interspersed  with  small 
lakes,  low,  long  ndges  o^'  arable  land,  and 
much  swamp.  Prairies  extend  themselves 
between  the  streMms.  The  waters  are 
sluggish  in  their  descent.  The  country 
around  the  extreme  south  bay  of  Lake 
Mich-gan,  has  the  appearance  of  the  sea 
marshes  of  Louisiana.  Low  fltioded  prai- 
ries intersected  by  lakes  and  interlocking 
creeks.  No  eminences  are  seen  ;  one  un- 
broken horizon  encircles  the  eye.  It  is  the 
sime,  timber  excepted,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Maumee.  I  sailed  in  a  very  clear 
mnrning  into  the  bay  at  its  mouth,  and  very 
carefully  swept  my  eye  repeatedly  around 
431 


I  N  13 


I  N  D 


the  limit  of  vision,  but  none,  not  the  small- 
est swell  in  the  landscape  met  my  view. 
The  resemblance  to  many  a  scene  I  had 
previously  examined  in  Louisana  was  in- 
deed striking.  The  resemblance  is,  how- 
ever, still  more  strong  at  the  bottom  of 
Michigan,  at  the  north  west  part  of  In- 
diana. 

In  proportion  to  extent,  Indiana  does  not 
possess  as  much  arable  land  as  does  Ohio. 
That  part  of  both  states,  lying  within  100 
miles  of  Ohio  river,  is,  as  1  have  already 
observed,  a  continuation  of  one  natural 
section,  a;id  of  course  similar  in  common 
physiognomy.  This  tract  would  be  found 
to  enter  Indiana,  n'  ar  where  its  western 
meridian  leaves  the  Wabash,  and  winding 
througlj  the  state,  between  the  sources  of 
White  and  Wabash  rivers,  would  enter 
Ohio  in  Mercer  county  ;  and  foUowmg  in 
the  latter  state  tlie  general  course  of  Ohio 
river,  would  merge  into  Lake  Erie,  be- 
tween Black  and  Huron  rivers  in  Huron 
county. 

This  fine  margin  includes  all  the  hilly, 
and  most  of  the  rolling  tracts  of  both  states  ; 
leav.ng  to  the  north-west,  the  level  plains 
we  have  already  noticed.  It  will  at  once 
be  seen  by  a  glance  on  a  map  of  both  states, 
that  the  level  region  of  Indiana  is  much 
more  comparatively  extensive  than  that  of 
Ohio. 

The  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of 
Indiana  are  the  following,  with  the   result 
of  the  census  of  1820,  -ubjoined. 
Counties        Inhahi'ants    Square  miles    To  square  inile 
Clarke,  8,709        256  34 

Crawford,      2,583         250  10 

Davies,  3,432        378  9 

Dearborn,    11,468         410  23 

Delaware,      3,677      5,400  * 

Dubois,  1,168        378  3 

"Fayette,        5,9^0        400  15  nearly. 

Floyd,  2,776        360  8 

Franklin,     10,763        576  18 

Gihs-m,  3,876        430  9 

Harrison,       7,875        410  19 

Jackson,        4,010        470  8 

Jefferson,       8,038         360  22 

Jennings,       2,000         300  6  2-3 

Knox,  5,437        410  13 

Lawrence,     4,116        400  10 

Martm,  1,032        910  .  1 

Monroe,         2,672        324  8 

Owen,  838        520  1§ 

Orange,         5,368        360  15 

Perrv,  2,330        400  5 

Pike',  1,472        410  3,^ 

Posey,  4.061        430  9" 

Randolph,     1,808        540  3  1-3 

Ripley,  1,822        432  4 

Scott,  2,334        270  8| 

Spencer,       1,882        324  5| 

Sullivan,        3,498         630  5^ 

Switzerland,  3,934        324  12 

Vanderburghl,798        240  7} 

432 


Vig», 

3,390 

729 

M 

Wabash, 

147 

8,000 

Wairick, 

1,749 

410 

4 

Washington 

,,  9,039 

470 

19 

Wayne, 

12,119 

470 

26 

147,178    27,372  5 

The  foregoing  estimate  embraces  all  that 
part  of  Indiana  purchased  from  the  In- 
dians, and  subdivided  into  counties.  A 
large  parallelogram,  extending  across  the 
entire  northern  part  of  the  slate,  and  con- 
taining^ about  6,630  square  miles,  continues 
yet  Indian  territory.  This,  added  to 
27,372,  yields  within  a  very  small  fraction, 
the  same  general  area  which  is  given  in 
page  431. 

In  a  revieviT,  however,  of  the  settled 
parts  of  Indiana,  the  counties  of  Wabash 
and  Delaware  with  the  adjacent  Indian 
county,  ought  to  be  excluded,  as  their 
extent  is  beyond  every  reasonable  pro- 
portion to  their  population ;  and  more, 
these  counties  are  mere  momentary  divi- 
sions of  convenience,  occupying  the  cen- 
tral, and  otherwise-  uniippropriated  parts 
of  the  state  Rejecting  therefore  the  area 
of  these  three  sections,  amounting  together 
to  20,022  square  miles,  the  actually  in- 
habited section  of  Indiana  will  be  restrict- 
ed to  13,972,  say  14,000  square  miles. 
Deducting  3824,  the  number  of  persons 
given  by  the  census,  as  inhabitants  of  De- 
laware and  Wabash,  from  147,178,  will 
yield  a  balance  of  143,354,  as  the  compact 
mass  of  population  in  Indiana,  on  14,000 
square  miles,  or  a  little  more  than  lO  to 
the  square  mile. 

The  progressive  population  of  this  state 
has  been  exceedmgly  rapid,  since  1800,  at 
which  epoch  it  stood  at  5640.  In  1810, 
the  inhabitants  amounted  to  24,520.  The 
next  period  often  years  swelled  the  popu- 
lation, as  we  have  seen,  to  147,178. 

This  increasing  body  is  composed  of 
whites,  145,758;  free  persons  of  colour, 
1230,  and  190  slaves. 

They  are  classed  by  the  census  thus : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  833 

Engaged  in  agriculture,      -        -       61,315 

Do.         manufactures,  -        3,229 

Do.         commerce,      -         -  429 

Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  union  as  a 
state,  Deceiiibe!',  1816. 

Ijuliana  c  mnty  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed by  Westmoreland  S\V  ;  Armstrong 
W ;  Jefferson  N ;  Clearfield  NE  ;  and 
Cambria  SE.  Length  33  ;  breadth  23  ; 
area  770  square  miles  Surface  hilly  broken 
and  soil  generally  rocky  and  except  near 
tlte  streams  barren.  It  is  separated  from 
■Westmoreland  by  the  Conmaugh  river, 
and  mostly  drained  by  the  creeks  of  that 
stream  and  others  flowing  into  the  Allega- 


IN© 


I  N  D 


ny,  but  on  its  extreme  eastern  border,  the 
west  branch  of  Susquehannah  has  its 
source.     Chief  town,  Indiana. 

Populaiion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       3,199 

do  do.  females  ...  3,001 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        .        -        .  14 

Slaves,  -  ...  0 

Total  population  in  1810  -        6,214 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .       4,463 
do.  do.    females     -        -  4,358 

Total  whites        ....  8,821 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  35 

do.                do.    females    -  26 

Slaves,  males     .        -        -        -  0 

do.    females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820.  -        8,882 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  78 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        1,950 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  304 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Indiana,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Indiana  county,  Pennsylvania,  26  miles 
BE  from  Kittanning,  and  35  NE  from 
Greensburg. 

Indiana,  township  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Jnt//a?i- OW  Town,  island  and  township  of 
Penobscot  county,  Maine,  in  Penobscot 
river  just  above  the  great  falls.  Popula- 
tion about  500  Indians. 

Indian  rivers.  There  are  several  small 
streams  so  called  in  the  United  States. 
One  Washington  county,  Maine,  between 
Addison,  and  Jonesborough  ;  another  New 
Hampshire  ;  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Con- 
necticut ;  one  in  New  York;  the  western 
branch  of  the  Oswegalchie ;  a  stream  of 
Sussex  county,  Delaware,  heading  with  the 
Nantikoke  river,  and  flowing  east  enters 
Rehoboth  a  bay  of  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  12 
miles  S  from  Hinlopen  ;  a  sound  of  Florida 
on  the  Atlantic  coast,  N  lat.  27 ;  and  a  ri- 
ver  of  Louisiana,  a  branch  of  New  river. 

Indian-river,  hundred  of  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  on  Indian  river.  Population 
1820,  1887. 

Indian-tovm,  village,  Dorchester  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Choptank 
river,  three  miles  SW  from  New  Market. 

Indian-to-wn,  post  village,  Currituck  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  59  miles  ENE  from 
Edenton. 

Indiau'toim,  post  village,  Williamsburg 
district.  South  Carolina,  on  Cedar  ci'eek, 
80  miles  NNE  from  Charleston. 

Indian- Wheeling;    creek    of    Belmont 
3  1 


county,  Ohio,  falls  into  Ohio  river,  oppo- 
site Wheeling  in  Virginia. 

Indies,  East,  name  given  by  Europeans, 
to  a  great  number  of  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  extending  from  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan  as  far  E  as  New  Guinea,  and 
from  tlie  bay  of  Bengal  and  the  China  Sea 
as  far  S  as  New  Holland.  The  most  west- 
ern of  them  are  the  Maldives,  and  the 
most  eastern  the  Molluccas:  between 
which  are  several  very  large  ones,  as  Cey- 
lon, Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo  and  Celebes, 
besides  many  others  of  considerable  im- 
portance as  to  riches,  though  much  inferior 
in  extent.  Their  produce  and  other  par- 
ticulars, are  described  under  their  several 
heads. 

Indies,  West,  name  given  to  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which 
extend  across  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  from  the  NW  extremity  of  the 
Bahama  islands,  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  to 
the  island  of  Tobago,  120  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Terra  Firnia  Cuba  is  the  most 
western  of  these  i-lands.  When  Columbus 
discovered  them  in  1492,  he  considered 
them  as  part  of  those  vast  regions  in  Asia 
comprehended  under  the  general  name  of 
India,  to  reach  which,  by  a  W  course 
across  the  Atlantic,  had  been  the  grand  ob- 
ject of  his  voyage  ;  and  this  opinion  was 
so  general,  that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
king  and  queen  of  Castile,  in  their  ratifica- 
tion of  an  agreement  granted  to  Columbus, 
upon  his  return,  gave  them  the  vame  of 
Indies.  Even  after  the  error  which  gave 
rise  to  this  opinion  was  detected,  and  the 
position  of  the  New  World,  was  ascertain- 
ed, the  name  lias  remained,  and  the  appel- 
lation of  West  Indies  is  given  by  all  the 
people  of  Europe  to  these  islands,  and  that 
of  Indians  to  the  inhabitants,  not  only  of 
these  islands,  but  of  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. They  are  likewise  called  the  Carib- 
bee  Islands,  from  the  aborigines  of  the 
country  :  and  the  sea  in  which  they  lie  is 
called  the  Caribbean  Sea.  By  the  French 
they  are  called  the  Antilles  :  and"  nautical 
men  distinguish  them,  from  the  different 
courses  taken  by  ships,  into  the  Leeward 
and  Windward  Islands,  which  see.  The 
name  of  Caribbee  should  properly  be  con- 
fined to  the  smaller  islands,  lying  between 
Porto  Uico  and  Tobago  These  were  in- 
habited by  the  Caribs,  a  fierce  race  of  men, 
nowise  resembling  their  liniid  neighbours 
in  the  larger  islands.  Columbus  was  a 
witness  to  their  intrepid  valour  ;  and  the 
same  character  they  have  maintained  in- 
variably in  all  subsequent  contests  with  the 
Europeans.  The  British^  islands  are  Ja- 
maica, Barbados,  St.  Christopher,  Antigua, 
Anegadu,  Nevis,-  Montserrat,  Barbuda,  An- 
guilia,  Dominica,  St.  Vincent,  Granada, 
the  Bahama  Islands,  Trinidad,  Tobago,  St. 
Lticia  and  pfart  of  the  Virgin  Islands.  Cu- 
433 


I  >v  G 


I  N  0 


bu,  Porto  Rico  and  Margarita,  belong  to 
the  Spaniards.  The  Frencii  have  Guada- 
loupe,  Marigalante,  Desenda,  Hispaniola 
and  Martinico.  The  Dutch  have  St.  Eus- 
tatia,  Curacao,  Sada,  and  St.  Martin.  The 
Danes,  St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix,  and  part  of 
the  Virgin  Islands. 

Indi^irka,  large  river  of  Russia  in  north- 
ern Asia,  rises  in  the  Yublonoy  mountains, 
about  no  miles  from  the  sea  of  Ochotsk  ; 
and  flowing  a  little  E  of  N  by  comparative 
courses  700  miles  falls  into  the  Northern 
Ocean,  350  miles  E  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Lena. 

Indore,  or  Endore,  modern  citj'  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  capital  of  a  territory  in  the 
province  of  Malvva,  subject  to  one  of  the 
Poonah  Mahratta  chiefs ;  30  miles  S  of 
Odgein.     Lon.  76  5  E,  lat.  24  31  N. 

Iiidrapore,  Dutch  Settlement  on  the  W 
coast  of  Sumatra,  in  the  E.  Indies,  160 
miles  N\V  of  IJencoolen. 

Indre,  department  of  France,  Including 
the  late  province  of  Berry.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  river,  which  rises  in  this  de- 
partment, and  passing  into  that  of  Indre 
and  Loire,  falls  into  the  Soire,  between 
Cliinon  and  Sauniur.  Chateauroux  is  the 
capital. 

Indre  and  Loire,  department  of  Fraixe, 
which  include  the  late  province  of  Tou- 
raine.     Tours  is  the  capital. 

Industry,  post  town  and  township,  So- 
merset county,  Maine,  13  miles  W  from 
Norridgewock.     Population  1820,  796. 

Indus,  great  river  of  Hindocstan  Pro- 
per, called  by  the  natives  Sinde  or  Sindeh  ; 
formed  of  about  ten  principal  streams, 
which  descend  from  the  Persian  and  Tar- 
tarian mountains.  From  the  city  of  Attock 
to  Moultan,  or  to  the  conflux  of  the  Chu- 
naub,  it  is  commonly  named  the  river  of 
Attock.  Balow  the  city  of  Moultan,  pro- 
ceeding in  a  SW  direction,  through  the 
province  of  that  name,  and  that  of  Sindy, 
it  enters  the  Arabian  Sea,  by  several 
mouths,  NW  from  the  gulf  of  Cutch. 

Ingutsione,  town  in  Essex  23  miles  NE 
of  London. 

Ingersols-store,  post  village,  Seneca  coun- 
ty, New  York. 

Inglesville,  post  town,  Montgomery 
county,  Virginia,  105  miles  SW  from  Lex- 
ington, and  235  miles  NE  from  Knoxville. 

Ingleshnin,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  ihe  Rhine,  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing been  the  residence  of  the  emperors, 
seated  on  ihe  river  Salva,  on  an  eminence 
from  whence  there  is  a  charming  pros- 
pect, five  milpsSW  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  15 
E,  lat.  49  48  N. 

Ingleton,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire. 

IngUng,  town  of  France;  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  lately  in  the  province 
of  Loriain. 

4o1. 


Ingolsiadi,  iiandsome  town  of  Germany 
and  the  strongest  in  Bavaria,  with  a  'amous 
university,  and  a  fine  church.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  five  miles  NNE  of  Neu- 
burg,  and  45  N  by  W  of  Munich.  Lon.  11 
10  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Ingria,  province  of  the  Russian  empire, 
which  now  forms  the  government  of  St. 
Petersburg,  It  is  130  miles  long  and  50 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  river 
Neva  and  the  gulf  of  Finland,  on  the  E  and 
S  by  the  government  of  Novogorod,  and 
on  the  W  by  that  of  Livonia.  The  czar 
Peter  the  Great,  wrested  it  from  the 
Swedes,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  him  by 
the  treaty  of  Nystadt  in  1721. 

Inliambania,  kingdom  of  Africa,^  lying 
under  the  equator.  Tonqua  is  the  capital. 
Inn,  river  of  Germany  which  has  its 
source  in  the  country  of  the  Gri^on3,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  Septimerberg.  It  runs 
NE  through  Tirol,  by  Inspruc,  and  con- 
tinuing its  course  NE  through  Bavaria 
passes  by  Kufstein,  Vasseburg,  Braunaw, 
and  other  towns,  and  falls  into  the  Danube, 
between  Passau  and  Instadt. 

Innaconda,  fortress  of  theDeccan  of  Hin- 
docstan, in  the  Guntior  Circar,  situated  on 
a  hili,  46  miles  NW  of  Ongole,  and  sub- 
ject to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan. 
Innerkeithing.  See  Inverkeithing. 
Inniclier,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Tirol, 
situated  on  the  Drave.  Lon,  12  17  E,  lat. 
46  48  N. 

Innisclochran,  or  the  Sandy  Island,  island 
in  the  river  Shannon,  where  there  was  a 
monastery. 

Innisfail,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of 
Ireland. 

Innisfallen,  island  in  the  lake  of  Killar- 
ney,  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  and  province 
of  Munster. 

Innishannon,  town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
and  provinre  of  Munster,  situated  on  the 
river  Candon,  134  miles  from  Dublin,  and 
six  milts  T  m  Kinsale. 

Innishirkan,  island  between  Cape  Clear 
island  and  Baltimore  bay,  in  the  county  of 
Cork. 

l7miskilling,tov/n  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Fermanagh,  witli  a  strong  fort,  it  be- 
ing a  pass  of  the  greatest  importance  from 
the  N  to  the  S  of  Ireland.  It  is  seated  in 
the  middle  of  Lough  Earne,  where  that 
great  lake  is  contracted,  for  about  six 
miles,  to  the  breadth  of  an  ordinary  river. 
It  is  20  miles  E  of  Bailyshannon.  Lon.  6 
50  W.  lat.  54  25  N. 

Innthal,  district  of  Germany,  in  the  Ti- 
rol, watered  by  the  river  Inn.  Inspruc  is 
the  capital. 

Innviertal,  extensive  district  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  between  the  Danube  Inn,  and 
Sabza. 

Itiowsladislotv,  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Poland,  and  capital  ofCuiavia^ 


1  X  \ 


I  R  A 


with  a  fort  and  a  palace  where  the  bishop 
of  Cujavia  resides.  It  is  37  miles  NE  of 
Gnesnia,  and  70  W  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18 
50  B,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Inspire,  populous  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Tirol,  capital  of  the  district  of  Innthal, 
with  a  strong;  castle,  formerly  the  resi  lence 
of  the  archdukes  of  Austria.  It  is  sated 
in  a  pie.isant  valley,  on  the  river  Inn,  27 
miles  N\V  of  Brlxen,  and  SO'S  of  Munich, 
Lon.  11  37  E.  lat.  27  10  N. 

Instadt.     See  Passau. 

Insterbnrg,  city  of  Lithuania,  in  Prussia, 
%vhere  the  inhabit  *nts,  who  are  in  number 
about  three  thousand,  tr.^de  principally  in 
beer  and  grain.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  54  40 
N. 

Iiiterlachen,  town  of  Swisserland,  33 
miles  SE  of  Bern. 

Tnverary,  royal  borough  in  Argyleshire, 
seated  on  the  N\V  side  ot  L  cU  Eyne.  In 
the  neiglibourhood  of  this  place  is  a  con- 
siderable iron  w>rk  It  is  75  mies  NW 
of  Edingburgh  an  i  45  of  Glasgow.  Lon. 
5  0  VV,  lat.  56  16  N 

Inverary,  small  bor  >ugh  in  Ahc'deen- 
shire,  situated  on  llie  beauii'ul  and  fer  de 
banks  of  the  Don,  ju-t  above  its  confluence 
with  the  river  called  Urie  Water.  It  is  15 
miles  NW  of  Abe.  le^n. 

Inverbervie.     See  Bervie. 

Inveresk,  village  in  Kdinb'irghshire,  sit- 
uated on  the  E  side  of  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Esk,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  In  17S3, 
the  sul)terrancous  remains  of  a  Roman  h\- 
pocaust,  or  hot  bath,  were  discovered 
here. 

Iiiverkeithing;  roy.il  borough  in  Fifeshire, 
situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  It  has  a 
beautiful  bay  with  a  g  )od  harbour,  and 
considerable  trade  in  co-»l  and  other  arti- 
cles; and  is  18  miles  NW  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3  25  W,  lat   57  0  N. 

Inv'eriochif,  ancient  castle  in  the  neigh- 
bouriiood  of  Fort  Wi  liam,  in  Inverness- 
shire 

Inverness,  royal  borough  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  a  coiinty  of  the  same  name,  sit- 
uated on  the  -S  bank  of  the  river  Ness, 
and  overio'tking  the  frith  of  Murray.  It 
has  a  safe  and  convenient  harbour.  To 
the  W  of  this  town  is  the  remarkable  vit- 
rified fort  called  Craig  «Phadrick ;  the 
stones  composing  its  walls,  aj)pear  to  have 
been  partly  melted  bv  fire.  Inverness  is 
50  miles  NE  of  Fort  William,  and  106  N 
of  Edinburgh,  Lon.  4  10  W,  lat.  57  34 
N, 

Inverness-shire,  includes  the  subdivisions 
of  Badenoch,  Lochaber,  Inverness-shire, 
Skie,  and  Harris,  with  a  small  part  of 
Ross-shire  and  Murr.aysbire.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Ross-shire  ;  on  the  E  by 
Nairnshire,  .Vlurraysliire,  and  Aberdeen- 
fshire  ;  on  the  S  by  Perthshire  and  Argyle- 
shire ;  and  on  the  W  bv  the  Western  Sea, 


It  is,  exclusive  of  the  isles,  about  80  miles 
long  from  B  to  W,  and  50  broad  from  N  to 
S.  It  abounds  with  iron  ore,  anl  pr.idu- 
ces  plenty  of  oak  and  fir;  it  abou.uls  with 
pastures,  but  little  corn,  and  is  reckoned 
one  of  the  most  barren  counties  in  Scot- 
land Populition  1801,  74  292;  in  1811, 
78,336;    md  in  1821,  9 J,  157. 

Inverness,  townsliip  ot  Bucking!iam  coun. 
ty.  Lower  Canada,  on  the  waters  of  Becan- 
cour  river,  50  mil -s  SSW  from  Qacbec. 

Ionian,  or  Republic  of  the  Seven  Islands. 
Thi,  recently  estalilisJit-d  nominal  republic, 
is  composed  of  the  islands  alo  ig  the  SW 
coast  of  Gri^ece,  from  lat.  36  to  40.  Tlie 
seven  principal  islands,  wiiich  gives  name 
to  the  y.'.ite,  are  Corfu,  ancient  Corcyra, 
Cepiialonia,  Z  .nte,  Santa  Maun,  Ithaca, 
Cerigo,  an  1  Paxo.  Enli  e  a.  e .,  about  1500 
square  miles,  auvl  pcipl.d  by  200,0'JO  in- 
hubitun's.  Since  the  Cong!  ess  of  Vienna, 
in  1815,  the  Ionian  rep:!biic  has  been  aban- 
dji'cd  'O    he  British  governniint. 

Ijvm  River,  of  uie  NW  territory  of  the 
Unit  d  81  4es,  rises  with  tl>e  Des  Moines 
liver,  and  fiowing  p.ir.ilel,  falls  into  the 
righ'    side  of  the  Mississippi,  ut  N   lat  41. 

Ipsa'a,  Ciipso.la,  or  Skipsilar,  town  of 
Europe  ill  Turkey,  on  the  Marit-za,  20 
miles  above  its  mouth  and  45  miles  below 
Adrian<'[)!e 

IpsaJa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  with 
a  Greek  ardihisiiop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Larissa,  20  mil-'s  SW  of  Trajanopoli, 
and  118  W  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26  10 
E,  lat.  40  57  N 

Ipsarfl  ancient  Psyra,  small  island  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago,  12  m  Ics  NW 
from  Scio.     Population  about  16,000. 

Ipsxv/ch,  borough  and  seaport  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  market  on  Wedneday,  Friday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  a  place  of  gr.  at  antiquity, 
and  ivas  once  surrounded  by  a  wdl,  traces 
of  wiiich  are  yet  to  be  een.  It  contains  12 
par.sli  churches,  aguild-iiaii,  two  hospitals, 
a  free-school,  and  a  custom-house,  with  a 
.good  quay.  It  is  noied  for  being  the 
binh-place  of  cardinal  Wnj-iey;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Oiv.ell,  26  miles  SEof  Rury 
St.  Edmunds,  and  69  NE  of  London,  Lon. 
1  16  E,  lat.  52  8  N 

lps~ivich,  sea  port  and  post  town  in  Essex 
county,  .Massachusetts ;  situated  on  the 
river  Ipswich,  12  miles  S  of  Ncwburyport, 
and  10  NW  of  Beverley,  in  the  lat.  of  42 
43  N,  and  lon.  of  71  W.  Population  in 
1820,  2553. 

Irac,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Trac  .Arabic, 
and  Irac  Agemi.  Irac  .Irabia,  or  Babylo- 
nian Irac,  is  watered  by  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris  ;  and  is  almost  all  under  the  dominion 
of  the  Turks,  and  forms  the  Pachalic  of 
Bagdad.     Bagd.id  is  the  capital. 

Irac  Jlgeini,  or  Persian  Trac,  province  of 
Persia  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Irac  Arabia 
and  Kusistan,  on  the  N  by  Aderbeisfan  anj 
435 


1   R  E, 


1  K  E 


Ghilan,  on  the  E  by  Khuzistan,  and  on  the 
S  by  Farsistan.    Ispahan  is  the  capital. 

Irasbvrff,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Orleans  county,  Vermont,  40  miles  S  from 
Montpelier.     Population  400. 

JrNtskaia,  town  of  Russia,  in  Peru,  on 
the  Irbit  river,  140  mil-s  NE  from  Ekate- 
rinenberg.     Lon.  62  50  E,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Ireby,  town  in  Cuniberiand  ;  it  is  10  miles 
NE  of  CockeniHuth,  and  299  NNW  of 
London.     Lon  3  18  W,  lut.  54  50  N , 

Iredell,  county  of  North  Carolina  ;  bound- 
ed by  Mecklenburg  S;  Lincoln  SVV  ; 
Burke  W ;  Wilkes  NW  ;  Surry  N,  and 
Rowan  E.  Length  40  ;  width  20  ;  area  800 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous.  Soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Statesville. 


Population  In  1810. 

Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

Slaves         .... 

Total  population  in  1810, 

4,312 
4,223 

.5 

2,432 

.      16,172 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 

5,040 
5.018 

Total  whites       ....  10,058 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     .  ,  15 

do.            do.        females  10 

Slaves,  males      .         -        -  1,438 

do.     females           -        -        -  1,550 


Total  population  in  1820     . 


13,071 


Of  these  } 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      .        -         3,462 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  345 

do.        in  Commerce       -         .  29 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Irekin,  Jerkin,  or  Yarkan,  rich  and  popu- 
lous town  of  Tartary,  the  capital  of  Bocha- 
ria,  with  a  castle.  It  is  the  staple  town  of 
all  the  trade  carried  on  between  India  and 
the  N  part  of  Asia.  The  Kalmucks  are 
masters  of  It ;  and  never  disturb  any  one 
on  account  of  their  religion.  It  is  eight 
miles  N  of  Cashgur.  Lon.  73  25  E,  lat.  41 
40  N. 

Ireland,  large  island  of  Europe,  lying  to 
the  W  of  that  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  280 
mile.s  in  length,  and  160  in  breadth  ;  bound- 
ed on  -.he  E  by  St.  George's  channel  and 
the  Irish  sea,  which  separate  it  from  Eng- 
land and  Wales ;  on  the  NE  by  a  channel, 
called  the  North  Channel,  34  miles  broad, 
which  separates  it  from  Scotland  ;  and  on 
every  other  side  by  the  Ocean.  It  con- 
tains about  19,436,000  acres.  Ireland  is 
divided  into  four  provinces;  namely,  Ul- 
436 


ster  to  the  N,  Leinster  to'lhe  E,  Munster 
to  the  S,  and  Connaught  to  the  W :  and 
tliese  are  subdivided  into  32  counties. 
Ulster  contains  the  counties  of  Down,  Ar- 
magh, Monaghan,  Cavan,  Antrim,  London- 
derry, Tyronne,  Fermanagh,  and  Donegal ; 
Leinster  has  those  of  Dublin,  Louth,  Wick- 
low,  Wexford,  Longford,  East  Meath, 
West  Meath,  King's  county.  Queen's  coun- 
ty, Kdkenny,*Kildare,  and  Carlow  :  Mun- 
ster  includes  Clare,  Cork,  Kerr}',  Limerick, 
Tipperary,  and  Waterford:  and  Connaught 
has  Leitrim,  Roscommon,  Mayo,  Sligo,  and 
Galway.  The  climate  of  Ireland  is  mild 
and  temperate,  but  more  humid  than  in 
England.  In  general,  it  is  a  level  coun- 
try, well  watered  with  lakes  and  rivers ; 
and  the  soil,  in  most  parts,  is  very  good 
and  fertile  ;  even  in  tliose  places  where  the 
bogs  and  morasses  have  been  drained, 
there  is  good  meadow  ground.  It  produ- 
ces corn,  hemp,  and  flax,  in  great  plenty  ; 
and  there  are  so  many  cattle,  that  beef  and 
butter  are  exported  to  foreign  parts ;  and 
not  only  the  English,  but  other  ships,  fre- 
quently come  to  be  victualled  here.  The 
other  commodities  are  hides,  wool,  tallow, 
wood,  salt,  honey,  and  vva.x.  The  princi- 
pal  manufacture,  is  fine  linen  cloth,  which 
is  brought  to  great  perfection,  and  the 
trade  in  it  is  very  great.  This  country  i.s 
well  situated  for  foreign  trade  on  account 
of  its  many  secure  and  commodious  bays 
and  harbours.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Shannon,  Foyle,  Liftey,  Boye,  Sure,  Bar- 
row, Blackwater,  and  Lee.  The  laws  of 
Ireland  differ  but  little  from  those  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  established  religion  is  the 
same  ;  but  the  majority  of  the  people  are 
Roman  catholics,  and  yet  retain  their  nomi- 
nal bishops  and  dignitaries.  I'he  ecclesi- 
astical districts  are  four  archbishoprics  and 
eighteen  bishoprics ;  the  former  are  Ar. 
magh,  Dublin,  Cashel,  and  Tuam ;  the 
latter  are  Dromore,  Down,  and  Connor, 
Londonderry,  Raphoe,  Clogher,  Kilmore 
and  Ardagh,  Meath,  Kildare,  Ferns  and 
Leighlin,  Ossory,  Waterford  and  Lismore, 
Cloyne,  Cork,  and  Ross,  Limerick,  Ardfert 
and  Aghadoe,  Killaloe  and  Kilfenora, 
Clonfert  and  Kilmacduagh,  Elpin,  and  Kil. 
lala  and  Achonry.  Formerly,  this  king, 
dom  had  a  parliament,  which  was  subordi- 
nate to  that  of  Great  Britain  ;  but,  in  1800, 
it  was  deemed  expedient  for  the  welfare  of 
Ireland  that  it  should  be  united  to  Great 
Britain.  The  two  parliaments  passed  acts 
for  that  purpose,  and  the  two  kingdoms,  at 
the  commencement  of  1801,  were  styled 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  :  and  32  peers  (four  of  them  bish- 
ops) and  100  commoners  of  Ireland,  are 
elected  to  represent  that  country  in  the 
Imperial  Parliament,  assembled  in  England. 
The  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  as  well  as 
the  council,  are  appointed,  from  time  t9 


I.'ft  E 


I  R  E 


time,  by  the  king.  The  eountry  people 
ill  Ireland,  uncorrupted  by  commerce,  are 
remarkably  hospitable,  and  very  warm  in 
all  their  affections.  The  stranger,  who 
has  dwelt  in  a  commercial  city,  and  been 
long  inured  to  that  general  neglect  of  the 
pious  offices  of  humanity,  which  the  inces- 
sant pursuit  of  gain  produces,  on  passing 
through  their  country,  is  surprised  at  the 
earnestness  they  manifest  in  serving  him, 
or  in  helping  him  on  his  way  :  he  is  also 
astonished  on  observing  how  these  simple 
people  reckon  upon  a  similar  disposition, 
as  a  thing  of  course,  in  the  country  about  : 
"  1  am  sorry  I  cannot  go  with  you  now,  but 
when  you  get  to  the  house  beyond,  why 
Mr.  Such-a-one  will  send  a  boy  with  you, 
till  you  are  after  crossing  the  bog,  and  then 
you  will  soon  be  at  the  village  ;  and  why, 
if  you  cannot  stay  all  night  with  them,  they 
will  some  of  them  go  with  yon."  Such  are 
the  unaffected  replies  the  traveller  meets 
with  in  this  hospitable  land ;  and  even  in 
the  towns,  formality  and  etiquette,  are 
often  so  lost  in  hearty  salutations,  and  a 
familiar  manner  of  address,  that  the  stran- 
ger  soon  feels  himself  at  home,  and  imagines 
the  people  about  him  all  relations.  It  is  a 
most  grievous  circumstance,  that  this  amia- 
ble people  should  sometimes  be  provoked 
to  rise  upon  those  who  are  over  them, 
when,  unhappily  giving  a  loose  to  their 
revenge,  they  sometimes  commit  such  vio- 
lent acts,  as  to  induce  those  who  do  not 
know  their  provocations,  to  think  they  are 
wantonly  barbarous,  instead  of  barbarously 
avengeful.  The  condition  of  the  common 
people  has  been  always  very  wretched : 
they  were  so  poor,  and  it  was  so  hard  for 
them  to  get  a  livelihood,  that  they  fre- 
quently went  into  other  countries  to  seek 
their  fortunes ;  and,  particularly,  great 
numbers  went  over  to  the  plantations  in 
America.  Their  diet  consists  chiefly  of 
coarse  bread,  potatoes,  and  butter-milk ; 
the  favourite  liquor  is  usquebaugh,  an  ar- 
dent distillation  from  corn  ;  and  the  rural 
cottage  is  a  wretched  hovel  of  mud.  The 
manners  of  the  superior  classes  differ  little 
from  those  of  the  same  rank  in  England ; 
but  the  gentry  are  more  addicted  to  hunt- 
ing and  other  robust  exercises,  than  to 
literature  and  the  arts.  That  part  of  the 
inhabitants,  called  the  Wild  Irish,  were 
formerly  as  savage  as  the  native  Ameri- 
cans ;  and,  like  them,  lived  in  huts,  making 
a  fire  in  the  middle  of  them,  but  is  it  to  be 
hoped,  that  all  the  rude  and  barbarous  cus- 
toms, as  well  as  every  other  trace  of 
wretchedness  and  degradation,  will  vanish 
in  time,  and  such  measures  be  taken  as 
shall  remove  all  restrictions  on  their  trade 
and  commerce,  and  admit  them  to  an  equal 
share  of  all  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  the 
empire  of  which  they  make  a  part.  Dublin 
is  the  capital 


Populatisn  of  Ireland  in  1821. 
LEiNSTER. 


COUNTIES. 

Carlow 

^ 

-     81,28r 

Drogheda  Town 

- 

.     18,118 

Dublin  County    - 

. 

.    160,274 

Dublin  City 

. 

-   186,276 

Kildare 

. 

-    101,715 

Kilkenny  County 

- 

-   157,096 

Kilkenny  City 

> 

-     23,230 

King's  County    - 

- 

-    132,319 

Longford     - 

- 

-    107,702 

Louth 

- 

-    101,070 

Meath 

- 

.    174,716 

Queen's  County 

. 

-    129,391 

Westmeath 

- 

-    128,042 

Wexford     - 

- 

-    169,304 

Wicklow    - 

-    115,162 
1,785,702 

MUNSTER. 

Clare 

- 

-    209,595 

Cork  county 

- 

-    702,000 

Cork  City 

- 

.    100,535 

Kerry 

- 

-    205,037 

Limerick  County 

- 

-   214,286 

Limerick  City     - 

- 

-      66,042 

Tipperary 

• 

-    353,402 

Waterford  County 

- 

-    127,679 

Waterford  City 

-      26,787 
2,005,363 

ULSTER. 

Antrim 

. 

-    261,601 

Armgah 

. 

-    196,577 

Carrickferges  T. 

- 

8,255 

Cavan 

. 

-    194,330 

Donegal 

. 

-    249,483 

Down 

. 

-    329,348 

Fermanagh 

. 

-    130,399 

Londonderry 

- 

-    194,099 

Monaghan 

- 

-    178,183 

Tyrone 

-    259,691 
2,001,966 

CONNAUGHT. 

Galway  county 

- 

-    268,921 

Galway  town 

- 

•      27,827 

Leitrim 

- 

-    105,976 

Mayo 

- 

-    297,538 

Roscommon 

• 

-    207,777 

Sligo           -        - 

-    127,879 
1,053,918 

SUMTMART. 

] 

rUHABITANTS. 

Leinster 

. 

-    1,785,702 

Munster 

• 

-    2,005,363 

Ulster 

- 

-    2,001,968 

Conn aught 

.    1,053,918 

Total 

6,846,949 

437 


1  H  R 


I  s  (; 


N.  B  When  the  defici  lAces  in  this  ta- 
ble shall  have  been  supplied  by  the  final 
returns  of  the  enumerator-,  as  certified  Dy 
the  Mutfistrates,  the  tot  I  -  umber  of  the 
inhabitants  will,  it  is  thought,  amount  to 
upwa:  ds  of  se^jen  millions. 

Ireland,  township  of  Buckingham  county, 
Lower  Canada,  on  Pitt  lake,  50  miles  S 
from  Quebec. 

Ireland,  JVew.     See  Britain,  JVew. 

Irish  5Vn,  that  wide  strart  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Irishtoimi-     See  Kilkenny. 

Irjab,  tiwn  of  the  country  of  Cabul, 
seated  near  a  western  branch  of  the  Indus, 
110  miles  SSW  of  Cabul.  Lon.  68  25  E, 
lat.  33  20  N. 

Irkeu,  or  Irkien.     See  Tarkan. 

Irkoziisk,  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the 
Augara  river.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  vast 
jjovernmeut  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  103 
30  E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Irkutsk,  largest  and  least  populous  go- 
vernment of  the  Rtissian  empire,  compri- 
sing all  the  E  p.irt  of  Siberia,  from  the 
Northern  Ocean  to  the  frontif-rs  of  Cliinese 
Tartary,  and  from  the  boundaries  of  the 
government  of  Tobolsk  to  'he  Eastern 
Ocean.  This  large  territory  was  gradually 
conquered  ad  appropriated  by  the  Rus- 
Slims  in  their  desultory  excursions  from 
Tobolsk.  It  is'divided  into  the  four  pro- 
vinces of  Irkutzk,  Nertshinsk,  Yakutsk, 
and  Okotsk. 

Irois,  Cape,  western  extremity  of  His- 
paniola,  or  St  Domingo. 

Iron-acton,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  at 
the  c  nfluxof  the  Staure  and  Laden,  which 
form  the  river  Frome,  10  miles  NE  of 
Bristol.  Much  iron  has  formerly  been 
dug  up,  and  many  iron  works,  and  great 
heaps  of  cinders  are  to  be  seen  here. 

Irondequot,  bay  of  lake  Ontario,  in  Mon- 
roe c  unty.  New  York. 

Irondequot,  cre<  k  of  Monroe  co  nty. 
New  York,  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
bay  of  tl-.e  same  name.  The  Gi^itid  Wes- 
tern Canal  of  New  York  crosses  this  ere  k, 
by  very  expensive  and  massive  work-^.  See 
JVavigation  Inland. 

Iron  Moiintaim,  local  term  for  that  ridge 
of  the  Appalachian  chain,  which  separates 
North  Carolina  from  Tennessee. 

Iroquois,  Pointe  ^iux,  St.  Lawrence 
couniy,  New  York,  on  the  river  St  Law- 
rence,  six  or  sevi  n  miles  above  the  R:.pid 
plat,  it  is  aiivantageoiisly  sitna  ed  for 
commanding  the  passage  up  and  down  the 
St.  L;<wr"'ce. 

Irratvaddy,  or  Iravati,  principal  river  of 
the  Birman  mpire.  It  rises  h<  the  moun- 
tains of  Tibet,  and  flowing  nearly  S  falls 
into  the  hay  of  Be  gal  at  about  lat.  16  N, 
forming  like  the  Ganges  a  large  delta. 
The  geography  of  the  Irrawaddy  is  yet 
very  imperfect. 

438 


Irromango,  considerable  island,  and  one 
of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South  Sea. 
Lon.  169  20  E,  lat.  18  48  S. 

Irronam,  one  ot  the  Hebrides,  in  the 
South  Sea,  near  Tanna.  Lon.  170  26  E, 
lat.  19  31  S. 

Irtysh,  large  river  of  Asia,  in  Siberia, 
which  rises  in  •  he  country  of  vhe  Ka:raucs, 
and  running  from  the  S  to  NE  falls  into 
the  Oby,  near  Tobolsk. 

Irville,  post  village,  in  the  western  part 
of  Mu>)kingum  couniy,  Ohio,  12  miles  NW 
from  Zanesville. 

Irvitie,  or  Ii-imt  river  of  Scotland,  in 
Ayrshire,  which  descending  from  the 
mountains  on  the  E,  p.,sses  by  Derval, 
Newmilis,  Gals'.on  and  Riccarton,  and  falls 
into  the  frith  of  Clyde,  close  by  the  town 
oflrvine. 

Irvine,  or  Irwin,  royal  borough  and  sea- 
port in  AjTihire,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  on  the  frith  of 
Clyde,  15  mile.>  E  of  ihe  isle  of  Arran, 
and  60  W  by  S  ot  Edinburgh.  Its  chief 
tratle  is  the  exportiiig  of  coal  to  Ireland. 
Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  55  32  N. 

Ir-well,  river  in  Lancashire,  which  rises 
above  B'  Iton,  flows  thence  to  Manchester, 
and  falls  into  the  Mersey,  below  Fhxton. 

Irxvin,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by- 
Florida  south,  by  Early  W  ;  Doolen  N ; 
Telfa  r  NE  ;  and  Apphng  E  ;  length  70  ; 
breadth  48  ;  area  3360  square  miles.  The 
Ock  l  ckonne,  Suwauny  and  Lttle  St.  Ilia 
rivers  rise  in  this  county  ;  the  general  sur- 
face is  level. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.   females    -        -        - 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females  - 

Slaves,  m  les      _         .        .         - 

do.     females  -         .         . 

Total  papulation  in  1820 


172 
200 


372 

0 

0 

27 

12 


411 


0 

131 

0 

0 


Ofthe^e; 
Foreigners  not  naturali2ed 
Engaged  in  \griculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 

Isabella,  ancient  town  of  St.  Domingo, 
fonndert  by  Columbus,  about  90  miles  E 
by  N  from  Ct.pe  Francois. 

Isalella,  St  island  of  the  South  Sea,  dis- 
cover d  by  the  Spaniards  in  1568.  It  lies 
ofl"  tie  Intendancy  of  Guadalaxara.  Lat. 
21   50  N. 

IsbellsvUle,  post  village.  Christian  county 
Kentucky. 

Ischia,  island  of  Naples ;  ancient  Oena- 
ritt,  or  Pithecusa,  15  miles  in  circuit, 'lying 


I  S  L 

three  miles  off  the  coast  of  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ra. '  It  is  full  of  agreeable  valleys  which 
produce  excellent  fruits;  mounttins,  on 
which  grow  vines  of  an  exquisite  kind, 
rivers,  and  fine  gardens. 

Ischiu,  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  an  island 
of  the  same'  name.  Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  40 
41  N. 

Iselstein,  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  that  of  Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Issel, 
four  miles  S\V  of  Utrecht, 

henarts,  o'  Eisenarts,  town  of  Germany, 
in  Stiria,  famous  for  iron  mines,  30  miles 
NWof  Gratz.     Lon,  15  4E,  lat.  47  25  N 

Isenach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cuit of  Upper  Saxony,  from  whence  a  Sax- 
on prince  takes  (he  ti'le  of  duke.  Lon.  9 
17  E,  lat.  51  0  N, 

henbitnr,  large  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
elec'.orate  of  Treves,  with  a  castle  ;  seated 
on  a  river,  eight  N  bv  E  ofCoblentz,  Lon. 
7  34  E,  la.  50  32  N 

Isenberg,  principality  of  Germany,  di- 
vided between  the  houses  of  Hesse-Cassel 
and  Hes^e-Darmsta  !t, 

Isenghei7i,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  with 
the  title  of  a  principality,  seated  on  the 
river  Mandera,  Lon,  3  18  E,  lat.  50  44 
N. 

Iser,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Tirol  and  Bavari.i,  and 
passi-g  by  Munich  and  Landschnt,  falls 
into  the  D  aube,  between  Straubing  and 
Passau. 

Isere,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  ihr  late  province  >f  Dauphiny. 
It  is  so  named  from  a  river  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Savoy,  and  falls  into  the 
Rhone,  above  Valence.  Grenoble  is  the 
capital. 

Isertohn.  or  Lohn,  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  We.>tphalia,  32  mil^s  from 
Cologn,  where  they  manufacture  ribands, 
&c.  " 

Isemia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Molise,  with 
a  bishop's  see  It  is  -eated  at  the  foot  of 
the  .\ppenines,  12  miles  W  of  M  lise,  and 
46  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  24  Ef  lat.  41  36 
N 

Isignif  seaport  of  France,  in  the  dep  -rt- 
menl  of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, noted  for  its  salt  works,  cide-r  and 
its  butter.  It  is  15  mi  es  'V  by  N  of  lia- 
yeux,     Lon.  0  59  W,  lal,  48  20  N 

his.     See  Thames. 

Islands,  Bay  of,  bay  of  New  Zealand,  at 
the  N  extremity  of  the  most  northern  of 
of  the  two  islands  that  go  under  that  name. 

Island  creek,  township  of  Jtfl",  rson  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  1820.  1617. 

Islay,  or  Ila,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
the  H  bri.les,  to  the  SW  of  Jura.  Its 
greatest  length  is  25  miles  ;  its  bre  dth  18. 
The  principAl  village  is  Bowtnore,  v,-hich 


I  b  L 

has  a  convenient  harbour.  The  face  of 
th  country  is  hilly.  Popul.ition  about 
12.000.     \rea  154,000  acres. 

h!s,  mix  Petite  Bois,  small  island  of  Ala- 
bama, between  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Pascag'iula  sound. 

Isle  aiix  Crudres,  island  and  seigniory, 
Nort! lumber  and  cnunty.  Lower  Canada, 
in  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Isle  anx  jYoix,  island  of  Lower  Canada, 
in  Sorrel  river,  about  11  miles  below  its 
efflux  from  lake  Champlain. 

Isle-Jdatn,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Seine  and  Ose,  lately  in 
the  province  of  thf  Isle  of  France,  with  a 
castle  seated  on  the  Oise,  20  miles  N  by 
W  ot  Paris      Lon,  2  13  E,  lat.  la' .  49  7  N, 

Islebnrough,  township  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine.     Population  in  1820,  639. 

Isle  of  Beeves,  islaid  of  North  America, 
in  the  ba\  of  Campeachy,  17  mdes  long 
and  eight  broal.  It  isfertile, and  abounds 
in  cattl  •  and  fruits. 

Isle-Dien.  small  island  of  France,  14 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Poitou  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1795,  but  soon 
after  evacuated.  Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  46  55 
N. 

Jsle-da  France.     See  France,  Isle  of. 

Isle  Jesus,  inland  and  seij^niory,  Effing- 
ham county.  Lower  Canada.  It  is  situi^ted 
NE  from  the  island  of  Montreal,  with  an 
mtervening  channel  of  St.  Liv-rence  river. 

Isle-Jourdain,  town  of  France,  now  in 
thf  department  of  Gers  and  lately  in  »he 
province  of  Armagn<c.  It  is  eated  in  an 
island  of  the  river  Save,  eigh'  miles  N  of 
Lombez,     L<.n.  1  2  E,  la'.  43  40  N. 

Isle  of  Orleans,  i-!and,  county,  and  sHg- 
niory.  Lower  Cmada,  in  St.  l.-a-v  ence  ri- 
ver, commencing  four  miles  below  Que- 
bec. 

Isle-Roiisse,  town  of  Corsica,  on  the  sea- 
coast.  35mUes  SW  of  Bastia. 

Isle  and  Vilaine,  department  of  France, 
containing  pari  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagie.     Renne-i  is  the  capital. 

Isleben.     See  Eisleben. 

Isle  of  Wight.  ci'i;n'v  of  Virginia,  bound- 
ed by  Nansemond  SE  ;  by  B  ackv/ater  ri- 
ver or  Southampton  S  W  ;  Surry  N\V  ;  and 
James  river  NE  Length  30  ;  mean 
width  15  ;  area  450  square  mil  s  Sur- 
face level,  and  s  -il  of  middling  quality. 
Chief  town,  Smithfield. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,161 

do.     do.     females  -         -  2,2b6 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           -        -        -  698 

Slaves 4,041 

Total  population  in  1810  -        9,116 

Popidation  in  1820. 
F.'-ee  white  males       -        -        -        2,354 
439 


I  S  M 


I  s  s 


Free  white  females 

2,522 

All  other  persons 

21 

Total  whites       .        -        .        - 

4,904 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

448 

do.     do.  females    - 

490 

Slaves,  males      .... 

2,233 

do.     females 

2,064 

Total  population  in  1820 


10,139 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -        2,925 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  270 

do.        in  Commerce      .        -  40 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

lale  Royal,  long  island  of  lake  Superior, 
100  miles  in  length  and  40  wide  in  some 
places. 

Isletuorth,  village  in  Middlesex,  seated 
on  the  Tham.es,  nine  miles  W  of  London, 
Neap  it  is  Sion  House,  the  magnificent 
seat  of  the  duke  of  Northumberland. 

Isle  Verte,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  SE  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence, 104  miles  below  Quebec^ 

Isleborough,  township  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine,  one  mile  W  from  Castine.  Po- 
pulation 1820, 630. 

Isles  of  Shoals,  seven  small  islands,  about 
nine  miles  SSE  from  Portsmouth,  in  New 
Hampshire.  They  form  a  part  of  Rock- 
ingham county,  and  Staten  Island,  the  last 
forms  the  township  of  Gosport. 

Isle  de  St.  John,  seigniory,  Devon  coun- 
ty, Lower  Canada,  on  the  SE  side  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  45  miles  below  Quebec. 

Isle  du  Portage,  seigniory,  Cornwallis 
county,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  SE  side  of 
St.  Lawrence,  85  miles  below  Quebec. 

Islington,  village  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, on  the  N  side  of  London,  to  which 
it  is  almost  contiguous,  appears  to  be  of 
Saxon  origin,  and  in  the  conqueror's  time, 
was  written  Isledon,  or  Isendon. 

Islip,  town  in  Oxfordsliire,  four  miles  N 
of  Oxford.  Islip  was  given  by  Edward 
the  Confessor  to  Westminster  Abbey,  to 
which  it  still  belongs.  By  the  late  inland 
navigation  it  has  a  communication  with  the 
river  Thames,  Hwmber,  and  a  great  many 
others,  and  its  navigation  extends  about 
500  miles  through  dilTerent  counties. 

Islip,  post  town  on  Long  Island,  in  Suf- 
folk county.  New  York.  Population  1820, 
1156. 

Ismail,  strong  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bessarabia.  It  was  taken  by  storm  by 
the  Russians  in  1790  ;  and  it  is  said,  that 
the  long  siege,  and  the  capture,  did  not 
cost  them  less  than  20,000  men,  The  gar- 
rison whose  bravery  merited,  and  from  a 
generous  foe  would  have  received  the 
highest  honours,  were  massacred  in  cold 
blood  by  the  merciless  Russians,  to  the 
440 


amsuat  of  30,000  men  ;  and  tbe  place  was 
abandoned  to  the  fury  of  the  brutal  soldie 
ry.     Ismail  is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the 
Danube,  140  miles  S  by  W  of  Bender.  Lon. 
29  47  E,  lat.  45  11  N. 

Ismid,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  of 
Bythinia,  situated  on  the  sea  of  Marmora. 
Lon.  29  47  E.  lat.  40  27  N. 

Isny,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on 
the  Isny,  14  miles  NE  of  Lindau,  and  62 
S  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  3  E,  lat.  47  42 
N. 

Isnic,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia  in  Nato- 
lia,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is 
the  ancient  Nice,  famous  for  the  first  gene- 
ral council  here  in  325.  Nothing  remains 
of  its  ancient  splendour,  but  an  aqueduct, 
the  Jews  inhabit  the  greater  part  of  it; 
and  it  is  seated  in  a  country  fertile  in  corn 
and  excellent  wine,  75  miles  SE  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  30  9  E,  lat.  40  13  N, 

Isola,  seaport  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  18 
miles  SE  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  26  E, 
lat.  39  2  N. 

Isonu,  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  seated 
near  a  mountain  at  the  foot  of  a  rivulet. 

Ispahan,  celebrated  city,  capital  of  Persia, 
in  the  province  of  Irac-Agemi,  and  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  finest  city  in  the  East. 
It  stands  in  the  middle  of  a  plain,  surround- 
ed  on  all  sides  by  mountains  at  eight 
miles  distance,  and  on  a  small  river,  called 
Sanderut,  which  supplies  almost  all  the 
houses  with  water.  It  is  20  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, with  well  built  houses  and  flat 
roofs,  on  which  they  walk,  eat,  and  lie,  in 
summer,  for  the  sake  of  the  cool  air.  The 
inhabitants  were  computed  at  about 
1,000,000  ;  but  this  kingdom  having  been 
distracted  by  civil  wars,  th^  principal 
towns  are  greatly  depopulated.  Ispahan 
has  three  large  suburbs,  called  Juisa,  Ha- 
senbath,  and  Kebrabath.  Though  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  sea,  it  carries  on  a  great 
ti'ade,  people  of  several  nations  resorting 
there  for  the  sake  of  traffic.  It  is  265 
miles  NE  of  Bussarah,  and  1400  SE  of  Con- 
stantinople.     Lon.  52  55  E,  lat.  32  25  N. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  river  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, which  branches  off  from  the  Rhine, 
below  Huessen  ;  and  running  by  Doesburg, 
Zutphen,  Deventer  and  Campen,  falls  into 
the  Zuider-Zee. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  Little,  river  of  the  United 
Provinces,  which  waters  Ysselstein,  Mont- 
fort,  and  Gouda  ;  and  falls  into  the  Merwe, 
above  Rotterdam. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  Old,  river  which  rises  in 
the  duchy  of  Cleves,  and  enters  the  Issel 
at  Doesburg. 

Issequibo,  flourishing  settlement  of  the 
Dutch  in  Guiana,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
n.ame,  and  contiguous  to  that  of  Demarary. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Enghsh  in  1796. 

hsoire,   ancient  town  of  France,  now 


1  T  A 


1  r  A 


ill  the  department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and 
lately  in  the  province  of  Auvergns.  At 
Veriiet,  near  tliis  town,  are  found  ame- 
tliysts,  of  olour  as  beautiflil  as  those  of 
the  East,  but  natso  hard.  Issoire  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Couz,  near  the  Allier,  13  miles  S 
of  Clermont.     Lon.  3  25  E,  l.tt.  4-5  34  N. 

Issondun,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre,  and  lately  in  tiie  pro- 
vince of  Berrj',  with  a  castle.  Its  trade  is 
in  wood,  cattle,  cloth,  hats,  and  stockings, 
and  is  seated  partly  on  an  eminence  and 
partly  on  a  plain,  17  miles  SW"bf  Bourges, 
and  135  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  6  E,  lai.  46  57  N. 

Is-sur-TiUe,to\vn  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  ignon, 
near  the  Tille,  12  miles  N  of  Dijon. 

/s^r/ft,  kind  of  peninsula  of  Ulyria,  lying 
on  the  NE  part  of  the  gulf  of  A^enice.  ll 
is  bounded  by  Carniola  on  the  XE,  and  on 
all  other  sides  by  the  sea.  l"he  air  is  un- 
wholesome, especially  near  the  coast ;  but 
the  soil  produces  plenty  of  wine,  oil  and 
pasture :  there  are  also  quarries  of  fine 
marble.  Istria  now  forms  a  part  of  the 
Austrian  kingdom  of  lUyria.  Capo  d'Istria 
is  the  capital. 

Italij,  one  of  the  finest  and  most  cele- 
brated countries  of  Europe  ;  bounded  on 
the  NXW  andXE  by  France,  Switzerland, 
the  country  of  the  Grisons, 'and  Germany; 
on  the  E  by  tliegulfof  Venice;  and  on 
the  Sand  W  by  the  Mediterranein;  its 
figure  bearing  some  resemblance  to  that 
of  a  boot.  Its  length  from  .\os!a,  at  tiie 
foot  of  the  Alps,  in  Mount  Blanc,  Savoy, 
to  the  utmost  verge  of  Calabria,  in  Naples, 
is  about  600  miles  ;  l)ut  its  breadth  is  very 
unequal,  in  some  places  near  400  miles,  in 
others  not  above  25  or  30.  It  was  former- 
ly the  seat  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  after- 
wards, of  that  more  astonishing  usurpation 
the  dominion  of  the  pope  h\  the  middle 
ages  the  kingdom  i)t'  Eombardy  and  that  of 
Naples  lield  the  two  extremes,  and  the  Ec- 
clesiastical and  Tuscan  states  occupied  the 
centre.  In  more  modern  times  the  north- 
ern part  became  divided  into  a  great  nimi- 
ber  of  states ;  and  previous  to  tlie  altera- 
tions made  by  tiie  late  French  government, 
the  whole  country  was  divided  in  the  fol- 
lowing matiner.  Between  the  confines  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  oil  the  W  and  N 
■were  the  continental  dominions  of  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  namely,  Savoy,  Nice,  Pied- 
mont, part  of  the  Milmese  and  Oncglia. 
To  the  NE  are  the  territories  of  VL'nice, 
which  are  enumerated  under  that  article. 
South  of  these,  were  the  dominions  of  the 
eni])er\)r  of  Geiynany,  namely,  part  of  the 
Milanese  and  the  Mantuan;  and  S  of  the 
latter  is  the  Modencic,  which  belonged  lo 
the  duke  of  MoJena.  West  of  the  Mo- 
denese  is  the  duchy  of  I'armi,  to  the  S\V 
of  which  lay  the  republic  of  Genoa  ;  and 
S  K 


SEof  Genoa,  that  of  Lucca.  Hence  ex- 
tends, along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany.  Tlie 
])ope's  territories  lies  NE  and  E  of  Tusca- 
ny, between  the  gulf  of  Venice  and  the 
isiediterranean  ;  and  all  S  of  this  is  the 
kingdom  of  Naples.  By  the  treaty  of 
Campo  Formio,  in  1797,  the  Venetian  ter- 
ritories to  the  E  and  N  of  the  river  Adige 
were  ceded  to  Austria  ;  and  the  remain- 
der of  the  Venetian  states,  with  the  du- 
chies of  Modena,  Milan  and  Mj.ntua,  the 
principality  of  M^ssa,  a' d  the  three  lega- 
tions of  Ferrara,  Bologna,  and  Romag- 
na  in  the  pope's  dominions,  were  erec- 
t  d  into  a  government  by  the  French, 
and  culled  the  Cisalpine  Republic.  This 
republic  was  overturned  in  1799,  but  re- 
stored after  the  battle  of  Marengo,  in 
1800;  and  in  1802,  it  received  a  nev/  con- 
stitution, under  the  name  of  the  Italian 
Republic,  and  Bonaparte,  then  first  consul 
of  France,  was  elected  president.  In  1806, 
the  Italian  republic  was  erected  into  a 
kingdom,  and  the  emperor  of  France  as- 
stmied  the  title  of  King  of  Italy.  In  De- 
cember following,  the  Austrian  part  of  the 
Venetian  states  were  added  to  its  territo- 
ries, by  the  treaty  of  Presburg.  The  king- 
dom was  divided  into  departments,  and 
the  city  of  Milan  was  the  capital..  But 
tiie  important  changes  that  have  lately 
taken  place  in  Europe,  have  again  derang- 
ed the  political  situatir,n  of  this  country. 
The  kingdom  of  Italy  has  been  overturn- 
ed ;  and  althougii  a  part  of  its  territories 
has  been  restored  to  its  former  possessors, 
yet  the  greater  part  was  first  provisionally 
taken  possession  by  Austria,  and  by  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  finally  incorporated  in- 
to tiie  Lombardo  Venetian  kingdom.  The 
air  of  Italy  is  very  difi'erent,  according  to 
the  differe'it  situation  of  the  coimtries  it 
contains :  in  these  on  tlie  NE  side  of  the 
Apennines,  \t  is  more  temperate ;  but  on 
in  the  SW  it  is  verv  v^arm,  in  Campagno 
di  Roma,  and  the  Ferrarese,  it  is  said  to 
be  unwholesome,  from  the  lands  not  be- 
ing dtdy  cultivated,  nor  the  marshes  drair.- 
etl ;  but  in  the  other  parts  it  is  generally 
pure,  dry  and  healthy.  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Po,  Tiber,  Arno,  Adige,  and 
Yar ;  and  tl.ere  are  sevcivl  fine  lakes  as 
the  M-.iggiore,  Lugino,  Ciimo,  Garda,  Per- 
ugia, Bracciano,  and  Cclanc.  The  so  1,  in 
general,  is  very  fertile.  It  prtfdiices  a 
great  variety  of  wines,  and  the  best  oil  in 
Europe ;  excellent  silk  in  abundance  ; 
corn  of  all  sorts,  but  not  in  such  plenty  as 
in  some  other  countries  ;  oranges,  lemons, 
citron.s,  pomegranates,  almonds,  raisins, 
sugar,  iigs,  peaches,  apricots,  pears,  apples, 
filberts,  cHesnuts,  ?ic.  Most  of  these  fruits 
were  at  first  imported  by  the  Romans  from 
Asia,  Asia  Mini'ir,  Greece,  Africa  and  Syria 
&ud  were  not  the  natural  products  of  the  soil. 
441 


J  A  C 


J"  A  C 


1  liis  country  also  yields  good  pasture, 
and  abounds  with  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  buf- 
faloes, wild  boars,  mules,  and  horses.  Tiie 
forests  are  well  stored  with  game ;  and  the 
mountains  have  not  or.Iy  mines  of  iron,  lead, 
alum,  sulphur,  marble  ■-■fall  sorts,  alabaster, 
jasper,  porphry,  &c.  but  also  gold  and  sil- 
ver, with  a  great  variety  of  aromatic  herbs, 
trees,  shrubs,  and  evergreens.  AVlnc,  oil, 
perfumes,  fruits  and  silks,  are  the  principal 
articles  of  exportation  ;  and  great  sums  of 
money  are  expended  by  travellers  in  the 
purchase  of  pictures,  curiosities,  relics,  an- 
tiquiiies,  8cc.  There  arc  forty-one  arch- 
bishoprics in  Italy,  but  the  bishoprics  are 
too  indefinite  and  arbitrary  to  be  depended 
on  ;  the  pope  creating  or  suppressing  them 
as  he  pleases.  Tlie  established  religion  is 
the  Roman  catholic ;  but  all  sects  live  un- 
molested, provided  no  gross  insult  is  of- 
fered to  their  w^orship.  Their  language,  a 
corruption  cf  the  Latin,  is  remarkable  for 
its  smoothness,  and  is  said  to  be  spoken  in 
its  greatest  purity  at  Florence.  Further 
pai'ticulars  of  this  country  will  be  found 
under  the  names  of  its  particular  divisions, 
as  Naples,  &c. 

Italy  is  now  subdivided  into  the  kingdom 
of  the  two  Sicilies  ;  states  of  the  Church^; 
Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany ;  Austrian  Italy  ; 
Sardinia ;  Parma  ;  Modena  ;  Lucca ;  and  San 
Marina.  Area  117,000  square  mdes.  Popu- 
lation about  20,000,000. 

Itali),  township  of  Ontario  county.  New 
York,  on  Canandaigua  lake.  Population  in 
1820,728. 

Jlamaria,  island  of  Brazil  in  Pernambuca, 
about  10  miles  long  and  2  broad. 

Itclien,  river  in  Hants,  which  rising  in 
the  centre  of  the  county,  passes  by  Win- 
chester, and  enters  the  bay  of  Southamp- 
ton,  at  the  town  of  that  name. 

Ithaca,  now  Thiaki,  island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  s.tuated  between  Cefalonia 
and  Santa  Maura.  Lon.  21  E,  lat.  38  36 
N.     It  now  forms  one  of  the  Ionian  islands. 

Ithaca,  post  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
inTompkins  pounty.New  York,  at  the  head 
of  Cayuga  lake,  about  40  miles  above 
Cayuga  bridge.     Population  about  150,   A 


steam  boat  now  plies  between  ltht;ca  and 
the  lower  part  of  the  Cayuga  lake. 

Itzehoa,  ancient  and  handsome  town  of 
Germany  in  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  seated  on  the  Stoer,  15  miles  NE 
Ghiclcitadt,  and  30  NW  of  Hamburg.  Lon. 
9  30  E,  lat.  52  58  N. 

Iverdun.     See  Yverdim. 

Ives,  St.  seaport  and  borough  in  Corn- 
wall. It  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Penzance, 
and  277  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  5  30  W, 
lat.  50  18  N. 

Ives,  St.  j;own  in  Huntingdonshire.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Ouse,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  six  miles  NE  of  Huntingdon, 
and  50  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  AV, 
lat.  52  20  N. 

Ivica,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  one 
of  the  Balearic,  or  Pithycusae  group,  56 
miles  SW  of  Majorca.  It  is  about  60  miles 
in  circumference,  is  mountainous,  but  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits ;  and  is  re- 
markable for  the  great  quantity  of  salt 
made  here.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  has  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  1  25  E, 
lat.  38  52  N. 

7wn^/io,  village  in  Buckinghamshire,  has 
a  market  on  Friday,  six  miles  SW  of  Dun- 
stable, and  32  NW  of  London.  Lon.  0  32 
W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Ivrea,  ancient  town  of  Piedmont,  capi'al 
of  Canavez,  with  a  strong  fort,  a  bishop's 
see,  and  an  ancient  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Doria,  between  two  hills,  20  miles  N 
of  Turin,  and  32  E  by  N  of  Susa.  Lon.  7 
48  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Ivrv,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Normandy. 
It  had  a  benedictine  abbey,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Eure,  10  miles  N  by  W  of  Dreux. 
Lon.  1  28  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Ivy  Bridjre,  village  in  Devonshire,  11 
miles  NE  of  Plymouth,  remarkable  for  its 
rural  and  picturesque  scenery ;  the  river 
Arme  runs  through  the  village. 

Ixworth,  village  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Friday.  It  is  seven  miles  NE  of  Bury 
St.  Edmunds,  and  79  NNE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  51  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Ixxuorth,  town  of  Cornwallis  county, 
Lower  Canada,  70  miles  below  Quebec. 


Jaar,  river  rising  near  Tongress,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  and  after  a  NE  course 
falls  into  the  Maese  at  Maestricht. 

Jablunka,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Teschen,  35  miles  SE  of  Troppaw. 
Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  49  41  N. 

Jacca,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 

\vith  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  fort.     It  is  seated 

on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  among  the 

moiin'aihs  of  Jacca,  in  a  verv  pleasant  and 

442 


fruitful  plain,  which  are  a  part  of  the  Pjre- 
nees,  22  miles  N  of  Huesca.  Lon.  0  19 
yv,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Jaci-d'-Jiginla,  seaport  town  on  the  eas- 
tern coast  of  Sicily,  10  miles.  N  by  E  of 
Catania.     Lon.  15  26  E,  lat.  37  27  N. 

Jacksonburg,  post  town  in  Colleton 
county,  South  Carolina;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Edisto  river,  30  miles  W  of  Charles- 
ton. 


.1  A  C 


J  A  C 


Jacksonbuvg,  post  town  in  Sci-iven  coun- 
ty, Georgia,  59  miles  SW  of  Savannah. 

Jackson,  or  IFiichcock,  township  of  Han- 
cock county,  Maine,  25  miles  NW  from 
Castine.    Population  in  1820,  385. 

Jackson,  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty. New  York.     Population  in  1820,  2004. 

Jackson,  post  village,  I.ouisia  county,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Jackson,  county  of  Ohio,  around  the 
Sciota  salt  works,  erected  into  a  county  in 
1816 ;  and  bounded  by  Lawrence  S  ;  Sciota 
SW;  Pike  W,  and  Ross  NW ;  Hock- 
ing N  ;  Athens  NE,  and  Gallia  SE.  Length 
30  ;  viridth  20  ;  and  area  490  square  miles. 
Surface  generally  hilly  and  broken.  Mine- 
ral productions  stone  coal,  and  salt,  or  per- 
haps more  correctly  salt  water.  Chief 
town,  Jackson. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -       -       -        1,999 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,711 


Total  whites    .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 

do.    females         ... 


county  of   Preble.    Population   in    1820, 
1099. 

Jackson,  township  of  Preble  countv. 
Population  in  1820,  615. 

Jackson,  the  northwesternmost  township 
of  Muskingum  countv.  Population  in 
1820,  330. 

Jackson,  county  of  Indiana,  on  White 
river  ;  bounded  SE  by  Scott ;  S  by  Wash- 
ington ;  W  by  Lawrence  ;  N  W  by  Monroe  ; 
N  by  Delaware,  and  E  by  Jennings. 
Length  30 ;  mean  wid'.h  19 ;  area  570 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Brov/nstown. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whte  males  ...        2,107 

do.  do.  females         ...       1,867 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,746 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  901 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  94 

do.    in  Commerce             -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7^. 

Jackson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Jackson  county,  Ohio,  28  miles  SE  from 
Chillicothe,  and  7o  in  the  same  direction 
from  Columbus. 

Jackso?i,  township  of  Jackson  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  334. 

Jackson,  townsliip  in  the  southern  part 
of  Frankhn  county.  Population  in  1820, 
310. 

Jackson,  township  of  Wayne  county. 
Population  in  1820,  236, 

Jackson,  township  of  Pickaway  county. 
Population  1820,  ^75. 

Jackson,  NE  township  in  Pike  county. 
Population  in  1820,  853. 

Jackson,  township  of  Knox  county.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1128. 

Jackson,  township  of  Champaign  county, 
containing  in  1820,  600  inhabitants. 

Jackson,  township  in  the  southern  limits 
of  Monroe  county.  Population  in  1820, 
574. 

Jacfcsoji,  township  in  Stark  countv.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  521. 

.7^(2C/tso7i,  township  of  P^rry  county.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  860. 

Jackson,  township  in  the  western  bon'.ers 
of  Montgomery  county,  and  adjoining  ths 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        fem.ales 

Slaves,  males       .         .         - 
do.     females     ... 

Total  population  in  1820      - 


3,974 

19 

17 

0 

0 

4,010 


Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  ruituralized        -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  650 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  53 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Jackson,  county  of  Illinois ;  bounded  by 
the  Mississippi  river  SW  ;  by  Randolph  N 
W  and  N;  Franklin  E,  and  Union  S. 
Length  30 ;  mean  width  24 ;  area  720 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Brov/nsville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .         -         .  844 

do.  do.     females     .         -         -  659 


15 


1,542 


18 

234 
30 
20 


Total  wiiites      ....  1,503 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  #0 

do.             do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males            ...  24 

do.     females        "... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2  nearly. 

Jackson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice. 
Cape  Girardeau  county,  Missouri,  12  mile's 
NW  from  Cape  Girardeau,  and  about  10 
miles  in  a  direct  line  from  the  Mississippi 
river. 

Jackson,  county  of  West  Tennessee  ; 
bounded  S  by  Wliite  ;  W  by  Smith ;  N  by 
Monroe  county  in  Kentucky,  and  E  by 
Overton.  Lengtli  28;  mean  width  18; 
area  500  squai'u  miles.  Otimberiand  river 
crosses  this  county  in  an  oblique  direction 
from  NE  to  SW.  The  sui-face  is  rather 
4'i3 


A    C 


.1    A    «. 


waving- than  hilly.     Chief  to. vn,  "'VViHi.inis 
burg'. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.   females    -         -        - 
All  other  persor.s  except  Indian.s 

not  taxed         .         ,         .         - 
Slaves 


2,548 
S,364 

8 
481 


5,401 


3,455 
3,281 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.   do.     females    - 

Total  whites       -         .         -         -  -    6,734 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  56 

do.               do.       females  ^53 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        -  341 

do.    females            -        -        -  409 

Total  population  in  1820  -        ",593 

Of  these ; 
Foreijjners  not  natiiralized  -  _^  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,311 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  103 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Jack-son,  county  of  Georpcia;  bounded  by 
Clark  HE  ;  Walton  SW  ;  Hall  and  Habber- 
sham  NW,  and  Franklin  and  Madison  NE. 
Length  25  ;  mean  width  20 ;  area  500 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Jefferson. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  -         -         -      4,424 

do.     do.     females      -         -         -        4,518 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 11 

Slaves 1.81^ 


by  a  direct  line  along  Tennessee  river,  a.; 
equal  di.stance  on  Decatur  county,  and  ar. 
equal  distance  along  the  S  boundary  of 
Tennessee;  area  375  square  miles.  Soil 
on  the  streams,  and  intervals  fertile. 
Staples,  cotton  and  grain. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        4,220 

do.     do.  females  -        -        3,909 


Total  whites       .         .         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 


T^tal  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.   females     -        -        - 

Total  whites       .         -         -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  mules      .        -        -        - 

do.    females  .         .         . 

Total  population  in  1820     - 


10,569 


3,187 
3,159 

6,346 

5 

7 

967 

1,030 

8,355 


*Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         2,520 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  150 

do.        ia  Commerce       -         -  28 

Population  to  thesquure  mile,  16-]. 

Jackson,  NE  county  of  Alabama,  N  off 
Tennessee  river,  bounded  by  Tennessee 
river  SE  ;  by  Decatur  county  SW  ;  and  by 
Franklin  and  Marion  counties  N.  It  is 
nearly  in  form  of  a  triangle  ;  30  miles 
444 


8,129 
49 
34 

271 
268 

8,751 


0 

2,654 

68 

12 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  23. 

Jackcon,  county  of  Mississippi,  bounded 
by  Mobile  countv  in  Alabama  E  ;  by  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  S  ;  Hancock  SW  ;  .and  by 
Perrv  and  Greene  counties  in  Mississippi 
N.  Length  42  ;  mean  width  30  ;  area  1250 
squai-e  miles.  Surface  fiat  in  the  south  ; 
and  hilly  in  the  middle  and  northern  parts. 
Soil  generally  sterile,  and  covered  with 
pine  timber.  Some  good  land,  however, 
lies  along  the  Pascagoula  and  its  branches, 
which  intersect  this  county,  flowing  from 
the  XW,  N  and  NE. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...  712 

do.   do.    females     ...  588 

Total  whites       -         -         -  1,300 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  29 

do.            do.        females  32 

Slaves,  males      ....  148 

do.    females    .        -        -        .  173 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        1,682 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  452 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  11 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1^. 

Jacksoji,  town.sbip  of  Lebanon  county* 
Pennsylvania,  on  both  sides  of  Tulpeho* 
ock en  creek,  six  miles  E  from  Lebanon,  and 
on  the  dividing  line  between  Lebanon, 
and  Berks  counties.  Population  in  1820, 
1748. 

Jack-sonsLur^,  small  post  town,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Wayne  township,  Butler 
county,  Ohio,  eigRt  miles  N  from  Hamil- 
ton. 

Jackson  borough,  Colleton  district,  Soiitli 


J   A   !•> 


.i   A    M 


lyaroiina,  on  \he  right  bank  of  Edisto  river, 
34  miles  W  from  Charleston. 

Jacksonboroug'/i,  Scriven  county,  Georgia 
on  the  point  between  liriar  creek  and 
Beaver-dam  creek,  about  70  miles  NW 
from  Savannah. 

Jackso7isburg ,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Campbell  county,  East  Tennessee,  50 
miles  NE  by  N  from  Knoxville. 

Jacksons-jMUls,  post  office,  Harrison 
county,  Virginia. 

Jacksons  river,  rises  in  the  S  angle  of 
Pendleton  county,  Virginia,  and  flowing 
SSW  enters  Bath  county,  through  which 
it  meanders  by  comparative  courses  about 
50  miles,  and  turning  abruptly  to  NE  joins 
JJowpasture  river,  and  together  forms 
James  river. 

Jackson  town,  post  village,  Jackson 
county,  Tennessee. 

Jacksonville^  settlement  or  town,  in  Vio- 
let township,  Fairfield  county,  Ohio,  18 
miles  from  Lancaster,  on  the  road  from 
that  town  to  Delaware. 

Jacksonville,  or  Telfairton,  post  village 
and  seat  of  justice,  Telfair  county,  Georgia, 
near  the  north  bank  of  the  Ockmulgee  ri- 
ver, about  70  miles  W  from  Savannah, 

Jacksonville,  township  of  Adams  county, 
Ohio,  20  miles  E  from  West  Union.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  uncertain. 

Jacobs  creek,  branch  of  Yough  river,  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Jacobstoxun-,  township  of  Belmont  county 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  uncertain. 

Jacques  Cartier,  river  of  Lower  Canada, 
rises  into  the  intermediate  space  between 
the  river  St.  Anne,  and  Jeaune,  and  flowing 
SW  falls  into  the  NE  side  of  St.  Lawrence 
river  in  the  SE  angle  of  the  Barony  of 
Portneuf. 

Jacques  Cartier,  seigniory,  Hampshire 
county.  Lower  Canada,  extending  from  the 
N  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  between  the 
seigniory  of  D'Auteuil,  and  the  barony  of 
Portneuf,  crossing  the  rivers  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  Savonnis,  and  St.  Anne. 

Jacn,  strong  and  handsome  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
and  a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a  country  pro- 
ducing excellent  fruits,  and  very  fine  silk, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  15  miles  SW  of 
Bueza.    Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  37  38  N. 

Jae7i,  provmce  of  Spain  in  the  E  part  of 
Andaluzia,  bounded  yv  by  Cordova  ;  S  by 
Granada ;  E  by  iMurcia,  and  Granada,  and 
N  by  La  Mancha.  Area  4730  square  miles. 
Population  about  210,000.  Jean  is  tlie  ca- 
pital.    Staples,  wine,  oil,  silk  and  corn. 

Jaen  de  Bracamoros,  province  of  Colom- 
bia in  Quito,  bounded  N  by  Loja  and  Quix- 
os;  E  by  Mainas,  and  S  and  W  by  Peru. 
Population  13,000.     See  Cohmbin. 

Jaen,  city  of  Colombia,  in  the  province  of 
Jaen,  about  300  miles  S  from  Quito.  Lon. 
"W  01  30  W,  ht.  5  25  S. 


Jajj'a,  town  of  Palestine,  formerly  called 
Joppa,  and  entirely  fallen  from  its  ancient 
grandeur.  It  is  50  miles  NW  of  Jerusalem. 
Lon.  35  0  E,  lat.  32  16  N. 

Jafiiupatam,  seaport  of  Ceylon,  whence 
are  exported  great  quantities  of  tobacco, 
and  some  elephants,  wiiich  are  accounted 
the  most  docile  of  any  in  the  world.  The 
Dutch  took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in  1658  ; 
and  it  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1795, 
It  stands  at  the  N  end  of  the  island,  100 
miles  N  of  Candy.  Lon.  80  10  E,  lat.  9 
45  N. 

Jaffrey,  post  town  in  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  lying  near  the  boundary 
line  between  this  State  and  Massachusetts, 
about  70  miles  SW  of  Portsmouth,  and  25 
eastward  of  Connecticut  river.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1339.  Great  Monadnock  moun- 
tain is  in  this  township. 

Jagamaut,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Orissa.  Here  is  a  famous  pa- 
goda, one  of  the  first  objects  of  Hindoo 
veneration,  and  an  excellent  seamark.  it 
stands  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  48  miles  S  of 
Cattack.  "Lon.  86  6  E,  lat.  19  50  N. 

Jaffenidorf,  town  and  castle  of  Silesia, 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name  ; 
seated  on  the  Oppa,  13  miles  NW  of  Trap- 
pan.     Lon.  17  44  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Jaghire,  district  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  subject  to  the  English  East  India 
Company.  It  extends  101  miles  along  the 
coast,  from  Alemparve  on  the  S,  to  Lake 
Pullicate  on  the  N,  and  is  47  miles  inland  in 
the  widest  part.  Madras  is  the  chief  place, 

Jago,  St.  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the 
Cape  Verd  Islands,  10  miles  long  and  five 
broad.  It  abounds  with  high  barren 
mountains ;  and  the  air,  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son, is  unwholesome  to  strangers.  The 
animals  are  beeves,  horses,  asses,  mules, 
deer,  goats,  hogs,  civet-cats  and  monkeys. 
Here  are  fowls  and  birds  of  almost  all 
sorts ;  and  maize,  plantains,  bananas,  poni- 
pions,  oranges,,  lemons,  tamarinds,  pine- 
apples, cocoa-mits,  guavas,  tar,  apples  and 
sugar-canes.  It  has  also  some  cedar-trees, 
and  plenty  of  cotton.  Ribeira  Grande  is 
the  capital,  but  the  governor  resides  at 
Porto  Praya. 

Jago,  5'^  capital  of  Chili,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  a  royal  audi- 
ence. Beside  the  cathedral,  there  are 
three  parish  churches,  and  eight  monaste- 
ries. The  inhabitants,  about  40,000,  are 
native  Americans  and  Spaniards.  Here  are 
several  canals,  and  a  dyke,  by  means  of 
which  they  water  the  gardens  and  cool  the 
streets.  It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful  plain,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Andes,  on  the  river  Mapo- 
cho.     Lon.  71  45  W,  lat.  34  10  S. 

Jagode-Cnba,  St.  formerly  capital  of  the 
island  of  Cuba.  Lon.  W  C  1  28  E,  lat.  20 
15  N. 

Jamaica,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  dis< 
445 


.1  A  M 


.(  A  M 


covered  by  Columbus,  in  1494.  It  lies  30 
leagues  W  of  St.  Domingo,  nearly  the 
same  distance  S  of  Cuba,  and  is  of  an  oval 
figure,  170  miles  long  and  60  broad,  con- 
taining 4,080,000  acres.  A  ridge  >f  hills 
runs  lengthwise  from  E  to  W,  whence  nu- 
merous rivers  t^ke  their  rise  on  both  sides ; 
and  though  none  of  them  are  navigable, 
even  for  barges,  yet  the  sugars  are  carried 
upon  many  ol"  them  in  canoes,  from  the  re- 
mote plantations  to  the  seaside  ;  some  of 
them  run  under  ground  for  a  considerable 
space,  particularly  the  Cobre  and  Pedra. 
The  year  is  distinguished  into  two  seasons, 
the  wet  and  dry  ;  but  the  rains  are  not  so 
frequent  as  formerly,  which  is  supposed  to 
be  owing  to  the  cutting  down  of  the  woods. 
About  nine  in  the  morning  it  is  so  intoler- 
ably hot,  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  live, 
if  the  easterly  breeze  did  not  arise  to  cool 
the  air.  Sometimes  the  nights  are  pretty 
cool,  and  there  are  great  dews,  which  are 
deemed  unwholesome,  especially  to  new 
comers.  The  months  of  July,  August  and 
September,  are  called  the  hurricane 
months,  because  then  they  are  me  most 
frequent :  and  there  is  lightning  almost 
every  night.  The  central  mountains  of 
Jamaica  rise  in  some  of  their  peaks  to  7430 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ocean.  The 
seasons  partake  of  the  variety  of  elevation. 
The  southern  slope  of  the  island  spreads 
into  immense  plains,  generally  covered 
with  sugar  cane.  The  whole  cultivated 
surface  of  the  island,  amounts  to  about 
1,000,000  of  acres  The  government  of 
Jamaica  is  a  true  British  colonic  establish- 
ment, vested  in  a  governor,  appointed  and 
only  amenable  to  the  crown  ;  a  council 
composed  of  12  members  whose  powers 
emanate  from  the  same  source  with  those 
of  the  governor  ;  and  a  house  of  assembly 
composed  of  43  members  who  are  elected 
bv,  and  represent  the  freeholders. 

'  The  general  produce  of  this  island 
is  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  ginger,  cotton, 
indigo,  pimenta,  cocoa,  coffee,  several 
kinds  of  woods,  and  medicinal  drugs.  It 
has  some  tobacco,  but  not  good,  and  used 
only  by  the  negroes,  who  can  scarcely  live 
\yithout  it;  also  maize,  Guinea  corn,  and 
peas  of  various  kinds,  with  variety  of  roots. 
Fruits  are  in  great  plenty,  such  as  oran- 
ges, lemons,  shaddocks,  citrons,  pomegra- 
nates, ])ine-apples,  prickly  pears,  melons, 
pompions,  guavas  and  many  other  sorts. 
The  principal  town  is  Kingston ;  but  St. 
Jago  de  la  Vega,  or  Spanish  town,  is  the 
seat  of  government.  Progressive  popula- 
tion of  Jamaica. 

1746. 
Whites  ....  10,000 

Slaves  ....  112,428 

1812, 
Whites  and  free  coloured  persons    40,000 
Slaves  .        -        .        .  319,912 

446 


Jamaica,  township  of  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  35  miles  SW  from  Windsor.  Po- 
pulation about  1000. 

Jamaica,  fine  post  village  of  New  York, 
Queens  county.  Long  Island,  13  miles  E 
from  New  York.  Population  of  the  town- 
ship, about  2500  The  village  contains  an 
academy,  and  three  or  four  places  of  pub- 
lic wor-hip. 

Jamana,  capital  of  a  principality  in  Ara- 
bia Felix,  seated  on  the  river  Astan,  150 
miles  W  of  Eleatif. 

Jamba,  city  of  the  Hither  India,  and  the 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  81  55  E,  lat.  31  21  N. 

Jumboli,  territory  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
lying  on  the  Archipelago. 

Jambi,  or  Jambis,  seaport  and  small 
kingdom  on  the  E  coast  of  the  island  of 
Sumatra.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here, 
and  export  pepper  hence,  with  the  best 
sort  of  canes.  It  is  160  miles  N  of  Ben- 
coolen.     Lon.  102  35  E,  lat.  0  59  N. 

James  Bay,  the  southern  extension  of  the 
sea  of  Hudson,  or  Hudson's  bay.  It  abounds 
with  islands  of  various  extent,  and  reaches 
as  far  south  as  lat.  52  N,  receiving  a  num- 
ber of  rivers,  some  of  which  are  of  great 
length  and  magnitude,  the  principal  are 
Albany,  Moose,  Hurricane,  and  East 
Maine. 

James  City,  county  of  Mrginia,  between 
York  and  James  iver,  and  bounded  by  War- 
wick SE  ;  James  river  and  Chickihominy 
river  SW;  New  Kent  NVV;  and  York  ri- 
ver and  York  county  NE.  Length  23 ; 
mean  width  about  8  ;  and  area  184.  Sur- 
face I'ather  waving  than  hilly.  Soil  gene- 
rally sterile.     Chief  town,  Williamsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whitts,  males  -        -  686 

do.      do.     females  -        -  668 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ...        -  420 

Slaves     -       -        -       -       -        2,320 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -        4,094 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  511 

do.    do,    females  506 

Total  whites       ....  1,017 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  218 

do.        do.            females  -     249 

Slaves,  males            ...  888 

do-    females        ...  789 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        3,161 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  1,144 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  44 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile. 17, 


J  A  U 


JAM 


James  citij,  post  town,  Madison  county, 
Virginia. 

James,  island  on  the  coast  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, between  Stono  river,  and  Charleston 
harbour. 

James  Island,  island  of  Africa,  30  miles 
up  the  river  Gambia,  and  three  miles  from 
its  nearest  shore.  Here  the  English  have 
a  fort  and  factory.  Lon.  16.0  \V,  lat.  13 
15  N. 

James  Toivii,  ancient  town  in  James  City 
county,  Virginia,  planted  as  early  as  1607, 
and  made  the  seat  of  colonial  government ; 
it  is  situated  on  the  N  bank  of  James  river, 
in  lat,  37  9  N,  and  lon.  74  10  W,  at  the 
distance  of  eight  miles  S  from  Williams- 
burg, and  32  SE  from  Richmond.  It  is 
now  in  ruins. 

Jumes  river,  river  of  Virginia,  is  formed 
from  two  branches,  Jacksons  river,  and 
Cowpasture  river,  both  rising  in  Bath  and 
Penf'leUm  counties,  and  uniting  in  the 
northern  angle  of  Bottetourt  county.  It 
thence  flows  by  comparative  courses  SSE 
35  miles  to  Patonsburg,  where  it  turns  to 
ENE  20  miles  to  the  foot  of  the  Blue  ridge, 
in  Rockbridge  county,  and  receivmg  from 
the  north  a  large  accession  of  vater,  by 
the  Great  Calfpasture  river,  turns  to  SE 
and  pierces  the  mountain,  at  lat.  37  35,  and 
Ion.  W  C  2  30  W.  From  i",s  passage 
through  the  Blue  Ridge,  tiiis  noble  stream, 
with  many  partial  windings,  but  a  general 
comparative  course  of  a  little  souih  of  east, 
270  miles  unites  with  Chesapeak  bay  be- 
tween Old  Point  Comfort  and  Lynhaven 
bay.  Itsmou'h  between  Hampton  and  the 
mouths  of  Elizabeth  and  Nansemond  rivers, 
is  known  by  the  name  of  Hampton  Roads. 
The  tide  flows  up  James  river  to  the 
first  falls  at  Richmond.  Ships  of  the  line 
of  the  largest  class  can  enter  its  mouth 
Vessels  of  40  guns  can  be  iiavigited  to 
James  town,  and  those  of  250  tons  to  War- 
wick, smaller  vessels  of  125  or  130  tons  as- 
cend to  Rockets  about  one  mile  below 
Richmond.  A  canal  cut  around  the  falls 
or  rapids,  opens  a  boat  navigation  230 
miles  still  higher. 

The  Board  of  Public  Works  in  Virginia, 
have  given  many  statements  of  the  utility, 
and  suggested  the  practicability  of  a  canal 
connexion  between  James  and  Ohio  rivers. 
In  order  to  enable  the  reader  to  form  his 
own  'opinion  on  this  interesting  subject, 
from  correct  data,  the  following  geographi 
cal  notice  and  table  are  subjoined.  It  will 
be  perceived  from  the  table,  that  to  con- 
nect James  and  Kenhiiwa  rivers,  two 
routes  are  proposed  ;  one  by  Jacksons  and 
Greenbriar  rivers  ;  and  another  by  Craigs 
creek  branch  of  James  river,  and  by  Sink- 
ing creek  branch  of  Kenhavva. 

Mr.  Briggs,  in  a  communication  to  the 
board  of  works,  through  Mr.  Pe\'ton,  its 
SMretary,  has  given  the  genera!  levels  ef 


the  sources  of  Craig's  creek,  that  branch  of 
James  river  which  interlocks  with  Sinking 
creek  branch  of  Kenhawa,  in  the  great  val- 
ley SW  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  These  ele- 
ments are  of  the  utmost  consequence  in 
forming  a  correct  idea  of  the  country  over 
which  canals  are  designed  to  be  drawn,  to 
unite  James  and  Kenhawa  rivers.  The  fol- 
lowing short  geographical  description  will 
serve  to  inform  the  reader  of  the  locality 
of  the  two  creeks  so  particularly  noticed 
in  the  annexed  table. 

Craig's  creek  is  formed  by  two  branches, 
John's  creek,  and  Crai.g's  creek  proper, 
both  rising  in  Giles  county,  in  Virginia,  at 
N  lat.  37  20  and  3  30  W  lon.  from  W  C. 
Both  branches  flow  northeast  into  Bote- 
tourt county,  in  which  they  unite,  and  fall 
into  James  river,  about  15  miles  belov^  the 
junction  of  Jackson's  and  Cowpasiures 
rivers,  after  a  comparative  course  of  40 
miles. 

Sinking  creek  rises  between  Pond  and 

Walker's  mountains,  and  between  John's 

and  Craig's  creeks,  in  Giles  county,  flows 

southwest  25   miles,   and   falls  into  Great 

Kenhawa,  at  N  lat.  37  17,  and  W  lon.  3  42 

from  W  C. 

Miles.  Perches,  Above 
tide,feet, 

James  river  at  the   mouth 

of  Craig's  creek        -  925 

To  the  mouth  of  John's 
creek,  following  the 
bends  of  the  watercourse  48     300       270 

Highest  spring  tributary  to 

Craig's  creejt     -      -  8     266     2398 

To  the  lowest  point  on  the 

dividing  ridge  -       -     -       0     116     2551 

To  the  nearest  stream  tri- 
butary to  Sinking  creek       0     98     2509 

To  the  mouth  of  "-inking 

creek        -        -        -         34    51     1585 

Following  James  river  up 
to  the  mouth  of  Jack- 
son's river,  and  thence 
to  the  mouth  of  Bish- 
op's creek,  dividing  Bath 
from  Botetourt  county, 
the  point  of  junction  be- 
tween Jackson's  river' 
and  Duid.ip's  creek  was 
found  to  be     -         -  1238 

Thence  to  the  lowest  point 

on  the  dividing  ridge         16     69     2478 

To  the  mouth  of  Howard's 
creek  into  Greenbriar  ri- 
ver, near  Levvisburg,  in 
Greenbriar  county     -  12     00     1640 

From  the  mouth  of  Sink- 
ing creek  to  that  of 
Greenbriar  river,  is  55 
jniles,  and  from  the 
mouth  of  Howard's 
creek  to  that  of  Green- 
briar  river,  50  miles. 
U7 


A  iV 


Elevation   of  mouth    of    J/.    P.    Ft. 

Greenbriar      -        -  1333 

To  Bowyer's  Ferry     -  46     130    930 

Kenhawa  at  the  foot  of  the 

Great  Falls  -  -  20  240  589 
Ohio  river  at  the  mouth  of 

Kenhawa  -        -        94  000      481 

The  reacter,  from  a  comparison  of  the 
relative  elevations  of  any  given  route  hi- 
therto rendered  navigable  by  canals,  can 
easily  determine  the  probability  of  effect- 
ing such  an  object,  by  either  of  the  above 
routes,  through  the  Appalachian  ridges. 

Jameslo-im,  township  of  Newport  county. 
Long  Island,  embracing  and  commensur- 
ate with  Convenient  island.  Population  in 
1820,  448.  Beaver  tail  lighthouse  is  at  the 
S  end  of  the  island. 

Jamestown,  town  of  Chatauque  county. 
New  York.    Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Jamestown,  post  town,  Prince  Edward 
county,  Virginia. 

Jamesto-itni,  small  town  or  village,  in  Sil- 
ver creek  township.  Green  county,  Ohio, 
containing  one  store. 

Jamestow7i,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Leitrim,  seated  on  the  Shannon, 
five  miles  S  by  E  of  Carrick,  and  73  NW 
of  Dublin.     Lon.  8  29  W,  lat.  53  51  N, 

Jamestown,  town  of  Barbadoes,  in  the  W 
side  of  the  island. 

Jamesville,  post  village  in  Manlius  town- 
ship, Onondago  county,  J^ew  York,  4  miles 
E  from  Onandago  Hollow. 

Jamesville,  post  village,  Clarendon  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina.         * 

Jamtland,  province  of  Sweden,  bordering 
on  Norway,  nearly  of  a  circular  form,  about 
70  miles  in  length,  and  60  in  breadth,  an- 
nexed to  the  crown  of  Sweden  by  the  trea- 
ty of  Roschild,  in  1658.  It  is  in  general 
mountainous.  The  eastern  part  is  a  cham- 
paign country,  watered  wiih  several  lakes 
and  rivers,  which  abound  with  fish.  The 
country  produces  excellent  oats,  and 
abounds  in  good  turnips.  It  contains  alum 
quarries,  sandstone,  slate,  the  lapis  ollarius, 
fine  rock  crystals,  lead  ore,  two  new  built 
copper-works,  and  a  place  where  salt-petre 
is  refined.  The  inhabitants  subsist  by  agri- 
culture, grazing,  hunting,  and  fishing.  They 
also  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  with  the 
Norwegians. 

Janeiro,  province  of  Brazil,  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  E,  SE,  and  S ;  St. 
Paul's SW,  and  Minas  Geraes  N\V.  Length 
380 ;  mean  width  100,  and  area  380,000 
square  miles.  The  tropical  latitude  and 
exposure  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  renders 
this  fine  province  capable  of  producing 
most  of  the  vegetable  staples  of  highest 
value.  Sugar  is  its  chief  production. 
Janeiro  is  its  capital  city. 

Janeiro,  Rio  I)e,  city  of  Brazil,  and  capi- 
t;d  of  the   province   of  the   same    name, 
s'ands  at  the  head  of  a  large  bav  or  basin, 
448 


surrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  The 
opening  of  the  harbor  to  the  Ocean  is  about 
one  mile  wide,  and  is  defended  by  fort 
Satita  Cruz,  built  upon  an  immense  mass  of 
granitic  rocks.  The  city  rises  like  the 
steps  or  seats  in  an  amphitheatre,  and  the 
houses  built  of  stone  along  straight  and 
well  paved  streets,  produces  a  fine  effect 
from  the  wafer.  It  is  the  mart  of  an  im- 
menie  and  increasing  inland  trade.  Popu- 
lation above  100,000.  Lon.  W  C  35  E. 
Lat.  22  56  S. 

Janna,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Macedonia,  on  the 
S  by  Livadia.  on  the  W  by  Albania,  and 
on  the  E  by  Archipelago.  It  is  the  Thes- 
saly  of  the  ancients,  and  Larissa  is  the 
capital. 

Janna,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  62  miles 
W  of  Larissa.    Lon.  21  36  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Janikale,  Janikaleli,  or  Jenikale,  town, 
seaport,  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  Taurida, 
and  in  the  straits  of  Tarnan.  It  commands 
the  p.issage  from  the  Euxine,  or  Black 
Sea,  into  the  sea  of  Azoph.  Lon.  36  25  E, 
lat.  45  21  N. 

Janowitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Kaushim,  famous  for  a  battle  between 
the  Swedes  and  Imperialists  in  1645,  when 
the  latter  were  defeated.  It  is  48  miles 
SE  of  Prague.     Lon.  15  38  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Jao-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  river  Po, 
which,  at  a  small  distance,  enters  the  lake 
Po-yang. 

Japan  Islands,  of  Asia,  between  30  and 
40  N  lat.  and  between  130  and  144  E  lon. 
the  largest  of  which  is  called  Japan,  and 
sometimes  Niphon,  and  gives  its  name  lo 
all  the  rest,  being  600  miles  in  length,  and 
from  100  to  150  in  bieadth.  Its  capital  is 
Jeddo.  The  second  island  in  magnitude  is 
called  Sacock,  or  more  correctly  Sikokf, 
and  separated  from  the  former  only  by  a 
very  narrow  channel.  It  is  about  500 
miles  in  circuit,  and  its  capital  is  called 
Bougo. — The  third  in  magnitude  is  called 
Kiusu  and  these  are  surrounded  by  a  great 
number  of  smaller.  The  whole  group 
averages  about  90,000  sqtisre  miles  and  is 
peopled  by  at  least  30,000,000  of  inhabit- 
ants. It  is  the  most  exclusive  and  detach- 
ed of  all  t!~.e  civilized  nations  of  the  *rbrld. 
INhich  has  been  said,  and  it  is  probable 
little  correctly  understood  in  Europe  re- 
specting the  government,  religion, internal 
policy,  and  manners  of  this  great  nation. 
A  secular  and  Hierarchical  emperor  have 
been  named,  presenting  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  Europe  during  the  middle  ages, 
and  to  Mahometan  Asia,  during  die  decline 
of  the  Califale,  and  aflordinga  similar  intri- 
cacy to  bewilder,  and  perplex  foreigners, 
and  fill  their  observations  with  fable  and 
absurdity.  ♦ 


J  A  S 

Accordin.£f  to  Galownin  the  latest'Euro- 
pean  authority,  the  Japanese  are  remarka- 
ble for,  order,  intelligence  and  temperance 
and  the  country  for  its  culture,  and  neat 
appearance.  A  prudent  jealousy  of  Euro- 
peans has  saved  Japan  from  the  fate  of 
Ilindoostan,  and  mortifications  of  China. 
The  country  produces  in  itself  nearly  all 
the  luxuries  and  all  the  necessaries  of  hu- 
man life. 

Japara,  seaport  on  tlie  N  coast  of  the 
island  of  Java,  with  a  good  liarbour.  It  was 
the  capital  of  a  considerable  kingdom,  till 
the  Dutch  made  themselves  masters  of  it ; 
and  now  they  have  a  colony  here,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  253  miles  E  by  S  of 
Batavia.    Lon.  110  45  E,  lat.  6  20  S. 

Jaquemel,  town  of  St.  Domingo,  on  a  bay 
of  its  name,  on  the  S  coast,  32  miles  SSW 
of  Port  au  Prince.     See  Jacquemel. 

Jaques,  river  of  the  United  States,  falls 
into  Missouri  from  the  N  about  lat.  43  N. 

Jargeau,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment ofLoiret.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1438,  and  retaken  by  Joan  of  Arc 
the  next  year.  It  is  seated  near  the  Loire, 
10  miles  ESE  of  Orleans. 

Jarlsberg,  town  of  Norway,  capital  of  a 
district  abounding  in  mines,  in  the  diocess 
of  Aggerhuys,  five  miles  N  of  Tonsberg. 

Jarnac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente.  Near  this  place  the 
duke  of  Anjou,  afterward  Henry  III.,  ob- 
tained a  victory  over  the  Huguenots,  in 
1569.  it  is  seated  on  the  Charente,  20 
miles  W  of  xVngoulesme. 

Jaromitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  sealed  on  the 
Elbe,  nine  miles  N  ofKonigingiatz. 

Jaron,  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  ce- 
lebrated for  abundance  of  palm-trees  and 
their  excellent  fruit.  It  is  95  miles  S  by  E 
ofShiras.     Lon.  53  10  E,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Jaroslau,  town  of  Poland,  in  Hed  Rus- 
sia, with  a  strong  citadel.  A  battle  was 
gained  here  by  ilie  Swedes,  in  1656,  after 
which  they  took  the  town.  It  is  included 
in  the  kingdom  of  Galicia,  and  seated  on 
the  Seine,  55  miles  AV  of  Lemberg.  Lon. 
22  43  E,  lat.  50  4  N. 

Joroslauf,  government  of  Ilussla,  former- 
ly a  province  of  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow. It  is  160  miles  in  length,  and  from 
50  to  110  in  breadth.  The  capital  is  of  the 
saiive  name,  and  a  large  commercial  place, 
with  numerous  manufactures ;  seated  on 
the  Volga,  145  miles  NNE  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  39  50  E,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Jaseniiz,  town  of  Hither  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  eight  miles  N  of  Stet- 
tin. 

Jasper,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Jones  S  ;  Henry  and  Newton  W  ;  Walton 
N  ;  Morgan  NE  ;  and  Putnam  E.  Length 
25;  mean  width  18  ;  and  area  450.  Tliis 
county  lies  along  the  east  side  of  the  Oak- 
inulcpc  liver,  and  was  justlv  named  in  ho> 
2  L    " 


J  A,V 

nour"  of  sergeant  Jasper,  who  replaced  the 
U.  S.  flag  on  the  parapet  of  fort  Moultrie 
at  Charleston,  when  shot  off  by  a  British 
cannon,  in  the  attack  made  by  Sir  Peter 
Parker. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         _        -        .      4,828 

do.  do.     females      -        -        -      3,258 


Total  whites 

2,086 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

22 

do.             do.       females 

12 

Slaves,  males        .        .        .        - 

2,767 

do.     females 

2,727 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -    14,614 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -.       5,021 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  261 

do.     .   in  Commerce        -         -  42 

Population  to  the  square  mile  32|. 

Jasqne,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Mecran,  which  gives  name  to  a  cape  in 
the  gulf  of  Ormus.  Lon.  57  4  E,  lat.  25 
40  N. 

Jassy,  city  of  European  Turkey,  capital 
of  Moldavia,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  In 
1753,  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  but  is  now 
a  well  fortified  place,  defended  by  a  cas- 
tle. The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
12,000.  It  has  been  several  times  taken  in 
the  wars  between  the  Turks  and  the  Rus- 
sians or  Austrians.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Prutli,  170  miles  NNE  of  Bucharest.  Lon. 
27  30  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Java,  island  of  the  E.Indies,  lying  to  the 
S  of  Borneo,  and  separated  at  its  W  end 
from  Sumatra,  by  the  strait  of  Sunda.  It 
is  sometimes  called  Great  Javj,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Bah,  by  some  named  Little 
Java ;  and  is  420  miles  in  length,  and  of 
various  breadth,  extending  from  105  to  118 
E  lon.  and  6  to  8  S  lat.  The  land  is  low, 
and  in  some  places  marshy,  near  the  shore, 
which  renders  the  air  unhealthfid  ;  but  it 
rises  in  a  gradual  slope  lowaid  the  interior 
of  the  country,  admitting  in  its  ascent  eve- 
ry variety  of  situatic  n  and  vfrdure.  The 
N  coast  has  a  great  many  commodious 
creeks,  bays,  harbour.s  and  towns,  with 
m;iny  little  islands  near  the  shore.  This 
i  sland  has  very  high  mountains,  particular- 
ly the  Pepper  mountain  on  the  S  side  ;  it 
has  likewise  impassable  fort sts  and  wilder- 
nesses, but  to  the  N,  between  Batavia  and 
Bantam,  is  a  very  populous  country,  i\\\}  of 
rice  fields,  and  plenty  of  salt  and  pepper, 
beside  most  sorts  of  fruits  prop  r  to  tiie 
clmate.  The  serene  season  is  frorr,  May 
till  November  ;  and  then  the  rains  begin, 
which  lay  the  low  grounds  under  water, 
kill  the  insects,  and  continue  till  May.  In 
M;irch  they  begin  to  sow,  and  in  July  the 
.sugar  and  rice  begin  to  ripen  ;  butSeptem' 

1:49 


J  E  A 


J  K  I' 


ber  and  October  are  t!ie  best  months  for 
all  sorts  of  fruits,  Java  has  always  been 
considered  in  a  high  degree  unhealthy, 
btit  this  observation  applies  correctly  only 
to  the  sea  coasts.  The  interior  is  in  many 
places,  high,  airy,  temperate  and  healthful. 
The  fruii-s,  grains  and  other  vegetables  of 
nearly  all  climates  are  found  on  this  island, 
but  their  culture  depends  upon  suitable 
elevation. 

Java  was  originally  colonised  by  the 
Dutch  ;  it  v>as  taken  in  1811,  by  the  Bri- 
.  tish,  but  has  been  since  restored  to  the 
king  of  the  Netherlands. 

Java-head.  W  end  of  JavH,  towards  the 
straits  of  Sunda. 

Java  Sea,  lies  between  Java  and  Bor- 
neo. 

Jay,  post  town  and  township,  Oxford 
county,  Maine,  20  miles  NE  from  Paris. 
Population  in  1820, 1614. 

Jau,  township  and  post  village,  of  Or- 
leans county,  Vermont,  about  50  miles  N 
from  Montpelier. 

Jayme,  San,  town  of  Columbia  Varinas, 
on  the  Aspuri  river,  200  miles  S\V  from 
Caracas.    Lon.  W  C  9  E,  lat.  7  50  N. 

Jay  point,  post  village,  Oxford  county, 
Maine. 

Jean,  St.  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  formerly  in  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Lorrai-J.  li  is  seated  on  the  Sare, 
12  miles  \V  of  Deux-Ponts.  Lon  7  12  E, 
lat.  49  16  N. 

Jean-cT ^ngely,  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Charente,  lately 
in  the  province  Saintonge.  It  is  famous 
for  its  brandy,  and  is  seated  on  the  Bou- 
tonne,  15  miles  NE  of  Saintes,  and  32  SE 
of  Rochelle.     Lon.  0  20  W,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Jean-de-Laune,  St.  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Cote  d'Or,  lately  in 
the  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Saone,  15  miles  SE  of  Dijon,  and  155 
SE  of  Paris.     Lon.  5  19  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Jean-de-IiUz,  St.  town  of  France,  now  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Basques.  It  is  the 
last  next  Spain,  with  a  harbour,  and  owes 
its  opulence  to  the  cod  and  whale  fishery. 
It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  near  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  10  miles  NE  of  Fontarabia,  and 
12  SW  of  Bavonne.  Lon.  40  E,  lat.  43 
23  N. 

Jean-de-JMaurienne,  town  of  Italy  in  Sa- 
voy, capital  of  a  county  of  the  Fame  name, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  in  a  val- 
ley, on  the  river  Arc,  15  miles  S  by  W  of 
Montier,  and  25  NE  of  Grenoble.  Lon,  6 
20  E,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Jean-Pied-de  Port,  St.  town  of  France, 
now  in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyre- 
nees, late  province  of  Lower  Navarre.    It 
is  s'^ated  on  the  river  Nive,  at  the  entrance 
•150 


of  those  passages,  or  defiles,  in  the  Pyre 
nees,  which  in  this  country  are  called  Ports, 
and  defended  by  a  citadel  upon  an  emi- 
nence. It  is  20  mdes  SE  of  Bayonne,  and 
30  NE  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  1  33  E,  lat.  43 
12  N. 

Jean  Eabel,  town  of  St.  Dommgo,  on  the 
sea  coast,  12  miles  NE  from  St.  Nicholas  le 
Mole.     Lan.  \V  C  3  5o  E,  lat.  19  55  N. 

Jed,  river  in  Roxburghshire,  which  joins 
the  Teviot,  a  little  below  Jedburgh. 

Jedburgh,  borough  in  Roxburghshire, 
situated  on  the  Jed,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Teviot.  It  is  36  miles  SE  of 
Edinburgh.     Lon.  2  25  W,  lat.  55  35  N. 

Jeddo,  capital  of  all  Japan,  a  city  situated 
on  the  NE  coast  of  the  island  of  Niphon. 
Population  1,000,000.  Lon.  140  E,  lat.  36 
30  N. 

Jefferson,  post  town  and  township,  Lin- 
coln county,  Maine.  Population  in  1820, 
1577. 

Jefferson,  post  village  and  township, 
Coos  countv,  New  Hampshire.  Population 
in  1820,  252. 

Jefferson,  county  of  New  York ;  bounded 
by  lake  Ontario  W  ;  St.  Lawrence  river  N 
\V  ;  St.  Lawrence  county  NE  ;  Lewis  coun- 
ty SE,  and  Oswego  S.  Length  47  ;  mean 
width  25 ;  and  area  about  1170  square 
miles.  Surface  broken  in  the  interior,  but 
level  towards  lake  Ontario  and  St.  Law- 
rence river.  The  substratum  generally 
a  shell  limestone,  which  in  many  places, 
particularly  near  Black  river,  and  around 
Sacket's  Harbour  approaches  near  the  sur- 
face. Soil  much  diversified,  but  generally 
well  calculated  for  the  production  of  grain 
and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Sacket's  Har- 
bour. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        .        -         .  8,216 

do.  do.  females  ...  6,884 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  40 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810,  -      15,140 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        ..        -       17,599 
do.     do.    females     -        .        -       15,213 

Total  whites       ....  32,812 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  79 

do.          do.          females  56 

Slaves,  males      ....  1 

do.    females           ...  4 

Total  population  in  1820    . 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


J  B  F 


Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do 


8,90r 

„.. -        1,603 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  134 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29  nearly. 

Jefferson,  township  of  Schoharie  county. 
New  York,  on  the  most  elevated  ground 
between  the  Susquehannah  and  Mohawk 
rivers,  50  miles  SW  from  Albany.  Popu- 
lation in  18'20,  1573. 

Jefferson,  township  of  Morris  county, 
New  Jersey.     Population  1820, 1231. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed by  Armstrong  and  Venango  W ;  War- 
ren N  ;  M'Kean  NE ;  Clearfield  SE  ;  and 
Indiana  S.  Lengtlj  46 ;  mean  width  26 ; 
and  area  1200  square  miles.  This  county 
is  watered  by  Sandy  Leek  creek;  Tobys 
creek,  and  other  branches  of  Allegany  ri- 
ver, the  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  and 
soil  generally  rocky,  or  much  broken. 
Some  highly  fertile  soil  skirts  the  streams, 
but  is  mostly  of  a  middhng  quality. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        ,        .  85 

do.  do.    females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 
Slaves        -        - 


75 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  303 

do.  do.    females    -        -        ■  248 

Total  whites      ....  551 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  4 

do.            do.        females,  6 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.  females             ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -  561 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  18 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  124 

do.         in  Manufactures  .  31 

do.        in  Commerce       .        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2  nearly. 

Jefferson,  township  of  Greene  county. 
Pcnnsjlvania,  on  Monongahela  river,  above 
and  along  Ten  Mile  creek,  22  miles  SE 
from  Washington.  Population  in  1820, 
1158, 

Jefferson,  county  of  Virginia  bounded  by 
the  Potomac  river,  NE ;  by  the  Blue 
Ridge  or  I.oudon  county,  SE  ;  Frederick 
SW  ;  and  Berkley  W  and  NW.  Length 
20 ;  mean  width  15,  and  area  300  square 
miles.  This  county  limited  on  the  NW  by 
the  Opequan  river ;  on  the  NE  by  the  Po- 
tomac ;  and  traversed  towards  the  Blue 
Ridge  by  the  Shenandoah,  and  lying  in  the 
Great  Limestone  vallev  is  one  of  the  most 


J  E  F 

productive  grain  and  fruit  counties  of  Vir- 
ginia. Its  surface  is  pleasantly  variegated 
by  hill,  and  dale,  and  well  watered. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        . 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites  .        .       _ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males    .        -        -        - 
do.    females         -        .       . 

Total  population  in  1 820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
^    Engaged  in  Agriculture 
^        do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce     - 
^^^    Population  to  the  square  mile,  43. 


4,196 
3,771 

3,532 
11,851 


4,510 

4,197 


89 

4,6j0 

880 

71 


Jefferson,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded 
by  Emanuel  S  ;  Washington  W  ;  Warren 
NW  ;  ColuiTibia  N  ;  Richmond  NE  ;  and 
Burke  E.  Length  33  ;  mean  width  20  ; 
and  area  660  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  tlie  main  stream,  and  drain-d  by  seve- 
ral branches  of  O^^echee  river.  Surface 
uiKlulating,  and  soil  sandy.  Chief  town, 
Louisville. 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 

1,893 

do.  do.    females       -        -        - 

1,853 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          .        .        .        - 

29 

Slaves          ..... 

2,336 

Total  population  in  1810 

6.111 

Population  in  1S20. 
P'ree  white  males 

do.  do.    females 
All  other  persons 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males 
do,    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

451 


2,010 

1,922 


3,934 

15 

13 

1,571 

1,525 

7,056 


J  E  ¥ 


J  E  r 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  2,542 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  85 

do.       in  Commerce  -  38 

Population  to  the  squ^i-e  mile  IO5. 

Jefferson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
in  Can-ibden  county,  Georg-ia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Great  St.  lUa,  50  niilts  SW 
from  Darien,  and  25  NW  from  St.  Marys. 

Jefferson,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Jackson  county,  Georgia,  on  one  of  the 
head  branches  of  Oconee  river  ;  80  miles 
N  from  Milledgeville,  and  20  NW  from 
Athens. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded  S 
by  Tuscaloosa  ;  SW  by  Pickens  ;  NW  by 
Marion  ;  N  by  Blount ;  NE  by  St.  Clair  ; 
and  SE  by  Shelby.  Length  46  ;  mean 
width  30  ;  and  area  13S0  square  miles.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  main  stream  of  the 
Tuscaloosa.  Chief  town,  Elyton.  This 
county  is  not  embraced  by  the  census  of 
1820. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississippi  river,  bounded  by  that  stream 
NW  ;  by  Claiborne  N  ;  uncertain  on  the 
E ;  by  Franklm  S ;  and  Atlams  SW  ; 
iengtli  30  ;  breadth  18  ;  area  540  square 
miles.  Besides  the  Missi-^slppi  river,  this 
county  is  v/atered  principally  by  Fa  rchilds 
and  Coles  creeks,  in  the  centre,  and  by  the 
sources  of  Homochitto  river,  and  Bayou 
Pierre,  towards  its  eastern  extremity,  It 
is  bounded  along  the  Mississippi  by  a  sel- 
vedge of  low  and  perfectly  level  land.  Tliis 
flat  is  followed  at  a  distance  of  from  one  to 
four  or  five  miles  by  what  is  known  as  the 
I^Iississippi  blulFs.  With  the  blufls  com- 
mences a  surface  generally  moderately 
hilly,  and  covered  by  a  very  dense  forest 
which  continues  to  the  utmost  eastern  li- 
mits of  the  county.  The  soil  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi below  the  bluflfs  a  deep  and  highly 
fertile  loam,  but  mostly  subject  to  annual 
inundation.  The  soil  of  the  bluffs,  and  ge- 
nerally on  the  waters  of  Coles  and  Fair- 
childs  creeks,  the  soil  is  highly  productive, 
but  gradually  deteriorates  towards  the 
branches  of  Homochitto  and  Bayou  Pierre, 
and  terminates  in  open  pine  woods,  with 
a  sterile  soil.  Staple  cotton.  Chief  town, 
Greenville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        1,250 

do.      do.    females  -        -  939 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 20 

Slaves  .....       1,792 

Total  population  in  1810  4,001 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,157 
do.   do.    females    ...        1,297 

Total  whites      -        -        -        .         3,154 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  14 

452 


Free  persons  of  colour,  females  ly 

Slaves,  males        ...        -       2,032 

do.     females    .        .        -        -       1,603 

Total  popvdation  in  1820     -        -        6,822 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  746 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  84 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12^. 

Jefferson,  county  of  East  Tennessee, 
bounded  by  Sevier  SW ;  llolston  river  N 
W ;  Gr.imger  county  N  ;  Hawkins  NE ; 
Greene  E,  and  Cocke  SE.  Length  30 ; 
mean  width  12  ;  and  area  360  square  miles. 
I'his  county  is  traversed  by  Nolachucky, 
and  bounded  by  Holstun  river,  and  contains 
mucli  good  soil.     Chiet  town,  Dandridge. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        3,304 

do.  do     females  -        -        3,148 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  74 

Slaves 783 


Total  population  in  1810 

7,309 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.     do.    females     - 

4,045 
3,985 

Total  whites       .... 
I"ree  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.      females  - 
Slaves,  males      -                 -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

8,030 

18 

13 

453 

439 

8,953 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         2,395 

do.        in  Manufactures  •  215 

do.       in  Commerce     -  -  18 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Jefferson,  post  town,  Rutherford  county, 
Tennessee. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  W  and  NW  ;  Henry  NE  ; 
Shelby  E,  and  Bullitt  S.  Length  28; 
mean  width  IS^  ;  and  area  about  520  square 
miles.  This  country  is  remarkable  from 
lying-  opposite  to  the  Ohio  rapids.  The 
surface  is  waving,  though  not  hilly.  Soil 
highly  productive.  Chief  town,  Louis- 
ville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males       ...  4,705 

do.  do.  females  -  -  4,233 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -       -        -  114 

Slaves          .        .        -        -        -  4,347 


J  E  I 


J  E  F 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females     - 
All  other  persons 


13,399 


7,510 
6,155 


Total  whites       ....  13,667" 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  123 

do.          do.             females  92 

Slaves,  males               .        -        .  3,630 

do.     females           .        -        -  3,256 


Total  population  in  1820 


20,768 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  190 

Engaged  in  Agriculture                -  2,850 

do.        in  Manufactures             -  1,080 

do.       in  Commerce         -         -  247 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

Jqferson,  eastern  county,  Ohio,  bounded 
N  by  Columbiana  county,  E  by  the  Ohio 
river,  S  by  Belmont,  and  W  by  Harrison. 
It  is  27  miles  long  from  N  to  S,  and  20 
broad  from  the  Ohio  river  westvvardly,  and 
contains  about  500  square  miles.  The 
principal  waters  are  Yellow  creek,  Cross 
creek  and  Short  creek,  beside  Ohio  river. 
The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile,  and  the 
climate  healthy.  Chief  town,  Steuben- 
ville. 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -        .        -  8,778 

do.  do.  females^  -  -  8,358 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  124 

Slaves         0 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


17,260 


9,462 
8,852 


the  shore  of  lake  Erie,  55  miles  N  from 
Warren.  The  village  is  at  lat.  41  45  N. 
Population  of  the  township  in   1820,   150. 

Jefferson,  township  of  Guernsey  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  349. 

Jefferson,  township  in  the  northern  bor- 
der of  Muskingum  county,  on  the  right 
side  of  Muskingum  river.  Population  in 
1820,  829. 

Jefferson,  eastern  township  of  Franklin 
county.     Population  in  1820,  559. 

Jefferson,  SE  township  of  Ross  county, 
Ohio,  on  Sciota  river.  Population  in  1807, 
1407. 

Jefferson,  post  town  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio,  in  Pickaway  Plains  on  Sciota  river, 
28  miles  below  Columbus,  3  below  Circle- 
ville,  and  16  above  Chillicothe. 

Jefferson,  eastern  township  of  Madison 
county,  Ohio,  on  Little  Darby  creek. 
Population  in  1820,  345. 

Jefferson,  township  of  Logan  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1169. 

Jefferson,  NW  township  of  Fayette  coun- 
ty.    Pepulation  in  1820,  892. 

Jefferson,  northern  township  of  Sciota 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  469, 

Jefferson,  township  of  Adams  county, 
Ohio.     Population  In  1820,  916. 

Jefferson,  NW  township  of  Preble  ccun- 
U',  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  876. 

Jefferson,  one  of  the  central  townships  of 
Montgomery  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  1339. 

Jefferson,  countv  of  Indiana,  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  SE  ;  Clarke  SW  ;  Scott  W  j  Jen- 
nings NW  ;  Ripley  N,  and  Switzerland  NE. 
Length  25 ;  mean  width  15 ;  area  about 
360  square  miles.  Surface  hilly  and  soil 
fertile.     Chief  town,  Madison. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -         4,134 

do.  do.  females  -        3,792 


Total  whites             -        -       -  18,314 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  105 

do.           do.        females,  112 

Slaves,  males           ...  0 

do.    females         -       _       -  0 


18.531 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  209 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  3,519 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  1,235 

do.    in  Commerce            -  49 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  37. 

Jefferson,  post  town,  township,  and  seat 
of  justice,  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio.  It 
contains  a  brick  court  house  of  40  by  50 
feet  area,  and  a  school  house.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  Mill's  creek,  about  10  miles  from 


Total  whites       ....  7,926 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males       -  54 

do.            do.      females   -  58 

Slaves,  males       -        .        -        .  0 

do.  females              ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -        8,038 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  153 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         1,452 

do.       in  Manufactures   -        -  271 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  27 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Illinois,  bounded  by, 
Franklin  S  ;  Randolph  SW ;  Washington 
W  ;  Bond  NW  ;  Crawford  N ;  Wayne  E, 
and  White  SE.  Length  35;  breadth  34; 
and  area  970  square  miles.  Surtiace  rather 
level 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -       -  387 

453 


J  K  F 


.1  E  N 


Free  white  females         -       -  302 

Total  whites             ...  689 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  1 

do.             do.       females  0 

Slaves,  males           _        .        _  o 

do.    females         -        _        -  1 


Total  population  in  1820  -  691 

Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  191 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  5 

do.    in  Commerce  -  C 

Population  to  the  square  mile  ^. 

Jefferson,  county  of  Missouri,  bounded 
by  the  Mississippi  river  E  ;  St.  Genevieve, 
and  Washinjjtn  counties  S  ;  Franklin  W, 
and  NVV,  and  Merrimac  river,  or  St.  Louis 
county  N.  Lengtli  30  ;  width  25 ;  and  area 
about  650  square  miles  Surface  considera- 
bly broken,  and  soil  except  partially  rather 
stei'ile.    Chief  town,  Herculaneum. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  867 

do.    do.  females  -         -  753 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       .        .        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,620 
2 

1 
\lf 

95 

1,835 


5 

555 

49 

18 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  3. 

Jefferson  river,  N  W  branch  of  Missouri, 
ioins  Madisons  river,  at  lat.  45  N,  Ion.  WC 
*30  45  W,  and  forms  the  Missouri.  A  short 
distance  below  their  junction  Gallatins  ri- 
ver enters  the  united  stream  from  the 
BE. 

Jefferson,  town  of  Pike  county,  Missouri, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Missouri  river,  about  20 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ossage  river 

Jeffersonton,  post  village,  Culpepper 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  S  side  of  Hedge- 
mans  river,  50  miles  SW  by  W  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Jeffersovtcn,  post  village,  Ash  county. 
North  Carolina,  on  a  branch  of  New  River, 
30  miles  SE  from  Abingdon  in  Virginia, 
and  45  miles  N  from  Morganton. 

Je_ffersontoiim,  post  tov/n,  Jefferson,  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  on  a  branch  of  Salt  river,  15 
miles  SE  by  E  from  Louisville. 

Jeffersonville,  post  town,  Clarke   county, 
Indiana,  at  the  head   of  the   rapids,  and 
nearly  opposite  Louisville,  Kentucky.    As 
454 


at  Louisville,  pilots  reside,  who  skllfulJy 
convey  boats  through  the  rapids.  Where 
necessary,  carts  or  wagons  can  be  also 
procured  to  transport  goods  by  land.  A 
good  road  extends  from  Jeffersonville  to 
New  Albany.  This  town  contains  about 
600  inhabitants. 

Jeffries-store,  post  office,  Nottaway  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Jehiul,  or  Joad,  mountainous  district  in 
the  NVV  part  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  ex- 
tending from  Attock,  eastward  to  Bember. 
It  is  inhabited  by  the  mountaineers,  called 
Gickers,  Gehkers,  or  Kakares.  After  Ti- 
mur  had  passed  the  Indus,  in  1398,  the 
chiefs  of  these  mountains  came  to  make 
their  submission  to  him,  as  Ambisares,  the 
king  of  the  same  country,  did  to  Alexan- 
der, about  1730  years  before. 

Jekil  Irmak,  ancient  Iris,  river  of  Asia 
Minor,  failing  into  the  Black  Sea  at  Sam- 
soun. 

Jekyl,  small  island  of  Georgia,  S  of  the 
island  of  St.  Simons. 

Jempterland,  province  of  Sweden,  bound- 
ed  on  the  N  by  Angermania,  on  the  E  by 
Medelpadia,  on  the  S  by  Helsingia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Norway.     It  is  full  of  mountains. 

Jena,  strong  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a  university.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Sala,  10  miles  SE  of  Weimar,  and 
25  SE  of  Erfort.  Lon.  12  4  E,  lat.  51  2 
N.  This  place  has  gained  additional  his- 
torical consequence,  from  being  the  scene 
of  the  great  battle  between  the  French  and 
Prussians,  October  14th,  1806,  which  by 
the  defeat  of  the  latter  prostrated  the 
Prussian  monarchy. 

Jenda,  great  lake  of  Russia,  in  Finland. 
It  disciiarges  its  waters  into  the  gulf  of 
Finland. 

Jenikaleh.     See  Janicale. 

Jenitza,  ancient  Pella,  town  of  European 
Turkey  in  iMacedonia.  It  is  often  written 
and  pronounced  Jenidsehe  Vardar.  It 
stands  on  a  lake  12  miles  from  the  head  of 
the  gulf  of  Salonica,  about  24  miles  WNW 
from  the  city  of  Salonica.  Lon.  23  30  E, 
lat.  40  48  N. 

Jenitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Anliaul  Dessau,  situated  on 
the  Muldau,  two  miles  NE  of  Dessau. 

Jenkinton,  village  in  Montgomery  county, 
Pennsylvania,  10  miles  N  of  Philadelphia, 
on  the  post  road  to  Bethlehem. 

Jenner,  township  of  Sommerset  county 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Quemahoning  creek 
on  the  road  from  Bedford  to  Greensburg 
Population  1820,  1129. 

Jennerville,  post  village,  of  Somerset 
county,  Pennsjlvania,  on  the  road  from 
Bedford  to  Greensburg-,  eight  miles  W 
fiom  Stoystowa. 

Jennijigs*  county  of  Indiana,  bounded  by 
Jefferson  NE ;  Scott  and  Jackson    SW  ; 


J  E  U 


.1  E  il 


Delaware  N W  and  llipley  E.  Length  24 ; 
breadth  18  ;  and  area  300   squaie    miles. 

Surface     undulating.        Soil  productive. 
Chief  town.  Mount  Vernnn. 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males    -        -  -        1,041 

do.    do.    females         -  -           914 


Total  whites    .       -       - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  _        -        - 

do.     females       -       _       - 


1,955 
21 

24 
0 
0 

2,000 


.Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ;  

Foreigners  nnt  naturalized      -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -  359 

do.         in  Manufactures       -  '^7 

do.        in  Commerce  -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  2-3. 

Jeno,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  20  miles 
S  of  great  Waradin,  and  48  NE  of  Sege- 
din.  Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 
-  Jeremie  town  and  cape  on  the  N  side  of 
the  southern  peninsula  of  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo.  The  two  is  situate  on  an  emi- 
nence, in  a  fertile  soil,  panicu'arly  excel- 
lent for  the  culture  of  coffee,  five  miles  W 
of  St.  Domingo.  Lon.  W  C  3  05  E,  lat. 
18  42  N. 

Jericho,  town  of  Syria,  in  Pale.stine,  once 
a  famous  city.  It  is  now  called  Herubi  by 
the  Arabs,  and  contains  oi.ly  a  f  w  vv retch- 
ed huts,  where  some  beggarly  Arabs  re- 
side. It  is  five  miles  VV  of  the  river  Jor- 
dan, and  20  E  by  N  of  Jerusalem. 

Jericho,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  situate  on  the  Elbe, 
32  miles  NNE  of  Magdeburg. 

Jericho,  post  village  and  township  of 
Chitiendon  county,  A'^ermont,  on  Onion  ri- 
ver, 12  miles  S  from  Burlington. 

Jericho,  post  village,  in  Oyster  Bay, 
township,  Queens  county.  New  York,  30 
miles  E  from  the  city  of  New  York. 

Jericho.  See  Bainbridge,  Chenango 
county,  J\'ew  York. 

Jermah,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan, 
distinguished  by  the  numerous  herds  of 
sheep  and  goats  that  feed  around  it,  and  by 
many  majestic  ruins,  that  exhibit  to  the  in- 
habitants of  its  clay-built  cottages  vestiges 
of  greatness  to  which  they  ire  perfectly  n- 
different.     It  is  60  miles  SE  of  Mourzook. 

Jeromestown,  trifling  Indian  settlement  so 
called  in  Wayne  county,  0;iio,  adjoining  its 
western  limit ;  on  the  road  from  Wooster 
to  Mansfield. 

Jeromesville,  recently  laid  out  town,  on 
Jerome's  creek,  one  mile  from  tlie  above 
described  settlement,  and  15  W  from 
Wooster. 

Jersey,  island  in  the  English  channel,  18 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Normandy  in 
France,  and  84  S  of  Portland  in  Dorset- 


shire. It  is  subject  to  the  English  ;  but  is 
still  governed  by  the  ancient  Norman  laws. 
It  is  30  miles  in  circumference,  and  diffi- 
cult of  access,  on  account  of  the  rocks, 
sands,  and  forts  erected  for  its  defence. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at 
20,000,  of  whom  300U  bear  arms. 

Jersey,  JVew,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America.     See  JVeto  Jersey. 

Jersey-Shore,  post  village,  Lycoming 
county,  Pennsylvania,  12  miles  above  Wil- 
liamsport,  on  the  west  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah  river. 

Jersey-  City,  or  Paulua  Hook,  post  town, 
Bergen  county.  New  Jersey,  on  Hudson 
river,  opposite  New  York. 

Jersey-town,  post  village,  Northumber- 
land county,  P-nn-ylvania,  on  Susquehan- 
iiah  river,  above  Sunbury. 

Jersey,  township  in  the  western  borders 
of  Licking  county,  Ohio.  Population 
1820,  256. 

Jerusalem,  ancient  and  famous  town  of 
Asia,  formerly  capital  of  Judea,  after  Da- 
vid had  conquered  the  J'lbusites.  It  was 
taken  bv  Nebuchadnezza?  in  the  reign  of 
Zedeiiiah,  and  the  Jews  were  led  cap'.ives 
to  B.»bylon.  It  was  afterward  taken  by 
the  Rom  .ns,  and  ruined,  together  witii  the 
Temple,  70  years  after  the  bir.h  of  Christ, 
after  s  istaining  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
sieges  in  history.  The  empe  lor  Ad;ian 
built  a  new  city  near  its  ruins  It  was 
taken  by  the  Persians  in  614,  and  by  the 
Sa'  acens  in  636  In  1099,  it  w>.s  retaken 
by  the  Crusaders,  who  founded  a  new 
kingdom,  which  lasted  88  years,  under 
nine  kings.  Saladin,  king  of  Egypt  and 
Syria,  got  poss  ssion  of  it  in  llSr.  The 
Turks)  who  drove  away  the  Saracens  in 
1217,  have  kept  possession  of  it  ever  since, 
and  call  it  Hcleods,  that  is,  the  Holy  City. 
It  is  now  inhabited  by  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews, 
and  Ciiristians.  It  stands  on  a  high  rock, 
with  steep  ascents  on  every  side  except 
to  the  N.  It  is  almost  surrounded  with 
valleys  encompassed  with  mountains,  so 
that  it  seems  to  stand  in  the  middle  of  an 
amphitheatre.  It  s  about  three  miles  in 
circumference,  and  includes  Mount  Calva- 
ry, which  was  formerly  without  the  walls. 
On  this  hill  is  erected  a  large  structure, 
with  a  round  nave,  which  has  no  light  but 
what  comes  through  the  top,  like  the  Pan- 
theon at  Home.  This  is  called  the  cliurch 
of  the  holy  sepulchre:  at  the  entrance,  on 
the  right  haul,  is  that  place  where  the 
body  of  our  Saviour  was  laid.  The  tabic 
»n  which  he  was  said  to  have  been  laid  at 
first,  is  two  feet  and  a  half  high  from  the 
pavement,  and  is  now  covered  with  white 
marble,  because  its  visiters  were  for  all 
carrying  away  a  small  bit.  The  chapel  is 
cut  out  of  the  rock,  and  lamps  are  kept 
constantly  burning  in  it.  The  whole  is 
covered  v/ith  white  marble,  both  v/ithin 


J  E  V 


J  O  A 


and  without ;  and  on  the  outside  there  are 
10  fine  columns  of  the  same.  It  is  covered 
with  a  platform,  the  middle  of  which  is 
exactly  above  the  three  holes,  and  forms  a 
small  dome,  six  feet  in  height,  covered 
with  lead,  and  supported  by  13  columns  of 
porphry,  placed  by  pairs  on  the  platform, 
and  forming  six  arches,  which  have  three 
lamps  under  each.  Before  the  gate  of  the 
sepulchre  is  a  silver  lamp,  so  large,  that 
two  men  cannot  fathom  it.  On  Good  Fri- 
day, all  the  parts  of  our  Saviour's  passion 
are  solemnized  in  this  church.  The  Ciiris- 
tian  pilgrims  flock  here  from  various  parts, 
and  the  inhabitants  accommodate  them 
with  lodging  and  provisions,  which  is  their 
chief  business  ;  and  a  bashaw,  with  a  guard 
of  janissaries  always  resides  here  to  protect 
them  from  the  insults  of  the  Arabs.  Jeru- 
salem was  taken  by  the  French  under  Bo- 
naparte, in  Feb.  1799.  It  is  112  miles  SW 
of  Damascus,  and  45  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea.     Lon.  35  26  E,  lat.  31  50  N. 

Jerusalem,  post  village  and  township, 
Ontario  county.  New  York,  on  the  W  side 
of  Seneka  lake,  and  38  miles  NE  of  Bath. 
This  was  the  seat  of  Jemima  Wilkinson, 
the  foundress  of  a  religious  sect,  and  some 
of  her  followers.  Population  in  1820, 
1610. 

Jerusalem,  village  on  Long  Island,  New 
York,  in  Queen's  county,  30  miles  ESE 
from  New  York. 

Jerusalem,  post  town  of  Southamptoe 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  the  river  Nottoway,  6i  miles  SVV  of 
Norfolk. 

Jesi,  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Jesi,  17  miles  SW  of  Anco- 
na, and  112  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  16  E, 
lat.  43  30  N. 

.^eso,  group  of  islands  on  the  E  coast  of 
Asia,  lying  between  those  of  Japan  and  tlie 
Kuriles.  The  southernmost,  called  Mat- 
mai,  lies  N  of  Kaiphon.  It  is  governed, 
by  a  tril)ulary  prince,  dependent  on  the 
empire  of  Japan,  and  fortified  on  the  side 
toward  the  continent.  It  is  full  of  woods  ; 
and  the  inhabitants,  who  live  by  fishing  and 
hunting,  are  strong,  robust,  savage,  and 
slovenly,  when  compared  to  the  Japanese. 
The  two  islands  to  the  NE  of  Matmai,  Ku- 
nachir  and  Zellany,  and  likewise  the  three 
still  further  to  tlie  NE,  c.tHed  tlie  three 
Sisters,  are  perfectly  independent.  The 
Japanese  give  the  name  of  Jeso  to  the 
whole  chain  of  islands  between  Japan  and 
Kamschatka.     See  Kuriles. 

Jessamiue,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
SE,  S,  and  SW  by  Kentucky  river;  NW 
by  Woodford,  and  NE  by  Fayette.  Length 
14;  breadth  12  ;  and  area  170  square  miles. 
The  surface  of  this  county  may  be  con- 
sidered level,  and  s«il  generally  first  rate 
fjualitv.  Nicliolasville  its  chief  ty^vn,  stands 
456 


nearly  in  the  centre,  about  85  miles  almost 
due  south  from  Cincinnati. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,072 

do.  do.    females     -        .        -        2,786 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  36 

Slaves 2,483 


Total  population  in  1810 


8,377 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

3,353 

do.    do.  females 

"        * 

3,042 

Total  whites 

6,395 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

males    - 

63 

do.            do. 

females 

37 

Slaves,  males 

- 

1,426 

do.     females 

- 

1,376 

Total  population  in  1820 


9,297 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        2,013 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  44 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  54. 

Jesselmere,  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoostan, 
in  the  dominions  of  the  great  Mogul.  Lon. 
72  40  E,  lat.  26  40  N. 

Jessnp,  post  town  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Huron  county,  Ohio. 

Jever,  town  of  Germany,  Westphalia, 
and  capital  of  Jeverland,  with  a  citadel.  It 
is  17  miles  NE  of  Aurick,  and  30  NE  of 
Embden.    Lon.  7  41  E,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Jeverlund,  territory  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, belonging  to  the  house  of  Anhalt- 
Zerbst. 

Jewiti's  City,  post  village  o^  Connecticut, 
in  New  London  county,  6  miles  NE  from 
Norwich. 

Jezdkast.     See  Yezdighnst, 

Jibbel  Auress,  mountainous,  well  watered, 
and  fertile  district  of  Africa,  in  the  province 
of  Constantia,  Regency  of  Algiers. 

Jibbel  Iskel,  ancient  mount  Cerna,  a 
mountain  of  Tunis,  about  15  miles  SW 
from  Bizerta. 

Jidda,  Jitddn,  or  DJedda,  seaport  of  Ara- 
bia Felix,  on  the  Red  sea,  in  the  sheriflTate 
of  Mecca.  A  very  considerable  trade  is 
carried  on  liere,  this  city  being  a  mart  be- 
tween F,gyi)t  and  India.  The  ships  from 
Suez  seldom  proceed  further  than  this 
port,  and  those  from  India  ave  not  sufifered 
to  advance  to  Suez.  The  English  are  par- 
ticularly favoui-ed  in  the  trade  of  this 
place,  as  they  pay  only  eight  per  cent, 
dues  of  custom,  while  all  others,  even  the 
subjects  of  the  sultan,  pay  ten  ;  and  they 
ar<-  suffered  to  discharge  this  in  goods, 
v.iiiie  all  others  must  produce  money, 
Jidda  has  no  fresh  water,  and  is  situated  iii 


J  O  A 


J  O  H 


a  barren  sandy  district,  34  nilies  SVV  of 
Mecca,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  S9 
22  E,  lat.  21  29  N. 

Jiffitonhonha,  river  of  Brazil,  in  Mianas 
Geraes.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  diamonds 
found  in  its  bed. 

Jihon,  or  Gihon,  ancient  Oxus,  river  of 
Asia,  rising  in  the  same  mountains  with  the 
Indus  and  Sihon,  or  Jaxartes.  Its  SE 
sources  interlock  also  with  those  of  tiie 
Ilindmend,  ancient  Etymander  flowing' 
into  the  sea  of  Durrah.  The  course  of 
the  Jihon  is  generally  to  the  NW ;  com- 
parative course  about  900  miles.  This 
noble  stream  had  formerly  a  communica- 
tion with  the  Caspian,  which  is  now  impe- 
ded by  sand.  Before  the  destructive  influ- 
ence of  the  Tartars,  the  country  on  the 
.Tihon  was  flourishing  and  well  cultivated. 
The  regions  it  drains,  are  amongst  the 
finest  of  central  Asia. 

Joachim,  village  of  Jeflerson  county,  Mis- 
.souri. 

JoacJdmstJial,  town  of  I>ohemia,  in  tlie  cir- 
cle of  Saatz,  noted  for  its  mines  and  a 
manufacture  of  lace,  15  miles  N  by  E  of 
Elbogen. 

Joachimsthal,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Ucker  mark,  31  miles  NNE  of  Berlin. 

Joanna.     See  Ifin:ua?i. 

Joannes,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  mouth 
or  Delta  of  the  Amazon,  it  is  about  150 
miles  long,  and  100  miles  broad,  and  is  ex- 
tremely fertile. 

Joannina,  capital  of  Albania,  in  European 
Turkey,  70  miles  W  from  Larissa  ;  115  S 
AV  from  Salonica,  and  30  nearly  E  from  Ba- 
trinto,  ancient  Buthrotum  in  Epiros. 
Population  about  35,000,  composed  of 
Greeks,  Albanians,  with  a  few  Turka  and 
Jews.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  39  30  N.  It  is 
situated  in  a  mountainous,  but  feriile  and 
romantic  region,  and  has  been  recenth' 
rendered  remarkable  as  bfingtlie  scene  of 
the  power,  wealth,  tragic  adventures,  and 
final  catastrophe  of  Ai;  I'actia.  Since  the 
death  of  this  ferocious  ciiief  the  city  has 
been  restored  to  the  Ottoman  empire. 

Joanpoiir,  city  of  Ilindoostnn  Proper, 
capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same  name,  in 
Benares.  It  is  seated  on  the  Goomty  ; 
and  not  fur  from  the  confluence  of  that 
river  with  th.e  Ganges  ;  tlie  fort  of  Jionpour 
is  a  building  of  considerable  extent,  on  a 
high  bank  commanding  tlie  bridge  over  the 
Goomty.  It  is  now  chiefly  in  ruins,  al- 
though, formerly,  it  commanded  the  coun- 
try, from  the  Ganges  to  Eucknow.  The 
place,  was,  at  one  time,  the  seat  of  an  em- 
j)lre.  Chaja  Jahan,  vizier  to  sultan  Mo- 
hammed Shah,  during  the  minority  of  his 
son,  Mamood  Shah,  assumed  the  title  of 
sultan  Sbirki,  or  king  of  the  East,  took  pos- 
session of  Bahar,  and  fixed  his  residence  at 
Joanpour,  where  he  built  the  great  mussnd, 
or  ma'-jsnleum.  which  is  cHl  r?main;?jg,  tor 
3  31 


himself  and  family.  The  stone  bridge 
over  the  Goomty  consists  of  16  pointed 
arches  ;  and  on  the  top  of  it  are  many  little 
shops  on  both  sides.  It  was  built  in  1567, 
upon  such  sound  principles,  as  to  have 
withstood,  for  such  a  length  of  time,  the 
force  of  the  stream,  which,  in  the  time  of 
the  rains,  is  very  great.  The  inundations 
have  been  known  to  rise  frequently  over 
the  bridge,  insomuch  that  in  1774,  a  brig- 
ade of  the  British  army  passed  over  it  iti 
boats.  Joanpour  is  49  miles  NW  of  Be- 
nares.    Lon.  84  7  E,  lat.  25  45  N. 

Jockgrlm,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lov/er  Rhine,  situate  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  Rhine,  nine  miles  SE  of 
Landau. 

Johun^eorgensindt,  \.ov;n  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  Misnia,  celebrated  for  its  mines  and 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  lace,  18  miles 
SSEof  Zaicka'!. 

Joharinesbiirg,  town  of  East  Prussia,  with 
a  citadel,  se.ited  on  the  river  Pych,  near 
the  lake  Spirdlng,  95  miles  SE  of  Konigs- 
berg.     Lon.  22  39  E,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Johnqnera,  very  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyre- 
nees, 20  miles  S  of  Perpignan. 

John,  St.  one  of  the  Philippine  island.?, 
E  of  Miudanoa.  Lon.  126  39  E,  lat.  9 
30  N. 

John,  St.  one  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Danes.  It  is 
12  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  a  town 
and  spacious  harbour.  Lon.  65  10  W,  lat. 
18  10  N. 

.Tohn,  St.  or  Prince  Edivard,  island  in  the 
S  part  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  having 
New  Brunswick  on  the  W,  Nova  Scotia  on 
the  S,  and  Cape  Breton  on  the  E.  It  is  60 
miles  long  and  30  broad,  and  fertile,  with 
several  streams.  The  capital  is  Charlotte 
town. 

.Tohn,  St.  river  which  rises  in  the  NW 
pai't  of  .Maine,  flows  NE  into  New  Bruns- 
v/ick,  where  it  soon  takes  a  SSE  course, 
and  enters  the  bay  of  Fundy,  at  the  city  of 
St.  .John.  It  is  navigable  60  miles  for 
sloops  of  50  tons,  and  about  200  for  boats  ; 
and  affords  a  common  and  near  route  from 
the  province  of  New  Brunswick  to  Que- 
bec. 

Jithn,  St.  city  of  New  Brunswick,  at  the 
mouth  of  St.  John's  river.  It  is  a  hand- 
some and  flourishing  town.  The  tide  rises 
here  30  feet,  and  by  its  excessive  rapidity 
at  ebb  and  flow,  renders  the  harbour  open 
th;-oughoul  the  year. 

Joh'i,  township  of  Franklin  county.  Mis* 
souri. 

John's  Mand,  one  of  those  islands  on  the 
coast  of  South  Carolina,  formed  by  the  in- 
lets or  diverging  currents  of  the  rivers. 
John's  island  is  formed  by  Stono  river,  and 
north  Bdisto  inlet.  The  western  part  is 
called  Wadmalsu.  Staple  ccUon. 
457 


J  O  H 


JON 


Johnson,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Franklin  countj',  Vermont,  on  Lamoil 
river,  30  miles  NE  from  Burlington. 

Johnson,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  bv  Sampson  S  ;  Cumberland  SVV  ; 
Wake  NW  ;  Xash  NE,  and  Wayne  E,  and 
SE.  Length  32  ;  mean  width  20 ;  and  area 
640  square  miles.  Surface  undulating.  It 
is  intersected  by  Neuse  river  from  NW  to 
SE.     Chief  town,  Smitiitowu  Smithfield. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,273 

do.    do.     females  -        -         2,236 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -       -     ,       28 

Slaves        -        -        .        .        .        2,330 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.    females   - 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males      ... 

do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Afcriculture     - 
do.        in  ManuiacUires 
do.        in  Commerce 


6,86r 


3,225 
3,181 

6,406 

63 

52 

1,588 

1,498 

9,607 


0 
3,022 
102 
0 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Johnson,  county  of  Illinois,  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  S  ;  by  Alexander  and  Union  W  ; 
Franklsn  N,  and  Pope  E.  Length  30  ; 
breadth  18  ;  and  area  486  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly  towards  Ohio  river,  but  be- 
coming more  level  in  the  interior.  Soil 
fertile.    Chief  town,  Wilkinsonville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        - 
do.  do,    females     - 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males       .        _        - 
do     females 

Total  popul.ition  in  1820. 


432 
397 

829 
1 

0 
6 

7 

843 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  natur  ilized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -         178 

do.       in  M  .nufactures    -        -  5 

do.       in  Commerce         -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  If. 

Johnson,  Fort,  at  the  entrance  of  Charles- 
ton harbour,  on  James'  island,  Charleston 
district,  South  Carolina. 
4.>R 


Johnsonsboro,  post  village,  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey,  6  miles  S  from  Newtown. 

Johnston,  township  of  Providence  county, 
Rhode  Island,  5  miles  N  from  Providence. 
Population  in  1820,  1542. 

Johnston,  township  of  Trumbull  county. 
Population  in  1820,  327. 

Johnston,  Fort,  of  North  Carolina,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river  at  its  mouth. 

Johnston^s  Store,  post  office,  Lancaster 
county.  South  Carolina. 

Johnston^  Straits,  between  the  continent 
of  North  America  and  the  island  of  Quadra, 
and  Vancouva,  it  unites  Queen  Charlotte's 
Sound  to  the  gulf  of  Guinea.  Lon.  W  C 
46  W,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Johnstovin,  in  the  township  of  Edwards- 
burgh,  Upper  Canada,  is  situated  upon  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  above  the  uppermost 
rapids  in  ascending  to  lake  Ontario,  and  is 
a  mile  square.  From  this  town  vessels 
may  be  navigated  with  safety  to  Queens- 
towa,  and  to  the  ports  of  lake  Ontario.  It 
is  nearly  opposite  Ogdensburg  in  New 
York. 

Johnsto-ain,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Montgomery  county,  New  York.  The  vil- 
lage is  situated  about  four  miles  N  from 
the  Mohawk,  on  the  outer  road  from 
Schenectady  to  Herkimer,  25  miles  NW 
by  W  from  the  former. 

Johnstotun,  small  town  in  the  northwest- 
ern quarter  of  Licking  county,  Ohio,  situa- 
ted  on  the  Middle  or  Raccoon  fork  of 
Licking  creek,  and  17  miles  NW  from  New- 
ark, on  the  road  leading  to  Delaware. 

Johnstown  Mills,  post  office,  Cambria 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Little  Conemaugh,  above  the  mouth  of 
Stony  creek,  and  18  miles  N  from  Stoys- 
town. 

Johore,  town  of  Malacca,  in  Asia.  Lon. 
93  55  E,  lat.  1  15  N. 

Joigny,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  and  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy.  Its  red  wines,  though 
not  of  the  first  quality,  have  a  great  de- 
mand. It  is  handsomely  seated  on  the 
Yonne,  17  miles  SSE  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  36 
E,  lat  48  0  N. 

Joinville,  ancient  and  considerable  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Marne,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Cham- 
pagne. It  is  seated  on  the  Marne,  24 
miles  SW  of  Bar-le-duc,  and  125  SE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Jolliet,  seigniory,  Dorchester  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  Chaudiere,  and 
Echemin  rivers,  about  24  miles  S  from  Que- 
bec. 

Jonasxdlle,  post  village,  Allegany  county, 
Maryland. 

Jones,  county  of  North  Carolina  on  Trent 
river,  bounded  by  Carteret  SE  ;  by  Onslow 
and  Duplin  SW ;  Lenori  NW  ;  and  Cra* 
>  en  NE  and  F.      Length  50  ;  mean  width 


J  O  N 

10  ;  and  area  300  square  miles.  Surface 
level  and  soil  generally  either  marshy  or 
sandy.  Chief  town,  Trenton  22  miles  W 
from  Newbern. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,267 

do.    do.  females  -        -        1,235 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        - 
Slaves         


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females     - 

Total  whites       -        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        - 
do.     females  -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce       -        •"■ 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  17. 

JoneSy  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Wilkinson  and  Twiggs  SE  :  by  Oalcmul- 
gee  river,  or  Fayette  SW  ;  Jasper  NW  ; 
Putnam  N  :  and  Baldwin  E.  Lciigth  21  ; 
width  20:  and  area  420  square  miles. 
Clinton  seat  of  justice  about  22  miles  SW 
by  W  from  Milledgeville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  3,084 

do.    do.    females  -        -  2,487 


4,968 


1,148 
1,152 

2,300 

82 

70 

1,439 

1,325 

5,216 


0 

2,055 
62 
50 


Total  whites         -                   •  5,571 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  439 

Slaves 2,587 

Totalpopulationinl810,             -  8,597 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  5,264 

do.    do.   females     -        -        -  4,676 

Total  whites       ...        -  9,940 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  49 

do.           do.        females  -  31 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  3,742 

do.    females           ...  3,649 

Total  population  in  1820             -  17,411 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  6,263 

(jo.        in  Manufactures          -  255 


.T  0  Y 

Engaged  in  Commerce      -        -  108 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  41^. 

Jonesborough,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Washington  county,  East  Tennessee, 
on  Limestone  creek,  branch  cf  French 
broad  river,  about  110  miles  E  from  Knox- 
ville. 

Jonesburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Union  county,  Illinois,  22  miles  NW  from 
Wilkinsonville  on  the  Ohio  river. 

Jones-Milh,  post  office,  Cambria  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Jones-store,  post  village,  Halifax  count}--, 
North  Carolina. 

Jonestoivn,  post  village,  Lebanon  comity, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  pomt  above  the  junc- 
tion of  the  two  main  branches  of  Swatara 
creek,  23  miles  nearly  E  from  Harrisburg. 

Jonesville,  village  sfLee  coun!y,  Virginia, 
near  the  N  shore  of  Powells  river,  about  65 
miles  W  from  Abingdon. 

Jonesville,  post  village,  Surry  county, 
North  Carolina. 

Jonkiop'mg,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Smoland,  and  seat  of  the 
parliament,  or  superior  court  of  justice  for 
Gothland.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  side  of 
lake  Wetter,  with  a  strong  citadel  50  miles 
NW  of  Culmar.    Lon.  14  46  E,  lat.  57  12 

Jonquieres,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Var,  and  lately  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Provence,  12  miles  SW  of  Aix, 
and  10  NW  of  Marsill.  Lon.  5  10  E,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Jojipa.     See  Jaffa. 

Joppa,  town  of  Hartford  counly,  Mary- 
land, 17  miles  NE  of  Baltimore,  and  16  SW 
of  Havre-de-Grace. 

Jordan,  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia  in  Pales- 
tinue,  which  rises  in  Mount  Libanus,  and 
running  from  N  to  S,  forms  two  lakes,  the 
one  formerly  called  the  sea  of  Galilee,  or 
the  lake  of  Tiberias,  and  the  other  the 
Dead  Sea. 

Josselin,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Bretagne,  25  miles  NE  of 
Vannes.     Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Jouare,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne.  and  lately 
in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with 
a  late  magnificent  Benedictine  abbey,  10 
miles  SE  of  Meaux,  and  35  B  of  Paris. 
Joud.     See  Jehitd. 

Jourdans,  post  office,  Lincoln  county, 
Georgia. 

Jonx,  Valley  and  Lake  of.  See  Jura 
JMnunt. 

Jxian  de  Uloa,  small  rocky  islet  off  the 
harbour  of  Vera  Cruz.  On  it  stands  a  very 
strong  fortress,  which  covers  the  island  and 
commands  the  port. 

Joi/ens,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche  and    lately   in  the 
459 


.?    I.'  A 


.;  u  L 


ptovince    eir    Daupliiriy,    seated   on    tnc 
Baune. 

Jvan  de  la  Frontera,  St.  a  town  of  Chili, 
in  South  America,  ill  the  province  of  Chi- 
quito,  near  the  laiie  Guanacho.  The  ter- 
ritory of  tiii.>  town  is  inhabited  by  20,000 
naiive  Americans,  who  are  tributary  to 
Spain.  It  contains  mines  of  gold,  and  a  kind 
almonds  that  are  very  delicate.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  98  miles  NE 
of  St  Jago.     Lon.  65  55  \V,  lat.  33  25  N. 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  island  of  the 
West  Indies,  50  miles  E  of  Hispaniola,  and 
usually  called  Porto  Rico.  It  is  100  miles 
long  and  50  broad,  and  belongs  to  the 
Spaniards,  It  is  full  of  very  high  moun- 
tains, and  extremely  fertile  valleys,  inter- 
spersed with  woods  and  well  watered  by 
springs  and  rivulets.  It  pro.luces  sugar, 
rum,  ginger,  com,  and  fruits,  partly  proper 
to  the  climate,  and  partly  ir.y-oduced  from 
Spain  ;  and  there  are  so  many  cattle,  that 
thej'  often  are  killed  i'or  the  take  of  the 
skins  alone.  Here  are  a  great  number  of 
uncommon  trees,  and  tlier^  is  a  little  gold 
in  the  N  part  of  the  island.  It  is  common- 
ly said,  that  the  air  is  lieahhy,  and  yet,  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Ehzubeth,  the  earl  of 
Cumberland,  when  he  had  taken  this 
island,  lost  most  of  his  men  by  sickness, 
and,  on  that  account,  was  forced  to  aban- 
don it.  It  is  subject  to  storms  and  hurri- 
canes, like  the  rest  of  these  islands.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  67  4 
W,  lat.  18  17  N. 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.  capital  of  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, defended  by  several  forts  It  is  a 
bishop's  see,  :*Kd  .seated  on  the  N  coast  of 
the  island.     Lon,  69  1  W,  lat.  IS  29  N. 

Juaii  Fernandez,  ii^lard  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  in  83  VV  'imi.  ar.d  33  S  lat.  300 
miles  W  of  Chili  It  is  uninhabited,  but  is 
found  ex'remely  convenient  to  touch  at 
and  water.  Tiiere  are  instances  of  two 
men  living  alone  at  different  times  on  this 
island  for  several  years;  the  one  a  Musqui- 
to  Indian,  the  other  Alexander  Selkirk,  a 
Scotchman,  who  liaving  been  left  on  shore, 
in  this  solitary  place,  by  his  captain,  lived 
here  five  years,  till  he  was  discovered  by 
captain  Rogers,  in  1709.  From  this  re- 
markable hislory,  Daniel  de  Foe  is  said  to 
have  derived  the  hints  which  gave  rise  to 
bis  celebrated  production,  'I'iie  Adven- 
tures of  Robinson  Crusoe.  This  island  is 
not  quite  15  miles  long  and  about  six 
broad :  its  only  safe  harbour  is  on  the  N 
side.  It  is  said  to  have  plenty  of  excellent 
water,  and  to  abound  with  a  great  variety 
of  esculent  vegetables  highly  antiscorbu- 
tic ;  besides  which,  commodore  Anson 
sowed  a  variety  of  gardeii-seeds,  and  plant- 
ed the  stones  of  plums,  apricots  and 
peaches,  which  he  wa«,  many  years  after- 
wards, informed,  had  thriven  greatly ;  ^nd 
-160 


i.jw,  doubtless  iurnish  a  very  valuable  ad- 
dition to  the  natural  productions  of  this 
spot. 

.Tubo,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  Africa  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  Portuguese. 
Lon.  43  20  E,  lat.  0  50  N. 

Jucalan.  See  Yt/cataii,  Honduras  and 
JMerida. 

Judda,  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a 
fort,  seated  on  the  Red  Sea,  34  miles  SW 
of  Mecca,  to  which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  30 
22  E,  lat.  21  20  N.     See  Jeddo. 

Judenburg,  considerable  town  of  Germa- 
ny, the  capital  of  Upper  Stlria,  with  a 
handsome  castle.  The  public  buildings 
with  the  square,  are  magnificent.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  April  1797,  and 
here  an  armistice  was  settled  between  the 
arciiduke  Charles  and  Bonaparte.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Mueln,  45  miles  W  by  N  of 
Gratz,  and  100  SW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14 
26  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Judith,  Point,  SW  point  at  the  entrance 
of  Narraganset  bay. 

Judoigne,  town  of  the  Netherlands  in 
South  Brabant,  near  which  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  gained  that  signal  victory,  in 
1706,  called  the  battle  of  Ramilies.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Greete,  12  miles  SE  of 
Louvain,  and  16  N  of  Namur.  Lon.  5  1 
E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Juggernaut,  celebrated  temple  of  Hin- 
doo superstition,  in  Orisso  a  few  miles  E 
from  the  Ohilka  lake.  Lon.  86  05  E,  lat. 
19  49  N. 

Jiijui,  river  of  South  America,  in  the 
province  of  Salta.  It  rises  in  the  Andes  at 
ion.  9  E,  W  C,  nearly  under  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn,  and  flowing  SE  about  300  miles, 
falls  into  the  Kio  Grande. 

.Ti/jui,  province  of  the  United  provinces 
of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  occupying  the  peninsu- 
la between  the  Juj«i  and  Rio  Grande  ri- 
vers. 

Jngov,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coast,  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne,  sealed  on  ;.he  small  river  Ar- 
qucon,  12  rniles  from  the  English  Channel, 

Jugora,  considerable  province  of  Musco- 
vy, depending  on  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel. 

Julien  du  Sault,  St.  town  of  France  in 
the  department  of  Yonnc  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  seated  between  two  moun- 
tains covered  with  vines,  near  the  river 
Yonne,  five  miles  from  Joigny. 

Juliers,  formerly  duchy  of  Westphalia, 
64  miles  in  length,  and  36  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  tlie  N  by  Guelderland,  on  the 
E  by  the  archbishopric  of  Cologne,  on  the 
S  by  Luxemburg  and  Treves,  and  on  the 
W  by  Limburg.  It  is  subject  to  the  king 
of  Prussia,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  quan- 
tity of  wood  it  produces,  which  is  much 
used  in  dyeing. 

Jidiers,  town  of  Gertnany,  capital  of  ths 


J  U  R 


J   U  T 


ibrmev  diicliy  of  tlie  same  name,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Roer, 
15  miles  E  of  Aixla-Chapelle,  and  18  W 
of  Cologne.    Lon.  6  50  E,  lat,  50  56  N. 

Jidiestoim,  post  town,  Burlington  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey. 

Judet,  Momit,  hill  of  Illinois,  N  from 
T)es  Planes  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Kankakie.     Lat.  42  06  N. 

Jumella,  town  of  Spain  in  the  province 
of  Murcia,  22  miles  SVV  of  Murcia. 

Jiimiege,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  a  late  celebrated  Benedic- 
tine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  12  ■* 
miles  S\V  of  Rouen,  and  77  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  55  E,  lat  49  24  N. 

Jummoo,  or  Jumbo,  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper  in  the  country  of  Lahore.  It  is 
situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  by  the  river 
Rawec.  This  city  thougli  in  a  decayed 
state,  is  a  mart  of  the  first  note  in  tiiat  part 
of  the  country  ;  it  is  9U  miles  N  of  Lahore. 
Lon.  23  16  e',  lat.  32  45  N. 
^  Jumnah,  large  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
which  rises  to  the  NW  of  Delhi,  waters 
that  capital  as  well  as  the  city  of  Agra, 
and  joins  the  Ganges,  100  miles  below  Be- 
nares. 

Juniata,  township  of  Perry  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Juniata  river,  20  miles  from 
Harrisburg.     Population  in  1820,  1748. 

Ju7iiata,  river  in  Pennsylvania,  the  prin- 
cipal branches  of  which  rise  in  Bedford 
county.  After  having  joined  near  Hun- 
tingdon in  Huntingdon  county,  the  united 
stream  runs  for  the  most  part  in  an  eastern 
direction  till  it  meets  the  Suscjuehannah, 
10  miles  above  Harrisburg.  This  river 
affords  a  channel  through  which  the  pro- 
duce of  the  adjacent  countrj'  is  conveyed 
to  a  market ;  either  at  Harrisburg,  Middle- 
town,  Columbia,  Baltimore,  &c. 

Junius,  township  of  Seneca  county.  New 
York,  at  the  lower  end  of  Seneca  lake. 
Population  in  1320,  5113. 

Junksilon,  seaport  of  Asia,  the  principal 
town  of  an  island  on  the  SW  co.ast  of  Ma- 
lacca. The  town  is  situated  on  the  N 
part  of  the  island,  and  has  a  harbour  capa- 
ble of  receiving  ships  of  a  moderate  size  ; 
the  island  is  fertile,  63  miles  long  and 
from  10  to  20  broad.  Lon.  98  30  E,  lat.  8 
40  N. 

Juntas,  river  of  Colombia,  in  Quito,  and 
in  the  province  of  Jaen  de  Bracanioros, 
rises  in  the  Andes,  and  flowing  E,  receives 
as  its  name  imports,  numerous  branches 
changes  its  name  to  Santiago,  and  fiiUs 
into  the  Lauricocha,  at  lat.  4  30  S,  lon.  W 
C  0  30E. 

Jura,  one  of  the  Western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land, NE  of  Islay,  supposed  to  be  34  miles 
long  and  10  broad.  !t  is  composed  princi- 
pally of  vast  mountains  quite  ni<kcd,  ar\d 


wiiliout  a  possibility  of  cultivation  ;  three 
of  them  called  the  paps  of  Jura  are  most 
remarkable  ;  they  are  of  a  conic  form  and 
stupendous  height.  The  rest  of  the  island 
is  flat,  and  generally  covered  with  heath. 
Jura,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Franche 
Comte.  It  contains  mines  of  iron  of  a  su- 
perior quality,  mines  of  copper  and  lead, 
and  many  quarries  of  black  marble,  jasper, 
and  alabaster.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Mount  Jura. 

Jura,  Mount,  ch&m  of  mountains,  which 
begins  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  in  Swisser- 
land,  extends  along  the  Rhine  into  the 
canton  of  Soleure  and  the  principality  of 
Neuchatel,  branches  out  toward  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  separates  that  country  from 
France,  and  continues  beyond  the  frontiers 
of  the  Genevois  as  far  as  the  Rhone.  In 
various  parts  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  this 
chain  forms  many  elevated  valleys ;  of 
these  the  most  delightful  is  the  valley  of 
the  lake  of  Joux,  upon  the  top  of  that  part 
culled  Mount  Joux,  it  is  beautifully  che- 
quered with  wood,  arable,  and  pasture  ; 
and  is  watered  by  two  picturesque  lakes  ; 
the  largest  of  which  is  called  the  lake  oi 
Joux,  and  the  other,  like  Brenet.  This 
little  vale  is  very  populous,  containing  3000 
inhabitants ;  some  employed  in  making 
watches,  but  the  greater  part  in  polishing 
crystals,  granites,  and  marcasites.  These 
parts  are  much  infested  wilii  bears  and 
wolves.  The  descent  from  this  delightful 
vale,  through  a  variety  of  hill,  valley,  wood, 
and  lawn,  afibrds  a  very  extensive  prospect 
of  great  part  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  with  its  mountains,  and  the 
lake  of  Neuchatel.     See  Vosges. 

JuruUo,  very  remarkable  volcano  of 
Mexico,  in  the  intendancy  of  Valladolid, 
Lon.  W  C  24  10  W,  lat.  19  9  N.  It  was 
formed  by  an  irruption  in  one  night,  be- 
tween September  28th  and  29th,  1759. 
The  irruption  was  preceded  by  shocks  of 
an  earthquake  from  the  month  of  July. 
The  conical  summit  rises  to  524  feet. 

Jutland,  peninsula,  the  principal  part  of 
Denmark,  180  miles  in  length,  and  50  in 
breadth,  bounded  on  the  SE  by  the  duchy 
of  Holslein,  and  on  the  other  sides  by  the 
German  Ocean  and  tlie  Baltic.  The  air  is 
very  cold,  but  wholesome.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  pastures,  and  feeds  a  great 
nuuiber  cf  horses  and  beeves,  which  are 
sent  to  Gtrmany,  Holland,  &.c.  It  was  an- 
cientty  called  Cimbrica  Chersonesus,  and 
is  supposed  to  be  the  country  whence  the 
Saxons  came,  that  conquered  England.  Ic 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  called  N  and  S 
Jutland  ;  the  latter  being  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  and  lies  between  N  Jutland  and 
Holstein. 

Jf/^jfiwr,  c"tv  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  ca- 
461 


K  A  I, 


K  A  M 


pital  of  a  territory  oF  the  same  name,  and 
subject  f o  one  of  the  Rajpoot  princes.  It 
was  built  by  rajah-Jessing.  It  is  about  a 
league  from  Ambeer  the  ancient  capital, 
now  a  place  of  great  wealth  and  conse- 


quence, being  the  staple  for  goods  that  are 
brought  from  every  quarter  of  India.  It  is 
lo6  miles  W  by  S  of  Agra.  Lon.  76  9  E, 
lat.  26  56  N. 

Jykyl,  island.     See  Jekyl. 


K 


Q^  Words  that  sometimes  begin  with  K,  and  are  not  found  under  that  letter,  may 
be  sought  for  under  the  letter  C. 


Kabarda,  territory  of  Russia,  in  Europe, 
between  the  Terek,  and  the  Caucasus 
mountainSj.iind  extends  to  the  Caspian  ?ea. 

Kaffraria,  country  and  people  of  Africa. 
This  country  extends  to  the  east  from  the 
colony  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  See 
Cqffraria.  The  KafFres  appear  to  be  a  peo- 
ple essentially  different  from  the  Hotten- 
tots, and  Bosjesmans  of  south,  or  the  Ne- 
gro of  central  Africa.  The  Kaffres  are  re- 
markable for  elegance  of  form,  and  regu- 
larity of  feature  ;  though  in  every  other 
respect  of  the  wooley  family  of  mankind. 

Kadhema,  seaport  of  Arabia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bahrin.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  employed  in  the  pearl  fishery.  It 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Persia, 
170  miles  N  by  W  of  Laclisa.  Lon.  47  36 
E,  lat.  28  40  N. 

Kaffungen,  town  and  monastery  of  Ger- 
many, in  Hesse,  near  Cassel.  Lon.  9  30 
E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Kalma.     Sf>e  Ilua. 

Kairvun,  city  of  Africa,  in  Tunis,  capital 
of  a  government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
the  second  city  in  the  kingdom  for  trade 
and  population,  and  is  20  miles  W  of  Susa. 
Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  o5  40  N. 

Kaia,  village  of  Saxony,  near  Lutzen, 
remarkable  for  a  battle  between  the 
French  and  the  Russian  and  Prussian 
armies,  May  2nd,  1813. 

Kaisarich,  city  of  Asia  Minor,  ancient 
Cesarea,  and  capital  of  Cappadocia.  Lon. 
35  18  E,  lat.  38  41  N. 

Kalaar,  town  of  Persia,  in  Chilan,  with  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  silk.  Lon.  58 
4.5  E,  lat.  36  23  N. 

Kaket,  town  of  the  country  of  Georgia, 
in  the  province  of  its  name,  which  compre- 
hends a  part  of  the  ancient  Iberia.  It  is 
situate  near  Mount  Caucasus,  45  miles  NN 
E  of  Teflis,  and  120  N\V  of  Derbend. 

Kalau,  town  of  Lusatia,  which  has  a 
great  trade  in  wool,  11  miles  SE  of  Luckau. 

Kalhat,  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
of  Oman,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  at 
its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Ormus,  80  miles 
SE  of  Mascat. 

Kalis,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
mark,  near  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  37  miles 
E  of  Stargard. 

JCalisch,  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  pala- 
462 


tinate  of  the  same  name.     It  is  seated  on 
.  the  river  Prosna,  surrounded  by  morasses 
and  walls,  40  miles  S  of  Gnesen.    Lon.  IB 
5  W,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Kalkas,  tribe  of  the  Mongal  Tartars, 
in  Chinese  Tartary.  They  inhabit  the 
country  N  of  the  Mongul  Tartars,  properly 
so  called,  which  stretches  as  far  as  the 
kingdom  of  the  Eluths ;  and  is  near  300 
leagues  in  extent  from  E  to  W. 

KalUngburg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Zealand,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the 
Great  Belt,  with  the  best  harbour,  next  to 
Copenliagen,  on  the  island.  It  is  55  miles 
W  by  N  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  11  11  E, 
lat.  55  47  N. 

Kalmucs,  nation  of  Tartars,  inhabiting 
that  part  of  the  Russian  government  of 
Caucasia,  which  lies  between  the  Volga 
and  the  Ural,  toward  the  Caspian  sea. 
They  all  live  in  tents,  and  remove  from 
place  to  place  in  quest  of  pasturage  for 
tiieir  numerous  cattle,  consisting  of  horses, 
camels,  cows,  and  sheep.  In  person  they 
are  of  a  low  stature,  and  bow-legged,  occa- 
sioned by  their  being  so  continually  on 
horseback,  or  sitting  with  their  legs  below 
them.  Their  faces  are  broad  and  flat, 
with  a  flat  nose  and  little  black  eyes,  dis- 
tant from  each  other  like  the  Chinese. 
They  are  of  an  olive  colour,  and  their  faces 
full  of  wrinkles,  with  very  little  beard. 

Kalmunz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle  of  Bavaria.  It  is  12  miles  from  Ratis- 
bon,  and  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Vilz  and  Nad. 

Kalnick,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Bracklaw.  Lon.  29  18  E,  lat. 
48  57  N. 

Kaluga^  now  a  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  but  it  was  formerly  a  province 
in  the  government  of  Moscow.  Its  princi- 
pal town  of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on 
the  Occa. 

Kamakura,  famous  island  of  Japan,  about 
three  miles  in  circumference,  lying  on  the 
S  coast  of  Niphon.  It  is  here  they  confine 
their  great  men,  when  they  have  commit- 
ted any  fault ;  awd  the  coast  is  so  steep, 
that  tiiey  are  forced  to  be  lifted  up  by  the 
cranes. 

Kamatschinzes,  is  the  name  of  a  people 
in  Tartary.    In  the  year  1629  they  were 


KAN 


K  A  R 


made  tributary  to  Russia,  and  then  led  a 
rambling  life.  At  present  tlieir  habitations 
are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kunsk  and 
Abakansk,  two  ostrogs,  situated  one  on 
the  Yenisei,  and  the  other  on  the  Kan. 
Even  at  the  time  that  they  submitted  to 
Russia,  they  were  only  a  scanty  people, 
or  rather  the  remains  of  some  ancient  na- 
tion. 

Kambala,  JMount,  ridge  of  mountains  in 
Thibet,  between  lake  Palte  and  the  Bur- 
rampooter.  From  the  top  of  this  ridge 
may  be  seen,  to  the  N,  a  range  of  still 
higher  mountains,  covered  with  snow.  , 
The  foot  of  mount  Krtmbala  is  31  miles  S 
of  Lassa. 

JCaminiech,  verj'  strong  town  of  PoL-ind, 
capital  of  Podolia,  with  two  castles  and  a 
bishop's  see.  When  the  Russians  seized 
part  of  the  Polish  territories  in  1793,  this 
fortress  held  out  a  long  time,  but  at  last 
surrendered  to  their  arms.  The  castle  is 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  85  miles  W  of 
BrackJaw,  and  100  SE  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
26  30  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Kamischatka,  peninsula  of  Asia,  formed 
by  a  chain  of  stony  and  barren  mountains, 
which  run  toward  the  SSW  from  that  part 
of  the  continent  inhabited  by  the  Koraiks. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Eastern  Ocean,  the 
gulf  of  Penschinskoi,  and  by  the  sea  of 
Oghotzkj  in  all  probability  tlie  Kourili,  a 
range  of  isles  which  in  many  du'ections  ex- 
tend as  far  as  Japan,  are  a  part  of  Kamt- 
schatka.  It  is  situated  between  about  51 
and  62  degrees  N  lat.  The  soil  is  stony, 
full  of  cold  springs,  destitute  of  the  smallest 
piece  of  fertile  ground,  and  so  cold  even  in 
the  summer,  that  tiie  earth  is  totally  un- 
fit for  culture,  and  of  itself  does  not  pro- 
duce a  sufficiency  for  the  cattle.  The 
Kamtschadales  are  for  the  most  part  of  a 
low  stature,  with  bi-oad  shoulders,  large 
heads,  long  flat  faces,  flat  noses,  small 
eyes,  thin  lips,  and  short  legs. 

Kamtschatkoi,  JViznei,  town  of  Siberia, 
capital  of  Kamtschatka,  with  a  citadel,  ar- 
senal, and  barracks.  It  is  seated  on  the 
N  side  of  the  river  Kamtschatka,  20  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Lon.  161  50  E,  lat.  56 
30  N. 

Kamtschatkoi,  Verchni,  town  of  Siberia, 
in  Kamtschatka,  on  the  river  Kamtschatka, 
120  miles  SW  of  Niznei  Kamtschatkoi. 

Kandahor,  province  of  Asghanistan.  It 
is  a  high  but  level  country,  west  from  the 
mountains  of  Hindoostan. 

^  Kandahor,  city  and  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  Is  situated  on  t!ie 
great  road  from  Hindoostan  to  Persia,  and  is 
extensive,  commercial  and  flourishing.  See 
Candahor. 

Kandeghen,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Camatic.  In  1599  it  was  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom,  called  Narsinga,  the  residence  of 
a  Hindoo  king,  v/hose  dominions  extend 


over  Tanjore  and  Madura ;  and  in  1640,  a 
descendant  of  that  prince,  who  reigned 
here,  permitted  the  English  to  form  a  set- 
tlement at  Madras.  It  is  70  miles  NW  of 
Madras.     Lon.  79  24  E,  lat.  13  46  N. 

Kanem,  town  of  the  empire  of  Bornou,  in 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  where  are 
bred  multitudes  of  cattle  and  horses.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Gazel,  150  miles  NNW  of 
Bornou. 

Kanio-u,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Kiow,  seated  near  the  Dnie- 
per, 62  miles  S  by  E  of  Kiow,  and  100  NE 
of  Braclaw. 

Kanisca,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Salawar ;  seated 
on  the  Urave,  100  miles  S  by  E  oi'  Vienna. 
Lon.  17  40  E,  lut.  46  55  N. 

Kankakie  River,  great  SE  source  of  the 
Illinois,  rises  with  the  head  waters  of  St. 
Joseph's  of  Michigan,  flows  W,  and  uniting 
with  the  Desplanes  forms  Illinois.  The 
country  drained  by  the  Kankakee  is  gene- 
rally level,  and  most  of  it  prairie. 

Kansas,  one  of  the  great  southwestern 
branches  of  Missouri.  It  has  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Arkansas  and  Platte 
rivers,  and  rises  in  the  intermediate  plains, 
as  far  W  as  lon.  W  C  27  W.  Flowing 
nearly  E,  the  variiius  branches  gradually 
converge,  and  after  a  comparative  course 
of  400  miles  unite,  and  forming  a  noble 
stream  of  nearly  half  a  mile  wide,  continues 
100  miles  farther,  and  joins  the  Missouri, 
.at  lat.  39  05  N.  The  junction  of  those 
two  streams,  determines  the  extreme  west- 
ern limit  of  the  state  of  Missouri. 

Kan-tcheou,  city  of  China,  of  the  fii-st 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  on  the 
Kau-kiang,  840  miles  S  of  Peking.  Lon. 
115  2  E,  lat.  25  52  N. 

Kao-tcheou,  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Quangtong.  In  its 
vicinity  is  found  a  kind  of  marble,  that  re- 
presents, naturally,  rivers,  mountains, 
landscapes  and  trees  ;  it  is  cut  into  leaves, 
and  made  into  tables,  &c.  Kao-tcheou 
stands  on  a  navigable  river,  36  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  1130  SSW  of  Peking.  Lon. 
145  36  E,  lat.  40  N. 

Kaposivar,  ibvt  of  Lower  Hungary,  on 
the  river  Kapos,  which  washes  its  walls. 
It  is  55  miles  W  of  Tolna.  Lon.  18  13  E, 
lat.  46  3 IN. 

Kara-Jtnid,  Turkish  name  of  Diarbekirj 
ancient  Amida. 

KaraMssar.  •  See  Jlpldom. 

Karasu,  ancient  Pangaeus,  mountains  of 
European  Turkey,  between  Thrace  and 
Macedonia. 

Karasiibazar,  town  of  the  Crimea,  noted 
for  its  noble  antique  bath,  and  an  ancient 
manufacture  of  leather  from  the  skins  of 
Tauric  goats.  It  is  situate  on  tiie  Karasu, 
in  a  delightful  valley,  34  miles  "W  from 
CafiVv 

463 


K  A  S 


K  A  Y 


Karek,  or  Guvalc,  island  in  the  NE  part 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  five  miles  lon^^  and 
two  broad  ;  where  ships  bound  for  Basso- 
ra  generally  call  for  pilots.  Lon.  50  26 
E,  lat.  29  15  N. 

Karlesbiirg,  or  Belgrad,  town  of  tlie  Aus- 
trian empire  in  Transylvania,  of  which  it 
was  formerly  the  capital.  It  now  contains 
about  6000  inhabitants.  Lon.  23  34  E, 
lat.  46  4  N,  32  miles  NW  from  Herman- 
stadt. 

Karlstadt,  town  and  district  of  Austrian 
lUyria,  Karlstadt  the  capital,  stands  on  a 
branch  of  the  Save,  about  100  miles  SE 
from  Trieste. 

Karlstadt,  province  of  Sweden,  nearly 
commensurate  with  the  ancient  province 
of  AVarmeland. 

Karleby,  Gamta,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
East  Bothnia,  with  a  trade  in  hemp,  salt, 
and  ship -building,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia,  near  the  influx  of  the  river  Karle- 
by,  90  miles  N  by  E  of  Christinestadt. 
Lon.  22  20  E,  lat.  63  56N, 

Karleby,  J^y,  town  of  Sweden,  in  East 
Bothnia,  on  the  I'iver  Lappajock,  six  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  20  S  of  Gamia  Karleby. 

Karlscruhe,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  in  the  margravate  of  Baden 
Darlach,  with  a  magnificent  palace.  The 
city  is  built  on  a  regular  plan,  and  the 
houses  are  all  as  uniform  as  the  streets. 
It  is  12  miles  N  by  E  of  Baden. 

Kasan,  country  of  the  Russian  empire, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Volga.  It  was 
formerly  an  independent  kingdom,  belong- 
ing to  the  Kalmucs,  to  whom  the  dukes  of 
Moscow,  with  other  petty  principalities  of 
Russia,  were  tributary.  But,  in  1552,  Ivan 
Bassilowitz  II.  conquered  Kasan,  which 
now  forms  the  three  Russian  governments 
of  Kasan,  Simberskand  Fenza. 

KasaUf  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  t!ie  same  name,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  has  a  strong  stone  fort, 
several  churches,  almost  all  of  them  built 
with  stone,  and  eleven  convents ;  and 
there  are  several  suburbs,  one  of  them  in- 
habited by  Tartars.  At  one  end  of  the 
city  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth  for  the  army. 
It  is  also  the  seat  of  a  university,  founded 
in  1803,  occupying  a  central  position  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia,  it  is  a  mart  of  ex- 
tensive trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet 
Kasanka,  where  it  enters  the  Volga,  420 
miles  N  of  Moscow.  Lon.  49  8  E,  lat.  55 
44  N. 

Kashgar.     See  Cashgiir. 

A'askasbia,  river  of  Illinois,  rising  in  the 
east  part  of  the  state  near  the  west  bound- 
ary of  Indiana,  and  flowing  SW  by  com- 
parative courses  about  250  miles,  upwards 
of  150  of  which  following  the  windings  of 
its  course  it  is  navigable  for  boats.  It  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  about  100  miles  above 
the  mart  of  Ohio. 

464 


JCaskankia,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Randolph  county,  Illinois,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Kaskaskia  river,  12  miles  above 
its  mouth.  It  is  built  upon  a  plain,  in  a 
prairie,  and  contains  150  houses  and  about 
650  inhabitants. 

Kataba,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  with 
a  citadel,  situate  in  a  fertile  country,  near  a 
river  which  runs  into  the  sea  at  Aden,  75 
miles  N  of  Aden.  Lon.  44  32  E,  lat.  13 
64  N. 

Katify  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of 
Bahrin.  It  is  built  of  rock  salt,  and  stands 
on  the  gulf  of  Persia,  95  miles  N  of  Lach- 
sa.     Lon.  48  38  E,  kt.  27  40  N. 

Kauff bexiren,  free  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, m  the  circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Kempten.  It  is  seated  on  the  War- 
dech,  18  miles  NE  of  Kempten,  and  30  S 
by  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  43  E,  lat.  47 
58  N. 

JiTavenaugh,  post  village,  Wilson  county, 
Tennessee. 

Kaurzim,  town  of  Bohemia,  near  Prague, 
remarkable  for  a  bloody  battle  fought  there     . 
April  17th,  1757,  between  the   Prussians  | 
under  Frederick  the  Great,  and  the   Aus-    ^ 
trians  under  Marshal  Daun.      The  former 
were  defeated.      This  is  commonly  called 
the  battle  of  Kolin. 

Kayes  Island,  island  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  capt.  Cook  in  1778. 
Its  NE  point  is  a  naked  rock,  considerably 
elevated  above  the  land  within  it.  Lon. 
131  48  W,  lat.  59  51  N. 

Kayersberg,  town  of  France,  riow  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  9  miles  NW  of  Colmar, 
and  25  NW  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  23  E,  lat.  48 
ION. 

Kayserslaitteru,  town  of  Germany,  in  the    J 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine.     In  the  present   i 
war  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  is  seated 
on  the  Lauter,  22  miles  S  W  of  Worms,  and 
38  S  bv  W  of  Mentz.     Lon.  7  51  E,  lat. 
49  20  N. 

Kayscrstiild,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
county  of  Baden,  with  a  bridge  over  the 
Rhine,  and  a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the 
bishop  of  Constance,  and  is  eight  miles  SE 
of  Zurzach.    Lon.  8  24  E,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Kayserverd,  or  Keise-ivert,  town  of  Ger- 
many in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  eight 
miles  N  of  Dtisseldorp,  and  22  NW  of  Co- 
logne.    Lon.  6  A5  E,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Keen,  post  town  in  Clieshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  14  miles  SE  of  Walpole, 
and  95  W  of  Portsmouth  ;  containing  1645 
inhabitants  at  last  census  in  1300. 

Kee7i,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,  in 
Cheshire  county.  New  Hampshire,  14  miles 
SE  of  Walpole.  and  95  W  of  Portsnwuth. 
In  the  neigiibonrhood  of  Keene  many  ex- 
teiibive  inar.ufac'.urinir  establishmcn'i  have 


KEN 


J>:  E  ^ 


been  formed.  It  is  a  fine  tlu-ivios  viUajje 
bnl-Ashutot  river.  Population  in  1820, 
1895, 

ICeenc,  post  town  and  township,  Essex 
county,  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
605. 

Keenville,  village  of  Northampton  county, 
Pennsvlvania,  on  the  road  from  Easton  to 
the  Lehigh  Water  Gap,  2  miles  from  Cher- 
ryville. 

Kehl,  strong  and  important  fortress  of 
Germany,  in  Suabia,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  at  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  53,  E,  lat.  48  34  N. 

Kelso,  populous  town  in  Roxburgh  shire, 
20  miles  SW  of  Berwick,  and  338  NNW  of 
London.     Lo:i.  2  13  W,  lat.  55  36  X. 

Kelvin,  small  river  of  Lanarkshire,  in 
Scotland,  over  which  the  great  canal  is 
conveyed  by  an  aqueduct  bridge. 

Kempen,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  elec- 
torate of  Cologne,  seated  on  tlie  Niers,  30 
miles  N\V  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  30  E,  lat. 
51  18  N. 

^Kempten,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  in 
the  territory  of  the  abbot  of  Ivempten,  who 
is  a  prince  of  the  empire.  The  inhabitants 
are  prolestants.  It  is  seated  on  the  Iller, 
45  miles  S  bv  W  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  21 
E,  lat.  47  49  N. 

Ken,  river  in  Westmoreland,  wlilch  has 
a  cataract  near  its  moutli,  that  obstructs 
the  navigation  ;  so  that  Milthorp,  situated 
below  this  cataract,  is  the  only  port  of 
Westmoreland. 

Keii,  river  in  Kirkcudbriglitshire,  that 
flows  to.lNew  Gallov/ay,  below  wliich  it 
expands  into  a  lake,  four  miles  long  and 
One  broad.  The  stream  that  issues  from 
this  lake,  falls  into  the  river  Dee,  and  their 
united  waters  meet  the  Irish  Sea,  at  Kirk- 
cudbright. 

Kendal,  corporate  town  in  Westmore- 
land, 45  miles  S  of  Carlisle,  and  262  NNW 
of  London.     Lon.  2  52  W,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Kenhatva,  Gr'eat,  river  of  Virginia.  It 
rises  in  Ash  ^county.  North  Carolina,  and 
being  enlarged  by  a  number  of  tributary 
streams,  runs  nearly  due  N  through  Gray- 
son,3Wythe,'and  Montgomery  counties  :  it 
thence  turns  to  NW,  joined  by  tiie  Green 
Briar  :'lh«nce  it  continues  nearly  NW  tiil 
it  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant.  Its 
whole  course  is  about  400  miles,  and  its 
width  at  the  Oiiio  about  500  yards. 

Kenka-.va,  IMtle,  river  of  Virginia,  ■  -scs 
in  Lewis  county,  and  flowiiig  NW  through 
LewiSjand  Wood  counties,  fulls  into  tlie 
Ohio  at  Parkersburg,  13  miles  below  Ma- 
rietta. 

Ketiha-wa,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  S 
E  by  Greenbriar  and  Giles  ;  SW  by  Cabell ; 
NW  by  Mason  and  Wood,  and  NE  by 
I^ewis  and  Randolph.  Length  62  ;  mean 
width^  38'i  and  \  area  aboul;  2400  stjuave 
3  N 


rrriles.  It  is  intersected  fay  Kenhawa  Snd 
Elk  rivers,  and  drained  by  their' numerous 
branches.  Tiie  surface  is  extremely" 
broken,  and  part  mountainous.  Soil  gene- 
rally rocky  and  sterile,  though  presenting 
some  remarkable  exceptions.  Chief  town, 
Charleston. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  .         -        -       1,845 

Ap.    do.    females-     -        -        -       1,623 

Total  whites  -  -  -  .  '  3,468 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

....  46 


taxed 
Slaves 


352 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

3,866 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        .         .        - 

2,949 

do.  do.   females      -         .         - 

2,348 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          •         .        -         . 

0 

Total  whites       .         .         .        - 

5,297 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

21 

do.                do.     females 

8 

Slaves,  males      .... 

605 

do.    females    •      -        -        - 

468 

total  population  in  1820 


6,399 


Of  tlrese ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1)132 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  488 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Kemhvorth,  town  in  Warwickshire,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday  Here  was  a  fa- 
mous castle,  the  remaiits  of  which  form  one 
of  the  moit  picturesque  objects  in  the 
kingdom.  It  is  five  miles  N  of  Warwick, 
and  95  NW  of  London, 

Kenmavc\to\,vn  of  Ireland,  12  miles  SSW 
from  Killarny. 

Kennebec,  river  which  rises  in  the  nor- 
thern part  of  iMaine,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  between  the  bays  of  Casco 
and  I'enobscot.  The  Kennebec  river  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Kennebec  pro- 
per with  tlie  Androscoggin,  and  drains  a 
basin  of  150  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean 
width  of  80  miles,  embracing  an  area  of 
about  12,000  square  miles.  The  tide  flows 
up  the  Kennebec  to  Augusta  45  miles,  and 
in  the  Androscoggin  to  near  Durham. 
Though  interrupted  by  fills  and  shoals, 
both  ijranches  afford  very  considerable  ex- 
tent  of  inland  navigation.  T&conich  fali.<3 
occur  in  the  Kennebec  at  Waterville,  about 
20  miles  ab!)ve  Augu  ta,  but  the  stream  i& 
navigated  to  a  considerable  distance  high, 
er  than  that  obstruction.  Timber  is  the 
principal  staple  brought  down  either  branch 
of  the  Kennebec. 

4ES 


K  E  iV 

Kennebee,  county  of  Maine,  bounded  by 
Lincoln  SE  and  S  ;  Oxford  W  ;  Somerset 
N  ;  Penobscot  NE,  and  Hancock  E.  Length 
^7 ;  mean  width  22 ;  and  area  about  1000 
square  miles.  Surface  hil!y,.  but  generally 
arable,  and  soil  productive  in  grain  and 
pasturage.  Chief  towns,  Hallowell  and 
Augusta. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      16,544 
do.    do.   females    ...      15,846 


Total  whites      ....  32,390 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  174 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810    -        .  32,564 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       -        -        .  21,408 

do.   do.     females    -        -        .  21,049 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             ...  0 


Total  whites       -        .  ^    - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 
do.  do.      f|males 

Slaves,  males      .        -        .        . 
do.    females  .        .        . 


Total  population  in  1820  -     ,42,623 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          .  137 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  9,785 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        .  1,309 

do.        in  Commerce      -        .  211 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  42^. 

Kenneb-unk,  river  of  York  county,  Maine. 

Kennebxmk,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  tlie  mouth  of 
Kennebunk  river,  25  miles  SW  from  Port- 
land. The  port  is  good  ;  and  tonnage  ex- 
ceeding 10,000  tons.  Population  in  1820, 
2145. 

Kenned;/s,  post  village,  Brunswick  coun- 
ty,  Virginia. 

Kemiet,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles  SW  from 
Philadelphia,  on  the  waters  of  Clay  creek. 
Population  in  1820,  1032. 

Kennet,  nver  which  rises  among  the 
chalky  hills  in  Wills,  and  flows  to  Newbu- 
ry, in  Berks,  wiiere  it  becomes  navigable  ; 
it  is  then  augmented  by  the  Lamborn,  and 
runs  to  Reiidhig,  below  which  it  mingles 
with  the  Thames. 

Kennet-Sqnare,  post  village  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles  SW 
from  Philadelphia 

Kenoqne,  fort  of  Austrian  Flanders,  six 
miles  from  Dixmude. 

Kensington,  village  in  Middlesex,  two 
miles  W  from  London.    The   extensive 


Iv  E  N 

gardens,  of  late  years,  have  become  a  very 
fashionable  walk. 

Kensington,  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  14  miles  SW  from 
Portsmouth.     Population  in  1820,  709. 

Kensington.     See  City  of  Philadelphia. 

Kent,  one  of  the  counties  of  England, 
situated  at  the  SE  corner  of  the  island,  and 
from  thence  enjoying  many  advantages. 
As  to  the  climate  of  this  country  it  varies 
according  to  the  situation  of  places.  There 
is  no  region  more  happily  or  more  beauti- 
fully diversified  in  regard  to  soil,  so  that 
every  kind  thereof  is,  somewhere  or  other, 
to  be  met  with  in  its  bounds ;  and  in  no 
shire  are  any  of  these  soils  more  fertile 
than  they  are  in  this.  The  Weald  yields 
variety  of  fine  timber,  particularly  of  ches- 
nut ;  the  middle  part  has  very  rich  arable 
land,  annually  bearing  every  species  of 
grain  in  immense  plenty,  and  these  excel- 
lent in  their  several  sorts.  There  are  also 
many  beautiful  orchards,  which  produce  a 
variety  of  fine  fruits,  and  more  especially 
apple?  and  cherries,  which  were  introdu- 
ced here  from  Flanders.  The  many  rich 
commodities  produced  in  this  county,  is 
the  reason  why  most  of  our  writers  liave 
represented  it  as  in  a  manner  void  of  manu- 
factures which,  however,  as  appears  upon 
a  strict  and  impartial  examination,  is  very 
far  from  being  the  case.  Of  iron  works 
there  were  anciently  many  ;  and  there  are 
still  some,  where  kettles,  bombs,  bullets, 
cannon,  and  such  like,  are  made.  The 
principal  rivers,  besides  the  Thames,  are 
the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour,  Cray,  and 
liother.  ilaidstone  is  the  county  town. 
Population  in  1801,  307,624;  in  1811, 
373,995  ;  and  in  1821,  426,016. 

Kent  Comity,  Upper  Canada,  compre- 
hends all  the  country  (not  being  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Indians)  not  already  included  in 
the  several  counties  herein  described ; 
extending  nortliward  to  the  boundary  line 
of  Hudson's  bay,  including  all  the  territory 
to  the  westward  and  southward  of  the  said 
line,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  the  country 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Canada. 
It  sends  two  representatives  to  the  provin- 
cial  parliament. 

Kent,  county  of  Lower  Canada,  commen. 
cing  opposite  Montreal,  and  extending 
down  St.  Lawrence  about  11  miles,  and  S 
E  to  tlie  boundary  of  Bedford  county. 

Kait,  county  of  Rhode  Island,  bounded 
by  Connecticut  W  ;  Providence  county  N ; 
Narragansett  bay  E,  and  Washington  S. 
Length  23  ;  mean  width  9 ;  and  area  207 
square  miles.  Surface  waving  rather  than 
hilly.  Soil  productive  in  fruits,  grain,  and 
pasturage.    Chief  town,  Warwick. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        4,683 

do.     do.    females  -        -        4,793 


K  E  N 


K  E  N' 


Total  whites      -        -        -        - 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .... 
Slaves     -       -        -       -        - 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Vopulation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.    do.    females     ... 
All'other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        .        - 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.        do.  females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do-    females        -  .        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do,        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 


9,476 


354 
4 


river,  about  45  miles  W|from  Hartford. 
Population  in  1820,  1956. 

Kent,  county  of  Maryland,  bounded  E 
by  Delaware  ;*|SE  by  Chester  river  or 
— —  Queen^Ann  county  ;  W  and  NW  by  Che- 
9,834  sapeak  bay  ;  and  N  by  Sassafras  river  or 
— —  Coecil  county.  Length  27 ;  mean  width 
8  ;  and  area  216  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  level  or  moderately  hilly.  Soil 
of  middling  quality.     Chief  town,  Chester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        2,655 
do.    do.    females  -        -        2,567 


4,767 
5,121 


9,889 
161 
171 

4 


Total  whites        ....  5,222 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        .  1,979 

Slaves 4,249 


10,228    Total  population  in  1810 


10 
1,644 

446 
63 


Population  to  the  square  mile  49. 

Kent,  middle  county  of  Delaware,  bound- 
ed  by  Delaware  bay  E ;  Sussex  county  in 
Delaware  S  ;  Maryland  W,  and  New  Castle 
county  N.  Length  32  ;  mean  width  20  ; 
and  area  640  square  miles.  Surface  gene- 
rally level,  and  soil  of  middling  quality. 
Chief  town,  Dover. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        7,103 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -        7,048 


Total  whites      .        .        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    .        -        -        - 

Slaves 

14,151 

5,616 

728 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

20,495 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.   do.    females    .        -        - 

Total  whites       -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males      .        .        .        - 
do.    females   .... 

Total  population  in  1820   - 

7,163 

7,027 

14,190 

2,740 

2,793 

627 

443 

20,793 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 

25 

4,402 

521 

193 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32^. 

Kent,  post  village  aad  township,  Litch- 
field county,  Connecticut,  on  Housatnnick 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.       females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 


11,450 


2,668 
2,647 

5,315 
1,007 
1,060 
2,276 
1,795 

12,453 


16 
2,589 

262 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  35 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  53. 

Kent,  island  in  Chesapeak  bay,  belong- 
ing to  Queen  Ann  county,  Maryland.  It 
contains  nearly  30,000  acres. 

Kentaijj'e,  Mount,  ridge  of  mountains  in 
the  S  part  o«  Thibet,  bordering  on  Hin- 
doostan  Proper.  On  the  W  side' of  this 
ridge  are  the  two  heads  or  the  Ganges,  and 
from  its  E  side  issues  the  Burrampooter. 

Kentsingxien,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
Brisgaw,  seated  on  the  river  Elz.  Lon.  7 
57  E,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Kentvcky,  one  of  the  central  states  of 
the  United  States,  bounded  by  Vir::,'inia 
E ;  Tennessee  S  ;  and  the  Ohio   river  W, 

NW  and  N. 

ji'Eles. 

Kentucky  has  a  boundary  on  Virginia, 
commencing  at  the  mouth  of  Great 
Sandy  river,  and  following  that 
stream  to  its  source  in  Cumberland 
mountains,  "        "         "        ,' 

Thence  along  Cumberland  mountam 
to  the  south-west  angle  of  Virginia, 
on  the  noith  boundary  .of  Tennes- 


60 


see. 


110 


Thence  by  a  line  a  little  nortli   of 
467 


s 


K£  N 


west,  along  the  north  boxiudary  of  Jlilca 
Tennessee  to  Tennessee  river,     -      238 

Up  Tennessee  river,        .        -        -         12 

Thence  due  west  along  the  norlli 
boundary  of  Tennessee,  to  the  lelt 
bank  of  Miss  ssippi  river,  and  ex- 
treme  south-west  angle  of  Ken- 
tucky,   81 

Thence  up  the  Mississippi  river  to  the 
mouth  of  Ohio,    -         -         -         -     ^  4- 

Up  Ohio,  along  Illinois,  to  the  mouth 
of  Wabash  and  south  west  angle  of 
Indiana,       ■         -         -         -         -       130 

Thence  up  Ohio  river,  opposite  Indi- 
ana, to  tiie  mouth  of  the  Cirejit  Mi- 
amee  and  soutli-vycst  angle  of 
Ohio,  .....       336 

Thence  up  Ohio  river,  along  Ohio  to 
the  mouth  of  Great  Sandy,  -      173 

Having  an  entire  outline  of    -        -     1207 

Area,  3r,680  square  miles,  or  24,115,200 
acres. 

The  greatest  length  of  Kentucky  is  from 
the  south-west  angle  of  li.e  state  on  Mis- 
sissippi river,  to  tlie  head  of  Great  Sandy 
river,  380  miles  :  mean  wiclt.li,  99  miles. 

Extreme  south.  North  tat.  36  30  ;  ex- 
treme north,  lit  the  Great  JMiamee  bend, 
39  5. 

It  Is  obvious  by  a  simple  inspection  of 
its  great  fe-ilures  that  Kentucky  must  pre- 
sent considerable  divt  rt,ity  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate. On  its  south-east  border  it  is  limi- 
ted by  Cumberland  m.ounUiin,  from  which 
most  of  its  streams  take  their  source.  Un- 
like the  opposite  slope  of  the  Ohio  valley, 
no  table  land,  in  the  true  meaning  of  the 
term,  exists  on  that  on  which  Kentucky  is 
placed. 

In  point  of  soil  the  state  is  divisible  into 
three  portions  ;  the  mountainous,  hilly,  and 
level.  The  mountainous  section  of  Ken- 
tucky, is  of  small  and  unimportant  extent, 
being  limited  to  the  repion  towards  the 
sources  of  Cumberland,  Kentucky,  Wcking, 
and  Great  Sandy  rivers  If  all  the  soutli- 
east  angle  ot  the  state  is  taken  as  moun- 
tainous, it  will  not  amount  to  one-fourth 
the  area  of  the  wliole.  But,  though  the 
niountains  are  not  very  elevated,  this  part 
of  the  state  is  very  broken,  and  generally 
sterile  soil. 

The  second,  or  hilly  section,  follows  the 
iTiountainous,  and  is  much  more  extensive. 
The  hilly  natural  subdivision  spreads  over, 
in  fact,  much  the  greater  part  of  the  state, 
reaching  from  the  Ohio  river  between 
Great  Sandy  and  Licking  rivers,  and  the 
border  of  Tennessee,  nearly  as  low  down 
as  Ohio'below  the  mouth  of  Salt  river. 

From  analogy  it  might  be  expected,  that 

on  the  left  as  well  as  right  slope  of  Ohio 

valley,  table  land  would  be  found.     This 

Is  pot,  however,  the  fact ;  so  far  otherwise 

468 


is  the  face  of  the  hill  part  of  Kentucky,  that 
in  no  part  of  the  United  States  is  the  earth 
so  broken  by  abrupt  steeps,  nor  where  the 
water  courses  have  cut  channels  so  deep 
in  proportion  to  quantity  of  water,  and 
length  of  course.  In  their  natural  state, 
before  the  settlement  of  the  whites,  these 
vales  were  overgrown  with  a  thick  forest, 
under  which  grew  brakes  of  the  reed  cane, 
and  rendered  this  part  of  Kentucky  the 
most  impenetrable  to  the  footsteps  of  man, 
of  any  part  of  the  North  American  forest 
yet  attempted.  On  the  level  bottoms  of 
Louisiana  the  large  cane  brakes  are  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  pass,  but  it  is  on  uneven 
ground  that  this  gigantic  grass  renders  hu- 
man effort  to  penetrate  its  recesses,  to  the 
last  degree  painful  and  slow.  The  cane 
brakes,  however,  like  the  wild  animals 
they  once  sheltered,  disappeared  before 
civilized  man.  In  Kentucky  this  fact  has 
been  realized  ii?  a  very  striking  manner. 
The  buffalo,  deer,  bear,  elk,  and  the  Arun- 
do  gigantea,  have  in  t;reat  part  vanished  ; 
and  in  their  places  farms,  orchards,  mea- 
dows, towns,  and  villages,  have  arisen. 

I  have  more  than  one*'  remarked,  the 
curious  circumstance,  that  in  the  Ohio  val- 
ley, most  of  the  hills  were  fertile  to  their 
siin.m.ts.  This  characteristic  is  very  stri- 
king in  that  part  of  Kentvicky  we  have  un- 
der review  ;  it  is  so  peculiarly  so,  that  the 
hills  are  in  many  places  more  fertile  than 
the  bottoms.  'I'he  prevading  timber  of  the 
hills  is  chesnut,  hickory,  poplar  (lirioden- 
dron  fulipifera)  sugar  maple,  elm,  and 
hackberry.  In  the  bottomiS  the  timber  is 
nearly  similar  though  larger. 

As  the  rivers  advance  in  tlieir  progress 
toward  their  common  recipient,  they  pur- 
sue through  the  mountainous  and  hilly 
tracts  we  have  noticed,  nearly  a  west 
cour.se,  but  are  all  less  or  more  inflected  to 
the  northward  at  a  considerable  distance 
before  their  final  discharge  intoOhio.  The 
uniformity  of  their  curves  must  have  arisen 
from  some  feature  in  the  surface  of  the 
original  plain,  into  whose  surface  their 
channels  are  worn.  The  rivers  of  the  right 
slope  of  the  basin  are  remarkable  for  all 
having  courses  not  deviating  much  from 
north  and  south.  Those  of  the  left,  in  the 
lower  or  inferior  part  of  their  courses,  flow 
nearly  north. 

The  rivers  of  Kentucky  are  more  cha- 
racterized than  are  even  those  of  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  by  the  deepness  of  the  vales  or 
ravines  they  have  formed  out  of  the  secon- 
dary strata  over  whose  surface  they  flow. 
The  substrata  of  Keiatucky  is  limestone  in 
the  far  greater  part,  into  which  the  rivers 
have  worn  precipitous  channels. 

Below  the  great  bend  of  its  rivers,-  the 
}  hysiognomy  of  the  country  changes  from 
sharp,  high,  steep  hills,  narrow,  deep  and 
gloomy  valleys,  to  a  comparative  rolling  or 


K  E  X 


K  1-.  is 


even  level  country.  Thoug-b  on  a  smaller 
Bcale,  than  the  expansive  tracts  of  fertile 
soil  on  the  opposing  slope,  this  part  of  Ken- 
tucky is  amongst  the  most  desirable  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  the  only  part  of  Ken- 
tucky which  assumes  any  of  the  attributes 
of  a  table  land.  Tlie  soil  is  extremely  fer- 
tile, but  in  many  places  so  very  shallow  as 
scarce  to  admit  the  growth  of  large  trees. 
Its  base  is  one  immense  Hoor  of  secondary 
<!r  floetz  limestone.  This  region  may  be 
said  to  occupy  the  central  parts  of  the  state 
i'rom  the  waters  of  Green  river  to  those  of 
Licking,  inclusive,  and  contains  the  best 
peopled  part  of  the  state.  A  want  of 
spring  water  is  felt  in  many  parts  of  this 
range,  a  common  deficiency  of  all  places 
where  carbonate  of  lime  prevails  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  other  rocks.  Water  is  perhaps 
in  ecjual  quantity  but  unequally  distributed. 
Springs  of  immense  volume  occur,  and  are 
followed  by  wide  spaces  where  none  are 
found. 

Advancing  south  west  through  Kentucky 
the  central  table  land  we  have  under  re- 
view gradually  becomes  more  level  and  less 
fertile.  The  natural  timber  trees  on  the 
north-east  part  is  liriodendron,  elm,  black 
walnut,  honey  locust,  buckeye,  papaw,  cot- 
ton wood,  and  wild  cherry.  This  forest 
growth  prevails  on  the  middle  waters  of 
Licking,  and  Kentucky  ;  the  heads  of  Salt 
and  Green  rivers.  It  is  followed  toward 
Tennessee  by  the  "  Bar-rois,"  an  area 
wooded  by  oak,  chesnut,  elm,  kc.  The 
barrens  are  interspersed  by  other  species 
of  soil,  by  broken,  and  what  is  called  tlie 
oak  knob  districts.  In  fact,  the  latter 
term  much  mnre  appropriately  marks  the 
character  of  this  section  of  Kentucky,  than 
does  barrens.  The  hills  are  here  round, 
g'ently  sloping,  and  deviate  in  a  striking 
manner  from  the  common  ridge  form  of  a 
hilly  country. 

The  substratum  continues  to  be  as  to 
the  north-east  flat  imbedded  limestone. 

Approaching  towards  the  Ohio  river  the 
true  superstructure  of  the  basin  again  ap- 
pears, as  we  have  seen  on  the  opposing 
slope.  The  rivers  having  found  their  way 
from  the  mountains  over  the  hilly  and 
central  table  land,  their  channels  become 
deeper.  From  Great  Sandy  to  its  mouth, 
the  aspect  of  the  two  opposing  banks  of 
the  Ohio  river  are  alike,  and  all  the  obser- 
vations made  in  any  general  view  or  par- 
ticular survey  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois, 
applies  with  equal  correctness  to  Ken- 
tucky. A  very  hilly  broken  border  of 
about  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  wide,  fol- 
lowing the  inflections  of  Ohio  river,  skirts 
the  state  from  Great  Sandy  to  the  mouth  of 
Cumberland  river.  Th">3  border  is  the  but- 
tress of  the  Kentucky  slope,  fractured,  if 
such  a  term  can  be  admitted,  by  the  abra- 
sion of  the  waters  flowing  from  the  inte- 


rior. Thougii  Ii6t  obstructed  by  falls,  or 
even  remarkable  rapids,  the  streams  of 
Kentucky  flow  with  great  velocity,  occa- 
sioned by  the  considerable  inclination  of 
their  plane  of  descent.  The  space  between 
the  mountains  and  Ohio  river  has  a  small 
declivity,  but  the  great  depth  of  the  bed 
of  the  latter  river  has  given  so  much  pitch 
to  the  water,  that  every  stream  has  formed 
for  itself  a  channel  whose  declivity  corres- 
ponds to  the  comparative  depression  be- 
tween their  sources  and  recipient.  The 
apex  of  the  hills  within  three  or  four  miles 
from  the  Ohio  river  is  little  if  any  below 
that  of  those  far  in  the  interior.  The 
humble  elevation  of  the  interior  hills  are 
in  relation  to  their  base ;  if  takeJi  above 
Ohio  river  their  height  would  nearly  cor- 
respond to  those  near  that  stream. 

We  may,  therefore,  on  leaving  Ohio 
river,  conceive  ourselves  rising  rapidly  to  a 
level  with  the  general  surface.  We  find 
the  waters  flowing  in  enormous  chasms, 
lined  by  limestone  walls  of  from  109  to  300, 
or  400  feet  deep.  These  chasms  become 
less  profound  as  we  advance  towards  the 
mountain  sources.  Near  the  Ohio  we  meet 
with  innumerable  gushing  springs  of  water, 
which  as  we  ascend  the  central  table  land 
become  more  rare.  We  again  find  these 
fountains  increase  as  we  proceed  on  our 
way  to  the  mountain  border. 

Over  all  the  wide  extent  of  Kentucky, 
the  only  really  level  surface  of  note  is  the 
bottoms  of  Ohio.  Those  bottoms  are,  in 
every  place  where  they  occur,  perfectly 
similar  in  structure,  and  generally  uniform 
in  their  texture.  But  the  bottoms  on  the 
Ohio,  in  much  the  greater  part,  fall  back- 
wards toward  the  hills,  at  the  base  of 
which,  ponds  and  small  marshes  are  fre- 
quent. Hut  few  instances  of  a  regular  ac- 
clivity from  the  water  edge  exist  on  the 
Ohio.  In  this  instance  this  river  differs 
essentially  from  most  streams  on  the  At- 
lantic slope,  and  particularly  from  the  St. 
Lawrence.  Tliese  ponds  along  the  base  of 
the  Ohio  hills  superinduce  bilious  com- 
plaints in  autumn.  Tiiey  are,  however, 
easily  drained,  and  the  beneficial  conse- 
qtiences  of  such  melioration  on  the  face  of 
nature  are  felt  at  Louisville  and  other 
places,  where  such  works  have  been  exe- 
cuted.  • 

As  the  bottom  lands  of  Ohio  constitute 
so  remarkable  a  feature  in  the  topography 
of  the  United  States,  and  as  Kentucky  em- 
braces the  largest  share  of  this  species  of 
soil,  I  have  reserved  to  the  present,  to  in- 
troduce its  particular  description.  •  The 
natural  position  of  Ohio  river,  and  the  pro- 
cess of  its  formation  has  been  amply  dis- 
cussed. It  has  been  shown  that  that 
stream,  and  all  its  confluents  owe  their  ex- 
istence to  the  wearing  away  of  a  primitive 
plain.  It  has  been  also  noticed  that  this 
469 


K  E  N 


K  E  N 


process  must  have  beert"  gradual  and  of 
very  long  continuance. 

'I'he  vale  of  Ohio,  at  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burgh is  460  feet  deep ;  and  this  depth  di- 
minishes in  proportion  to  arr  iidvance  to- 
wards the  lower  terminationof  the  vale,  and 
at  the  junction  of  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  the  water  is  but  little  depressed  be- 
low the  level  of  the  adjacent  bottoms. 

Evidences  of  the  periodical  recession  of 
the  water  is  every  where  seen  in  the  bot- 
toms. In  most  places  there  are  two,  and 
in  some  places  three  stages  of  bottoms,  ele- 
vated above  each  other  15,  20,  or  25  feet. 
The  first,  or  lowest  stage,  is  yet  subject  to 
immersion,  at  the  period  of  veiy  high 
floods,  the  second  ynd  third  have  long 
ceased  to  be  liable  to  inundation. 

Newport,  and  Covington,  the  former 
above,  and  the  latter  below  the  mouth  of 
Licking  river,  opposite  Cincinnati,  are  on 
first  bottoms. 

Louisville,  at  the  rapids  of  Ohio,  stands 
on  a  first  bottom,  more  than  usually  ele- 
vated, but  falling  in  tb.e  rear  into  low 
ponds. 

In  general  the  towns  along  the  margin  of 
Ohio,  except  at  the  mouth  of  rivers,  are 
on  second  bottoms.  Below  Louisville  the 
hills  are  so  much  declined  in  elevation,  as 
to  render  that  place  a  point  of  separation 
between  the  bold  and  rich  scenery  above, 
and  the  more  humble  and  less  variegated 
landscapes  below  that  place.  It  is  also  a 
point  where  the  boltoms  commence  a 
change  from  the  stair-form  we  have  de- 
scribed to  the  flat  and  monotonous  aspect 
of  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi.  From  ilie 
apes  of  the  hills  or.  one  side,  to  those  on 
the  other,  the  distance  is  about  two  miles, 
thrce-fotirths  of  which  is  occupied  by  the 
river  and  slopes  of  the  hills,  leaving  about 
half  a  mile,  or  880  yards,  for  the  breadth 
of  the  bottoms.  The  length  of  Ohio  is 
848,  or  in  round  numbers  850  miles,  which 
at  half  a  mile  wide  would  yield  425  square 
miles  of  bottom  land.  Tliis  amounts  to 
only  523,200  acres,  much  less  than  is  com- 
monly believed,  tliough  I  am  well  convin- 
ced falls  little  if  any  short  of  thej-eal  quan- 
tity. As  to  fertility,  no  description  can 
much  exceed  reality ;  this  range  is  no 
doubt  amongst  the  most  productive  in  the 
northern,  temperate  zone.  Its  natural  iii; 
digenous  forest  trees  indicate-S-StnPBTthe 
very  highest  strength  of  production.  The 
most  prominent  species  are  oaks,  elms,  ash, 
and  hickory,  of  every  variety ;  black  and 
white  walnut,  liriodendron,  sugar  maple, 
linen,, cotton  wood,  and  sycamore;  with  an 
underwood  of  papavv,  dogwood,  and  spice. 
Every  vegetable  which  the  climate  will 
adfiTiii  can  be  produced  in  abundance.  We 
may  dismiss  the  subject  at  present  by  ob- 
serving, that  in  p--/mt  of  climate  the  Ohio 
itself  ranges  through  three  degrees  and 
470 


forty  minutes  of  latitude.  The  mouth  of 
Big  Beaver,  being  in  North  lat.  40  40jnnd 
the  mouth  of  Ohio  North  lat,  37.  OtPthis 
climatic  expanse,  Kentucky  embraces  two 
degrees  and  eight  minutes  of  latitude. 

We  have  now  surveyed  Kentucky,  and 
have  found  the  features  of  nature  exhibited 
on  its  siu'face  to  be  in  accordance  with 
those  of  other  parls  of  the  basin  in  which 
it  is  situated.  We  have  foun^,a  much 
more  varied  physiognomy  than  that  country 
is  commonly  allowed  to  possess.  It  is  a  re- 
gion, indeed,  which  well  deserves  the  at- 
tention of  the  philosopher  and  statesman : 
it  is  interesting  to  the  former  from  its  pe- 
culiar structure  and  productions,  and 
to  the  latter  from  its  commanding  posi- 
tion. 

Politically,  Kentucky  is  subdivided  into 
the  counties  of  : 

Counties  Square  miles  Population  To  square  mile 
Adair,  1,140  8,765         7 

Allen,  290  5,327      17 

Barren,  476        10,328      21 

Bath,  352         7,960      22 

Boone,  300         6,542      22 

Bourbon,  200        17,664      88 

Bracken,  160  5,280      33 

Breckenridge,  700         7,485       10 
BuUit,  260  5,831      22 

Butler,  480         3,083        6 

Caldwell,  480  9,022      18 

Campbell,  220         7,022      32 

Casey,  300         4,349       14 

Christian,  770        10,459       13 

Clarke,  230        11,449       50 

Clav,  800         4,393- i-    5 

Oumberhnd,    '.440  8,058      18 

IJavies,  '600         3,876        6 

Estill,  700         3,507      -  5 

Fayette,  276        23,250      84 

Fleming,  540       12,186      22 

Flovd,  1,660  8,207        4 

Franklin,  270        11,024        4 

Gallatin,  350         7,075      20 

Garrard,  220        10,851       50 

Grant,  250  1,805        7 

Grayson,  600         4,055        6J 

Greene,       ..       630        11,943       19 
Greenup,  590         4,311        7 

Hardin,  1,100        10,498        9^      ' 

Harlan,  650  1,961        3 

Harrison,  330        12,278      37 

lart,  320         4,184      13 

Henderson,        600  5,714        9 

Henry,  400        10,816      27 

Hickman,        1,500 
Hopkins,  750  5,322        7 

Jefferson,  520        20,768      40 

Jessamine,         170         9,297      54 
Knox,  840         3,661        4 

Lawrence,  720 

Lewis,  380         3,973       10 

Lincoln,  320         9,979      31 

Livingston,        720  5,824        8 

Logan,  630        14,423      23 


K  E  N 


K  !•:  14 


Comuka 

Madison, 

Mason, 

Mercer, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery 

Muhlenberg; 

Nelson, 

Nicholas, 

Ohio, 

Owen, 

Pendleton, 

Pulaski, 

Perry, 

Pike, 

Rockcastle, 

Scott, 

Shelby, 

Simpson, 

Todd, 

Trigg, 

Union, . 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

WJiitley, 

V/oodford, 


Square  miles 
490 


220 
350 
700 
420 
540 
510 
190 
640 
200 
340 
800 
990 
960 
380 

iro 

520 
410 
450 
450 
540 
680 
550 
940 
560 
160 


Population 

15,954 

13,588 

15,587 

4,956 

9,587 

4,979 

16,273 

7,973 

3,879 

2,031 

3,086 

7,597 


2,249 

14,219 

21,047 

4,852 

5,089 

3,874 

3,470 

11,776 

15,987 

7,951 

2,340 

12,207 


To  square  mile 
32 
61 

44 

7 


9 
32 

42 
6 

10 
9 
9 


6 

83 

40 

11 

11 

8 

6 

17 

29 

8 

4 

76 


37,680      564,317      15  nearly 

Of  this  papulation,  2,759  are  free  blacks, 
and  126,732  are  slaves,  leaving  a  white 
population  of  434,826. 

The  different  members  of  this  mass,  ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1820,  were  classed 
thus: 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  529 

Engaged^n  Agriculture     -        -     132,161 

do.        Manufactures  -      1\,779 

do.        Commerce       -        -        1,617 

146,086 

Those  counties,  the  population  of  wliicli 
are  not  marked,  have  been  formed  since 
the  last  census  was  taken. 

Lawrence  county  was  formeti  out  of 
Greenup  ;  Hickman,  betua^en  Xht  state  of 
Tennessee,  and  Tennessee,  Ohio,  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers  ;  Pike  from  Floyd,  and  Per- 
ry from  Clay. 

The  principal  productions  of  Kentucky, 
are  wheat,  flour,  Indian  corn,  salted  provi- 
sions,  live  stock,  tobacco,  hemp  and  salt. 
Manufactures  of  various  kinds  have  risen 
to  considerable  extent  particulai'ly  coarse 
cloths  and  cordage.  The  commercial  out- 
let of  Kentucky  is  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  interests  of  education  have  received 
considerable  attention  in  tiiis  state,  the 
Transylvania,  is  a  comparatively  recent  but 
a  really  respectable  institution.  Accord- 
ing to  a  report  of  the  Professors  l:i  th  .3  semi- 
nary dated  February  11th,  1822,  the  school 
of  Medicine  presents,  •'  all  the  means  re- 
quisite for  A  complete  course  of  msdicul 


education,  conducted   in  the  usual  acade- 
mic:il  form. 

The  liibrary  of  the  Institution  is  select 
and  valuable',  containing  in  various  lau- 
guages,  tlie  standard  and  most  esteemed 
works  in  medicine,  both  ancient  and  mo- 
dern, with  no  inconsiderable  number  of 
the  same  rank  in  tiie  several  collateral 
branches  of  science  ;  the  chemical  appara- 
tus is,  in  many  respects,  not  inferior  to  any 
in  the  United  States;  and  the  anatomical 
museum,  already  rich  In  matter  of  instruc- 
tion, will  be  rendered  much  more  so,  by 
additions  which  it  will  receive  from  Eu- 
rope in  the  course  of  the  sunnmer.  The 
lecture  rooms  are  also  spacious,  comforta- 
ble and  commodious. 

Courses  of  lectures  are  delivered  on  all 
the  branches  of  medicine  taugjit  in  the  eld- 
est schools  of  our  country.     3 

The  price  of  subsistence  is  unusually 
moderate,  and  accomodations  excellent, 
the  situation  exceedingly  heilthy,  and,  in 
intelligence,  morality  and  rCTnement,  the 
society  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any  other 
town  in  the  United  States. 

The  lectures  will  commence  annually, 
on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  and  ter- 
minate early  in  the  month  of  March. 

To  be  entitled  to  present  himself  a  can- 
didate  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine, a  pupil  must  be  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  and  have  attended  two  full  courses  of 
lectures — one  of  them  at  least,  in  this  In- 
stitution. 

But  any  Physician,  who  sliall  have  prac- 
tised his  profession  with  reputation  for  the 
term  of  four  years,  may  become  a  candi- 
date after  attending  one  full  course  of  leC" 
tures  in  this  school." 

The  charter  of  a  second  university  to  be 
located  at  Danville,  was  granted  by  the 
Legislature  in  1819. 

Kentucky,  river,  rises  in  Floyd  county, 
in  the  spurs  of  Cumberland  mountain,  in- 
terlocking with  the  sources  of  Licking 
and  Big  Sandy,  and  opposite  to  those  of 
Tennessee.  The  general  course  of  Ken- 
tuliky  river  is  NW,  and  by  comparative 
courses  200  miles,  tlirough  or  bordering  on 
Floyd,  Perry,  Estill,  Clark,  Madison,  Fay- 
ette, JessaiTiine,  Garrard,  Mercer,  Wood- 
ford, Franklin,  Shelby,  Owen,  Henry  and 
Gallatin  counties.  It  enters  l^hio  at  Port 
William,  and  in  times  of  flood  navigable  by 
the  windings  of  the  stream  about  150 
miles. 

Kerbela,  ancient  Vologesia,  town  of  Irak 
Arabi,  on  the  W  bank  of  the  Euphrates, 
about  50  miles  SW  from  Bagdad. 

KercoIaJig,  island  in  tlie  Indian  Ocean, 
between  80  and  100  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence.    Lon.  126  31  E,  lat.4  28  N. 

Ucresoun,  ancient  Cerasus,  town  of  Asia- 
tic Turkey,  on  the  Black  Sea,  70  miles  W 
SW  from  Trebisond. 

471 


Iv   b   S 


Kergiieleiis  Land,  island  in  the  Soutlieni 
Ocean,  visited  by  captain  Cook,  in  1779, 
Lon.  69  '37  E,  lat.  49  3  S. 

Kerman,  province  of  Persia,  ancient  Ca- 
rama/wa,  lying  on  the  gulf  oi  Persia.  The 
inhabitants  drive  a  great  trade  in  their 
wool 

Kerman,  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  called  also 
Caramania.  It  is  120  miles  NNVV  of  Gam- 
broon.    Lon.  55  15  E,  lat,  39  20  N. 

Kerpeii,  town  of  Germanj',  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  dachy  of  Juliers,  14 
miles  SE  of  Juliers.  Lon.  6  56  E,  lat.  50 
ON, 

Kerry,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  57  miles  long  and  45  broad, 
bounded  on  the  E  by  the  counties  of  Li- 
merick and  Cork,  on  the  W  by  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  on  the  N  by  the  Shannon, 
which  separates  it  from  Thomond,  and  on 
the  S  by  Desmond  and  the  ocean.  It  is  a 
mountainous  countr)',  but  in  many  places 
are  good  corn-fields.  It  contains  84 
parishes,  and  sends  eight  members  to  par- 
liament.    Ardfert  is  the  capital. 

Kerslia-iU,  district  of  South  Cai'olina, 
bounded  by  Sumpter  and^part  of  Hichland 
SE  ;  part  of  Richland  SW  ;  Fairfield  W ; 
Lancaster  NW  and  N  ;  Chesterfield  NE  ; 
and  Darlington  E.  Length  33  ;  mean 
width  24 ;  and  area  about  800  square 
miles.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale.  Soil  productive.  Chief 
town,  Camden.  Tiiis  district  was  not  re- 
turned in  the  census  of  1820,  but  the  ag- 
gregates, as  subsequently  published  in 
Niles'  Register,  are  annexed  to  the  sub- 
jokied  table. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -         2,577 

do.  do.     females  -        -         2,365 

^.  » 

Total  whites        ...  4,942 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  78 

Slaves 4,847 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  inhabitants 
Free  persons  of  colour, 
Slaves, 


9,867 


5,C28 

122 

6.692 


Total  population  in  1820  .        3,746 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15',. 

Kertsch,  fortress  of  great  importance, 
which  with  Jenikale  command  the  passage 
which  forms  the  communication  between 
the  sea  of  Asoph  and  the  Black  Sea.  It  is 
situated  on  the  E  coast  of  the  Crimea, 
near  the  N  entrance  of  the  straits  of  Caffa, 
12  miles  from  Jemicale. 

Kesroan^  chain  of  ifiomilahis,  on  the  ccast 
472 


of  Syria,  which  makes  a  part  of  Sfount  Li-* 
banus. 

Kessel,  town  of  Prussian  Guelderland, 
with  a  handsome  castle,  seated  on  the 
Mease,  between  Ruremond  and  Venlo. 
Lon.  5  49  E,  lat.  15  16  N. 

Kessehlorf,  village  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  three  miles  below 
Dresden,  I'emarkable  for  a  victory  gained 
by  the  kmg  of  Prussia,  over  the  Saxons,  in 
1745. 

Keste-jen,  one  of  the  three  grand  divi- 
sions of  Lincolnshire.  It  contains  the  W 
part  of  tlie  count}',  from  the  middle  to  tha 
S  extremity. 

Kss~Mck,  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  it  is  seated  in  a  vale 
surrounded  by  hills,  near  the  rapid  river 
Greeta  ;  near  this  vale  the  finest  black  lead 
in  the  world  is  dug  up.  It  is  25  miles  N\V 
of  Kendal,  and  217  NNW  of  London.  Lon 
3  15  W,  lat,  58  35  N. 

Kesxoich,  Vale  of,  district  in  the  S  part 
of  Cuml)erland.  fiere  is  the  lake  of  Der- 
went-water.  To  the  N  of  this  is  the  lofty 
mountain  Skiddaw,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished in  England ;  and  to  the  S  is  the 
dreary  region  of  Borrowdale.  See  Bur- 
roiodale,  Derzvent-ivater,  and  Sbiddaxv. 

KeUering,  town  in  Northamptonshire,  12 
miles  NE  of  Northampton,  and  75  NW  of 
London.     Lon.  0  59  E,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Ke^t),  village  in  Surry,  seven  miles  W  by 
S  of  London,  on  the  Thames,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridge  of  seven  arches  to  Brent- 
ford. Here  is  a  royal  palace,  fine  gardens, 
and  his  majesty's  exotic  garden.  "Many 
new  plants  from  the  South  Sea  and  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  being  transplanted  to  it. 
Tiie  latter  has  been  brought  to  great  per- 
fertion.  Kew  gardens  are  open  to  the  pub- 
li«v  every  Monday,  from  Midsummer  to  the 
en  I  of  Autumn. 

Ke\ieena,  I'oiut,  projects  far  into  the  S 
side  of  lake  Superior.  It  is  thus  distir>- 
guis'.ed  and  described  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft. 
"It  has  sometimes  been  confounded  by 
geographers,  and  travellers,  with  Point 
Chegoimegon,  which  is  130  miles  further 
west.  In  coasting  round  this  point  it  is  es- 
timated to  be  ninety  miles,  but  canoes 
shorten  tlie  voyage,  by  ascending  the  Port* 
age  river,  which  nearly  insulates  the  point 
from  the  main  shore,  and  makes  a  portage 
of  less  than  a  niiie,  into  the  lake  west  f;om 
the  point.  To  the  east  of  this  point  there 
is  a  large  b.ay,  13  miles  wide  by  20  in  length 
called  Kev.eena  bay,  which  it  is  necessa- 
ry to  cross,  in  order  to  reach  Portage  ri- 
ver.    See  Portage  river. 

Kexholm,  town  of  the  liussian  govern- 
ment of  Wiburgh,  on  two  islands  of  the 
lake  Ladoga,  60  miles  NE  of  Wiburg,  and 
67  N  of  P'etersburgh.  Lon.  30  25  E,  lat. 
61  3  N. 

K^vmhmh  tpv.n in  Somci'sctshlre, on llic 


D 


k  I  1. 


Avon,  five  miles  SE  of  firistol,  and  119  W 
of  London,     Lon.  2  34  W.lat.  51  24  N. 

Keysville,  post  village  of  Charlotte  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  head  waters  of  Meheitn 
river,  70  miles  S\V  from  Richmond. 

Khoraein,  country  of  Asia,  along  the  E 
side  of  the  Caspian.  It  corresponds  in  part 
with  ancient  Hyrcania,  or  rather  the  west- 
ern part  of  Scythia  Intra  Imarum. 

Kharkof,  government  of  the  Russian  em 
pire,  formerly  comprised  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Ukrania-Slovodskaia.       Its  capital 
of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Uda, 
which  falls  into  the  Donetz. 

Khojund,  city  of  Bucharia,  on  the  Sihon 
or  Jaxartes  river,  120  miles  NE  from  Sa- 
marcand. 

Kia-king-foii,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tche-kiang,  remarkable  for  noth- 
ing but  its  streets,  ornamented  by  beauti- 
ful piazzas,  that  shelter  passengers  from  the 
sun  and  rain.  Seven  cities  of  the  third 
class  are  dependent  upon  it.    • 

Kaichta,  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the 
Selinga  river,  and  frontier  of  China,  about 
200  miles  S  from  Irkoutsk.  it  is  the  cen- 
tre of  trade  between  Russia  and  China. 
Lat.  50  30  N.  lon.  10  7  E. 

Kiang-nan,  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  W  by  Ilonan  and  Houquang,  on  the 
S  by  Tche-kiang  and  Kiang-si,  on  the  E  by 
the  gulf  of  Nanking,  and  on  the  N  by 
Chan-tong.  It  is  of  vast  extent  and  con- 
tains 14  cities  of  .the  first  rank,  and  93  of 
tlie  second  and  third.  These  cities  are 
very  populous,  and  all  of  them  are  great 
trading  places,  it  is  full  of  lakes,  rivers  and 
canals  ;  and  tlieir  silks,  japanned  goods, 
ink,  and  paper,  bring  liigher  prices  than 
that  of  tlie  other  provinces,  Nan-king  is  the 
capital. 

Kiang-Si,  province  of  Chin^,  bounded 
on  theN  by  Kiangnan,  on  the  W  by  Hou- 
quang, on  tlie  S  by  Quang-tong,  and  on 
the  E  by  Fo  kien  aud  Tclie-kiang.  TtiC 
niotmtains  of  this  province  contain  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  lead,  &c.  the  rice  it  produces 
is  very  delicate,  and  its  porcelain  is  the 
finest  of  the  empire.  It  contains  13  cities 
of  the  first,  and  78  of  the  second  and  tiiird. 
Nan-tchang-fou  is  the  capital. 

Kiburg,  town  of  Swisseiland,  and  in  the 
canton  of  Zuric,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  TheoiT,  14  miles  NE  of  tlie 
town  of  Zuric.     Lon.  8  46  E,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Kidderminster,  corporate  town  in  Wor- 
cestershire. It  is  seated  under  a  hill,  on 
the  river  Slour,  und  is  the  principal  manu- 
facturing place  in  the  county,  and  it  was 
particularly  noted  for  a  woollen  manufac- 
ture called  Kidderminster  stuffs.  Its  for- 
mer trade  of  stuflTs  is  much  declined,  on 
account  of  the  general  use  of  cotton  goods  , 
but  its  carpet  manufacture  has  greatly  in- 
creased. It  is  14  miles  SE  of  Brit^genorlh, 
J  0 


and  125  NW  of -London.    Lon.  2  18  W, 
lat.  52  28  N. 

Kidxuelly,  town  in  Carmarthenshire,  in  S 
Wales.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the 
Bristol  Channel,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Towy.  From  this  town,  a  canal  has  been 
cut  to  some  collieries,  whence  coal  is 
brought  down  and  exported.  It  is  eight 
miles  S  of  Carmarthen,  and  224  W  by  N 
of  London.     Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Kiel,  strong  and  considerable  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle,  and  a  uni- 
versity. It  stands  on  a  peninsula,  in  a  bay 
of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a  commodious  har- 
bour for  ships  of  the  largest  size.  A  canal 
was  begun  in  1777,  by  which  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Northern  Sea  is  to  be  united 
with  the  Baltic  ;  and  crosses  Holstein,  by 
the  canal  of  Kiel,  and  the  river  Eyder, 
which  passes  by  Rendsburg,  and  falls  into 
the  German  Ocean  at  Tonnmgen  ;  by  which 
Kiel  has  become  one  of  the  most  com- 
mercial places  in  Holstein.  Kiel  is  37 
miles  NW  of  Lubec,  and  46  N  by  E  of 
Hamburg.  Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  54  20  N.  See 
Holstein.     See  article  JVavigation  Inland, 

Kiema,  promontory  of  Swisserland,  on 
the  W  shore  of  the  lake  of  Zug,  of  which 
it  is  remarkable,  that  the  ground  belongs 
to  the  canton  of  Lucern,  the  timber  to 
that  of  Zug,  and  the  le. ves  to  that  of 
Schv\eifz. 

Kien-ning-fou,  city  of  Cliina,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Fo-kien.  At  thi"  time  of  the  con- 
quest of  Chma  by  the  Mandshurs,  it  sus- 
tained two  sieges,  and  after  some  time  it 
was  taken,  and  all  the  inhabitants  were  put 
to  the  sword.  Having  been  since  re-estab- 
lished, it  is  ranked  among  cities  of  the  first 
class,  and  has  eight  cities  of  the  third  class 
under  its  jurisdiction.  It  is  260  miles  SE 
of  Nun  king. 

•Kiernotu,  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on  the 
Villia,  where  the  duke  resides.  Lon.  ^5 
21  E,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Kilbarchan,  village  in  Renfrewshire  ;  it  is 
a  manufacturing  place,  and  has  extensive 
bleaching  grounds.  It  is  five  miles  SW  of 
Renfrew. 

Kilbeggan,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  West 
Meath.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bosna,  and  is 
44  miles  W  of  Dublin. 

KUburn,  village  in  Middlesex,  in  the  vi- 
cinity ot  London  ;  famous  for  a  fine  well  of 
mineral  water. 

Kilda,  St.  small  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
the  Hebrides,  18  leagues  to  the  W  of  North 
Uist.  A  great  number  of  the  poor  people 
in  this  island  live  chiefly  by  fishing  and 
catching  wild  fowls.  St.  Kilda  is  the  most 
westerly  island  of  Great  Britain. 

Kildare,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leinster,  37  miles  long  and  20 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Dublin  and 
Wicklow,  on  the  W  by  King's  CDXtntyj  and 


K  I  L 


f".  I  L 


Queen's  Countv,  on  the  N  by  K  Mcath,  and  Killamey,  town  of  Irelind  'm  the  county 
oil  tiie  S  by  Catherloiigh.  It  is  a  fertile  of  Kerry  and  province  ofMunster,  on  the 
country,  contains  100  parishes,  ami  sends  si.l.-  of  a  hke  of  the  same  name-  Within 
10  memoeis  to  parliament.  naif  a  mile  of  this  place  are  the  ruin-i  of  the 

Kildare,  town  of  Ireland,  Capital  of  a  ciahcJral  of  A'^liadoe  an  ancient  bibhopric 
County  of  the  same  n^tne,  witii  a  bishop's  united  to  Ardfert.  It  is  14o  nndes  SW  of 
see.     It  is  27  miles  SW  of  Dublin.     L^n.  6    Dnbi;n. 

37  W,  lat.  53  9  N.  KiUarneVy  beautiful   lake  of  Ireland,  in 

Kildriimmy,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aber-  the  county  of  Kerry,  otherwise  called 
deenshire,  seated  on  the  Don.  Lon  2  35  Lough  Lean,  from  its  being  surrounded  by 
W,  lat.  57  20  N.  high  mountains.     It  is  divided  into  three 

Kilgarren,  town  in  Pembrokeshire,  seat-  parts,  called  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Up- 
ed  on  the  river  Tyvy  ;  near  it  is  a  rem  rka-  per  Lake.  The  northern,  or  lower  lake,  is 
ble  salmon-leap,  where  the  fish  are  ca-iglit  six  miles  in  length,  and  from  three  to  four 
in  great  abundance.  Above  this  place,  are  in  breadth.  The  upper  lake  is  four  miles 
large  works  for  fabricating  tin  plates.  It  inlength,  and  from  two 'o  three  in  breadth, 
is  30  miles  N  of  Pembroke,  and  227  WN  W  It  is  almost  surrounded  by  mountains,  from 
of  London.     Lon.  4  40  W,  lat.  52  4  N.  which  descend  a  number  of  beautiful  cas- 

Kilham,  town  in  the  E  riding  of  York-  cades.  The  islands  in  this  lake  are  nu- 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  merous,  and  afford  an  am:izing  variety  of 
seated  on  the  Moulds,  and  is  36  miles  NE  picturesque  views.  The  centre  lake  which 
of  York,  and  200  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  16  communicaUs  with  the  upper,  is  small  in 
W,  lat.  54  5  N.  comparison  \V\\.\i  the  other  two,  and  cannot 

Kilia,  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu-  boast  of  equal  Viriety;  but  the  shores  are, 
rope,  in  the  province  of  Bessarabia  ;  sated  in  many  places,  indented  with  beautiful 
in  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube.  ba}s,  surrounded  by  dark  groves  of  trees. 
It  is  86  miles  SW  of  Bialogorod,  and  290  In  the  several  moimtains  adjacent  to  the 
NE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  28  46  E,  lat.  lakes  are  st  11  to  be  seen  ves  iges  of  mines 
45  22  N.  of  iron,  lead  and  copper. 

Kilkenny,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro-  Killevan,  town  of  Ireland,  and  province 
vince  of  Leinster,  40  miles  long  and  20  of  Ulster  in  the  county  of  Monnghan,  eight 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Catherlough  miles  SW  of  Monaghan.  Lon.  7  26  W,  lat. 
and  Wexford,  on  the  W  by  Tipperary,  on    54  10  N. 

the  N  by  Queen's  County,  and  on  the  S  by        Killicrankie,   noted    pa§s  in   Perth.shire, 

Waterford.     It  is  one  of  the  most  health-    near  the  junction  of  the  Tumel   with  the 

ful,  pleasant  and  populous  counties  in  Ire-    Garry.     It  is  the  grand  entrance  into  the 

land,  contains  96   parishes,  and  sends  16    Highlands  In  those  parts,  and  is  formed  by 

members  to  parliament.  the  lofty   mountains  impending  over  the 

Kilkenny,  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a    Garry,    which  rushes  through  in  a  deep 

county  of  the  same  name.     It  is  one  of  the    darksome,  and   rocky  channel,  overhung 

most  populous  and  commercial  towns  of   w.ih  trees.     At  present,  a  fine  road  gives 

I-elund  ;    and    consists  of  the    Irish   and    an  easy  access  to  the  remote  Highlands ; 

English  Town,   the   last  of  which   is  the    m^i  the  two  sides  sre  joined  by  a   fine 

principal.     It  once  had  h  bishop  and  the    yrcli.     Near  the  N  end  of  this  pass,  in  its 

cadiedral  is  yet  standing.     It  i;  26   miles    open  and  unimproved  state, king  Wilham's 

N  of  Waterford,  and  54  SW  of  Dublin,    anny  under  general  M  ckey,  was  defeated, 

Lon.  6  55  W,  lat.  52  36  N.  ij,  16S9,  by  the  Highlanders,  commanded 

Kilkenny,  township  of  Lelnsler  coun'y,    by  viscount  Dundee,  who  was  killed  in  the 

Lower  Canada,  35  miles  NW  from  Mon-    moment  of  victory.     Here  also  a  body  of 

treal.  Hessians  in  1746  made  a  full  pause,  refusing 

Kilkenny,  township  of  Coos  county,  New    to  march  further,  for  it  appeared  to  thera 

H.impshire,  8   miles  NE   from  Lancaster,    as  the  «e/»/;/s  7(Z/ra  of  habitable  country. 

Population  in  1820,  24  KiUikcuih,  borough   of  Ireland,    in   the 

Kilkeiiny,  post  town,  St.  Lawrence  coun-    ^^^^,^^^,  ofDown.seated  on  an  arm  of  Strang- 

ty,  New\ork.  ,      ,  •      .  ford  Lough,  \\  here  ships  may  be  sheltered 

Killala,  seaport  of  Ireland,  m  the  county    ^..^^  ^,j  Oj^j^_     ^.,,g  celebrated  Sir  Hans 

of  Mayo,  and  province  of  Connaught,  with    ^^^^^^  ^.^^  ^^^^^  -^  ,,^ig  ^^^^^^  ^^-^^-^^^^  -,3  gQ 

a  bishop's  see      It  is  21  miles  IN  ot  Castle-       jj     ^^  ^    ^  ^^-  ^.^biin. 

bar.     Lon.  9  11  W,  lat.  54  15  E.  ^ 


Killaloe,  city  of  Ireland,  hi  the  county  of 
Clare,  and  province  of  Munster  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  19  arches  Here  is  a 
considerable  salmon  and  eel  fishery.  It  is 
10  miles  NNE  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  27  W, 
lat,  52  50  N. 

ATI 


Killinaule,  town  olTreland,  in  the  county 
of  Tipperary  and  province  of  Connaught, 
14  mdes  N  of  Cloumel.  Lon.  7  26  W,  lat. 
52  27  N, 

KiUingly,  township  of  Windham  cotmty, 
Connecticut,  containing  2,512  inhabitants 
in  1810.  and  in  1820,  2,80",    It  is  situated 


K  1  J< 


K  I  N 


between  Quinaboag  river  and  Rhode 
Island,  in  the  NE  corner  of  the  state. 

Killington  peak;  mountain  of  Vermont, 
10  miles  E  from  UntlunJ.  It  is* upwards 
of  4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

Killing-.uorth,  post  town  and  township,  in 
Middlesex  county,  Connecticut ;  situated 
on  Long'  Island  Sound,  20  miles  SW  of 
New  London,  and  about  25  NE  of  New 
Haven.  It  contained  in  1820,  3,963  in- 
habitants, 

Killony,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Sligo,  six  miles  S  of  Sligo.  Lon.  8  25 'W, 
lat.  54  11  N. 

Killough,  or  Vort  St.  Jinn,  seaport  of 
Ireland,  in  the  cointy  of  Down,  and  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  sinuate  !  on  the  N  of  St. 
John's  Point,  in  the  Irish  S  a,  and  has  a 
good  quay  where  ship^  lie  very  safe.  Here 
is  a  manufacture  of  salt.  It  is  76  miles  N 
by  E  of  Dublin. 

Killybeffs,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Donegal,  ^-itli  a  spacious  harbour 
on  the  N  side  cf  Donegal  Bay.  It  is  12 
miles  NW  of  Ballvshamion.  Lon.  8  6  W, 
lat.  54  40  N.         ' 

Kilmac-Thomas,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Wateifor.l  and  province  of  Mun- 
ster,  12  miles  8E  of  VVateriord.  Lon.  7 
10  W,  lat.  52  14  N. 

^ilmain/iam,  town  of  Ireland,  situated 
about  half  a  mile  from  Dublin.  It  has  a 
session-house  and  a  jail ;  and  here  the 
quarter  sesbions  are  held  for  the  county  of 
Dublin,  and  the  knights  for  the  shire 
elected.  It  was  sometimes  the  seat  of 
government,  before  the  castle  at  Dublin 
was  appropriated  to  Ihe  purpose. 

Kilmallock,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Limerick.  Lon.  8  34  W,  lat.  51 
24  N. 

Kilmarnock,  populous  town  in  Ayresi.ire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  gloves,  carpets, 
stockings,  niglitcaps,  bonnets,  and  otiier 
woollen  goods.  It  is  15  miles  SW  of 
Glasgow. 

Kilmarnock,  post  village,  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

.^i7more,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Cavan  and  province  of  Ulster,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  three  miles  SW  of  Ca'.aii. 
Lon.  7  11  W,  lat.  54  2  N. 

Kiltearn,  town  of  Kossliire,  in  Scotland, 
remarkable  for  being  the  burial  pkce  of 
Donald  Monro,  who  gave  Buchanan  the 
account  of  the  islands  and  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  which  he  has  inserted  in  his  his- 
tory. 

Kit-worth,  thriving  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork  and  province  of  Mun- 
ster,  at  the  foot  of  Kilworth  mountains. 
Below  the  town  runs  the  river  Funchcon, 
oh  which  stands  the  castle  of  Cloughleagh, 


which  lias  stood  seven  sieges,  Kilworth 
is  108  miles  SW  of  Dublin. 

Kimbolton,  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  noted  for  the 
castle  of  Kimbolton.  It  is  eight  miles  N 
W  of  St  Noel's,  and  64  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  18  W,  lat  52  15  N. 

Kimi,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  in  East  Bothnia, 
seated  on  a  rivrr  of  the  same  name,  where 
it  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  10  miles  S 
E  of  Tornea. 

Kimi  Lapmark,  province  of  Swedish 
Lapland,  .situnted  on  the  frontiers  of  Rus- 
sian  Lapland. 

Kimsici,  town  of  Tartary  in  Russia, 
where  there  is  a  great  number  of  martens 
and  sables. 

Kill,  town  of  Persia,  320  miles  E  of  Is- 
pahan. 

Kinbiirn,  fortress  of  the  Russian  empire, 
situa'.ed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dnieper, 
opposite  Oczukow.  In  the  last  war  with 
Kussa,  the  Turks  made  several  attacks 
upon  it  by  land  and  sr^a,  but  were  finally 
repulsed 

Kiiicardme-o  neil,  village  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, seated  on  the  river  Dee,  23  miles  W 
of  Aberdeen, 

Kincardineshire,  or  JMearns,  county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N  and  NW  by 
Aberdeenshire,  on  the  E  by  the  German 
Ocean,  and  on  the  S  by  Angusshire.  Its 
length  along  the  coast  is  30  miles ;  its 
greatest  breadth  20.  The  only  borough  in 
it  is  Inverbervie. 

Knderhook,  township  and  post  village,  in 
Columbia  county.  New  York,  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  nver,  10  miles  N  of  the  city  of 
Huds:<n,  and  20  S  of  Albany.  I'opulation 
in  1820, 

Knderhook,  creek  of  Columbia,  and 
Rensallaer  counties,  New  York.  It  is 
composed  of  two  branches.  'I'lie  South 
branch  r.ses  near  the  SE  angle  of  Colum- 
bia county  ;  the  north  branch  near  the  SE 
angle  of  Rensallaer  county,  and  each  flow- 
ing about  25  miles,  unite  about  2  miles 
from  Hudson  river,  into  which  the  united 
stream  falls  5  miles  N  from  the  city  of 
Hudson. 

Kineton,  town  in  Warwickshire.  It  is 
10  miles  SSE  of  Warwick,  and  88  N  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  24  W^  lat.  52  11  N. 

King  George's  Sound,  name  given  by 
captain  Cook,  in  1778,  to  the  harbour 
which  he  discovered  on  the  W  coast  of 
Quidra  and  ^'ancouvers  Island.  Lon.  126 
48  W,  frem  London,  49,  48  W  from  W  C. 
and  lut.  49  33  N.  But  the  natives  call  it 
.Vootka  ,  the  name  now  generally  adopted 
by  the  Englisi).  Upon  the  sea  coast,  the 
land  is  tolerably  high  and  level ;  but,  with- 
in the  island,  it  rises  into  steep  hills,  which 
have  a  uniform  ;ippearawce.  The  trees, 
of  which  the  woods  are  composed,  are  the 
475 


KIN 


K  I  1\' 


Canadian  pine,  white  cypress,  and  two  ov 
three  other  sorts  of  pine.  In  general,  the 
trees  grow  here  with  great  vigour,  and  are 
of  a  large  size.  About  the  rocks  and  bor- 
ders of  the  woods  were  seen  some  straw- 
berry plants,  and  raspberry,  corrent,  goose- 
berry bushes,  all  in  a  fl  urishing  state.  In 
1780,  a  small  association  of  British  mer- 
chants, resident  in  the  East  Indies,  formed 
the  project  of  opening  a  trade  to  this 
place,  for  supplying  China  with  furs,  and 
took  measures,  in  1788,  to  secure  them- 
selves a  permanent  set'lement  ;  but  the 
Spaniards  being  jealous  of  the  intrusion  of 
the  English  into  that  part  of  -he  world,  sent 
a  frigate  from  Mexico  to  put  an  end  to 
this  commerce.  The  frigate  captured  two 
English  vessels,  and  to'ik  possession  of  the 
settlement  that  liad  been  formed  upon  the 
coast.  The  British  ministry  immediately 
ordered  a  powerful  armameni  to  give 
weight  to  their  demand  of  reparation  ;  but 
the  affair  was  amicably  terminated  by  a 
convention,  in  1790. 

King  and  Queen,  county  of  Virginia, 
bounded  by  Mattapony  river  or  King  Wd- 
liam  SW  ;  Caroline  N\V  ;  Essex  and  Mid- 
dlesex NE ;  and  Gloucester  SE,  Length 
40  ;  mean  width  10  ;  and  area  400  square 
miles.  Surface  waving  rather  than  hilly. 
Soil  ofmiddUng  quahty.  Chief  town,  Dun- 
kirk. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


river  in  a  very  fertile  canton,  abounding 
with  gold  and  silver. 

Xing-creek,  post  village,  Barnwell  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

Aifig  George,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  the  Rappahannock  river,  or  Caroline 
county  S ;  Stafford  W  ;  Potomac  river  N, 
and  Westmoreland  E.  Length  16 ;  mean 
width  10  ;  and  area  160  square  miles.  Sur- 
face hilly.  Soil  of  middhng  quality.  Chief 
town,  Hampstead. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  nnales       ...      1,190 

do.    do.   females  -        -      1,191 


Total  whites         .         .        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 
Slaves       -        .        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 


2,267 
2,451 

4,718 

267 

6,003 

10,988 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,192 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,268 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 


Total  whites 

5,460 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     . 

140 

do.            do.        females 

157 

Slaves,  males      .... 

3,081 

do.     females 

2  960 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


11,798 


0 

2,945 
44 
16 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  29^  nearly. 
King-an-fou,  city   of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Riang-si,  seated  on  the  banks  of  a 
476 


Total  whites            -        -        -  2,381 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...       -  197 

Slaves          .        .        -        .        -  3,876 


Total  population  in  1810 


6,454 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,175 

do.    do.    females     .        -        -        1,174 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males  -        -        - 

do.     females  -        -        - 


Total  population  in  1820 


6,116 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture               -  1,934 1 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  124 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  16 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  38. 

King  George  the  Third's  Islands,  group 
on  the  west  coast  of  America,  extending 
from  lat.  56  10,  to  58  18  N. 

Kinghorn,  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  nine  miles  N  of  Leith,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Frith.  Lon.  3  0 
W,  lat.  56  5  N. 

King''s  county  of  Ii'eland,  in  the  province 
of  Leinster,  which  is  38  miles  long  and  30 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N  by  West  Meatb, 
on  the  E  by  Kildare,  on  the  S  by  Queen's 
county  and  Tipperary,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Shannon,  which  divides  it  from  Ros- 
common, Galway,  and  another  part  of  Tip- 
perary. It  contains  56  parishes,  and  sends 
six  members  to  parliament.  It  is  not  so 
rich  as  some  of  the  other  counties,  nor  is  it 
so  well  inhabited.  The  capital  is  Philips- 
town. 

Kings,  county  of  New  Brimswick,  on 
both  sides  of  St.  John's  river,  bounded  by 
Charlotte  county  E  ;  by  St.  John  S  ;  and 
by  Westmoreland  and  Northumberland  W. 


K  I  N 


K  I  X 


K'higs,  county  of  New  York,  compiising 
the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island  ; 
bounded  S  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  W  by 
the  Narrows,  New  York  harbour,  and  East 
river ;  NE  by  Queens  county,  and  E  by 
Jamaica,  or  Rockaway  bay.  Length  8 ; 
mean  width  6  ;  and  area  about  50  square 
miles  Surface  most  delightfully  variega- 
ted, and  under  complete  cultivation,  pre- 
sents a  very  pleasing  aspect.  The  soil  in 
its  natural  state  was  sterile,  sandy  and 
rocky,  but  by  manure  has  been  rendered 
generally  highly  productive  in  grain,  fruits, 
and  garden  vegetables.  Chief  towns, 
Brooklyn  and  Flatbush. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  nnales     -        -        -        3',406 

do.  do.    females  -        -        3,044 

Total  whites  .  -  -  6,450 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               -        -        -  735 

Slaves 1,118 

Total  population  in  1810  -        8,303 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        •        -        4,912 
do.    do.    females     .        -        -        3,514 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed  -        -  0 

Total  whites      -        -        .        .  9,426 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  410 

do.            do.      females  -  472 

Slaves,  males      -                 -        -  519 

do.    females            ...  360 

Total  population  in  1820  .       11,187 

Of  these ;  

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  308 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -  840 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  713 

do,       in  Commerce     -  -  81 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  223^  ;  and 
excluding  the  inhabitants  of  Brooklyn, 
7175,  73|. 

Kingsbridge,  town  in  Devonshire.  It  is 
seated  at  the  head  of  a  small  inlet  of  the 
English  channel,  34  miles  S  by  W  of  Exe- 
ter, and  218  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  3  48 
W,  lat.  50  20  N, 

Kingsbridge,  crossing  place  over  Har- 
lem river  or  strait,  on  the  road  from  New 
York  up  Hudsons  river. 

Kingsbury,  village  in  Herts,  to  the  N  of 
St.  Alban's.  Here  the  Saxon  kings  had  a 
palace. 

Kingsbury,  tov.mship  of  Washington 
county.  New  York,  with  2272  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  22a3.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  between 
fort  George  and  Argyle  township,  and  90 
miles  N  of  Albany. 

Kingsclear,  town  in  Hampshire,  It  was 
he  residence  of  some  of  the  Saxon  kings, 


and  is  nine  miles  NW  of  Basingstoke,  and 
56  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  i  9  W,  lat. 
51  20  N. 

Kingsclear,  township  of  York  county, 
New  Brunswick. 

Kingsessivg,  SE  township  of  Philadel- 
phia county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  be- 
tween Blockiy  township,  Schuylkill  river, 
Delaware  river,  and  Darby  creek.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  1188. 

Kingsey,  township  of  Buckingham  coun- 
ty, Lower  Canada,  on  St.  Francis,  and  the 
west  branch  of  Nicolet  rivers,  about  40 
miles  S  by  E  from  Three  Rivers. 

Kings-ferry,  post  office,  Monongalia 
county,  Virginia,  25  miles  by  land  above 
Morgantown,  and  three  miles  below  the 
main  fork  of  Monongahela  river. 

King's  Langly,  village  in  Herts,  five 
miles  W  of  St.  Alban's.  Richard  II,  was 
buried  in  its  monastery,  but  removed,  bj'' 
Henry  Y.  to  Westminster. 

Kings,  mountain  in  Lincoln  county. 
North  Carolina,  26  miles  a  little  S  of  W 
from  Charlotte,  and  35  SE  by  E  from  Ru- 
therfordton.  This  mountain  or  hill,  was 
rendered  remarkable  by  a  battle  fought 
there,  October  7th,  1780,  between  a  party 
of  United  States  militia,  and  of  British  and 
tories.  The  latter  were  defeated  With  the 
loss  of  Col.  P'ei'guson  their  commander, 
and  nearly  the  whole  either  killed  or  ta- 
ken prisoners. 

Kingstnn,  strong  fortress  of  Norway. 
See  Fredericstadt. 

Kingston,  post  town  and  township  in 
Rockingham  county.  New  Hampshire,  19 
miles  SW  of  Portsmouth,  with  847  inha- 
bitants. 

Kingston,  post  town  and  township  In 
Plymouth  county,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  a  small  bay  near  Cape  Cod,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  37  miles  SE  of  Boston,  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1313. 

Kitigston,  township  of  Addison  countv, 
Vermont,  25  miles  SW  from  Montpeli'a. 
Population  350. 

Kingston,  post  town  and  township,  Ulster 
county,  New  York,  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  32  miles  S  of  the  city  of 
Hudson  ;  which  was  burnt  by  the  British 
forces  in  1777,  being  at  that  time  one  of 
Gen.  Washington's  principal  magazines. 
Population  1820,  2956, 

Kingston,  village  of  Middlesex  county. 
New  Jersey,  on  Millstone  river,  and  on  the 
road  from  New  Brunswick,  to  Trenton,  15 
miles  SW  from  the  former  place. 

Kingston,  village  of  Luzerne  countv, 
Pennsylvania,  built  on  one  street,  opposite 
Wilkesbarre,  on  the  W  side  of  the  river 
Susquehanpiah,  and  distant  about  one  mile 
from  it.  This  village  stands  upon  a  plain, 
about  the  same  height  as  Wilkesbarre  and 
in  view  from  each  other. 

Ki?igston,  township  of  Luzerne  county, 
477      - 


K  I  N 


K  I  N 


Pennsylvania,  around  and  including  the. 
precedine;'  village  of  tiie  same  name.  Po- 
pulation 1820, 1288, 

Kingston,  viibge  of  Talbot  county,  Ma- 
ryknd,  on  the  right  bank  of  Choptank  ri- 
ver five  miles  NE  from  Easton. 

A'nj^.tio?*,  post  vijlige,  Somerset  county, 
Maryland,  five  miles  N  from  tlie  mouth  of 
Pocomoke  river. 

Kingston,  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  head  waters  of  Alum  and  Big 
AValnut  creeks,  and  immediately  north  of 
Sunbury.     Population  in  1820,  407. 

Kingston,  small  town  situated  on  the  line, 
but  within  the  county  of  Ross,  Ohio,  10 
miles  north  from  Chillicotiie. 

Kingston,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Roane  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  point 
between  Clirch  and  Holston  rivers,  60 
miles  by  water,  and  40  by  hnd,  below 
Knoxville. 

Kingston,  town  of  Jamaica,  on  the  N 
side  of  the  bay  of  Port  Royal,  about  a  mile 
in  length  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  It 
v.-as  built  after  the  great  earthquake  in 
1692,  it  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  and  is 
much  resorted  to  by  merchants  and  sea- 
men, because  most  of  the  ships  come  to 
load  and  unload  their  cargoes  here.  Lon.  W 
COSE,  lat.  17  56  N.  Papulation  about 
r>3,000,  of  which  about  10,000  only  are 
whites 

Kingston  upon  Hull.     See   Tlnll. 

Kingston  upon  Thames,  a  corporate  town 
in  Surry.  Queen  Elizabeth  founded  here 
a  free  school ;  and  the  Lent  assizes  are 
cons*antly  held  at  this  place.  The  wooden 
bridge,  over  the  Thames,  is  the  most  an- 
cient on  that  river,  except  London  bridge. 
It  is  11  miles  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  12 
W,  lat  51  27  N. 

Kin^^ston,  Upper  Canada,  occupies  the 
site  of  old  fort  Fronteriac,  at  the  head  of 
St.  Lawn  nee  river,  opposite  Wolf  island. 
This  town  was  laid  out  in  1784,  and  is  now 
the  most  populous  in  the  province.  Its 
situation  as  an  entrepot  between  Lower 
and  Upper  Canada,  and  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States  is  very  advantageous. 
The  harbour  is  excellent,  and  admits  ves- 
sels of  the  largest  size.  It  contains  a  Pro- 
testant and  Catholic  chuich  ;  a  court  house, 
jaii,  hospital  and  about  400  dwelling 
houses,  with  2000  inhabitants.  Distant  35 
miles,  nearly  NW  from  Sacket-'s  Harbour, 
in  New  York.  Lon.  W  C  0  20  E,  lat.  44 
8  N. 

King-te-ching,  town  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-si  and  district  of  Jaotcheou- 
fou. 

King-tree,  village  of  Williamsburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  on  Black  river,  about 
65  miles  N  from  Charleston. 

Kingsville,  township  of  Ash*abu1a  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  on  lake  Erie,  10  miles  NE  from 
Jefferson.     Population  in  1820,  614. 
478 


King  IVaiiam,  county  of  Virginia ;  situa- 
ted between  Mattapony  and  Pamunkev 
rivers,  and  extends  eastward  to  where  those 
rivers  imite,  and  form  York  river,  and 
bounded  NW  by  Caroline  county.  Length 
40;  mean  width  12,  and  area  480  square 
miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil 
generally  thin  and  in  part  sandy. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,612 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,682 


9,697 


1 
3,159 

47 

21 


Total  whites      ....  3,294 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        .        .  203 

Slaves 5,788 

•  

Total  population  in  1810     ,         -        9,285 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,698 

do.    do.    females  -        -        1,751 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites  .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  xlo.        females, 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females         ... 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.    in  Manufactures 
•  do.    in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 

King  William  CWr<  7/oHse,  the  principal . 
seat  of  justice,  in  King  William  county, 
Virginia  ;  situated  35  miles  NE  from  Rich- 
mond, about  half  way  between  Mattapony 
and  Pamunkey  rivers.  Here  is  a  post  of- 
fice. 

King  William's  Mills,  post  office.  King 
William  county,  Virginia. 

King  Wood,  township  of  Hunterdon 
county.  New  Jersey,  containing  2,605  in- 
habitants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Delaware,  between  Amwell  and 
Flemington.     Population  in  1820,  2786. 

Kingivood,  post  village,  Preston  county, 
Virginia,  near  Cheat  river,  20  miles  SE 
from  IMorgantown. 

Kinross,  borough  in  Kinross-shire,  seated 
on  a  plain,  near  Loch-Leven,  skreened  on 
the  N  by  the  Ochil  Hills.  Its  manufactures 
are  linen,  and  some  cutlery  ware  ;  and  it  is 
20  miles  N  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  22  W, 
lat.  56  15  N. 

^/jiross-s^/re,  county  of  Scotland,  between 
the  shires  of  Perth  and  Fife,  and  30  miles 
in  circuit,  and  its  length  and  breadth  nearly 
equal.   It  sends  one  member  to  parliament, 


K  I  O 


K  1  K 


alternately  with  the  county  of  Ciackirtan- 
nan.  Population  in  1801,  6,725  ;  in  1811, 
7,245  ;  and  in  IS20,  7762. 

Kinsale,  seaport  and  borou.2;li  of  Ivelaml, 
in  the  county  of  Cork,  ail  province  of 
Munster.  It  is  a  very  popiil  .us  trading 
place,  and  has  an  excellent  harbour,  14 
miles  S  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  26  W,  lat.  51 
41  N. 

Kinsale,  post  town  in  Westmoreland 
county,  Virginia;  situated  on  the  SW 
side  of  the  river  Potomac,  near  Chesapeak 
bay. 

Kimman,  NK  township  of  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio-     Population  in  1820,472. 

Kinnton,  post  town,  Lenoir  county,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ncuse  river, 
40  miles  by  water  above  Newbern. 

Kintail,  peninsula  in  Itoss-shire,  situa- 
ted between  Loci)  Garron  and  Loch  Duich. 
Kin-tcheoufou,  city  of  China,  ni  the  pro- 
vince of  Ilau-quang,  Its  district  contains 
two  cities  of  the  second;  and  11  of  the 
third  class, 

JCmt-ching,  capital  of  the  islands  of  Lieou- 
kieou,  in  the  Ciiina  Sea,  in  Cheonli,  the  S 
part  of  the  island.  Lon.  146  30  E,  lat.  26 
2  N. 

Kintore,  borough  in  Aberdeenshire,  10 
miles  W  by  I»l  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  5  W, 
lat.  57  8  N. 

Kiof,  town  of  Polish  Russia,  and  capital 
of  the  Ukraine,  in  a  palatinate  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  the  capital  of  the  Ru-san  go- 
vernment of  Kiof,  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  Town,  and  seated  on  ihe  VV  side 
of  the  Dnieper,  180  miles  NE  of  Kaminieck, 
and  335  E  by  S  of  Warsaw.  Lon  31  51 
E,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Kiof,  or  Kio-,u,  government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  being  part  of  the  Ukraine,  or 
little  Russia.  It  lies  on  the  E  side  of  the 
Dnieper,  althous^h  Kiof,  the  capital  is  on 
the  W  side.  This  country  was  conquered 
by  the  Tartars,  and  came  a>r;ain  into  the 
possession  of  the  great  dukes,  but  was 
over-run  and  possessed  by  the  Cos-^acks, 
under  the  protection  of  Poland.  In  1664, 
the  natives,  discontented  with  John  Gassi- 
mer,  king  of  Poland,  submitted  to  Russia, 
and  have  ever  since  remained  subject  to 
the  empire.  This  government  contains 
eleven  districts ;  and  its  principal  rivers 
are  the  Dnieper,  Desna,  Oster,  Udai,  Sula, 
Psol  and  Trubesh. 

Kiof,  or  Kioiv,  palatinate  of  Poland,  in 
that  part  of  the  Ukraine  which  lies  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Dnieper.  It  contains  only 
two  districts,  and  several  small  towns 
scarcely  worthy  of  notice  ;  its  capital, 
Kiof,  being  subject  to  Russia. 

Jf2o-/eo;/,  ciiy  of  China  in  the  province 
of  Chang-tong  and  district  of  Yencheou- 
fou.     It  is  celebrated  as  the  birth  olace  of 


Confucius,  several  monuments  are  still  to 
be  s  en  here,  erected  in  honour  of  this 
eminent  man. 

Kioge,  or  Koge,  seaport  of  Denmark, 
in  the  isle  of  Zealand,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, 10  miles  S  of  Copenhagen.  Lon. 
12  40  E,  lat.  59  31  N. 

A7q/z/n^,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Werme- 
land,  seated  on  a  small  stream,  that  falls 
at  a  little  distance  into  the  lake  Maeler. 
Lon.  16  40E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Kioumzeik,  well  built  town  of  Pegue, 
situated  on  the  rivtr  Irrawaddey.  It 
seems  to  be  in  a  state  of  improvement, 
and  has  a.  manufacture  of  cotton  cloth, 
which  is  the  source  of  its  prosperity: 

Kirby- Lonsdale,  town  on  Westmore- 
land. It  is  a  large  town  with  a  manu- 
factory of  woollen  cloth,  seated  on  the 
Lon,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  10 
miles  SE  of  Kendal,  and  253  NW  of 
London.     Lon.  2  57  W,  lat.  54  3  N. 

Kirby  Moorside,  toAvn  in  the  >J  riding 
of  Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  edge 
of  the  moors,  near  the  rivf  r  Dow,  25 
miles  N  of  York,  and  225  N  by  W  of 
London.    Lon.  1  3  VV,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Kirby- Stefihcn,  town  in  Westmore- 
land, near  the  skirts  of  the  hills,  which 
separate  this  country  from  Yorkshire, 
and  has  a  manufactory  of  stockings.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Eden,  and  is  nine 
miles  S  of  Appleby,  and  281  NNW  of 
London      Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  54  26  N, 

Kirchberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube, 
nine  miles  S  of  Ulm.     Lon.  10  12  E,  lat. 

48  16  N. 

Kirchberg,  territory  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  belonging  to  the 
house  of  Austria. 

Kircheim,  town  r  f  Germany,  in  the 
circje  of  Suabia,  25  miles  from  Ulm. 

Kircheim  Poland,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper   Rhine.    Lon.   7 

49  E,  lat.  49  39  N. 

Kirin,  one  of  the  three  departments  of 
East  Chinese  Tartary,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  rivtr  Saghalien,  on  the  E  by 
the  Sea,  and  on  the  S  by  Corea,  and  on 
the  W  by  Leacong.  It  contains  only- 
two  or  three  ill  built  cities,  surrounded 
by  mud  walls.  The  valuable  plant  gin- 
seng grows  here. 

Kirin,  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name  in  E  Chinese  Tartary,  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Songari,  which  is 
here  called  Kirin,  is  the  residence  of  a 
Mantchew  general,  who  is  invested 
with  the  authority  of  a  Viceroy. 

Kirkhises,  Tartar,  or  Tater,  nation  of 
central  Asia.  They  are  divided  into 
three  Hordes  or  clans ;  the  Little,  Mi'!- 
479 


K  1  11 


K  1  r 


die  and  Great  Horde.  This  widely  ex- 
tended people  inhabit  the  Asiatic 
steppes  or  prairies.  According  to  Mr. 
Tooke,  they  derive  their  name  from 
Kirghis-Kaisaki,  and  are  a  branch  of  the 
Kozaks.  In  their  manners  they  are  pas- 
toral, and  extend  from  the  Volgee  far  to 
the  east  of  the  Aral  sea. 

Kirkcaldy,  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  on  the 
frith  of  Forth,  with  a  dockyard  for  small 
vessels,  and  a  cotton  manufacture.  It  is 
a  pretty  populous,  large,  well  built  town, 
10  miles  N  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  8  W, 
lat.  56  8  N. 

Kirkcudbright,  seaport  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Dee,  which  forms  its  harbour.  It  is  a 
small  inconsiderable  place,  admirably 
situated  for  the  fishery,  and  other 
branches  of  commerce.  It  is  60  miles 
W  of  Carlisle,  and  83  SW  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  4  8  W,  lat.  55  0  N. 

Kirkcudbrightshire,  county  or  stewar- 
try  of  Scotland,  which  once  formed,  with 
Wigtonshire,  the  ancient  province  of 
Galloway.  It  is  bounded  on  the  NE  by 
Ayrshire  and  Dumfrieshire,  on  the  S  by 
Solway  Frith  and  the  Irish  Sea,  and  on 
the  W  by  Wigtonshire  and  Ayrshire. 
Its  extent  from  N  to  S  is  30  miles,  from 
E  to  W  45.  Population  1801,  29,211 ;  in 
1811,  oc,,683  ;  and  in  1821,  38,966, 

Kirkless,  village  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  the 
monument  of  the  famous  Robin  Hood  ; 
and  on  the  adjacent  moor  are  likewise 
two  hills  called  Robin  Hood's  Butts. 

Kirkoswaid,  town  in  Cumberland,  on 
a  hill  near  the  river  Eden,  nine  miles  N 
by  E  of  Penrith,  and  292  NVV  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  48  W,  lat.  5448  N. 

Kirk's-Mills,  post  village,  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Kirkpatrick  township  in  Dumbarton- 
shire, lying  E  of  Dambarton,  said  to  be  the 
birthplace  of  the  tutelary  saint  of  Ireland. 
The  vestiges  of  the  Koman  wall,  called 
Graham's  Dike,  built  by  Antonius,  extend 
Irom  the  frith  of  Clyde  at  this  place,  to  the 
frith  of  Forth. 

Kirkwall,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
Mainland,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney 
islands.  It  is  built  on  an  inlet  of  tiie  sea 
on  the  E  side  of  the  island,  and  has  a  tolera- 
ble harbour,  with  a  fortification,  on  which 
some  guns  are  mounted  for  its  defence  ;  the 
most  striking  object  is  the  stately  cathedral 
of  St.  Magnus.  It  is  30  miles  NE  of 
Thurso,  in  Caithnesshire.  Lon.  2  57  W, 
lat.  58  54  N. 

Kirhiuood,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 1404. 

Kirton,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a  mag- 
nificent church,  and  a  market  on  Satui-day, 

480 


20  miles  N  of  Lincoln,  and  151  N  by  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  28  W,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Kismish,  island  of  Asia,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  about  50  miles  in 
length  and  five  in  breadth,  with  a  remarka- 
ble pearl  fishery.  It  is  tertile,  populous, 
and  12  miles  S  of  Gombroon. 

Kishtac,  island  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
America,  100  miles  long  and  about  30 
mean  width.  Lon.  WC  75  W;  central 
latitude  57  30  N, 

Kisti,  Asiatic  nation,  which  extends 
from  the  highest  ridge  of  Caucasus,  along 
the  Sundsha  rivulets  ;  they  are  bounded  to 
the  W  by  the  little  Cabarda;  to  the  E  by 
the  Tartars  and  Lesguis,  and  to  the  S  by 
the  Lesguis  and  Georgians. 

Kistiia,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  falls 
into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  S  of  Masulipatam. 
It  is  upwards  of  650  miles  in  length,  rising 
near  the  Malabar  coast. 

Justnagheri,  town  and  strong  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  66  miles  from  Ar- 
cot. 

Kitliinning,  clilef  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, of  Armstrong  county,  Pennsylvania ; 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  Alleghany  river, 
40  miles  NE  of  Pittsburgh.  Lat.  40  30  N. 
Population  in  1820,  318. 

Kittanning,  township  of  Armstrong 
county,  Pennsylvania,  includmg  the  prece- 
ding town.  Population  in  1820,  976,  ex- 
clusive of  the  village. 

Kittatitiny  J\Ioimtains,  this  range  passes 
through  Sussex  county,  New  Jersey,  crosses 
Delaware  river  at  the  Delaware  Water 
Gap,  passes  through  Northampton  county, 
Pennsylvania,  and  continuing  SW,  crosses 
Susquehannah  river,  5  miles  above  Harris- 
burg;  separates  Perry  from  Cumberland, 
and  Franklin  from  Huntingdon  and  Bedford 
counties,  and  merges  into  Maryland,  west 
from  Connecocheague  creek;  crosses  Po- 
tomac river,  between  Back  creek,  and 
Shenandoah  rivers.  It  is  finally  merged 
amongst  the  other  mountain  ridges  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

Kittatinny  ■valley,  is  the  valley  be- 
tween the  Kittatinny  range  and  Blue 
Ridge.  In  Peniisylvania,  this  valley  va- 
ries from  8  to  15  miles  wide,  and  is  uni- 
formly composed  of  a  limestone  base  to- 
wards the  Blue  Ridge,  and  of  clay  slate 
on  the  side  of  Kittatinny  mountain.  The 
line  of  separation,  between  those  two 
rock  formations  crosses  Delaware  ri- 
ver about  20  miles  above  Easton;  the 
Lehigh  at  the  Slates  about  five  miles 
above  AUentown ;  the  Schuylkill  above 
the  mouth  of  Maiden  creek  ;  the  Sus- 
quehannah in  the  borough  of  Harris- 
burg,  and  the  Potomac  near  the  month 
of  the  Conecocheague.  In  Virginia,  the 
line  of  division  nearly  corresponds  with 
Opequan  creek  between  Jefferson  and 


K  N  I 


K  N  O 


Berkeley  counties.  It  is  a  common,  bat 
very  erroneous  opinion  that  the  whole  of 
this  valley  is  bassed  on  limestone ;  that 
rock,  is,  however,  confined  to  the  SE 
side. 

Kittsry,  post  village  and  tov/nship  of 
York  county,  Maine,  at  the  moutli  of  Pis- 
cataway  river,  opposite  Portsmouth.  Popu- 
lation in  1820, 1886. 

Kiun-tchc'jufou,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Hainan,  stands  on  a  promontory,  and 
ships  often  anchor  at  the  bottom  of  its 
walls.  Its  district  contains  three  cities 
of  the  second,  and  10  of  the  third  class. 

Kiutaiah,  ancient  Cotyaeum.  Lon.  29 
52  E,  lat.  39  25  N.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Sikaria,  ancint  Sangari- 
us  river,  150  miles  SSE  from  Constanti- 
nople.    Present  population  alwut  50,000. 

Kizislermak,  ancient  JIahjs,  larj^est  ri- 
ver ^'  Asia  Minor,  rises  in  Mount  Tau- 
ris,  within  70  miles  from  the  Meditena- 
nean  sea.  Its  general  course  nearly  N, 
about  400  miles  to  where  it  falls  into  the 
Black  sea,  near  the  ancient  Naustath- 
mus  promontory.  v 

Ki&lar,  or  JCkliar,  considerable  town 
of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the  Terek,  near  its 
entrance  into  the  Caspian  sea.  Lat  43 
51  N. 

Klattaw,  town  of  Bohemia,  46  miles 
SW  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  6  E,  lat.  50  SO 
N. 

Kle(e?iberg,  tov/n  of  Swisscrland,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Aar,  three  miles  from 
VValdschut.  The  bishop  of  Constance 
exercises  the  spiritual  jurisdiction  ;  but 
the  sovereignty  behmgs  to  the  cantons, 
Lon.  S  12  E,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Kliinderc,  strong  fortress  of  the  United 
Provinces,  in  Holland,  near  the  arm  of 
the  sea  called  Hollands  Diep.  It  is  nine 
miles  SE  of  Williamstadt. 

Knajidale,  mountainous  district  in 
Argyleshire,  Scotland,  ailjoining  to  Ar- 
gyle  Proper,  and  connected  on  the  S  by 
a  narrow  neck  of  land  to  the  peninsula  of 
Cantyre. 

Knaresborough,  town  in  the  N  riding 
of  Yorkshire.  It  is  delightfully  seated 
on  the  river  Nid,  famous  for  its  medici- 
nal springs,  on  a  rugged  rock  where 
there  was  a  castle.  Knaresborough 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
IS  miles  W  by  N  of  York,  and  211  N  by 
VV  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  54  5 
N. 

Knighton,  commercial  town  in  Rad- 
norshire. It  is  seated  on  the  Tend,  over 
which  there  is  abridge,  and  is  14  miles 
W  of  Hereford,  and  1.35  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  2  46  VV,  lat.  52  13  N. 

A"n?^/;;s6nV/§-e,  first  village  from  Lon- 
don, on  the  great  Western  road.  Here 
IS  an  infirmary  for  the  sick  and  wounded, 
3  P 


called  St.  George's  Hospital ;  and  a  con- 
siderable manufacture  jof  painted  floor 

cloths. 

Knittelfeldt,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria.  It  is  a  small  place,  78 
miles  from  Vienna,  seated  on  the  river 
Muchr.    Lon.  14  57  E,  lat  47  29  N. 

Knotsfm-d,  town  In  Cheshire.  There  ar« 
two  towns  of  this  name  pretty  near  to- 
gether, called  the  Higher  and  Lower.  It 
is  seven  miles  NE  of  Northwich,  and  173 
NNW  of  Loudon.  Lon.  2  28  W,  lat.  53 
20  N. 

Knowlton,  township  of  Sussex  county, 
New  Jersey,  oo  Delaware  river,  below  the 
month  of  Paulings  kill,  and  about  5  miles 
below  the  Delaware  Wat.M*  Gap.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2,701. 

ICnox,  township  of  Hiincock  county, 
Maine,  28  miles  NW  from  Castine.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  560, 

Knox,  county  of  Kentucky;  bounded  Sfi 
by  Hsrlan  ;  S\V  by  Whitely  ;  NVV  by  Rock- 
castle, and  NK  by  Clay.  Length  43  ;  mean 
width  19^  ;  and  area  840  square  miles. 
This  county  is  watered  by  Cumberland 
river,  and  several -of  its  branches.  The 
37th  degree  of  N  lat.  intersects  it  nearly 
in  the  centre.  The  surface  is  very  hilly  in 
general,  and  towards  the  SE  mountainous. 
Chie-f  town,  Barbougville,  is  about  125  SSE 
from  Frankfort. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,867 

-do.  do.    females    -        -        -        2,661 


Total  whites      .        -        .        .        5,528 
All  other  persBus  except  Indians 

not  taxd§        ....  40 

Slaves        .        -        .        .        - 


Total  population  in  1810 


307 
5,875 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

1,688 

do.   do.    females     - 

1,617 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

3,305 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

9 

do.            do.        females, 

10 

Slaves,  males      .        -        .        - 

163 

do.  females 

174 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  tiiesc  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.         in  Minufactures 
do.         in  Commerce 


3.661 


1 

1,096 

32 

5 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  4^  nearly 

Knox,  countv  o^East  Tennessee  ;  bound* 
ed  by  Sevier  SB;  Blount  S;  Roane  W; 
481 


K  N  O 


K  N  O 


Anderson  XW ;  ami  Grainger  and  Jen'er- 
son  NE.  Length"  30  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and 
area  450  square  miles.  Ho'.ston  and  Clinch 
rivers  unite  at  Knoxvilk-,  near  the  centre 
of  this  county,  and  wiih  tiie  united  stream 
below  their  junction  afford  much  excellent 
land.     Chii'ftown,  Knoxvilie. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whitt  males  -        -        4,557 

do.    do.    females         -        -        4,319 

Total  whites  ...  -  8,876 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  24 

Slaves 1,271 


Total  population  in  1810 


10,171 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,578 

do.    do.    females         -       ,-        5,548 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...         -  0 


Total  whites           .        -        -  11,126 

Free  persons  of  colour,. males  48 

do.             do.        females,  35 

Slaves,  males    ...       -  877 

do.    females         -        -        -  948 

Total  population  in  1820  -      13,034 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  51 

Engaged  in  At^rirulture  -        2,769 

do.        in  Maimfactures        .  280 

do.        in  Commerce     -        .  35 

Population  to  the  square  mile,^9  nearly. 

Knox,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  by 
Richland  N;  Cooshocton  E;  Licking  S; 
Delaware  W  ;  and  Marion  NW.  Leng'th 
30  ;  breadlli  20  ;  urea  600  square  miles.  It 
is  watered  by  Owl  and  Mohiccon  creeks. 
Surface  rather  level  than  hilly.  Chief 
town.  Mount  Vernon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -         •       1,145 

do.  do.    fem.ales       -        -        -  992 


Total  whites      -        -        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  .        .        .        . 

Slaves  .        .        -        -        • 

Total  population  in  1810 


2,137 


12 
0 


2,149 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,451 

do.  do.    -emales  -        -        3,855 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites               ... 

8,306 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

10 

do.           do.    females   - 

10 

-182 

Slaves,  males 
do,    females 

i'otal  population  in  1820 


0 
0 

8,326 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  12 

I'.ngaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         1,367 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  139 

do.        in  Commerce       •        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14  nearly. 

Knox,  township  of  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  5o5. 

A^'mox,  NE  township  of  Jefferson  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1677. 

Knox,  county  of  Indiana,  between 
White  and  Wabash  rivers;  bounded  by 
Kaskaskia,  or  Pike  and  Gibson  counties 
S;  Wabash  river  W;  Sullivan  N;  and 
Daviess  E.  Length  36  ;  mean  width  11  ; 
and  area  about  410  square  miles.  Surface 
level  towards  the  Wabash,  but  becoming 
hilly  in  the  interior ;  soil  generally  fertile. 
Chief  town,  Viucennes. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -         •         4,011 

do.      do.    females  -        -        3,550 

Total  whites       ....        7,561  • 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 249 

Slaves  -        -        -        -        -         135 


Total  population  in  1810 


7.945 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       .         .        - 

2,840 

do.   do.    females    -        -        - 

2,313 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t ixed        .        .        -        - 

0 

Total  whites      ....  5,153 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  92 

do.            do.       females  74 

Slaves,  males        ....  65 

do.     females     .        -        -        -  5S 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        5,437 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  46 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  941 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  212 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  50 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Knoxvilie,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Knox  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Holston  river,  22  miles  above  its 
junction  witli  Tennessee,  about  200.  miles 
'E  from  Nashville.  Lat.  35  50  N.  Popu- 
lation upwards  of  2000.  It  is  the  seat  of 
an  academj',  and  preparations  are  making 
to  put  a  college  into  operation.  A  very 
liberal  donation  was  made  by  the  general 
government  in  favour  of  the  latter  institu- 
tion. 


:K   O   N 


K  O  N 


Kiioxville,  post  town,  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio,  12  miles  N\V  from  Steubenville. 
Population  200. 

Koang-fiii-fmi,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-si,  surroundsd  by  hifjii 
iTiountains.  Its  district  contains  seven  ci- 
ties of  the  third  class. 

Kohl,  called  by  the  Chinese,  Chanio,  a 
vast  desert  of  Chinese  Tartary,  100  leagues 
from  E  to  AV,  and  almost  as  much  from  N 
toS. 

KodiaJi,  extensive  group  of  islands  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  Araenca,  be- 
tween lat.  56  45  and  58  28  N,  Ion.  W  C 
fi'om  74  15  to  76  48  W. 

Koei-tcheou,  one  of  the  smallest  provin- 
ces  \n  China,  bounded  on  the  S  by  Quang- 
si,  on  the  E  by  Hou-quang,  on  the  N  by 
Se-tchuen,  and  on  the  W  by  Yun-nan 
The  whole  country  is  almost  a  desert,  and 
covered  with  almost  inaccessible  moun- 
tains, it  may  be  justly  cailed  the  Siberia  of 
China.  Tiiis  province  pr^'duces  the  best 
horses  in  China.  liesides,  Ko'ji-yang,  the 
capital,  it  contains  nine  cities  of  ihe  first, 
and  38  of  the  second  and  third  class. 

Koei-tcheoit-fou,  city  of  great  trade,  in 
the  province  of  Se-tchuen.  Its  district 
contains  one  city  of  the  second  class,  and 
nine  of  the  third. 

Koei-Yang,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Koei-tcheou,  in  Ch:na,  said  to  have  been 
formerly  the  residtnce  of  the  ancient  kings. 

Kokenhausen,  strong  town  of  Lithuania, 
subject  to  Russia.  It  is  seated  on  the  riva* 
Dwina,  and  is  42  miles  E  of  Riga.  Lon. 
26  3  E,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Kola,  town  of  the  Russian  government  of 
Archangel,  capital  of  Russian  Lapla'.id,  with 
a  good  harbour,  on  the  river  Kola,  near  a 
bay  of  the  same  on  the  Frtzen  Ocean. 
Lon.  32  26  E,  lat,  68  34  N. 

Kollometiska,  town  of  Russia,  pleasantly 
situated  on  an  eminence  near  Moscow. 
Lon.  38  16  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 

KoloktjUda,  ancient  Gytldiim,  25  S  from 
Misitia.     Lon.  22  34  E,1at.  36  47  N.  . 

Kolyma,  or  Uovijina,  large  river  of  Asia- 
tic Russia,  rising  north  from  the  sea  of 
Ocliotsk,  and  flowing  nearly  parallel  to  the 
Indigherka,  falls  into  the  frozen  ocean. 
Lat.  71  25  N,  lon.  152  24  E. 

Kolyvan,  government  of  tlie  Russian  em- 
pire, comprehending  a  part  of  Western 
Siberia,  and  formerly  included  in  the  go- 
vernment ofTobobk.  Its  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  on  tiie  Oby.  This 
country  iias  very  productive  silver  mines, 
which  have  been  called  the  Potosi  of  Rus- 
sia. They  lie  between  the  Oby  and  Irlysh, 
near  the  mountains  which  form  the  fron- 
tiers of  Siberia,  and  separate  tliat  country 
from  Cliinese  Tartary. 

Kongaly  town  of  Norway,  belonging  to 
Sweden,  seated  on  the  river  Gotelba. 
Lon.    11  5  E,  lat.  58  30  N. 


Kongnherg;  town  of  Southern  Norway, 
celebrated  for  its  silver  mines.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Lowe,  and  contains 
including  the  miners,  6000  inhabitants. 
Kongsberg  is  45  miles  SW  of  Christiania. 
Lon.  9  50  E,  lat.  59  40  N. 

Kong  swinge;  fortress  of  Norway,  On  the 
frontiers  of  Sweden.  It  is  st-ated  near  the 
river  Glomine,  at  the  foot  of  a  sleep  rock, 
on  which  stands  an  impregnable  citadel ; 
at  least,  Charles  XII,  who  reconnoitred  it, 
tliought  it  prudent  to  decline  the  attempt. 

Kong-tchaiigfou,  city  of  Cliina,  in  the 
province  of  Chen-si.  It  is  surrounded  by 
inaccessible  mountains,  wliere  a  tomb  is 
seen  which  the  Cliinese  jjretenJ  to  be  that 
of  Fohi.  Its  distric'  contains  three  cities 
of  the  sicond,  and  seven  of  the  third  class. 
It  is  700  miles  SW  of  Peking. 

Koningsbcrg,  town  of  Franconla,  belong- 
ing to  the  house  of  Saxe-Weimar,  three 
miles  NE  of  Schweinfurt.  Lon.  10  44  E, 
lat.  52  5  N. 

Koniiigsberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  nr.arquisate  of  Brandenburg,  47  miles  S 
of  Stettin.     Lon.  14  40  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Koningsberg,  capitaj  of  Prussia,  with  a 
university  and  a  magnificent  palace,  in 
which  is  a  hall  271  feet  long,  and  59  broad, 
without  iiillars  to  support  it,  and  a  hand- 
some library.  The  town  house,  the  ex- 
change, and  the  cathedral,  are  fine  struc- 
tures. The  tower  cf  the  castle  is  very  high 
and  has  284  steps  to  the  top,  whence  there 
is  an  extensive  prospect.  Here  are  18 
churc'.ies,  of  which  14  belong  to  the  Luther- 
ans,  three  to  the  Calvanists,  aud  one  to  the 
Roman  Catholics.  The  town  is  five  miles  in 
circumference,  and  including  the  garrison 
of  7000  men,  contains  6U,000  inhabitants. 
It  stands  on  the  Pregel,  which  here  falls 
into  the  Frische  H;if,  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic. 
No  ships  drawing  m'>re  than  seven  feet 
water  can  pass  the  bar,  and  come  up  to 
the  town  ;  so  that  the  large  vesseU  anclior 
at  Pillau,  a  small  town  on  the  Baltic, 
Avhicli  is  the  pori  of  Koningsberg ;  and 
the  merchandise  is  sent  in  smaller  vessels 
to  this  place  The  trade  o:  Koningsberg 
is  vetv  considerable.  It  is  62  miles  NE  of 
Elbing,  and  135  N  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  20  55 
E,  lat."  54  42  N. 

Koningsgratz,  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
on  the  Elbe,  With  a  bishop's  see,  35  miles 
SW  of  Giatz,  and  115  N  by  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  8B,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Koningshofen,  strong  town  of  Franconia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  25  miles  NNW  of 
Bamberg.     Lon.  10  46  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Krming stein,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of 
Misnia,  with  an  impregnable  fort.  It  is  a 
place  of  confinement  frr  sla'-  ;  'isoners, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe.  10  miles  SE  of 
Pyrna,  and  10  SW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
43  E,  lat.  51  2  N. 

483 


K    I     \, 


Ao/ii'/i^o/e/zi,  town  o;  Ijcijuu:.},  :.-i  liie 
fjircle  of  the  Lower  Hhine,  which  is  strong- 
ly fortified.  It  surreiulered  to  the  French, 
Julj^  22, 1796.     ].oii.  8  25  W ,  iat.  50  5  N. 

KoiiingsluUer,  town  of  Germany,  seated 
in  the  territory  of  Brm-swlck-Wolfenbut- 
tle.     l.on.  11  7E,  kt.52  25  N. 

Koniiz,  town  of  Poland  in  Western  Prus- 
sia, 10  miles  N\V  of  Culm,  and  50  S\V  of 
Dantzic.     Lon.  18  16  E,  Iat.  53  o6  N. 

Kopys,  fortified  town  of  Lithuani-i,  sealed 
on  the  Dnieper,  18  miles  N  of  Mohilet. 
Lon.  31  2  E,  Iat.  54  32  N. 

A'oc/rtcs,  people  of  Tartary,  subject  to_ 
Russia,  who  inhabit  the  nortlieru  coast  of 
the  gulf  Penschinskoi,  and  the  most  north- 
ern part  of  Kanitschatka  to  the  river  Ana- 
dir. Their  country  extent's  westward 
from  the  river  Olomon  (which  runs  into  the 
Kolyma)  as  f.tr  as  the  Indian  Ocean.  Their 
neighbours  are  the  Ksmtschadales,  the 
Tongusians,  the  Lamouts,  and  the  Tschou- 
ktsches. 

Korsa-:v,  or  Xosoa,  town  of  Denmark,  in 
the  isle  of  Zealand,  with  a  fort,  45  miles  W 
byS  of  CouenhaceB.  Lon.  11  10  E,  Iat. 
55  29  N.     ' 

Kortrighi,  township  and  post  village, 
Delaware  counly,  New  York,  10  miles  E 
from  Delhi.     Population  in  1820,  2548. 

Koaol  or  Kosta,  fortiiied  town  of  Silesia, 
near  the  river  Oder,  17  miles  N  of  liatis- 
bon.     Lon.  17  54  E,  Iat.  50  26  N.  _ 

Korsum,  or  Korsun,  town  of  Russia  in  the 
Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river  Ross.  Lon. 
31  23  E,  Iat. -49  3  N. 

Kostroma,  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  formerly  included  in  thut  of  Mos- 
cow. It  is  divided  into  the  provinces  of 
Kustroraa  and  Unsha.  The  capital  of  tlie 
former  of  Kostoma,  sealed  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Volga  ;  the  capital  of  t!ie  second  is 
Makarief,  situated  on  the  Unsha, 

Kouei-te-fou,  city  of  China  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ho-nan,  seated  between  two  large 
rivers.  The  inhabitants  treat  strangers 
with  uncommon  hospitality. 

Kovjno,  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on  the 
AVilna  and  Niemen,  40  milts  W  of  Wilna. 
Lon.  24  12  E.  Iat.  54  56  N. 

Kraanenberg,  town  of  the  duchy  of 
Cleves,  seated.on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  be- 
tween Nimeguen  and  Cleyess.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  pretend- 
ed to  be  miraculous. 

Krainburg,  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on 
the  Inn,  35  miles  E  of  Munich. 

JCrainburgjiown  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 
chy of  Carnioia,  seated  on  the  Save,  18 
miles  NW  of  Laubach. 

Kvainoiuitz,  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  be- 
tween Ratibor  and  Troppaw.  Lon.  17  49 
E,  Iat.  50  7  N. 

Krainsla-w,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Red   Russia  and    palatinate    of 
484 


»;iiciiii,  120  miles  SE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  ~  • 
0  E,  Iat.  51  15  N. 

Krapilz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Oppehm.     Lon.  18  10  E,  Iat.  50  39  N. 

Kratiioyarsk,  town  of  Asiatic  Russia  in  the 
government  of  Tomsk,  on  the  Abakan  a 
branch  of  ihe  Yeiiisey  river.  Lon.  109  E, 
Iat  62  30  N.  Here  according  to  M.  Chappe 
D'Au  eroche,  quicksilver  frequently  con- 
geals by  the  frost  in  winter. 

Krcidet~ville,  post  village,  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  W  from 
Ijcthlchem. 

K'ekith,  corporate  town  in  Carnarvon- 
s'lire,  Vvith  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  near  Traeth-Ama- 
V.  r.r  Bay,  v.'here  a  castle  formerly  stood, 
now  in  ruins.  It  is  13  miles  S  by  E  of  Car- 
narvon, and  237  NV/  of  London.  Lon.  4 
18  W.  Iat.  52  57  N. 

Krempsn,  strong  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Holsteii),  with  a  cas>tle.  It  is  five  miles  N 
of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  NW  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  9  15  E,  Iat.  53  58  N. 

Kvemeo,  town  of  Austria,  seated  on  the 
Danube,  o5  miles  W  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15 
40  E,  hit.  48  IS  N. 

Kreuze7iaoh,  town  of  the  Lower  Rhine, 
with  a  castle,  on  an  eminence.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Nahe,  20  miles  SW  of  Jlentz. 

Krumla-iu,  town  of  Germany,  in  Moravia, 
50  miles  SW  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  16  49  E, 
Iat.  48  46  N. 

Krutzo-.o,  town  of  Lithuania,  30  miles  SW 
of  MozciUaw.     Lon.  32  4  E,  Iat.  54  8  N. 

Krylo-iv,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Kiof,  seated  on  the  Dnieper, 
140  miles  SE  of  Kiof  Lon,  33  50  E,  Iat. 
48  50  N. 

Kubesha,  large  strong  town  situated  on 
a  hill  between  high  mountains.  Its  inha- 
bitants call  themselves  Franki  (Franks,  a 
name  common  in  the  east  to  call  Europe- 
ans,) and  relate  that  their  ancestors  were 
brouglit  hither  by  some  accident,  the  par- 
.  ticulars  of  which  are  now  forgotten.  The 
common  conjecture  is,  that  they  were  ma- 
riners cast  away  upon  the  coast;  but  they 
who  pretend  to  be  better  versed  in  their 
history  tell  the  story  this  way.  Tlie  Greeks 
and  Genoese,  say  they,  carried  on  during 
several  centuries,  a  considerable  trade,  not 
only  on  the  Black  Sea,  but  likewise  on  the 
Caspian,  and  were  certainly  acquainted 
with  the  mines  contained  in  these  moun- 
tains, from  which  they  drew  by  their 
trade  with  the  inhabitants  great  quantities 
of  silver,  copper,  and  other  me'als.  In 
order  to  work  these  \ipon  the  spot,  they 
.sent  hither  a  number  of  workmen  to  estab- 
lish manufactories,  and  instruct  the  inha- 
bitants. 'I'heir  town  is  considered  as  a 
neutral  spot,  where  the  neighbouring 
princes  can  deposit  their  treasures  with 
safety.  They  elect  yearly  twelve  magis- 
trates, to  whom  they  pay  the  most  unlimit- 


i.  A  C 


ed  obedience ;  and  as  all  the  inhabitants 
are  on  a  footing  of  perfect  equality,  each 
individual  is  sure  to  have  in  hi  j  turn  a  .-.hare 
in  the  government.  la  the  year  1725, 
their  magistrates,  as  well  as  the  Usmeri, 
acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  liussia, 
but  without  paying  any  tribute.  Lon.  67 
59  E,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Kudach,  strong  fort  of  Poland  in  the 
Ukraine,  seated  on  the  river  Dneiper.  Lon. 
35  45  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Kufstein,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Tirol,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Inn,  46  miles  S  by  E  of  Mu- 
nich.    Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Kunachir.     See  Jeso. 

Kur,  ancient  Cyrus,  river  of  Persia, 
which  rises  in  mount  Caucasus,  and  passing 
by  TefHIs,  fails  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is 
formed  by  two  large  branches,  the  Aras 
and  Kur  proper. 

Kiirab,  town  of  Asia  in  Persia,  two  miles 
from  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lon.  50  15  E,  lat. 
37  o6  N. 

Kurgan,  river  of  Asia,  which  rises  in  the 
province  of  Corasan,  and  falls  into  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

ITnriles,  chain  of  islands  extending  from 
lat.  45  to  51  N,  ruaning  from  the  so'Uthern 
promontory  of  Kamtsdiatka  to  Japan,  in  a 
SW  direction.  The*  inhabitants  of  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lopatka,  who  were 
themselves  called  Kuriles,  gavfi  these 
islands  the  same  name,  as  soon  as  they 
became  acquainted  with  them.  Spanbug 
says  they  are  22  in  number,  exclusive  of 
the  very  small  ones. 

Kursk;  government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, formerly  part  of  that  of  Bielgoiod. 


Its  capital  of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on 
the  Tukor,  which  falls  into  the  Seine  or 
Sem. 

Kiisma  Damianski,  town  of  the  Russian 
empire,  in  Tarlary,  32  miles  NE  of  Vasigo- 
lorod  from  the  river  Volga.  Lon.  51  30 
E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Kiisistcm,  province  of  Persia,  bounded 
on  the  N  and  R  by  Irac-Agemi,  on  the  S  by 
Farsistan,  and  on  the  W  by  Irac-Arabia. 
Suster  is  the  capital. 

Kttttenburff,  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
near  a  mountain,  remarkable  for  its  silver 
mines,  35  miles  SE  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  37 
E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

KuUure,  country  of  Asia,  which  contains 
a  great  number  of  towns  and  villages,  and 
is  exceedingly  populous.  Its  principal 
towns  are  Tonkul  and  Jourkul ;  those  Ijeing 
the  residence  of  its  rulers.  It  abounds  in 
fruits,  such  as  grapes,  apples,  plums,  &c. 
It  likewise  yields  rice,  wheal  and  other 
grain. 

Kuynder,  fortress  of  the  United  Provin- 
ces, 23  miles  S  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  24  E, 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Ktjlbiirg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Kyll,  16 
miles  NW  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  37  E,  lat; 
50  1  X. 

Kyneton,  town  in  Herefordshire,  with  a 
good  trade  in  narrow  cloth,  and  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  15  miles  NW  of 
Hereford,  and  149  WNW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  50  W,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Kijneton,  village  in  Somersetshire,  NE  of 
Somerton.  It  is  naturally  paved,  for  half  a 
mile,  with  one  smooth  rock,  which  looks 
like  ice. 


Laa,  Laab,  or  Lahab,  town  of  Austria, 
seated  on  the  Teya,  27  miles  NW  of  Vien- 
na.    Lon.  16  9  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Labadia,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  Pole- 
sino  di  Rovigo,  subject  to  the  Venetians. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Adige,  20  miles  NW  of 
I'errara.     Lon.  11  54  E,  lat.  45  39  N. 

Labia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Servia,  62  miles  SW  of  Nissa. 

Labiait,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  at 
the  moutii  of  the  Dei.nne,  near  the  Cu- 
rischhaff,  with  a  strong  castle,  30  miles 
NE  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  54 
57  N. 

Labourd,  late  territory  of  France,  part 
of  that  of  Basques.  It  abounds  in  fruits, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  the  hrst 
that  went  to  tish  for  whales.  It  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees. 

Lacan  Sable.    See  Lake  Sable. 


Laccadives,  an  archipelago  of  small 
islands,  lying  SW  off' the  Malabar  coast. 

Lac  Des  Deux  Jloniagnes,  seigniory, 
York  county.  Lower  Canada,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Ottawa  river,  25  miles  W  from 
Montreal. 

Lachemiije,  seigniory,  Leinster  county, 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  St.  John  channel, 
\o  miles  N  from  Montreal. 

Laclievrotere,  seignior)',  Hampshire  coun- 
ty, Lower  Canada,  on  the  left  side  of  St. 
Lawrence  river,  38  miles  W  from  Quebec. 

Lachine,  village  of  Montreal  island,  7 
miles  above  tiie  city  of  Montreal.  From 
the  interposition  of  the  rapids  of  St.  Louis, 
Lachine  is  the  upper  port  of  Montreal. 
Active  measures  have  been  taken  by  the 
provincial  parliament  to  unite  the  two 
places  by  a  navigable  canal. 

Lackaiuaxen,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
branch  of  Delaware  in  Pike  county. 

Lackatvaxen,  township  of  Pike  county, 
485 


1.  A  1- 


L  A  H 


Pennsylvania,  oji  the  waters  of  Delaware 
I'iver  and  Lackawaxen  creek,  60  miles  N 
from  Eas.ton.     Population  in  1820,  222. 

Lac  Metasiediach,  seigniory,  Cornwallis 
county.  Lower  Canada. 

Lac  Jletis,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  county. 
Lower  Canada. 

La  Dantre,  seignioiy,  Warwick  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  left  bank  of  St. 
Lawrence  river,  a  short  distance  above  the 
mouth  of  liichelieu  river. 

Ladoga,  the  largest  lake  in  Europe.  It 
lies  between  the  gulf  of  Finland  and  lake 
Onega,  receiving  by  the  i-iver  Svir  the  dis- 
charge of  the  Onega,  and  is  itself  dischar- 
ged by  the  river  Neva  into  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land. At  the  tov/n  of  Kcscliolm,  lake  La- 
doga  receives  the  united  waters  of  the  in- 
tricate rivers  and  lakes  of  Careiia;  and  at 
Kova  Ladoga  near  its  southern  extremity, 
enters  the  volk  of  a  fine  river  flowing  from 
lake  Kinen.  The  Ladoga  is  united  to  the 
waters  of  the  Volga  by  a  canal,  between 
the  sources  of  the  Mista,  falling  into  lake 
llmen  and  the  Tver,  entering  the  Volga  at 
Mologda. 

Ladoga,  J\'e-ii),  town  of  Russia,  on  lake 
Ladoga,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Volkof  river, 
56  miles  E  from  St.  Petcrsburgh. 

Ladogmi,  or  Lacedogna,  town  of  Naples, 
in  Capitanata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  miles 
E  of  Tsaples.     Lon.  15  46  E,  lat.  41  1  N. 

Ladrone,  or  JMarianne,  islands  of  tiie  N 
Pacific  Ocean.  They  are  11  in  number, 
exclusive  of  the  small  islets  and  rocks,  and 
lie  in  about  140  E  lon.  and  between  11  and 
28  N  lat.  They  were  discovered  by  Ma- 
gellan, in  1521,  Beside  the  other  fruits 
natural  to  the  soil  and  cUmate,  here  is  the 
bread-fruit  tree  in  abundance.  The  names 
of  the  principal  islands  are  Saypan,  Tinian, 
Guam,  and  Kota. 

Jjafourche,  vhcr  of  Louisiana,  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Mississippi  river.  It  leaves 
the  main  stream,  at  and  above  Donaldson- 
ville,  by  a  moutli  of  about  80  yards.  Though 
receiving  no  tributary  waters  by  its  banks, 
in  all  its  length  the  Lafourche  gradually 
increases  in  width  and  depth,  and  flowing 
SE  by  S  about  90  miles,  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  between  tlie  island  of  Timbal- 
lier  and  the  Saut  or  Jump  passage.  Ves- 
sels drawing  9  feet  water  can  enter  this 
river,  and  ascend  to  the  settlements  40 
miles  inland. 

Lafotirche,  interior  of,  parish  of  Louisiana, 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  S  ;  Atcha- 
falaya  bay  and  St.  Mary's  parish  V/  ;  pari.sh 
of  Assumption  NW  ;  St.  Charles,  and  St. 
Bernard  NE,  and  Orleans  E.  Length  60 ; 
breadth  50 ;  and  area  about  3000  square 
miles.  Surface  a  uniform  level.  Soil 
only  arable  near  the  water  courses,  as  the 
other  parts  are  liable  to  submersion  annu- 
ally. Staples  cotton,  and  sugar. 
486 


Population  In  1810. 

Free  white  males        .        -         .  889 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -  802 

Total  whites       .         -         .         .  1,691 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  15 

Slaves 289 

Total  population  in  1810,            -  1,995 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ...  1,414 

do.    do.    females    -        -        -  1,238 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  .7 


Total  whites       ....  2,659 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  74 

do.          do.          females  54 

Slaves,  males      ....  542 

do.    females           -        •        •  426 

Total  population  in  1820    .        -        3,755 

Of  these ;  . 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  60 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  2,325 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  61 

do.       in  Commerce  -  55 

Population  to  the  square  mile  1|. 

Lafourche,  town  of.     See  Donaldsonville. 

Lagny,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a  late  fa- 
mous Benedictine  Abbej-.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Marne,  15  miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45 
E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Lagoon,  one  of  the  new  discovered  islands 
in  the  S  Sea,  inhabited  by  a  race  of  In- 
dians, of  a  copper  colour.  This  island  was 
discovered  ))y  Captain  Cook.  Lon.  139  28 
W,  lat.  18  47  S.  i 

Lagos,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva, 
with  a  castle.  Here  fleets  bound  to  the 
Straits  usually  take  in  fresh  water.  It  is 
120  miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  33  W, 
lat.  27  2  N. 

Laguna,  capital  of  Teneriffe,  principal 
of  the  Canary  Islands.  It  is  elevated  about 
2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
situated  on  a  romantic  hill  or  mountain 
near  the  sea,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
places  perhaps  in  the  world.  Lon.  16  20 
W,  lat.  28  28  N. 

Lu/iH,  river  of  Germany  which  rises  in 
Hesse  Cassel,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine 
above  Coblentz. 

Lahoom,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Floliand,  seated  near  the  Baltic, 
with  the  castle,  50  miles  N  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  56  31  N. 

Lahore,  province  of  Hindoostan  Propei', 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Candahar,  on  the 
N  by  Cashmere,  on  the  E  by  Sirinagur  and 
Delhi,  and  on  the  S  by  Moultan.  It  "is  often 


L  AM 


LAN 


called  Panjab,  or  the  country  of  Five  Ri- 
vers. It  is  very  extensive  and  remarkably 
fertile  ;  affording  in  addition  to  all  the  ne- 
cessaries of  life,  wine,  sngar,  and  cotton 
wool.  In  the  tract  between  the  Indus  and 
the  Chelum,  are  salt  mines,  wonderfully 
productive,  and  aflTording  fragments  of 
rock  salt,  hard  enough  to  be  formed  into 
vessels,  &c.     See  Fanjab. 

Lahore,  city,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  Hindoostan  Proper.  It  is  a 
place  of  high  anliquity,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  considerable  cities  in  the  Mogul  do- 
minions. Lahore  is  now  the  capital  of  the 
Seiks,  whose  name  was  hardly  known  till 
the  rapid  decline  of  the  Mogul  empire,  in 
the  present  century.  Here  they  have 
manufactures  of  cotton  cloths  and  stufi's  of 
all  kinds,  and  of  very  curious  carpets.  It 
is  210  miles  S  of  Cashmere,  and  290  NW 
of  Delhi.^    Lon.  75  45  E,  lat.  31  15  N. 

ia/;jo,*tovvn  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
riore,  near  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
16  11  E,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Lai-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong,  with  a  convenient 
harbour  on  the  Yellow  Sea,  containing  two 
cities  of  the  first,  and  five  of  the  third 
class. 

Lake,  township  in  the  N  part  of  Stark 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820,  588. 

Lake,  SW  township  of  Wayne,  couuty, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  311. 

Lake,  township  of  Logan,  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  470. 

Lake  JMaskinonge,  seigniory,  St.  Mau- 
rice, county,  Lower  Canada,  on  St.  Law- 
rence above  Maskinonge  river. 

Lake  of  the  Woods,  lake,  between  lake 
Superior  and  lake  Winnipic,  discharging 
by  Winnipic  river  into  the  lake  of  the  same 
name. 

Lake  Pleasant,  township  of  Hamilton 
county,  New  York.  Population  1820,  312. 
Lalatid,  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Baltic,  lying  S  of  Zealand,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  fer- 
tile in  corn,  with  which  it  supplies  Copen- 
hagen.    Naxkow  is  the  capital. 

Lambale,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  the  North  Coast,  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the 
late  duchy  of  Penthievre.  Lambale  has  a 
good  trade  In  cattle,  linens  and  parchment, 
and  is  37  miles  NW  of  Rennes.  Lon.  2  21 
W,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Lambese,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and  the 
province  of  Provence,  nine  miles  N  of  Aix. 
Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Lambeth,  village  in  Surry,  on  the 
Thames,  opposite  Westminster.  Hy  the 
vast  increase  of  buildings,  Lambetli  is  now 
joined  to  the  metropolis,  in  a  direction  to 
each  of  the  three  bridges.  Here  is  a  ma- 
n'ufacture  of  artificial  stone,  which  answer 


every  purpose  of  stone  carv  ing,  and  ex- 
tends, not  only  to  statues  from  the  finest 
models,  but  to  every  kind  of  architectural 
ornaments. 

I^amhorn,  town  in  Berks,  with  a  market 
on  Friday,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  falls  into  the  Kennet,  below 
Newbury.  It  is  seven  miles  N  by  W  of 
Hungertbrd,  and  68  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  26  W,  lat.  51  ::Q  N. 

Lamego,  town  of  Portugal  in  Beira,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  strong  citadel,  con- 
taining  two  churches,  a  hospital  and  four 
convents.  It  is  50  miles  SE  of  Bragua,  and 
150  N  ofLisbon.  Lon.  7  30  W,  lat.  41 12  N. 

Lammermmr,  mountainous  ridge  in 
Scotland,  which  divides  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick from  that  of  Haddington  for  above 
20  miles.  These  mountains  are,  in  general 
very  black  and  barren,  affording  but  i-canty 
pasture  for  the  sheep  that  feed  on  them. 
Spoutra  Hill  is  the  most  elevated  of  this 
ridge. 

Lamo,  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of 
MeVinda,  between  the  island  of  Pate  and 
Cape  Formosa. 

Lamoille,  river  cf  Vermont  state,  which 
rises  in  Caledonia  county,  and  runs  in  vari- 
ous meanders  nearly  a  W  course  through 
the  country,  till  it  falls  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain  near  Milton,  and  opposite  the  S  point 
of  South  Hero. 

Lampedosa,  desert  island  on  the  coast  of 
Tunis,  12  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  50 
miles  from  Tunis,  and  112  from  Malta,  and 
has  a  good  harbour,  where  ships  water, 
Lon.  11  0  E,  lat.  S6  10  N. 

Lampeter,  township  nf  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania,  2501  inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  3278.  It  is  situated  on  Mill 
creek,  five  miles  E  of  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster. 

J^ampsaco,  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  with 
a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  now  an  in- 
considerable place,  seated  on  the  sea  of 
Marmora,  six  miles  from  the  Dardanelles. 
Lon.  27  20  E,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Lamspringe,  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
situated  at  the  source  of  a  river  called 
Laine. 

Lanark,  borougli  of  Scotland,  and  the 
county-town  of  Lanarkshire.  Since  the 
introduction  of  the  cotton  manufacture, 
many  new  houses  have  been  built.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  river 
Clyde,  22  miles  SE  of  Glasgow,  and  30  8 
W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  43  W,  lat.  55 
42  N. 

iMiinrkshire,  county  of  Scotland, 48  miles 
long  and  38  broad,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Dunbartonshire,  E  by  the  counties  of  Ster- 
ling, LinH'digow,  Edinburgh  and  Peebles, 
S  by  Dumfriesshire,  and  W  by  the  shires  of. 
Ayr  and  Renfrew.  It  is  divided  into  41 
parishes,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  146,689:  in  1811,  191 .7.52,  and 
487  '      ' 


LAN 


LAN 


in  1821,  234,387.  It  sends  one  member  to 
parliament.  The  river  Clyde  runs  through 
the  wliole  extent  of  the  county,  dividing  it 
into  two  nearly  ecjual  parts  ;  the  southern 
part  a  mountainous  district,  generally  call- 
ed Clydesdale,  It  abounds  in  lead,  iron, 
and  coal. 

LancasJdre,  county  of  England,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Cumberland  and  Westmore- 
land, E  by  Yorkshire,  S  by  Cheshire,  and 
W  by  the  h-ish  Sea.  It  is  74  miles  from  N 
to  S  (including  a  detached  hundred  on  the 
NW,  called  Furness,  which  is  separated 
from  the  rest  by  a  creek,  at  the  head  of 
Morecambe  bay)  and  its  greatest  breadth 
is  44  miles.  It  contains  1,155,140  acres 
is  divided  into  six  liundreds,  and  63  par- 
ishes; has  27  market  towns  ;  and  sends  14 
raerribers  to  parliiiment.  The  number  of 
inhabitarits  in  1801  was  672,781  ;  in  1811, 
828,309;  and  in  1821,  1,052,859.  It  is  a 
county-palatine,  under  the  title  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster ;  the  only  duchy  of 
England  (that  of  Cornwall  excepted) 
which  is  not  merely  titular.  Lancashire  is 
little  adapted  for  a  corn  country,  but  is 
singularly  fitted  for  the  growtli  of  pota- 
toes. Among  its  products  is  a  species  of 
coal,  called  cannel,  far  exceeding  all  other, 
not  only  in  making  a  clear  fire,  but  for  be- 
ing capable  of  being  manufactured  into 
candlesticks,  cups,  standishes,  snuff-boxes, 
&c.  As  a  commercial  and  manufacturing 
county,  it  is  superier  to  any  other  in  the 
kingdom.  Its  principal  manufactures  are 
linen,  silk,  and  cotton  goods  ;  fuslians  and 
counterpanes,  shalloons,  bays,  serges, 
tapes,  hats,  canvas,  sacking,  pins,  iron 
goods,  plate-glass,  &c.  Of  the  commerce 
of  the  couiity,  it  may  suffice  to  observe, 
that  Liverpool  is  the  second  port  in  the 
kingdom  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Mersey,  Irwell,  Ribble,  Loyne,  Levern, 
Wyre,  Hodder,  Roche,  Duddon,  Winster, 
and  Ken  ;  and  it  has  two  considerable 
lakes,  Winander-mere  and  Coniston-mere. 
It  has  also  numerous  canals,  and  the  ho- 
nour of  exhibiting  the  first  regular  one  in 
the  kingdom,  which  was  begun  by  the 
duke  of  Bndgewaterin  1758. 

Lancaster,  borougli  and  the  capital  of 
Lancashire,  governed  by  a  mayor,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Loyne,  or  Lune,  which  forms  a  port  for 
vessels  of  moderate  burden,  and  over  it 
are  two  stone  bridges.  Along  the  river 
side  is  a  fine  quay,  aUo  yards  for  ship- 
building ;  and  a  canal,  from  Kandal,  winds 
round  the  E  part  of  tlie  town,  which  is 
covered  over  tlie  river  by  an  aqueduct  of 
five  arches,  each  of  seventy  feet  span.  It 
is  68  miles  S  of  C.nrlisle,  and  235  NNW  of 
London.     Lon.  2  56  W,  lal.  54  3  N. 

Lancaster,     county     of     Pennsylvania, 
liounded  by  Cecil  county  in  ]Maryland  S  ; 
nv  the  Susquehannali  river  SW  ;  Dauphin 
488 


and  Lebanon  counties  NVV  ;  Berks  NE  ; 
and  Chester  E.  Length  33  ;  width  28  ; 
and  area  928.  Lancaster  is  a  very  diver- 
sified coanty  in  respect  both  to  soil  and 
surface.  Several  ranges  of  hills  approach- 
ing the  elevation,  and  rugged  aspect  of 
mountains  intersect  it  from  SW  to  NE. 
The  creeks  flowing  generally  SW,  mean- 
der through  the  whole  extent,  and  particu- 
larly the  Conos  toga,  have  margins  of  excel- 
lent soil.  Th  e  staple  productions  are 
grain,  flour,  fruit,  whiskey,  peach  and  ap- 
ple brandy,  &c.    Chief  town,  Lancaster. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  .        .        -     26,699 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -    25,627 

Total  whites  -  -  -  52,326 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  1 ,557 

Slaves 44 


Total  population  in  1810 


53,927 


'  Population  in  1S20. 
Free  white  males         -         -         ,     33,112 

do.  do.    females      -         -         -    32,636 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -        -        .         -  361 


Total  whites                -        -  -     66,109 

Feee  persons  of  colour,  males  1,117 

do.            do.       females  1,089 

Slaves,  males        ...  -              5 

do.    females             .        .  -           16 


Total  population  in  1820 


68,336 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  874 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -       6,786 

do.       in  Manufactures  -        5,185 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  252 

Population  to  the  square  mile  71. 

Lancaster,  ci^y  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
great  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Harris- 
burg,  62  miles  from  the  former,  and  36 
from  the  latter.  Lon.  W  C  40  E,  lat.  40  3 
N.  It  is  laid  out  in  streets  intersecting 
each  other  at  right  angles.  The  site  is 
waving,  about  a  mile  W  from  Conestoga 
creek.  The  adjacent  country  is  very  plea- 
sant and  well  cultivated.  This  city  con- 
tains a  county  courthouse,  jail,  a  number  of 
places  of  pnblic  worship,  and  schools. 
The  hulk  of  tlie  inhabitants  are  either  Ger- 
mans or  descendants  of  that  people.  The 
trade,  commerce,  and  manufactures  of  Lan- 
caster are  flourishing.  Population  1810, 
5405  ;  and  in  1820,  6633. 

Lancaster,  county  of  A'irginia,  bounded 
Chesapeak  bay  SE  ;  by  Rappahannoc  ri- 
ver S  and  SW  ;  Richmond  NW,  and  North- 
umberland NE.  Length  23  ;  width  10  ; 
and  area  about  230  square  miles.  At  the 
courthouse  is  a  post  oilice. 


LAN 


I.  A  N 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


1,104 
1,172 


Total  wiiites         -                   .  2,276 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  204 

Slaves          -         -         .        -         -  3,112 


Total  population  in  181Q, ,  , 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females    - 


5,592 


1,176 
1,212 


Total  whites       ....  2,588 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  84 

do.            do.        females  -  101 

Slaves,  males      -        .        .        .  1,446 

do.    females            -        -        -  1,498 


Total  population  in  1820  -        5,517 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,567 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  163 

Engaged  in  Commerce      -        -  77 

Population  to  the  square  m'le,  27^. 

Lancaster,  district  of  South  Carolina, 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  N  ;  Wateree 
river  W  ;  Kershaw  SE  ;  and  Chesterfield 
E.  Length  23  ;  width  20  ;  and  area  460 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Lancaster  C.  H, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        .        -         2,248 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,052 


Total  whites 

4,300 

All  olher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .        .         - 

372 

Slaves          .         -         .         - 

1,646 

Total  population  in  18lG, 

6,318 

Population  in  1320. 

Free  white  males 

2,989 

do.     do.  females     ... 

2,d59 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             .        .        - 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

5,878 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    . 

39 

do.            do.        females 

31 

S  hives,  males      .        .        - 

1,401 

do.     females           ... 

1,397 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -  8,716 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  2,917 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  100 

do.        in  Commerce       .         -  28 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  19. 

Lancaster,  flourishing    post  town    and 
3  Q 


scat  of  justice  for  Fairfield  county,  Ohio, 
It  is  handsomely  situated  near  the  centre 
of  tiie  county,  in  Hocking  township,  near 
she  source  of  Hockhocking  river,  on  the 
road  leading  from  Zanesville  to  Chilicothe. 
It  contains  above  200  houses,  and  a  popu. 
lation  o?  1037  inhabitants  It  is  situated  28 
miles  SPj  from  Columbus,  36  SW  from 
Zanesville,  and  34  NE  from  Chihcothe. 
Lon.  Vi  C  5  35  W,  lat.  39  45  N. 

Lancaster,  post  town,  Gerrard  county, 
Kentucky,  near  Dicks  river,  about  30  miles 
S  frm'  Lexington 

Lancaster's  Sound,  on  the  W  side  of 
Baffin's  Bay.  This  great  inlei  has  been 
recently  rendered  peculiarly  remarkable 
by  the  expedition  under  Capt.  Parry,  who 
in  1819,  entei'ed  it  and  wintered  as  far 
west  as  km.  Ill  W  from  London.  Lat.  74 
47  N. 

Lancaster,  township,  in  the  county  of 
G:engar}%  Upp.r  Canada,  on  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  and  the  lowest  in  the  provinces 
adjoining  to  Lower  Canada. 

Lancaster,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Coos  count}'.  New  Hampshire,  on  Connec- 
t'cut  river,  opposite  Gujidiiall,  in  Vermont, 
40  miles  above  Dartmouth  college,  131  VV 
from  Portsmouth.  Population  in  1820, 
844. 

Lancaster,  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  NW  of 
Boston,  and  17  NE  of  Worcester,  with 
1694  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  :n  1820, 
1862. 

Lancerota,  one  of  tlie  Canary  [sles.  It 
is  very  high,  and  may  be  discovered  at  a 
great  distance.  The  goats  and  sheep  are 
prr-tty  plenty,  and  the  valleys  produce  a 
lifle  wheat  and  corn.  It  is  about  15  miles 
long  and  10  broad.  Lon.  13  26  W,  lat. 
29'l4N. 

Lfivciano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ciieriore,  with  an  arclibisiiop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Feltrino,  87  miles  NE  of  Na- 
ples.    Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Landaff,  small  place  in  GUimorgan.shire, 
but  honoured  witi)  theappelUition  ofa  city, 
on  account  of  its  being  an  episcopal  see. 
It  is  seated  on  an  ascent,  on  tlie  river 
Taafe,  near  Cardifi";  but  the  cathedral,  a 
large  stalely  building,  stands  on  low 
r^n-ound.  It  is  30  miles^NW  of  Bristol,  and 
166  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  51 
24  N. 

Landajf,  township  of  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  650  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  E  side 
o\'  Connecticut  river,  between  Bath  and 
Ilaverliili. 

Landaw,  strong  town  oF  Germany,  m 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  It  was  for- 
merly imperial,  but  was  ceded  to  the 
Freoch  in  1648.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Queich,  nine  miles  S  of  Newstadt,  and  270 
E  ol  Paris.  Lon.  8  12  K,  lat,  49  12  N. 
489 


LAN 


LAN 


Landeii,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  Becke,  17  miles  NW 
of  Hn-,  and  18  NE  :A  Na  nur.  Lon.  5  5  E, 
l&t  52  41  N.     See  JVeer-iohiden. 

LanJer^au,  town  of  France,  In  the  de- 
partir,ent  of  Finisterre  and  late  pDvlncc' 
of  Brelagne,  seited  on  ihe  Elhoro,  16 
miles  NE  of  Brest.  Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  48 
28  N. 

Landes,  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  territory  of  Marsan,  on  tlie  bay  of 
Biscay.  It  is  a  barren  sandy  country, 
covered  with  fern,  pines,  and  tlie  holm- 
tree,  of  the  bark  of  which  corks  are  made. 
Mont-de  Mursan  is  the  capital  of  this  de- 
partment, and  Dox  the  episf  opal  see. 

Landgrave,  totmship  of  Bennington 
county,  Vermont,  about  3.5  miles  NE  from 
■Bennington.     Population  300. 

Landgiiard,  or  Poiiite  aux  Pins,  N  side 
of  Lake  Erie,  is  in  latitude  about  42  de- 
grees 7  minutes  15  seconds  north.  Lon. 
W  C  3  20  W;  variation  2  degrees  48 
minutes  westerly.  This  point  is  about  20 
miles  east  of  the  South  Foreland,  and  bears 
the  only  pine  timber  on  this  coast. 

La.idisburg,  post  village,  Cumberland 
coun'.y,  Pennsylvania, 

Laiidrecy,  town  of  France,  department 
of  the  Voi  th  on  the  Sambre,  50  miles  .SE 
from  Douay, 

Landsbeig,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
manlie  of  Brandenbu!"gh,  seated  on  the 
Warta,  32  miles  NE  of  Franc'ort  on  the 
Ode.-.     Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Landsberg,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bavaria,  near  the  river  Leech,  23 
miles  S  of  Augsburg. 

Laiulsclnit,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Schweidnitz,  it  is  seated  on  tlie  Zelder, 
which  falls  into  the  Bauber,  and  is  12  miles 
W  of  Schweidnitz. 

Landschut,  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  with 
a  strong  castle  on  an  adjacent  hill.  It  is 
seated  on  '.hr-  Iser,  35  miles  NE  of  Munich. 
Since  180u,  this  town  has  been  the  seat  of 
the  university  of  Louis  Maximillian,  for- 
merly the  university  of  Ingoldstadt.  Lon. 
12  10  E,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Landschut,  town  of  Moravia,  seated  on 
the  Morava,  on  the  confines  of  Hungary 
and  Austria. 

Landscroon,  fort  of  France  in  the  depart 
ment  or  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of 
Alsace,  Sc-ated  pn  an  eminence  three  miles 
N  of  Basil.     Lon.  7  32  E,  Int.  47  36  N. 

Landscroon,  or  lAindscrona,  seaport  of 
Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Gothland,  and 
territory  of  Schonen,  seated  on  the  Baltic, 
within  the  Sound,  22  miles  N  of  Copenha- 
gen.    Lon.  12  52  E,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Land's  End,  die  most  westerly  point  of 
Great  Britain,  and  a  vast  aggregate  of 
moorstone.     Lon.  5  40  W,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Lnndnford,  post  village,  Chester  district, 
South  Carolina. 

490 


Lanesborough,  post  village  and  township 
of  Berkshire,  Massachusetts.  It  is  situated 
i.'i  the  NW  pnrt  of  the  state,  joining  to  the 
state  of  New  York.  Population  in  1820,1319. 

Lanesbnrg,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Longt  :rd  and  province  of  Leinster, 
situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Shannon,  62 
mile  from  Dublin.  Lon.  8  6  W,  lat.  53 
40  N. 

Langdon,  township  of  Cheshire  county, 
New  Hampshire,  on  Connecticut  river,  40 
miles  W  from  Concord.  Population  in 
1820,  654. 

Langeac,  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cantal,  and  late  province  of 
Ativergne,  seated  near  the  AUier,  among 
mountains,  35  miles  S  of  Clermont.  Lon.  3 
35  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Langeais,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Touraine,  seated  on  the  Loire,  12 
miles  \V  of  Tours.  Lon.  0  31  E,  lat.  47 
26  N. 

lAingeland,  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
strait  called  the  Great  Belt.  It  is  33  miles 
long,  but  scarcely  five  in  breadth.  It 
produces  plenty  of  corn,  and  the  principal 
town  is  Rutcoping.  Lon.  HOE,  lat.  55 
4  N. 

Lanjan,  or  Lunching,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Laos,  in  the  further  India, 
371  mdes  N  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  51  E,  lat. 
21  10  N. 

Langon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  nnd  late  province  of  Gui- 
enne.  It  is  noted  for  excellent  wine,  and 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  15  miles  N  of  Ba- 
zas.    Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  44  38  N. 

Langport,  town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
by  the.  river  Parret,  which  is  navigable  for 
barges  to  Bridgewater.  It  is  ten  miles  SE 
of  Bridge  water,  and  128  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  3  b  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Langres,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
ilepartment  of  Upper  Marne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  sources 
of  the  Marne,  and  its  cutlery  wares  are  in 
high  esteem.  This  town  is  thought  to 
stand  the  highest  of  any  in  France  ;  and  the 
prospect  from  the  towers  of  the  principal 
church  is  beautiful  beyond  conception.  It 
is  35  miles  NE  of  Dijon,  and  100  S  by  E  of 
Rheims.     Lcn.  5  24  E,  lat.  47  52  N. 

Langslone,  place  in  Hampshire,  famous 
for  its  harbour  which  is  capacious  enough 
to  contain  the  wliole  navy  of  England,  but 
on  account  of  a  bar  there  is  no  entrance 
for  large  ships  at  low  water. 

Laiig-uedoc,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  i^uerci,  Rouergue, 
Auvergne,  and  Lyonois  ;  on  the  E  by  Dau- 
phiny  and  Provence  ;  on  the  W  by  Gasco- 
ny ;  and  on  t!ie  S  by  the  Mediterranean  ami 
Eousillon.     The    clergy   and  inhabitants 


LAP 


LAP 


vrere  more  vicli,  numerous  and  more  bigot- 
ted  than  in  any  otlier  place  in  France.  It 
now  f»rms  the  departments  of  Aude,  Gard, 
Upper  Garonne,  and  Herauit. 

Lanier,  township  of  Prebhle  county, 
Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  1096. 

Lanion,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coast  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  Its  trade  consists  in  wine 
and  hemp,  and  it  has  some  mineral  wateis 
The  inhabitants  of  Lanion,  Guingamp,  and 
the  environs,  speak  the  Welsh  language, 
■which  was  probably  brought  here  by  the 
BritonSj  who  took  refuge  in  these  parts,  in 
the  fifth  century.  Lanion  is  15  miles  W  of 
Treguier. 

Lannoy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  late  province  of 
French  Flanders,  5  miles  SE  of  Lisle. 

La  J\''oratje,  seigniory,  Warnick  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  St.  Lawrence  river,  40 
miles  below  Montreal. 

LansdoTvn  ToxunsJdp,  in  the  county  of 
Leeds,  Upper  Canada,  is  the  11th  township 
in  ascending  the  river  St.  Lawrence. 

Lansinburg,  post  town  in  Rensellaer 
county.  New  York ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  river,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Mohock  river,  about  four  miles  above  Troy, 
and  nine  above  Albany.  A  fine  bridge 
over  Hudson  river  unites  Lansinburg  and 
Waterfbrd.  Sloops  of  small  draught  ascend 
thus  high.     Population  in  1820,  2035. 

Lansing,  township  of  Tompkins  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  3631. 

Lanzo,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river 
Sture,  12  miles  NW  cf  Turin.  Lon.  7  28 
E,  lat.  45  9  N. 

Lami,  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Soissonnois, 
with  a  castle,  and  lately  a  bishop's  see.  Its 
principal  trade  consists  in  corn  and  wine  ; 
it  is  advantageously  seated  on  a  mountain, 
77  miles  NE  of  Paris.  Lon  3  43  E,  lat.  49 
34  N. 

Laos,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  Touquin  and  Co- 
chin China,  on  the  S  by  Cambodia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Burmah.  This  country  is  full  of 
forests,  and  abounds  in  rice,  fruits,  and  fish. 
Lanciones  is  the  capital. 

La  Petite  JVation,  York  county,  Lower 
Canada,  on  the  Ottawa  river,  about  "0  miles 
W  from  Montreal. 

Lapland,  or  the  extreme  northern  part 
of  Europe.  It  is  divided  into  Russian  and 
Swedish  Lapland. 

Russian  Lapland  extends  E  from  Tornea 
and  Tana  rivers,  to  the  White  Sea,  under 
the  name  of  the  circle  of  Koia. 

Swedish  Lapland  embraces  the  residue, 
including  the  extreme  North  Cape  of  Eu- 
rope, and  is  subdivided  into  Tornerv-Lap- 
mark,  Lulea-Lapmark,  Pithea-Lapmark, 
Umea-Lapmark,  Jamptland-Lapmsrk,  As- 
sele-Lapmark,  and  Finmark. 


The  whole  of  Lapland  stretches  over 
150,000  square  miles,  of  which  Sweden 
possesses  about  80,000,  with  33,000  in- 
habitants, and  Russia  70,000  square  miles, 
and  27,000  inhabitants.  Lapland  may  be 
termed  a  huge  congeries  of  frightful  r^cks 
and  stupendous  mountains;  in'.crspersed, 
however,  with  many  pleasajit  valleys, 
watered  by  an  infinite  number  of  rivulets 
that  run  into  the  rivers  and  lakes,  which 
discharge  themselves  into  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia. The  names  of  the  principal  lakes  in 
Lapland  are  the  Great  Uma,  the  Great 
Windel,  the  Oreavan,  the  Stor-avan,  th.e 
Great  Lula ;  the  lakes  of  Kariom,  Kali, 
Torno,  Enara,  and  Kimi.  Some  of  these 
extend  60  leagues  in  length,  and  contain  a 
great  number  of  islands  :  Storavan  is  said  lo 
contain  365  ;  and  Enora  contains  an  archi- 
pelago of  islands  so  large,  that  no  Laplan- 
der has  lived  long  enough  to  visit  eacii 
particular  island.  The  natives  believe  this 
country  to  be  the  terrestrial  paradise  ;  and 
indeed  notliing  could  be  more  enchanting 
than  such  vast  prospects  of  mountains, 
hills,  forests,  lakes,  rivers,  Sec,  if  the  coun- 
try was  in  a  moderate  climate ;  though 
even  here,  in  summer  the  roses  are  teen 
blowing  wild  on  the  banks  of  lakes  and 
rivers,  v/ith  all  the  beautiful  glow  of  col  .ur 
which  apptav.s  in  those  cultivated  in  our 
gardens.  But  ail  the  intervals  betv;een  the 
mountains  are  not  engrossed  by  these 
agreeable  prospects ;  great  part  (.f  the  flat 
country  is  covered  with  brown  dusky 
forests  of  fir  :md  pine  trees  ;  and  these  are 
often  skirted  by  wide  extended  morasses, 
the  stagnating  waters  of  which  in  summer 
produce  myriads  of  mischievous  insects, 
that  are  more  intolerable  than  even  the  cold 
of  v/inter.  The  cold  in  this  country  is 
very  intense  during  the  winter,  freezing 
even  brandy  and  the  watery  part  of  spir.t 
of  v'.'ine,  if  the  latter  is  not  highly  rectified  : 
all  the  lakes  and  rivers  are  frozen  to  a  pro- 
dig'ous  th:ckneKs;  and  the  whole  face  of 
the  country  covered  with  snow.  The  heat 
of  summer  is  almost  as  intolerable  as  the 
cold  of  winter.  At  the  northern  extremity 
of  the  country  the  sun  never  sets  for  three 
months  in  summer,  and  in  winter  there  is 
an  uninterrupted  night  of  the  same  dura- 
tion ;  but  this  is  qualified  in  such  a  man- 
ner by  a  constant  revolution  of  dawn  and 
twilight,  by  a  serene  sky,  moon-light,  and 
aurora  borealis,  reflected  from  the  white 
surface  of  the  earth  covered  with  snov.', 
that  the  inhabitants  are  enabled  to  hunt, 
fish,  and  proceed  with  th.^ir  ordinary  occu- 
pations. The  country  abounds  with  excel- 
lent springs;  and  is  remarkable  for  some 
surprising  cataracts,  in  which  the  water 
rumbles '  over  frightful  precipices,  arid 
dashes  among  rocks  with  amazing  impetu- 
osity and  noise.  Its  soil  is  generally  so 
chilled  and  barren  that  it  produces  little  oi- 
4S1 


i.  A  :■> 


1.  A    i. 


no  grain  ov  fruit-trees  of  any  kind.  'litis 
steriiity,  however,  is  not  so  much  owing  to 
the  soil,  which  is  in  many  places  of  a  rich 
mould,  as  <o  want  of  industry  aisd  the  rigor 
of  the  climate. 

In  stature,  appearance,  atid  manners, 
the  Laplanders  are  ev  dentlv  a  branch  of 
the  family  so  extensive,  v;ithin  and  conti- 
guous to  the  Arctic  regions.  The  Sa- 
moids,  Laplanders,  Greenlanders,  and  Eski- 
maus,  are  the  grtat  divisions  of  this  race. 

Ija}\~  town  ot  Persia,  irt  the  province  of 
Lari.-ton,  with  a  castle.  It  carries  on  a 
great  trade  in  silk,  oranges,  lemons,  and 
tamarinds.     Lon.  52  45  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Laracha,  ancient  and  strong  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. It  was  once  in  possession  of  the 
Spaniards,  but  the  Moors  took  it  from  them. 
Lon.  5  59  W,  lat.  35  40  N. 

Laredo,  seaport  of  Spain  on  tlie  bay  of 
Biscay,  with  a  large  sufe  harbour.  It  is  30 
miles  W  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  3  5o  W,  lut.  43 
23  N. 

Largentiere,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche,  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny. 

Largo,  tosvn  of  Scotland,  county  of  Fife, 
six  miles  S  of  Cupai',  situated  in  a  large  bay 
of  the  same  name. 

Largs,  village  on  the  W  coast  of  Scot- 
Ir^nd,  mem>)rab!e  for  the  defeat  of  the  Nor- 
wegians in  their  last  invasion  of  tt>is  conn- 
try  with  a  fleet  of  160  sail  and  an  army  of 
20,000  men,  under  the  command  of  Haquin 
king  of  Norway. 

Larino,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  60  miles  NE  of  Na- 
ples.    Lon.  15  0  E,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Larir.sa,  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope,  in  the  province  of  Janna,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  a  palace,  and  some 
handsome  mosques.  It  carries  on  a  large 
trade,  and  is  pleasantly  sea'ed  on  the  river 
Peneus,  50  miles  S  of  Saloniclii,  and  121  N 
by  W  of  Athens.  Lon.  22  47  E,  lat.  39 
48  N. 

Laristan,  province  of  Persia,  which  lies 
N  of  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Guebres.     Lar  is  the  capital. 

Larry  bundur,  seaport  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  at  the  mouth  of  a  branch  of  tlie 
Indus  called  Larrybundar,  witli  a  harbour 
capable  of  receiving  ships  of  200  Ions  bur- 
den.    Lon.  67  37  E,  lat.  24  44  N. 

Larta.     See  Arta. 

Lavvigen,  or  Laurvigen,  seaport  town  of 
Norway,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name.  Its  iron  works  are  among  the  most 
valuable  in  Norway. 

La  Salic,  seigniory,  Huntingdon  county, 
Lower  Canada,  15  miles  S  from  Montreal. 

Lassn,  or  Lahassa,  city,  the  capital  of 
Great  Thibet.  It  is  not' large,  but  the 
houses  are  of  stone,  spacious  and  lofty. 
492 


Seven  miles  on  the  E  side  of  the  city,  is 
tiie  mountain  of  Putala,  on  the  summit  of 
whicii  is  the  palace  of  the  great  lama,  the 
high-priest  and  sovereign  of  Thibet.  Las- 
sa  is  850  miles  N  by  E  of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
91  40  E,  lat.  30  34  N. 

Lasselsville,  post  office,  Montgomery 
county,  New  York,  10  miles  W  from  Johns- 
town. 

Latacunga,  tawn  of  Peru.  Lon.  W  C  1 
16  W,  lat.  0  55  S. 

Latakia,  formerly  Laudicea,  ancient  and 
considerable  town  of  Syria,  with  a  harbour, 
a  bishop's  see,  and  beautiful  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. It  is  become  the  most  flourishing 
place  on  the  coast,  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade,  it  is  75  miles  S\V  of  Alep- 
po, and  245  N  of  Jerusalem.  Lon,  34  30 
E,  lat.  S5  40  N. 

Latessarie,  fief,  Hampshire  county.  Low- 
er Can.ida,  on  St.  Lawrence  river,  40  miles 
above  Quebec. 

Latimore,  NE  township  of  Adams  coun- 
ty, Pennsylania,  on  the  waters,  of  Bei-mu- 
dian  crock,  15  miles  NNE  from  Gettys- 
burg.   Population  1820,  856. 

Laitoii,  vilL-^ge  of  Essex,  between  Epping 
and  Harlow.  It  had  once  a  priory  of  Au- 
gustine monks,  whose  church  is  now  used 
for  a  barn. 

Laval,  considerable  town  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  iNlaine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  with  two  castles. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  24,000. 
Linen  of  all  kinds  and  qualities  is  manufac- 
tured here,  and  the  neighbouring  quarries 
produce  green  marble,  or  black,  veined 
with  white.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maine,  15 
miles  S  of  the  town  of  that  name,  and  40 
^Y  of  Mans.     Lon.  0  42  AV,  lat.  48  7  N. 

Lavatmmd,  or  Lavant  J^inde,  town  of 
Carinihia,  in  Austria,  with  a  castle  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Urave,  and  Lavamund,  40  miles  E  of 
Clagenfurt.     Lon.  15  18  E,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Lavaur,  town  (if  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc.  Before  the  revolution  it  was 
a  bishop's  see ;  and  it  is  seated  on  the 
Agout,  20  miles  NE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1 
52  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Laiibach,  strong  town,  capital  of  Carniola, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  nnme,  in 
which  are  tlie  largest  crawfish  in  Europe, 
32  miles  S  of  Clagenfurt,  and  155  S  by 
VV  of  Vienna.     Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Lauchingen,  town  of  Suabia,  situated  on 
the  confines  of  the  Black  forest. 

Lauda,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Wurtzburg,  18  miles  SW  of  Wurtz- 
burg.     Lon.  9  45  E,  lat.  49  28  N. 

Lauder,  borough  in  Berwickshire,  with  a 
castle,  22  miles  S  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  5 
W,  lat.  55  36  N. 

Lauderdale,  small  district  in  the  county 


1-  A  U 


J.  A  i; 


of  Merse,  through  which  a  river  of  the 
same  name  runs. 

Lauderdale,  county  of  Alabama ;  bound- 
ed by  Tennessee  river  S  and  SW ;  Ten- 
nessee N  ;  and  Limestone  E,  Length  54 ; 
mean  width  12  ;  and  area  about  700  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly.  Soil  productive. 
Staple  cotton.     Cliief  town,  Florence. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliite  males        -        .        .        1,856 

do.  do.  females  -         1,700 

All  other  pei'sons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites      -        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


3,556 

14 

15 

828 

550 


4,963 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  19 

Engaged  in  Agi'iculture  -  US 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  2 

do,        in  Commerce        -        -  34 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Lavello,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Ba- 
silicata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  E 
by  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  55  E,  lat.  41 
5  N. 

Lavelt,  or  Lafelt,  village  in  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  near  .VIae-<tricht,  remarkable  for 
a  battle  gained  here  by  tlie  French,  com- 
manded by  Marshal  Saxe,  over  the  allies 
under  the  duke  of  Cuvnberlund,  in  1747. 

Lavenham,  town  in  Suftolk,  v;ith  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  Its  church  is  a  very 
handsome  Gothic  structure ;  and  it  has  con- 
siderable manufactures  in  serges,  shalloons, 
says,  stuffs,  and  fine  yarn.  It  is  seated  on 
a  branch  of  the  Bret,' 12  miles  S  by  E  of  St. 
Edmund's  Bury,  and  61  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  51  E,  lat.  52  39  N. 

Lanffcn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  10 
miles  S  of  Haiiborn.  Lon.  9  25  E,  lat.  49 
3  N. 

Lauffen,  small  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Basle,  seated  near  the  rivers 
Birs. 

Laiiffen,  village  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zcric,  three  miles  S  by  \V  of 
Schaff  hausen.  Here  is  a  celebrated  cata- 
ract of  the  Rhine  ;  the  river  precipitates 
itself  in  accumulated  masses  for  50  or  60 
feet  perpendicular,  raging  and  foaming 
with  wonderful  violence. 

Laufenburg,  strong  town  of  Germany  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  and  one  of  the  four 
Forest-Towns,  with  a  ruined  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  the  house  of  Austcia,  and  is  seated 
on  a  rock  on  the  Rhine,  which  divides  it 
in  two  parts.  Here  is  a  small  cataract, 
noted  for  tl^c  beauty  of  the  scenery.    It  is 


17  miles  E  of  Basil.    Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  47 
35  N. 

Laughlinton,  post  town,  AVestmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  road  from 
Bedford  to  Gi'eensburg,  23  miles  E  from 
the  latter. 

Laughton,  village  of  Yorkshire,  on  a  high 
hill,  noted  for  its  church,  whose  tower  and 
spire  are  not  excelled  by  any  Gothic  piece 
of  the  kind.  It  is  seen  in  some  places,  at 
the  distance  of  60  miles. 

Lavig7ia,  town  of  Italy  ni  the  territory  of 
Genoa.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name. 

Lavington,  town  in  Wilts,  20  miles  NW 
of  Salisbury,  and  88  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  3  W,  lat.  13  51  N. 

Launcesto7i,  town  in  Cornwall,  on  a  hill 
near  tlie  river  Tamar,  28  miles  N  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  214  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
4  35  W,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Lazinu,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  road 
from  Leipsick  to  Prague,  near  the  river 
Eger,  27  miles  NW  of  Prague.  Lon.  14 
20  E,  lat.  SO  21  N. 

Laurel,  post  village,  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  on  the  N  side  of  Bro  d  cieek,  a 
branch  of  Nantikoke  river,  35  miles  SB 
from  Easton  in  Maryland. 

Laurel  Mountains.  In  general  terms, 
this  range  includes  the  extreme  NW  ridges 
of  the  Appalachian  chain,  and  reaches  from 
the  central  parts  of  Pennsylvania  to  Ala- 
bama, under  various  loc^l  names.  It  is 
pierced  by  the  esstern  branches  of  Monon- 
gahila,  by  the  Great  Kenhawa  and  Tennes- 
see rivers. 

Laurens,  townsliip  of  -Otsego  county. 
New  York,  15  miles  SW  from  Coopers- 
town.     Population  in  1820,  2074. 

Laurens,  district  of  South  Carolina,  be- 
tween Eunore  and  Saluda  rivers,  and 
bounded  by  Newberry  SE ;  SaUida  river  or 
Abbeville  SW ;  Greenville  N W ;  and  Enno- 
ree  river,  or  Spartenburg  and  Union  NE. 
Length  30  ;  mean  width  23  ;  and  area  690 
squiire  miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly, 
and  soil  productive.  Staple  cotton.  Chief 
town,  I>aurensvilie. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  .        .        -      5,848 

do.    do.    females      ...       5,797 


Total  whites       ....  11,645 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 29 

Slaves 3,508 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -  14,982 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       .        .        -  6,327 

do.  do.   females     .        -        -  6,428 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        -        -        .  o 


493 


L  A  U 


L  A'W 


Total  whites      ...        -  12,755 

Fi-ee  persons  of  colour,  males  '    37 

do.                do.    females  12 

Slaves,  males      ....  2,418 

do.    females            ...  2,460 


Total  population  in  1820    - 


17,682 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         5,049 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  238 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  47 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Laurens,  county  of  Georgia,  on  both 
sides  of  Oconee  river  ;  bounded  SE  by  part 
of  Montgomery  ;  SW  by  Pulaski ;  NW  by 
Wilkinson  ;  N  by  Washington  ;  and  NE  by 
Emanuel,  and  part  of  Montgomery.  Lengtli 
35 ;  mean  width  25 ;  and  area  about  875 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Dublin. 

Populatisn  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -        .  932 

do.      do.     females  -        -  782 


Total  whites       .        .        .        -  1,714 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  11 

Slaves 485 


Total  population  in  1810 


2,210 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,787 

do.    do.    females     ...        1,663 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  o 


Total  v/hites      ....  3,450 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     .  8 

do.        do.            females  3 

Slaves,  males            -          .        -  982 

do-    females        -          .        -  993 

Total  population  in  1820    -        .        5,436 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         1,249 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  48 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile  6. 

Lauricocha,  river  of  South  America,  and 
one  of  the  great  constituents  of  the  Ama- 
zon. It  is  formed  by  innumerable  streams 
flowing  from  the-  Andes,  beUve en  lat.  2  and 
10  S.  At  iat.  5  S,  it  unites  with  the  Gua- 
laga  aid  forms  tl'.e  Tuiigiiragua. 

Lanrington,  post  office,  Marlborough  dis. 
trict,  S.)uih  Carolina. 

Lausanne,  town  of  Swls-erland,  cap't  d 
of  the  Pays  de  Vi-uH.  with  a  fiimou?  college 
and  a  bishop's  see.  Its  lofty  situation  af- 
fords  t'  c  most  sublime  views  in  nature, 
commanding  the  lakt  of  Geneva,  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  and  the  rugged  coast  of  Chablais. 
494 


It  is  seated  between  three  hills,  50  miles 
NE  of  Geneva,  and  50  SW  of  Bern.  Lon. 
6  50  E,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Lausanne,  township  of  N''orthampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  river, 
about  30  miles  above  Bethlehem.  It  in- 
cludes the  greatest  mine  of  Anthracite 
coal  yet  opened  in  the  United  States,  See 
Mauchchunk.     Population  1820,  220. 

Luuterburg,  town  of  Poland  in  Western 
Prussia,  in  the  palatinate  of  Culm,  50  miles 
NE  of  Thorn.     Lon.  20  39  E,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Lauterburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  but  subject  to  the 
French.  It  is  20  miles  SE  ot  Weissem- 
burg.     Lon.  8  26  E,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Lautrec,  town  of  France,  late  in  the 
province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain  and  has  an  ancient  castle. 

imi^rec,  town  of  Germany  in  the  palati- 
nate, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Sauterand  Glaun. 

Lauzov,  seigniory,  Dorchester  county, 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  right  bank  of  St. 
Lawrence  river,  opposite  the  city  of  Que- 
bec. 

Lavora,  Terra  di,  province  of  Naples  in 
Italy,  63  miles  in  length,  and  35  in  breadth ; 
bounded  on  tlie  W  by  Campagna  di  Roma, 
on  the  N  by  Abruzzo  Ulteriore  and  Cite- 
riore,  on  the  E  by  the  Molise  and  Princi- 
pata  Ulteriore,  and  on  the  S  by  Principato 
Citeriore.  It  abounds  in  excellent  wines, 
and  all  sorts  of  fruits  are  found  in  great 
plenty.  The  soil  is  excellent  for  tillage 
from  whence  it  takes  its  name,  and  there 
are  mineral  springs  and  mines  of  sulphur. 
Naples  is  ihe  c;ipital. 

La-ivahamiock,  river  of  Pennsylvania, 
rises  in  the  NE  angle  of  Luzerne  countyi 
and  flowing  SW  falls  into  the  Susquehan- 
nah  river,  at  Pittstown,  12  miles  above 
Wilkesbarre. 

Laohateahanock,  mountain,  is  a  continua- 
tion of  the  Shawnese  range  of  Wyoming 
mountains.  This,  near  the  Susquehannah 
river,  is  very  high  and  steep,  but  becomes 
lower  as  it  extends  north-e>stwardly.  It 
terminates  in  Susquehannah  county,  where 
it  is  called  the  Moose  Mountain,  and  a 
par!  of  it  Mount  Avrarat. 

Lachaivahanock,  valley,  extends  from  tiie 
mouth  of  the  Lackawahanock  creek,  up 
the  same  about  30  miles.  The  soil  is  of 
second  quality,  the  land  uneven,  forming 
no  level  plan  of  any  considerable  extent. 
This  next  to  Wyoming  Valley  is  the  most 
populous  in  Luzerne  oanty. 

Ija-aienburg ,  dnchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  subject  to  the 
kingdom  of  Hariover.  It  is  35  miles  in 
length,  and  20  ip  breadth. 

Lawenbtirg,  considerable  town  of  Lower 
S.ixc)ny,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence.    It  is 


L  A  VV 


LAW 


seated  on  the  Elbe,  40  miles  SE  of  Ham- 
burg.    Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Lawenburg-ftown  of  I'russian  Pomerania, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  tlie  same  name. 
Lon.  17  39  li,  lat.  54  33  N. 

Lawrence,  Sc.  See  Si.  Lcnvreiice  river, 
and  St.  Lawrence  county,  J\'e\u  York. 

Lawrence,  county  of  West  Tennessee, 
bounded  by  Alabama  S  ;  Wayne  W ; 
Hickman  N  ;  and  Giles  E  ;  length  26; 
width  22  ;  area  570  square  miles.  Chief 
town,  Lawrenceburgh. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .        1,598 

do.  do.    females     -        -  1,468 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 

Total  whites        ...        -  3,066 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  1 

do.                do.    females    -  0 

Slaves,  males       -        -         -         -  96 

do.    females             -        -        -  108 

Total  population  in  1820.  -        3,271 


0 

966 

33 

2 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.      in  M.nufactures    - 
do.      in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  5|. 

Lawrence,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Jackson;  E  by  Gallia  coun- 
ties ;  S  by  the  Ohio  rivei',  and  W  by 
Scioto  county.  It  is  generally  a  very  hilly 
and  barren  tract  of  couniry.  Symmes'  and 
Indian  Guyandot  creeks,  water  the  eastern 
parts.  It  contains  about  430  square  miles. 
Seat  of  justice,  Burlington. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.    females   . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 


1,819 
1,657 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males 

do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 


3,499 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  607 

do.         in  Manufacuires  -  34 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Lawrence,  township  in  the  west  border 
of  Stark  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
596. 

Lawrence,  township  of  Tuscarawas 
county,  Ohio,  in  which   are  situated  the 


towns  of  Lawrenceville  and  Zoar.      Popu- 
lation 1820, 393. 

Lawrence,  township  of  Washington 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820,  354. 

Laxurence,  county  of  Indiana,  botmded 
by  Orange  S  ;  Owen  and  Martin  W  ;  Mon- 
roe N  ;  Jackson  E,  and  Washington  SE. 
Length  21  ;  width  18  ;?  and  area  378. 
This  county  is  drained  by  the  E  branch  of 
White  river,  and  its  confluents.  Chief 
town,  Palermo. 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        2,151 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,950 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites    .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  -        _       - 

do.     females       -       -       _ 

Total  population  in  1820  -        4,116 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  Agricalture  -        -  997 

do,         in  Manufactures       -  15 

do.        in  Commerce  -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1|. 

Lawrence,  county  of  Ai-kansaw,  bounda- 
ries and  extent  uncertain,  but  usually  call- 
ed the  While  river  county. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...       2,747 

do.    do.  females  -         -        2,325 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 

Lawrence,  county  of  Mississippi,  bound- 
ed NW  and  N  by  the  Cateby  ceded  Choc- 
taw territory  ;  E  by  Covington  ;  S  by  Ma- 
rion and  Pike,  and  W  by  Franklin.  Length 
60  ;  mean  width  21 ;  and  area  1260  square 
miles.  Pearl  river  flows  through  this 
county,  upon  the  banks  of  which,  and  on 
some  of  its  branches  good  land  in  small 
quantities  is  found.  The  general  surface 
is  covered  with  fine  timber,  and  is  hilly 
and  sterile,  though  well  supplied  with 
good  water.  Chief  staples,  cotton, 
495 


5,602 


12 

1,345 

77 

28 


LEA 


I.  E  B 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.     females 


2,236 
1,683 


Total  whites             -        -       -  3,919 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  4 

do.             do.       females  2 

Slaves,  males           -       -        -  531 

do.    females        _        -        _  460 


Total  population  in  1820 


4,916 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,518 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  47 

do.    in  Commerce  -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile  4  nearly. 

La-Mrence,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Lawrence  county,  Arkansaw  territory,  on 
the  N  side  of  Black  river,  about  50  miles 
above  its  confluence  with  White  river. 

La-tvrencebnrg ,  post  tcAvn,  llutler  county, 
Pennsyh'ania,  on  Allegany  river,  20  miles 
NE  from  Butler.    Population  in  1820,  473. 

La-tvrenceburg,  post  village,  and  seat  of 
justice.  Dearborn  county,  Indiana,  two 
miles  below  Great  Miami,  and  24  miles 
below  Cincinnati.  This  village  is  seated 
on  an  extensive  bottom,  liable  to  inunda- 
tion at  seasons  of  high  flood. 

Lawrence^ s post  office,  Southampton  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  about  50  miles  SE  from  Rich- 
mond, 

La-uirenceville,  village  on  the  left  bank 
of  Allegany  river,  two  miles  above  Pitts- 
burg. At  this  place  is  an  arsenal,  and  Uni- 
ted States  militarj-  depot. 

LaivrenceviUe,  village  laid  out  in  the 
year  1816,  near  the  centre  of  Madison 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  state  road  leading 
from  Columbus  to  Springfielfi. 

Lawrenceville,  post  village,  Nansemond 
county,  Virginia,  10  miles  W  from  Suffolk, 
and  30  S\V  from  Norfolk. 

Laivsville,  post  village  and  township, 
Susquehannah  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
<he  New  York  line,  10  miles  N  ffom  Mon- 
trose. 

Laxenburg,  town  of  Austria,  on  a  small 
river  10  miles  S  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  28 
E,  lat.  48  3  N, 

Laytonstone.     See  Lotu  Layton. 

Laybo.ch,  town  and  government  of  Aus- 
trian lllyria.  The  town  stands  on  a  small 
river  a  branch  of  the  same,  about  30  miles 
NE  from  Trieste.  I.ou.  14  46  E,  lat.  46 
02  N.     Population  12,000. 

Layton.i,  post  village,  Essex  county,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  right  bank  of  Kappahr.nnoc 
river,  opposite  Leeds,  in  Westmoreland, 
and  35  miles  by  laiul  below  Fredericks- 
bm-g. 

Lfu,  river  of  England,  rises  near  Luton, 
in  Bedfordshire,    fiows    to   Hertford    and 
Ware,  -ind  dividing  Essex  from  Hertford- 
4^6 


sliire  and  Middlesex,  falls  into  the  lliamcs 
below  Blackwall. 

I^acoch,  township  of  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  between 
Pequea  and  Conestogoe  creeks,  nine  miles 
E  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  56  W 
of  Philadelphia.     Population  1320,2882. 

Lead/nils,  village  in  Lanarkshire,  among 
the  mountains  of  Clydesdale,  and  said  to 
be  the  highest  human  habitation  in  Great 
Britain.  Here  reside  many  hundred  of 
miners,  with  their  families.  These  miners, 
though  in  a  great  measure  excluded  from 
society  by  their  situation,  pay  great  atten- 
tion to  the  cultivation  of  the  mind,  and 
have  provided  a  circulating  library  for  the 
instruction  and  amusement  of  the  litile 
community  belonging  to  the  village,  44 
miles  S  from  Glasgow. 

Leading  creek,  stream  rising  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Athens  county,  Ohio,  which 
after  running  15  or  16  miles  to  the  SE 
through  Meigs  county,  falls  into  the  Ohio 
river  17  miles  above  Gallipolis. 

Leaf,  river,  south-western  branch  of  Pas- 
cagoula  (which  see.)  Leaf  river  rises  by 
a  number  of  branches,  in  the  Choctaw 
country,  above  N  lat.  32.  Its  general 
course  is  SE  through  Covington  and  Wayne 
counties,  joins  the  Chickisawhsy  river  in 
Jackson,  and  forms  Pascagoula  river.  The 
entire  length  of  the  Leai  river  is  about  100 
miles,  and  though  not  so  long  as  Chicki- 
sawhay,  the  former  is  probably  a  larger 
volume  of  water  from  its  more  numerous 
branches.  Both  streams  flow  from  a  pine 
forest,  soil  thin  and  sterile. 

Leaf,  river,  post  village,  Green  county, 
Missouri. 

LeaksviUe,  post  town,  Rockingham  coun- 
ty. North  Carolina. 

Leamington  Priors,  village  of  Warwick- 
shire, England,  a  celebrated  watering  place, 
22  miles  SW  from  Birmington,  and  90  N 
W  from  London. 

Leao-tong,  or  Chen-yang,  one  of  the 
three  departments  of  the  Mnntshurs,  who 
hence  entered  and  conquered  China. 
Chen-yang,  or  Mougden,  is  the  capital. 

Lectherhead,  town  in  Surry,  which  has  a 
bridge  of  many  arches  over  the  river 
Mole. 

LeatJiestuatcr,  called  also  TVythburn,  or 
Tkirhne-.'e-ivater,  fine  l?.ke  of  Cumberland, 
whicii  lies  S  by  E  of  Keswick.  Its  outlet 
joins  the  rapid  river  Greeta,  at  New 
Bridge,  and  thus  has  a  communication  with 
the  lake  of  Derwentwater. 

Lea-vava,  seaport  on  th.e  E  coast  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon,  w  hich  yields  a  great  deal 
of  salt.     Lon.  83  15  E,  lat.  6  40  N. 

Lebanon,  post  town  of  York  countj*, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  E  side  of  .Salmon- 
fall  river,  about  20  miles  NW  of  Ports- 
mouth in   New   Hampshire..    In    1810  it 


L  E  B 


LED 


contained  1938  inhabitants,  and  in  1820, 
2223. 

Lebanon,  post  town  in  Grafton  connty, 
New  Hampshire,  four  miles  SE  of  Durt- 
mouth  college. 

Lebanon,  post  town  in  Windham  county, 
Connecticut,  on  the  W  side  of  Shetucket 
river,  nine  miles  NofNorwicli,  and  near 
the  same  distance  S  of  Windham.  In 
1810  it  contained  2580  inhabitants,  and  in 
1820,  2719. 

Lebanon,  township  and  post  village,  Ma- 
dison county,  New  York,  35  miles  SW  from 
Utica.     Population  1820,  1940. 

Lebanon,  post  town,  Hunterdon  county, 
New  Jersey,     Population  1820,  2817. 

Lebanon,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed by  Lancaster  SW  ;  Dauphin  SW  and  N 
W,  and  Berlcs  NE.  Lengtii  17 ;  width 
17  :  and  area  288  square  miles.  This  fine 
county  is  drained  by  the  Swatara,  Quitapa- 
hilla  and  Tulpehocken  creeks  witii  their 
branches.  Its  NW  boundary  is  the  Blue 
Mountain,  or  Kittatinny  Ridge.  The  sur- 
face exceedingly  diversified.  The  sub- 
stratum of  rather  more  than  one  half  its 
surface  is  limestone,  Tiiis  formation  lies 
SE  from  the  QuitapahiUa,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  that  stream.  Towards  the  Bhie 
Mountain,  the  soil  is  based  on  c'ay  slate. 
The  Union  Canal,  intended  to  unite  the 
Swatara  to  the  Schuylkill  by  their  respec 
tive  branches,  the  QuitapahiUa  and  Sulpe- 
hocken,  will  pass  through  the  centre  of 
this  county.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey 
and  iron.     Cliieftuwn,  Lebanon. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free' white  males        ...         8,527 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  8,341 
All  other  pers'jus  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  13 


Total  whites       ....  16,881 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     .  52> 

do.              do.       females  50 

Slaves,  males      ....  2 

do.    females            ...  2 

Total  population  in  1820  -       16,988 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  273 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,989 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -        1,302 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  31 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  55. 

Lebanon,  borough,  and  post  town,  Le- 
banon county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  QuitapahiUa  creek,  28  miles 
W  of  Heading,  and  25  ENE  of  Harrisburg. 
The  streets  are  regular,  and  the  houses 
well  built,  principally  with  bricks  and 
stone.     Population  1820,  1437. 

Lebanon,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,- 
Warren  county,  Ohio,  containing  the  usual 
county  buildings,  with  a    bank,  lirintinsr 


office,  two  market  houses,  and  library  com- 
pany ;  28  miles  S  from  Dayton,  and  30  N 
E  from  Cincinnati.  Lon.  W  C  7  05  W, 
lat.  39  25  N, 

Lebanon,  township  of  Meigs  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  253. 

Lebanon,  one  of  the  southern  townships 
of  Ashtabula  county,  Oluo.  Population 
1820,  213. 

Lebanon,  post  town  and  .seat  of  justice, 
Wetson  county,  Tennessee,  25  miles  E 
from  Nashville. 

Lebanon,  post  town,  Washington  county, 
Georgia. 

Lebanon,  post  town,  Washington  county, 
Kentucky,  60  miles  SE  from  Louisville. 

Lebeda,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Tri" 
poll,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  an  old  cas. 
tie.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  85 
miles  E  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  32 
50  N. 

Lebrixa,  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
seated  in  a  territory  abounding  in  corn, 
wine,  and  olive  trees,  which  produce  the 
best  oU  in  Spain.  It  is  12  miles  NB  of  St. 
Lucar.     Lon.  5  44  W,  lat.  2,7  8  N. 

Lebiis,  town  of  G.?rmany,  in  the  c.rcle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marquisate  of  Bran- 
denburg, with  a  bishop's  see,  secularized 
in  favour  of  the  house  of  Brandenburg.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Oder,  10  miles  N  of  Franc- 
fort,  and  43  E  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  39  E, 
lat.  52  31  N. 

Leece,  populous  and  most  beautiful  town 
of  Naples,  in  Otiaato,  of  which  it  is  the 
chief  place,  with  a  bishop's  see,  10  miles 
W  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  195  ESE  of 
Naples.     Lon.  18  20  E,  lat  40  36  N. 

Lccco,  town  of  Italy  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  E  side  of  the  lake  Como,  26 
mil-s  N  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  21  E,  lat.  45 
5Z  N. 

Lech,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  Tirol,  divides  Suabia  fi-om  Bavaria,  and 
falls  into  the  Danube,  below  Donawert. 

Lecldade,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Lech  with  the  Thames, 
28  miles  E  by  S  of  Gloucester,  and  77 
W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  1  35  W,  lat.  51 
40  N. 

I^echnich,  town  of  Germany.  It  is  situa- 
ted in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  in 
the  electorate  of  Cologne,  10  miles  SW  of 
Cologne.     Lon.  7  8  E.'lat.  50  46  N. 

Leek,  river  of  the  United  Provinces, 
which  branches  off  the  Rhine  at  Wyckby- 
Deurstedr,  and  enters  the  Merve,  10  milea 
E  of  Rotterdam. 

Lectoure,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment ot  Gers  and  late  provi;vce  of  Armag. 
nac,  on  a  mountain  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  river  Gers,  12  miles  E  of  Condom. 
Lon.  0  42  E,  lat.  43  56  N 
•  Ledbury,  town  in  Herefordshire.  It  is 
inhabited  by  many  clothiers  who  carry  on 
a  great  trade.  It  is  13  miles  K  of  HLersford, 
497 


LEE 


LEE 


and  116  WNW  of  London.    Lon.  2  17  W, 
lat.  52  3  N. 

Ledesma,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated 
on  the  T'.me,  20  miles  SW  of  Salamanca. 
Lon.  5  31  W,-tat.  41  ON. 

Xee>  river  of  Ireland,  wiiich  rises  on  the 
confines  of  Kerry,  and  flows  E  to  Cork,  be- 
low  which  city  it  forms  a  fine  harbour,  and 
enters  St.  Geoi-ije's  Chan:iel. 
\  Lee,  village  in  Kent,  in  the  church- 
yard of  which  Dr.  Halley,  tlie  great  astro- 
nomer, is  interred.  It  is  six  miles  SE  of 
London. 

Lee,  township  of  Hancock  county,  Maine, 
about  27  miles  NW  from  Castine.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  tmcertain. 

Lee,  township  of  Strafford  county,  New 
Hampshire,  15  miles  NW  from  Portsn^outh. 
Population  in  1820,  1224. 

Lee,  township  of  Berkshire,  Massachu- 
setts, containing  1305  inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  1384.  It  is  situated  about 
4  miles  E  of  Stockbridge  and  140  W  of 
Boston. 

Lee,  townsliip  of  Oneida  county.  New 
York,  10  miles  NW  from  lioaje.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2186. 

Lee,  Fort,  Bergen  county,  New  Jersej*, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  9  miles 
above  Bergen. 

Lee,  township  of  Athens  county,  Ohio. 
Popuh^tion  in  1820,  336. 

Lee,  SW  county  ofV  rginia;  bounded  S 
by  Temnessee  ;  NW  by  Cumberland  Moun- 
tain or  Kentucky ;  and  E  by  Scott  county  in 
Virginia.  This  county  is  triangular;  ex- 
tending 45  miles  along  Tennessee,  and  o6 
along  Kentucky  ;  with  an  area  of  about  800 
square  rTiiles.  V  is  intersected  by  Powell's 
river  a  branch  of  Tennessee.  The  surface 
is  generally  moimtainous,  or  hilly,  and  soil 
rocky  and  sterile.     Chief  town,  Jonesville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


2,248 
2,089 

4,337 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -       _        -  21 

Slaves  -----         336 


Total  population  in  1810 


4,694 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .         1,962 

do.    do.    females     -         .        -        1,923 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        .         -  0 


Total  whites 
Free  persons  of 

do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


males  - 
females 


3,885 


169 
197 


Total  papulation  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  m  Agriculture 
do.        in  Ma^iufactures 
do.       in  Commerce 


4,256 


in.R 


6 

•       1,210 

22 

5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5, 

Leech  Lake,  lake  of  the  NW  territory  of 
the  United  States,  discharging  its  waters 
into  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  N,  a 
short  distance  above  the  falls  of  Pegagama. 
It  lies  about  18  degrees  W  from  Washing- 
ton, lat.  48  N. 

Leeds,  town  of  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  in  a  vale,  which  trade 
has  rendered  one  of  the  most  populous 
spots  in  England,  and  is  the  principal  of 
the  clothing  towns  in  Yorkshire.  It  is 
particularly  the  mart  for  the  coloured  and 
white  broadcloths,  of  which  vast  quantities 
are  sold  in  its  cloth-halls.  Leeds  has  a 
manufacture  of  camlets,  which  has  declined, 
and  a  flourishing  one  of  carpets  resembling 
those  of  Wilts  and  Scotland.  Here  are 
also  some  mills  for  the  cutting  of  tobacco, 
and  a  great  pottery.  Within  three  miles 
of  the  t»wn  are  numerous  collieries.  Leeds 
has  a  magnificent  stone  bridge  over  the 
Aire,  which  is  navigable  for  boats,  that 
carry  much  coal  from  hence  to  York  and 
Hull  It  is  22  miles  WSW  of  York,  and 
192  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  29' W, 
lat   53  48  N. 

Leeds,  tuwnship  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  Becancour  river,  and 
between  Broughton  and  Inverness, 40  miles 
S  from  Quebec. 

Leeds  County,  Upper  Canada,  is  bounded 
on  the  east  by  t'le  county  of  Grenville ;  on 
tiie  south  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and 
on  the  west  by  tiie  boundary  line  of  the 
late  town.diip  of  Pittsburgh,  running  north 
until  it  iutersecis  the  Ottawa  or  Grand 
river;  thence  descending  that  river,  until 
it  meets  the  north-westernmost  boundary 
of  the  county  of  Grenville. 

Leeds  To-w7iship,  in  the  county  of  Leeds, 
Upper  Canada,  is  the  twelfth  township  in 
ascending  tlie  river  St  Lawrence. 

Leeds,  township  of  Kennebec  county, 
Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin,  20  miles  SW 
from  Augusta.     Population  in  1820,  1309. 

Leeds,  villai  e  of  Gloucester  county,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Leedston,   post  town    in    Westmoreland 
county,  Virginia,  17  miles  NW  of  West- 
moreland   c<urt-house,   and   105   S   from. 
Washington.  ' 

Leefooga,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  visited  by  captain 
Cook,  in  1776.  This  island  is  stven  miles 
in  length,  and  its  breadth  in  some  places, 
not  above  three. 

Leek,  town  in  Staffordshire,  seated  in 
some  barren  mcor  lands.    It  is  154  miles 


L  E  C. 


L  E  II 


NNW  of  London.    Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  53 
16  N. 

Leer,  or  Leltr,  town  of  Westphalia,  seat- 
ed  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  11  miles 
SE  of  Embden,  and  24  WN W  of  Osnaburg. 

Leerdam,  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Lmghe,  17  miles 
NE  of  Dort.     Lon.  5  13  E,  Lt  51  56  N. 

Leerot,  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Lee  with  the  Embs,  10  miles  E  by  S  of 
Embden. 

Leers,  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Liege.  It  is 
four  miles  N  of  Liege. 

Leesburg,  seat  ot  justice,  and  post  town, 
Loudon  county,  Virginia  j  lying  four  miles 
SW  of  the  Potomac  river,  and  43  NW  of 
Washington. 

Leesburg,  post  town,  Washington  coun- 
ty, Tennessee,  about  80  miles  NE  by  E 
fi'om  Knoxville. 

Leesburg,  post  town,  Harrison  county, 
Kentucky,  10  miles  NW  from  Paris,  and  22 
NE  from  Frankfort. 

Leesburg,  village  of  Tuscarawas  county, 
Ohio. 

Leesburg,  village  of  Champaign  county, 
Ohio. 

Leesburg,  post  town.  Highland  county, 
Ohio,  31  miles  W  from  Chillicothe, 

Lee^s  Mills,  post  office,  Washington 
county.  North  Carolina. 

Leetakoo,  recently  discovered  town  of 
South  Africa,  in  the  country  of  the  Boshwa- 
nas.  It  was  d'scovered  in  1801,  and  since 
visited  by  Dr.  Lechstensteln,  and  Mr. 
Campbell.  It  is  supposed  to  contain  from 
7  to  8000  inhabitants.  Lon.  27  E,  lat.  25 
SOS. 

Lee-ivard  Islands,  that  part  of  the  Carib- 
bee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  commenc 
ing  at  Dominica,  and  extending  to  Porto 
Rico. 

Leeive,  fortified  town  of  Austrian  Bra- 
bant, seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  Geete,  12 
miles  E  of  Lovain.  Lon.  5  7  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Leghorn,  city  of  Tuscany,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  has  one  of  the  best  hai  hours  in  the 
Mediterranean ;  its  commerce  is  prodigi- 
ous. The  Jews,  wlio  are  numerous  and 
rich,  have  a  handsome  synagogue  and 
schools  ;  the  Greeks  and  Armenians  have 
churches  of  their  own  ;  and  no  religion  is 
disturbed.  The  inhabitants  are  computed 
at  50,000.  The  streets  are  wide  and 
straight,  and  almost  all  the  houses  of  the 
same  heigiit.  There  are  so  many  canals, 
that  some  have  given  it  the  title  of  New 
Venice.  Near  the  harbour  is  a  ia.'-ge  build- 
ing, in  which  they  shut  up  every  niglit  ihe 
Turks  and  galley  slaves.  At  a  little  dis- 
t.ance  is  a  ligiit-hojse,  on  a  small  island. 
The  trade  consists  of  I'.sreign  goods,  as  cot- 
ton, sugar,  cocoa,  spices,  sulphur,  and 
alum ;  and  in  home  productions,  as  essen- 


ces, oils,  wine,  strawhats,  cloth,  juniper 
berries,  oranges,  lambs'  and  goats'  skins, 
and  coral.  In  1741,  this  city  suffered 
greatly  by  an  earthquake.  It  is  li5  miles 
N  W  of  Rome,  an^'  '  "i  W  of  Florence,  l^on. 
10  28  E,  lat.  43  33  N. 

Legnago,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese, 
on  the  Adige.  The  town  is  populous, 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  parti- 
cularly in  grain,  which  is  -reatly  facilitated 
by  means  of  a  canal  irom  the  Adige  to  the 
Po.     It  is  24  miles  SE  of  Verona. 

Le  Goupe,  seigniory,  Northumberland, 
county,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  left  side  of 
St.  Lawrence,  54  miles  below  Quebec. 

Lehigh,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  the  NW 
branch  of  the  Delaware.  Its  extreme  north- 
ern sources  are  in  the  soutliern  part  of 
Wayne  county,  and  in  Luzerne  county, 
near  Wilkesbarre.  Augmented  by  many 
mDuntain  streams,  it  flows  SW  by  compa- 
rative courses  25  miles  to  the  mouth  of 
AVrights  mill  creek ;  it  thence  turns  to 
nearly  S  by  a  very  serpeniine  course,  but 
in  a  direct  distance  of  about  20  miles  to 
Lehighton.  Here  it  inflects  to  SE,  and 
continues  in  that  direction,  25  miles  to  Al- 
lentown  or  No.thamplon.  At  AUentown 
it  once  more  turns  nearly  at  right  angles, 
and  flows  NE  15  miles  to  its  entrance  into 
the  Delaware  at  Easton.  The  entire  com- 
parative course  of  this  stream  is  85  miles. 
From  n'-ar  its  source  to  Trout  creek  it 
separates  Pike  and  Luzerne  counties. 
From  Trout  creek,  to  Rock  Eddy  falls  it 
separates  Northampton  from  Luzerne 
county.  Below  the  Rock  Eddy  falls  to  its 
passage  through  the  Blue  or  K'ttatinny 
mountain,  its  course  is  within  Northamp- 
ton county.  Betv/een  its  passage  through 
the  mountain,  and  the  mouth  of  H  -cken- 
docque  creek,  it  forms  the  limit  between 
Lehigh  and  Northampton  county.  Below 
llockendocque  creek  to  Bethlehem  it  flows 
tiirough  Lehigh  and  below  Bethlehem  to 
Easton,  in  Northampton  coui'^y. 

The  Lehigh  is  truly  a  mountain  stream, 
and  meanders  through  a  series  of  natural 
scenes  not  excelled  if  equalled  in  the  Ufii- 
ted  States.  The  following  table  will  exhi- 
bit its  descent  from  Stoddartiville  to  its 
mouth. 


Stoddartsville  to  the  mouth  of 
Nesquehoning  creek  about  two 
miles  above  the  Laususane,  and 
3  miles  above  the  village  of 
Mauchchunk         ... 

From  Nesqueiioning"  to  tite  Le- 
high water  gap     -        -        - 

From  the  gap  to  Easton   - 


Feet. 


845 


160 

205 


1,210 
The  Lehigh  Coat  and   Navigation  com- 
pany have  been  for  several  years  employ- 
ed to  render  this  stream   nuvig;ible  from 
499 


i-  E  1 


J,  K  I 


the  mouth  of  Mauchcliunk  creek  to  Eas- 
ton,  in  order  to  transport  to  Philadelphia 
and  other  places,  the  immense  treasures  of 
Anthracite  coal  imbedded  in  a  mountain, 
about  nine  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
creek.  See  Manchchimk,  and  J^'orthamp- 
ton  county. 

Lefd^h,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bounded 
SE  by  Bucks  ;  SW  by  Montgomery  and 
Berks  ;  NWby  Schuylkill  and  Northamp- 
ton i  and  NE  by  Northampton.  Length 
25  ;  breadth  13  ;  and  area  335.  The 
surface  of  this  couniy  is  highly  pictur- 
esque and  varied.  Except  tlie  two  south- 
eastern townships  Upper  Milford  and  Up- 
per Saucon,  tlie  residue  of  this  country- 
lies  in  the  valley  between  South  Mountain 
and  the  Blue  or  Klttatinny  Mountain.  The 
valley  section  is  nearly  equ<lly  divided  be- 
tween the  Limestone  and  Clay  slate  forma- 
tions so  frequently  mentioned  under  vari- 
ous articles  in  this  Gazetteer.  The  soil, 
particularly  on  the  limestone  tracts  is  ex- 
cellent. The  whole  county  with  but  par- 
tial exci^ptions  is  well  adapted  lo  the  cul- 
ture of  grain,  grass  and  fruits,  though  in 
many  places  the  surface  is  excessively 
broken.  Staples,  gram,  flour,  whiskey, 
fruit,  salted  meat,  &c.  Chief  town,  Allen- 
town  or  Northampton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        9,616 

do.    do.  females  -        -        9,230 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        .  O 


Total  whites       ....  18,846 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  26 

do              do.      females  23 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.     females            ...  0 


Total  population  in  1820, 


18,895 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  •  103 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         .         2,966 

do.         in  Manufactures  -         1,289 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  34 

Population  to  ihe  square  mile,  56. 

Leibnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria, 
sealed  on  the  Sulm,  16  miles  S  of  Gratz. 

Leicester^  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Wor- 
cester county,  with  a  coi  siderab-e  nianu- 
factuie  of  wool  cards,  six  miles  NNW  of 
Worcester. 

Leicester,  b'>roiigk  and  the  capital  of 
Leicesterrh  r-,  crovcned  by  a  muyor.  The 
combing  an."  ^j.  n  ijng  ■  f  wool,  and  ma- 
king it  into  stoc'-iiigs  and  other  articles,  is 
ihii chief  bus:r.ess  .  .'"  this  town  and  neigh 
bouihood  A  canai  parses  hence  by  Lough- 
borough to  the  river  Trent.  At  a  parlia- 
ment held  here,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V. 
was  made  the  first  law  for  the  burning  of 
heretics.  In  the  meadows  near  the  town, 
500 


are  the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  iii  which 'cardi- 
nal Wolsey  died.  In  1811,  Leicester  con- 
tained 23,146  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Soar,  23  miles  S  bv  E  of  Derby,  and  98 
NNW  of  London.  lion.  1  8  W,  lat.  52 
38  N, 

Leicester,  township  and  post  town  of 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  seven 
miles  SW  of  Worcester,  and  54  in  the 
same  direction  from  Boston.  It  contains 
several  places  of  public  worship,  an  acade- 
my, and  extensive  manufactory  of  wool 
cards.     It  contamed    1181   inhabitants   in 

1810,  and  in  1820,  1252. 

Leicester,  township  of  Livingston  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on  Genessee  river,  about 
25  miles  SE  from  Batavia.  The  villages  of 
Moscow  and  Mount  Morris  are  in  this 
township.    Population  1820,  1331. 

Leicestershire,  county  of  England,  38 
miles  long  and  30  broad,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Nottinghamshire,  E  by  the  counties 
of  Lincoln  and  Rutland,  S  by  Northampton- 
shire, SW  by  Warwickshire,  and  NW  by 
Derbyshire.  It  contains  522,240  acres  is 
divided  into  six  hundreds,  and  196  par- 
ishes, has  12  market-towns ;  and  sends 
four  members  to  parliament.  In  1811,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  150,419.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Avon,  Soar,  Wreke, 
Anker  and  Welland;  and  it  has  several 
canals.  The  sheep  bred  here,  and  in  Lir» 
colnsl)ire,  are  the  laigest  mutton  with 
which  the  London  markets  are  supplied, 
and  have  the  greatest  fleeces  of  wool  of 
any  in  England.  Nor  is  the  wool  less  fine 
on  account  of  its  quantity  ;  it  has  the  long- 
est staple  in  the  whole  ibland,  some  few- 
places  excepted.  The  horses  bred,  or 
rather  fed  here,  are  the  largest  in  Eng- 
land, being  generally  the  great  black  dray 
horses,  of  which  great  numbers  are  contin- 
ually sent  to  London.  The  manufacture 
of  stockings  is  the  principal  one  in  the 
county.       Population   1801,    131,081  ;    in 

1811,  150,419;  and  in  1821,  174,571. 
Leigh,  seaport  in  Essex,  on  a   creek  at 

the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  It  has  a  good 
road  for  shipping,  and  is  18  miles  SSE  of 
Chelmsford,  and  40  E  of  London.  Lon.  0 
42  E,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Leigh,  town  in  Lancashire,  seven  miles 
NNE  of  Warrington,  and  191  NW  of  Lon- 
don. 

Leighton-Buzzard,  town  in  Bedfoi'dshire. 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ouse,  18 
miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  41  NW  of  London. 
Lon  0  o5  W,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Leinengen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  seven  miles  SW  of 
Worms.     Lon.  8  22  E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Leiiia,  river  of  Germany,  which  flowing 
through  Brunswick  Lunenburgh,  falls  into 
the  Aller. 

Leinsler,  eastern  province  of  Ii-eland, 
bounded  by  Ulster  on  the  N ;  St.  George's 


L  E  I 


i,  E  M 


or  the  Irish  Channel,  on  the  E  and  S  ;  and 
by  the  provinces  of  Connaught  and  Mun- 
ster  on  the  W.  The  capital  city  of  this 
province  and  of  the  kingdom  is  Dublin. 
It  contains  12  counties,  viz.  Carlow,  Dub- 
lin, Kildare,  Kilkenny,  King's  county, 
Longford,  Louth,  Meath,  Queen's  county, 
Westmeath,  Wexford,  and  Wicklow.  It 
is  the  most  level  and  best  cultivated  pro- 
vince in  the  kingdom  ;  coniaining  2,642,258 
Irish  plantation  acres;  858  parishes,  99 
baronies,  and  53  boroughs  ;  it  is  about  124 
miles  long  and  74  broad,  and  extends  from 
51  45  to  55  45  N  lat. 
•  Leiphaim,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Ulm.  Its  vicinity  produces  good 
hops,  and  it  stands  on  the  S  bank  of  the 
Danube,  10  miles  NE  of  Ulm. 

Leipnic,  walled  town  of  Moravia;  near 
the  river  Beczwa,  14  miles  ESE  of  01- 
mutz. 

Leipsic,  city  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
with  a  famous  universit}',  and  a  strong  cita- 
del, called  Pleyssenburg.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade ;  and  has  three  great 
fairs  every  year,  which  last  a  fortnight 
each.  Its  principal  manufactures  are  silk, 
gold  and  silver  stuffs,  linen  and  cotton 
printing,  leather  and  paper.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  exceeds  30,000 ;  and  the 
houses,  in  general,  are  lofty  buildings. 
There  are  six  handsome  colleges  belong- 
ing to  the  university,  beside  the  private 
colleges  ;  and  the  exchange  is  a  fine  struc- 
ture. Leipsic  was  taken  by  the  Prussians 
in  1745  and  1756.  The  Austrians,  in  1756, 
beseiged  it  in  vain  ;  they  took  it  two  years 
after,  but  were  soon  obliged  to  give  it  up. 
Leipsic  is  celebrated  for  two  of  the  great- 
est battles  recorded  in  history,  having 
been  fought  in  its  vicinity,  between  the 
French  and  allied  armies,  on  the  16lli  and 
18th  of  October,  1813,  and  which  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  capture  of  the  town,  and  the 
vear-guard  of  the  French  army,  on  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  and  also  the  king  of  Saxo- 
ny and  his  family,  who  were  made  prison- 
ers. It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river 
Pleysse,  60  miles  WNW  of  Dresden,  Lon. 
12  20E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Ldria,  town  of  Portugal,  In  Estramadu- 
ra,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  an  ancient  cas- 
tle on  an  eminence.  It  is  80  miles  NNE 
of  Lisbon.     Lon.  8  34  VV,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Leiszniff,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  lace,  stock- 
ings, &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  24 
miles  ESE  of  Leipsic,  and  32  N  W  of  Dres- 
den. 

Lcitenberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sorbitz,  11  miles  SSE 
ofSaalfeld. 

Leith,  seaport  of  Scotland,  on  the  frith 
of  Fortii,  two  miles  NNE  of  Edinburg,  of 
which  it  is  the  port.    \lt  is  situate  at  the 


mouth  of  the  river  Leith,  which  forms  the 
harbour,  and  divides  the  town  into  N  and 
S  Leith,  which  communicate  by  a  draw- 
bridge. The  harbour  is  secured  by  a  no- 
ble stone  pier  at  the  mouth  of  a  little  river, 
called  the  Water  of  Leith  ;  and  is  accomo- 
dated with  an  elegant  drawbridge  and  a 
good  quay.  The  commerce  of  Leith  is 
very  considerable  ;  and  the  vessels  em- 
ployed in  the  London  trade  are,  in  gener- 
al, of  a  large  size,  but  the  largest  ships  are 
those  employed  in  the  Greenland  whale 
fishery.  To  Germany,  Holland  and  the 
Baltic,  are  exported  lead,  glass  ware,  linen, 
woollen  stuffs,  and  a  variety  of  other 
goods  ;  as  also  to  the  other  countries  of 
Europe,  the  W.  Indies  and  America.  Ships 
of  great  size  are  built  at  this  port  ;  and 
here  are  several  extensive  ropewalks. 
There  are  also  flourishing  manufactures  of 
bottle-glass,  window-glass,  and  crystal  ;  a 
great  carpet  manufactory,  a  soap-Avork, 
and  some  iron  forges.  There  are  three 
churches  in  Leith,  and  an  ancient  hospital 
for  disabled  seamen.  Lon.  3  7  W,  lat.  56 
ON. 

Leitrim,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaught,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Donegal  Bay,  on  the  NE  by  Fermanah,  on 
the  E  by  Cavan  ;  by  Longford  on  the  SE, 
Roscommon  on  the  SW,  and  Sligo  on  the 
W.  It  is  42  miles  long,  and  17  broad ;  is  a 
fertile  country,  and,  though  mountainous, 
produces  great  herds  ot  black  cattle,  but 
contains  few  places  of  note.  It  contains 
21  parishes,  and  sends  six  members  to  par- 
liament. 

LeiCrim,  county  town  of  Leitrim,  in  Ire- 
land; pleasantly  situated  on  the  river 
Shannon,  80  miles  from  Dublin,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  been  formerly  a  place  ot" 
some  note.     Lon.  8  30  W,  lat.  53  57  N. 

Ldxlip,  town  ot  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  seated  on  the  Liffey.  It  has  a 
noble  castle,  with  large  gardens,  on  one 
side  of  which  is  a  fine  waterfall,  called  the 
salmon  leap.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the 
church  and  castle  of  Confy.  Leixlip  is 
eight  miles  W  of  Dubhn. 

Leman,  real  name  of  the  fine  lake  on 
which  the  city  of  Geneva  stands.  It  is 
commonly,  though  erroneously  called  from 
the  city,  Lake  of  Geneva. 

hemays  cross  roads,  post  office  in  Gran- 
ville county.  North  Carolina. 

Lembtirg,  Austrian  Poland,  or  Leopold, 
large  commercial  city  of  Poland,  capital  of 
the  palatinate  of  Ked  Russia,  and  now  of 
the  Austrian  kingdoms  of  G  ilacia  a'ld  Lo- 
domeria.  It  is  well  fortified,  and  defended 
by  two  citadels,  one  of  which  is  on  an 
eminence  without  the  city.  The  square, 
churches  and  public  buildings,  are  magni- 
ficent. It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  arch-bishop 
and  an  Armenian  and  Russian  bisliop.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Peltu,  90  miles  NW  of 
501 


L  E  X 


i.  E  N 


Kamiiueck  and  150  E  of  Cracow,    Lon. 
24  26  E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Lembro,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on 
the  coast  of  Romania,  22  miles  in  circum- 
ference, with  a  town  of  tlie  same  name, 
and  a  harbour.  Lon.  26  0  E,  lat.  40  25 
N. 

Lemgotu,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Lippe,  17  miles  N  of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Lemington,  post  village  and  township, 
Essex  count)',  Vermont,  on  Connecticut 
river,  65  miles  NE  from  Montpelier.  Po- 
pulation 150. 

Lemnos,  one  of  the  principal  islands  of 
the  Archipelago,  now  called  Stalimene.  It 
lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Dardanelles,  and 
lias  a  town  of  the  same  name,  which  is  ca- 
pital of  the  island.  It  is  about  25  miles  in 
length,  and  15  in  breadth,  and  belongs  to 
the  Turks.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile,  es- 
pecially in  corn  and  wine,  and  is  famous  for 
an  earth  called  Terra  Sigiliata,  formerly  in 
greater  esteem  among  physicians  than  at 
present.  It  contains  about  75  villages, 
whose  inhabitants  are  almost  all  Greeks, 
aa'i  are  very  industrious.  Lemnos  or  Stali- 
mene is  but  a  small  town,  standing  on  the 
decliviiy  of  a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which  there 
is  a  castle,  near  the  sea.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop,  and  is  20  miles  SE  of 
mount  Athos,  whose  shadow  covers  it  a  lit- 
tle before  sunset,  and  55  NW  of  Metelin. 
Lon.  25  28  E,  iat.  40  3  N. 

Lemon,  one  of  the  north  eastern  town- 
ships of  Butler  county,  Ohio.  Population 
in  1820,  2133. 

Lempta,  ancient  Leptis  Parva,  or  Little 
Leptis,  town  and  seaport  of  Africa,  60  miles 
S  from  Tunis. 

Lena^  large  river  of  Siberia,  which  flow- 
ing  in  a  northerly  direction,  receives  16 
other  rivers,  and  falls  into  the  Frozen 
Octan,  by  several  mouths. 

Leiicicia,  strong  town  of  Poland,  capital 
of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
fort,  on  a  rock.  The  nobility  of  the  pro- 
vince hold  their  diet  here.  It  stands  in  a 
morass,  on  the  river  Blura,  27  miles  SE  of 
Gnesni,  and  110  N  by  W  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
1  ,  2'J  E,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Lenliam,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Tuesday,  seated  on  an  eminence,  10  miles 
E  Oi  Maidstone,  and  47  ESE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  45E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Lennep,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Wtstpliaha,  and  in  the  duchy  of  Berg. 
Lon.  6  56  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Lenoir,  coi;nty  of  North  Carolina  ;  bour'd- 
ed  by  Jones  SE  ;  Dublin  SW  ;  Wayne  W  ; 
Greene  N ;  and  Craven  NE.  Lenj^th  20  ; 
wi  th  16;  area  320.  Surface  level;  soil 
tolerably  productive.  Chief  town  Kings- 
ton, stands  on  the  north  bank  of  Neuse 
river,  about  50  miies  by  water  above  New- 
bern. 

502 


Population  in  1810. 


Free  white  males        ... 
do.  do.    females     -        .        - 

Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves       -        .        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

1,507 
1,512 

3,019 

113 

2,440 

5,572 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.    do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        - 

1,594 
1,737 

• 

0 

Total  whites               ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males      .... 
do.     females 

3,336 

66 

48 

1,694 

1,660 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,799 


Ofthe.se  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         2,254 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  40 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  H 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Lenox  counitj,  Upper  Canada,  is  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  county  of  Addinglon ; 
on  the  south  and  west  by  the  bay  of  Quinte, 
to  the  easternmost  boundary  of  the  Mo- 
hawk village ;  thence  by  a  line  running 
along  the  westernmost  boundary  of  the 
township  of  Richmond,  to  the  depxh  of  12 
miles,  and  thence  running  north,  until  it 
meets  the  north-west  boundary  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Addington. 

Lenox,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  half  way 
between  Pitisfield,  and  Stockbridge,  and 
about  20  miles  E  of  Hudson  river.  Besides 
the  ordinary  county  buildings  and  places  of 
public  worship,  this  town  contains  an  acade- 
my, and  foundry  for  casling  hollow  iron 
ware.     Population  in  1820,  1315. 

Lenox,  township  of  Madi.on  county. 
New  York,  on  Oneida  lake,  and  Erie  canal, 
about  28  miies  W  from  Utica.  Population 
in  1820,  3360. 

Lenox-Castle,  post  town,  Rockingham 
county,  North  Carolina,  16  miles  E  from 
Germantown,  and  10  SW  from  Danville. 

Lenoxville,  town  and  seaport  of  Carteret 
county,  North  Carolina,  to  the  N  from 
Beaufort,  and  on  a  small  creek  or  bay  com- 
municating with  C'.-.re  Sound;  3  miles  W 
from  Beaufort. 

Lens,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late  province  of 
Artois,  whose  fortifications  are  demolished. 
It  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Arras,  and  95  of 
Paris. 


LEO 


L  E  K 


Lentini,  or  Leontini,  ancient  town  of  Sici- 
ly, in  the  valley  of  Noto.  It  was  greatly 
damaged  by  an  eartliquake  in  1693,  and  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  17 
miles  SW  of  Catania,  and  20  N\V  of  Syra- 
cuse. .  Lon.  14  15  E,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Lentzeu,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony.  It  is  74  miles  from 
Berlin. 

Lenzburg,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  a  small  river, 
eight  miles  W  of  Baden. 

Lenzo,  small  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appenines,  and  falls  into  the  Po. 

Leogane,  town  and  fort  of  the  West  In- 
dies, with  a  good  harbour  on  the  W  side  of 
St.  Domingo.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
and  the  French  royalists  in  .Tanuary  i791, 
but  re-taken  by  the  republicans  in  October 
following;  and  it  was  unsuccessfully  at- 
tacked by  the  English  in  March,  1796. 
Lon.  72  37  VV,  lat.  18  38  N. 

Leominster,  borough  in  Herefordshire. 
It  is  famous  for  its  fine  wool,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Lug,  25  miles  W  by  N  of  Worcester, 
and  137  WN  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  35  W, 
lat.  52  20  N. 

Leominster,  post  town  and  township,  in 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  25  miles 
NW  of  Concord,  and  43  from  Boston, 
nearly  in  the  same  direction.  Population 
in  1820,  1800. 

Leo,  St.  small  but  strong  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Miirrechia,  eight  miles  SW  of  San 
Marino,  and  15  NW  of  Urbino.  Lon.  12 
25  E,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Leon,  fertile  province  of  Spain,  formerly 
a  kingdom,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Astti- 
rias,  on  the  W  by  Galicia  and  Portugal,  on 
the  S  by  Estramadura,  and  on  the  E  by 
Old  Castile.  It  is  125  miles  in  length,  and 
100  in  breadth,  and  is  divided  into  almost 
two  equal  parts,  by  the  river  Douero. 

Leon,  ancient  Legia,  city  of  Spain,  capi- 
tal  of  the  province  of  that  name,  built  by 
the  Romans  in  the  time  of  Galba.  It  is  an 
episcopal  see,  and  has  the  finest  cathedral 
in  all  Spain.  It  was  formerly  richer  and 
more  populous  than  at  present ;  and  boasts 
the  honour  of  being  the  capital  of  the  first 
Christian  kingdom  in  Spain.  It  is  seated 
between  two  sources  of  the  river  Esra,  50 
miles  SE  of  Oveiedo,  and  165  N  bv  W  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  5  13  W,  lat.  42  45  lY. 

Leon,  small  island  belonging  to  Spain. 
It  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  a  strait 
about  10  miles  long.  The  town  of  Cadiz  is 
built  at  its  NW  extremity. 

Jjeon,  JVew,  kingdom  of  Nortii  America, 
which  is  very  populous  and  there  are  silver 
mines  in  it. 

Leon  de  jVicarag7ia,  town  of  New  Spain, 
in  Nicaragua ;  the  residence  of  the  gover- 


nor, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  taken  by 
the  buccaneers  in  1685,  in  sight  of  a 
Spanish  army,  who  were  six  to  one.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  which  is  a 
volcano,  at  the  NW  extremity  of  the  lake 
Nicaragua,  30  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  104  NWof  Niagura.  Lon.  88  10  W, 
lat.  12  25  N. 

Leonard  le  J\"oblet,  St.  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Upper  Vi- 
enne,  and  late  territory  of  Limosin,  with  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  paper,  and 
another  of  cloth  for  clothing  the  army.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vienne,  12  miles  NB  of 
Limoges,  and  195  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  32 
E,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Leonardstorvn,  post  town  in  St.  Mary's 
county,  Maryland ;  situated  on  the  N  side 
of  Potomac  river,  So  miles  SE  of  Port  To- 
bacco, and  68  S  by  E  of  Wasiiington. 

Leonhart,  town  of  Germany,  In  the  cir- 
cle of  Austria  and  duchy  of  Carinthia,  42 
miles  E  of  Clagenfurt.  Lon.  15  23  E,  lat, 
4:3  57  N. 

Leontmi.     See  Lentini. 

Leopold.     See  Lemburg. 

Leopolstadt,  small  but  very  strong  town 
of  Upper  Hungary,  built  by  the  emperor 
Leopold  in  1665,  seated  on  the  Waag,  o6 
miles  N  W  of  Neuhausel,  and  62  E  of  Vi- 
enna.   Lon.  18  6  E,  lat.  48  o5  N. 

Lepage,  seigniory,  Comwallis  county, 
Lower  Canada. 

Lepanto,  strong  and  very  considerable 
town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  and  in  Livadia, 
with  an  archbishop's  see,  and  a  strong  fort. 
It  is  built  on  the  top  of  a  mountain,  in  form 
of  a  sugar-loaf,  and  is  divided  into  four 
towns,  surrounded  by  as  many  walls,  and 
commanded  by  a  castle  on  the  top  of  the 
mountain.  It  was  near  this  town  thai  Don 
John  of  Austria,  obtained  the  famous  vic- 
tory over  the  Turkish  fleet  in  1571.  The 
produce  of  the  adjacent  country  is  wine, 
oil,  corn,  rice,  Turkey-leather,  and  tobacco. 
It  is  seated  on  the'gulf  of  Lep:into,  112 
miles  NW  of  Athens,  and  350  SW  of  Con- 
stantinople.    Lon.  22  13  E,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Lepanto,  Gulf  of,  ancient  gulf  of  Corinth, 
or  sea  of  Crissa,  or  sea  of  Alcyon.  This 
deep  bay  separates  the  Morea  from  RoU' 
melia. 

Lepers,  Isle  of,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  168  0  E, 
lat.  15  23  S. 

VEpinay,  seigniory,  Devon  county. 
Lower  Canada,  on  the  south  side  of  St. 
Lawrence  river,  30  miles  E  from  Quebec. 

Leray,  townsliip,  Jefierson  county.  New 
York,  on  Indian  river,  20  miles  NE  from 
Sackett's  Harbour.  Population  in  1820, 
2944. 

Leraysville,  post  town,  Jefferson  county. 
New  York,  in  Leray. 

Lena,  or  Leiria,  strong  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Estramadura,  with  a  castle,  and  a 
503 


L  E  S 


LEU 


bishop's  see.  It  contains  about  3000  in- 
habitants, and  was  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  kings  of  Portu.ajal ;  and  is  30  niilcs  S 
of  Coimbra,  and  60  N  ot  Lisbon.  Lon.  8 
46  W,  lat.  39  37  N. 

Lend,  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the  E  coast  of 
the  gulf  of  Specia,  in  the  territory  of  Ge- 
noa.    Lon.  9  55  E,  lat.  44  5  ^f. 

Lerida,  ancient  and  strong-  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  a  univer- 
sity and  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on 
the  river  Segra,  16  miles  SW  of  Balaajuer, 
and  200  NVV  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  45  E,  lat. 
41  44  N, 

Lerins,  the  name  of  two  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  coast  of  France,  five 
miles  from  Antibes.  That  nearest  the 
coast,  called  St.  Margaret,  was  guarded  by 
invalids,  state-prisoners  having  formerly 
been  sent  here.  It  was  taken  hy  the 
English  in  1746,  but  retaken  in  1747.  The 
other  is  called  St.  Honorat,  and  had  lately 
a  Benedictine  abbey. 

Lerma,  town  in  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Arlanza,  with  the  title  of  a 
duchy.     Lon.  3  25  W,  lat.  42  16  N. 

Lernica,  town  of  Cyprus,  formerly  a 
large  city  as  appears  from  its  ruins,  situa- 
ted on  the  S  coast  of  the  island,  where 
there  is  a  good  road,  and  a  small  fort  for 
its  defence. 

Lero,  or  Leros,  anciently  Leira,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast  of  Nato- 
lia.     Lon.  27  0  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Leroy,  township  and  post  village,  of 
Genesee  county.  New  York,  10  miles  E 
from  Batavia.     Population  in  1820,  2,611. 

Lerwick,  chief  town  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Mainland, 
the  principal  island.  It  is  the  rendezvous 
of  the  fishing  busses  from  Britain,  Holland, 
Denmark,  and  other  parts.  Lon.  1  30  W, 
lat.  60  20  N. 

Les  Ebotilemens,  seigniory,  Northumber- 
land county.  Lower  Canada,  about  60  miles 
below  Quebec. 

Lescar,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Gascony,  on  a  hill,  three  miles  NVV 
of  Pau,  and  42  SE  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  0  7 
W,  lat.  43  17  N. 

Leskeard,  borough  in  Cornwall,  and  one 
of  the  coinage  towns  for  tin.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  a  consider- 
able manufacture  of  yarn,  which  is  chiefly 
disposed  of  at  Exeter.  It  is  31  miles  ENE 
of  Truro,  and  221  W  by  S  of  London.  L')n, 
4  36  W,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Lespare,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  and  late  province  of  Gui- 
enne.  In  the  environs  of  which  are  found 
transparent  pebbles,  resembling  the  false 
diamonds  of  Alencon,  and  known  by  the 
name  of  cailloux  de  medoc,  medoc  stones. 
It  is  30  miles  N W  of  Bourdeaux. 

Lessard,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  countv, 
504 


Lower  Canada,  on  the  S  side  of  the   St. 
Lawrence. 

Lessard,  seigniory,  Devon  county,  Lower 
Canada,  45  miles  below  Quebec. 

Lessines,  town  of  the  Netherlands  in 
Hainault,  on  the  Dender,  famous  for  its 
linen  manufacture.  It  is  six  miles  NE  of 
Ath,  and  28  SW  of  Brussels.  Lon,  3  46 
W,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lestoff,  or  Leostoff,  town  of  Suffolk,  the 
coast  is  very  dangerous  to  strangers.  It  is 
seven  miles  S  of  Yarmouth,  and  115  NE  of 
London.     Lon.  1  45  E,  lat.  52  27  N. 

Lest'ivithiel,  borough  in  Cornwall.  It  is 
seated  in  a  vale  on  the  Fowey  not  far  from 
its  fall  into  Fowey  Haven.  Formerly  ships 
came  as  far  as  the  town  ;  but  the  channel  is 
now  stopped  up.  Here  is  a  woollen  manu- 
facture ;  and  it  is  one  of  the  tin  coinage 
towns,  Lestwithiel  is  19  miles  WNW  of 
Plymouth,  and  230  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  4  48  W,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Letart,  township  of  Meigs  county  Ohio, 
containing  409  inhabitants. 

Letterc,  commercial  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  principato  Citeriore, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the 
back  of  a  mountain,  12  miles  NW  of  Saler- 
no, and  20  SE  of  Naples. 

Letterkenni/,  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1549  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  and  in  1820,  1820.  It  is  si- 
tuated  about  five  miles  NW  of  Chambers- 
burg,  and  three  miles  S  of  Strasburg. 

Levana,  small  town  on  the  northern  bank 
of  the  Ohio  liver,  in  Brown  county  Ohio. 
It  lies  two  miles  below  Kipley,  immediate- 
ly above  the  mouth  of  Straight  creek.  It 
contains  a  printing-office,  one  store,  15 
houses,  and  100  inhabitants.  See  Lavinia 
in  the  Addenda. 

Levant.  This  word  properly  signifies 
the  East;  but  is  generally  used,  when 
speaking  of  trade,  for  Turkey  in  Asia  ; 
comprehending  Natolia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Egypt,  the  island  of  Candia,  and  the  adja- 
cent parts.  The  Levant  Sea  means  the  E 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  • 

Levant,  post-village,  and  township,  Pen- 
obscot county  Maine,  10  miles  NW  from 
Bangor.     Population  1820,  143. 

Levantine  Valley,  valley  of  Swisserland, 
on  the  confines  of  Italy,  lying  between 
mount  St.  Gothard  and  the  lake  Maggiore. 
The  lower  part  is  j^opulous,  rich  in  pastur- 
age, and  produces  much  hemp  and  flax.  It 
is  a  bailiw  ic,  subject  to  the  canton  of  Uri  ; 
and  Ossogna,  the  residence  of  the  bailiff", 
consists  only  of  a  few  houses. 

'Leucate,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  seiied  near  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  18  m'les  S.  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3  9 
E,  hit.  4:>  0  N. 

Letichstenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
upper  palatinate  of  Bavaiia,  seated  on  a 


L  K  W 


L  K  W 


uiountain,  near  the  river  Esreimpt,  50  miles 
N \V  of  Ilatisbon.  Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Leiie,  town  oftlie  Austrian  Netliei-lands; 
in  Erabant,  seated  on  tlie  river  tilieet,  10 
miles  E  of  Louvain.  Lon.  0  5  E,  lat.  50 
55  N. 

Levev,  Loch,  beautiful  lake  in  Kinros- 
shire  Scotland,  12  miles  in  circumference, 
and  somewhat  of  a  circular  form, 

I^ven,  river  in  Dumbartonshire,  which 
issues  from  Loch  Lomond  ;  and  after  a  me- 
andering course  through  a  delightful  vale, 
enters  the  estuary  of  the  Clyde  belov/ 
Dumbarton. 

Levemaorth,  village  of  Crawford  county, 
Indiana,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  Ohio  river, 
68  miles  below  Louisville.  In  Cummings 
Western  Navigator,  this  place  is  spelled 
Leaveivworth. 

Leverett,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  SE  from  Green- 
field.    Population  in  1820,  857. 

Levering-s,  post  village,  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  8  miles  NW  from 
Philadelphia,  on  the  road  to  Norristov/n. 

Levi,  Isle  ilu  Fori,  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, in  front  of  the  township  of  Edwards- 
burgh,  Upper  Canada,  it  lies  about  5  miles 
below  Ogdensburg.  On  this  island  are  the 
ruins  of  a  French  fortification. 

Levistoii's,  post  office,  Franklin  county, 
Indiana. 

Levi,  Point,  south-east  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence, 25  miles  E  from  Quebec. 

Leugne,  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  province 
of  Franche  Comte,  lying  to  the  E  of  Ve- 
soul. 

Leak,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  Upper 
Vallais,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
Rhone.     Lon.  7  39  E,  lat  46  12  N". 

Levronx,  town  of  France,  in  tbe  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  and  late  province  of  Berr}^ 
with  a  castle,  33  miles  SW  of  Bourges. 
Lon.  1  40  E,  lat.  47  ON. 

Leuse,  town  of  Austrian  Ilainault,  seated 
on  the  Dendcr,  14  milts  NW  of  Mons. 
I..on.  3  45  E,  lat.  50  35  N. 

LcutJdrk,  free  imperial  town  of  Germany 
in  Suabia,  seated  on  a  rivulet  that  falls  into 
the  lUer,  42  miles  NE  of  Lindau.  Lon.  10 
12  E,  lat.  47  53  N. 

Leutmevitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  n -me,  vvith  a  bishop's 
see;  seated  on  the  Elbe,  30  miles  NW  of 
Prague,  and  40  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14 
30  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Lentmiild,  iown  o*  Gcrra:iny,  in  Bohemia, 
in  the  circle  of  Chrudim,  22  miles  E  of 
Chrudim,  and  72  from  Prague. 

Lenisch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Carniola. 

Letvarden,  populous  and  strong  town  of 
the  king  lorn  of  the  Netherlands,  27  miles 
W  of  Groningen,  and  65  N  by  E  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Lon.  5  32  E,  lat,  53  11  N. 
3S 


Lev.'en:ieiii,  town  of  Germany  in  the  011'= 
cle  of  Frar.conia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  witii  a  fortress,  10  miles  E  ot" 
Hailborn.     Lon.  9  38  E,  !;.t.  49  18  N. 

LcwjiKz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Gran,  and  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  where  the  Turks  were  defeated  in 
1644.  It  is  ten  miles  Nof  Gran.  Lon.  18 
31  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

I^exves,  borough  in  Sussex,  30  miles E  of 
Chichester,  and  49  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
£,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Jjewis,  one  of  ihe  largest  of  the  Hebrides 
or  western  islands  of  Scotland,  extending 
about  60  miles  in  length  from  Nto  S,  and 
from  13  to  14  in  breadtli,  and  parted  by  the 
sea  into  two  divisions,  called  Lewis  and 
Harries,  the  former  lying  to  the  westward 
of  the  other.  Area'  451,000  acres,  lying 
between  lat.  57  54,  and  58  28  N.  The  air 
is  temperately  cold,  moist  and  healthy, 
great  part  ofliie  low  ground  is  flooded  with 
hkes :  the  rest  is  arable  in  many  places, 
and  has  been  counted  fruitful  in  oats,  bar- 
ley, rye,  fla.x,  and  hemp. 

Le-ivis,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
ba:it,  on  a  morass  10  miles  from  Louvain. 
Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Levjis,  township  of  Essex  county,  Ver- 
mont, 60  miles  NKfrcim  Montpelier. 

Leii'is,  county  of  Nev/  York;  bounded 
by  Oneida  S  ;  Oswego  SW  ;  Jefl'erson  NW  ; 
St.  Lawrence  NE ;  and  Herkimer  E. 
Length  50 ;  mean  width  30 ;  and  area  1500 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  produc- 
tive in  grain  and  pasturyge.  Chief  town, 
Martinsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
F-ee  white  males  -        -         -       3,456 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -      2,948 


Total  whites                  .        .        _ 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         -        -        -         . 
Slaves         

6,404 

25 

4 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

6,433 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 

do.  do.     feifsales      -         .         - 
Ail  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        .        .         - 

4,820 
4,364 

0 

Total  whites 

Fsee  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.           do.       females 
Slaves,  males        .        -        -        - 
do.     females              -         -        - 

9,184 

22 

21 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820 

9,227 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  124 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,753 

do,       in  Manufactures  -  312 

505 


LEW 


LEW 


En.qaged  in  Commerce        .        »  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile  6. 

Leviis,  township  of  Essex  county.  New 
York,  6  miles  N  from  Elizabeth  town. 
Population  in  1820,  779. 

/y«ws,  county  of  Virginia;  bounded  by 
Nicholas  S  j  Kenhawa  SW  ;  Wood  NW  ; 
Harrison  N  ;  and  Rantlolph  E.  Length  45 ; 
mean  width  32  ;  and  area  about  1400  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  generally 
rather  barren.     Chief  town,  Westown. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,134 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,988 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -         -        .  0 


Total  whites       .         .        -         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        . 

do.  females  .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


4,122 


59 
56 

4,247 


Of  tiiese ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        •         1,160 

do.        in  Manufacttires  -  64 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3. 

Lewis,  townsliip,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
river,  in  Brown  county.  Population  in 
1820,  1605. 

Lewis,  county  of  Kentucky,  on  Ohio 
river;  bounded  by  Fleming  SW  ;  Mason 
W ;  Ohio  river  N  ;  and  Greene  E  and  NE. 
Length  28 ;  mean  width,  and  a.ea  380 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  pro- 
ductive. Chief  tow.T,  see  Clarksburg,  in 
the  Addenda. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,197 

do.  do.     females  -        -  875 


Total  whites        ...  2,072 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  1 

Slaves 284 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -  2,357 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males              -        -  1,809 

do.     do.     females           •        -  1,696 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          -        -       -  0 

Total  whites      ....  3,505 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  3 

do.            do.        females  1 

Slaves,  males            -        .        -  '    246 

do.    females         ...  218 

Total  population  in  1820           -  3,973 

506 


Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  1,057 

do.        in  Manufactures  •  89 

do.        in  Commerce      .        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Leivis  bay,  harbour  ot  Yarmouth,  Barnsta- 
ble county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  south 
shore  of  Cape  Cod. 

Lexuisburg,  post  village,  of  Union  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  right  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  river,  7  miles  above  Northumber- 
land. 

Le-.iisburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Nicholas  county,  Virginia,  60  miles  W 
from  Lexington,  in  Rockbridge  county. 

Lewisbtirg,  post  town,  Muhlenburg  coun. 
ty,  Kentucky,  on  Green  river,  40  miles  SE 
from  Russelville. 

Le-Misburg,  town  of  North  America  and 
capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  peace  of 
1763.  The  fortifications  are  now  demolish- 
ed.    Lon.  61  30  W,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Lewisham,  village  in  Kent,  on  the  river 
Ravensbourn,  five  miles  SE  of  London,  with 
an  elegant  church. 

Lexvis  River,  river  of  the  Columbian  val- 
ley in  the  great  western  territory  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  the  main  middle  fork 
of  Columbia,  rises  about  30  degrees  W 
from  Washington,  lat.  40  N,  and  flowing  N 
W,  by  its  various  windings  900  miles,  joins 
Clarks'  river  and  forms  the  Columbia. 

Le-uns^ -Store,  post  office,  Spotsylvania 
county,  Virginia. 

Lewiston,  townsliip,  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  on  the  E  side  of  Androscoggin,  13 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Kennebec. 
Population  in  1820,  1312. 

Leiviston,  post  village,  Niagara  county. 
New  York,  on  Niagara  river  opposite  to 
Queei  ston,  in  Uppei-  Canada.  Lewiston 
stands  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  from 
lake  Erie.  A  steam  boat  plies  regularly 
from  that  place  to  Sackett's  Harbour. 
Above  Lewiston  to  navigable  water,  above 
the  falls  of  Niagara  is  about  8  miles.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  869. 

Lewistrnvn,  post  town,  the  capital  of  Sus- 
sex county,  Delaware,  on  Lewis  creek, 
about  thne  milts  from  the  light  house  at 
Cape  Henl.)pen.  It  is  inhabited  principally 
by  pilots,  and  supports  a  small  coasting 
trade.  It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  38  25  N,  and 
lon.  of  75  10  W,  about  113  S  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Lexuistowii,  post  town  and  capital  of  Mif- 
flm  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  N  side  of 
Juniata  rivpr,  55  miles  NW  of  Harrisburg, 
and  162  of  Philadelphia ;  containing  about 
600  inhabitants. 

Lewisz'ille,  post  village,  Brunswick  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  about  70  miles  S  from  Rich- 
mond. 


LEX 


LEY 


LeinsvlUe,  post  village,  Cl  ester  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Lexington,  post  town^  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts,  11  miles  N\V  from  Boston. 
In  this  town,  April  19th,  1775,  the  first 
blood  was  shed  in  that  revolution  w'r.ich 
produced  tlie  United  States.  Population 
in  1820,  1200. 

Lexington,  post  town  and  township, 
Green  county,  New  York.  Population  in 
1820,  1798. 

Lexington,  post  town  of  Virginia,  and 
capital  of  Kockbridt^e  county,  Virginia, 
about  150  miles  W  of  Richmond.  It  stands 
about  iialf  a  mile  S  of  the  N  branch  of 
James  river,  it  has  about  120  houses,  many 
of  them  handsomely  built  of  brick,  a 
court  house,  jail,  and  Presbyterian  and 
Methodist  houses  of  worship  ;  the  popu- 
lation is  766,  and  the  town  is  impro- 
ving, there  is  a  public  arsenal  of  the  state, 
in  which  a  number  of  arms  is  deposi- 
ted, say  20,000  stand.  This  town  is  also 
noted  for  its  seminaries  of  learning.  W.ish- 
ington  college  was  endowed  by  the  illus- 
trious man  whose  name  it  bears,  with  100 
shares  of  the  James'  river  company  stock, 
which  produce  an  annual  income  of 
§2,400.  Its  buildings  are,  two  halls  of 
brick,  capable  of  accommodating  50  or  60 
students.  Additional  buildings  are  about 
to  be  erected.  It  has  a  considerable  libra- 
ry and  philosophical  apparatus.  The 
faculty  are,  a  president,  two  professor.s, 
and  a  tutor.  Andrew  Smith's  academy, 
for  the  education  of  young  ladies,  has  a 
large  and  handsome  edifice,  and  teuchers 
in  all  the  branches  of  education  commonly 
taught  in  such  schools. 

Lexington,  post  village,  Rowan  county, 
North  Carohna,  on  a  branch  of  the  Yadkin, 
50  miles  W  from  Raleigh . 

Lexington,  district  of  South  Carolina; 
bounded  SE,  S,  and  SW,  by  Orangeburgii ; 
W  by  Edgefield  ;  NW  by  Newberry  ;  and 
NE  by  Fail-field  and  Richland,  or  by  Broad 
and  Congaree  rivers.  Length  38 ;  mean 
width  27 ;  and  area  about  1000  square 
miles.     Chief  town,  Granby. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        2,385 
do,  do.     females    -        -        -        2,328 

Total  wb-ites      -        -        -        -  4,713 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  17 

Slaves 1,911 

Total  population  in  1810,  -        6,641 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        2,615 

do.     do.    females    -         -         -         2,652 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites       ....  5,267 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  8 

do.         do.         females  7 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  1,370 

do.    females  .        -        •  1,431 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        8,083 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  2,831 

do,       in  Manufactures  -  20 

do.       in  Commerce  -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile  8. 

Lexington,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Oglethorpe  county,  Georgia,  on  0^-eche 
river,  76  miles  NW  from  Augus'a.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Lexington,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Fayette  county,  Kentucky,  on  Town-fork, 
a  brancli  of  Elkliorn  river,  25  miles  ESE 
from  Frankfort,  and  about  90  S  from  Cin- 
cinn  ai.  Lat  38  06.  It  contains,  besides 
the  ordinary  couxty  buildings  and  places  of 
public  worship,  a  university,  academy  for 
tlie  education  of  young  females,  a  public 
library,  and  a  masonic  hail.  Tlie  progres- 
sive population  and  improvement  of  this 
town,  has  been  extremely  rapid  Twenty- 
five  years  ago,  it  contained  about  50  ordi- 
nary houses  It  is  now  a  splendid  town, 
abounding  with  elegant  bviildings,  and  in- 
habited by  a  cultivated  and  polished  peo- 
ple. The  manufacturing  establishments 
are  on  a  large  scale,  and  numerous,  con- 
sisting of  nail  f  ictories ;  those  for  copper 
and  tin  ;  fvr  cotton  and  woolk!,  goods,  grist 
mills,  steam  paper  mil.'^,  rope  \v;dks»,  tan- 
neries, breweries,  and  distil!er'^;s. 

Transylvania  university  is  located  in  this 
town,  and  is  now  a  flourisiiing  insUtut'on. 
In  1818,  it  received  its  present  rnrm..  and' 
in  1820,  the  number  of  studf  ts  nmo'  iited 
lo  235.     Sc'  Kfntncki). 

Lexington,  township  in  the  northeastern 
corner  oV  Stark  rounty,  Ohio,  in  which  is 
a  village  of  the  same  name.  Population  in- 
182U,  539, 

Lexington,  JVew,  post  town  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Preble  county,  on  Twin  creek,  upon 
the  road  from  Dayton  to  Eaton.  Distance, 
6  miles  east  from  Eaton,  19  west  fro^r.  Dav- 
ton,  and  85  west  by  south  from  Columbus. 
Leijdcii,  city  of  Routli  Holland,  seated  on 
the  ancient  bed  of  the  Rhine,  which  here 
almost  expires  in  a  number  of  small  chan- 
nels. It  is  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall, 
with  eight  gales.  A  university  was  found- 
ed in  1575,  celebrated  for  its  colleges, 
medicinal  garden,  anatomical  theaLr^%  a;i- 
tronomical  cb.servatory,  and  valuable  iibri- 
ry.  The  principal  church  is  a..ui)erb  struc- 
ture; and  tlie  old  cas'le,  townhouse,  cus- 
lomhou.iP,  andh'iuse  for  orptians,  des'.rve 
notice,  Vlcre:  are  excellent  maiiufaciures 
of  cloth,  serge  and  cambric;  and  the  vi- 
507  * 


L  1  r, 

cinlty  produces  Ihe  best  Dutch  butter  and 
cheese.  It  stands  on  30  islands,  and  has 
145  bridges,  the  greatest  part  built  of  free- 
stone. The  inhabitants  are  es'.imuted  at 
50,000.  In  1807,  the  university  was  almost 
destroyed  by  the  catastrophe  of  a  vessel 
loaded  with  gunp  >wder  blowing  up.  Ley- 
den  is  four  miles  E  of  the  German  Ocean, 
and  20  SW  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  28  E, 
lat.  52  8  N. 

Let/den,  post  village  and  township,  Lev.'is 
county,  New  York,  on  Black  river,  33  mdes 
NfromUtica.  Popiilaiion  in  1820,  1203. 
Liam  po.  See  J\'iii{r-p,i, 
Libmius,  or  Lebanon,  the  name  of  moun- 
tains of  Turkey  in  Asia,  between  Syria  and 
Palestine,  extending  fi-»m  the  MediteiTa- 
nean  sea  as  far  as  Arabia.  Some  of  the 
summits  of  these  mountains  are  always 
covered  with  snow ;  but  below  are  vei-y 
fruitful  valleys.  Geogr,^pliers  distinguish 
them  into  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus ;  the 
latter  lies  on  the  S  side  of  the  valley,  rising 
near  the  ruins  of  Sidon,  and  terminates  at 
others  in  Ar.Hbia,  in  lat.  54.  They  are 
separated  from  each  other  at  an  equal  dis- 
tance throughout,  and  form  a  country 
called  by  the  ancients  Ccclosyria. 

Libaii,  seaport  of  Courland,  on  the  Baltic 
■with  a  harbour.  !t  is  35  miles  N  of  Memel, 
Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  56  31  N, 

Liberty,  township  of  Sidlivan  county. 
New  York,  on  Delaware  river.  Population 
in  1820,851. 

Liberty,  SW  township  of  Adams  county, 
Pennsylvania,  ^n  the  waters  of  Middle  and 
Marsh  creeks,  commencing  4  miles  SW 
from  Gettysburg.  Population  in  1820, 
1027. 

Liberty,  post  .own  and  seat  of  justice, 
Bedford  county,  Virftinia,  on  one  of  the 
higher  branches  of  Otter  river,  25  miles  S 
E  from  Fincasde 

Liberty,  cou;vcy  of  Georgia ;  boundtd  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean  SE  .  M'Intosh  S  ;  Alta- 
mahiih  rivt;i-  SW  ;  Tatnall  NW  ;  ami  Bryan 
NPj  ;  length  50;  mear.  width  10;  ui id  area 
500  square  miles      Chief  town  Riceboro. 

Population  m  1810. 
Free  white  males       -         -        -  693 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -  659 


Total  whites       ....  1,358 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  68 

Slaves 4,808 

Total  population  in  1810    .        -  6,228 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  867 

do.   do.    females     -        -        -  774 


Total  whites       ....         1,641 

}>ee  persons  of  colour,  males    -  4 

508 


i>  r  c 

l-ree  persons  of  colour,  females  13 

Slaves,  males      ....        2,532 

do.    females   ....        2,505 

Total  population  in  1820   .        -        6,695 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturaKzed  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,191 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  46 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15^  nearly. 

Liberty,  post-village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Amite  county  Mississippi,  45  miles  SEfrom 
Natch  z. 

Liberty,  post  town,  Smith  county  Ten- 
nessee, about  20  miles  S  from  Carthage. 

Liberty,  post  ton  nship  of  Trumbull  coun- 
ty  Ohio.     Population  1820,  684. 

Liberty,  township  in  the  south  part  of 
Delaware  county  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
550. 

Liberty,  township  on  the  northern  limits 
of  Fairfield  county  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
998. 

liberty,  central  township  of  Highland 
county  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the 
town  of  Hillsborough.  Population  1820, 
1689 

Liberty,  township  in  the  northern  limits 
of  Clinton  county  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
447. 

IJberty,  large  township,  in  the  .south, 
cast  quarter  of  Butler  county  Ohio,  in  which 
is  situated  the  town  of  Princeton.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  2814. 

Liberty,  village  of  Jefferson  township,  in 
Montgomery  county  Ohio,  nine  miles  west- 
erly from  D.iyton. 

Liberty  Corner,  post  village  of  Somerset 
county  New  Jersey,  oo  miles  E  from  Eas. 
ton  in  Pennsylvania,  and  26  W  from  New- 
ark. 

Liberty  Hall,  post  v.llage  Morgan  county 
Geor.gia,  about  40  miles  NNW  from  Mil- 
ledgeviUe. 

Liberty,  post  town,  Frederick  county 
M.^ryland,  12  miles  NE  from  Frederick. 

Libourne,  small  well  built  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  and  Lite  pro- 
vince  of  Guienoe.  It  is  one  of  the  staples 
of  commerce  of  Bourdeaux,  .and  is  seated 
on  the  Dordogne  20  miles  NE  of  Bour- 
deaux, and  205  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
12  W,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Lick,  or  Lichia,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgr.ivate  of  Hesse,  and  county  of  Solms, 
18  miles  N  of  FrancfoEt.  iLon.  S  24  E.  lat. 
5015N. 

Lichfield,  city  in  Staffbrd.sh're,  in  a  fine 
champaign  countrv,  14  miles  SE  of  Staf. 
ford,  and  119  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  44 
W.  lat.'  52  54  N.     Scb  Litc/i/ield. 

Licfi-^tcdl,  handsome  town  of  Germany 
in  the  bishopric  of  Basle. 


L  I,C 

Lichtallen,  or  Liesial,  town  of  Swisserland 
in  the  county  of  Basil.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ergetz,  eip^ht  nriiles  SE  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  39 
E,  lat.  47  29  N. 

Lichtenmi,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  nine  miles' from  Fader- 
born.     Lon.  8  23  E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Lichtenau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Cassel.  It  is  24  miles  from  Naumburg. 
Lon.  9  28  E,  lat.  51  1  N. 

Lichtenau,  fortress  of  Franconia,  seated 
on  the  Revel.  It  is  subject  to  the  city  of 
Nuremburg',  and  is  17  miles  from  that  city. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat  49  ION. 

JAchtenh-argy  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  the  vicinity  of  which 
abounds  witli  quarries  of  marble  and  mines 
of  iron  and  other  metals.  Lon.  11  41  E, 
lat.  50  16  N, 

Lichtenberg,  castle  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  province 
of  Alsace  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  Vos- 
ges  mountains,  and  looked  upon  as  impreg- 
nable. It  is  12  miles  NNW  of  Haguenau. 
Lon.  7  45  E,lat.48  55  N. 

Lichtenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  margravate  of 
Cullembach,  20  miles  NE  of  CuUembach. 
Lon.  12  2  E,  lat.  50  25  N.  _ 

Lichtenfels,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia  and  bishoprics  of  Bamberg, 
seated  on  the  Maine,  15  miles  NE  of  Bam- 
berg.    Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  50  20  N. 

idchtensteig,  handsome  town  of  Swisser- 
land, the  capital  of  the  county  of  Tocken- 
burg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thur,  31  miles  E 
of  Zuric.     Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Lichtenstein,  principality  of  Germany,  be- 
tween the  Tyrol,  Voralberg,  and  Switzer- 
land. 

Lick,  central  township  of  Jackson  coun- 
ty Ohio,  so  called  from  the  salt  lick  within 
its  limits. 

Licking,  interior  county  of  Ohio,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Knox,  E  by  Muskingum, 
S  by  Ferry  and  Fairfield,  and  on  the  W 
by  Franklin  and  Delaware  counties.  It 
is  30  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and 
24  broad  from  north  to  south;  confining 
700  square  miles.  Surface  pleasantly  di- 
versified by  hill  and  dale.  Soil  highly  fer- 
tile.  It  is  drained  by  Licking  creek,  af- 
fording an  extensive  variety  of  sites  where- 
on to  use  \\\e  advantage  of  water  power. 
It  abomids  also  with  iron  ore  ;  which  is  al- 
ready manufactured  into  hollow  ware  and 
bar  iron.     Chief  town,  Newark. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -         -        2,048 
do.  do.  females  -        -        1,796 

Total  whites       ....  3,844 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  8 

Slaves         -                 ...  0 


1.  r  ]> 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -  3,852 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males             -        -  6,236 

do.    do,    females          -        -  55,87 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites             -       -       -  11,823 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  21 

do.           do.        females,  17 

Slaves,  males            .        .        .  '  0 

do.    females         -        .        -  0 

Total  population  in  1820           -  11,861 


2,188 

449 
9 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce     - 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  17. 

Licking,  township  of  Licking  county 
Ohio      Population  1820,  723. 

Licking,  tov\'nship  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty Oliio,  10  miles  NW  from  Zanesville. 
Population  1820,  710. 

Licking-Station,  post  village  Floyd  coun- 
ty Kentuck}'. 

Licking,  small  river  of  Ohio,  draining 
Licking  county,  and  flowing  ESE  falls  into 
the  Muskingum,  opposite  Zanesville. 

Licking,  river  of  Kentucky,  rising  on 
Floyd,  Pike,  and  Montgomery  counties, 
and  flowing  NVV,  between,  or  through 
Bath,  Fleming,  Nicholas,  Harrison,  Brack- 
en, Pendleton,  and  Campbell  counties,  falls 
into  the  Ohio  between  Newport,  and  Co- 
vington, opposite  the  city  of  Cincinatti, 

Licola,  lake  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
the  ancient  Lucrine  lake,  formerly  famous 
for  plenty  of  excellent  fish  ;  but,  in  1538, 
an  explosion  of  a  volcano,  changed  one 
part  of  it  into  a  mountAm  ». fashes,  and  the 
other  into  a  morass.  It  was  anciently  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Lucrine  lake. 

Liconia,  post  village,  Harrison  county  In- 
diana. 

Lidd,  town  of  Lithuania  Proper,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Wilna,  situated  on  the  Detta, 
56  miles  S  oC  Wilna.  Lon.  25  34  E,  lat. 
53  50  N. 

Lidii,  town  of  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports.  It  is 
26  miles  from  Canterburv,  and  74  from 
London.     Lon.  0  58  E,  lat.' 50  58  N. 

Liddel,  river  in  Roxburghshire,  abound- 
ing  in  fish.  It  is  the  only  one  in  that 
county  that  flows  southward,  and  falls  into 
Solwa'y  Frith,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk. 

Liddisdale,  district  in  Roxbinghshire, 
comprehending  the  whole  southei'u  angle 
(if  that  county.  It' admits  of  little  cultiva- 
tion, and  is  chiefly  employed  in  pasture, 

Lidfoi-d,  village  of  Devonsiiire,  on  theri" 
ver  Lid,  seven  miles  N  of  Tavistock, 
509 


1.  I  F 


I,  1  M 


Upfhenstock,  fortress  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
eight  miles  from  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  10  E, 
lat.  51  30  N. 

Liege,  formerly  a  bishopric  of  Westpha- 
lia, but  now  a  province  of  ihe  Netherlands  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Brabant  and  Guel- 
derland,  on  the  E  by  the  duchies  of  Lim- 
burg  and  Juliers,  on  the  S  by  Luxemburg 
and  the  Ardennes,  and  on  the  W  by  Bra- 
bant and  the  country  of  Namur.  It  is  fruit- 
ful in  corn  and  fruits,  and  contains  mines 
of  iron,  lead,  and  coal,  besides  quarries  of 
marble  ;  area,  2900  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion 240,000. 

Liege,  large,  ancient,  and  strong  city, 
capital  of  tiie  territory  of  its  name.  Here 
theriver  Meuseisdivided  into  three  branch- 
es, and  after  passing  through  the  city,  un- 
der several  bridges  unite  again.  Liege  is 
four  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  16 
gates  :  it  has  also  ten  large  suburbs.  It  is 
60  miles  VVSW  of  Cologne.  Lon.  5  35  E, 
lat.  50  38  N.     Population  50,000. 

Lientchou,  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Quang-long.  Its 
territories  border  on  the  kingdom  of  Ton- 
quin,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  moun- 
tains. It  is  seated  on  the  Lien-kiang,  wiiich 
forms  a  convenient  harbour  for  barks,  325 
miles  WSW  of  Canton.  Lon.  108  40  E, 
lat.  21  40  N. 

Lieu-kieu,  or  Leoo-keoo,  the  general  name 
of  36  islands  lying  between  Formosa  and 
Japan.  They  form  a  kingdom,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  which  are  civilized,  and  of  a  miid, 
gay,  affable  and  temperate  disposition. 
Each  island  has  a  particular  name ;  the 
principal  one,  called  Lieu-kieu,  is  126  miles 
long  and  28  broad,  but  tiie  others  are  in- 
considerable. The  chief  prod4icts  .ire  sul- 
phur, copper,  tin,  with  shells,  and  mother 
of  pearl.  The  king  is  tributary  to  China. 
Kintcbing,  the  capital,  in  the  S  E  part  of 
Lieu-kieu,  is  in  lon,  127  30  E,  lat.  26  2  N. 

Liere,  town  of  the  Netheilands,  in  Bra- 
bant, which  has  a  great  trade  in  cattle ; 
seated  at  the  junction  of  tbe  Great  and 
I-ittle  Nethe,  10  miles  SE  of  Antwerp. 

Liesina,  island  oF  Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  about  58  miles  long,  and  12 
broad,  and  abounds  in  corn,  olives,  saffron, 
and  wine. 

Liesina,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  capital  of 
an  island  of  tiie  same  name,  with  a  harbour 
capable  of  containing  vessels  of  all  sorts. 
Lon.  16  23  E,  lat.  43  3C  N. 

Liesse,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  famous  for  an  image  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  to  wiiich  a  great  number  of 
pilgrims  used  to  resort.  It  is  six  miles  E 
of  Laon. 

Liffey,  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in 
the  county  of  Wicklow,  runs  W  thence 
into  Kildare,  where  it  lias  a  cataract  near 
Leixslip,  and  then  turning  N  E  passes 
through  the  cotmty  of  Dublin,  and  by  the 
510 


city  of  that  name,  below  which  it  entev.s 
the  Irish  sea. 

Lijford,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Donegal,  situate  on  the  Foyle,  28 
miles  NE  of  Donegal. 

Ligne,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hai' 
nault,  on  the  river  Dender,  12  miles  NW 
of  Mons. 

LigneroUes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  AUier,  four  miles  S  of  Mont- 
luzon. 

Lignieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  with  a  collegiate  church 
and  a  castle,  24  miles  SSW  of  Bourges. 

Lignitz,  fortified  town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  jirincipality  of  the  same  name.  Here 
is  a  spacious  academy,  founded  by  Jos?ph 
I.  for  the  instruction  of  young  gentlemen. 
Lignitz  has  a  considerable  trade  in  cloth 
and  madder,  and  stands  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Katzbach  and  Schwartzwasser,  32  miles 
S  of  Glogau.     Lon.  16  16  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

LJgnit:,  government  of  Prussian  Sibsia, 
enclosed  by  those  of  Breslaw,  Schweimitz, 
Jawer,  Glogaw,  and  Wolaw. 

LigTiy,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  v/ith  a 
castle,  and  a  collegiate  church  ;  seated  on 
the  Orney,  eight  miles  SE  of  Bar  le  Due. 

Ligonton,  village  of  Amelia  county  Vir- 
ginia. 

Ligor,  seaport  of  the  peninsula  of  Malac- 
ca, capital  of  a  small  territory  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  magazine  belonging  to  the 
Dutch  East  India  Company.  It  is  seated  on 
the  E  coiist.    Lon.  100  5  E,  lat.  7  40  N. 

Idgudl,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  Loire  and  late  province 
of  Touraine,  seated  on  a  brook,  in  a  very 
fertile  countrv,  23  miles  SSE  of  Tours. 
Lon.  0  52  E,  lat  47  3  N. 

Lillers,  town  of  France  fn  the  department 
of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late  province  of 
Artois  whose  fortifications  are  demolished. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Navez,  17  miles  NW  of 
Arras.    Lon  2  35  E,  lat  50  30  N. 

Lillo,  fort  of  Dtitch  Brabant,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Scheldt,  seven  miles  N  of  Ant- 
werp. It  was  taken  in  1793,  by  the  French, 
who  soon  after  evacuated  it,  retaking  it, 
however,  in  1794.  Lon.  4  18  E,  lat.  50 
30  N. 

LirpMy  city  of  and  capital  of  Peru.  It  is 
a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  Rimac. 
The  Spanish  name  imposed  by  the  founder 
is,  Cindad  de  los  Reyes,  or  city  of  the  kings. 
It  was  foimded  by  Francis  Pizzano  in  1525, 
about  6  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
the  port  of  Calas.  The  streets  are  laid  out 
in  straight  lines.  The  houses  constructed 
of  wood  on  account  of  the  frequent  earth- 
quakes ;  and  are  generally  low  from  a  si- 
milar cause,  and  the  heat  of  the  climate. 
The  centre  square  and  the  surrounding 
buildings  are  very  magnificent.  Population 
about  50,000,  of  whom  about  20,000  are 


L  1  M 


L  1  xM 


whites  ;  the  residue  mixed  races,  Indians, 
negroes,  &c. 

Independent  of  the  emolument  derived 
from  being  the  capital  of  the  province,  Li- 
ma derives  incalculable  advantages  as  a 
mart  of  trade.  It  is  indeed  the  emporium 
of  one  of  the  riciiest  sections  oF  South 
America.  Its  exports  are  gold  and  silver ; 
imports,  silk,  cloths  of  several  kinds,  lace, 
linen,  iron  ware,  &c.  Longitude  only  8 
minutes  W  from  Washington  ;  lat.  12  0 
2  S. 

Lima,  province  of  Peru,  extending  300 
miles  along  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  inland 
to  the  Andes  about  70  miles  ;  bounded  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean  SW ;  N  by  Truxillo; 
NE  by  Guancavelica,  and  SE  by  Arequipo. 

Lima,  post  village,  and  township,  Liv- 
ingston county  New  York,  16  miles  Wfrom 
Canandaigua.     Population  1320,  1963. 

Limnle,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  seated 
on  the  river  Uyle,  13  miles  SE  of  Brussels. 
Lon  4  30  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Limavadij,  town  of  Ireland.  See  J^'eiu- 
ioioii  Limavadij. 

Limbourg,  or  Limpurg,  town  of  Germany 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the 
Lalin,  10  miles  E  of  Nassau,  and  20  N  of 
Mentz.     Lon.  7  51  E,  lat.  50  24  N 

Limburg,  province  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  duchy  of  Juliers, 
on  the  E  by  the  duchy  and  the  territory  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  oh  the  S  and  W  by 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  from  which  it  is  se- 
parated by  the  Maese.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
and  30  broad,  a  id  contains  some  of  the  best 
Iron  mines  in  the  Netherlands,  and  the  soil 
is  good  for  corn. 

Limbnrg.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  wool- 
len clotlis,  and  it  is  famous  for  excellent 
cheese.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  almost 
inaccessible,  near  the  river  Verse,  15  miles 
SE  of  Liege.     Lon  6  5  E,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Lime,  town  in  Dorsetshire.  See  Lyme 
Regis. 

Lime,  or  Limen,  village  in  Kent,  three 
miles  VV  of  Hithe  It  was  formerly  a  port, 
till  choked  up  by  the  sands. 

Lime-creek,  post  village  Monroe  county 
Alabama. 

Limm^ick,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  48  miles  long  and  23 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Shannon,  on 
the  W  by  Kerry ;  on  ihe  S  by  Cork,  and 
on  the  E  by  Tipperary.  It  contains  130 
parishes,  and  sent  eight  members  to  parlia- 
ment before  the  Irish  union.  It  is  a  fertile 
country  and  well  inhabited,  though  the  W 
parts  are  mountainous. 

Limerick,  or  Lovgh  MeatJi,  city  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Limerick,  smd  the 
metropolis  of  the  province  of  Munster. 
Within  a  century,  it  was  reckoned  the  se- 
cond city  in  the  kingdom ;  at  present,  the 
linen,  woollen,  and  paper  manufactures 
are  carried  on  here  to  a  great  ex';ent  -,  and 


the  export  of  provisions  are  very  consider- 
able. Papulation  50,000.  It  is  40  miles  S 
of  Gal  way,  and  94  SW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8 
34  VV,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Limerick,  post  town  in  York  county, 
Maine,  about  12  miles  W  of  the  river  Saco . 
Population  1820,  1377. 

Limericioi  township  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  with  1282  inhabitants  in 
1820.  It  is  situated  on  the  NE  side  of 
Schuylkill,  5  mdes  E  from  Pottsgrove,  and 
25  W  from  Philadelphia.  Population  1820 
1577. 

Limestone,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded 
by  Tennessee  river  S  W ;  Lauderdale  coun- 
ty W  ;  Giles  county  in  Tennesste  N  ;  and 
Madison  in  Alabama  E  ;  length  30  ;  width. 
24  ;  area  560  square  miles.  Elk  river  pass- 
es obliquely  through  the  NW  angle  of  this 
county,  and  beside  being  washed  by  Ten- 
nesse  river  along  i's  SW  bonier,  it  is 
drained  by  Limestone,  Muddy,  Round  Isl- 
and, and  several  other  fine  creeks.  The 
surface  is  wavering  rather  than  hilly  ;  and 
much  of  the  so:l  is  exctillent.  Staple,  cot- 
ton.    Chief  town  Cotton  port. 

Popub.tion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       3,630 

do.  do.    females     -        -  3,922 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        .        -  o 


6,922 

26 

4 

1,512 

1,407 

9,871 


Total  whites         -         -         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820. 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -      2,580 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         -  63 

do.      in  Commerce        -        -  34 

Population  to  the  .square  mile,  17^. 

Liminglon,  township  of  York  county, 
Maine,  containing  1774  inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  2122.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Saco  river,  4  miles  W  of  Stan- 
dish,  and  22  W  of  Portland. 

Limmat,  river  of  Swisserland,  which  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Mat  and  the 
Linth ;  the  former  issuing  from  the  NW 
extremity  of  the  lalce  of  Wallenstadt,  and 
the  latter  flowing  from  the  S.  The  Lim- 
mat, continuing  its  course  NW,  flows 
through  the  lake  of  Zuric,  and  falls  into  the 
Aar,  loelow  Baden. 

Limoges,  ancient  and  considerable  town 
cf  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne  and  late  .territory  of  Limo- 
sin,  on  the  Vienne,  5Q  miles  NE  of  Peri- 
guex,  and  110  E  of  Bourdeaux.  ^.on.  1  20 
E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Limosin,  late  province  of  France,  bound' 
511 


L  I  N 


L  I  N 


ed  on  the  X  by  ^larche  and  tiie  E  by  Au- 
vergne,  on  the  S  by  Querci,  and  on  the  W 
by  Perigord  and  Anguomols.  It  is  covered 
with  forests  of  chesnut-trees,  and  contains 
mines  of  lead,  copper,  tin,  and  iron ;  but 
the  principal  trade  consists  in  cattle  and 
horses.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne.  » 

Limoux,  populous  and  commercial  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Aude  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  cloth  ;  and  its  environs  pro- 
duce excellent  white  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Aude,  37  miles  W  by  S  of  Narbonne, 
and  50  SE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  2  16  E,  !at. 
43  4  N. 

Limpur^.     See  IJmbourg: 

Linares,  town  of  Mexico,  in  New  Leon, 
between  Bravo  and  St.  Fernando  rivers. 
Lon.  \V  C  22  20,  lat.  25  50, 

Lmche,  or  Jdnkc,  strong  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  North  and  late 
province  of  French  Flanders,  seated  on  a 
river,  15  miles  S\V  of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2  20 
E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Lincoln,  capital  of  Lincolnshire,  on  the 
side  of  a  steep  hill,  on  the  Witham,  which 
here  divides  into  three  streams  It  is  a 
bishop's  see  whose  diocess  is  the  largest 
in  England.  The  chief  trade  is  in  coal 
brought  by  the  Trent  and  Fossdike  ;  and 
oats  and  wool,  which  are  sent  by  the  With- 
am,  and  there  is  also  a  small  manufacture 
of  camlets.  It  is  32  miles  NE  of  Notting- 
ham, and  133  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  W, 
lat.  53  15  N. 

Lincolnshire,  county  of  England,  77  miles 
long  and  45  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  number,  which  divides  it  from  York- 
sliire,  E  by  ihe  German  Ocean,  SE  by  the 
Wash  and  Norfolk,  S  by  Cambridgeshire 
and  Northamptonshire,  SW  by  Rutland- 
shire, and  \V  by  the  counties  of  Leicester 
and  Nottingham.  It  contains  1,783,680 
acres ;  is  divided  into  30  hundreds,  and  630 
parishes ;  has  one  city  and 31  market  towns  ; 
and  sends  12  members  to  parliament.  The 
principal  rivers  i:re  the  Humber,  Trent, 
Witham,  Welland,  and  Ancholm.  This 
county  is  divided  into  three  districts,  called 
Holland,  Kesteven,  and  Lindsey.  Popula- 
tion in  1801,  208,.557  ;  in  1811,  237,891 ; 
an  1  in  1821,  283,058. 

Lincoln  County,  Upper  Canada,  is  a  very 
fine  and  populous  settlement,  consisting  of 
2j0  townships,  containing  about  6000  souls, 
and  furnishes  five  battalions  of  militia.  It 
occupies  the  peninsula  between  Lake  Erie, 
Niagara  river,  Luke  Ontario,  and  the  river 
Ouse. 

Lincoln,  township  of  Sunbnry  comity. 
New  Briniswick,  on  the  west  side  of  St. 
John's  river. 

i/i7ico?j!,  county  of  Maine,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Kennebec  ;  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  S  ;  Kennebec  bay  and  Androscoggin 
512 


river  SW;  Kennebec  county  NW  ;  Han- 
cock NE  ;  and  Penobscot  bay  E.  Length 
45 ;  mean  width  25 ;  area,  exclusive  of 
water,  about  800  square  miles.  The  sur- 
face is  extremely  indented  by  bays  and 
rivers.  The  whole  southern  and  south- 
eastern part  is  composed  of  an  intricacy  of 
islands  and  long  peninsulas,  extending  be- 
tween the  rivers  and  bays  towards  the 
Ocean.  The  north-western  and  northern 
sections  rise  into  a  finely  diversified  coun- 
try. Soil  productive  in  grain  and  pastur- 
age.    Chief  town,  Wiscasset. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -         -         .     21,967 

do.  do.    females       -        -        -    20,861 


Total  whites        ...        .  42,828 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           -         -        -        <  164 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810      -        -  42,992 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  26,560 

do.  do.    females               -        -  26,460 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.     females   - 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do.    females  -        -         . 

Total  population  in  1820 


53,189 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  120 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -         8,116 

do.        in  Manufactures  .         1,574 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  1,265 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  66^. 

Lincoln,  NW  township,  Hancock  county, 
Maine,  27  miles  NW  from  Castine.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  uncertain. 

JJncoln,  township  of  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire,  between  the  sources  of 
the  Merrimac  and  Ammonoosuch  rivers, 
69  miles  above  Concord.  Population  in 
1820,  32. 

Lincoln,  township  of  Addison  county, 
Vermont,  21  miles  SW  from  Montpelier. 
Population  250. 

Lincoln,  township  of  Middlesex  county, 
Massacliusetts.     Population  in  1820,  706. 

JJncoln,  county  of  North  Cavnlina ; 
hounded  by  South  Carolina  S  ;  Rutherford 
W  ;  Burke'  NW  ;  Iredell  or  Cataubc  river 
NE  ;  and  Cataube  river  or  Mecklenburg  E. 
Length  48 ;  mean  width  25 ;  and  area 
1200  square  miles.  It  is  washed  on  its 
northern,  north-eastern,  and  eastern  bord- 
ers by  Catauba,  and  drained  by  Little  Ca- 
tauba,  and  several  branches  of  Broad  river. 


L  t  N 

Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soli  on  the 
streams  excellent.  Chief  staple  cotton. 
Chief  town,  Liscolnton. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males 
do.      do.    females 


r.oro 

6,792 


Total  whites      ....       13,862 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed ^ 

Slaves  .        .        -        -        -      2,489 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .         -        - 

do.   do.    females    .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        - 

Total  whites      .         .         .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males         ... 
do.     females    -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 


16,359 


LIN 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,310 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  32 

do,        in  Commerce     -        -  24» 

Poi)ulation  to  the  square  mile,  15, 

Lincoln,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded 
by  Pulaski  SE;  Casey  SVV  and  W;  Mer- 
cer NW  ;  Ganard  NE  ;  and  Rockcastle  E. 
Length  27 ;  mean  width  17;  and  area  450 
square  miles  It  occupies  the  dividing 
ground  between  Green  and  Dicks  rivers  ; 
is  hilly  and  broken.  Chief  towns,  Stanford 
and  Craborchard. 


7,576 
7,215 

0 

14,791 

17 

10 

1,719 

1,610 

18,147 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  23 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        •">^''^ 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  445 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  29 

Population  to  the  squai-e  mile,  15. 

Lincoln,  county  of  Georgia,  on  Savannah 
river  ;  bounded  by  Columbia  SE  ;  Wilkes 
SW  ;  and  Savannali  river  NE.  Length  22  ; 
mean  widtli  10 ;  and  area  220  square  miles. 
Chief  town,  Lincolnton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,269 

do.    do.    feniiiles         -        -        1,062 

Total  whites       -         .         .         -         2,331 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 


not  taxed 
Slaves        .        -        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females         -    _    - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Total  whites  _        _        _ 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

3  T 


12 
2,212 

4,555 


3,296 
.3,011 

6,307 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t^xed               ...  28 

Slaves 2,341 


1,766 
1,612 

0 

3,378 

11 

6 

1,564 

1,499 


Total  population  in  1810  .        8,676 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...        3,512 
do.     do.    females     -         -         -        3,350 
All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed  -        -  6 

Total  whites       -         .        -         .  6,868 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  18 

do.            do.      females  -  40 

Slaves,  males      -                 -         -  1,515 

do.    females             .        -        -  1,538 

Total  population  in  1820  -        9,979 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,991 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  281 

do.    in  Commerce  •  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Lincoln,  county  of  West  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Madison  county  in  Alabama  S ; 
by  Giles  county  in  Tennessee  W  ;  Bedford 
N;  a'd  Franklin  E.  Length  25;  breadth 
23 ;  and  ar  a  580  square  miles.  This  coun- 
ty is  divided  'nto  nearly  two  equal  parts  by 
Elk  river.  Surface  diversified,  and  soil 
productive.  Staple  cotton.  Chief  town 
Fayetteville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wliite  males        -        -        ♦        2,799 

do.    do.   females    .         .        -         2,583 


Total  whites       -        -         -        -         5,382 
All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         - 
Slaves 720 


6,458    Total  population  in  1810 
"  515 


6,104 


L  I  K 


L  I  N" 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    ■ 


6,355 
6,151 


Total  whites         ....  12,506 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      .  4 

do.           do.        females  .  1 

Slaves,  males       ....  1,095 

do.    females     ...»  1,155 


14,761 


5 

3,597 

184 

26 


Total  population  in  1820      • 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Enc^aged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do,        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  26  nearly. 

Lincoln,  village  of  Mercer'Tcounty,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Dick's  river. 

Lincoln,  NF,  county  of  Missouri ;  bound- 
ed  NE  by  Des  Moines  and  Mississippi 
rivers  ;  south  by  Cuivre  river  ;  W  by  Pike, 
and  N  by  the  northern  limit  of  the  state. 
Length '100;  mean  width  35;  area  3500 
square  miles.  Soil  and  surface  much  di- 
versified. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -  .        799 

do.     do.    females   ...  620 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites       -        .        -        -  1,419 

Free  persons  of  coloiir,  males    -  1 

do.     do.  females    .        -        -  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  126 

do.     females           •        -        -  117 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         1,662 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        .  390 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  11 

do.        in  Commerce      -        .  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  h 

Lincolnton,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Lincoln  county.  North  Carolina,  on  Little 
Catauba,  150  miles  SW  by  W  from  Raleigh, 
and  31  miles  NV/  from  Charlotte. 

Lincolnton,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Lincoln  county,  Georgia,  40  miles  NW 
from  Augusta. 

Lincolnville,  or  Duck-Trap,  township  of 
Hancock  county,  Maine,  on  the  west  side 
of  Penobscot  bay,  16  miles  W  from  Castine. 
Population  in  1820,  1294. 

LindMi,  city  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle  and 
wall,  deemed  to  be  Roman  works.  The 
French  'Oiok  pussession  of  this  city  in  1796  ; 
and  it  became  subject  to  Bavaria  in  1805. 
It  is  a  tradin,^  place,  seated  on  an  island  of 
the  lake  of  Constance,  joined  to  the  main- 
land by  a  long  bridge,  22  miles  ESE  of 
5H 


Constance,  and  75  SW  of  Augsburg.     Lon. 
9  41  B,  lat.  47  32  N. 

Linclau,  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  the  principality  of  Anhalt-Zerbst, 
five  miles  N  of  Zerbst. 

Linclau,  or  Ltndoia,  town  of  Bran  -en- 
burg,  in  the  Middle  mark,  five  miles  NE  of 
Ruppin. 

JJndeness.     See  JVhse, 

Lindenfels,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  14  miles  NNB  of 
Manheim. 

Lindisfame.     See  Holy  Island, 

Lindley's- Store,  post  office,  Albemarle 
county,  Virginia. 

Lindley's-Store,  post  office,  Orange  coun- 
ty. North  Carolina. 

Lineal,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Munster,  capital  of  a  county  of 
its  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ems,  48 
miles  NNW  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  25  E,  lat. 
52  32  N. 

Lin-keang,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Kiang-si,  on  the  Yu-ho,  410  miles  N  by 
E  of  Canton.     Lon.  115  0  E,  lat.  27  58  N. 

Linkoping,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E  Goth- 
land, on  the  river  Steng,  near  the  lake 
Roxen,  26  miles  W  of  Nordkoping. 

Linlithgov!,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital 
of  Linlithgowshire.  The  chief  manufac- 
ture is  leather  and  shoes;  the  woollen 
trade  and  bleaching  business  arc  also  car- 
ried on.  Linlithgow  is  17  miles  W  of 
Edinburg.    Lon.  3  33  W,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Linlitfigoiv,  or  West  Lothian,  county  of 
Scotland,  20  miles  long  and  12  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  frith  of  forth,  SE 
by  Edinburgshire,  SW  by  Lanarshire,  and 
NW  by  Stirlingshire.  The  surface  is  fine- 
ly diversified  with  hill  and  dale  ;  and  the 
chief  rivers  are  the  Avon  and  Amond.  It 
is  fertile  in  corn  and  pasture,  and  produces 
coal,  iron,  limestone  and  lead.  Population 
in  1801,  17,844 ;  in  1811,  19,451 ;  and  in 
1821,  22,685. 

Linnhe,  Loch,  arm  of  the  sesi,  on  the  W 
coast  of  Scotland,  which  separates  the 
counties  of  Argyle  and  Inverness. 

Linnich,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Juliers ;  seated  on  the  river  Roer,  five 
miles  NNW  of  Jiilicrs. 

Linosa,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  coast  of  Tunis,  near  that  Lampedosa, 
and  12  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  12  31 
E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Lin-tchean  fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiaiig-nan.  It  has  nothing  to  dis- 
tinguish  it  but  the  excellence  of  the  fruit 
with  which  it  abounds. 

Lintz,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Up- 
per  Austria.  Here  is  a  hall,  in  which  the 
states  assemble,  a  bridge  over  the  Danube, 
and  several  manufactures.  It  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Danube  and  Traen, 
42  miles  E  of  Passau,  and  100  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon,  14  3  E,  lat.  48  16  N, 


L  I  S 


L  I  S 


Lintz,  town  of  Germany,  In  the  circle  of 
the  lower  Rhine  and  electorate  of  Cologne, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  15  miles  NW  of  Cob- 
lentz,  and  18  S  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  10  E, 
lat.  50  37  N. 

Linton,  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  12  miles  SE  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  46  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0 
22  E,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Lipari,  the  largest,  most  fertile,  and 
populous  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  abo  it  15 
miles  in  circumference.  It  was  celebrated 
among  the  ancients  ;  and,  by  the  descrip- 
tion of  Aristotle,  it  appears  to  have  been 
considered  by  the  sailors  in  his  time,  what 
Strombolo  is  in  ouis,  as  a  light-house,  as 
its  fires  were  never  extinguished.  It 
abounds  with  the  currant  grape ;  cotton  also 
grows  here  ;  and  great  quantities  of  pumice 
are  gathered. 

Lipari,  ancient  town,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Lipari.  This  town  has  a  garrison,  and 
stands  on  the  S  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  15 
30  E,  lat.  38  35  N. 

Lipari  Islands,  group  of  islands  lying  in 
the  Mediterranean,  to  ihe  N  of  Sicily,  12 
in  number;  and  nearly  as  follows,  in  t!ie 
order  of  their  size  ;  namely,  Lipari,  Strom- 
bolo, Volcano,  Salini,  Felicudi,  Alicudi, 
Panari,  Volcanello,  Vaciieluse;  Lisca,  Dat- 
tolo,  and  Tila  Navi.  They  are  subject  to 
the  king  of  Naples,  and  bring  in  a  good 
revenue. 

Lippa,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  bannat 
of  Temeswar,  on  a  mountain  22  miles  NE 
of  Temeswar  and  75  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22 
45  E,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Lippe,  river  of  Westphalia,  which  washes 
Paderborn,  Lipstadt  and  Ham,  and  falls  into 
the  Rhine,  above  Wesel. 

Lipstadt,  considerable  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, capital  of  the  county  of  Lippe.  It  was 
once  free  and  imperial ;  afterward  subject 
to  its  own  counts,  and  now  to  the  king  of 
Prussia.  It  carries  on  a  good  trade  in  pre- 
paring timber  for  building  vessels  on  the 
Rhine,  with  which  it  has  a  communication 
by  the  river  Lippe.  It  is  seated  in  a 
morass,  17  miles  WSW  of  Paderborn,  and 
30  SE  of  Munster.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat.  51 
42  N. 

Liquet,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Artois,  12  miles  W  of  St.  Omer. 
Lon.  2  0  E,  lat.  50  43  X. 

Liqueo,  or  Likeo  Islands.  See  Lieou- 
Kieou. 

Lis,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which  has 
its  source  in  Artois,  and  running  NE  into 
Flanders,  passes  by  Aaire,  St.  Venant,  Ar- 
mentiers,  Menin,  Courtray,  and  Deynse, 
and  then  falls  into  the  Scheldt,  at  Ghent. 

Lisbon,  considerable  city,  the  capital  of 
Portugal,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  a  uni- 
versity, a  tribunal  of  the  inquisition,  and  a 
strong  castle.    It  was  almost  totally  de- 


stroyed by  an  earthquake,  November  1, 
1755.  The  harbour  will  contain  10,000 
sail  of  ships,  which  ride  in  the  greatest 
safety  ;  and  the  city  being  viewed  from  the 
southern  shore  of  the  river,  affords  a  beau- 
tiful prospect,  as  the  buildings  gradually 
rise  above  ©ac!)  other.  It  contained  before 
the  earthquake  at  most  150,000  inhabitants, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Tajo,  10  miles  from 
its  mouth,  178  W  by  N  o*  SeviiK-,  and  255 
S  bv  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  9  5  W,  lat.  38 
42  N. 

Lisbon,  township  and  post  village,  Lin- 
coln county,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin, 
23  miles  W  from  Wiscasset-  Population 
in  1820,  2240. 

Lisbon,  township.  New  London  county, 
Connecticut,  7  miles  N  from  Norwich. 
Population  in  1820,  1160. 

Linbon,  township  of  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty. New  York,  3  miles  below  Ogdensburg. 
Population  in  1820,  930. 

Lisbon,  village  of  Lincoln  county,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  rigl»t  bank  of  the  Savannah  river 
below  the  mouth  of  Broad  river. 

Lisbwn,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Antrim.  It  has  a  large  manufacture 
of  linen  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Laggan, 
eight  miles  SW  of  Belfast.  Lon.  6  O'  W, 
lat.  54  41  N. 

Lisca,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  three 
miles  from  Lipari.     It  is  a  desert  spot. 

Lisier,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege,  and  late  province  of 
Couseran.s,  on  the  Sitat,  50  m  les  SE  of 
Auch,  and  390  S  W  of  Paris,  Lon.  1  15  E, 
lat.  42  56  N. 

Lisieu.v,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy.  It  has  a  good  trade,  particu- 
larly in  linen  cloth,  and  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Touque  and  Orbec,  12 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  40  SW  of  lluen. 
Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  49  11  N. 

Lisle,  large,  handsome,  and  strong  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  North, 
and  late  province  of  French  Fl.indcrs,  of 
which  it  was  the  capital.  It  is  esteemed 
one  of  the  richest  and  mo^t  commercial 
towns  in  France;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
computed  to  amount  to  65,000.  It  is  cilled 
Lisle,  (th.at  is  L'Isle,  the  island)  because  it 
was  formerly  surrounded  by  marshes  ;  the 
principal  trade  is  in  camlets.  It  is  sealed 
on  the  river  Deule,  14  miles  W  of  Tour- 
nay,  32  SW  of  Ghent,  37  NW  of  Mons, 
and  130  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  9  E,  lat.  50 
38  N. 

Lisle,  post  town  and  township,  Broome 
county,  New  York  ;  sittiated  on  the  Tiou- 
ghneoga  river,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Chenango,  and  about  14  miles  NE  of  Union. 
Population  in  1820,  3083. 

Lismore,  one  of  the  Western  islands  of 
Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of  Loch  Linhe,  ca- 
pacious lake  in  Argyleshire.     It  is  a  fertile 


I,  i  I 


island,  seven  miles  long  and  one  and  a  half 
broad. 

Lisonzo,  river  oflta^j',  w»ich  rises  in  Ca- 
in.hia,  and  Tails  JiVco  tiu  guli"  oi'  V'eaice, 
;  t  the  harbour  of  ti^e  isme  name. 

Ztisa,  islanu  in  tile  pulF  of  Venice,  on 
the  coasi:  o;  Dulm.-tia.  It  prodyc',.^  excel- 
lent wine,  and  is  70  miles  W  of  Kag-usa. 
Lon.  17  0  E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

Lissa,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Posnia,  of  which  it  is  llie  capital,  50 
miles  W  of  Kalisch.  Lon.  16  50  E,  lat  52 
0  N. 

Lissa,  village  of  Silesia,  16  miles  from 
Breslaw.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weistritz, 
and  remarkable  for  a  great  victory  gained 
bv  the  Prussians  over  the  Austrians  in 
175". 

Litchfield,  township  and  post  village, 
Lincoln  •,ounty,  JIaine.  Population  in 
182U,  2120 

Litchfiehl  NW  county  of  Connecticut; 
bouiult  i)  by  New  York  M'  ■  Maysachunet'.s 
N;  Hartfo  d  covmty  E;  N^-w  Haven  SE ; 
and  Fuirfie.d  S\'»;.  Lengti.  38  ;  r,.ean  vidil) 
22 ;  and  area  836  sqnare  mdes.  Surface 
very  liilly  or  m.ount;;inous.  The  Honsato- 
nicic  passes  through,  ;:nd  the  Naugatuck 
and  Fanii.ngton  rivers  rise  in  Litchfield. 
Though  brukon,  it  contains  much  excellent 
spil,  productive  in  grain,  fVuits,  and  pastu- 
rage.    Chief  town,  Litchfield . 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      20,267 
do.    do.  females  -        -      20,320 


Total  whites        -        •                -  40,587 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  784 

Slaves         4 

Total  population  in  1810             .  41,375 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  19,957 

do.     do.  females     ...  20,331 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              -        -        -  94 


Total  whites       .        .        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 
do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.     females  .         .         . 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


40,382 
453 
428 


0 


41,266 


61 

1,347 
',682 
251 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  49^  nearly. 
Litchfield,   post    village    and    township, 
Hillsborough  county.  New  Hampshire,  26 
516 


miles  S  from  Concord.  Population  in  1820, 
465. 

Litchfield,  township  of  Herkimer  county. 
New  YorK  10  miles  S  from  Utica.  Popu- 
lation in  182C,  1730. 

Litchfield,  post  town,  snd  capital  of 
Litchfield  county,  Connecticut,  24  miles 
VV  of  IIar;ford,  and  44  NW  of  New  Ha- 
ven,  Po;>uiation  in  1810,  4630 ;  and  in 
1820,  4610.  The  township  is  elevated,  and 
in  purt  mountainous,  though  well  cultiva- 
ted. Litchfield  Great-pond  a  very  curious 
sheet  of  water,  one  of  ihe  sources  of  the 
Shepang  river,  affords  fine  mill  seats  at  its 
outlet.  There  are  in  Litchfield  6  fulling 
mills,  5  or  6  tanneries,  18  or  20  saw  mills, 
4  forges,  one  slitting  mill,  1  or  2  nail  fac- 
tories, and  14  or  15  places  of  public  wor- 
ship. This  towi)  contains  also,  Morris* 
acudcmy,  a  flourishing  and  very  respectable 
institution.  \n  Litchfield  village,  is  a  semi- 
nary for  the  education  of  young  ladies, 
which  has  long,  and  continues  to  hold  a 
distinguished  rank  am:ingst  simiLir  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States.  The  Litchfield 
Law  schod,  was  established  in  1784,  by 
the  honourable  Tapping  Reeve,  and  has  be- 
come one  of  the  most  systematic  Law 
schools  in  the  United  States. 

Litchfield,  post  village,  Grayson  county, 
Kentucky,  70  miles  SSW  from  Louisville. 

Lithuania,  former  name  of  an  exten- 
sive country  of  Europe ;  bounded  on 
the  S  by  Volhlnia,  and  part  of  Red  Rus- 
sia ;  on  the  AV  by  Upper  Poland,  Pola- 
cia.  Ducal  Prussia,  and  Samogitia ;  on 
the  N  bv  Livonia  ;  and  on  the  E  by  Russia. 
It  is  .about  300  miles  in  length,  and  250  in 
breadth,  and  is  watered  by  several  large 
rivers,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Dnie- 
per, the  Lewina,  the  Niemen,  the  Pripecz, 
and  the  Bogg.  It  is  a  flat  country,  like 
Poland  ;  and  tiie  lands  are  very  proper  for 
tillage.  The  soil  is  not  oniy  fertile  in 
corn,  but  it  produces  honey,  wood,  pitch, 
and  vast  quantities  of  v/ool.  This  perhaps, 
is  the  only  country  in  Europe,  where  Jews 
cultivate  the  ground.  The  peasants  are  in 
a  state  of  the  most  abject  vassalage.  In 
1772  the  empress  Catharine  compelled  the 
Poles  to  cede  to  her  all  that  part  of  Lithu- 
ania, bordering  upon  Russia,  and  including 
at  least  one  third  of  the  country.  This  she 
erected  into  the  two  governments  of  Po- 
losk  and  Mohilef.  In  1793,  in  conjunction 
with  the  king  of  Prussia,  she  afliected 
another  partition  of  Poland,  in  consequence 
of  which  she  extended  her  dominions  over 
tlie  whole  of  Lithuania.  It  forms  at  pre- 
sent the  Russian  governments  of  Wilna, 
Grodno,  and  Minsk. 

Litiz,  town  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
Here  is  a  flourishing  settlement  of  the 
Moravians,  begun  in  1757.  It  is  eight 
miles  from  Lancaster,  and  70  W  of  Phila= 
delphia- 


1,  i  T 


L  1  V 


LitUe  Britain,  township  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  with  1700  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2169.  It  is 
situated  on  the  W  side  of  Octorara  creek, 
in  the  SE  corner  of  the  county. 

Little  Compton,  township  of  Newport 
county,  Rhode  Island.  It  is  a  maritime 
district,  and  famous  for  its  dairies.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  1530. 

Little  Creek,  hundred  of  Kent  county, 
Delaware,  containing  2039  inhabitants  in 
1810,  and  in  1820,  1963,  It  is  on  the  N 
side  of  Jone's  river,  about  six  miles  from 
Dover. 

Little  Beaver  Bridge,  post  village,  of 
Columbiana  county,  Ohio. 

Little  Cape  Capon,  post  village,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Virginia. 

Little  Creek,  township  of  Sussex  county, 
Delaware.     Population  in  1820,  2851. 

Little  Darby,  considerable  western  branch 
of  Big  Darby,  rising  in  the  northwestern 
quarter  of  Madison  county,  Ohio,  and  run- 
ning southeastwardly  into  the  western  side 
of  Big  Darby,  opposite  Georgesville. 
Along  the  borders,  and  westward  of  this 
stream  are  extensive  bodies  of  open  prai- 
rie land ;  much  of  which  is  fertile  and 
valuable.  _^ 

Little  Egg'  Harbour,  township  ofBurling- 
ton  county.  New  Jersey.  Soil  generally 
sandy,  though  well  cultivated  near  the 
coast.  The  sandy  land  in  the  interior, 
covered  with  pine  and  oak  timber.  Prin- 
cipal town,  Tuckerlon.  Population  in 
1820,  1102. 

Little  Egg  Harbour,  or  J\Iullican's  River, 
rises  in  Burlington  and  Gloucester  counties, 
Nev/  Jersey,  by  a  number  of  creeks  which 
unite  11  or  12  miles  from  the  sea,  and  sepa- 
rating tlie  two  preceding  counties,  falls 
into  Little  Egg  Harbour  inlet,  2h  miles  SE 
from  Tuckerton.  It  is  navigable  ibr  shal- 
lops as  high  as  Basto  furnace. 

Little  Egg  Harbour,  bay  or  inlet,  a  sheet 
of  salt  water  separated  from  the  Ocean  by 
Tucker's  Island  and  Long-  Beach.  It  com- 
municates with  the  Ocean  by  the  Old  and 
New  Inlet  of  Little  Egg  Harbour. 

TJttle  Egg  Harbour,  new  inlet,  lies  7h 
miles  due  S  from  Tuckerton,  admits  ves- 
sels of  from  15  to  18  feet  draft,  many  of 
which  during  the  late  war,  entered  and  dis- 
charged valuable  cargoes.  The  old  inlet 
to  the  N  from  Tucker's  island,  is  now  but 
little  used,  except  for  very  light  vessels. 

Little  Hockhocking,  an  inconsiderable 
stream  in  the  south  part  of  Washington 
county,  Ohio,  running  into  the  Ohio  river, 
five  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Hockhocking. 

Little  Indian  creek,  small  stream  of  Cler- 
mont couHty,  Ohio,  putting'  into  the  Ohio 
river,  two  miles  below  Big  Indian  creek. 

Little  JWiami,  river  rising  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  Madison  county,  and  after 


running  southwest  above  70  miles  across 
Clark,  Green,  Warren  and  Hamilton  coun- 
ties, joins  the  Ohio  seven  miles  above  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  one  of  the  best  mill  streams 
in  tlie  state;  30  or  40  mills,  among  which 
two  or  three  are  paper  mills,  an;  already 
erected  upon  it.  The  principal  streams 
running  into  it  are,  East  branch,  Shawnee, 
Obannon,  Turtle,  Todd's  fork,  Cxsar's  and 
Massie's  creeks  on  the  eastern  side,  and 
Sugar  and  Beaver  creeks  on  the  west. 
For  navigation,  it  is  of  little  consequence, 
but  for  mills,  is  preferable  to  the  Great 
Miami. 

Little  Misaouri,  the  name  of  two  rivers  of 
the  United  States  ;  one  a  branch  of  Missou- 
ri, joining  that  stream  from  the  SW,  90 
miles  above  the  Mandan  villages ;  and 
the  other,  a  branch  of  Washitau,  in  Arkan- 
saw,  rises  with  the  Little  river  of  the  north, 
flows  E,  and  fulls  into  the  Washitan  from 
the  west. 

Little  River,  is  the  name  of  several 
small  streams  in  the  United  States.  Little 
lied  river,  a  branch  of  White  river  in  Ar- 
kansaw  ;  Little  river  one  of  the  constitu- 
ents of  Pedee,  rises  in  North  Carolina,  and 
in  part  of  its  course  separates  North  Caro- 
lina from  South  Carolina.  Little  river, 
branch  of  Savannah  river,  which  it  joins  30 
miles  above  Augusta.  Little  river  in  Geor- 
gia, falls  into  Oconee,  12  miles  above  Mil- 
ledgeville.  Little  river,  Christian  county, 
Kentucky,  which  falls  into  Cumberland. 
Little  river  of  Indiana,  joining  Wabasli 
river  above  Vincennes.  Little  North  river, 
a  branch  of  Red  river,  rises  in  Arkansas, 
and  falls  into  Red  river  a  short  distance 
above  the  NW  limit  of  Louisiana ;  and 
Little  river  south,  another  brand)  of  Red 
river,  rises  in  Texas,  and  flowing  E,  falls 
into  Red  river  in  the  NW  angle  of  Loui- 
siana. 

lAttle  Rock,  village  of  Arkansaw,  on 
Arkansaw  river,  about  300  miles  above  the 
post  of  Arkansaw. 

Little  Sandy  Salt  Works,  post  village, 
Lawrence  county,  Kentucky. 

Littleton,  post  town  and  township,  in 
Grafton  county,  New  Hampshire  ;  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Connecticut  river,  45 
miles  NE  of  Haverhill,  and  about  40  NW  of 
Conway.     Population  in  1820,  1096. 

Littleton,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  28  miles 
WNW  from  Boston.  Population  in  1820, 
955. 

Littorate,  now  part  of  the  Austrian  king- 
dom of  lllyria  ;  formerly  a  district  of  Dal- 
matia,  containing  tlie  towns  of  Trieste, 
Flume,  Buccari,  and  Porto  Re. 

Livadia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  .lanna;  E  by  the  Ar- 
chipelago ;  S  by  the  Morea,  and  W  by  the 
Mediterranean.  It  includes  ancient  Greece 
properly  so  called,  and  its  capital  is  Athens. 
517 


L  I  \ 


L  I  V 


Livadia,  town  of  European  Turke_v,  in 
the  province  of  its  name,  with  a  castle, 
it  has  a  trade  in  wool,  corn,  and  rice,  and 
is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Lepanto,  68 
miles  NW  of  Athens.  Lon.  23  20  B,  lat. 
38  42  N. 

Livundiere,  seigniory,  Hartford  count)', 
Lower  Canada,  12  miles  SE  from  Qaebec. 

Livenza,  river  cf  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 

Venice,    svhich   runs  on    the    confines  of 

Trevisano  and  Friuli,  and  enters  the  gulf  of 

Venice,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Piava 

I  and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

IJvermore,  post  village  and  township, 
Oxford  county,  Maine,  18  miles  NE  from 
Paris.    Topulation  in  1820,  2134. 

Liverpool,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng- 
land, in  Lancashire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  had  but  one  church,  which 
was  a  chapel  of  ease  to  Walton  (a  village 
three  miles  off)  till  the  year  1699,  when  an 
act  passed  to  make  the  tosvn  a  distinct 
parish,  and  erect  a  new  church ;  since 
which  time  it  has  been  gradually  advancing 
in  population  and  trade.  The  number  of 
the  inhabitants  in  1773  was  34  407,  in 
1790  it  was  55,732,  in  1801  77,653,  and  in 
1811  no  less  than  94,376.  Its  rise  and  in- 
crease  was  principally  owing  to  the  salt- 
works  ;  and  it  is  now  become,  with  respect 
to  population  and  commerce,  the  second 
port  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Mersey,  and  has  a  harbour,  formed 
with  great  labour  and  expense,  here  being 
eight  wet  docks,  secured  by  large  flood- 
gates,  bound  by  keys,  a  mile  and  a  half  in 
Jength,  where  1000  vessels,  or  20,000  tons 
of  shipping,  may  lie  in  the  greatest  safety. 
The  trade  of  Liverpool  is  general ;  but  the 
principal  branch  is  the  African  and  West 
Indian  trade.  The  American,  Baltic,  and 
Portugal  commerce  is  also  very  great,  as 
well  as  that  of  Ireland  ;  many  ships  are  sent 
to  the  Greenla!id  whale-fishery;  the  coast- 
ing trade  employs  a  great  number  of  ves- 
sels ;  and  many  good  ships  are  built  here. 
By  the  late  inland  naviajation,  Liverpool 
has  comminiication  with  the  rivers  Dee, 
Ribble,  Ouse,  Trent,  Humber,  Severn,  and 
Thames.  Its  principal  manufactures  are 
fine  porcelain,  earthen  ware,  watches,  and 
stockings,  some  gla-^s,  iron,  salt,  and  cop- 
peras works,  mr.ny  roperies,  and  upwards 
of  fifty  breweries.  The  exchange  is  a 
handsome  modern  edifice  of  stone,  with 
piazzas  for  the  merchants ;  and  over  it  is 
the  tov/n-hail.  There  is  .al';©  a  handsome 
exchange,  a  custom  h^use,  an  assembly 
room,  an  elegant  thea're,  a  library,  and  a 
boroug'.  jail  on  Mr.  Howard's  plan.  Be- 
side the  i-wo  par'chial  churches,  there  are 
ten  other  churches  for  the  established  re- 
ligion ;  also  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  and 
dissenting  meeting-hoiises.  To  enumerate 
the  asylums  for  the  wretched  and  unfortu- 
nate of  every  description  and  denomination, 
518 


would  far  exceed  our  bounds.  Liverpool 
is  48  miles  S  of  Lancaster,  and  202  NW  of 
London.    Lon.  SOW,  lat.  53  22  N. 

Liverpool,  township  of  Queens  county. 
Nova  Scotia,  on  the  bay  of  Fundy. 

Liverpool,  post  village,  in  Salina,  Onon- 
dago  county,  New  York,  3  miles  from  Sa- 
lina^ 

Liverpool,  post  village,  in  the  NE  part  of 
Perry  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Susquehannah  river,  about  30  miles 
above  Harrisburg. 

Liverpool,  post  town,  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  6  miles  N  from  the  borough 
of  York. 

Livingsta?!,  township  of  Columbia  coun- 
ty. New  York,  containing  1651  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820  1938.  It  is  situated 
40  miles  S  of  Albany,  on  the  river  Hudson. 

Livingston,  county  of  New  York,  on 
both  sides  of  Genesee  river  ;  bounded  S  by 
Steuben  and  Allegany  ;  W  by  Genesee  ;  N 
by  Monroe ;  and  E  by  Ontario.  Length 
30 ;  width  20 ;  and  area  600  square  miles. 
In  respect  to  soil  and  surface,  this  is  a  very 
diversified  county.  It  is  generally  hilly 
and  fertile  ;  but  exceptions  to  both  these 
features  exist ;  extensive  flats  skirt  Gene- 
see rivei  and  part  of  the  upland  is  sterile. 
This  county  was  formed  from  part  of  On- 
tario and  Qenesee,  in  which  it  was  included 
in  the  census  of  1820. 

Livingston,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Tennessee  river  SW  ;  by  Ohio  river  W 
and  NW  ;  by  Trade  Water  river  or  Union 
county  NE ;  and  Caldwell  county  SE. 
Length  47  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and  area  about 
720  square  miles.  Cumberland  river  passes 
through  and  enters  Ohio  river  in  this  coun- 
ty. The  surface  is  generally  level,  and 
much  of  the  soil  highly  fertile.  Chief 
town,  Salem. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males  ...      1,597 

do.    do.    females      ...       1,335 

Total  whites  ....  2,932 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed      .....  24 

Slaves         ......  718 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  3,674 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       -        .        -  2,478 

do.  do.   females     -        -        -  2,292 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        -        -        -  0 

T6tal  whites       ....  4,770 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  15 

do.                do.    females  19 

Slaves,  males      ....  508 

do.    females            ...  512 

Total  population  in  1820    -       -  5,824 


L  L  A 


LUC 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        i,270 

do.       in  Manufactures  -        -  40 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Livonia,  province  of  the  Russian  empire, 
which,  with  that  of  Esthonia,  has  been  re- 
ciprocally claimed  and  possessed  by  Rus- 
sia, Sweden,  and  Poland,  and  for  more 
than  two  centuries,  has  been  a  perpetual 
scene  of  the  most  bloody  wars.  It  was 
finally  wrested  from  the  Swedes  by  Peter 
the  Great,  and  confirmed  to  the  Russians 
by  the  peace  of  Nystadt,  in  1721.  It  now 
forms  the  government  of  Riga,  or  Livonia, 
of  which  Riga  is  the  capital.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  government  of  Esthonia, 
on  the  E  by  that  of  Pskof,  on  the  S  by  that 
of  Polotsk  and  part  of  Poland,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  gulf  of  Livonia.  It  is  250  miles 
from  N  to  S,  and  150  from  E  to  W.  The 
land  is  so  fertile  in  corn,  that  it  is  called 
the  granary  of  the  North.  Area  21,000 
square  miles.     Population  600,000. 

Livonia,  post  village  and  township,  Li- 
vingston county,  New  York,  between  Ge- 
iiessee  and  Hemlock  lakes,  20  miles  SW 
from  Canandaigua.  Population  in  1820, 
2427. 

Lizard,  the  most  southern  promontory 
of  England,  whence  ships  usually  take 
their  departure,  when  bound  to  the  west- 
ward.    Lon.  5  10  W,  lat.  49  57  N. 

Llanarth,  town  in  Cardiganshire,  17 
miles  E  by  N  of  Cardigan,  and  212  W  by 
N  of  London.     Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  52  13  N. 

Llanbeder,  town  in  Cardiganshire,  on  the 
river  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into 
Carmarthenshire,  24  miles  E  of  Cardigan, 
and  197  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  4  8  W, 
lat.  52  9  N. 

Llandilovaxsir,  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
on  the  river  Towy.  Lon.  3  58  W,  lat.  51 
55  N. 

Llanelly,  town  in  Carmarthenshire.  It 
trades  much  in  coal,  and  is  seated  on  a 
creek  of  the  Bristol  channel.  Lon.  4  10 
W,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Llangadoc,  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
185  miles  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  48 
W,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Llangollen,  town  in  Denbighshire,  184 
miles  from  London. 

Llangunner,  village  in  Carmarthenshire. 
Sir  Richard  Steele  had  u  private  seat  here, 
and  here  he  died  in  1729. 

Llanrotst,  town  in  Denbighshire,  on  the 
Conwav,  15  miles  SW  of'  Denbigh,  and 
222  NW  of  London.  Lon.  3  58  W,  lat.  53 
6  N. 

Llantrissent,  town  in  Glaiv.organsJMre,  in 
S  Wales,  10  miles  NVV  of  Landafi',  and 
166  W  of  London.  Lon.  3  22  W,  lat.  51 
28  N. 

Llamtdllivg,  town  in  Montgomei-yshire, 


near  tiie  river  Cane,  15  miles  N  by  W  of 
Montgomery,  and  179  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  "3  8  W,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Llanydlos,  town  in  Montgomeryshu'e,  18 
miles  SW  of  Montgomerv,'and  157  WNW 
of  London.     Lon.  3  28  W,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Llanymddovery,  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
near  the  Towy,  26  miles  ENE  of  Carmar- 
then, and  181  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
3  42  W,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Llaugharn,  town  of  Carmarthenshire,  in 
S  Wales,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Towy,  7  miles 
SW  of  Carmarthen,  and  233  W  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  4  28  W,  lal.  51  48  N. 

Llobregat,  two  rivers  of  Spain,  in  Cate- 
lonia;  the  least  considerable  of  which,  falls 
into  the  bay  of  Rosas,  but  the  largest  rises 
in  the  Pyrenean  mountains  with  the  No- 
guera,  and  enters  the  Mediterranean  15 
miles  SW  fi'om  Barcelona. 

Lo,  Si.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Channel,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  with  a  good  citadel. — It  has 
considerable  manufactures  of  cloths,  stuffs, 
iron,  and  gold  lace.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vire,  12  miles  E  of  Coutances,  and  125  W 
by  N  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  53  W,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Loanda,  small  island  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Angola.  It  is  12  miles  in  length, 
and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth. 
It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  which  is 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Angola,  in 
South  Guinea,  with  a  very  good  harbour. 
It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  12  25 
E,  lat.  8  45  S. 

Loango,  considerable  kingdom  of  Africa, 
in  Congo,  250  miles  in  length,  and  188  in 
breadth;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Benin,  on 
the  E  by  parts  unknown,  on  the  S  by  Congo 
Proper,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  land  is  so  fruitful,  that  they 
have  three  crops  of  millet  in  a  year ;  and 
there  are  a  great  number  of  trees,  from 
whence  the}'  draw  tlieir  palm-wine. 

Loango,  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  with  a  harbour, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Quilla.  Lon.  11  45  E, 
lat.  4  15  S. 

Loans,  or  Lavora,  town  of  Genoa,  near 
the  sea  coast.     Lon.  7  58  E,  lat.  44  9  N.  • 

Ijobaw,  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  wilh  a 
castle,  where  the  bishop  of  Culm  resides. 
It  is  25  miles  E  of  Culm.  Lon.  19  0  E,  lat. 
53  25  N. 

Loboa,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Estraniadura,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  22 
miles  E  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  22  W,  lat. 
38  32  N. 

Lobos,  islands  of  Peru,  near  the  coast. 
Lat.  6  25  S. 

Locarno,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  which  is  one 
of  the  four  transalpine  bailiwics.  It  con- 
tains 1500  inhabitants.  Lacarno  was  once 
situated  on  the  lake,  and  had  a  port  capa- 
ble of  receiving  large  barks ;  at  present  it 
519 


L  O  D 


LOG 


stands  at  the  distance  of  a  quarter  of  a 
mile,  which  is  owing  to  the  accumulation 
of  sand  brought  down  by  the  torrent  Mag- 
gla.  It  is  46  miles  N  of  Novara,  and  55  N 
by  W  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  31  E.  lat.  46  10  N. 
Locarno,  Lake  of.  See  JMaggiore. 
Lochaber,  bleak,  barren,  mountainous, 
and  rugged  district,  in  the  SAV  part  of  In- 
verness-shire. 

Lochem,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  in 
the  county  of  Zutphen,  on  the  Borrel,  10 
miles  E  of  Zutphen.  Lon.  6  13  E,  lat.  52 
12  N. 

Locher  Moss,  morass  in  Dumfriesshire, 
Scotland,  10  miles  in  length,  and  three^in 
breadth.  Here  vast  oak  trees,  and  also 
canoes  and  anchors  have  been  frequently 
dug  up. 

Laches,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Touraine,  on  the  river  Indre,  15  miles 
S  of  Amboise,  and  20  W  of  Tours.  Lon. 
51  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Lochmaben,  royal  borough  in  Dumfries- 
shire.   Lon.  3  19  W,  lat.  55  19  N. 

Lochrida,  or  Ocrida,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Albania.  It  is  a  pretty  large 
place  and. well  fortified;  and  is  62  miles 
SE  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 
Lochia,  town  of  Sweden,  in  East  Both- 
nia, on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  90  miles  S  of 
Tornea.     Lon.  24 16  E,  lat.  64  20  N. 

Lochrmnnock,  town  of  Renfrewshire,  Scot- 
land, on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  called 
also  Castle  Semple  Loch,  near  three  miles 
m  length. 

Lochy  Loch,  lake  in  the  SW  part  of  In- 
verness-shire, 10  miles  in  length,  and  from 
one  to  two  in  breadth.  From  the  NW  the 
waters  of  Loch  Arkek  descend  into  this 
lake.  Out  of  it  runs  the  river  Lochy,  which 
falls  into  Loch  Eil,  at  fort  William. 

Locke,  post  village  and  township,  Cayu- 
ga county  New  York,  23  miles  SSE  from 
Auburne.     Population  1820,  1559. 

Lockwood,  post  village,  Sussex  county 
New  Jersey. 

Loddon,  town  of  Norfolk,  eight  miles  SE 
of  Norfolk,  and  113  NE  of  London.  Lon. 
1  18  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Lodesan,  district  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan.  It  lies  along  the  river  Adda,  and 
is  very  fertile  and  populous.  Lodi  is  the 
capital. 

Lodeve,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc.  Its  manufactures  of  cloth  render 
it  very  rich,  but  it  is  seated  in  a  dry  barren 
country,  at  the  foot  at  the  Cevennes,  27 
miles  NW  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  3  30  E, 
lat.  42  37  N. 

Lodi,  strong  town  of  Italy  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  and  c.ipital  of  the  Lodesan.  It  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  county  on  the  Adda, 
15  miles  NW  of  Placentia,  and  20  SE  of 
Milan,  In  1796  the  French  under  Bona- 
520 


parte  In  attempting  to  force  the  passage  of 
a  bridge  at  this  place  which  was  vigorous- 
ly defended  by  the  Austrians,  after  being 
three  times  repulsed,  at  last  carried  it  with 
the  loss  of  6000  ;  1500  were  said  to  have 
been  killed  by  the  first  discharge  of  the 
Austrian  artillery.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  45 
15  N. 

Lodomsna.     See  Galicia. 

Lodrone,  town  of  Italy  in  the  bisopric  of 
Trent,  sealed  on  the  small  lake  Idro,  at  the 
place  where  it  receives  the  river  Chiese, 
31  miles  SW  of  Trent.  Lon.  10  46  E,  lat. 
46  ON. 

LofCus  Heights,  in  Adams  county,  Missis- 
sippi territory ;  situated  on  the  E  bank  of 
the  river  Mississippi,  45  miles  below  the 
town  of  Natches,  there  is  a  post-office  in 
this  place. 

Logan,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded  by 
Tennessee  ;  Todd  county  in  Kentucky  W  ; 
Muhlenburg  NW  ;  Butler  N  ;  and  Simpson 
NE.  Length  30;  mean  width  21 ;  and  area 
630  square  miles.  It  occupies  the  high 
ground  between  Cumberland  and  Green 
rivea".  It  is  drained  by  Red  river  branch  of 
Cumberland,  and  by  Bigbanner,  and  Mud- 
dy river,  branches  of  Green  river.  The 
surface  is  waving  rather  than  hilly,  soil  ex- 
cellent.    Chief  town  Russelville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  5,013 

do.    do.    females  -        -  4,461 

Total  whites  -  -  9,474 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  169 

Slaves 2,486 


Total  population  in  1810,  -      12,129 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         5,047 
do.    do.   females    -        -        -        4,543 

Total  whites       -        -        -        -  9,590 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  69 

do.           do.        females  -  6fi 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        -  2,331 

do.     females             -         .        .  2,267 

Total  population  in  1820  -      14,423 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  4 

Engaged  in  .\griculture      -         -  3,769 

do.        in  Manufactures          -  o56 

Engaged  in  Commerce       -         -  21 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  23. 

Logan,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  N  by 
Hardin  ;  E  by  Union  ;  S  by  Champaigne  ; 
SW  by  Miami ;  W  by  Shelby  ;  and  NW  by 
Alien.  Length  26  ;  breadth  21 ;  and  area 
500  square  miles.  Miami  river,  Boques, 
Mi!!,  and  Darley  creeks,  and  Mad  river,  all 


L  O  I 


L  O  N 


rise  In  tliis  county.  The  land  Is,  however, 
tolerably  level  and  fertile.  Chief  town 
Belleforitaine. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        1,649 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,464 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites    .        -        -  3^103 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  41 

do.           do.       lemaies  37 

Slaves,  males            .        .        _  y 

do.     females        _        _        _  y 

Total  population  in  1820  -        3,181 

Of  these ;  

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture   -        -        1,043 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  14 

do.        in  Commerce  -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Logan,  post  town,  and  s^at  of  justice  for 
Hoclving  county  Ohio,  on  the  N  bank  of 
Hocking  river,  18  miles  SE  from  Lancaster. 
Lat.  39  06  N. 

Log  -  Horse  -  Landing,  post-office  Hj'de 
county  North  Carolina. 

Logotuogorod,  town  of  Poland,  in  Lower 
Volhinia,  seated  on  the  W  bank  of  the 
Dnieper.     Lon.  31  7  E,  lat.  50  46. 

Lngronno,  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Castile, 
in  a  country  abounding'  with  excellent 
fruits  and  good  wines,  'and  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ebro,  115 
miles  N  by  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  20  W, 
l..t.  42  29N. 

Loire,  the  principal  river  of  France, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  Ce- 
vennes  in  Languedoc.  It  begins  to  be 
navigable  at  Roanne  ;  is  joined  to  tlie  Seine 
by  the  canals  of  Bnare  and  Orleans,  and 
falls  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  below  Paira- 
baeiif. 

Loire,  department  of  France,  contiguous 
to  the  departments  of  Rhone,  and  Isere. 
Chief  I  own  llontbrison. 

Loire  and  Cher,  department  oi  France, 
including  the  late  province  of  Blasois.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  rivers  Loire  and 
Cher ;  the  first  of  which  falls  into  the  S:ii'te, 
above  Angers  ;  and  the  last  empties  itself 
into  the  Loire,  five  miles  above  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  latter  with  the  Indre.  Blois  is 
the  capital. 

Loire,  Loiver,  department  of  I'ranct", 
containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Bretagne.  It  has  Us  name  from  the  river 
Loire,  which  iorms  its  S  boundary,  and 
then  falls  into  the  Ba)'  ot  Biscay  Nantes  is 
the  capital. 

Loire,  Upjier,  d<"partment  of  France,  late 
the  province  of  Velay.     It  takes  Its  name 
Irom  the  river  Loire,  which  rises  near  its 
south  boundary,  Puy  is  the  capital. 
3U 


Loiret,  department  of  France,  late  the 
province  of  Orleanois.  It  takes  its  name 
from  a  small  river  that  falls  into  the  Loire. 
Orleans  is  the  capital. 

LombarJo,  Vcnitian  kingdom,  name  im- 
posed on  Austrian  Italy  by  the  congress  of 
Vienna,  1815. 

Lomburdu,  name  formerly  given  to  part 
of  Italy,  an<l  which  comprehended  almost 
all  tiie  a-xient  Cisalpine-Gaul.  It  lies  to- 
wards the  North,  and  was  divided  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower  ;  U(iper  Lombardy  was 
the-  weste  n  pat,  and  compr.he:  ded  Pied- 
mont, with  its  dependencies  and  the  duch- 
ies of  Montferr.it  and  Milan.  Lower 
Lombanly,  wliich  was  the  eastern  part, 
compri-liended  Parma,  Modena,  Maniua, 
I'erara,  th^-  Bolognese,  the  territ  ries  of  the 
ci^urch,  the  PaJuan,  Vicntin,  the  Vero- 
nes  •,  the  Bressan,  the  Cremase,  and  the 
Bergamese. 

Lombez,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  and  late  province  of  Gasco- 
nv,  lately  u  bishop's  see.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Save,  27  miles  S\V  of  Toulouse.  Lon. 
1  0  E,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Lomond,  Bf.i,  mountain,  in  the  North  of 
Sterhngnhire,  about  3200  feet  above  the 
levi'l  of  the  lake,  ;'t  i's  bottom.  From  this 
lofty  mountain  are  seen  Loch  Lomond,  the 
Clyde,  the  Forth,  Edinburgh,  the  eastern 
coast  as  far  as  the  Cnevi  it  Fells,  the  isles 
of  Bute  and  Arran,  the  rock  of  Ailsa,  Ire- 
land, the  mountain  of  Plynfimmon  in  Wales, 
the  Skiddaw  in  Cumberland,  and  the  hills 
far  beyond  it. 

I^omond,  Loch,  beautiful  lake  in  Dumbar- 
tonshire. 

Lon,  or  Lune,  beautiful  and  romantic  ri- 
ver which  rises  in  Was  moreland,  and  flow- 
ing by  Kirby  Lonsdale  in  that  county,  falls 
into  the  Irish  Sea,  below  Lancaster.  Its 
banks  are  beautiful. 

London,  metropolis  of  Great  Britain,  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  opident  cities  in 
the  world,  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  as  a 
considerable  commercial  place  in  the  reign 
of  the  Roman  emperor  Nero.  In  its  most 
extensive  view,  as  the  metropolis,  it  con- 
sists of  the  City,  properly  so  called,  the 
city  of  Westminster,  which  was  once  a  mile 
from  Londo  ',  and  the  borough  of  South- 
wark;  be-ide  the  suburbs  in  Middlesex 
and  Surry,  within  what  are  called  the  bills 
of  mortality  London  and  We  iminster  are 
situated  in  Middlesex,  on  the  N  side  of  the 
river  Thames.  Souihwark  is  situated  on 
the  opposite  bank,  in  Surry.  Tiie  extent 
of  tiie  whole,  from  Lime-ho  ise  and  D^pt- 
ford  to  Milbank  and  Vnuxliall,  is  above  se- 
ven mil.  s  ;  but  the  grea'e-t  brendtii  does 
not  exceed  three.  Among  the  public 
buildings,  St.  Paul's  caiiiedral  is  the  most 
conspicuous.  It  is  2292  fieet  in  circumfer- 
521 


L  O  N 


L  O  N 


eiice,  and  365  in  height  to  tlie  top  of  tlie 
cross.  It  is  inferior  to  none  in  Europe,  ex- 
cept St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  It  is  now  desti- 
ned to  be  tlie  reccpiacle  of  the  monu- 
mer.ts  of  such  illustrious  men,  as  may  do 
honour  to  their  country  by  their  talents 
and  their  virtues  ;  several  are  already  erect- 
ed ;  the  first,  for  that  great  philanthropist, 
Mr.  John  Howard.  Westminster  Abbey 
is  a  grand  sp8cimen  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture, said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sebert, 
king  of  the  East  Saxons,  in  610.  Here 
most  of  the  English  sovereigns  have  been 
crowned,  and  many  of  them  interred.  It 
contains  also  a  great  number  of  monuments 
of  kings,  statesmen,  heroes,  poets,  and 
persons  distinguished  b)'  genius,  learning, 
and  science.  The  chapel  of  Henry  VII. 
adjoining,  Leland  calls  The  AVonder  of  the 
World.  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook,  is  a 
small  church,  of  exquisite  beauty,  the  mas- 
ter-piece of  Sir  Christopher  'Wren.  Bow 
Church,  in  Cheapside,  St.  Bride's,  in  Fleet 
Street,  and  St.  Dunstan's  in  the  East,  and 
St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields,  are,  with  seve- 
ral others,  distinguished  for  fine  architec- 
ture. The  parish  churches,  in  the  bills  of 
mortality,  amounted  to  14-3 ;  namely,  97 
within  the  walls,  16  without  the  walls,  23 
out-parishes  in  Middlesex  and  Surry,  and 
10  in  the  city  and  liberties  of  AVestminster. 
Besides  these  churches,  is  one  belonging 
to  the  Temple,  a  celebrated  .<:eat  ot  law. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Kniglits  Templars, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II  upon  the  model 
of  that  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  at  Jerusa- 
lem.  There  are  likewise  a  great  number 
of  chapels  for  the  establisheil  church,  for- 
eign prote;-tai;t  churches,  Roman  catholic 
chapels,  meeting  for  dissenters  of  all  per- 
suasions, and  three  synagogues  for  the 
Jews.  The  royal  palace  of  St.  Ji.mes  is  an 
ancient  building,  and  on  the  N  side  of  a 
small  park  :  it  is  mean  m  external  appear- 
ance, but  the  apartments  aiv  said  to  be 
the  best  calculated  for  regal  parade  of  any 
in  Europe.  The  royal  town  residence  is 
a  house  on  the  W  side  of  James'  park, 
built  by  the  duke  of  Buckingham,*  and 
purchased  by  the  king  in  1761,  when  it 
received  the  appellation  of  the  Queen's 
Palace,  but  is  still  frequently  callt-d  Buck- 
ingham House.  Carlton  House,  the  re- 
sidence of  the  prince  of  Wales,  to  ihe  E 
of  St.  James'  palace,  is  a  stately  build- 
ing, on  which  vast  sums  have  been  ex- 
pended. The  Banqueting  House,  at  White- 
hall, begun  in  1619,  is  only  a  small  part 
of  the  vast  plan  of  a  palace,  intended 
to  be  worthy  of  the  residence  of  the  Bri- 
tish monarchs,  but  left  incomplete.  Be- 
side the  royal  palaces,  there  are  many  fine 
houses  of  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  of 
the  nobility  and  gentry.  The  Tower  of 
London  is  very  ancient,  but  the  founder  is 
uncertain.    It  is  surrounded  bva  wall,  and 


partly  by  a  deep  ditch,  which  enclose  se- 
veral streets,  besides  the  Tower,  properly 
so  called  :  it  contains  the  great  artillery,  a 
magazine  of  small  arms  'or  60,000  m.en, 
and  the  large  hor~e  armoury,  among  which 
are  15  figures  of  kings  o  •,  horseback.  Here 
are  the  jev/els  and  ornaments  of  the  crown, 
as  well  as  the  regalia ;  the  mint  for  coin- 
ing of  money,  and  the  menagerie  for  fo- 
reign birds  and  beasts.  It  is  under  the 
command  of  a  constable  and  lieutenant. 
The  bridges  are  a  great  ornament  to  the 
metropolis.  The  most  ancient,  London 
bridge,  was  begun  in  1176,  and  finished  in 
1209.  The  length  of  it  is  915  feet.  The 
riumber  of  arclies  was  19,  of  unequal  di- 
mensions, and  deformed  by  houses  en  each 
side,  which  overhung  in  a  terrific  manner. 
These  were  removed  in  17  56,  when  the 
upper  part  of  the  bridge  assumed  a  mo- 
dern a]5pearance  ;  but  the  sterlings  remain, 
though  they  so  contract  the  space  between 
the  piers,  a>  to  occasion,  at  the  ebb  of  tide, 
a  fall  of  five  feet,  or  a  number  of  tempora- 
ry cataracts  which  have  occa-  ioned  the  loss 
of  many  lives.  Westminster  bridge,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  wo:ld,  was  built  by 
Labeyle,  a  n.«tive  of  Switzerland.  The  first 
stone  was  laid  in  1739,  the  last  in  1747; 
but  on  account  ot  the  sinking  of  one  of 
the  pier^,  the  opening  of  the  bridge  was 
i-etarded  till  1750  The  whole  is  of  Port- 
land stone,  except  the  spandrels  of  the 
arches,  which  are  of  Purbeck.  It  is  1223 
feet  in  length.  It  has  13  large,  and  two 
small  semicircuhir  arches  :  the  centre  arch 
is  76  feet  wide  ;  the  other  arches,  on  each 
side,  decreasing  in  width  four  feet.  Black- 
friar's  bridge,  built  by  Myl!;e,  was  comple- 
ted in  1768.  Its  length  is  995  feet ;  the 
breadth  of  the  carriage-way  28,  and  of  the 
loot-paths  seven  feet  each.  It  consists  of 
nine  elliptical  arches,  the  centre  one  of 
wliich  is  100  feet  wide  ;  and  both  this,  and 
the  arch  on  each  side,  are  wider  than  the 
celebrated  Rialto  at  Venice.  This  noble 
structure  is  bwilt  of  P..rtland  stone.  Among 
the  other  public  buildings,  which  can  mere- 
ly be  enumer.ated  here,  are  Westminster 
Hall,  containing  the  supreme  court  of  jus- 
tice ;  and  adjoining  to  which  are  the  hou- 
ses of  lords  and  commons ;  the  Guild-hall 
of  the  city ;  the  Sessions  House  ;  the  Horse 
Guards,  the  Treasury  and  the  Admiral- 
ity  at  Whitehall ;  the  noble  collection  of 
public  offices  which  form  that  magnificent 
structure  called  Somerset  Place ;  the  Bri- 
tish Museum  ;  the  Royal  Exchange  ;  the 
Bank  of  England  ;  the  Excise  Oflfice  ;  the 
East  India  House,  the  Soulh  Sea  House ; 
the  Mansion  House,  for  the  lord  mayor ; 
and  the  Monument,  in  commemoration  of 
the  great  fire  in  1666.  The  inns  of  court 
for  the  study  of  the  law  ;  the  colleges, 
learned  societies,  and  public  seminaries ; 
the  halls  cif  the  different  tradin'-  comna- 


T.  o  N 


I-  O  X 


iiies  ;  tlie  nobic  hospitals  and  other  chari- 
table institutions;  the  public  places  of  di- 
version ;  with  its  fine  squares  and  streets, 
are  all  too  numerous  to  be  here  particular- 
ly mentioned.  The  Adelplii  Terrace  is 
the  admiration  of  foreigners,  for  the  noble 
vievv  which  it  affords  of  tlie  river,  the 
bridges,  and  other  public  buildings,  and  of 
the  fine  hills  beyond  Lambeth  and  South- 
wark.  Such,  on  a  cursory  view  of  it  is  the 
metropolis  of  Great  Britain,  to  the  extent 
and  opulence  of  which  »many  causes  have 
contributed.  The  broad  stream  of  the 
Thames  flowing  between  London  and 
Southwark,  continually  agitated  by  a  brisk 
current,  or  a  rapid  tide,  brings  constant 
supplies  of  fresh  air,  which  no  buildings 
can  intercept.  The  country  around,  t  spe- 
cially on  the  London  side,  is  nearly  open  to 
some  distance ;  whence  bj'  t!ie  action  of 
the  sun  and  wind  on  a  gravelly  soil,  it  is 
kept  tolerably  dry  at  all  seasons,  and  af- 
fords no  lodgement  for  stagnant  air  or  wa- 
ter. The  cleanliness  of  I,ondon,  as  well  as 
its  supply  of  water,  is  greatly  aided  by  its 
situation  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames  ;  and 
the  New  River,  with  many  good  springs 
within  tiie  city  itself,  furtlier  contributes 
to  the  abundance  of  that  necessary  e'e- 
ment.  All  these  are  advantages  with  re- 
spect to  health,  in  which  this  metropolis  is 
exceeded  by  few.  Its  situation,  with  re- 
gard to  the  circumstance  of  navigation,  is 
equally  well  chosen ;  had  it  been  placed 
lower  on  the  Thames,  it  would  have  been 
annoyed  by  the  marshes  ;  had  it  been  high- 
er, it  would  not  have  been  accessible,  as  at 
present,  to  ships  of  large  burden.  It  now 
possesses  every  advantage  that  can  be  de- 
rived from  a  sea-port,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  by  means  of  its  noblt'  river,  enjoys  a 
very  extensive  communication  with  the  in- 
ternal parts  of  the  country,  which  supply 
it  widi  necessaries,  and  in  return  receive 
from  it  such  commodities  as  they  require. 
It  contains  several  large  wet  docks,  parti- 
cularly those  called  the  West  India  and 
East  India,  Wrapping,  and  Commercial 
docks,  dry  docks  for  repairing,  and  slips 
for  building  of  ships,  besides  the  king's 
yards  at  Deptford,  for  building  men  of 
war.  London  therefore  unites  in  itself  all 
the  benefits  arising  from  navigation  and 
commerce,  with  those  of  a  metropolis  at 
which  all  the  public  business  of  a  great  na- 
tion is  transacted ;  anil  is  thus  both  the 
mercantile  and  political  head  of  the 
kingdom.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  many  con- 
siderable manufactures ;  some  almost  pe- 
culiar to  itself  as  adminis'erlng  to  the  de- 
mands of  studied  splendour,  and  refined 
luxury ;  others  in  which  it  participates  with 
the  manufacturing  towrs  in  general,  with 
this  difference,  that  only  the  finer  and 
more  costly  of  their  works  are  performed 
here.    The  most  impottant  of  its  peculiar 


mariuracturos  is  the  silk  weaving  establish- 
ed in  Spitalfields  by  refugees  from  France. 
A  variety  of  works  in  gold,  silver,  and  jew- 
ellery,  the  engraving  of  prints,  and  making 
of  optical  and  matliematica'  instruments, 
are  likewise  principally  executed  here,  and 
some  of  tlieni  in  greater  perfection  than  in 
any  other  country.  Tiie  porter-brewery, 
a  business  of  vei7  great  extent,  is  also  clilef- 
ly  carried  on  in  London.  To  its  port  (late- 
ly much  improved  in  various  respects)  are 
likewise  confined  some  branches  of  foreign 
commerce,  as  the  vast  Easi  India  trade,  and 
those  to  Turkey  and  Hudson's  bay.  Tlius 
London  has  risen  to  its  present  rank  of  the 
first  city  in  Europe  with  respect  to  opu- 
lence and  tiie  number  of  inhibitants.  By 
the  enumeration  in  1811,  the  residents  in 
London,  Westminster,  and  Southwark,  ar.d 
all  the  out  parishes,  were  1,009,546.  Lon- 
don is  a  bishop's  see,  and  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Tiie  city  is  divided 
into  26  wards,  each  governed  by  an  alder- 
man ;  and  from  the  aldermen  the  lord  may- 
or is  annually  chosen.  Tlierc  are  likewise 
2jG  common-councilmen,  a  recorder,  a 
common-sergeant,  two  slierlffs  (who  are 
also  sheriffs  of  Middlesex)  a  chamberlain} 
a  to'.vn-clerk,  a  city  remembrancer,  a  wa- 
ter-baildf,  and  many  inferior  officers.  West- 
minster is  governed  by  a  high  steward,  who 
is  generally  a  nobleman,  chosen  by  the  dean 
and  chapter,  and  he  has  an  under  steward 
who  officiates  fur  him.  Next  to  him  is  the 
high  bailiff,  ch^'Sen  also  by  the  dean  and 
chapter,  wiiose  power  resembles  that  of  a 
sheriff.  The  suburbs  are  under  the  juris- 
diction of  magistrates ;  and  those  of  Mid- 
dlesex, beside  the  county-hall  on  darken- 
well  Green,  have  an  office  in  Bow  Street, 
long  distinguished  for  public  spirit  and  ac- 
tivity,and seven  other  public  offices.  South- 
wark was  long  independent  of  London,  but 
Edward  lU.  granted  it  to  the  city.  It  was 
tlien  called  the  vihage  of  Southwark  ;  and 
afterward  named  the  bulliwic.  In  the  reign 
of  Edward  Y!.  it  was  formed  into  a  twenty 
sixth  ward,  by  the  name  of  Bridge  Ward 
Without.  Oil  the  death  of  the  alderman 
of  this  ward,  he  is  succeeded  by  the  next 
in  seniority,  to  whatever  ward  he  may  be- 
long ;  this  ward  bein,^  considered  as  a  si- 
necure, and  consequently  the  most  proper 
for  "  the  father  of  the  city."  The  city  has 
likewise  a  high  bailiff  and  steward  here. 
To  enumerate  all  the  events  by  which  this 
great  cajjital  iias  been  distinguislied,  would 
greatly  exceerl  our  llmiis,  we  shall  only 
mention  the  great  plague  in  1665,  which 
cut  off  68,596  people,  and  the  dreadful 
conflagration,  in  1666,  by  which  the  ca- 
thedral and  many  otiier  churches,  with 
13,200  houses  were  destroyed.  London  is 
210  miles  XNVV  of  Paris,  and  30tJ  ESE  oi 
Dublin.  Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  51  .U  N. 
London,  JVl'ic  See  J\ew  London. 
523 


J .  O   N" 


London,  dislrict,  Upper  (J:iiutcla,  along- 
lake  Erie. 

Loudon,  town  of  Upper  Cana'la,  on  the 
Thames,  fibou  100  miles  NE  by  E  Tom 
Deiroit,  a; hi  150  SW  by  W  trom  York. 
I'he  sunou  cliii!(  country  is  extremely  well 
adapted  to  agncolture.     Lai.  42  55  N. 

London,  po-t  town  and  scat  of  justicr  Ma- 
dison couity  Ohio,  25  miles  W  by  S  from 
Columbus.  Fop  ilation  1820,  200,  but  ra- 
pidly increasing. 

London-To-wn,  post  village  of' Anne-Arun- 
del  county,  Maryland,  on  the  right  bank  of 
South  river,  5  miles  SW  from  Anna])clis. 

Lnndon  ■  Britain,  township  of  Chester 
county  Pennsylvania,  adjacent  to  the  NE 
ansrle  of  Cecil  county  in  Maryland.  Popii- 
]atK)n  1820,  425. 

London-Harbour,  a  bay  of  the  island  of 
St.  .John,  on  its  north  side.  I,on.  W  C.  13 
52  E,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Londoiiderni,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  32  miles  long,  and  30 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Donegal,  and 
the  N  by  the  Ocean,  on  the  S  and  SW  by 
Tyrone,  and  on  *he  E  by  Antrim.  It  is  a 
fruitful  cliampaign  country.  The  linen  rt\\- 
im'acture  flourishes  through  evc-ryparl  of  it. 
London  tier  r'j,  handsime  town  of  Ireland, 
capital  of  a  counly  (f  the  same  name. 
It  is  a  modern  plice,  built  by  a  cmpany  of 
London  adventurers  in  the  reign  of  James 
I.  The  principal  con^imerce  i^f  Londonder- 
ry is  with  America  and  the  West  In>lies  It 
contains  18,000  inhabita^us,  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Foyle,  over  which  a  wooden 
bridge,  106S  feet  in  length  and  of -ingular 
and  excellent  construction,  was  erected  in 
1791  Londondcrrvisfoi;r  miles  S  of  Lough 
Fo)le,  and  194  NW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  5 
W,   at.  55  4  N. 

Londonderry,  township  of  Halifax  county 
N'lva  Scotio,  on  Colequid  river,  30  mdes 
above  the  bay  of  Mmas. 

Londonderry,  jost  ti.wn  in  llockingl'am 
county  New  Hampshire,  35  miles  SW  of 
Portsmouth,  and  37  NW  or  Newbury  port, 
Massachus  fs.  It  s  pcop'.t  d  m  stly  by 
emigrants  from  Ir  la  .d,  as  the  iiauie  im- 
plies, and  ontained  2766  inhabi  iints,  in 
1810,  and  in  1820,  3127. 

Londonikriy,  post  village  and  towns''ip 
of  Windham  county  Vermont,  27  miles  SW 
from  Windsor.     Population  150. 

Londonderry,  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  E  side  ct  Octorara 
creek,  between  Oxford  and  Nottingham. 
Population.  1810,  1164,  and  in  1820,  only 
581 

Londonderry,  township  of  Dawphln  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania,  between  Conewago  and 
Swa'ara  creeks,  about  15  miles  of  Har  s- 
bure.  Population  1810,  2411,  and  m  1820, 
1100. 

Londonderry,  SW  township  of  Lebanon 
524 


county  Pennsylvania.  Popvilution  1820, 
1629.  This,  and  the  preceding,  formed 
one  township  in  Dauphin  county  previous 
to  the  fomatlon  of  Lebanon  county. 

Londondemj,  SW  township  ol  Bedford 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  Wills  creek,  be- 
tween Wills,  and  Little  Alleghany  moun- 
tains.    Papulation  1820,  602. 

Jjondonderry,  town  and  township  at 
Guernsey  county  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
902. 

London  Grove,  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  between  New  Garden 
and  Oxford,  about  40  miles  SW  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. Population  1810,  983,  and  in 
1820,  1097. 

Long  Bay,  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  the  United  States,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Pedee  and  Cape  Fear  rivers. 

Long  Beach,  on  tlie  coast  of  Monmouth 
county  New  Jersey,  is  a  low  sandy  island 
extending  from  liarnegat  inlet,  to  Little 
V'j^i^  Harbour. 

Long  Bottom,  post  office  Athens  county 
Ohio. 

Long  Creek,  post  office  Caldwell  county 
Kentucky. 

Long  Island,  an  island  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  separatee!  from  Connecticut  by 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  divided  into  three 
counties,  Kings,  Queens,  and  Suffolk.  It 
extends  from  the  Narrows  E  140  miles, 
but  is  not  more  than  ten  broad  on  a  me- 
dium. The  produce  of  the  middle  and 
western  parts  of  the  island  is  carried  to 
New  York.  This  island,  in  1810,  contained 
48,752  inhabitants,  and  in  1820.  56,978. 
A  ridge  r  f  hills  extends  along  the  north 
side  of  Long  Island,  with  a  declivity  to- 
wards-the  sound.  South  of  the  hills,  the 
descent  is  more  gradual,  and  terminates  in 
a  flat  border,  sinking  imperceptibly  in  ap- 
proaching the  Atlantic  Ocean.  See  the  re- 
spective Connies  for  a  more  particular  de- 
scription of  this  island. 

Long  Island,  a  name  given  to  sundry  un- 
important islands  in  different  parts  of  the 
world.  One  near  the  W  coast  of  Bititon  ; 
one  on  the  SE  coast  of  iMadura ;  one  in 
Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  on  the  coast  of 
New  Ze:  land,  off  the  coast  of  New  Guinea 
in  lat.  1  S  :  one  on  the  African  coast  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  lat  10  25  S  :  one  in  Penob- 
scot bay,  coast  of  Slaine.  For  the  latter  see 
Isleborongh. 

Long  Island  Sound,  kind  of  inland  sea, 
25  miles  broad  and  140  long,  extending  the 
whole  length  of  Long  Island,  and  dividing 
it  from  Connecticut.  It  communicates  with 
tiiie  Atlun'ic  at  both  ends  of  ihe  island. 

Long  AitadoTj.  township  of  Hampden 
r.nunty,  Massachusetts,  on  the  left  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  6  miles  below  Spring- 
field.    Population  1820,  1171, 

Long  Point,  or  JVorth  Foreland,  is  a 
long  narrow  peninsula  of  Walsingham 


r.  o  N 


1,  O  11 


township  Upper  Canada,  stretching  in  a 
direction  nearly  E.  The  American  sea- 
men on  lake  Erie,  call  it  Point  Abino.  It 
lies  nearly  opposite  the  town  of  Erie  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Long  Swamfi,  township  of  Berks  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania,  on  the  waters  of  Little 
Lehigh  creek  18  miles  NE  from  Reading. 
Population  1820,  1371. 

Longanko,  town  of  the  Morea,  an- 
ciently called  Oiympia,  famous  for  be- 
ing the  place  where  the  Olympic  games 
were  celebrated,  and  for  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Olympius,  about  a  mile  distant. 
It  is  now  a  small  place,  seated  on  the 
Alpheus,  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
50  S  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  22  0  E,  lat.  2,7 
SON. 

Longavi,  one  of  the  Chilian  peaks  of 
the  Andes,  supposed  to  be  20,000  feet 
above  tiie  level  of  the  Ocean, 

Longford,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  25  miles  long  and 
16  broad ;  bounded  on  the  E  and  S  by 
West  Meath,  on  the  NW  by  Lettirim  ; 
on  the  NE  by  Cavan,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Shannon  which  parts  it  from  Ros- 
common. It  is  a  rich  and  pleasant  coun- 
try, contains  24  parishes,  and  sends  ten 
members  to  parliament. 

Longford,  borough  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  70  miles 
WNW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  40  W,  lat. 
53  48  N. 

Longmire's  store,  post  ofEce  Edgefield 
district  South  Carolina. 

Long  reach,  a  remarkable  long  and 
sti'aight  portion  of  the  Ohio  river,  stretch- 
ing 17  miles  along  the  NE  borders  of 
Washington  county  Ohio. 

Long  Sunt,  Isle  mi,  in  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  and  in  front  of  the  township 
of  Osnabruck,  contains  fron  100  to  1500 
acres ;  the  soil  is  good.  It  lies  off  the 
NE  angle  of  St.  Lawrence  county  New 
York. 

Longtown,  town  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  Esk,  12  miles  N  of  Carlisle,  and  307 
NW  of  London. 

Lojigueville,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine,  23  miles  N 
of  Rouen. 

Longidon,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle.  Here  is  a  consi- 
derable iron  forge  and  cannon  foundtrv. 
It  is  10  miles  SW  of  Longwy,  and  36 
NW  of  Metz. 

Longueil  ToivnsMfi,  in  the  county  of 
Glengary,  is  the  second  in  ascending  the 
Ottawa  River. 

Lnngueil,  seigniory,  Kent  county  Lower 
Canada,  extencling  from  St.  Lawrence,  to 
Richelieu  river,  and  commencing  immedi- 
ately opposite  M(;ntreal. 


LotigueU  barony,  that  part  of  the  seignio- 
ry on  the  Sorel. 

Longrjy,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle  on  an  eminence,  on 
the  River  Chiers,  36  miles  NW  of  Metz, 
and  160  ENE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  44  E, 
lat.  49  32  N. 

Lons  le  Saimkr,  town  of  France,  ca- 
pital of  the  department  of  Jura.  It  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  salt  springs  in 
its  vicinity,  and  is  seated  on  the  Solvan, 
30  miles  SSW  of  Dole.  Lon.  5  30  E,  lat. 
45  37  N. 

Loo,  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelderland, 
18  miles  N  of  Arnheim. 

Loochoo  Islaiids,  called  recently  by 
Mr.  Macleod,  Lewchew,  and  by  some 
others  Liqueo,  Lieikeou,  See  Lieikeou. 
Great  Loochoo  is  about  50  by  12  or  15 
miles.  The  climate  is  represented  as 
most  delicious,  and  the  manners  of  the 
people  as  highly  civilized.  The  coasts 
are  dangerous  coral  banks. 

Looe,  Last  and  West,  two  decayed 
boroughs  in  Cornwall,  separated  by  a 
creek,  over  which  is  a  narrow  stone- 
bridge.  They  are  supported  chiefly  by 
the  pilchard  fishery,  and  send  together 
as  many  members  to  parliament  as  Lon- 
don. They  are  16  miles  W  of  Plymouth, 
and  231  W  by  S  of  London. 

Lookout,  Cafie,  one  of  those  remark- 
able promontories  of  North  Carolina.  It 
is  the  southwest  point  of  Ocracock  bar, 
and  the  SW  outlet  of  Core  Sound.  Lon. 
W  C.  0  23  E,  lat.  34  22  N. 

Lookout,  Cafie,  name  of  several  capes, 
of  An5 erica :  one  south  coast  of  Hud- 
son's bay,  lon.  W  C  7  W.  lat.  56  N,  one 
in  Hudson's  bay,  lon.  W  C.  12  W,  lat. 
55  30  N  :  one  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
South  America,  lat.  48  24  S  :  and  one  on 
t'.ie  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  45 
32  N. 

Lookout,  Mountain,  one  of  the  Appa- 
lachian ridges  in  the  NW  parf  of  Geor- 
gia, terminating  near  the  Suck  in  Ten- 
nessee river. 

Looz,  town  of  the  Netheriands,  in  the 
territory  of  Liege,  17  miles  W  by  S  of 
Maestricht. 

Lofiatka,  Cape,  the  S  extremity  of 
tlie  Peninsula  of  Kamtschatka.  See  Ku- 
rilcs. 

Lora,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on 
the  river  Guadalquiver,  28  miles  NE  of 
Seville.     Lon.  5  4  W,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Lora,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
county  of  Hohenstein,  30  miles  N  of 
Saxe-Gotha.    Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

I,oram\e,  townshio  of  Shelbie  county 
Ohio. 

Zorf,,town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  15 
miles  N  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4  35  W,  lat. 
36  SO  N. 

525 


L  O  11 


I.  O  U 


Lfjredo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesino  di 
Rovigo,  seated  on  the  Adige,  20  miles  E 
of  Rovigo,    Lovurgana,  Sai-  Vincente  de. 

IjorettQ,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
marquisate  of  Anconia,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  The  cathedral  contains  the  Casa 
Santa,  or  Holy  House,  in  which  it  is  pre- 
tended the  Virgin  Mary  lived  at  Naza- 
reth. According  te  the  legend,  it  was 
carried  by  angels  fronn  Galilee  into  Dal- 
matia,  and  thence  to  the  place  where  it 
now  stands.  This  house,  or  chapel,  is 
31  feet  long,  \5  broad,  and  IS  high ;  the 
inner  part  very  old,  but  cased  with  mar 
hie  on  the  outside.  The  famous  lady  of 
Loretto,  who  holds  the  infant  Jesus  in 
her  arms,  stands  upon  the  principal  al- 
tar, in  a  nich  of  silver :  this  statue  is  of 
cedar  wood,  three  feet  high,  but  her  face 
can  hardly  be  seen,  on  account  of  the 
numerous  gold  and  silver  lamps  around 
her.  She  is  clothed  with  cloth  of  gold, 
set  off  with  jewels;  and  the  little  Jesus 
is  covered  with  a  shirt,  holds  a  globe 
in  his  hand,  and  is  adorned  .with  rich 
jewels.  Great  numbers  frequently  go 
on  pilgrimage  to  Loretto,  and  every  pil- 
grim, after  having  performed  his  devo- 
tion, makes  the  Virgin  a  present,  that 
the  treasury  of  the  chapel  is  immensely 
rich.  The  inhabitants  of  this  town  sub- 
sist princijjally  by  agriculture  and  gar- 
dening, and  many  of  them  are  shoema- 
kers, tailors,  and  sellers  of  chaplets.  Lo- 
retto was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796, 
who  retained  possession  nf  it  till  IT^SQ  It 
ir  seat'  d  on  a  mountain,  three  miles  from 
the  guif  of  Venice,  12  SE  of  Ancona,  and 
112  NE  of  Rome.    Lon.  13  33  E,  lat.  43 

2r  N. 

JLorgucs,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var,  seated  on  the  Argens, 
16  miles  W  of  Frejus. 

UOrient,  fine  seaport  of  France,  in 
Morbihan,  on  Pert  Louis.  The  harbour 
is  deep  sufficient  for  ships  of  the  first 
class.  Population  about  18,000,  340  miles 
W  by  S  from  Paris.  Lon  3  21  W  from 
London,  lat j47  45  N. 

Lorracli,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Bris- 
gau,  six  miles  NE  of  Basel,  and  30  S  of 
Friburg. 

Lorj-ain,  late  province  of  France,  100 
miles  long,  and  75  broad ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Luxemburg  and  Treves,  E  by 
Als.^ce  and  Deux  Fonts,  S  by  Franche 
Compte,  and  W  by  Champagne  and  Bar. 
It  abounds  iu  all  sorts  of  corn,  wine, 
hemp,  flax,  and  rape  seed.  There  are 
fine  meadows  and  large  forests,  with 
mines  of  iron,  silver,  and  copper,  and 
salt  pits  The  ))rincipal  rivers  are  the 
Maese,  Moselle,  Seille,  Meurte,  and  Sare. 
This  province  now formsthe  departments 
of  Meurte,  Moselle,  and  Vosges. 
526 


I^orraine,  post  village,  and  townshij) 
of  Jefferson  county  New  York,  20  miles 
SSE  from  Sackett's  harbour.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1,112. 

Lossiemouth^  town  of  Scotland,  in 
Murrayshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Lossie,  five  miles  NE  of  Elgin,  of  which 
it  is  the  port.  The  harbour  will  receive 
vessels  of  80  tons,  and  hence  much  corn 
is  exported. 

Lot,  river  of  France,  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Lozere,  passes  by 
Mende,  Cahors,  and  Agen,  and  enters 
the  Garonne.  It  begins  to  be  navigable 
at  Cahors. 

Lot,  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  province  of  Quercy.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  river  Lot.  Cahors  is  the 
capital. 

Lot  and  Garonne,  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne.  It  is  so  called  from  two 
rivers.     Agen  is  the  capital. 

Lotbiniere,  seigniory,  Buckingham 
county  Lower  Canada,  on  the  south  side 
of  St.  Lawrence,  40  miles  above  Quebec. 

Lothian,  district  of  Scotland,  now  di- 
vided into  East,  Mid,  and  West  Lothi- 
an, or  Haddingtonshire,  Edinburghshire, 
and  Linlithgowshire. 

Lotzin,  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle, 
situate  on  a  canal  which  joins  the  An- 
gerburg  and  Levantin  lakes,  78  miles 
SE  of  Krnigsberg. 

Louans,  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saune  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  situated  in  a  kind 
of  Island  between  the  rivers  Seilles,  Sal- 
le, and  Solnan,  18  miles  SE  of  Chalons. 

Loudeac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cotes  du  Nord,  with  an  iron 
forge,  and  a  manufacture  of  thread,  20 
miles  S  of  St.  Brieux. 

Loudon,  township  of  Roclilngliarn  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  on  tlie  E  side  of  Mer- 
rimack river,  45  miles  NW  of  Portsmouth 
Population  in  1810,  1472,  and  in  1810, 
1691. 

London,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded  SE 
by  Fairfax;  SW  by  Prince  William  and 
Fauquier ;  NW  by  Frederick  and  Jeffer- 
son ;  and  NE  by  the  Potomac  river.  It  is 
about  20  miles  square,  with  an  area  of  400 
square  miles.  Surface  delightfully  varie- 
gated by  hill,  dale  and  mountain.  Soil 
excellent.  Staple  grain  and  floiu'.  Chief 
town,  Leesburg. 

Populatisn  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        7,818 

do.      do.     fenv.iles  -        -        7,759 


Total  whites       .         -        .        -  15,577 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  6Q4 

Slaves     -       -        -       -       -  •'',157 


LOU 
Total  population  in  1810     - 

ropulation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.    do.    females     .        .         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 


LOU 

21,338    Total  whites                -        -        -  5,967 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  117 

do.            do.        females  102 

8,356    Slaves,  males      ....  3,925 

7,788        do.     females           -                 -  3,635 

0    Total  population  in  1820            -  13,746 


Total  whites       -         -         -         -  16,144 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  406 

do.        do.            females  423 

Slaves,  males            -          -        .  2.964 

do-    females        -          -        -  2,765 


Total  population  in  1820 


22,702 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  246 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,976 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -        1,394 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  89 

Population  to  the  square  mile  55^. 

Loudonville,  post  town,  in  the  southeas- 
tern quarter  of  Ricldand  count}-,  Ohio. 

Loiulun,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart, 
ment  of  Vienne,  SO  miles  NW  of  Poitiers, 
and  155  SW  of  Paris. 

Loughborough,  town  in  Leicestershire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday.  It  has  a  large 
church,  with  a  handsome  tower,  and  four 
meeting-houses.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  wool-c.>mbing  and  hosiery ;  and  it  has 
a  trade  in  coal,  &c.  by  means  of  a  canal 
from  the  Trent.  It  ii  seated  near  the 
Soar,  18  miles  N  of  Leicester,  and  109  N 
NW  of  London. 

Lougliborough  ToiumJiip,  in  the  county  of 
Frontenac,  Upper  Canada,  lies  in  the  rear 
and  to  the  north  of  Kingston. 

Loidsu,  town  of  Swedish  Finland,  with  a 
fortress,  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Finland. 
The  houses  are  all  of  wood,  two  stories 
high,  and  painted  red. 

Louisa,  county  of  Virginia;  bounded  by 
Hanover  SE ;  Goochland  and  Fluvanna  S 
W ;  Albemarle  NW ;  and  Orange  and 
Spottsylvania  N.  Length  28 ;  mean  width 
20 ;  and  area  560  square  miles.  Surface 
moderately  hilly.  Soil  generally  fertile. 
Chief  staples,  flour  and  tobacco. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        2,696 

do.  do.    females     .        .        -        2,557 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         3,705 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  169 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24^. 

Louisburgh,  capital  of  the  i-land  of  Cape 
Breton.  It  was  taken  by  the  Engli'^h  in 
1758,  and  ceded  to  them  in  1763 :  since 
which  the  fortifications  have  been  destroy- 
ed. It  has  an  excellent  harbour,  near  four 
leagues  in  circumference.  Lon.  59  48  W, 
lat.  45  54  N. 

Louisbtirg,  post  town  and  seat  of  justic, 
Franklin  county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  E 
bank  of  Tar  river,  23  miles  NE  of  Raleigh, 
the  capital  of  the  ^ta'e. 

Louis  De  Ramsay,  seigniory,  Richelieu 
county,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  southeast 
side  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  head  of  lake 
St.  Peters,  6  miles  E  from  the  mouth  of 
Richelieu  river. 

Louis,  Fort,  strongly  fortified  island  in 
the  Rhine,  12  miles  E  from  Haguenau. 

Louisiana,  state  of  the  United  States ; 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  S  and  SE ; 
Mississippi  NE ;  Arkansaw  territory  N,  or 
rather  NW  ;  and  by  Texas  W. 


JCIec 


Louisiana  has  an  interior  limit  on  the 
Gulf  of  Ml  xico,  from  the  mouth 
of  Sabine  to  that  of  Peai-1  river. 

Up  Pearl  river  to  North  lat.  31, 

Thence  along  North  lat.  31  to  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 

Thence  up  tliat  river  to  NortJi  lat.  o3, 

Thence  due  west  along  North  lat. 
33  to  the  north-v/est  angle  of  the 
state,         ..... 

Thence  due  south  along  1  of  lat. 
from  the  33  to  the  32  of  North 
lat.  

Thence  down  the  Sabine  to  its 
mouth,  or  to  the  south-west  an- 
gle of  the  state,        ... 


4C0 
60 

105 

220 


168 


69.1 


190 


Total  whites        ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 
Slaves      ..... 

Total  population  in  1810    • 


5,253     Having  an  entire  outline  of 


1,212^ 


157 
6,430 

11,840 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .        3,055 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,912 

All  other  persons  except  ladiar.s 

net  taxed         .        -         .         .  0 


Area  about  48,220  square  miles  = 
30,860,800  acres. 

The  longest  line  which  can  be  drawn  in 
Louisiana,  is  from  the  mouth  of  Mississippi 
to  the  north-west  angle  of  the  state,  380 
miles.  Its  width  is  very  difficult  to  esti- 
mate ;  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  is 
not,  however,  ^r  from  an  accurate  meai'. 

Extreme  south,  at  North  lat.  28  56. 

?:xtreme  north,  at  North  lat.  -"3  CO.. 


L  U  U 


L  O  U 


The  state  of  Louisiana  contains  perhaps 
as  great  diFersity  and  extremes  of  soil  as 
any  coun'ry  of  the  globe  of  equal  extent. 
It  is  no  misrepresentation  to  say,  that  in 
this  state,  eveiy  kind  of  land  exists,  from 
the  most  sterile  to  the  most  productive. 

The  very  singular  features  of  Louisiana, 
and  its  importance  in  our  topography,  will 
warrant  a  more  widely  extended  range  of 
descriptive  remark,  than  I  have  judged 
necessary  with  other  sections,  more  uni- 
form in  their  interior,  and  more  analogous 
in  their  exterior  features  to  the  contiguous 
countries. 

The  soil  of  Louisiana  admits  of  five  very 
distinct  varieties  ;  river  alluvion,  pine 
forest,  prairie,  river  inundated  land,  and 
sea  marshes.  Of  these  the  most  extensive 
is  pine  forest,  but  the  most  valuable,  allu- 
vion. In  Louisiana,  the  sea  sand  alluvion 
is  so  limited  in  extent,  as  not  to  merit  a 
distinctive  classification. 

Commencing  from  the  south,  the  first 
natural  division  which  presents  itself,  is  the 
sea  marsh.  This  tract  is  commensurate 
with  the  entire  extent  of  the  state,  reach- 
ing from  Pearl  to  Sabine  rivers.  It  is  al- 
most destitute  of  timber.  Its  width  inland 
varies  from  20  to  30  miles ;  extending 
highest  into  the  interior  between  the 
streams.  All  the  rivers  which  communi- 
cate with  the  Mississippi,  in  a  lesser  or 
greater  degree,  protruding  a  narrow  slip 
of  arable  land  along  their  shores,  far  be- 
yond the  interior  limit  of  the  sea  marsh. 
None,  however,  extending  this  elevated 
border  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  Atchafalaya  has  but  very  little  ara- 
ble land  on  its  shores.  Its  left  bank  is 
above  ordinary  inundation  four  or  five 
miles  from  its  efflux,  the  right  bank  liable 
to  annual  submersion  from  the  Mississippi. 
After  flowing  five  miles,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  spots  of  very  limited  extent, 
tlie  shores  of  this  river  is  rendered  unin- 
habitable as  far  down  as  the  mouth  of  the 
Teche.  The  arable  shores  of  the  latter 
river  are  continued  about  five  miles  down 
the  former  below  their  junction  ;  the  sea 
marsii  then  commences,  and  all  farther 
habitable  land  ceases.  Three  or  four  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Teche,  on  the  oppo- 
site bank,  the  Atchafalaya  receives  Bayou 
Bctuf.  This  bayou  is  the  drain  of  the  space 
between  the  Fourche  and  Atchafalaya 
rivers,  and  has  a  narrow  border  of  high 
land  along  its  banks,  over  which  the  over- 
flow of  the  Mississippi  very  seldom  reach- 
es ;  consequcvitly  all  the  water  which  is 
brought  down  by  the  Atchafalaya,  is  here 
confined  to  its  own  volume.  This  circum- 
stance, though  fact,  is  contrary  to  common 
opinion  in  the  country  itself.  All  the 
space  between  the  Lower  Teche  and  La- 
fourche is  usually  considered  subject  to 
annual  Inui-idation-  It  is  so  in  fact,  with 
528 


the  exception  of  the  range  we  have  noti- 
ced. A  cliain  of  lakes  lies  between  the 
Atchafalaya  and  Lafourche,  through  which, 
by  a  ferry,  is  fbrrried  the  route  of  commu- 
)iication  between  the  setilements  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Lafourche,  and  those  in 
Lower  Attacapas.  The  sunken  flooded 
character  of  the  shores  of  these  lakes  lead 
to  the  error  we  have  co;  rected.  In  reality. 
Bayou  Bauf  and  its  confluents  separate  in 
that  quarter  the  inundated  tract  from  the 
sea  marsh. 

In  the  angle  between  the  bay  of  Atcha- 
falaya and  Lafourche  river,  a  number  of 
minor  streams  nad  near  Bayou  Bosuf,  and 
flow  south  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  These 
small  creeks  have  all  arable  banks  towards 
their  sources,  wliich  gradually  depress 
into  the  sea  marsh. 

The  Lnfeurche  has  arable  banks  about 
90  miles  from  its  efflux  from  Mississippi, 
below  which  distance  the  sea  marsh  en- 
croaches, and  prevents  settlement. 

Uetween  the  higii  banks  of  Lafourche, 
and  those  of  M.ssissippi  river,  with  excep- 
tion of  a  few  small  ipot^,  the  intermediate 
space  is  occupied  by  the  sea  marsh. 

The  Mississippi  proper  differs  in  ordi- 
nary phenomena,  in  rio  essential  respect, 
except  magnitude,  from  the  Lafourche. 
Tlie  banks  of  both  are  the  highest  ground 
near  their  beds.  The  former  carries  its 
arable  border  v/ith  varied  width,  to  the. 
lower  end  of  Plaquemine  bend,  three 
miles  belovv  Fort  St.  Philip,  where  the 
naked  unwiodetl  sea  marsh  reaches  the 
river  bank. 

North  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the  sea 
marsh  borders  the  river  to  Plaquemine 
bend,  where  the  arable  selvage  commen- 
ces which  with  a  breadth  of  not  more 
than  700  or  800  yards,  intervenes  between 
the  river  and  marsii,  to  Terre  aux  Bceufs, 
15  miles  below  New  Orleans.  Terre 
aux  Bocufs  extends  an  arable  border  for 
about  15  miles,  where  the  sea  marsh  reach- 
es both  its  banks,  and  terminates  settle- 
ment. 

Above  Terre  aux  Bceufs,  t!ie  arable 
border  is  wider  than  below  that  stream ; 
but  is  confined  to  the  Mississippi  banks,  ss 
far  up  that  stream,  as  the  higher  part  of 
the  parish  of  St.  John  Baptiste,  opposite 
Lake  Maurepas.  In  the  distance  from 
Terre  aux  Bceufs  to  St.  John  Baptiste,  the 
marsh  is  only  interrupted  in  one  place. 
Ten  miles  above  New  Orleans,  an  ancient 
outlt-t  of  the  Mississippi  pursues  a  north- 
east direction,  and  singular  as  it  may  seem, 
actually .  crosses  Bayou  St.  John,  in  the 
suburb  of  that  name,  and  continues 
its  original  direction  by  the  name  of  Bayou 
Gentiily,  and  falls  into  the.  pass  of  Chef 
i\lenteur.  Its  entirt;  length,  about  20 
niiks.  On  a  small  scale,  this  outlet  in  its 
natural  state,  h;id  an  elevated  arable  wood- 


ti  o  u 


L  o  i; 


oi.  boruer  in  all  its  course.  Wilh  tills  veay 
partial  exemption,  the  marsh  reaches  within 
a  mean  of  half  a  mile  from  the  Mississippi 
bank.  The  whole  south,  and  south-west 
borders  of  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maiire- 
pss  form  one  undivided  marsh.  This  marsh, 
towards  New  rivr  r,  imperceptibly  changes 
to  river  inundated  land. 

The  g-eneral  inferior  boundary  of  tlie 
sea  marsh,  from  what  we  have  seen,  pro- 
ceeding fn  m  west  to  east,  extends  from 
the  head  ot  the  Sabine,  Calcasiu,  and  Mer- 
men'au  lakes;  from  the  latter  to  the  wes- 
tern bend  of  Vermilion  ;  the  right  shore 
of  '.he  lattvr  I'iver  extending  a  narrow  ara- 
ble bordtr  bi.ui  twenty  miles  lower  down. 
A  range  of  low  hills  or  hgh  banks  ranges 
along  the  left  side  of  the  Vermilion,  but 
sinks  into  the  sea  marsh  len  miles  above  the 
soutiiern  extension  of  the  cultivateable  op 
posing  margin. 

Leavmg  the  Vermilion  river,  the  marsh 
winds  round  the  inflections  of  the  bays  of 
Vermilion,  Cote  Blanche,  and  Aichafalaja, 
leaving  those  bays  to  the  south  west,  and 
the  Teche  river  to  the  south-east,  advan- 
cing in  many  places  to  within  one  or  two 
miles  of  the  latter.  At  the  jimction  of 
Teche  and  Atchafalaya  rivers,  we  have 
shown  the  sea  marsh  to  be  bounded  inland 
by  Bayou  Bceuf,  and  Its  constituent  branch- 
es, between  the  Atchafalaya  and  Lafourche 
rivers.  Between  the  latter  and  Mississip- 
pi, more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  entire 
.space  is  marsh.  The  same  observation  is 
applicable  to  all  that  part  of  the  island  of 
Orleans,  below  the  par.sh  of  St.  John  Bap- 
tiste. 

It  would  be  an  interesting  operation  to 
determine  the  extent  of  the  irreclaimable 
sea  marsh  The  solution  of  this  problem 
is  impracticable,  liowcver,  to  any  great  ex 
actitude,  without  extraordinary  and  luine- 
cessary  expense  of  time  and  labour.  The 
following  estimate  will  serve  for  every 
requisite  purpose 

Between  the  Sabine  and  Lafourche 
rivers,  is  a  distance  of  180  miles.  In  this 
space,  the  sea  marsh  and  bays  will  average 
at  least  30  miles  in  width,  producing  an 
area  of  5,400  square  miles,  3,456,000  acres, 
or  near  one-ninth  part  of  the  superficies  of 
the  state. 

North-east  of  the  Lafourche,  the  sea 
marsh  extends  over  at  least  3,000  square 
miles,  or  1,920,000  ■  cres,  which  addled  to 
3,456,000,  yields  5,376,000  acres,  or  nearly 
one-sixth  part  of  all  Louisiana. 

The  distinction  between  s.  a  marsh  and 
the  contiguous  soils,  arises  solely  from  rela- 
tive height  There  is  no  par:  of  the  mari- 
time shore-  of  the  Uniled  States,  which 
rise  so  gradually  from  the  surfice  of  the 
sea  as  do  those  of  Louisiana.  This  accli- 
vity is  in  fact,  so  gentle,  that  the  common 
surface  of  the  country  at  Opelousas  court- 


house, 7Q  mUes  iniand,  is  not  mors  than 
twenty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  The  very  near  advance  fif  such  a 
country  to  the  curve  of  a  real  sphere,  will 
be  conceived,  when  it  is  considered  that 
TO  miles  contains  369,600  feet,  or  that  in 
round  numbers,  400,000  feet  has  onl)'  gain- 
ed an  elevation  of  20  fett;th  t  is  one  of 
elevation  for  20,0U0  in  distance.  It  is  the 
natural  cons^•quence  of  so  very  gradual  an 
ascent,  to  render  the  gradations  of  soil  al- 
most imperceptible.  Therefore,  the  posi- 
tive line  which  separares  the  sea  marsh 
Jrom  the  prairies,  or  riv:r  inundation,  can- 
not be  drawn. 

The  tides  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  do  net 
exceed  three  feet,  and  yet  they  are  per- 
ceptible in  all  the  water  courses  of  Loui- 
siana, Mississippi  excepted,  as  high  as 
North  lat.  30  20.  From  this  arises  the  sin- 
gular plienomeron  that  the  tides  in  Plaque- 
mine  and  Iberville,  approach  to  within  ten 
miles  of  contact,  though  upwards  of  200 
miles  above  the  head  of  tide  water  in  Mis- 
sissippi. 

The  prairie  soil  partakes  of  the  quality 
of  the  adj;  cent  lands.  On  the  waters  of 
Subine,  Calcasiu,  and  Mermentau,  the  prai- 
ries have  generally  a  thin  sterile  soil ; 
whilst  on  the  Vermilion,  Teche,  and 
Courlableau,  the  prairies. are  almo  t  uni- 
formly fertile.  Wherever  the  wa  evs  of 
Red  or  Mississippi  have  flowed,  the  sod  is 
pnductive ;  and'that  both  those  s  reams 
have  contributed  to  form  the  deposit  which 
lines  the  Teche,  Vermilion,  and  Conrta- 
bleau,  is  evident  from  the  texture  and  al- 
ternation of  the  strata.  The  evidences  of 
the  prevalence  of  tiiese  waters  in  places  far 
remote  from  their  present  influence,  are 
seen  in  digging  wells,  where  the  paic  blue 
sediment  of  the  Mi.ssissippi  is  found  in 
contact  with  the  red  ochreous  earth, 
brouglit  down  by  lied  river. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  proba- 
bility, that,  at  a  ormer  period,  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Red  rivers  did  not  unite.  The 
soundness  oi  this  iiypothesis,  is  rendered 
obvious  by  the  genera!  physiognomy  of  the 
country  at  present.  But  to  an  eye  which 
has  viewed  with  careful  attention,  the  re- 
gion between  lower  Red  river,  the  prairies 
of  Opeloiisas,  and  the  Atchafalaya  river,  it 
must  be  demonstr.able,  that  the  former 
river  once  entered  the  latter  through  the 
channel  of  the  present  Courtableau,  and 
that  a  long  narrow  peninsula  extended 
from  the  h  ghlands  north  of  Red  river 
towards  the  ancient  junction.  I  iiave  tra- 
versed this  tract  in  all  its  extent,  and  form- 
ed the  theory  we  are  now  reviewing  from 
actuil  survey.  The  range  of  hills  wh  ch 
now  terminates  at  Red  rivei ,  no  doubt  was 
once  united  to  the  opposing  high  ground 
of  Avoyelles.  The  intermediate  space 
.529 


L  I )   L 


L  U  U 


is  not  at  this  time  more  than  two  miles 
wiJe. 

The  elevation  of  the  platform  of  Avoyel- 
les is  about  20  or  25  feet  above  the  cir- 
cumjacent low  lantls ;  lis  length  15  or  16 
miles.  There  exists  a  small  wooded  hill, 
of  similar  heiglit  arid  structure,  about  five 
miles  south  of  Lake  Pearl.  The  hill  and 
prairie  of  Bayou  Rouge  is  the  last  remain 
ing  fragment  of  the  ridge  which  anciently 
I  suppose  contributed  to  turn  Red  river 
soutli-e:.stwardly.  What  is  at  present 
Lake  Pearl,  and  the  Bayou  le  Mourir,  and 
De  Giaize,  were  once  an  outlet  of  Ked 
river,  according- to  the  indue  ion  we  have 
assumed.  At  high  w.ater  the  overflow  of 
Hed  river  yet  passes  by  that  channel.  I 
have  myself  passed  from  Red  river  to  Ope- 
lousas,  through  an  outlet  15  miles  below 
Alexandria  into  Bayou  le  Jlourir,  and 
thence  up  that  stream  into  Bayou  Bccuf, 
nnd  down  tliat  stream  to  its  junction  with 
the  Crocodile,  or  to  the  head  of  Couriahleau 
river. 

When  Red  river  flowed  in  its  .ancient 
channel,  the  channel  east  of  the  Avoyelles 
was  then  occupied  by  the  Ouachitta  and 
Ocatahoola  rivers  ;  consequently,  the  junc- 
tion of  Ked  and  Ouachitta  did  not  then  ex- 
ist. The  latter,  it  is  probable,  vmited  with 
the  Mississippi  as  .at  present,  and  the 
higher  parts  of  Atciiafaiaya  was  a  counter 
channel  between  Red  and  Mississippi 
rivers. 

Whatever  may  have  been,  however,  the 
natural  revolutions  of  those  streams,  the 
surplus  water  of  Mississippi  must,  from  the 
superior  elevation  of  that  river  at  time  of 
high  water,  have  found  its  way  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  as  at  present. 

The  river  Teche  is  also  one  of  the  an- 
cient outlets  of  Red  river.  The  Teche  is 
a  small,  bui  a  singular  and  very  interesting- 
stream.  Its  sources  are  in  the  Opelousas 
prairies,  near  their  extreme  north  exten- 
sion. Draining  the  prairies,  the  Upper 
Teche,  by  tlie  name  of  Bayou  Grand  Louis, 
reaches  within  three  miles  of  tlie  court- 
house of  that  parisi),  where  it  forms  the 
port  of  the  higher  parts  of  Opelousas. 
Three-fourths  of  a  mile  below  tlie  port,  or 
as  it  is  there  designated  Carron's  Landing, 
the  cliannel  divides  into  two  branches,  one 
passing  north  into  Cotirtablea'i  river  by 
the  name  of  Bayou  Carron,  and  t!ie  other 
continuing  soutb-east  forn^s  the  river 
Teche.  When  the  Mississippi  is  low, 
most  of  the  water  of  Bayou  Gi'a"d  Louis 
flows  into  Courtableau,  and  by  that  stream 
into  Atchafalaya ;  on  the  contrary,  wlien 
the  Mississippi  is  even  at  moderate  fl'od, 
pait  of  the  stream  of  Courtableau  flo-.vs 
through  the  Carron,  and  is  turned  into  the 
Teche.  So  that  the  water  of  Bayou  G  and 
Louis,  and  in  part  that  of  Bayou  Boeuf  and 
rrooodile.  contribute  to  form  the   rivers 


Coiutabieau  and  Teche,  alternately,  iv' ■ 
lowing  tlie  stage  of  the  Mississippi  tide  of 
flood. 

Below  its  efflux  from  Bayou  CaiTon,  the 
Teche  flows  twenty  miles,  following  its 
winding-*,  receives  Bayou  l-'usillier  from 
Opelousas,  and  enters  Attacapas,  Below 
this  point,  the  'I'eche  receives  no  more 
tributaiy  water;  like  the  Mississippi,  its 
banks  are  the  higliest  adjacent  ground  ;  its 
course  in  Attacapas  is  about  115  mdes,  and 
though  not  augmented  by  any  confluent 
stream,  its  volume  increases  in  widthfrom 
20  to  200  yards.  The  tide  rises  at  all 
times  to  New  Iberia,  N.  lat.  30  2,  and  at 
dry  seasons  it  is  perceptible  at  the  mouth 
of  Bayou  Fus.llier.  Tlie  comparative 
iengtli  of  Teche  in  Attacapas  is  only  75 
miles.  Its  banks  are  the  most  perfectly 
uniibrm  of  any  water-course  I  ever  examin- 
ed, f  have  been  along  its  entire  cliannel 
from  Bayou  Carron  to  tlie  mouth,  and  could 
never  perceive  a  single  instance  of  aa  ab- 
rupt bend,  thougli  so  very  remarkable  for 
extensive  curves,  even  comparatively  more 
so  than  the  Mississippi.  It  may  be  also 
noticed,  amongst  the  peculiarities  of  the 
Teche  river,  that  all  its  widely  sweeping 
bends  are  turned  towards  the  Mississippi, 
or  rather  Atchafalaya. 

But  the  circumstance  which  is  most 
worthy  of  attention  in  the  natural  history 
of  the  Teche,  is  the  structure  of  its  bed. 
Commencing  with  the  junction  of  Bayou 
Carron  and  Courtableau  river,  and  follow- 
ing the  latter  to  the  head  of  Teche,  and 
down  the  latter  to  its  moutli,  the  immen- 
sity of  the  channel,  when  compared  with 
the  volume  of  water  which  enters  and  flows 
through  it,  is  every  where  striking.  From 
the  apex  of  the  b.anks  to  the  surface  of  the 
highest  water,  is  at  all  places  very  con- 
siderable, and  the  distance  between  the 
opposing  high  banks  four  or  Ave  times 
greater  than  tlie  most  expansive  breadth 
of  tlie  water  It  is,  nevertheless,  obvious 
on  inspection,  that,  at  some  former  period, 
the  v/hole  channel  was  filled  to  overflow- 
ing. If  tiic  wa'ers  of  Red  river  was  again 
turned  into  its  ancient  course,  the  Teclie 
would  also  again  resume  its  former  magni- 
tude. It  is  strikingly  obvious  from  actual 
examinaiion,  tliat  tiie  entire  waters  of 
Courtableau,  could  be  turned  with  a  very 
trifling  expense  down  the  Teciie.  And  it 
could  be  also  shown,  that  nature  has  af- 
forded equal  facilitj',  to  permit  art  to  turn 
the  latter  into  Vermilion. 

I  have  been  thus  particular,  in  describing 
the  rivers  of  this  -.ection  of  Louisiana,  in 
order  to  enable  the  reader  to  comprehend 
more  clearly  the  causes  of  the  varieties  of 
soil,  and  facility  of  navigation,  so  strikingly 
existing  between  the  prairies  and  alluvial 
river  lands,  on  the  streams  which  have  yet, 
or  which  once  had,  communication  with 


L  O  I 


L  U 


the  Uca],  Mississippi,  aiul  Atchatlila}  a 
I'ivei'S,  and  those  water-courses,  wiiicli 
have  not  ever  had  connexion  with  those 
controUing  waters. 

We  now  proceed  to  examine  the  prai- 
ries of  Louisiana  in  detail ;  but,  before  enu- 
merating the  prairies,  we  ought  to  review 
the  rivers  which  drain  or  pass  over  their 
surface. 

The  Teche  we  have  already  examined. 
The  next  river  west  of  tiie  Teche,  is  the 
Vermilion.  We  have  mentioned  Bayou 
Fusillier  as  a  branch  of  the  Teche  ;  it  is, 
however,  an  outlet  of  the  Vermilion,  or 
perhaps  more  correctly  an  interlocking 
channel  between  the  two  rivers.  The  Ver- 
milion rises  at  Opelousas  court-house,  and 
by  the  name  of  Bayou  Bourbee,  flows  south 
ten  miles,  divides  into  two  branches  ;  that 
to  the  right,  continuing  south,  forms  Ver- 
million that  to  the  left,  turns  east  into 
Teciie,  and  is  the  stream  we  have  noticed 
as  Bayou  Fusillier.  The  Vermilion  has  a 
comparative  course  of  seventy  miles,  re- 
ceiving several  small,  but  no  considerable 
branches,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Vermil- 
ion. The  woods  are  scanty  on  this  stream 
in  ail  its  course  ;  both  its  source  and  dis- 
charge  are  totally  void  of  timber.  Its 
banks  are  generally  fertile,  and,  unlike 
those  of  Tech?,  are  high,  bold,  broken, 
and  diversified,  above  the  termination  of 
the  timber  and  commencement  of  sea 
marsh. 

The  Mermentau  is  a  much  more  con- 
siderable stream  than  either  the  Teche  or 
Vermilion,  and  may  not  unaptly  be  viewed 
as  the  river  of  the  prairies.  It  is  formed 
by  a  number  of  branches,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Queue  Tortue,  Lacassine, 
Flaquemine,  Brule,  Bayou  Cane,  and  the 
Nezpique.  The  entire  length  of  the  Mer- 
mentau is  about  100  miles;  but  the  wide 
space  over  which  its  branches  extend, 
give  it  a  volume  of  more  magnitude  than 
its  length  would  indicate.  The  tide  rises 
in  Mermentau,  in  a  low  sfate  of  its  waters, 
above  the  junction  of  its  principal  branches. 
Below  the  mouth  of  Queue  Tortue,  the 
Mermentau  expands  into  a  long,  narrow 
lake  ;  timber  ceases,  the  sea  marsh  com- 
mences. The  river  again  contracts  into  a 
confined  cliannel,  and  again  opens  into  a 
lake  of  twenty  miles  long  and  ten  miles 
wide,  connected  with  tlie  gulf  by  two 
channels.  On  the  higher  branches  of 
Mermentau,  the  first  secondary  rock  in 
Opelousas  is  found  ;  it  is  a  sandstone,  loose- 
ly compacted. 

I  have  already  remarked  that  the  soil  of 
the  prairies,  beyond  the  influence  of  the 
interlocking  waters  of  Mississippi,  becomes 
of  very  inferior  quality.  The  correctness 
of  tliis  observation  is  seen  on  eveiy  branch 
of  the  Jlermentau.  A  list  of  the  prevalent 
timber  on  the  Teche  and  ^''ermiiionj  ecu- 


trastcd  with  that  on  the  Mermentau,  will 
amply  develop  the  respective  quality  of 
the  soil. 

On  tlie  two  former  streams  are  found  in 
abundance,  hackberry,  sycamore,  willow 
laurel,  magnolia,  tlie  black  oak,  upland 
white  oak,  honey  locust,  mulberry,  black 
walnut,  hickory  several  species,  lirioden- 
dron  tulipifira,  sweet  gum,  cotton  wood, 
dogwood,  wild  cheery,  linden,  ash,  red 
flowermg  maple,  sassafras  two  species,  l.au- 
rier  flmoad,  elm  two  species,  &c.  On  the 
hitter  soil,  sweet  gum,  linden,  black  wal- 
nut, honey  locust,  and  black  oak,  quercus 
tinctoria,  becomes  i-are,  tlie  liriodendron 
tulipifera  entirely  ceas.^s.  The  prevalent 
timber  trees  are  water  oak,  Spanish  oak, 
black  jack,  upland  shellbark  hickory,  and 
pine.  On  tiie  former  space,  the  under- 
v.'ood  is  spice,  Spanish  mulberry,  papaw 
(morus  scabra,)  red  elder,  large  reed  cane, 
and  muscadine  grape  vine  ;  on  the  latter, 
whorteleberry  two  specie?*  (vaccinium  sta- 
mineum,  and  vaccinium  arboreum,)  8;c. 
The  trees  and  shrubs  common  to  botli,  are 
dogwood,  persimon,  holly  (ilex  opaca,) 
iron  wood,  lorn  beam,  chincapin,  laurier 
almond,  and  blackberry  briar.  Some  reeil 
cane  is  found  on  the  v.'aters  of  Merinentau, 
but  of  humble  growth,  and  of  very  limited 
extent. 

Tlie  live  oak  is  common  to  both  sections, 
but  on  the  Teche  this  tree  is  found  as  high 
as  Bayou  Fusillier,  whilst  on  the  Vermil- 
lion, and  Merinentau,  it  ceases  ten  or  twelve 
miles  further  south. 

The  prairies  of  Louisiana,  have  been  over- 
rated in  extent,  even  including  the  sea 
marsh  which  we  have  noticed.  Their  ir- 
regular form  renders  an  accurate  estimate 
of  their  extent  difiicuU.  On  a  former  oc- 
casion I  carefuUj-  calculated  the  propel" 
prairie  land  in  the  state  to  amount  to  3,000 
square  miles,  equal  to  1,920,000  acres.  I 
am  confident  that  2,000,000  of  acres  is  a 
more  th.an  suflicient  estimate  of  all  the 
prairie  ground  in  the  9\ate ;  which,  if 
addrd  to  tiie  extent  allowed  for  sea  marsh, 
5,376,000  acres,  yic'Lls  7,376,000  acres  as 
the  naturally  unwooded  surface  in  tiie  state 
of  Louisiana.  Tiiis  is,  indeed,  a  fearful 
expanse,  amounting  to  almost  onc-lburth 
paitofth.'  whole  area  ;  and  of  this  super- 
ficies, not  more  than  <Mie  million  and  a  haJf 
of  acrts  can  be  reduced  to  culture  without 
enormous  expense. 

We  now  proceed  to  examine  river  in- 
undated  alluvion,  another  species  of  soil, 
which,  though  often  confounded  with  sea 
marsli,  under  the  term  swamp,  differs 
in  most  respects  from  either  marsh  or 
swamp. 

The  alluvial  banks  of  the  Louisiana  rivers 

are  A],  in  their  natural  state,  more  or  less 

subject  to  inundation ;  therefore,  us  used 

in  this  place,  some  explanation  is  necessarv, 

531 


LOU 


L  e  u 


to  sliovv  the  distinction  between  grounds 
casually  submerged,  and  those  which  are 
so  annually ;  and  between  those  which 
admit  being  reclaimed,  and  those  which 
are  irremediably  liable  to  be  laid  under 
water. 

Tlie  distinction  between  the  reclaimable 
and  irreclaimable  alluvion,  does  not  consist 
raerely  in  more  or  less  ex^mpiion  or  expo- 
sure to  water ;  the  respective  soils  aie  dif- 
ferent in  texture  and  composition.  The 
reclaimable  alluvion  is  an  inclined  plane, 
sloping  in  all  cases  from  the  rivers  by  a 
very  gentle  descent ;  the  irreclaimable  allu- 
vion  is  generally  a  dead  level,  extending 
indefinitely  into  the  spaces  between  the 
streams.  The  arable  river  border  is  usu- 
ally connposed  of  a  fine,  loose,  rich  soil ; 
the  interior  plains  are  composed  of  a  very 
hard,  stiff,  and  less  fertile  soil  than  the 
river  borders  ;  what  is  vulgarly,  and  very 
erroneously  designated  Mississippi  swamp, 
becomes  in  most  places,  wlien  laid  dry, 
almost  as  solid  as  a  stone.  Except  the  sea 
marsh  I  have  surveyed,  very  little  swamp, 
in  the  true  intent  of  the  terra,  exists  in 
Louisiana. 

The  natural  vegetables  found  on  the  two 
varieties  of  alluvion,  are  strilciegiy  differ- 
ent. The  trees  ordinarily  found  most  pre- 
valent  on  the  reclaimable  river  borders 
are  :  laurel  magnioia,  black  oak,  white  oak, 
red  elm,  mucilaginous  elm,  sycamore, 
honey  locust,  sweet  gum,  ash,  blackberry, 
poplar,  black  walnut,  white  oak  two  varie- 
ties, white  bitter  nut  hickory  two  species, 
cotton  wood  tree,  linden,  red  maple,  box 
eldt-r,  iron  wood,  horn  beam,  red  bud,  wild 
cherry,  sassafras,  laurier  almond.  The 
common  undergrowth  is  the  l.irge  reed 
cane,  spice  v/ood,  many  different  kinds  of 
grape  vine  and  smilax,  and  a  species  of 
cornus  called  swamp  dogwood,  yet  never 
found  in  swampy  places  and  very  seldom 
on  overflowed  land 

Another  very  common,  and  yet  very  er- 
roneous opinion,  is  current  respecting  the 
large  reed  cane  of  the  Mississippi  basin. 
This  noble  vegetable  is  supposed  to  flour- 
ish on  the  annually  inundated  soil;  so  far 
from  this  being  the  li.sbitude  of  that  grass, 
that  few  vegetables  will  more  certainly  or 
more  rapidly  perish  if  its  roots  are  laid 
under  water;  it  is,  perhaps,  of  all  grasses, 
the  one  which  would  continue  to  vegetate 
longest  without  rain.  In  all  m.y  range  of 
observation,  1  never  once  witnessed  car.e 
of  any  size  or  quantity,  worthy  notice,  on 
the  annually  flooded  lands.  I  have  also 
uniformly  observed,  that  when  the  ground 
covered  by  a  cane-brake  became  exposed 
to  submersion,  the  cane  perished  from  the 
casualty. 

In  the  rear  of  the  river  border,  and  aftt^r 
the* cane  has  ceased,  its  place  is  usually 
supplied  hv  what  is  designated  in  the 
535 


country,  by  the  English  name.  Palmetto ; 
in  French,  latania ;  a  species  of  the  chaeme- 
rops  of  botanists. 

The  Palmetto  is  a  true  dwarf  palm,  and 
will  resist  the  effects  of  water  continuing 
over  its  roots  tor  some  time  ;  but  when  the 
depth  ot  the  overflov/  exceeds  eighteen 
inches,  or  two  feet,  I  have  in  all  cases  ob- 
served the  disappcirance  of  the  palmetto. 
The  soil  in  which  the  palmetto  predomi- 
nates is  fertile,  but  of  harsher  texture  than 
that  commonly  found  covered  with  cane. 
Much  of  the  sugar  lands  of  Louisiana  have 
been,  in  their  natural  state,  covered  by  an 
undcr-growth  of  latania.  It  is  very  remark- 
able, thct  though  in  contact,  and"  growing 
on  grounds  in  many  respects  analogous,  yet 
cane  and  palmetto  very  seldom  admixes  to 
any  corjsiderable  extent,  and  in  most  cases 
their  line  of  contact  is  as  distinct  as  if 
drawn  by  art. 

Tae  poke,  Phytolacca  decandra,  is  also  a 
vegetable  which  obtains  the  full  develope- 
ment  of  its  growth  on  the  alluvial  river 
border  soil  of  Luuisiana,  and  is  very  seldom 
found  on  either  low  inundated  ground,  or 
in  pine  woods. 

The  two  trees  of  l^ouisiana,  found  on  the 
greatest  variety  of  soil,  is  the  sweet  gunj 
and  pei-simon  ;  I  have  seen  those  two  spe- 
cies of  tree  on  the  lowest  and  highest  parts 
of  the  country,  admixed  with  every  other 
kind  of  timber  natural  to  the  respective 
sections. 

The  live  oak,  quercus  virens,  or  quercus 
sempervirens,  may  be  considerea  also  as  a 
tree  which  grows  only  on  border  alluvion, 
and  never  on  annually  inundated  land.  I 
did  not  include  'he  live  oak  in  the  general 
list,  from  the  conhned  extent  on  which  this 
tree  is  found. 

In  the  basin  Mobile  the  live  oak  reaches 
to  North  lat.  31,  nearly  West  of  Mobile 
bay  it  is  only  found  on  the  sea-coast,  and  a 
few  miles  inland.  This  range  is  continued 
nearly  to  the  Mississippi ;  here  the  live  oak 
line  is  inflected  to  the  south,  and  is  not 
found  on  the  Mississippi  banks  above  North 
lat.  30  10.  It  grows  on  the  margin  of  At- 
chafalaya,  where  any  -pot  of  high  alluvion 
suits  its  habitudes.  On  Teche  it  reaches 
to  N  lat.  30  23.  'J'his  is  the  highest  point 
of  latitude  attained  by  th  .t  tret-  west  of  the 
Misbissipp'.  On  the  Mermentau,  under 
tho  shelter  of  tlie  Flaquemme  woods,  it 
reaches  N  lat.  30  20.  On  Lacasine  a  few 
trees  only  are  found;  beyond  the  lattcp 
bayou  vve-stward,  on  the  waters  of  Sabine 
and  Calcasiu,  the  live  oak  does  not  exist. 
I  could  never  perceive  a  single  stem  of  this 
tree  on  any  branch  of  either  of  the  two  lat- 
ter rivers,  tliough  in  a  situation  to  have 
detected  so  remarkable  an  object  in  the 
vegetable  kingdom.  When  1  made  my 
voyage  down  the  S.-ibine  and  along  the 
Mexicim  gulf  1  mistook  an  opening  five 


L  6  tr 


L  ()  ( 


miles  west  of  Cakasiu,  fov  that  river,  aud 
when  I  reached  its  real  mouth  I  mistook  it 
for  the  Mermentau.  At  tliat  tiffie  I  had 
never  bt-en  down  the  latter  stream,  below 
iis  upper  lake,  and  had  been  informed  that 
the  live  Oak  continued  long  at'ier  the  dis- 
apppirance  of  every  other  tree  ;  and  had 
also  received  infornnaiion  thai  the  live  oak 
grew  on  i;  e  small  ridg-es  rui.iiing  parallel 
to  the  coast ;  but  finding  myself  in  a  nver 
without  timber  ct  any  kind,  thirty  miles 
inland,  I  distrusted  the  truth  of  report  until 
1  found  my  mistake  by  arriving  at  tht-  set- 
tlemen  s  on  Calcasui  lake.  Subsequently 
I  ascei'tained  the  correctness  of  the  state- 
ment respecting  the  live  oak  of  Mermen- 
tau. 

The  causf  9  which  have  operated  to  limit 
this  valuable  tree,  and  to  so  mi'ch  inflect 
its  line  of  termination,  are  to  oe  sought 
for  in  the  comparatively  severe  winters  ot 
Louisiana. 

The  trees  which  prevail  upon  the  inun- 
dated grounds  are:  swamp  overcup  white 
oak,  red  oak,  willow  oak,  Spanish  oak, 
large  chesnut  leaved  oak,  tupeloo,  cy  press, 
swamp  hickory,  bastard  paccan,  single  seed 
ed  honey  locust,  ash  two  species,  willow ' 
three  species.  Three  or  four  non-descnpt 
dwarf  trees  form  the  ordinary  underwood, 
admixed  with  vines  of  variou.s  genera  and 
species. 

Many  other  trees  are  naturally  produced 
on  botli  species  of  soil ;  1  have  enumerated 
the  principal,  and  those  which  more  parti- 
cularly serve  to  designate  the  texture  of 
the  land  and  vegetable  association.  Before 
quitting  ti  is  part  of  our  subject,  1  may  ob- 
serve, that  the  timber  trees  of  the  river  al- 
luvion are  in  general  the  same  genera  and 
species  found  on  the  blufFlands,  noticed  in 
my  survey  of  the  state  of  Mississippi.  It 
is  a  subject  of  real  philosophical  attention 
to  behold  tlie  same  vegetable  families  asso- 
ciating together  on  two  places  in  msmy  re- 
spects so  different.  To  this  statement  the 
cotton  wood  may,  from  its  rarity  on  the 
bluff  land,  be  considered  almost  an  excep- 
tion. 

No  person  can  examine  the  timber  trees 
of  Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  without  as- 
tonishment at  their  enormous  trunks.  Ur. 
Bartram,  in  his  Travels  in  Florida,  speaks 
in  rapture  of  the  majestic  stems  of  the  lau- 
rel magnolia.  Where  I  have  seen  that  tree 
its  column  is  humble,  either  in  respect  to 
elevation  or  girth,  when  compared  to  that 
of  the  quercus  tinctoria,  liriodendron  tu- 
lipifera,  cupressus  disticha,  plantanus  oc- 
cidentalis,  or  populus  angular  a.  Indeed 
every  tree  on  the  alluvion  is  far  above  the 
ordinary  developement  of  its  species ;  not 
one  I  have  mentioned,  but  the  largest  indi- 
viduals I  have  seen  were  on  the  soil  in 
question.  The  gigantic  mass  of  the  black 
oa:k,pop!ar,  sycamores,  cypress,  and  cotton 


wood  ti-ees  of  Louisiana  are  beyond  the 
limits  of  easy  credibilitj'. 

To  determine  the  quantity  of  inundated 
land,  in  Louisiana,  is  attended  with  much 
difficulty,  from  the  intricaie  involutions  of 
the  otiier  species  of  soil.  An  allowance  of 
one  iialf  as  mucli  jurface  for  inundated,  as 
we  have  given  to  sea  marsh  and  priarie, 
will  not  produce  a  result  far  removed  from 
C!)rrectness.  The  amount  estimated  for 
those  soils,  was  7,376,000  acres,  one-hulf  of 
which  is  3,688,000 ;  the  entire  surface  of 
sea  marsh,  prairie,  and  river  inundated 
land,  will  consequently  anioun-  to  the  ap- 
pahng  extent  of  11,064,000  acres,  or  within 
a  trifle  of  17,300  square  miles,  or  nearly 
three  times  the  surface  of  New  Jersey. 

It  ought  not  to  be  understood  that  all 
this  wide  extent  is  equally  useless  'o  the 
purposes  ut  i.ui.-.ai  life.  Tne  i.'reclaimable 
sea  marsh,  is  indeed  worse  than  useless,  it 
is  pernicious ;  but  the  prairie  as  pa>ture 
grounds,  and  the  wooded  inundated  land 
as  a  resource  foi  timber,  permits  a  greater 
area  of  arable  ground  to  be  brought  into 
culture  It  is,  huwever,  a  fact,  tliat  im- 
mense spaces  of  the  superficies  of  Louisi- 
ana, must  remain  uncultivated  wastes,  until 
the  increase  of  population,  and  consequent 
dearness  of  land,  will  superinduce  recur- 
rence to  operations  of  melioration,  far  be- 
yond either  the  means  or  necessity  oi  the 
present  age. 

We  now  proceed  to  examine  the  largest 
natural  division  of  the  soil  of  Louissai'S,  the 
pine  forests.  It  ought  not  to  be  understood 
that  under  liie  general  term  pine  forests,  is 
meant  places  where  that  tree  prevails  to 
the  exclusion  of  all  others  ;  wKat  is  intend- 
ed is  places  where  the  greatest  mass  of  the 
timber  is  pine. 

The  pine  lands  of  Louisiana  are  divided 
into  four  grand  sections  ;  the  first,  and  most 
extensive,  between  Sabine  river,  Red  river, 
and  the  prairies  of  Opelousas  ;  this  section 
embraces  more  than  one-half  of  the  parishes 
of  Opelousas,  Rapides,  and  Natchitoches, 
and  extends  to  the  north-wesi  extremity 
of  the  state.  The  second  section,  lies  be- 
tween Tied  and  Otiachitta  rivers,  and  sweeps 
over  more  than  sevcE-eighths  of  the  whole 
surface  of  that  part  of  Louisiana  included  be- 
tween th(  se  two  streams.  A  third  pine  tract 
stretches  east  of  Oiiaciiitta,  and  near  the 
boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Arkansas, 
reaches  within  eight  or  ten  miles  of  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  extends  louth 
to  near  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Bceuf  and 
Ouachitta.  The  four  parishes  of  Louisiana, 
east  of  the  Mississippi,  wesi  of  Pearl,  and 
north  of  Lakes  Pontcharlrain  and  Maure- 
pas,  and  Amite  river,  contain  upwards  of 
3,000,000  of  acres,  out  of  which  at  least 
2,500,000  acres  aic  covered  with  pine. 
With  every  due  allowance,  therefore,  the 
pine  lands  of  the  state,  taken  together,  er- 
533 


L  O  L' 


LOU 


ceeds  16,000,000  acres,  which  abided  to 
11,064,000  acres  esiimated  for  sea  marsh, 
wet  prairie,  and  pine  woods,  gives  a  grand 
total  of  27',064,000,  leaving  only  3,804,000 
for  the  sursaci'  of  tiie  arable  river  alluvion 
of  the  state.  This  limited  surface  does  noi 
indeed  include  all  the  productive  farming 
land;  some  of  the  intervals  between  the 
alluvial  bottoms  and  pine  woods  have  good 
second  rate  soil.  About  forty-five  miles  i:i 
length  from  Bayou  Iberville,  to  N  lat.  31, 
and  twenty  miles  wide  east  from  the  Mis- 
si.-sippi,  and  a  part  of  the  prairie  lands  of 
Opeicusas,  are  very  productive :  but  wc 
will  soon  perceive  that  five  millions  and  a 
half  are  an  ample  allowance  for  all  the  soil 
of  this  state,  capable  of  advantageous  culti- 
ration.  This  s  atement  will  no  doubt  ap- 
pea-- incredible,  when  co-njiiired  \^'ith  the 
c-mnion  received  opinion  on  that  subject, 
but  the  following  '■  utnematically  determin- 
ed f^.cts  put  the  question  at  rest.  The 
river  lines  in  the  state,  measuring  both 
banks  where  necessary,  are  upon 

The  Mississippi,      -        -        946  miles. 
Pearl  river,  one  side,         -  60 

Bogue  Ciiitto,  both  ban  's,  60 

Chifuncte,  both  banks,     -  50 

Tangipao,  Tickfoh;i,   Amite, 

and  Comite  united,  -  200 
Lafourche,  -  -  -  IBO 
Teche,  -        -        -        200 

Vermilion,  ...  150 
Mermentau,  and  its  branches,  250 
Calcasiu,  -        -        •        200 

Gabuie,  one  bank,  -  -  150 
Red  river,  and  Bayous  Bccuf 

and  Kobert,  -  .  640 
Black  Dodcau,  Dacheet,  and 

Siiinie  rivers,  -         400 

Ouachitta,  and  its  confluents,  600 

Amounting  in  all  to  4086 
This  estimate  embraces  every  stream  of 
anv  consequence  in  the  state,  and  includes 
man)  wil'iout  any  alluvial  bar.ks  worthy  of 
notice  in  a  geographical  point  of  view  ; 
and  yet,  if  the  widi  h  of  half  a  mile  is  given 
to  the  whole  aggregate,  the  result  is  2043 
square  miles,  or  1 .307,520  acres.  It  to  this 
is  added  as  much  more  for  woodland,  the 
result  v,'iil  be  2,615,040  acres,  and  this 
again  doubled  for  all  other  grounds  capable 
ofproducive  cultivation,  the  whole  will 
only  amon   t  to  5,230,080  acres. 

or  this  surface  pi.'out  cne-fift)'.  will  admit 
the  production  o*'  sugar;  the  residue  re- 
maiiiiiig  for  ail  other  objects  of  agriculture 
suitable  /o  the  clinriate,  sich  as  coUon, 
indigo,  tcb:.r.c;i,  and  the  ceral  gram'na. 
Ofth-  latter,  however.  r',ce  and  maize,  are 
I  he  only  sp.;<;ies  which  wii!  Hourish  on 
st'ronf  a'lMV  ai  boil,  an  1  the  former  is  re- 
stiicted  by  a  climate  not  much  more  se- 
^ei'e  than  will  a'-rest  the  advance  of  sugar 
5-4 


caise.  One  pre-eminent  advantage  of  rice, 
arises  from  the  circumstance  of  its  growth 
on  soils  too  moist  for  the  beneficial  cultiva- 
tion of  almost  any  other  vegetable  useful  to 
man.  Consequently  in  the  south  of  China, 
al(  ng  the  large  rivers  of  the  hither  and 
nether  India,  of  an  extensive  surface  in 
both  Americas,  rice  has  become  an  impor- 
tant aliment,  and  must  continue  to  occupy 
a  great  part  of  the  labour  of  mankind  :  this 
grain  has  added  at  least  one-twentieth  to 
the  habitable  earth,  and  permitted  tlie  in- 
crease of  the  human  species  in  that  ratio. 
lt<»  beneficent  results  are  no  where  more 
ample  than  on  the  Delta  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

I  have  been  more  particular  in  the  sur- 
vey of  the  Delta,  than  would  be  requisite 
with  a  CQunti'y  Icos  peculiar  in  its  features, 
or  whose  relative  importance  in  our  con- 
federacy was  less  apparent. 

It  must  be  evident  that  in  all  counti'ies, 
where  the  only  arable  land  of  consequence 
is  river  alluvion,  settlements  must  be  form- 
ed ;n  lines  corresponding  to  the  curves  of 
the  streams.  With  the  exception  of  the 
Mississippi  bluff  region,  noticed  in  my  re- 
view of  that  state,  most  of  the  settlements 
in  the  pine,  sea  sand,  and  sea  marsh  dis- 
tricts of  the  United  slates,  conform  to  this 
natural  avrangpement  ;  of  course,  habitation 
becomes  dense  along  the  river  margins,  di- 
minishes receding  from  their  banks,  and  in 
a  great  number  of  instances,  leaves  wide 
uninhabited  intervals.  These  effects  are, 
however,  more  apparent  and  influential  in 
Louisiana,  thnn  in  any  other  part  of  the 
sou'hern  or  south-western  states. 

Tlie  settlements  in  Attacapas,  Opelousas, 
Avoyells,  on  Red,  Ouachitta,  Boeuf,  Black, 
and  Mississippi,  are  uniformly  in  lines  upon 
the  streams,  or  stretching  along  the  wood- 
ed margin  of  the  prairies.  That  part  of 
Louisiani  formed  from  the  Mississippi  bluff 
lands,  is  the  only  spot  in  the  state  where 
human  habit -tion  assum-^s  the  scattered  re. 
lative  position  to  which  they  conform  in 
the  northern,  eastern,  and  some  of  the 
western  states.  It  has  been  shown  that 
Arkansas  and  Missouri  are  in  these  re- 
spects in  a  gi-eat  degree  similar  to  Louis- 
iana. 

The  mere  position  of  settlement  would 
in  itself  be  a  matter  beneath  statistical  re- 
view, but  in  the  instance  before  us,  the 
mechanical  arrangement  of  human  location 
is  connected  with  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing subjects  of  inquiry  that  can  occupy 
philosophical  research;  that  is,  the  number 
f  human  beings  which  can  be  enabled  to 
sibs  st  on  any  given  space.  It  may  be  as- 
sume! a  pnori,  that  a  dense,  or  even  mo- 
de'ately  compact  population  can  never 
exist  upon  any  region  where  the  asperities 
ol  nature,  or  moral  causes,  prevent  the 
production  of  tlie  greatest  part  of  their 


L  U  L 


J.  O    L 


aliment  on,  ov  near  their  place  oF  resi- 
dence. If  the  triitli  of  these  propositions 
are  acknowledged,  the  induction  follows, 
that  nature  has  (ipposed  tiie  concentration 
of  as  great  numbers  cf  people  upon  given 
space,  of  our  southern,  as  upon  an  equal 
area  of  northern  territory  Many  other 
natural  causes  might  be  adduced,  in  aid  of 
this  assumption,  but  it  would  be  needless 
to  C(;llect  contingent  causes,  to  account  for 
an  effect  whose  production  was  so  demon- 
stratively, and  omnipotently  estabhstied 
upon  the  durable,  it  might  almost  be  said 
unchanging  laws  of  matter. 

It  may  be  enumerated  as  one  of  the  pe- 
cuharities  of  the  soil  of  the  southern,  and 
south-western  states,  to  have  but  little  nifan 
between  the  best  and  the  worst ;  the  latter 
exceeding  in  extent  even  more  than  does 
the  former  m  quality. 

Tiie  principal  staples  of  Louisiana,  are 
cotton,  sugar,  and  rice.  Cotton  is  general; 
but  sugar  and  rice  confined,  particularly 
the  former,  to  the  lower,  or  southern  parts 
of  the  state.  The  quantity  of  sugar  made 
in  Louisiani  Is  rapidlv  increasing.  In  1810 
it  was  about  10,'OOO.OOOWs.  in  1814, 
1.5,000. 000/5s.  and  in  1817,  upwards  of 
20,000,000.  In  Darby's  Louisiana  the  re. 
lative  sugar,  rice,  and  cotton  lands  are  esti- 
mated at  250,000  for  sugar,  250,000  for 
rice,  and  2,500,000  for  cotton. 

Civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Louisi- 
ana is  into  parishes.  Counties  do  not  exist 
in  the  state,  but  are  confined  in  their  uses 
to  a  few  judicial  purposes,  and  are  un- 
known in  the  ordinary  municipal  regula- 
tions of  the  country. 

Parisfies.  Inhahitants, 

Natchitoches.  7,486 

Ouachitta,  2,609 

Ocatahola,  .2,287 

Concordia,  2,620 

Rapides,  6,065 

Avoyelles,  2,245 
St.  Landre,  or  Opelousas,  10,085 

StiM^y^'lAttacapas,     12,063 
Point  Coupee,  .  "." 

West  Baton  Rouge, 
Iberville, 
Ascension, 


1  1-2 

2  1-2 


Assomption, 

Inteiior  of  La  Fourche, 

St.  James, 

St,  John, 

St.  Charles, 

St.  Bernard, 

City  of  New  Orleans, 

Orleans, 

Plaqiiemine, 

East  Baton  llouge. 

New  p'eliciana, 

St,  Helena, 

St.  Tammany, 

Washington, 


4,912 
2,335 
4,414 
3,728 
3,576 
3,755 
5,686 
3,854 
3,862 
2,635 
27,176 
14,175 
2,354 
5,220 
12,732 
3,026 
1,723 
2,517 


Sq.  r,u!es.  To  sq.  mile. 
10,600        3-4 
4,000       1-2  nearly. 
2,0C0    1 
2,100 
2,300 

700     3 
7,600     1  1-3 

5,100    2  I -2 nearly. 

600  S 
850  2  3-4 
350  IS 
350  10 
SOO  7 
2,500  1  1-2 
170  33 
150  25 

300  13  nearly. 
400     6  1-2 

1,300  11  nearlv. 
1,500     1  1-2 

500  10 
1,050  12 
1,300     2  1-2 
1,000     1   3-4 
1,000     2  1-2 


Total        153,407   48,220    3 

In  Louisiana,  more  than  in  any  other 
section  of  the  United  States,  population  is 
extended  in  lines  along  the  water-courses. 
Vrom  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  the 


twelve  parishes  along  the  Mississippi  rli'er, 
below  the  efflux  of  Atchafalaya,  includes 
upwards  of  93,000  inhabitan  s,  le:iv\ng  only 
a  smjll  fraction  more  th.in  60,000  tor  the 
residue  of  the  state.  The  line  of  S'ttle- 
ment  along  Miss  s.s.ppi,  below  Atchat  daya, 
is  about  200  mdes  in  le.'gth,  and  at  the 
utmost,  ev^n  embracing  wood  land,  not 
averaging,  below  Bayou  Iberville,  more 
than  il.rcc  miles  in  width.  Auove  Iberville, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  settlements 
widen.  The  tv.'o  parisiies  of  N  vv  Felicia- 
na, and  East  Baton  Rouge,  between  lat. 
3],  and  B  .you  Iberv  lie,  extend  ov  r  1500 
square  mdes.  If  we  alio"-  for  lau'.l  actual- 
ly employed  in  tiie  purposes  of  ag-iculture, 
iuciuding  tillage  and  woodland,  600  square 
miles  below  Ibervilk,  and  1000  alon^  and 
Co;it;guoijs  to  the  Mississippi,  above  Iber- 
ville and  below  Atch:,fal:tya,  tlie  aggregate 
wi.i  rather  exceed  than  f  11  beio.v  leaiity. 
A!;d  if  we  theii  assume  doubie  that  extent 
frail  the  actually  employed  a:^ricultural 
land  of  the  s'ate,  Vi'e  have  3,200  square 
m  les,  mhabiied  by  153,407  persons,  cqu:d 
to  48  to  th.e  squc»re  mile  ;  and  leavirg  an 
uncultivated  extent  of  45,120  square  miles. 

By  the  census  of  1820, 'h-  p' pulation  of 
Louisinna  were  found  c  imposed  of  73,867 
wh  les,  60,064  slaves,  and  10,476  free  co- 
louretl  persons. 

Of  ihese: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  3,062 

Engaged  in  Agri'.uUure  -         50,145 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  5,797 

do.        in  Cojnmeice      -         -  6,168 

Louisiana  v;as  adimitted  into  the  Union 
as  an  independent  state  at  tiie  session  of 
Congress  lSIl-12,  and  clianged  its  name 
from  that  of  Territory  of  Orleans,  to 
what  it  now  hears.  The  iDajority  of 
tl>e  white  iish.ibitants  are  tli  i.^CbCtndants 
of  the  early  French  colonists  ,  the  next 
liiost  numerous  class  is  Anglo-Ameri- 
cans ;  and  the  residue  made  up  ot  vari- 
ous nations.  Contrary  to  common  belief, 
tliere  are  very  few  Spaniaros  in  that 
state.  During  34  years  that  it  was  held 
by  Spain,  it  was  occupied  by  the  officers 
of  that  nation,  but  never  became  an  ob- 
ject of  colonization  with  the  Spanish  peo- 
ple. 

The  variety  in  the  shades  of  human 
society,  are  perhaps,  in  no  civilized 
country  more  marked :  between  New 
Orleans  and  Sabine  river  every  vari- 
ety can  be  seen  from  the  hunter  state, 
to  that  of  the  highest  refinement  of  the 
mercantile,  and  aristocratical.  In  New 
Orleans  and  its  vicinity,  the  merchant 
and  planters  vie  v/itli  the  most  lux- 
urious countries  in  Europe,  in  their 
agriculture,  and  manner  of  living.  -As 
the  traveller  advances  westward,  this 


I,  (•)  V 


L  O  U 


glare  graduaily  vanishes,  and  in  Attaca- 
pas,  Opel'iusas,  Rapides,  Ouachitta,  and 
Natchitoches,  the  features  of  society  be- 
speak substantial  independence.  Still 
farther  westward,  and  much  intermin 
gled  with  ttie  latter  settlements,  the  true 
pastoral  state  is  seen  initssimplestfi-rms. 
Many  of  those  shepherds  are  truly  weal- 
thy. Beef  cattle  forms  in  fact  one  of  the 
principal  interior  staples  .<f  the  SW  part 
of  Louisiana. 

Louisville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus 
tice  J  fferson  county  Kentucky,  stands 
on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  river  belnw  the 
mouth  of  Beat  grass  creek,  and  at  the 
head  of  the  Rapids  In  1810  it  contain- 
ed only  1557  inhabitants  ;  its  population 
now  no  doubt  exceeds  5w0y,  and  is  ra- 
pidly increasing.  It  contains  a  jail,  court- 
house, an;!  other  necessary  buildings  for 
judicial  purposes,  v.'ith  a  theatre,  three 
bank-,  one  a  branch  of  that  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  ;  a  market-house  ;  several 
places  of  public  worship,  and  three  print- 
ing offices. 

Many  flourishing  manufacturing  esta- 
blishments have  been  formed  at  this 
place  ;  amongst  which  that  erected  by 
the  Hope  vListillery  Company  is  one  of 
the  must  stensive  of  its  kind  in  the 
United  States,  producing  1200  gallons 
daily.  Besides  this  vcvj  enlarged  dis 
tillery,  three  or  four  large  tobacco  manu- 
factories are  in  operation.  Ujjv.'ards  of 
60  workm.en  are  daily  employed  in  the 
construction  of  steam-boats.  A  very  pro- 
ductive soap  and  candle  fact(ii7,  yield- 
ing weekiy  12,0U0  lbs.  of  soap.  6,0U0  lbs. 
of  candles,  is  in  operatiun.  i'o  the  fore- 
going may  be  added,  a  sugar  refinery, 
steam  flour  mill,  and  two  steam  saw 
mills.  From  Lnnisville  and  Shij^pingpcrt 
now  pn  ceed  about  thirty  steam-boats, 
the  tonnage  (jf  which  exceeds  7.200  tons 

Canals  have  been  long  projected  along 
both  banks  of  Ohio,  to  pass  the  Rapids, 
thou;-;h  no  ostensive  steps  have  yet  been 
adopted  to  carry  into  effect  either  plan. 
The  distance  necessary  to  cut  does  not 
exceed  on  either  bank,  more  than  four 
miles,  and  the  utility  of  the  work  when 
done  incalculable. 

Louisville  stands  at  N  lat.  38  IS,  and 
5  42  W  Ion.  from  W  C. 

LoiMviUe,  post  town  and  township, 
St.  Lawrence  county  New  York,  on  the 
right  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  30 
miles  below  Ogdensburg.  PDDulationl820, 
831. 

Louisville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Ji  fferson  county  Georgia,  on  the 
Ogechee,  50  miles  SVV  from  Augusta, 
and  about  50  miles  SE  by  E  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 


Louis tow7i,  post  village  of  Talbot 
county  Maryland,  10  miles  NE  from 
Easton. 

Loui-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China  in  the 
provmct  of  Quang  tong>  separated  by  a 
narrow  strait  from  the  Isle  of  Hainan, 
where  pearls  are  said  to  have  been  for 
merly  fished  up.  It  is  343  miles  SW  of 
Cauton. 

Louiiz,  town  of  Great  Pc.land,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Rava.  55  miles  E  of  Gnes- 
na     Lo.-.  19  0  E,  lat  52  26  N. 

Lou-nganfou,  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Chan  si,  agreeably  situated 
near  the  source  of  the  river  Tsotsang- 
ho.     It  is  o75  miles  SW  of  P^  king. 

Loung  Loch,  great  arm  of  the  sea,  in 
Argylesiiire,  which  communicates  on  the 
S,  with  tlie  Frith  of  Clyde. 

Loicdrc,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  and 
late  province  of  Bigorre,  15  miles  S  of 
Tarbes.    Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  43  8  N. 

Louth,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince ot  Leinster,  29  miles  long  and  13 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Armagh 
and  Carlinford  Bay,  on  the  E  by  the  Irish 
Sea,  on  the  W  by  Monagham  and  E  by 
Meath,  from  which  it  is  parted,  by  the 
Boyne.  It  is  a  small  but  fruitful  county, 
and  proper  to  feed  cattle,  contains  50 
parishes,  and  sends  ten  members  to  par- 
liament.   Drogheda  is  the  capital. 

Louth,  town  of  Ireland,  in  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  19  miles  N  by  W  of 
Drogheda. 

Louth,  corporate  town  of  Lincolnshire, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. It  is  a  large  well  built  t'lv/n,  the 
market  well  frequented,  here  is  a  free- 
school  founded  by  Edward  VI.  It  has  a 
new  navigation,  by  means  of  its  brook, 
the  Lud,  to  the  German  Ocean,  at  Tet- 
ney  Creek.  It  is  28  miles  NE  ot  Lincoln, 
and  148  N  of  London.  Lun.  0  10  E,  lat. 
5S  25  N 

Louth  Townshifi,  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  Upper  Canada,  lies  in  the  west 
ot  Graiitiiam,  and  fronts  lake  Ontario. 

Laiitre,  fiass  a  la,  one  of  the  outlets, 
that  to  the  extreme  N  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

Loutre,  town  of  Montgomery  county 
Missouri 

Louvain,  large  and  pleasant  city  of 
Austrian  Brabant,  with  a  celebrated  uni- 
veisity.  Its  walls  are  nearly  seven  miles 
in  circumference,  but  within  them  are 
many  gardens  and  vineyards  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  magnificent,  and  the 
university  consists  of  a  great  number  of 
colleges,  they  formerly  made  here  large 
quantities  of  cloth,  but  this  trade  is  great- 
ly decayed,  and  it  is  now  chiefly  remark- 


L  O  Y 

able  for  good  beer,  with  which  it  serves 
the  neighbouring  towns.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Dyle,  14  miles  E  by  N  frjm  Brus- 
sels, and  40  NE  ot  Mons.  Lon.  4  31  E, 
lat.  50  53  N. 

Louvenstein,  fortress  of  the  U'lited 
Provinces  in  Holland,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Waal  nnd  M aese, 
on  the  W  end  of  an  Is  and  cnlled  B  m- 
mel  Waert.  It  i,  16  miles  E  of  Dnrt. 
Lon.  5  13  E,  lat.  50  40  N 

Louviers,  handsome  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eure  and  latt-  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  with  a  manufacture 
of  cloth,  seated  on  the  Eure,  10  miles  N 
of  Evreux,  and  55  NW  ol  Paris.  Lon. 
1  13  E,  lat.  49  0  N 

Lauvo  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
with  a  r;)yal  palace.  It  is  very  populous, 
50  miles  N  of  the  city  of  Siam.  Lon. 
100  50  E,  lat.  15  8  N 

Lovington,  post  village,  Nelson  county, 
Virginia. 

J^otvdore,  fine  cataract  in  Cunber- 
land,  on  the  E  sifle  of  tho  lake  of  Der- 
went  water,  in  the  vale  of  Keswick. 

Loivhill,  township  of  Lehij^h  county 
of  Pennsylvania,  on  Jordan  crtek,  12 
miles  NVV  from  AUentown  Population 
182'i,  703. 

Lower  Marlborough,  post  town  in 
Calvert  county,  Maryland  ;  on  the  E 
side  of  Patuxent  river,  30  miles  SSW 
of  Annapolis,  and  24  NW  of  St.  Leo- 
nards. 

Lower  Saucon,  extreme  southern 
township  of  Northampton  county  on  Sau- 
con creek,  4  miles  S  from  Bethlehf-m. 
Population  1820,  2208. 

Loivicz,  populous  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Rava,  with  a  strong  for- 
tress, seated  on  the  Bzura,  21  miles  S 
of  Plocksko,  and  30  N  of  Rava.  Lon.  19 
29  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Low-Laijton,  village  in  Essex,  which, 
with  that  of  Laytonstone,  forms  one  pa- 
rish. Here  a  great  many  Roman  anti- 
quities have  been  dug  up.  It  is  six  miles 
NEofL.nlnn. 

Lowville,  fine  post  village  of  Lewis 
county  New  York,  on  a  small  creek,  near 
the  west  side  of  Black  river,  57  miles  N 
fromCTtica 

Loxa,  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in 
the  kmgdom  of  Granada  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  river  Xenil,  18 
miles  W  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  52  W,  lat. 
37  15  N. 

Loxa,  town  of  Peru,  in  the  jjrovince 
of  Quito,  200  miles  ENE  of  Paita.  Lon . 
VV  C  0  10  W,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Loyalsocic,  river  of  Lycoming  county 
Pennsylvania,  rises  on  the  southern  bor- 
ders of  Bradford,  and  western  of  Lu- 
cerne co'jntv,  headitip  -ivith  the  To^'ar.- 


L  L  B 

da,  and  Mahoopeny  rivers,  and  flowing 
SW  between  Muncy,  and  Lycoming 
creeks,  falls  into  the  West  Branch  of  Sus- 
queha  nah,  4  ntilrs  below  Wiliiamsport. 
Loyahock,  lownsliip  of  Lycoming 
county  Pennsylvania,  pxt(  nding  from  the 
west  tiranc'i  of  Susquehannah,  between 
Lycomiijg  creek  and  Loyalsock  river, 
.^nd  including  VVil!iamsport.  Population 
1820,  of  tive  township  including  the  bo- 
rough 2049  ;  of  which  624,  was  found  in 
Willi  lAinsport. 

Loydn,  post  town,  in  Essex  county,  Vir- 
ipiii.i,  94  miles  from  Washington. 

Loijtz,  town  of  Poiiierani^,  in  the 
County  of  Gutzkow,  s.'aled  on  the  Pene, 
tf-n  miles  above  the  city  of  Gutzkow. 

Lozere,  department  of  France,  inclu- 
'ling  the  late  province  of  Gevaudan.  It 
is  a  m<  u-itainous,  barren  coui-try,  and 
rtceives  its  name  from  one  of  its  princi- 
p;.'   moan;.ains.     Mende  is  the  capital. 

Luban.  t.nwn  of  the  Russian  govern- 
mtnt  f  I/ivionia,  70  miles  E  of  Rira 
Lr,  26  3(.  E,  lat  i6  55  N 

Liibtnsken  Sea  or  the  J^ake  of  Lu- 
ban, lak'  of  Livionia,  toward  the  confines 
of  Courlatid  and  Lithuania.  The  river 
Rnsitta  falls  into  this  lake. 

Lubbai.  town  of  Gt-rmany,  in  Lower 
Lusatia,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  handsome  castle.  It  be- 
longs to  tiie  duke  of  M  rsenburg,  and  is 
seated  on  tli'-  Spree,  hO  miles  SEof  Ber- 
lin.    Lon.  14  25  E,  lat  52  0  N. 

Lubec  city  and  seap'  it  of  Lower  Sax- 
ony, in  the  duchy  of  Holslein,  and  lately 
the  see  of  a  bisa>  p,  who  was  a  prince 
of  the  empire.  It  was  the  brad  of  the 
famous  Hanseatic  league,  fo;  med  here  in 
1164,  and  the  nio.st  commt  rcial  city  of 
the  n(  i-lli  :  but  it  now  has  lost  great  part 
of  its  trade.  The  h.)iises  are  built  in  a 
vcy  ancierst  st-  li-  ;  th'^  doors  being  so 
large  as  to  admit  carriag- s  int')t!'e  hali, 
which  tVequc-ntly  serves  for  a  coach- 
house. The  tovvTihouse  is  a  superb  struc- 
ture, and  lias  several  towe-rs.  'I  here  is 
also  a  fine  council- house  and  an  ex- 
change The  inhabitants  are  Luther- 
ans. Lubi-c  is  seat^-d  at  the  confluence 
of  some  rivers,  the  largest  of  which  is 
the  'I'rave,  14  miles  SW  of  the  Baltic, 
and  35  NE  of  Hamburg.  Lun.  10  49  E, 
lat.  53  52  N 

Lubec,  island  in  "he  Indian  ocean, 
near  the  i.sia-id  of  Madura.  Lon.  112 
22  E,  lat.  5  5!J  S. 

Lubeck,  post  t  wn  and  township, 
Washinetou  couiuy  Mauie,  between  the 
Atlantic  (3iean,  and  Cobscook  bay,  con- 
tiguous to  East  port.  The  village  was 
commenced  in  1815,  and  vvith  a  :  excel- 
lent iiarbour,  a  custom  house,  and  nume- 
••:"'!?.  other  commercial   ad'«ar.t3ges   '.- 


i.  (■   c 


L,    I     C 


j;apidly  incr,easing.  Population  182@,  1439. 

Luben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  circle  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  principality  of 
Lignitz,  22  miles  NVV  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
16  28  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Lublin,  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  ci- 
tadel, a  bishop's  see,  an  academy,  and  a 
Jewish  synagogue.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weiprs,  75  miles  SE  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
22  45  E,  lat  51  14N. 

Lubow,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Cracow,  50  miles  SE  of  Cra- 
cow.   Lon.  20  36  E,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Luc,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var  and  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence, 25  miles  NE  of  Toulon.  Lon.  6 
25  E,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Luc,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere  and  late  province  of  Dau- 
phiny,  seated  on  the  river  Drome,  32 
miles  S  of  Grenoble.  Lon.  5  48  E,  lat 
44  40  N. 

Liicaiias,  town  and  district  of  Gurancave- 
lica,  in  Peru,  remarkable  for  its  silvey 
mines.     Lon.  WC  3  K,  kU.  15  S. 

JLiicen^-de- Baramedci,  iSi.Seaport  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Ii  has  a 
very  large  fine  harbour,  well  defended;  and 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalqutver, 
44  miles  S  by  W  of  Seville,  and  270  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  5  54  W,  lat.  36  58  -N. 

Lucar-de-Guadicma,  iSl.  strong  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  small  harbom- 
on  the  river  Guadian  i,  39  miles  NE  of  Faro. 
Lon.  8  15  W,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Lncar  La  Mayor,  St.  town  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  10 
miles  NW  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  33  W,  lat. 
57  36  N. 

Jbitcaijas.   See  JJahamai;. 

Lucca,  town  of  Italy,  e:ipiUil  of  a  duchy 
of  the  same  name.  It.  is  about  three  miles 
in  circumference,  and  siir-ouiuled  with  a 
wall  and  olher  modern  foniticadons.  It  is 
an  archbishop's  see,  and  the  churches  ai-e 
very  handsome.  They  have  also  an  acade- 
mj',  a  university,  ana  an  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences.  The  inhabitants  have  a  con- 
siderable manufactory  of  silk,  and  gold  and 
silver  stuffs.  It  is  seaied  in  the  middle  of 
a  fruitful  plain,  sutroi:nded  with  pleasant 
hills,  near  the  river  Serchio,  over  which 
there  are  two  bridges.  It  is  10  miles  NE 
of  Pisa,  37  W  of  Florence,  and  155  N  by  W 
of  Rome.     Lon.  10  35  B,  lit.  45  50  N. 

Lucca,  formerly  a  republic  of  Italy,  lying 
on  the  Tuscan  Sea;  about  20  miles  in 
length,  and  10  in  breadth.  The  soil  does 
not  produce  much  corn  ;  but  there  is  plen- 
ty of  wine,  oil,  silk,  wool,  and  chesnuls ; 
their  oil  in  particular  is  in  high  esteem, 
and  the  common  people  usually  eat  ches- 
nuts  instead  of  bread.  The  usual  revenues 
smountto  about  30,000'.  ner  rtnnum 


Ljice,  gjpeat  bay  in  Wigtonslaire,  lying  to 
the  E  of  mull  of  Galloway. 

Lucera,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  oO  miles  SW  of  Manfredonia, 
and  65  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  34  E,  lat. 
41  28  N. 

Lucern,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Swisser- 
land,  and  the  most  considerable,  except 
Zuric  and  Berne.  It  is  30  miles  in  length, 
and  20  in  breadth :  boimded  on  the  E  by 
the  cantons  of  Underwalden,  Schweitz,  and 
Zug,  and  on  all  the  other  sides,  by  the  can- 
ton of  Bern.  The  inhabitants  of  this  can- 
ton are  reckoned  about  100,000,  and  are 
Roman  catholics.  The  government  was 
formerly  aristocratical,  consisting  of  a  se- 
nate of  36,  and  a  council  of  64,  in  which 
some  plebeian  burghers  were  admitted  ev- 
ery election  ;  but  the  Helvetic  confederacy, 
as  well  as  the  constitution  of  the  several 
cantons  is  now  dissolved,  the  French  hav- 
ing cruelly  and  unjustly  enslaved  this  brave 
and  virtuous  people. 

Lucern,  capital  of  the  canton  of  Lucero, 
in  Swisserland.  It  is  divided  into  two  by 
a  branch  of  the  Reuss,  which  falls  into  the 
lake,  on  the  NW  end  of  which  the  town  is 
seated,  and  commands  an  extensive  pros- 
pect. It  scarcely  contains  3,000  inhabi- 
tants, has  no  manufactures  of  consequence, 
and  Utile  commerce.  The  pope  has  al- 
ways a  nuncio  resident  here.  In  the  cathe- 
dral is  an  organ  of  a  fine  tone,  and  an  extra- 
ordinary size  ;  the  centre  pipe  is  40  feet  in 
length,  near  three  in  breadth,  and  weighs 
1,100  pounds.  The  bridges  which  skirt 
the  town,  round  the  edge  of  the  lake,  are 
the  fashionable  walk  of  the  place,  and  re- 
markable for  their  length.  They  are  deco- 
rated with  coarse  paintings,  representing 
the  histories  of  the  Old  "Testament,  the 
battles  of  the  Swiss,  and  the  dance  of  death. 
Lucern  is  30  miles  SW  nf  Zric,  and  35  E 
of  Bern.     Lon.  8  6  E,  lat  47  5  N. 

Lucern,  Lake  of.     See  fFaldsUUer  Sea. 

Lvcerna,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  15 
miles  SW  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  38  E,  lat.  AA 
52  N. 

Lxiclusxi,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdotn 
of  Valencia,  SO  miles  S  of  the  city  of  that 
name.     Lon.  0  10  E,  lat.  38  53  N. 

Lucia,  St.  one  of  the  Windward  Carib- 
bee  Islands,  ia  the  West  Indies,  22  miles 
in  length  and  21  in  bi-eadth.  It  consists 
of  plains  well  watered  with  rivulets,  and 
hills  furnished  with  timber,  and  has  seve- 
ral  good  bays,  and  commodious  harbours. 
It  was  taken  hj  tlie  Bngli.-h  in  May,  1796. 
There  are  two  high  mountains,  by  which 
this  island  may  be  known  at  a  considerable 
distance.  It  is  21  miles  S  of  Martlnico. 
Lon.  60  45  W,  lat.  13  25  N. 

Lucie,  St.  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Is- 
lands, about  450  miles  W  of  the  continent 
o?  .VfrVn-    Lon   24  32  W,  lat.  16  4'J  N. 


1. 1  t 


i.  U  L 


ijhcii^iiuju),  lewti  of  Italy  in  tUe  duchy  f-^' 
Tuscany,  10  miles  S  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11 
11  E,  lat.  43  0  N. 

hucketts,  poit  office,  Orange  county  Vir- 
giuia. 

Luckiiow,  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, capital  of  Oude  It  is  an  extensive 
place,  but  mean'y  built :  the  liouses  are 
chiefly  mud  walls  covere  with  thatch  :  and 
many  consist  entirely  of  mats  and  bamboos, 
and  are  thatched  witli  leaves  of  the  cocoa- 
nut,  palm-tree,  and  someiinjes  with  straw. 
The  palace  of  the  Nabob  is  seated  on  a 
high  bank  near  the  Goomtv,  and  commands 
an  exiensive  view  bo'.h  of  tliat  river  and 
the  country  en  the  eastern  side.  Those  of 
the  British  resident,  stands  in  the  vicinity. 
Lucknow  is  650  miles  NW  of  Calcutta. 
Lon  81  25  E,  lat.  26  .35  N. 

Lucko,  considerable  town  of  Poland,  ca- 
pital of  VoJhinia,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  bi- 
shop's see,  seated  on  the  Ster,  75  miles  NE 
of  Leraburg,  and  175  SE  of  Warsaw*.  Lon. 
25  30  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

_  Ljico,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruz^o  Cite- 
fiore,  seated  on  the  lake  Celano. 

Lucoii,  or  Liizou  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see,  seated 
in  an  unwholesome  morass,  17  miles  N  of 
Rochelle,  and  50  S  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  5  W, 
lat.  46  27  N 

Lucenia,  or  Mardlla,  the  chief  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  in  the  N  Pacific  Ocean, 
400  miles  in  length  and  100  m  breadth.  It 
is  not  so  Iiot  as  may  be  expected,  because 
it  is  well  watered  by  large  lakes  and  rivers, 
and  the  periodical  rains  v/hich  inundate  all 
the  plains.  There  are  several  volcanoes  in 
the  mountains,  wliich  occasion  earthquakes; 
and  a  varietj' of  hot  baths.  The  pi'oduce 
of  this  island  is  wax,  cotton,  wild  cinnamon, 
sulphur,  cocoanuts,  rice,  gold,  horses,  buf- 
faloes, and  game.  Philip  11.  of  Spain, 
formed  a  scheme  of  planting  a  colony  in  the 
Philippine  islands,  which  had  been  ne- 
g-lected  since  tiie  discovery  of  them  by  Ma- 
gellan, in  1521.  Manilla,  in  this  island,  was 
the  station  chosen  for  the  capital  of  the 
new  establishments.  Hence  an  active  com- 
mercial intercourse  began  with  the  Chi- 
nese, a  considerable  number  of  whom  set- 
tled in  the  Philippine  Islands,  under  the 
Spanish  protection.  These  supplied  the 
colony  so  amply  with  all  the  valuable  pro- 
ductions and  manufactures  of  Asia,  as  ena- 
bled it  to  open  a  trade  with  America,  by  a 
direct  course  of  navigation,  the  longest 
from  land  to  land  on  our  globe.  This 
trade,  at  first,  was  carried  on  with  Calao, 
on  the  coast  of  Peru  ;  but  it  vsras  afterwards 
removed  to  Acapulco  on  the  coast  of  New 
Spain.  From  this  port  annually  sail  one  or 
two  ships,  which  are  permitted  to  carry  out 
silver  to  the  amount  of  500,000  crowns,  in 
return  for    which  flhey  bring-  back  from 


AUuiilla,  slices,  drugSj  China  anfl  -Jajaaa 
wares,  calicoes,  chintz,  musUns,  silks,  &c. 
The  inhabitants  are  a  mixture  of  several 
nations,  besides  Spaniards;  and  they  all 
produce  a  mixed  breed,  distinct  from  any 
of  the  vest.  The  blacks  have  long  iiair 
and  good  feaiures;  and  there  is  one  tribe 
who  prick  their  skins,  and  draw  figures  oii 
them,  as  they  do  in  most  other  countries 
where  they  go  naked.     See  J\IaniUa. 

Lucos,  ancient  Lixus,  river  of  Morocco, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  Larache. 

Ludatnar,  region  of  central  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  Isiiarta,  and  Bambasa, 
and  N  by  the  great  desert.  Benown  i^ 
the  capiial. 

Liidersbing,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle ofLowtr  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Law- 
enburg,  seated  on  the  F.lbe,  five  miles 
abcve  the  town  of  Lawenburg. 

LudgershaU,  borough  in  Wiltshire,  IJ 
miles  N  of  Salisbury,  and  72  N  by  W  of 
London.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, but  has  no  market.  Lon,  1  45  VT, 
lat.  51  17  N. 

Lndlo-cV,  borough  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the  Tame, 
29  miles  S  of  Shrewsbury,  and  138  NW  of 
London.     Lon.  2  42  W  lat.  52  23  N. 

Lud'.ots,  township  of  Hampden  county, 
Massachasetts,  on  a  branch  of  Chickapce 
river,  12  miles  NE  from  Springfield.  Po- 
pulation in  1810,  780,  and  in  1820,  1246. 

Ludlo-v,  township  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  16  m.iles  W  from  Windsor. 

Lndlo-d^s  line,  a  name  given  to  the  line 
rutmwig  from  the  head  of  Scioto,  to  the 
source  of  Little  Miami  river,  dividing  the 
United  States'  lands  in  Ohio  on  the  west, 
from  the  Virginia  Military  lands  on  the 
east. 

Ludloio-cille,  post  village  of  Tompkln's 
county  New  York,  on  the  east  side  of  Cay- 
uga lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Salmon  creek,  8 
miles  below  Ithaca. 

Lvgano,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a 
baliwic  of  the  same  name,  whicii  is  the 
principal  of  the  four  transalpine  baliwics. 
It  is  pretty  populous,  containing  8,000  in- 
habitants.' It  is  17  niiles  NVv'  of  Como. 
Lon.  8  48  E,  lat.  '15  54  N. 

JMgano,  lake  of  Swisserland,  on  the  Ita- 
lian side  of  the  Alps,  25  miles  in  length, 
and  from  two  to  four  in  breadth.  It  lies 
above  190  feet  higher  than  the  lakes  Como 
and  Locarno. 

Lugo,  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
v.'itli  a  oi^op's  see.  Tliere  are  springs  in 
this  city  boiling  hot.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Minho,  32  miles  SE  of  Mondonnedo,  and 
60  SVV  of  Oviedo.  Lon.  8  52  W.  Lat  42 
46  N. 

Luke,  Si.  parish  of  South  Carolina,  situ- 
ated in  Beaufort  district. 

Isii'a,  town  of  Swedish  Lapland  ;  seated 

."r>9 


L  L  ^ 


at  liie  nioutli  of  the  rlvei  Luiu,  on  the  W 
side  of  the  gulf  o''  Botli.iJa,  43  m:lfcs  SW  of 
Tornea.     Lon.  21  0  E,  kt.  64  30  N. 

Lula  Lapmark,  province  ■  t  baedLii  Lap- 
land, bounded  on  the  N  b)  'I'o'  nea,  on  the 
E  bv  the  B'  'hnia  go  if,  on  the  b  by  Pilhiu, 
and  on  the  W  bj  Norway. 

Liimetla,  village  in  Italy,  which  gives 
name  to  the  Lumelli:),  a  small  district  lying 
on  tie  liver  Po,  belonging  tu  the  dukt-  of 
Savoy.    Lon.  3  42  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Lumberiand,  township  of  Sullivan  county 
Tvei.  York,  on  Delaware  river.  Population 
in  1820,569. 

Lumberton,  post  town  in  Robeson  county, 
North  Carolina,  on  ti  e  E  side  ot  Drowning 
creek,  25  miles  S  of  Fayettev  lie  i':  Cum- 
berland county. 

Lianberton,  village  in  Burlington  county, 
New  Jersey,  one  mile  SE  of  Moun'h':;lly. 

Lund,  considerable  town  in  Gotldand  and 
capital  of  Sconen,  with  an  arciib.shopric, 
and  a  university.  It  is  an  incoiisiderable 
place  contaiiung  little  more  tlian  800 
houses,  and  carries  on  but  little  trade. 
Charles  XI.  found,  ci  a  university  here 
which  is  Its  chief  support.  The  cathedral 
is  an  ancient  iriegiilar  buiidi "g.  It  is  20 
miles  i)E  of  Landscro^ia,  »nd  225  SW  of 
Stockholm.    Lr  ;■;.  \3  26  E,  lat.  55  3o  X. 

//!/?K/<-i2,  town  of  Germany  in  Uie  dvicliy 
of  Ijohtein,  seated  .,ri\r  tiie  K)der,  26 
rn=;.s  '•NW  of  Gluckstadt.  Lon  9  20  E, 
lat.  54  26  N. 

Limdif,  islaid  in  the  mcuth  ot  tlie  Bristol 
Channel,  near  the  uiiddle,  between  Dev  n- 
shiie  and  Pemoroke.-hire.  Lon.  4  13  W, 
lat.  51  25  N. 

Liindys-ianef  scene  of  a  battle  between 
the  army  of  the  United  States  a^id  thai  of 
Great  Britain,  on  the  lluih  of  July,  1814. 
This  is  commonly  called  the  battle  of 
Bridgewater. 

lAine.     See  Loync. 

Lunel,    town  of  P'rance,  in  the   depart-* 
mentofGaid,  near  the  river  Kidourle.     It 
has  exceltent  muscadine  wine,  ard   is  16 
miles  E  of  Alontpelier 

Limen,  town  of  Wes  phalia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Marck,  situated  a  \he  coiiHux  of  the 
Xezisk  with  the  Lippt,  20  m.iles  S  by  W  of 
Munsier. 

Lunenburg,  ducliy  in  Low  t  r  Saxony, 
which,  including  Zell,  is  iepar^ttd  froiii 
Holstein  and  Lauenburg,  on  the  N,  by  the 
Llbe.  It  i>  about  100  milts  in  length,  and 
70  in  breadth.  It  is  watered  by  the  rivers 
AUer,  Elbe,  and  Ilmenau  ;  and  part  of  it 
is  full  of  healhs  and  forests;  but*near  the 
rivers  pretty  fertile.  It  abounds  with  wild 
boars,  which  the  German  nobility  hunt 
here  at  certain  seasons.  It  belongs  to  the 
elector  of  Hanover.  Lunenburg  is  the 
capital. 

Lxmenburg,  large  fortified  town  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  the  duchy  of  its  name, 
540 


The  chief  public  edifices  are  the  places  foi' 
public  worship,  the  dutal  palace,  three 
hospitals,  the  town  house,  tlie  salt  maga- 
zine, the  anatomical  theatre,  and  ■he  aca- 
il.  my.  The  salt  springs  near  this  place  pro- 
duce great  quantities  of  salt,  which  bring 
in  a  large  revenue  to  the  sovereign,  and 
form  the  chief  employment  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  situated  on  the  Ilmenau,  31 
miles  SE  of  Hamburg,  and  60  N  of  Bruns- 
Vk'ick. 

Lunenburg,  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  on 
Mahone  bay. 

Lunenburg,  township  of  Lunenburg 
county  of  Nova  Scoua. 

Lunenburg,  post  village,  and  township 
Essex  county  Vermont,  on  Connecticut 
rivLr,  nearly  opposite  Lancaster  in  New 
H<»mp>hire. 

Lunenburg,  NE  township,  and  a  post 
village,  Worcester  county  Massachusetts, 
on  a  branch  of  Nt-shua  river  45  miles  NW 
from  Boston.     PopuLvion  in  1820,  1209. 

Lunenburg,  cownty  <f\"iiginia,  between 
N'  ttaway,  and  Meherin  rivers ;  bounded  by 
Brunswick  SE ;  Mecklenburg  SW  ;  Char- 
lotte W  ;  Prince  Edward  NW  ;  and  Notta- 
v.ay  NE.  Lengh  22;  mean  wiuth  10; 
arx,  220  .-quare  I'liles.  Surface  pleasantly 
diversihed  ad  soil  productive.  Staples 
cotton,  and  tobacco.    Chief  town,  Lewis- 


Pup'ilation  in  1810. 
Free  whites,  males 
do.      do.     females 


2.488 
2,445 


Total  whites       -         -        -       .  •         4,933 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 17'7 

Slaves  .         .        -         -         -       7,153 


Total  population  in  1810 


12,265 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mules        ...         1,962 

do.    do.    temales    .         -        -         1,911 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 


Total  whites       -         -         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

(lo.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males         .         -        - 
do      feniales     -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  48^  nearly. 

Lunevitle,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Meurte>    Its  castle,  where  the 


10,662 


2 

3,366 

195 

0 


L  U  i 


L  U  Y 


dukes  of  Lorain  formerly  kept  their  courj:, 
as  did  at't.  rward  king  Sanislaus,  is  now 
converted  into  barrack'.  The  church  of 
the  la'.e  n.^jiilar  canons  is  very  handsome  ; 
and  here  btaaisiaiis  founded  a  mihtary 
school,  a  large  librur},  and  a  fine  hospital. 
In  1801,  a  treaty  -.A'  peace  was  concluded 
here  between  France  and  Geimany.  Lti- 
neville  is  seated  in  a  plain  between  the 
rivers  Vtzouze  and  Meurte,  14  miles  ESE 
of  Nancy,  and  62  VV  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  6 
30  E,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Lungro,  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria  Ci- 
teriore,  cliiefly  inhabited  by  Greeks,  35 
miles  NNW  ot  Cosenza. 

iw/joTtf,  town  of  Fur  her  Pomerania,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  15  miles  E  of 
Stolpe. 

Lure,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Saone,  celebrated  for  a  late  abbey 
of  Beiu.dictines,  converted,  in  1764,  into  a 
chapter  of  noble  canons  It  is  seated  near 
the  •  Jugnoii,  30  miles  NE  of  Besancon. 

Luygan,  lown  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Armujjfh,  with  an  extmsive  linen  manu- 
factur*^,  14  miles  NE  of  Armagh,  and  67  N 
of  Dublin. 

£  isatia,  I.  T-quisate  of  Germany,  90  miles 
long  and  60  broad;  bounded  on  ilf-  N  by 
Brandenburg,  E  by  Sdosia,  S  by  i-  ■■  .;i  ;>, 
anil  \\  u)  .\lisaia  and  Saxony  ri.  per  fi 
is  divided  :nto  Upper  and  Lower.  Upper 
Lusatia  abounds  more  in  mountains  and 
hills  than  the  Lower,  in  which  are  many 
boggy  and  moorish  tracts,  yet  it  is  the  most 
fruitful.  The  breciing  of  cattle  is  very 
considerable,  and  there  is  plenty  ot  game  ; 
but  the  products  of  the  country  do  not  sup- 
ply the  necessities  of  the  inhabitants.  This 
want  is  compensated  by  its  numerous  man- 
ufactures, particularly  those  of  cloths  and 
linens.  Bautzen  and  Luckau  are  the  capi- 
tals. 

Liisignan,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  seated  on  the  Vonne,  15 
miles  SSW  of  Poitiers. 

Luso,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  crosses  part  of  Romagno, 
and  enters  the  Venice,  10  miles  W  of  Ki- 
mini. 

Lutange,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  eight  m^les  SE  of  Thion- 
ville,  and  11  NNE  of  Metz. 

Luton,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  and  a  manuf  »cture  of 
straw  hats,  Sic.  It  is  situate  on  the  river 
Lea,  18  miles  S  of  Bedford,  and  31  N  by  W 
of  London. 

Lnttenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria, 
seated  on  the  Stantz,  42  miles  E  by  N  of 
Mi.rchburg. 

Lutier,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  10  miles  NW  of 
Goslar. 

LuUerberg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 


the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  20  miles  S  of 
Goslar. 

Lutterworth,  town  in  L  ice  'ershire,  wiih 
a  market  on  Thursday.  It  na,  a  aige 
church,  witli  a  beautiiul  steep  e,  of  which 
Wicklifi',  liie  first  reformer,  was  rector,  and 
he  uied  here  ip  1385.  Lutterwort;!  h  s  .ui 
extensive  cotton  maauiacture,  au'i  many 
hands  are  employed  in  tht-  .stocking  trade. 
It  IS  ealed  oii  :he  r  ver  Sw  ift,  14  milts  S  of 
Leicester,  and  88 NW  of  Londo'i. 

Lulzehtein,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
p.rtmeiit  of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  strong 
castle,  seated  on  a  mountain,  30  miles  NW 
of  Strasb.irg. 

Lutzen,  town  ot  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thunrigia,  with  a  castle.  Nt-ar  this 
place,  in  163J,  Gustavus  Artoiphus,  kmg 
of  Sweden,  was  kided  in  a  battle,  at  the 
moment  of  victory .  Lutzeis  is  also  cele- 
brated for  a  great  battle  having  been 
foujLjht  here  on  the  Id  of  May,  1813,  be- 
tween the  French  army,  command^  by- 
Napoleon,  and  the  Russian  and  Prussian 
army,  underGeneral  Wittgenstein,  which 
terminated  in  the  defeat  of  the  latter. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Elster,  seven  miles 
WSW  (i  LiepMC. 

Luxeynburg,  orovincp  of  the  Nt  ther- 
land«  •  iJuuH'  i-d  on  t'  e  £  by  Treves,  6 
byLorrain,  \\  uy  Chcimpnigne  and  Liege, 
and  N  by  Liege  and  liimburg.  It  lies 
in  the  forest  of  Ardennes,  and  in  t.'.nie 
places  is  covered  with  mountains  and 
woods  ;  but,  in  general,  is  feniie  in  corn 
and  wine,  and  has  a  great  number  of 
iron  mines.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Moselle,  Sour,  Ourte,  and  Semoy. 

Luxemburg,  itrcng  city  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, capital  of  the  province  of  its 
name.  In  1713,  it  was  given  to  the 
Dutch,  as  a  barrier  town ;  ceded  to  the 
house  of  Austria,  in  1715  ;  and  surren- 
dered t(*  the  French,  in  1795  It  is  di- 
vided, by  the  Alsitz,  into  the  upper  and 
lower  towns  ;  the  former  almost  sur- 
rounded by  rocks,  but  the  lower  seated 
in  a  plain  It  is  22  miles  WSW  of  Treves. 
Lon.  6  12  E  lat.  49  37  N. 

Luxeuil  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment 01  Upper  Saoiic.  Near  it  are 
some  mirerai  waters  and  warm  baths  ; 
also  an  abbey,  founded  by  St.  Colum- 
ban,  an  Irishman.  It  is  seated  at  the 
fool  of  tlie  Vosges,  14  miles  NE  ot  Ve- 
soul. 

Luxara,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Maiuuiii,,  near  the  ctmftux  of  the  Cros- 
tolo  wit-  the  Po.  Here  a  battle  was' 
fought  Detweeii  the  Austrians  and  the 
French  and  Spaniards,  in  1702.  wlien 
each  side  claimed  the  victory.  It  is  18 
miles  SSW  ot  Mantua. 

Lmia,  and  Chilayon,  province  of  Peru, 


'Si  L  Z 


E  from  the  Tunguragua  river,  and  near- 
ly due  S  from  VVC  lat.  5  S. 

J^uzerne,  county  of  Pe  nsyivania ; 
bou-id  SE  by  Pike  and  Northampton;  S 
by  Schuylkil!  ;  SW  by  Columbia  ;  VV  by 
Lycoming  ;  NW  by  Bradford ;  N  by  Sus- 
qut  hannah  ;  and  E  by  Wayne.  Length 
45  ;  bieadth  40 ;  and  area  1/84 sq,  miles. 

Luzerne  county  is  in  many  respects  a 
very  interesting  region,  and  merits  a 
very  particular  notice  in  an  elementary 
work 

Its  soil  and  surface  is  perhaps  more 
varied  than  any  county  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  soil  of  tiie  valleys  are  in  some  parts 
composed  of  the  richest  aliuvion,  but 
varies  from  that  species  to  barren  rock. 
Tlie  mountains  are  ruggtd,  and  barren, 
and  in  general  seem  incapable  of  culture. 
The  Susquehannah  river  enters  the  coun- 
ty at  its  NW  angle,  and  flows  to  the  SE, 
by  comparative  courses,  35  miles  to  the 
mouth  of  Lackawannock  river  ;  here  it 
turns  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  flows 
SW  35  miies  by  comparativt  courses,  to 
a  little  below  N;  sccpeck,  vrhere  it  enters 
Columbia. 

The  following  specific  description  was 
compiled  from  the  manuscript  notes  of 
Isaac  a  Chapman,  Esq. 

The  country  is  very  mountainous,  and 
the  mountains  consist  principally  of  ridg- 
es running  parallel  to  each  other ;  and 
like  the  other  mountains  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, extending  nearly  parallel  to  the 
sea-coast,  in  nearly  a  SW,  and  NE  di- 
rection. In  the  intervals  between  the 
mountain  ridges  are  the  fertile  valleys, 
on  which  are  placed  the  body  of  the 
population  of  tlie  county.  The  princi- 
pal mountains  of  Luzej-ne  are  the  fol- 
lowing; Wyoming  mountains  on  each 
side  of  Sasquehannah  river;  and  forming 
tlie  valley  of  Wyoming.  The  local  names 
of  those  two  ridges  are  Bullock  moun- 
tain SE ;  and  Shawaney  mountain  NW. 
The  over-height  oi  Bullock  mountain 
1000,  and  that  of  Shawaney  850  feet 
above  the  Susquehannah  rivi-r.  From  the 
summit  of  (.ne  mountain  to  that  of  the 
other  opposite  Wilke&barre,  by  the  road 
65,  hut  by  an  air  line  5^  miles  At  the 
toot  of  each  mountain  are  the  small  hills, 
consequently,  the  broken  ground  occu- 
pies more  space  than  the  real  bases 
of  the  mountain.  At  Wilkesbarre,  the 
level  plain  on  the  W  side  extends 
about  1}  niile  from  the  river,  but  on  the 
E  side  only  about  half  a  mile.  Upon 
the  latter,  the  town  of  Wilkesbarre  is 
situated.  The  Ntscoptck  mountain,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Nescopeck  creek,  is  a 
range  nearly  of  simitar  height,  with  those 
of  Wyoming,  and  parallel  to  them.  The 
Nescopeck    forms   a  regular  m\broken 

54'? 


ridge,  nearly  destitute  of  timber  ou  it^; 
summit ;  and  reaches  from  the  Susque- 
hannah, nearly  to  the  Lehigh.  Hell  Kitch- 
en mountain,  commences  at  the  head  of 
Nfcscopeck  valley,  and  extends  NE  to- 
wards the  Lehigh.  It  is  a  high  rocky 
and  barren  ridge,  naked  of  timber  on  its 
summit,  where  only  sm«ll  shrubbt  ry  find 
support.  From  the  NW  slope  of  this 
mountain  flows  Hell  Kuchen  creek,  a 
small  branch  of  Nescopeck. 

Sugar  loaf  mountain  is  an  isolated  py- 
ramidal peak  rising  from  Ni-scopt-ck 
valley.  Mahoopeny  mountain  is  a  mere 
spur  of  Bowman's  mountain.  See  Bow- 
man's mountains,  and  Lackawannock. 
mountain. 

The  Wyoming,  Lackawannock,  and 
Buck  mountains  all  produce  mineral 
coal  of  the  Autheacite  species.  It  forms 
an  important  article  of  commerce  from 
Luzerne  county. 

The  valleys  of  Luzerne,  are  the  fol- 
lowing Valley  of  Wyoming,  about  20 
miles  long  and  5  wide,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  which 
enters  it  at  its  NE  extremity  through 
the  precipitous  gap  in  the  Shawanese 
range.  The  river  traverses  the  valley 
in  a  serpentine  course,  and  leaves  it  by 
a  gap  called  Nantikoke  falls.  In  this 
valley  stand  the  towns  of  Wilkesbarre 
and  Kingston  opposite  to  each  other. 
This  is  the  most  populous  valley  in  the 
country,  the  soil  is  exuberantly  fertile, 

Nescopeck  valley  lies  on  both  sides  of 
Nescopeck  creek,  and  between  Nesco- 
peck, and  Buck  mountains.  It  is  about 
20  miles  long  and  5  miles  wide,  and  does 
not  extend  to  the  river.  In  point  of  soil 
it  stands  next  to  Lackawannock  valley, 
but  the  soil  ot  Nescopeck  is  soi.ewhat 
superior.     See  Lackawannock  Valley. 

Tunkhannock  valley  is  very  irregular 
and  crooked  about  a  mile  wide  ;  lessen- 
ing in  some  places  to  halt  a  mile,  and 
about  25  miles  long,  and  reaches  from  the 
Susquehannah  river  into  Susquehannah 
county.  In  proportion  to  its  width,  it  is 
well  cultivated  and  populous. 

Mahoopeny  valley,  lies  along  Mahoo- 
peny creek  ;  is  narrow,  irregular  and 
thinly  peopled.  Its  length  about  20  miles 
from  the  river.  Its  opening  to  the  river 
is  in  Braintrim  township  in  the  NW  part 
of  the  county. 

All  the  streams  of  Luzerne,  are  rapid 
and  supply  in  an  indefinite  number  of 
places  excellent  sites  for  water  works. 

About  one  fiftieth  part  of  the  whole 
county  is  already  cleared  and  cultiva- 
ted ;  and  not  more  than  one  third  will 
admit  of  agriculture.  For  pastoral  pur- 
poses the  proportion  to  the  whole  will 
be  larger. 


L  U  /' 


L.    k    C 


Tbe  mountain  timber  of  Luzerue,  is 
various  species  of  oak,  thinly  admixed 
with  yellow  pitch,  and  white  pine,  of  a 
small  growth.  On  the  hills,  timber  be- 
comes larger,  and  more  numerous  in 
species  ;  the  oak  and  pine  being  mixed 
with  hickory,  wild  cherry,  beach,  birch, 
and  hemlock.  In  the  northern  parts  of 
the  country,  4  or  5  miles  trom  the  Sus- 
quehannah  sugar  maple  is  very  abun- 
dant, and  mixed  with  an  immense  quan- 
tity of  beech,  and  hemlock,  the  latter 
peculiarly  abounding  on  the  lowlands.  In 
the  southern  part  of  the  country,  the  low 
grounds  or  valleys,  generally  produce 
yellow  pine,  white  pine,  oak,  and  hick- 
ory, and  occasionally  buttonwood.  Black 
walnut  is  common  to  the  dry  rich  soil  of 
the  whole  county. 

The  only  minerals  yet  found  in  any 
considerable  quantity  in  Luzerne,  are 
iron  and  coal  Two  forges  for  the  ma- 
nufacture of  iron  have  been  erected, 
one  in  Lackawannock,  the  other  in  Nan- 
tikoke  valley.  Staples  of  Luzerne,  grain 
flour,  whiskey,  lumber,  and  coal.  Chief 
town,  Wilkesbarre,  Kingston,  and  Stcd- 
dartsville. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


9,347 
8,663 


Total  whites        -        -                -  18,010 
All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  99 

Slaves 0 


Tetal  population  in  1810 


18,109 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       16,670 

do.     do.  females     ...         9,244 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

cot  taxed  ...  O 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    . 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        - 
do.    females 


20,027 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these  ; 

!■■..; '-';,, lei's  not  nat  •r.il!':<^d          -  153 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        ■  2,9.R2 

do.        in  .Manufactures           •.  286 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  95 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Luzerne,  township  of  Fayette  county 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  great  bend  of  the 
Monongahela,  opposite  Ten-mile  creek, 
12  miles  NVV  from  Union.  Population 
1820,  1610. 


ILUzeme,  to'ifnship  of  Wart'eli  eciUiaty 
New  Yoi-k,  on  the  Hudson  10  miles  W 
from  Sandyhill.     Population  1820,  1430. 

Luzzara,  strong  town  of  Italy,  on  the 
confines  of  the  duchii  s  of  Mantua  and 
Gaustalla,  near  the  conlluence  of  the 
Crostola  with  the  Po.  Here  a  battle 
was  fought  between  the  French  and 
Spaniards,  in  1702,  when  each  side 
claimed  the  victory.  It  is  10  miles  S  of 
M.mtua.    Lon.  10  50  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Luzzi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  near  the  river  Crate,  three 
miles  S  of  Bisignano. 

I.ycham,  town  in  Norfolk,  wh  se  mar- 
ket is  disused.  It  is  24  miles  W  by  N 
of  Norwick,  and  92  NNE  of  London. 

Lycoming;  county  of  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  ; 
bounded  SE  by  Columbia;  S  by  North- 
umberland Union,  and  Centre  ;  W  by 
Clearfield  and  M'Kean  ;  N  by  Potter, 
Tioga,  and  Bradford ;  and  E  by  Luzerne. 
Length  92  ;  width  25 ;  and  area  2290 
square  miles.  In  many  respects,  a  strong 
resemblance  exists  between  Lycomirg 
and  Luzerne  counties,  though  the  for- 
mer is  less  mountainous  than  the  latti  r. 
Lycoming  is  traversed  from  VV  to  E  by 
the  VV  branch  of  Susquehannah  and 
drained  by  numerous  large  creeks  or 
small  rivers  flowing  principally  from  the 
N  and  NE,  such  as  the  Sinnamahoning, 
Kettle  creek,  Pinecn  ek,  Loyalsock,  and 
Muney  creeks.  Soil  timber  productions 
and  staples  nearly  the  same  as  those  no- 
ticed under  the  head  of  Luzerne.  Chief 
town  VViiliamsport. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      5,740 
do.     do.    females  -        -      5,200 

Total  whites  -        -        -         10,940 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        -  64 

Slaves  .        .        -        .        .  2 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  mules        -        .        . 

do.    do.    females     -         .        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  tiixcfl 

Total  whites       -  .        . 

Free  pcj— V:  of  colour,  males  - 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do.     females  -         -         - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Fo>'pri?ners  not  naturalized  • 

Ti43 


11,006 


6,695 
6,680 


13,517 


441 


L  V  M 


L  YN 


Engagifd  in  Agriculture  -       2,010 

do.        in  Maiuifac'ures  -  543 

do.       in  C  inirnerce         -         -  22 

Popalation  to  the  sq's.ire  mile,  G  nearly. 

Lycoming,  township  of  Lycorning 
county  Pennsvlvania,  extending  from  the 
W  branch,  up  Lvcoming  creek,  and  conn- 
mencing  at  Nt  wry.  2  nniirs  above  VVil- 
liamsp  rt.     P^pulatii-n  1820.  1210. 

Lycoming,  small  river  of  Lycoming 
county  Pennsylvania,  rising  in  the  south- 
ern b  rder  of  Bradfnrd,  leading  with  the 
Towanda,  and  flowing  SW,  falls  into  the 
W  branch,  2  miles  abcive  Williamsport. 

Lydd,  populous  town  in  Kent,  with  a 
mark'-t  on  Thursday.  It  is  a  member  of 
the  cinque  port  of  Romney,  and  seated 
in  R«mney  Marsh,  26  miles  S  of  Can- 
terbury, and  71  SE  of  London.  Lon.  1 
4  E.  lat.  50  i8  N. 

Lydsing,  village  in  Kent,  near  Grave- 
send.  In  this  village  600  youni;  Nor- 
mans, who  came  over  with  Alfred  and 
Edward,  the  sons  of  Ethelr<-d.  :fter  the 
death  of  Canute,  to  take  possession  of 
their  father's  throne,  were  massacred  by 
G'irlwin  ear!  of  Kent. 

Lyesse,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmprit  "f  the  Nurth,  and  late  province 
of  Hainatilt  15  mi'es  E  of  Landrecy. 
Lon  4  lOE.  !at.  50  6  N. 

Lyman,  tdaii  hip  of  York  comity,  M^ine, 
27  mil'-^  N  from  York.  Population  in 
18  U  1387. 

Lyme,  t  iwnship  of  Grafton  county,  New 
Hampshire,  containing  1670  i'haHitants  in 
1810.  li  is  sitiiat- d  on  the  K  s  de  of  Con- 
necticut river,  between  Hanover  and  Ox- 
ford, ahout  8  miles  N  of  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege. Popn'ation  in  1810,  1670  ;  and  in 
1820.   1824. 

Lyme,  post  village  of  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire. 

Lyme,  post  tuwn  in  New  London  cnunty» 
Connecticut,  on  the  E  bank  of  Connecticut 
river,  and  on  Long  Island  Sound,  18  miles 
SW  of  New  London,  in  the  lat.  of  41  25  N, 
and  lon.  72  4C  E.  Population  in  1820, 
4069, 

Lyme,  township  of  Jefferson  county. 
New  York,  ^>n  lake  On'ario.  Population  in 
1820,  1724. 

I,yme.  township  in  the  western  borders 
of  Ihiron  county,  Ohio,  Population  in 
1820   235. 

Lyme  Req-is,  borough  and  seaport  of 
Dorsetshire,  with  a  market  on  Friday.  It 
is  seated  on  thtr  declivity  of  a  craggy  hi!!, 
on  the  river  Lyme,  which  runs  through  it, 
at  the  head  of  a  little  inlet ;  and  from  which 
it  takfs  its  name,  and  its  harbour  is  formed 
by  a  noble  pier,  called  the  Cobb.  Lyme  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  tv.'o  mem- 
bers to  parliament.     It  is  2«  m;!e''  F.  b"  S 


of  Exeter,  and  143  W  by  S  of  London 
Lon.  SOW,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Lymington,  borough  and  seaport  ir 
Hants,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  i- 
seated  about  a  mile  from  the  chann-il  callec 
the  Needles,  and  the  h;trbour  will  admit 
vessels  of  considerable  burden.  It  is  seat- 
ed  on  a  hign  hill,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliimen*,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  is  12  miles  SSW  of  Southampton,  and 
90  SW  of  London.  Lon.  1  42  W,  lat.  50 
45  N, 

Lynchburg;  post  town  in  Campbell  coun- 
ty, Virginia ;  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
James'  river,  118  miles  W  of  Richmond, 
and  128  W  by  N  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  W 
C  2  16  W,  lat.  57  18  N.  This  town  has 
advanced  with  great  rapidity  within  the 
last  20  years.  It  'vas  incorporated  in  1805, 
and  it  now  contains,  beside  the  nrdinary 
county  buildings  and  places  of  pubbc  wor- 
ship, 7  or  8  tobacco  warehouses,  in  which 
from  10  to  15,000  hogsheads  of  tobacco  are 
annually  inspected,  3  or  4  flour  mills,  1 
paper  mill,  1  carding  machine,  3  or  4  cot- 
ton and  woollen  manufactories,  near  50  dry 
good  stores,  and  upwards  of  20  grocery 
stores,  with  4  book  stores.  It  is  an  empo- 
nium  for  the  trade  of  an  extensive,  fertile, 
and  well  cultivated  interior.  James'  river 
being  navigable  for  batteaux  from  here  to 
Richmond,  the  tobacco,  wheat,  floiir,  hemp, 
whiskey,  »nd  beef,  are  embarked  and  sent 
down  by  water.  Population  about  6000. 
A  marble  manufactory  has  been  also  estab- 
lished, a  circumstance  very  illustrative  of 
weahh  and  taste. 

Lynches  Creek,  so  called,  river  which 
rises  in  Nor*b  Carolina,  a  few  miles  west  of 
Sneadsborough,  and  flowing  south,  enters 
South  Carolina  between  Lancaster  and 
Chesterfield  districts,  and  assuming  a  south- 
east c'lurse,  flows  through  South  Carolina 
falls  into  the  Great  Pedee.  The  entire 
length  of  Lynch's  creek  by  comparative 
courses,  exceeds  100  miles. 

Lynch  Lake,  post  village,  Williamsburg 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Lyudeborough,  township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  10  miles  NW 
from  Amherst.     Population  in  1820,  1168. 

Lyndhurst,  village  in  Hants,  in  the  New 
Forest.  'Here  is  a  seat,  which  belongs  to 
the  ddke  ot  Gloucester,  as^lord  warden  of 
the  New  Forest.  It  is  seven  miles  N  of 
Lymingtcn. 

Lyndon,  post  village  and  tow^nship,  Cale- 
donia county,  Vermont,  33  miles  NE  from 
Montpelier,     Population  1100. 

Lynn,  town  in  Essex  county,  Massachu- 
setts, famous  for  the  manufactory  of  wo- 
men's shoes  It  has  a  post  office,  and  is 
situated  10  miles  NE  of  Boston,  and  five 
SW  of  Salem,  in  the  lit,  of  42  28  N,  and 
lon.  of  70  52  W.  Populatioa  in  1820, 
45  L'--, 


M  A  C 


M  A  C 


Lynn,  western  township  of  Lehif^li  coviti. 
ty,  Pennsylvania.  It  joins  Berks  and 
Schuylkill  counties,  and  is  situated  be- 
tween West  Penns  and  Weissenberg  town- 
ships. Population  in  1810,  149r ;  and  in 
1820,  1654. 

Lynn  Canal,  or  Strait,  NW  coast  of 
North  America,  winds  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion from  the  northern  extremity  of  Cha- 
tham strait,  of  which  it  is  in  reality  a  con- 
tinuance. Lon.  \V  C  57  43  \V,  lat.  of  its 
entrance  58  12  N. 

Lynn  Creek,  post  office,  Giles  county, 
Tennessee. 

Ijynnfield,  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  VV  from  Salem,  and 
11  miles  N  from  Boston.  PopuLtion  in 
1820,  596, 

Lynn/inven  Hay,  is  a  curve  of  the  CUesa- 
peak  at  its  southern  extremity,  between 
Hampton  Roads  and  Cape  JTenry. 

Lynn  Jieg-is,  or  Jiang's  Linn,  borough 
and  seaport  in  Norfolk,  42  miles  \\?^X\V  of 
Norwich,  and  106  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon. 
0  24  E,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Lynn  River,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
Upper  Canada,  rises  in  the  township  of 
Windham,  and  runnincj  from  thence  south- 
erly thro'icrh  the  township  of  Woodhouse, 
empties  itself  into  lake  Erie,  where  it  has 
about  three  feet  water  on  the  bar;  it  is  a 
good  harbour  for  hu'teaux. 

Lyonois,  late  province  of  France,  which, 
with  t 'at  of  Forez,  forms  the  department 
of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Lyons,  second  city  of  France  for  beauty, 
commerce,  and  opulence.  It  is  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  Tliioneand  Loire,  and 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  tiie  Rhone 
and  Sitone.  it  was  founded  a!>out  the 
year  42  B.  C.  by  the  Romans,  who  mnde  it 
the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  ihe  Gauls. 
About  the  year  145,  it  was  totally  destroy- 
ed by  fire,  but  was  re-built  by  the  munifi- 


cence of  Nera.  Many  antiquities  are  still 
observed,  that  evince  its  Roman  origin. 
Lyons  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  be- 
fore its  recent  calamities  contained  150,000 
inhabitants,  upwards  of  30,000  of  whom 
were  employed  in  various  manufactures, 
particularly  of  rich  stuffs,  of  the  most  ex- 
quisite workmanship,  in  silk,  gold,  sdver, 
&c.  The  quays  were  adorned  with  mag- 
nificent structures.  The  Hotel-de-ville 
vied  with  that  of  .\msterdam  ;  and  the 
theatre  was  not  surpassed  by  any  in 
France.  The  other  principal  public  Ijuiid- 
ings  were  the  H^itel  de  Dieu,  the  Hospital 
of  Charity,  the  Exchange,  the  Cusiom- 
House,  the  Palace  of  Justice,  the  Arsenal, 
a  public  library,  and  two  colleges.  The 
bridge,  which  unites  tlie  city  with  the 
suburb  de  la  Guillotierc,  is  1560  feet  long; 
and  there  are  three  other  principal  suburbs, 
six  gates,  and  several  fine  churches.  No 
city  of  France  suffered  so  much  from  the 
revolution  as  Lyons ;  its  popidation  was 
reduced  to  less  than  80,000.  It  is  again 
rapidly  increasing,  and  contains  it  is  proba- 
ble 130,000  inhabitants.  This  city  is  15 
miles  N  of  Vienne,  and  220  SE  of  Pans. 
Lon   4  55  E,  lat.  45  46  N, 

Lyons,  township  and  po't  village,  Onta- 
rio county.  New  York.  The  village  is  ele- 
gantly situated  on  the  Erie  canal,  15  miles 
N  from  Geneva.  Population  in  1820, 
3972. 

Lyon's  Creek,  in  the  county  of  Lincoln, 
Upper  Canada,  discharges  itself  nto  Chip- 
pewa river,  in  the  township  of  Willou^^hby, 
no    f,r  above  the  mouth  of  that  nvcr. 

Lyons,  Gulf  of,  that  curve  of  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  betweeil  Catalonia  and  the 
gulf  of  Genoa. 

Lysnnder,  township  of  Onandago  county. 
New  York,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Onon- 
dago  or  Oswego  and  Seneca  rivers,  20 
miles  N  from  Onondago. 


M 


3T(uitea,  oneoftiie  Society  Isles  in  the 
South  Sea.     See  Society  Isles. 

Jlfdbra,  tow  n  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Bona,  W  of  the  town 
of  B  ;na. 

JMac  .Hli.':ter's- Cross  Roads,  post  office, 
Montgomery  county,  Tennessef. 

Macao,  town  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Canton,  in  an  island  at  the  entrance  of 
the  bay  of  Canton.  It  is  defended  by 
three  forts.  The  Portuguese  have  been  in 
possession  of  the  harbour  since  1640. 
They  pay  a  tribute  of  100,000  ducats  for 
the  liberty  of  choosing  their  own  magis 
trati^-s,  exercising  their  r<-ligion,  and  living 
according  to  their  own  laws ;  and  here,  ac- 
cordinglv,  is  a  Portugvicse  govcrr.or,  as 
3  Z 


well  as  a  Chinese  mandarin,  to  tike  care  of  ' 
the  town  and  the  neighbouring  country. 
The  British  and    ome  other  European  na- 
tions have  factories  in  this  place.     Lon.  113 
46  E,  lat.  22  12  N. 

Jllccarsca,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  with  a 
pretty  good  harbour  and  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25  miles  SE 
of  Snalatro.     Lon.  18  7  E,  lat.  43  49  N. 

JStacas      See  ,l\fajas. 

Macassar,  kingdom  of  Celebes,  whence 
that  island  is  called  Macassar.  See  Ce/e- 
bes 

Macassar,  large  town  of  the  island  of 
Celebes,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
nnme.     The  houses  are  all  of  wood,  sup- 
ported by  thick  posts,  and  the  roofs  cover- 
515 


M  A  C 


M  A  G 


eJ  with  veiy  large  leaves ;  tliey  liave  lad- 
ders to  ascend  mta  them,  which  they  draw 
up  as  soon  as  they  have  entered.  It  is 
seated  near  the  mcuth  of  a  'arge  river, 
which  runs  through  the  kingdom  from  N 
to  S.     Lon.  117  28  E,  lat.  5  0  S. 

Macassar,  Straits  of,  between  Borneo  and 
Celebes. 

Macauleu's  Store,  post  office,  Montgome- 
ry county.  North  Carolina. 

Mac  Callus  Bridge,  post  office,  York 
county,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  south  from 
Lancaster. 

Mac  Connekto-mi,  post  town,  Bedford 
county,  Pennsylvania,  19  miles  W  from 
Chanibersburg. 

Macclesfield,  corporate  town  in  Cheshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  seated  at 
the  edge  of  a  forest  of  the  same  name,  near 
the  river  Bolin,  and  governed  by  a  mayor. 
It  has  manufactures  of  mohair,  twist  hat- 
bands,  buttons,  and  tiiread ;  and  mills  for 
the  winding  of  silk.  It  is  36  miles  E  of 
Chester,  and  171  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
17  W,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Mac  Connellsville,     See  M}  Connellsville. 

Mac  Culloch's  Mills,  post  office,  Albe- 
marle county,  Virginia. 

Mac  Cutchensville.  See  M'Cutchem- 
ville. 

Mac  Danielsville,  post  village,  Spartan- 
burg district.  South  Carolina. 

Macdonoiigh,  township  of  Chenango 
county,  New  York.  Population  in  1820, 
789.  " 

Macedonia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Servia  and 
Bulgaria,  on  the  E  by  Romania  and  the 
Archipelago,  on  the  S  by  Livadia,  and  on 
the  W  by  that  country  and  Albania.  Salo- 
nichi  ancient  Thessalonia,  is  the  capital. 
Present  population  700,000. 

Macerata,  handsome  populous  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  with  a 
bishop's  see  and  a  university.  It  is  sea'ed 
near  the  mouniain  Ciiiento,  12  miles  SW 
of  Loretto.     Lon.  13  27  E,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Mac  Farland's,  post  office,  Lunenburg 
county,  Virginia,  about  60  miles  SW  from 
Richmond. 

J\rac  Gaheifs,  post  office,  Rockingham 
county,  Virginia. 

Machecou,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne,  seated  on  tiie  Tenu,  20 
miles  SW  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  11  W,  lat. 
47  2  N. 

Macherry,  town  oF  Ilindoostan  proper, 
situated  in  the  province  of  Mewat,  about 
72  miles  distant  from  Delhi. 

Machian,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  20 
miles  in  circumference,  and  the  most  fer- 
tile of  them  all.  It  produces  the  best 
cloves,  and  the  Dutch  have  here  three 
jnaccessible  forts.  Lon.  126  55  E,  lat. 
0  2  S. 

Mr. 


Macluas,  maritime  township,  Washings 
ton  county,  Maine,  on  the  W  side  of  Ma- 
chias  river.  Lat.  44  44  N,  and  lon.  67  34 
W.  The  principal  vinagc ,  post  office  and 
seat  of  justice  for  the  county,  is  at  the 
falls  in  iVIachias  river.  On  the  east  branch, 
there  is,  however,  another  fine  village  with 
a  post  office.  The  principal  exports  from 
this  place  is  lumber.  Population  in  1810, 
1570. 

Machicaco,  promontory  of  Spain,  in  the 
bay  of  Biscay.     Lon.  3  0  W,  lat.  43  37  N. 

Machynleih,  town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated  on  the 
Douay,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  lead- 
ing into  Merionethshire.  It  is  57  miles  W 
of  Montgomery,  and  198  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Mackenzie's  River,  or  Unjigah  River,  OP 
Peace  River,  an  immense  stream  of  North 
America,  rising  in  the  Chippewan  moun- 
tains, lon,  W  C  40  W,  and  lat.  52^  N.  Thiij 
is  the  Elk  river,  which  flows  XE  to  lat.  58, 
enters  the  Athapescow  lake,  by  which  it 
receives  from  the  NE  a  very  large  accession 
of  water.  A  short  distance  below  the  At- 
thapescow  discharge,  the  proper  Peace 
enters  from  the  SW.  The  united  stieams 
continue  NNW  to  about  lat.  61  30,  where 
the  whole  mass  is  lost  in  Great  Slave  lake, 
a  body  of  water  extending  nearly  east  and 
west  upwards  of  300  miles.  At  the  ex- 
treme NW  part  of  the  lake  Mackenzie's 
river  is  discharged,  which  assuming  a 
course  of  a  little  W  of  NW,  enters  the 
Arctic  ocean  at  lat.  69  N,  and  56  W  from 
Washington.  The  entire  course  of  this 
great  river  pas.^es  through  172  degrees  of 
latitude,  and  with  its  difference  of  longi- 
tude and  windings,  exceeds  2000  miles  in 
Ipng'.h. 

Macintosh,  county  of  Georgia ;  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  Alatema- 
hah  river,  or  Glynn,  and  Wayne  SW ; 
and  Liberty  NW,  and  NE.  Length  40 ; 
mean  width  14;  and  area  560  square 
miles.  Surface  level,  and  soil,  in  part 
sandy  Chief  town  Darien.  Staples  su- 
gar, and  cotton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...  386 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -  375 


Total  whites  .        .        - 

AU  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males         -         -         . 

do.  do.     females      -         .         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         - 


M  A  (; 


M  A  r 


Tetal  whites 

I'pee  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females   ■ 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  A.(:jriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  9. 

][Iac  Kean,  county  of  Pennsylvania ; 
bounded  by  Cleartield  S  ;  Jefferson  SW  ; 
Wener  W ;  Cattarangus,  and  Alleghany 
counties  of  New  York  N ;  Potter  E ; 
and  Lycoming  SE.  Length  42  ;  width 
25 ',  and  area  1442.  Surface  hilly,  and 
soil  generally  of  middling  quality.  Chief 
town  Smith  port. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males         .        -        -  93 

do.    do.     females      ...  48 


1,343  Population  in  1820. 

36  Free  white  males 

35  do.   do.    females    -        -        . 

1,890  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

1,825  not  taxed 


741 


5,129 


23 

205 

0 

48 


Total  whites       .        -        -        - 

1,452 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

12 

do.             do.      females 

6 

Slaves,  males      -        .        .        - 

68 

do.    females            ... 

85 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,62 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed      

Slaves         .        .        -        -        - 


141 


Total  population  in  1810     -        -  142 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       .       -        . 

Total  whites       ....  727 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

d®              do.      females  1 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  0 

do.    females            .        -        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820,  -  728 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  380 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  25 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  10 

Population  to  tiie  square  mile,  Ij. 

Mac  Mimjille,  post  town  and  .seat  of 
justice,  Warren  county,  Tennessee,  70 
miles  SE  from  Nashville. 

Macomb,  couity  uf  Michigan,  bounded 
E  by  St.  Clair  river  and  lake  ;  S  by 
Wayne  county  :  SW  by  Oekland  county  ; 
to  the  N  uncertain.  Extent  in  square 
miles  also  uncertain.  Surface  moderate- 
ly hiily.  and  soil  excellent. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males       ...  465 

do.   do.    females    ...  431 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


415    Total  whites       -         -         -         - 

311    Free  persons  of  cclour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females, 

0    Slaves, 


89G 
2 
0 
0 


J    Total  populatioHyin  1820    - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do         in  M;»nufactures 
do.         in  Commerce 


869 


22 

241 

2i 

1 


1 

212 
15 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  ^. 

Mackey's  vilk,  post  village  Burke 
county  North  Carolina. 

Mac  Minn,  county  of  Tennessee ; 
bounded  SE  by  Monroe  ;  SW  by  High 
Wassee  river  ;  NW  by  Rhea ;  and  NE 
by  Roane  and  Blount.  Length  30,  mean 
■width  20 ;  and  area  600  square  miles. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  varied.  Chieitown 
Calhoun. 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncer- 
tain. 

Macon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone,  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  lately  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  t;ood  wine  ;  and 
is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near 
the  Saone,  35  miles  N  of  Lyons,  and  188 
SE  of  Paris. 

Maconsville,  post  village  Northam- 
ton  county  North  Carolina. 

Macres,  river  of  Africa,  which  runs 
across  the  kingdom  of  Tripoli,  and  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean,  a  little  to  the  E 
of  Lebed.^. 

MacrU  ancient  town  of  Samos,  in  the 
Archipelago. 

547 


M  A  n 


y 


Macronissi,  ancient  Helen,  small  is- 
iand  ot"  Greece  S  from  Atiica. 

Macungij,  township  nt  Lvbi  :h  ccmty, 
Pciinsyivhnia,  on  the  LittU-  Ltiugh  nvtr, 
between  Upper  Milforcl  and  Wi-.-ssen- 
burg,  5  miles  SW  from  Allentown,  Po 
pulatioji  1820,  2S02 

Macziia,  small  island  on  the  Red  Sea, 
near  the  cast  of  Abex. 

Madagascar,  large  island  of  Africa, 
dlscove'-ed  by  tiie  Portuguese,  in  1492. 
It  lies  40  leagues  E  of  the  continent  of 
Africa,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  strait  of  Mosambique.  It  extends 
900  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  is  from  200 
to  300  broad.  The  natives  are  common- 
ly tall,  well  made,  and  of  olive  complex- 
ion, and  some  of  them  pretty  black. 
They  are  civil  and  goijd  natured  peo- 
ple but  easily  provoked,  and  apt  to  show 
their  resentment  on  the  least  provoca- 
tion. Their  hair  is  not  wooly,  like  that 
of  the  negroes  of  Guinea  ;  but  it  is  al- 
ways black,  and  for  the  most  part  curls 
naturally  :  th  ir  nose  is  small  though  not 
flat,  and  they  have  not  thick  lips.  The 
abundance  and  variety  of  pr  visions  of 
every  kind,  which  a  fine  climate  and 
fertile  soil  can  produce  are  on  no  part  of 
the  globe  superior  to  those  of  Madagas- 
car. The  Fr.nch  have  attempted  to 
settle  here,  but  have  always  been  repel- 
led. There  are  only  some  parts  on  the 
coast  yet  known.  Lat.  from  12  to  26  S. 
Madale7ia,  river.  See  Magdalena. 
Madbtrry,  township  of  Stafft  rd  coun- 
ty New  Hampshire,  ll'miles  NW  from 
Portsmouth,     Poj)ulation  1820,  559. 

Madensborough,  toxvnship  of  Bucking- 
ham county  Lower  Canada  12  miles  SE 
from  Three  Rivers. 

Maderia,  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
120  miles  in  circumference,  and  240  N 
by  E  of  Teneriffe  In  1419,  wien  the  Por- 
tuguese, uncier  the  patronage  of  prince 
Henry,  had  made  their  second  voyage  to 
their  recently  >!iscovLred  island  of  Por- 
to Santo,  they  observed  towards  the  S, 
a  fixed  spot  in  the  horizon,  like  a  small 
black  cloud.  By  degrees,  they  were  led 
to  conjecture  that  it  might  be  land,  and 
steering  toward  it,  they  arrived  at  a  con- 
siderable island,  uninhabited,  and  cover- 
ed with  wood,  which  on  that  account, 
they  called  Maderia  Prince  Henry,  the 
next  year,  settled  a  col'Miy  here,  and  not 
only  furnished  it  with  the  seeds  and 
plants,  and  domestic  animals  common  in 
Europe,  but  he  procured  slpj,  of  the 
vine  from  (Cyprus,  the  rich  wines  of 
which  were  then  in  gr^at  request,  and 
plants  of  the  sugar  cane  frf)m  Sicily,  into 
which  it  had  been  i:4tr-ly  introduced. 
These  throve  so  pr  sp' musly.  that  the 
sugar  and  wine  of  Maderia  quickly  be- 
548 


came  articles  of  some  consequence  m  the 
commerce  of  Portugal ;  but  its  wit^«,  in 
parti rui)i'.r,  is  ii   t;,e  hi:.;hP3t  estimation, 
especially  sucii  as  had  been  a  voyage  to 
the  East  or  West  Indies,  tor  it  matures 
best  in  the  hottest  climate.    The  scorch- 
ing hc-at  of  summer,  and  the  icy  chill 
of  winter,  are   here  equally  unknown ; 
spring    and     autumn    reign    continual- 
ly,    and    produce     Howers,   and    fruits 
throughout  the  year.     Many  brooks  and 
small    rivulets  descend  from  the   moun- 
tains in  deep  chasms  or  glens,  which  se- 
p.f  ate  the  various  parts  of  the  island. 
the   beds   of   the   brooks  are    in  some 
places  covered  with  stones  of  all  sizes, 
carried  down  from  the  higher  parts  by 
thf  violence  of  winter  rains  or  floods  of 
melted 'snow.    The  water  is  conducted 
by  weers  and  channels  in  the  vineyards, 
where  each  proprietor  has  the  use  of  it 
for  a  certain  time  ;   some  being  allowed 
to  keep  a  constant  supply  of  it,  some  to 
use  it  thrice,   others  twice,   and  others 
only  once  a   week.    As  the  heat  of  the 
climate  renders  the  supply  of  water  to 
the  vineyards  absolutely  necessary,  it  is 
not  Without  great  expense  that  a  new 
vineyard  can  be  planted  :  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  v/hich,  the  owners  must  pur- 
chase water  at  a  high  price,  from  those 
who  are   constantly  supplied,    and  are 
thus  enabled  to  spare  son?.e  of  it.     The 
cedar  tree  is  found  in  great  abundance, 
and   extremely  beautiful ;  most  of  the 
ceilings   and  furniture  at  Maderia   are 
made  of  that  wood,  which  yields  a  very 
fragrant  smell.    The  dragon  tree  is  a 
native  of  this  island.     Flowers  nursed  in 
the  English  greenhouses  grow  wild  here 
in   the   iields ;    the  hedges    are   mostly 
formed  of  the  myrtle,  rose,  jassamine, 
and   honeysuckle  ;   while  the  larkspur, 
fleur-de-lis,  lupin,  &c.  spring  up  sponta- 
neously in  the  meadows.  There  are  very 
few  reptiles  to  be  seen  in  the  island ;  the 
lizard  is  the  most  common.  Canary  birds 
and  gddfinclies  are  found  in  the   moun- 
tains ;   of  the  former  numbers  are  sent 
every  year  to  England.     This   island  is 
well  watered  and  populous.     Funchal  is 
the  capital. 

Madera,  river  of  South  America,  one 
of  the  great  southern  confluents  of  the 
Amazon,  rises  as  far  south  as  lat.  20  S. 
interl*  eking  sources  with  the  Pilcomays, 
and  Ucayale,  flowing  thence  nearly  due 
N  to  S  lat.  10  ;  it  thence  turns  to  NE 
and  enters  the  Amazon  at  lat.  3  S.  The 
Madera  is  one  of  the  largest  secondary 
rivers  of  the  globe. 

Madia  or  il/a§-§-/o,  town,  river,  valley, 
and  bailiwick  of  Swisserland,  in  Upper 
V,il!ais,  The  valley  is  long  and  nar- 
row, between  high,  mountains,  watered 


>r  A  I J 


M   A   IJ 


throughout  its  whole  length  by  tb.e  river 
and  it  is  the  fourth  transalpine  bailiwic. 
The  town  is  10  miles  NVV  of  Locarno. 

Madison,  township  of  Somerset  county 
Mair.e,  on  the  Kennebec  river  10  miles 
above  Norridgewock.  Population  1820, 
881, 

JilJadison,  county  of  New  York  ;  bound- 
ed by  Onondago  W,  Oneida  lake  !NW; 
Oneida  county  ISE;  Otsego  SE ;  and 
Chenango  S.  Length  28 ;  mean  width 
20  ;  and  area  560  square  miles.  It  occu- 
pies the  dividing  ground  between  the 
waters  flowing  into  the  Chenango,  and 
Unadilla  branches  of  Susquehannah  ;  the 
Chitinengo,  Oneida,  and  Canaserago 
creeks  entering  Oneida  lake ;  and  some 
creeks  flowing  into  the  Mohawk.  The 
surface  is  generally  hilly,  but  the  soil 
highly  fertile,  and  productive  in  grain, 
pasturage,  and  fruits.  Chieftowns  Ha- 
milton, Madison,  and  Cazenovia. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        12,796 

do.    do.    females  -        -        12,136 


Ridge,  or  Shanandoah,  coni'ity  ;  and  NE, 
and  E  by  Culpepper.  It  is  about  28 
miles  square;  and  has  an  -area  of  784 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  entirely  by 
various  creeks  of  the  Rapid  Ann  ;  the  sur- 
face is  moderately  hilly  and  soil  of  mid- 
dling qualitj'.  Staples  flour  and  tabacco. 
Chieftown  Madison. 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 
Slaves         

24,932 

177 
35 

Total  population  in  1810, 

25,144 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 

do.  do.  females 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 
/   not  taxed        .... 

16,280 
15,736 

0 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.      females   - 
Slaves,  males      .... 
do.  females 

32,016 

86 

96 

1 

9 

Total  population  In  1820 


52,208 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  67 

F.ngaged  in  Agriculture                .  .  5,884 

do.        in  Manufa'-'jires    -         >  1,085 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  77 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  57. 

Madison,  township  of  Madison  county 
New  Y(irk,  on  the  heads  of  Chenango 
river  and  Oi-iskany  creek,  22  miles  S\V 
from  Utica.     Population  1820,  2420. 

Madison,  township  of  Columbia  county 
Pennsylvania,  between  Greenwood  and 
Uerry,  5  miles  N  from  Danville.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  1330. 

Madisp?!,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
SE,  S,  and  SW,  by  Orange  county,  or 
the  Rapid  Ann  river ;  NW  by  the  Blue 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  wiiite  males 

. 

2,206 

do.    do.   females    • 

; 

2,117 

Total  vvliites 

4,323 

All  other  perions  except  Ind 

ians 

not  taxed 

. 

88 

Slaves         .... 

■ 

3,970 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

■ 

8,381 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

1,904 

do.     do.    females   - 

. 

1,896 

.\ll  other  persons  except  Indians 

!iot  taxed             -         .         . 

0 

Total  whites       ... 

3,800 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

. 

36 

do.     do.  fem-ales    . 

. 

42 

Slaves,  males      -        .        . 

. 

2,346 

do,     females 

. 

2,266 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

8,490 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -         6,319 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  110 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  15 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  lOA, 

Madiso?:,  post  village,  Madison  county, 
Virginia,  on  Robertson's  river  branch  of 
Rapid  Ann,  45  miles  W  from  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Madison,  post  village  of  Amherst 
county  Virginia  on  the  left  bank  of  James 
river,  opposite  Lynchburg. 

Madison,  county  of  Georgia  on  Broad 
river  ;  bounded,S  by  OgU  thorp ;  SW  by 
Clark  ;  W  by  Jackson  :  NW,  and  N  by 
Franklin  ;  and  NE  by  Elbert.  Length 
30 ;  mean  width  10 ;  and  area  300  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly  ;  but  soil  produc* 
tive.    Chieftown  Danielsville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        1,418 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,411 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites     -        -        -  2,826 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  2 

do.            do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males            -        -        _  433 

do.     females       -        -        _  471 

549 


M    A    i) 


Al    .\    J) 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,735 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -        1,217 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  65 

do.        in  Commerce  -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Madison  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Morgan  county  Georgia,  50  miles 
NNW  from  .^lilledgviile. 

Madison,  county  of  Alabama,  bound- 
ed N  by  Tennessee ;  E  by  Decatur  ; 
S  by  Tennessee  river  ;  and  W  by  Lime- 
stone county  in  Alabama.  Length  30 ; 
mean  width  20 ;  and  area  600  square 
miles.  Surface  diversified  by  hill  and 
dale,  and  soil  highly  fertile.  Staple  cot- 
ton.   Chief  town  Huntsville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,956 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,789 


Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    -        -        .        . 

Slaves         -  ... 


3,745 


6 
948 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -       4,699 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -       -       4,805 

do.    do.    females  -        -       4,008 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 


not  taxed 


Total  whites             -        -       -  8,813 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  28 

do.           do.        females,  18 

Slaves,  males            ...  4,585 

do.    females         -        -        -  4,037 


Total  population  in  1820  ^      17,481 

Population  to  the  squar6  mile,  29. 

Madison,  post  village,  Rhea  county 
Tennessee. 

Madison,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bound- 
ed by  C!av  SE ;  Rockcastle  S  ;  Garrand 
VV ;  Kentucky  river  or  Jessamine  NW ; 
Kentucky  river,  or  Fayette  and  Clark 
N  ;  and  Estili  E.  Length  38 ;  mean 
width  15 ;  and  area  570  square  miles. 
Chief  town  Richmond. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  nn.ales       .         .         -        6,504 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -        5,977 


Total  whites      -         -       .  -         -  12,481 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     .        -         -         .  22 

Slaves 3,037 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

.       15,540 

PoDul..t-.on  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

6,018 

do.   do.    females     - 

5,720 

550 

Total  whites       ....  11,738 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  35 

do.             do.      females  27 

Slaves,  males      ....  2,093 

do.    females    ....  2,081 


Total  population  in  1820    -        -       15,954. 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          .  9 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  4,422 

do.        in  Manufactures            .  189 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  38 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  28. 

Madison,  county,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Union,  E  by  Franklin,  S  by  Fayette, 
and  W  by  Clark  and  Champaign  coun- 
ties. It  is  about  28  miles  long  from  north 
to  south,  by  19  broad  from  E  to  W ; 
and  contains  400  square  miles.  This 
county  contains  extensive  bodies  of  fine 
land,  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  and 
grazing.  One  of  the  staples  of  the 
county  is  neat  cattle,  which  are  sent  to 
Detroit,  Pittsburg,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  places.    Chief  town,  Loudon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        -  876 

do.  do.    females,     -        -        -  714 


Total  whites        ....  1,590 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          ....  13 

Slaves          0 

Total  population  in  1810      -        -  1,603 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  2,530 

do.  do.    females              -        -  2,247 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.    females   - 

Slaves,  males 

do.    females  -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Madison,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty Ohio,    Population  1820,  1039. 

Madison,  township  of  Muskingum 
county  Ohio,  east  from  Muskingum  ri- 
ver, and  containing  the  villai;e  of  Hay- 
market.    Population  1820,  583.. 

Madison,  township  in  the  NE  part  of 
Higland  county.    Population  1820,  1112. 


4,777 

12 

10 

0 

0 

4,799 


5 

826 

90 

10 


M  A  D 


M  A  D 


Madison,  post  village,  and  NE  town- 
ship of  GeangA  county  Ohio.  Grand  ri- 
ver traverses  through  this  township. 
Population  1820,  9^1.' 

Madison,  township  of  Richland  coun- 
ty Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the  village 
of  Mansfield.    Population  18'J0,  552, 

Madison,  township  of  Licking  county. 
Population  1820,  524. 

Madison,  SE  township  of  Franklin 
county.     Population  1120,  1097. 

Madison,  NE  township  of  Pickaway 
county  Ohio.    Population  1820,  871. 

Madis'jn,  township  of  Guernsey  coun- 
ty Ohio.    Population  1820,  643. 

Madison,  township  of  Jackson  county 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  515. 

Madison,  NE  township  of  Sciota  coun- 
ty.    Population  1820,  591. 

Madison,  township  of  Fairfield  county 
Ohio.     Population  1820.  616. 

Madison,  SE  township  of  Clark  coun- 
ty Ohio.     Population  1820,  916. 

Madison,  township  of  Fayette  county 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  1220. 

Madison,  township  of  Montgomery 
county  Ohio,  west  from  Miami  river, 
and  adjoining;  to  the  county  of  Prebble. 
Population  1820,  1000. 

Madison,  post  village  Hamilton  coun- 
ty Ohio. 

Madison,  township  of  Butler  county. 
Population  1820,  1826. 

Madison,  NE  township  of  Perry  coun- 
ty.   Population  1820,  8>6. 

Madison,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
ticef,  Jefiferson  county  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  river  75  miles  above  Louisville, 
and  75  below  Cincinatti.  Population 
about  1500.  It  has  already  one  printing 
office,  a  bank,  and  three  or  four  places 
of  public  worship. 

Madison,  county  of  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Missouri.  Extent  in  square 
miles  uncertain.  It  is  bounded  S  by  St. 
Clair  and  Washington  ;  and  E  by  Bond. 
Surface  in  most  part  level.  Soil  fertile. 
Chief  town  Edwardsville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        7,554 
do.    do.   females    -        -        -        5,869 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 


13,4: 


13,550 


CO 

4,153 

101 


Engaged  in  Commerce      -        -  47 

Popsiltion  to  the  square  m':le,  uncertain. 

Madison,  county  of  Missouri,  on  Big 
Black  branch  of  White  river  ;  bounded 
S  by  Arkansaw  territory  ;  W  by  Wayne 
county  in  Missouri  ;  N  by  Washington, 
and  E  by  St.  Francis  rivers.  Length  90 ; 
breadth  50 ;  and  area  4500  square  miles. 
Surface  varied,  level  towari.4s  St.  Fran- 
cis; but  becoming  hilly  in  the  central 
and  mountainous  in  the  western  parts. 
Soil  in  many  places  highly  fertile-  It  is 
drained  by  Big-black,  Little-black,  Cur- 
rent, Thomas'-fork,  Eleven-point,  and 
Spring  rivers.  Most  of  its  surface  is  yet 
an  uncultivated  wilderness.  Chief  town 
Fredericktown. 

Popul.iiion  in  1820. 
Free  white  m.ales        ...  901 

do.  do.    females     •        -  771 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .         -         _  Q 

Total  whites         ....  1,672 

Free  perions  of  colour,  males      -  2 

df).                do.    females    .  2 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -        -  184 

do.    females             .        -        -  187 

Total  population  in  1820.  -        2,047 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized            -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       .        -  469 

do-.       in  Manufactures     -        -  50 

do.       in  Commerce         .        -  8 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  w. 

Jfadison's  rive?;  branch  of  Missouri, 
rises  in  the  Chippewan  mountains,  be- 
tween the  Yellow  Stone,  and  Jefferson's 
river,  and  flowing  NE  joins  Jefferson's 
and  Gallatin's  rivers,  and  forms  the  Mis- 
souri 

JMadi&onville,  post  town  and  seaport 
of  Louisiana,  on  Chisunete  river,  parish 
of  St.  Tammany,  about  23  miles  NNW 
from  New  Orleans. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  fort  and 
town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal settlement  of  the  English  East  In- 
dia Company  on  the  E  side  of  the  pe- 
ninsula, and  is  a  fortress  of  very  great 
extent,  including  within  it  a  regular  well 
built  city.  It  is  close  on  the  margin  of 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  from  which  it  has  a 
rich  and  beautiful  appearance  ;  the  hou- 
ses being  covered  with  a  stucco  called 
chunam,  which  in  itself  is  nearly  as 
compact  as  the  finest  marble,  and,  as  it 
bears  as  high  a  polish,  is  equally  splen- 
did. They  consist  of  long  colonnades, 
with  open  porticos,  and  flat  roofs  ;  and 
the  citv  contains  n)anv  handsome  and 
551 


M  A  i) 


M  A  K 


spacious  streets.  But  the  inner  apart- 
ments of  the  houses  are  not  much  de- 
corated, presenting  to  the  eye  only  white 
wails ;  which,  however,  from  the  mar- 
ble-liice  appearance  of  the  stucco,  give  a 
freshness,  grateful  in  so  hot  a  country. 
Ceilings  arc  very  unconnmon  in  the  rooms. 
Indeed  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  which 
•will  resist  the  ravages  of  that  destruc- 
tive insect,  the  white  ant.  There  is  a 
second  city,  called  the  Black  Town, 
nearly  4  miles  in  circuit,  separated  from 
Madras  by  the  breadth  of  a  proper  es- 
planade only.  Madras,  in  common  with 
all  the  European  settlements  on  this 
coast,  has  no  port  for  shipping  ;  the  coast 
forming  nearly  a  straight  line  ;  and  it  is 
incommoded  also  with  a  high  and  dan- 
gerous surf.  Madras  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  iri6,  but  restored  by  the 
peace  of  Aix  la-Chapeile.  It  is  100  miles 
N  by  E  of  Pondicherry,  1030  SW  by  W 
of  Calcutta,  and  75S  SE  of  Bombay. 
Lon.  80  25  E,  lat.  13  5  N. 

Madre  de  Dios,  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  180 
miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  42  0  VV, 
lat.  51  0  S.  It  is  the  Resolution  of  En- 
glish sailors  and  geographers. 

Madre  de  Po/ia,  town  of  Nfew  Grana- 
da, on  the  Madelena,  50  miles  E  of  Car- 
thagena. 

Madrid,  capital  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile. The  houses  are  all  built  with  brick, 
and  the  streets  are  long,  broad,  and 
straight,  and  adorned  at  proper  distan- 
ces with  handsome  fountains.  Tliere  are 
above  100  towers  or  steeples,  in  different 
places,  which  contribute  greatly  to  the 
embellishment  of  the  city-  It  is  seated 
in  a  large  plain,  surrounded  by  high 
mountains.  Madrid  is  seated  on  tlie  ri- 
ver Manzanares,  whicl\  th(;ugh  small,  is 
adorned  with  two  magnificent  bridges. 
It  265  miles  NE  of  Lisbon,  790  S  by  W 
of  London  and  625  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  20  W,  lat.  40  25  N.  It  is  the  most 
elevated  capital  in  Europe,  standing 
on  ground  about  2200  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  consequent- 
ly the  air  in  winter  is  keen  and  pier- 
cing. The  atmosphere  is,  however,  ge- 
nerally pure  and  serene.  Population 
about '200  000.  The  learned  institutions 
of  Madrid  are  numerous  and  highly  re- 
spectable. It  is  650  miles  SSW  fi'ora 
Paris.  "850  VV  by  S  from  Rome,  but  up- 
wards of  1000  by  land,  and  about  800 
miles  SSW  from  London. 

jV/adrid,  township,  a.nd  post  village 
St  Lawrence  county  New  York,  on  St 
Lawrence  river,  at  Point  Ircqoois,  3 
miles  above  Hamilton,  and  12  !:eiow 
Ogdensburg.    Population  1820,  19.^0. 

Madjipal,  town  cf  Spaiti,  in  Old  Cas- 


tile, seated  in  ajjlain,  fertile  in  excellent 
wine,  10  miles  from  Medina-del  Campo, 
Lon.  4  19  W,  lat  41  25  N. 

Madrigal,  town  of  South  America,  in 
the  province  of  Popayan.  Lon.  75  45  W, 
lat.  0  50  N. 

Madrmo,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
state  of  Venice,  32  miles  from  Venice. 

Mad  rlx'er,  name  of  a  township  in 
Clark  county  Ohio.  Population  1S20, 
734. 

.V'ad  river,  large  eastern  branch  of 
the  (Jreat  Miami,  rising  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Logan  county  Ohio;  aci'oss 
which,  ani  Clark,  and  the  northwest- 
wardly corner  of  Green  county,  it  runs 
in  a  south westwardly  direction  above  50 
miles,  into  the  eastern  part  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  and  falls  into  the  Miami 
above  the  town  of  Dayton. 

.Ifadrogum,  large  town  of  Africa,  ca- 
pit.'d  of  Monomotapa,  with  a  spacious 
royal  palace.  The  upper  part  of  the 
houses  is  in  the  shape  of  a  bell.  Lon.  31 
40  E,  Idt.  18  0  S. 

Madura,  large  town  and  capital  of  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Indian 
Sea.    Lon.  12  49  E,  lat.  9  50  N.  ' 

Madura,  town  of  the  Carnatic,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel,  130  miles  N  by 
E  of  Cape  Comorin,  and  303  SW  of  Ma- 
dras.   Lon.  78  12  E,  lat.  9  55  N._ 

trader,  lake  of  Sweden  80  miles  long 
and  20  broad,  between  the  provinces  of 
Westmania  and  Sudermania. 

Jilaelstroin,  very  extraordinary  'and 
dangerous  whirlpool,  on  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way, in  68  N  lat.  in  the  province  of  Nord- 
land  aiid  district  of  Lofuden,  near  the  isl- 
land  of  Moskoe,  whence  it  is  also  named 
JMoskoestrom.  The  mountains  of  Hel- 
seggen,  in  Lofoden,  lies  a  league  from 
the  island  of  Moskoe,  and  between  these 
two,  runs  this  large  and  dreadful  stream, 
the  depth  of  which  is  from  36  to  40  fa- 
thoms When  it  is  Hood,  the  sti-eam 
runs  up  the  country  between  Lofoden 
and  Moskoe  with  a  boisterous  rapi- 
ditv  ;  but  the  roar  of  its  impetuous  ebb 
to  the  sea  is  scarcely  equalled  by  the 
loudest  cataract.  The  whirlpool  is  of 
such  an  extent  and  depth,  that  if  a  ship 
comes  within  its  attraction!  it  is  inevi- 
tably absorbed  and  beat  tn  pieces  against 
the  rocks  b.low ;  and  when  the  water 
relaxes,  the  fragments  come  up  again. 
The  intervals  of  tranquillity  ai-e  only  at 
the  turn  of  the  ebb  and  flood,  and  calm 
weather  ;  they  last  but  a  quarter  of  an 
hour,  its  violence  gradually  returning. 
When  the  stream  is  most  boisterous, 
and  its  fury  heii^htened  by  a  storm,  ve.s- 
sels  have  been  reached  by  it  at  the  dis- 
tance cf  five  railcs. 


M  A  ti 


M  A  G 


Maerna,  town  of  Germany,  in  'iY^'o'i 
23  miles  WSW  of  Trent. 

Maeseyk,  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  Liege,  on  the  river 
Meuse,  10  miles  SSW  of  Ruremonde. 

JMaeslandsluijSt  town  of  South  Holland, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse,  10  miles 
W  of  Rotterdam. 

Jlaestrichl,  city  of  the  Netherlands, 
about  4  miles  in  circumfertr'nce,  seated 
on  the  Meuse,  opposite  Wyck,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  a  stone  bridge. 
The  num!)er  of  inhabitants  is  estimated 
at  18,000.  It  has  a  college  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Jesuits,  a  cnuacil  house 
with  itslibrary,  and  manufactures  of  cloth, 
and  fire-arms.  The  fortification  and  situ- 
ation of  Maastricht  are  such,  that  it  is 
deemed  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  14  miles  NNE  oi  Liege, 
58  E  of  Brussels.  Lon.  5  48  E,  lat.  50 
49  N. 

JLifra,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  with  a  college  founded  in  1772. 
The  town  is  seated  near  the  sea,  18  miles 
NNW  of  Lisbon. 

Magadi,  or  Maghery,  town  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Mysore,  seated  in  a  hilly 
country  abounding  in  timber- trees,  stone, 
and  iron,  24  miles  W  of  Bangalore. 

Magadoxo,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  vi  Ajan, 
with  a  citadel,  and  good  harbour.  It 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its 
name,  which  is  supposed  to  have  a  long 
course,  having  regular  inundations  that 
fertilize  the  country  to  a  great  extent. 
The  king  and  his  court  are  Mohamme- 
dans ;  his  subjects,  of  v/hat  extract  so- 
ever (for  some  of  them  are  white,  others 
tawny  and  olive,  and  others  quite  black) 
all  speak  the  Arabic  tongue  ;  they  are 
stout  and  warlike,  and  among  other 
weapons  use  poisoned  arrows  and  lan- 
ces. The  city  is  a  place  of  great  com- 
merce, receiving  from  Adel  and  otiur 
parts,  cotton,  silk,  spices,  and  dings,  in 
exchange  for  gold,  ivory,  wax,  and  other 
commodities.  Lon.  46  25  E,  lat.  2  10  N. 
JMagdcburg,  duchy  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  N  and 
E  by  Brandenburg,  S  by  Anhalt,  and 
Haberstadt,  and  VV  by  Brunswick.  It 
is  divided  into  four  circles,  Hob,  Saal, 
Jerich,  and  Ziesar.  The  cuuntry  is  in 
general  level,  and  the  parts  which  are 
not  marshy  and  overgrown  with  wood 
are  very  fertile.  The  salt  springs  are 
of  such  richness,  that  they  are  able  to 
supply  all  Germany  with  salt.  This 
duchy  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Magdeburg,  fortified  city,  capital  of 

the  duchy  of  the  same  name.     It  has  a 

haudsome  palace,  a  citadel  with  a  fine 

arsenal,   and  a  magnificent  cathedral, 

4  A 


which  contains  the  superb  mauseclum  of 
Ocho  the  Great.  This  city  is  happily 
situated  for  trade  having  an  easy  com- 
munication with  Hamburg  by  the  Elbe, 
tiierefore  they  carry  on  manufactures  of 
cotton,  linen,  &c.  to  a  great  extent,  but 
their  piincipal  merchandise  is  silk  and 
woollen.  It  is  the  strongest  place  be- 
longing to  the  Prussian  majesty,  where 
his  principal  magazines  and  founderies 
are  established.  It  is  40  miles  VV  of  Bran- 
denburg, and  125  SE  of  Hamburg.  Lon; 
1145E,  lat.  52  UN. 

Magellan,  strait  of  South  America, 
between  the  continent,  and  island  of  Ter- 
ra del  Fu'go;  discovered  in  1520,  by 
Magellan,  a  Portuguese  in  the  service 
ot  Spain,  since  which  time  it  h  ^s  been 
sailed  through  by  several  navigators ; 
but  the  passage  being  dangerous  and 
trouMesonie,  they  now  sail  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean  round  Cape  Horn.  The  Spaniards 
call  the  country  to  the  N  of  this  strait 
Tierra  Magallanica. 

Magevitle,  township  of  Sunbury  county 
New  Brunswick,  on  the  right  side  of  St. 
Jo'.n's  river. 

Maginda,  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
in  Austral  Asia ;  it  is  the  most  southern 
of  the  Phillippines,  and  is  about  300 
miles  in  length,  but  irregular  and  nar- 
row. 

MagiJidano,  town  and  capital  of  the 
foregoing  island  is  situated  at  lon.  124,  40 
E,  and  lat.  7  09  N. 

.llaggia     See  Madia. 

Jiaggiore,  or  Locarno,  lake  of  Italy, 
partly  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  partly 
in  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  being 
about  35  in  length,  and  6  in  breadth. 

.Magliano,  suiall  but  populous  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the  pope,  and 
district  of  Sabino,  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  river  Tiber,  30  miles  SVV  of 
Spoletto,  and  30  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
M  E,  lat  42  25  N, 

MagnavaccOy  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ferrarese,  witli  a  fort  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  lake  of  Comachio,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  18  miles  N  of  Ravenna. 
Lon.  12  4  E,  lat.  44  52  N 

Magnesia.     See  Manachia. 

Magnissa,  town  of  Asia  Minor,  ancient 
Jlagne&ia.  It  is  still  a  large,  fine,  and 
populous  city.  Lon.  27  18  E,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Jllagmj,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment i:f  Seine  and  Ooise  and  late 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  32  miles 
ISVV  of  Paris.   Lon.  1  54  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Jilagra,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appcnines,  in  the  valley  of  Magra. 
washes  Pont-Remoli  and  Sarzana,  below 
which  it  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

MQgra,  valley  in  the  duchy  of  Tus- 

553 


M  A  H 

cany,    21   miles  in  length,   and  15   in 
breadth. 

Maguider's  post  office,  Prince  George's 
county  Maryland. 

Maguelone,  lake  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment cf  Herault  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  near  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  which  is  seated  on  the  coast  o£  the 
Mediterranean,  into  which  the  lake  en- 
ters by  a  canal,  the  beginninng  of  the  fa- 
mous capital  of  Languedoc. 

Mahadia.    See  Elmadia. 

Mahalen,  town  of  Egypt,  capital  of 
Garbia.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  linen,  cotten,  and  sal-ammoni- 
ac ;  and  the  inhabitants  have  ovens  to 
hatch  chickens.  Loq.  30  31  E,  lat.  31 
SON. 

Muhanoy,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  rises 
in  the  northern  part  of  Schuylkill  county, 
in  the  township  of  Rush,  and  flowing 
WSW  about  50  miles  falls  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  ll  miles  belov/  Sunbury. 
About  one  half  of  its  course  tov/ards  its 
mouth,  is  in  Northumberland  county. 

Mahanoy  Mountains,  are  one  ridge 
between  Mahanoy,  and  Catawissy  ri- 
vers ;  and  another  between  M;»hanoy  ri- 
ver, and  Shamokin  creeks. 

JMahanoy,  Little,  township  of  North- 
umberland county  Pennsylvania,  between 
Line,  and  Mahanoy  mountains.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  447. 

Mahanoy,  Loxver,  township  of  Nortluim- 
befland  county,  Pennsylvania,  along  the 
Sasquehannah  between  ;Mahanoy  and  Ma- 
hantango  rivers.  Population  in  1820, 
1214. 

JIahanoii,  Upper,  township  of  Northum- 
berland county,  Pennsylvania,  enclosed  by 
the  Scire  mountain,  the  NW  limit  of 
Schuylkill  county,  Mahantango  creek,  and 
the  township  of  Lower  Mahanoy.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1639. 

Mahantango  Creek,  stream  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, rises  in  the  NVV  angle  of  Schuylkill 
county,  and  flows  WSW,  and  falls  into  the 
Susquehannah  35  miles  above  Harrisburg. 
For  about  12  miles  above  its  mouth,  it  se- 
parates Dauphin  and  Northumberland  coun- 
ties. 

Mahantango,  Loivcr,  township  in  the  NW 
angle  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Long  Pine  creek,  or  main  branch  of 
Mahantango.     Population  in  1820,  9c)7. 

Mahantango,  Upper,  township  in  tlie  N 
W  angle  of  Schaylkill  county,  on  Little 
Mahantango.     Population  in  1820,  863. 

Mahanuddy,  or  Muhanady,  river  of  Hln- 
doostan,  which  takes  its  rise  in  t!ie  NW 
part  of  Berar.  It  falls  by  several  mouths 
into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  at  Cattack ;  these 
mouths  form  an  assemblage  of  low  woody 
islands.  At  the  mouth  of  the  principal 
554 


]M  A  I 

channel,   near  False  Point,  is  a  forlifieil 
island,  named  Cajung  or  Codjung. 

Mahoning,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  by 
one  large  brancli  in  the  western  part  of 
.JtfFeison,  and  by  another  in  the  western 
part  of  Indiana.  These  branches  interlock 
witii  the  extreme  western  sources  of  the 
Susquehannah,  and  flowing  westward,  unite 
at  Nicholsburg  in  the  NW  angle  of  Indiana, 
and  the  united  stream  continuing  a  little 
north  of  west  about  20  miles,  falls  into  the 
Allegany  river,  20  miles  above  Kittanning. 
The  entire  length  of  the  Mahoning  is  about  , 
50  miles. 

Mahoning,  northern  township  of  Indiana 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1106. 

Mahoning,  NW  township  of  Mercer 
county,  Pennsylvania,  traversed  by  the 
Shenango  and  Mahoning  creeks.  Popula- 
tion in 'l  820,  1647. 

Mahoning,  large  creek,  or  small  river, 
"ising  in  Columbiana,  Stark,  Portage,  and 
Trumbull  counties,  Ohio,  enters  Pennsylva- 
nia at  the  SE  angle  of  the  latter,  and  joins 
the  Shenango,  to  form  Big  Beaver  in  Beth- 
leliem  county,  Pennsylvania. 

Mahoning,  township  of  Columbia  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  side  of  Susque- 
hannah river,  including  the  village  of  Dan- 
ville.    Population  in  1820,  1478. 

3Iahrattas,X.\\o  large  and  powerful  states 
of  India,  which  derive  their  name  from 
Mahrat,  an  ancient  province  of  the  Deccan. 
They  are  called  the  Poonah,  or  Western 
Mahrattas ;  and  the  Berav,  or  Eastern. 
Collectively  they  occupy  all  the  S  part  of 
Ilindoostan  Proper,  with  a  large  proportion 
of  tlie  Deccan.  Malvva,  Orissa,  Candeish, 
and  VisiapoLir;  the  principal  parts  of  Be- 
rar, Guzerat,  and  Agimere  ;  and  a  small 
part  of  Dowlatabad,  Agra,  and  Allahabad, 
are  comprised  within  their  empire,  which 
extends  from  sea  to  sea,  across  the  widest 
part  of  the  peninsula ;  and  from  the  con- 
iiies  of  Agra  northward  to  the  river  Kishna 
soutlnv'urd  :  forming  a  tract  of  1000  miles 
long  and  700  broad.  The  western  state, 
tlie  capital  of  which  is  Poonali,  is  divided 
among  a  number  of  chiefs  or  princes,  whose 
obedience  to  tl.c  paiswah,  or  head,  like 
tliat  of  the  German  princes  to  the  emperor, 
is  merely  nominal  at  any  time  ;  and,  in 
some  cases,  an  opposition  of  interests  be- 
gets  wars,  not  only  between  the  members 
of  the  empire  themselves,  but  also  between 
the  members  and  the  head.  Nagpour  is 
the  capi'.al  of  the  Eastern  Mahrattas.  Their 
armies  are  principally  composed  of  light 
horse. 

Maiden  Creek,  large  brancIi  of  Schuyl- 
kill river,  rising  in  the  NW  angle  of  Le- 
high county,  flows  nearly  south  through 
Leliigh  and  Heading,  and  falls  into  Schuyl- 
kill, 6  miles  above  Heading. 

Maiden  Creek,  township  of  Berks  county. 


M  A  I 


-M  A  I 


Pennsylvania,  along  the  ScluiylkjU  on  both 
sides  of  Maiden  creek.  Population  in 
1820,  1192. 

JMaidaihead,  corporate  town  in  Berk- 
shire. It  carries  on  a  pretty  considjfrable 
trade  in  malt,  meal,  and  timber.  It  is  on 
the  Thames,  over  wiiich  is  a  bridge,  12 
miles  E  bv  N  of  Reading,  and  26  W  by  N 
of  London.     Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  51  32  N. 

JMaidenliead,  township  of  Hunterdon 
county.  New  Jersey.  It  is  situated  on  the 
post  road,  about  6  miles  NE  of  Trenton. 
Population  in  1820,  1354.  See  Laivrencc 
in  the  .Iddenda. 

.Maidstone,  borough,  and  the  county 
town  of  Kent.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mecl- 
way,  a  branch  of  which  runs  through  the 
town  over  which  there  is  a  bridge,  and  en- 
joys a  brisk  trade  in  exporting  the  commo- 
dities of  the  county,  particularly  its  hops, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  plantations 
around  it.  Here  arc  likewise  paper  mills, 
and  a  manufacture  of  linen  thread.  It  is 
20  miles  W  of  Canterbury,  and  35  ESE  of 
London.     Lon.  0  38  B,  lat.  31  16  N. 

JUaidstone  ToymsMp,  Essex  county,  Up- 
per  Canada,  lies  between  Sandwich  and 
Rochester,  upon  lake  Erie. 

Maidstone,  post  town,  Essex  coun'.y, 
Vermont,  53  miles  N  from  Montpellier. 
Population  200. 

Maina,  district  of  the  Morea,  ancient 
Peloponnesus,  which  answers  in  part  to 
the  ancient  Laconia.  It  is  mountainous 
and  barren,  and  inhabited  by  a  poor,  bold, 
and  hardy  race,  who  have  never  entirely 
submitted  to  tiie  Turkish  yoke. 

Jllaine,  north-eastern  state  of  the  United 
States  ;  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S 
E  ;  New  Hampsliire  SW  ;  Lower  Canada 
NW  and  N  ;  and  New  Brunswick  E. 

Miles. 
Maine  has  an  external  limit  on  the 

Atlantic  Ocean  of  -  -  -  200 
On   Passamaquoddy    bay    and    St. 

Croix  river  ...         -        100 

A    frontier  curved  limit  on   New 

Brunswick  and  Lower  Canada  400 
A  limit  in  common  with  New  Hamp- 
shire of 150 

Having  an  entire  outline  of        850 

Its  area  35,000  square  miles,  or  22,400,000 
acres. 

Extreme  south,  N  lat.  43  04,  extreme 
north,  N  lat.  48. 

The  greatest  length  of  Maine  is  by  a  line 
drawn  from  its  SW  to  NE  angle,  350  miles. 
Greatest  width,  nearly  on  lat.  45  N,  200 
miles. 

Extending  through  5  degrees  of  latitude, 
very  serious  difference  of  climate  is  expe- 
rienced at  the  two  extremities  of  Maine. 
The  inhabited  Atlantic  border  has  a  com- 
paratively mild  climate.    The   surface  of 


the  state,  though  not  mountainous,  may  bff 
viewed  as  rough  and  hilly.  The  soil,  liow. 
ever,  is  generally  well  adapted  to  the  pur- 
poses of  agriculture,  though  varying  very 
much  in  quality.  The  Atlantic  border  is 
indented  and  chequered  more  by  peninsu- 
las and  islands  than  any  other  part  of  the 
coast  of  the  United  States.  This  highly 
diversified  zone  is  followed  by  anotiier 
more  elevated;  the  falls  of  ihe  rivers 
marking  the  line  of  separation.  The  in- 
habited  part  of  the  state  extends  about  100 
miles  inland,  and  is  followed  by  a  region 
abounding  vv^ith  lakes,  and  but  imperfectly 
known. 

Beside  many  of  the  lesser  note,  Maine  is 
drained  by  the  three  fine  rivers,  Andros- 
coggin,  Kennebec,  and  Penobscot.  The 
two  former,  are  however  in  strictness,  only 
one  river.  See  the  articles  Kennehec  and 
Penobscot.  The  sea  border  of  this  state, 
is  in  a  peculiar  manner  remarkable  for  the 
number  and  excellence  of  its  harbours ; 
and  the  excessive  rise  and  ebb  of  the  tide«;, 
tends  to  break  the  ice,  and  preserve  tlie 
harbours  of  this  and  all  the  other  parts  of 
the  coast  of  the  United  States,  NE  from 
Cape  Cod  more  open  in  winter  than  could 
be  expected  in  ordinary  cases,  from  relative 
latitude. 

The  principal  productions  of  Maine,  are 
grain,  such  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  maize,  and 
barley,  meadow  grasses,  and  flax.  The 
immense  interior  forests,  supply  large 
quantities  of  lumber.  Tlie  latter  may  in- 
deed be  viewed  as  the  primary  staple  of 
the  st.ate.  Its  principal  ports  are,  Portland, 
Hallowell,  Penobscot,  Bangor,  and  East- 
port. 

This  state,  has  like  other  sections  of 
New  England,  paid  early  and  steady  atten- 
tion to  the  interests  of  education.  Amongst 
its  principal  literary  institutions,  may  be 
enumerated,  Bo.vdoin  college  in  Bruns- 
wick. The  Maine  Charity  School  at  Ban- 
goi-,  and  the  Literary  and  Theological 
school  or  institution  at  Waterville.  Maine 
was  admitted  a  state  of  the  United  States, 
March  3d,  1820. 

Politically  Maine  is  subdivided  into  the 
counties  of 

Population,  1820. 

Cumberland,     .        -        .        -  49,339 

Hancock,          -         .         ,         -  31,071 

Kennebeck,       -         -         -        -  42,632 

Lincoln, 52,953 

Oxford,             ....  27,185 

Penobscot,        ...         -  13,931 

Somerset,           ,        -        ^         -  21,698 

Wasliington,     -         -         -         -  12,746 

York,    ' 46,284 


297,839 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized. 

1,680 

555 

M  A  I 


VI  A  K" 


Engaged  iu  Agriculture  -  -  o5,Gol 
(lb.  in  Manufactures  -  -  7,643 
do.        in  Commerce       -        -        4,297 

Maine,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in 
the  circle  of  Francoiiia,  runs  by  Batnberg, 
Wurtzburg-,  Aschaflfenburg,  Hu-^au,  arid 
Francfort,  and  falls  in;o  the  Khine,  at 
Mentz. 

JWiwrae,  Upper,  and  Lower,  two  circ  es 
of  Bavaria.  The  former  incKuling  the 
principalities  of  Upper  Bamberg,  Bareuth, 
■with  the  northern  part  of  the  Upper  Pala- 
tinate. Lower  Maine  contains,  'the  grand 
duchy  of  Wurtzburg,  principdity  of  Fulda, 
with  part  of  the  ductiies  of  Hesse  and  Ful- 
da. The  two  circles  were  in  great  part 
annexations  made  by  the  congress  of  Vi- 
enna in  1815,  and  extend  over  about  6,700 
square  miles,  and  peopled  by  860,000  in- 
habitants. 

Mcme,  or  Maysiuie,  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  province 
of  the  same  name.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  river  Maine,  which,  soon  after  its 
junction  with  the  Sarte,  falls  into  the  Loire. 
Laval  is  the  capital. 

Maine  and  Loire,  department  of  France, 
V'hich  Includes  the  late  province  of  Anjou. 
It  has  its  name  from  two  rivers  cf  the  s^me 
name.     Angers  is  the  capital. 

Maneville,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  and  lute  province  of  Nor- 
mandy.    Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Mainland,  the  principal  of  the  Shetland 
isles,  60  miles  long,  fiom  N  to  S,  but  its 
breadth  seldom  exceeds  six.  The  face  of 
the  country  exhibits  a  prospect  of  black 
craggy  moun'ains,  and  marshy  plains,  m- 
terspersed  with  some  verdant  spots,  which 
appear  smooth  and  fertile.  Neither  tree 
nor  shrub  is  to  be  seen,  except  the  juniper 
and  the  heath.  The  inhabitants  are  a  siout, 
well-made,  comely  people ;  the  lower  sort 
of  a  swarthy  complexion  The  gentry  are 
allowed,  by  all  who  have  conversed  with 
them,  to  be  most  of  them  polite,  shrewd, 
sensible,  lively,  active  and  intelligent  per- 
sons ;  they  manufacture  a  strong  coarse 
cloth  for  their  own  use,  as  also  linen. 
They  make:  likewise  of  their  own  wool  very 
fine  stockings.  They  export,  besides  the 
different  kinds  of  fi.'-h  already  mentioned, 
some  herrings,  a  considerable  quantity  of 
butter  and  train-oil,  otter  and  seal  skins, 
and  no  iaconsiderable  quantity  of  the  fine 
stockings  just  mentioned.  Their  chief  trade 
IS  to  Lcitli,  London,  Hamburgh,  Spain,  asd 
to  the  straits.     Kirkwall  is  the  capital. 

Maintenon,  town  of  Frnnce,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eurt  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Beauce,  sealed  on  the  Eure  be- 
tween two  mountains.  It  is  five  miles  N 
by  E  of  Chartres.  Lon.  1  36  E,  lat.  48 
31  N. 

Maire,  Le,  strait  of  South  America,  be- 
^56 


\WQC\\  Staten  Island  and  Tierra  del  Fuegu, 
in  lat.  55  S.  Tlirough  this  strait  %hips 
sometimes  sail  in  their  passage  to  Cape 
Horn. 

Maitsjf,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy.   Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  49  24  N. 

A fai.vant,  St.  iinc\^nt  town  of  France,  ia 
the  department  of  the  two  Sevres  and  late 
province  of  P>Mtou-  It  carries  on  a  trade 
in  corn,  stockings,  and  woollen  stuffs;  and 
is  seated  on  the  Sevre,  26  miles  SW  of 
Poitiers      Lon.  0  7  W  lat  46  24  N. 

Majas,  pronrjunced  and  written  but  im- 
properly Maca<i,  a  district  of  the  province 
of  Majas,  and  Quijos  in  Peru,  now  part  of 
C.)lombia.  It  lies  E  from  the  Andes,  on 
the  sources  of  the  Napo,  nearly  on  the  me- 
ridian of  Washln^n,  and  from  the  Equa- 
tor to  lat.  2  30S. 

Majorca,  island  of  Spain,  60  miles  long 
and  45  broad,  situate  in  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  between  Ivica  and  Minorca.  The 
whole  coast  is  lined  with  strong  towers. 
The  NW  part  is  mountainous  ;  the  rest 
produces  good  corn,  olive-trees,  fine  honey, 
and  dehcate  wine.  It  has  no  rivers,  though- 
there  are  a  great  many  fine  fountains  and 
wells.  The  iMJiabitants  are  robust  and 
lively,  and  make  good  sailors. 

Majorca,  stror.g  city,  capital  of  the  island 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The 
public  squares,  the  cathedral,  and  the  royal 
palace,  are  magnificent.  It  contains  4,000 
houses,  built  after  the  antique  manner  ;  a 
university,  more  ancient  than  celebrated; 
and  22  churches,  beside  the  cathedral. 
The  harbour  is  extremely  good.  It  is 
seated  on  the  SW  side  of  the  island.  Lon. 
2  30  E,  lat.  39  35  N. 

Makcfield,  Lotoer,  township  of  Bucks 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  delaware,  com- 
mencing opposite  Trenton  in  New  Jersev. 
Population  in  1820,  1204. 

Makefield,  Upper,  township  of  Bucks 
county  Pennsylvania,  along  the  Delaware, 
above  Lower  Makefield.  Population  in 
1820,  1367. 

Macarev,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Niznei  Novogorod,  situate  on 
the  Volga,  24  miles  ENE  of  Niznei  Novo- 
gorod 

Makunef,  or  Makaren,  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Kostroma.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  prvince  of  Unza,  and  situatfe 
on  the  river  Unza,  80  miles  E  of  Kostroma. 
Lon,  44  14  E,  lat.  58  50  N. 

Maker,  vilLige  in  Cornwall,  seven  miles 
SE  of  St.  Germains,  on  an  eminence,  form- 
ing  the  W  point  of  the  Hamoaze,  at  Ply- 
mouth. The  steeple  of  the  chiirch,  called 
Maker  Tower,  is  a  noted  seamark.  Lon. 
4  10  W,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Makoonda,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
cotmtry  of  Allahabad,  66  miles  S  of  AHa- 


M  A  I. 


M  A  L 


iiabad,  and  110  XXE  of  Gurrali.  J>on,  84 
37  E,  lat.  24  33  N. 

.Mahran.     See  Mecran. 

J][a!abar,  western  coast  of  tlie  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  lying  between  9  and  14  deg. 
N  lat.  It  is  divided  among  several  petty 
princes  and  states.  The  customs  and  man- 
ners of  the  inhabitants  are  very  different, 
as  well  as  the  productions.  The  people 
are,  generally,  of  a  dark,  olive  complexion, 
with  long  black  hair,  and  good  features. 
In  some  places  they  are  distinguished  into 
tribes,  or  casts,  all  of  which  are  brought 
up  to  the  same  employments  as  their  pa- 
rents. These  are  the  Gentoos,  of  whom 
see  an  account  under  the  article  Hindoo- 
stan. 

Malacca,  or  3[alaya,  peninsula  of  Asia, 
containing  several  petty  kingdoms,  bound- 
ed on  the  K  by  Siam,  E  by  the  ocean,  and 
SW  by  the  strait  of  Malacca,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Sumatra.  It  is  560  miles  in 
length,  and  150  in  breadth.  It  produces  few 
commodities  for  trade,  except  tin  and  ele- 
phant teeth  ;  but  there  are  a  great  many 
excellent  fruits  and  roots,  pepper  and  other 
spices,  with  some  precious  gums  and 
woods.  The  pine-apples  are  the  best  in  the 
world ;  and  tiie  cocoa-nuts  have  shells  that 
will  hold  an  English  quart.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  fond  of  navigation,  war,  plun- 
der, emigration,  adventures,  and  gallantry. 
They  talk  incessantly  of  their  honour  and 
bravery,  and  speak  the  softest  language  of 
Asia ;  yet  they  are  deemed  the  most 
treacherous,  ferocious  people  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  Their  religion  is  a  mixture 
of  Mahometanism. 

Malacca,  seaport,  and  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Malaya,  seated  on  the  strait  of  its 
name,  480  miles  SE  of  Acheen.    Lon.  102 

5  E,  lat.  2  12  N. 

Malaga,  seaport  and  episcopal  town  of 
Spain,  in  Grenada,  with  two  castles,  and  a 
good  harbour.  Its  commerce  is  principally 
in  raisins  and  excellent  wines  ;  and  it  has 

6  manufacture  of  cards.  The  inhabitants 
are  about  40,000.  It  is  seated  on  tlie 
Mediterranean,  surrounded  by  hills,  70 
miles  WSVV  of  Grenada.  Lon.  4  10  AV, 
lut.  36  35  N. 

Malatia.  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Aladulia,  and  a  bishop's  see ;  seated  on  the 
W  side  of  the  Ephrates,  90  miles  AVNW 
of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  o7  50  E,  lat.  37  30 
N. 

J\[alaiuuUij,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, with  a  large  mud  fort,  separated  into 
two  parts  by  a  transverse  wall.  Here  is  a 
fruit-garden,  of  great  extent,  planted  by 
the  late  sultans.  It  is  27  miles  E  of  Serin- 
gapatam. 

Malchin.  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
tluchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  the  river 


Peene,  where  it  forms  the  lake  Camrow, 
22  miles  ESE  of  Gustrovv. 

Malcho,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  between  the  lakes 
Calpin  and  Piau,  23  miles  ESE  of  Glustrow. 

MaUleghina,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lys,  10  miles  B  of  Bruges. 

Maiden,  borough  in  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday  ;  seated  on  an  eminence, 
on  the  river  IJlackwater.  It  has  two  parish 
churches ;  and  a  third,  which  it  had  for- 
merly, has  been  long  converted  into  a  free- 
school.  Vessels  of  a  moderate  burden 
come  up  to  the  town,  but  large  ships 
are  obliged  to  unload  at  a  distance  below, 
in  Blackwater  ba}'.  The  custom  of  Bo- 
rough-English  is  kept  up  here,  by  which 
the  youngest  son,  and  net  the  eldest,  suc- 
ceeds to  the  burgage  tenure,  on  the  death 
of  his  father.  This  town  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade,  chiefly  in  corn,  salt,  coal, 
iron,  deals,  and  wine.  It  is  10  miles  E  of 
Chelmsford,  and  37  NE  of  London. 

Maiden,  village  in  Surry,  two  miles  SE 
of  Kingston,  with  some  gunpowder  mills, 
on  a  stream  that  flows  from  Ewel  to  Kings- 
ton. 

Maiden,  Fort,  now  in  ruins,  was  situated 
on  the  river  Detroit,  Essex  county,  Upper 
Canada,  opposite  Isle  au  Bois  Blanc  ;  it  is 
a  post  of  considerable  importance.  The 
village  now  Amherstsburg  contains  about 
one  hundred  houses.  The  anchorage  be- 
tween the  Island  au  Bois  Blanc  and  Am- 
herstsburg is  perfectly  safe,  and  the  shore 
of  the  main  convenient  for  the  erection  of 
wharves  and  other  naval  and  commercial 
purposes.     See  Amlierstsburg. 

Maiden  Townsldf),  in  the  county  of  Essex, 
Upper  Canada,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  river,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
strait  having  Colchester  lo  the  east,  and 
Huron  to  the  north,  and  includes  the  vil- 
lage of  Amherstsburg. 

Maiden,  township  of  Middlesex  count}', 
Massachusetts.  It  is  situated  between 
Medford  and  Lynn,  5  miles  NE  of  Boston. 
It  is  united  to  Charlestown  by  Mystic  bridge. 
Population  1810,  1384  ;  and  in  1820,  1731. 

Maiden,  town  of  the  United  States,  in 
Massachusetts,  four  miles  N  of  Boston,  It 
is  connected  with  Charlestown,  by  a  bridge 
over  Mystic  river,  built  in  1787. 

JlFaldives,  a  cluster  of  small  islands,  in 
the  Indian  ocean,  lying  SW  of  Cipe  Como- 
rin.  The  northernmost,  called  Head  of  the 
Isles,  or  Kelly,  is  in  Ion.  73  04  E,  lat.  7  05 
N  ;  and  Maldiva  in  whicii  the  king  resides, 
is  in  lon.  75  35  E,  lat,  4  15  N.  They 
are  innumerable ;  but  all  low  and  sandy, 
and  most  of  them  uninliablted.  They  are 
divided  into  13  anto'.ons,  or  provinces,  each 
having  its  separate  governor,  who  rules 
with  great  oppression.  '1  he  subjects  are 
miserably  poor,  and  appear  to  be  a  mix- 
ture of  Arabs  and  Hindoos  from  Mala- 
557 


M  A  L 


M  A  I, 


bar.  Tliey  supply  ships  with  sails  and 
cordage,  cocoa-nuts,  oil  and  honey,  dry  fish, 
tortoisi -shell,  and  especialiy  couries.  The 
king  assumes  the  title  of  Sultan  of  the 
Maldives,  king  of  thirteen  provinces,  and 
twelve  thousand  isles. 

Malesherhes,  town  of  France  of  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret.  Lon.  26  E.  lat  48 
20  N, 

JIalestroit,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan  and  late  province  of 
Bretagne,  seated  on  the  Oust,  37  miles  E 
of  Port  I'Ohent.  Lon.  2  23  W,  lat.  47  45  N. 

Maligne,  Grande  Pointe,  Upper  Canada, 
on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  is  opposite  to 
the  Grand  Island  of  St.  Regis. 

Jtlaligne,  la  Petit  Pointe,  upper  Canada, 
on  the  north  shore  of  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, not  far  above  the  lower  end  of  Grand 
Isle  St.  Regis. 

Malio,  Cape  of,  or  St.  AiigeIo,c&'p&  of  the 
Morea  at  the  S  entrance  of  the  Gulph  of 
Napoli,  15  miles  E  of  Malvasia. 

Malicollo,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  in 
16  15  S  lat.  and  167  45  E  lon.  It  extends 
20  leagues  from  N  to  S.  Its  inland  moun- 
tains are  very  high,  and  clad  witli  forests. 

JMalling,  West,  town  in  Kent,  six  miles 
W  of  Maidstone,  and  30  E  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  33  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Mallory's  store,  post  ofiice,  Wilkes  coun- 
ty, Georgia. 

Mallow,  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  and  province  of  Munster, 
seated  on  the  Blackwater,  17  miles  N  of 
Cork.     Lon,  8  32  W,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Malmedtj,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  with  an  abbey.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  seated 
on  the  Recht,  nine  miles  S  of  Limburg, 
and  40  N  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  2  E, 
lat.  50  18  N. 

Mabnistra,  town  of  Asia  in  Natolia,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  divides  it  into  tlie  Old  and 
New  Town.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of  Terasso, 
Lon.  36  15  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Malmoe,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  (iothland,  seated  on  the  Sound, 
with  a  large  harbour  and  a  strong  citadel. 
It  is  15  miles  SE  of  Copewhagen.  Lon.  13 
r  E,  lat,  53  38  N. 

Mabnsbury,  borough  in  Wiltshire.  It  is 
pleasantly  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Avon  which  almost  surrounds  it,  over  wiiich 
it  has  six  bridges.  It  drives  a  trade  in  the 
woollen  manufacture.  It  is  26  miles  E  by 
N  of  Erlstol,  and  95  W  of  London.  Lon. 
2  0  W,  lat.  51  34  N, 

Malui'Jarasloivitz,  town  of  Russia,  in  Ka- 
luga, rciidered  remarkable  by  a  sanguinary 
battle  between  the  French  and  Russians, 
October  1812;  100  miles  S  W  from  Moscow. 

^^^alo,  St.  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  and  lately  an  epis- 
553 


copal  see  of  the  province  of  Bretagne.  It 
has  a  .pacious  harbour,  but  difficult  of  ac- 
cess, on  account  of  the  rocks  that  surround 
it ;  it  is  a  trading  place,  of  great  impor- 
tance, defended  by  a  strong  castle.  St. 
j\Ialo  is  seated  on  an  island,  united  to  the 
mainland  by  a  causeway.  It  is  chiefly  in- 
habited by  seafaring  men  who  in  the  time 
of  war  fit  out  a  great  many  privateers  to 
cruise  upon  the  English  coast,  17  miles  NW 
of  Dol,  and  505  w'of  Paris.  Lon.  1  57  W, 
lat.  48  39  N. 

JMalo'iia,  small  island  of  Italy,  on  the 
coast  of  Tuscanny,  10  miles  W  of  Leghorn. 
Lon.  10  4,  lat.  43  43  N. 

JVIalpartido,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  14  miles  S  of  Placentia.  Lon.  5  30 
W,  lat.  39  36  N, 

JMalpas,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  market 
on  Monday.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  emi- 
nence, near  the  river  Dee,  15  miles  SE  of 
Chester,  166  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  45 
W,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Malplaquet,  village  of  Austrian  Hainault. 
It  is  famous  for  a  victory  gained  over  the 
French,  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  in 
1809,  and  sometimes  called  the  battle  of 
Blaregnies,  from  an  adjacent  village,  and  is 
seven  miles  from  Mons. 

Malta,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
between  Africa  and  Sicily,  20  miles  long, 
and  12  broad.  It  was  formerly  reckoned 
a  part  of  Africa,  but  now  belongs  to  Eu- 
rope. It  was  anciently  little  else  than  a 
barren  rock  ;  but  such  quantities  of  soil 
have  been  brought  from  Africa,  that  it  is 
now  become  a  fertile  island.  They  sow, 
however,  but  little  corn,  because  tliey  can 
purchase  it  cheap  in  Sicily  ;  but  they  cul- 
tivate large  quantities  of  lemon,  cotton- 
trees,  and  vines,  which  produce  excellent 
wine. — The  number  of  inhabitants  is  said 
to  be  about  90,000,  who  speak  Arabic  and 
Italian.  After  the  taking  of  Rhodes,  the 
emperor,  Charles  V.  gave  this  island  to  the 
grand  master  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem.  It  was  attacked  by  the  Turks 
in  1566,  who  were  obliged  to  abandon  the 
enterprise  with  the  loss  of  3di000  men. 
The  knights  of  Malta  formerly  consisted  of 
eight  nations  ;  but  now  they  are  only  seven, 
the  English  having  forsaken  them.  They 
were  obliged  to  suppress  all  pirates,  and 
were  at  perpetual  war  with  the  Turks  and 
other  Mahometans,  and  all  under  a  vow  of 
celibacy  and  chastity.  Malta  is  extremely 
well  fortified  ;  the  ditches,  of  a  vast  size, 
are  all  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  ex- 
tend many  miles.  The  island  ^as  taken 
by  General  Bonaparte  in  the  outset  of  his 
expedition  to' Egypt,  on  the  12th  June 
1798,  when  he  found  in  it  1200  cannons, 
200,000  lb.  of  powder,  2  .ships  of  the  line, 
a  frigate,  4  galleys,  and  40,000  muskets  ; 
besides  an  immense  treasure  collected  by 
superstition  ;  and  5400  Turkish  prisoners) 


M  A  M 

whom  he  set  at  liberty.  It  u  as  soon  after- 
wards taken  by  the  British,  but  at  the  peace 
of  Amieiii  it  was  stipulated  that  it  sliould 
be  restored  to  tlie  knights  The  British, 
however,  retained  possess. on,  and  tiie  war 
recommenced  between  the  two  nations ; 
but,  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814,  this  is- 
land has  been  guaranteed  to  Great  Britain. 
Valette  is  the  capital.  It  is  about  60  miles 
S  of  Sicily,  and  200  E  of  Tunis  in  Africa. 

JMalta,  township  of  Kennebec  county, 
Maine,  8  miles  E  from  Augusta.  Popula- 
tion 1820, 1054. 

Malta,  township  of  Sarotoga  county, 
New  York,  the  principal  village  ;  7  miles 
W  from  Saratoga,  and  5  miles  SE  from 
Ballston  Spa.     Population  1820, 1518. 

^Mcillon,  borough  in  the  N  riding  of  York- 
shire, on  the  Dervvent,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  and  is  composed  of  two  towns, 
the  New  and  the  Old,  containing  three 
churches.  It  is  a  populous  place,  20  miles 
NE  of  York,  and  216  N  bv  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  40  W,  lat.  54  9  N.  ' 

Jlfulvasia,  small  island  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  the  E  coast  of  the  Morea,  remark- 
able for  its  excellent  wines  that  are  called 
Malms^fy,  being  brought  hence.  The  capi- 
tal is  Napoli-di-Malvasia. 

JMalvtrn,  Great,  village  in  Worcesterihlre, 
eight  miles  W  by  S  of  Worcester.  It  had 
once  an  abbey,  and  here  are  two  noted 
chalybeate  springs,  recommended  as  ex- 
cellent in  scrofulous  complaints. 

J)Icdveni,  Little,  village  in  Worcester- 
shire, seated  in  a  cavity  of  Malvern  Hills, 
three  miles  from  Great  Malvern. 

JMalx'ern  Chase,  an  extensive  chase  in 
Worcestershire,  containing  7356  acres  in 
that  cou:ity,  619  in  Hertfordshire,  awd  103 
ill  Gloucestershire. 

.Malvern  Ilills,  lofty  mountains  in  the  SW 
of  Worcestershire,  dividing  this  part  of  the 
county  from  Herefordshire.  They  rise  one 
above  another  for  about  seven  miles,  and 
run  from  N  to  S  ;  the  highest  point  is  1313 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Severn,  and 
they  appear  to  be  of  limestone  and  quartz. 

Mailing;  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Dalecarlia.  Lon.  15  20  E,  lat. 
60  30  N. 

Mal-wa,  province  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
bounded  on  the  W  by  Guzerat,  on  the  N 
by  Agimere,  on  the  E  by  Allahabad  and 
Onssa,  and  on  the  S  by  Candeish.  It  is 
one  of  the  moit  extensive,  elevated,  and 
highly  diversified  tracts  in  ll;ndoostan,  and 
is  divided  among  the  chiefs  of  the  Poonah 
Mahrattas.  Ougein  and  Indore  are  the 
principal  towns. 

Mamars,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Sarte,  and  late  province 
ol  Maine,  seated  on  the  Dive. 

Mamokating,  post  village,  and  township, 
bullivan  county,  New  York,  contaiiiijng  the 


-M  A  N 

village  of  Bloomingburg,  23  miles  W  from 
Newburgh      Population  1820,  2702. 

JSlamuroneck,  post  village  and  townshio. 
West  Chi-ster  county  New  \''ork,  on  Long 
Island  Sound  23  miles  NE  from  Nev/  \''ork. 
Population  1820,  878. 

Mamars,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarte,  seated  on  the  Dive,  14  miles 
W  of  Bellesme. 

Mmi,  island  in  the  Irish  sea,  SO  miles 
long  and  12  broad.  It  contains  17  parish- 
es; and  the  chief  towns  are  Castletown, 
Douglas,  Peel,  and  Ramsay.  The  air  is 
healthy,  and  the  soil  produces  more  corn 
than  is  sufficient  to  maintain  the  inhabitants, 
who  are  a  mixture  of  English,  Scots,  and 
Irish.  They  have  a  bishop  called  the  bishop 
of  Sodor  aiid  Man ;  but  he  has  no  seat  in  the 
British  parliament.  The  commodities  of 
this  island  are  wool,  hides,  butter,  tallow 
black  marble,  slate,  limestone,  lead  and  iron! 
Some  manufacture-s  of  coarse  hats,  cotton 
goods,  and  linen  cloth,  are  carried  on  in  dif- 
ferent parts  ;  but  its  principal  tr.ade  arises 
frona  the  herring  fishery.  It  is  12  miles  S 
of  Scotland,  30  N  of  Anglesey  in  Wales 
35  W  of  Cumberland,  and  40  E  of  Ireland! 

Manachia,  town  of  Natolia  Proper,  an! 
ciently  called  Magnesia,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  and  a  castle.  It  was  formerly  the  capi. 
tal  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain,  on  the  river  Sarabat,  22  miles  N  of 
Smyrna.     Lon.  27  25  E,  lat,  38  45  N, 

JManallan,  township   of  P'ayette  county 
Pennsylvania,  between    the   townships  of 
lledstone   and   Union,  and   between  Red- 
stone and    Dunlap's   creeks.      Population 
1820  1376. 

Maimr,  island  of  the  East  Indies,  on  the 
E  coasi  of  the  island  of  Ceylon.     The  En- 
glish took  it  from  the  Dutch  in  1795.  Lon 
80  45  E,  lat.  9  0  N. 

Maimnsij-ga^i,  post  office  Lcudon  coun- 
ty  Virginia. 

ManaCou,  or  Manatoulin  Islands,  are 
a  nunobev  of  Islands  toward  the  liorthern 
shore  of  Lake  Huron,  stretching  from  the 
vicinity  of  Cabot's  Head,  northwesterly 
across  the  lake,  to  lake  George,  below 
the  falls  of  St.  Mary. 

JIandcd,  Small  town  of  Persia,  160 
miles  from  Ispahan. 

Manbojie,  city  of  Africa,  and  c.ipital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Slam,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  channel  of  Mosambique 
Lon.  32  19  E,  lat.  20  55  N. 

Mancester,  village  in  Warwickshire, 
near  Atherstone  and  the  river  Anker. 

Mancha,  a  territory  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  between  the  river  (iuadiana  and 
Andalusia.  It  is  a  mountainous  country  ; 
and  it  was  here  that  Cervantes  made 
Don  Quixote,  perform  his  chief  exploits, 

Manchac,    Sec  Iberville. 
559 


.M  A  .\ 


M  A  X 


Blanche,  or  Channel,  department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  great  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  is  mostly  sur- 
rounded by  the  English  Channel,  and 
Coutances  is  the  capital. 

JStanchester,  large  and  populous  town 
of  Lancashire,  between  the  rivers  Irk 
and  Irwell,  and  is  a  place  of  great  anti- 
quity. It  has  been  long  noted  for  vari- 
ous branches  of  the  linen,  silk,  and  cot- 
ton manufactures,  and  is  now  principally 
conspicuous  as  the  centre  of  the  cotton 
trade,  which  has  been  much  improved 
by  the  invention  of  dying  and  printing. 
The  labours  of  a  very  populous  neigh- 
bourhood are  collected  at  Manchester, 
whence  they  are  sent  to  London,  Liver- 
pool, Hull,  &c.  These  consist  of  a  great 
variety  of  cotton  and  mixed  goods,  of 
which  they  export  vast  quantities,  par- 
ticularly to  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
coast  of  Guinea.  The  manufactures  of 
tapes  and  other  small  wares,  of  silk 
goods,  and  of  hats,  are  also  carried  on  at 
Manchester ;  from  which  various  sources 
of  wealth  it  has  attained  greater  opu- 
lence than  almost  any  of  the  trading 
towns  in  England.  Its  chief  ornaments 
are  the  college,  the  exchange,  the  colle- 
giate church,  another  large  church,  and 
a  spacious  market  place.  By  the  Irwell, 
over  which  is  an  ancient  and  lofty  stone 
bridge,  it  has  a  communication  with  the 
Mersey,  and  all  the  late  various  exten- 
sions of  inland  navigation,  particularly 
the  duke  of  Bridge  water's  canal  which 
is  seven  miles  from  it.  It  is  67  miles 
WSW  of  York,  and  182  NNW  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  SO  W,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Manchester,  township  of  Nova  Scotia, 
30  milf  s  NW  from  Cape  Canso 

Manchester,  township,  and  post  village 
in  Benningtoa  county,  Vermont,  22  miles 
N  of  Bennington,  and  44  NE  of  Troy  in 
New  York,  with  1502  inhabitants, 

Manchester,  post  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  a  few  miles  NE  of 
Beverly,  with  113?  Inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820  1201. 

Manchesiter,  post  village,  Niagara, 
county  New  York,  at  the  cataract  of 
Niagara.  A  bridge  now  connects  this 
pli'.ce  with  Goat  island. 

Manchester,  post  village  Oneida  coun- 
ty New  York,  8  miles  SW  by  W  from 
Utica. 

Manchester,  post  village,  Ontario  coun- 
ty New  York,  10  miles  N  from  Canan- 
daigua. 

Manchester,  East,  township  of  York 
county  Pennsylvania,  between  the  Codo- 
nes,  and  Conewago  creeks,  and  Susque- 
hannah  river.    Population  1820,  1914. 

.^^nchestcr.   West,  township  of  York 
Cijunty  Pennsylvania,  between   Codorus 
560 


and  Conewago  creeks,  and  immediately 
W  from  the  borough  of  York.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1073. 

jilanchester,  post  town,  Baltimore 
county  Maryland,  on  the  road  from  Bal- 
timore to  Carlisle,  33  miles  from  the 
former,  and  42  from  the  latter. 

Manchester,  post  town  in  Chesterfield 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  S  side  of  James 
river,  opposite  to  Richmond,  and  33 
miles  NVV  of  Williamsburg. 

Manchester,  post  town  Sumpter  dis- 
trict South  Carolina,  on  Wateree  river, 
about  5  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Congaree. 

Manchester,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Clay  county  Kentucky,  about  120 
miles  SE  from  Frankfort. 

.Manchester,  post  town,  pleasantly  si- 
tuated on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio,  in  Adams 
county  Ohio;  about  25  houses  100  miles 
S  by  W  from  Columbus,  and  73  in  the 
same  direction  from  Chillicothe. 

j\ra7ichester,X.o\^n%h\p  of  Morgan  coun- 
ty Ohio.    Population,  1820,  298. 

Manciet,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gers,  and  late  province  of 
Gascony.     Lon.  0  5  W,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Mandal,  seaport  town  of  Christian- 
sand  in  Norway.  Lon.  7  42  E,  lat.  58 
2N. 

Mandan,  Indian  villages  on  Missouri 
river.  Lat.  47  20  N  ;  and  by  the  esti- 
mate made  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  1600 
miles  above  the  junction  of  Missouri>  and 
Mississippi. 

Manderscheit,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  electorate  of 
Treves,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  24  miles  N  of  Treves.  Lon.  6 
50  E,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Mandna,  small  desert  island,  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago, between  Sanios  and  Langos.    It 
gives  name  to  the  sea  near  it. 
Mandshwiti.     See  Mantshuria. 
Manebach,  small  village  of  Suabia,  plea- 
santly seated  on  the  lake  of  Constance. 

Manfredonia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capi- 
tanata,  with  a  caslle,  a  good  harbour,  and 
an  .vclibishop's  see.  It  was  burnt  by  the 
Turks  in  1620  ;  und  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of 
the  same  naine,  50  miles  >f  of  Cirenza, 
and  100  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  12  E,  lat. 
41  35  N. 

Mangaiore,  seaport  of  Canara,  on  the 
coast  of  .Malnbar,  with  an  excellent  road 
for  ships  to  anchor  in  while  the  rainy  sea- 
son lasts.  It  is  inhabited  by  Gentoos  and 
Mahometans.  It  is  the  most  trading  place 
in  the  kingdom,  and  the  Portuguese  have 
a  factory  here  for  rice,  and  a  lai-ge  church 
frequented  by  black  converts.  The  ad- 
joining iields  bear  two  crops  of  corn  in  a 
vear ;  ar.d  the  higher  grounds  produce  pep- 
per,  b£'.cl-auts,    sandid    wcodj  iron,   and 


MAN 


M  A  N 


steel.  It  is  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  100 
miles  N  by  W  of  Tellicherry.  Lon.  75  24 
E,  lat.  13  8  N. 

Maiigeca,  island  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean, 
about  5  leagues  in  circumference.  In  the 
interior  parts  it  rises  into  small  hills,  and 
captain  Cook  represents  it  as  a  fine  inland, 
and  the  interior  of  the  country  is  diversi- 
fied by  hills  and  valleys.  The  hostile  ap- 
pearance of  its  inhabitants  obliged  him 
to  leave  it  soon.  Lon.  158  16  W,  lat.  21 
27  S. 

•Mangushlak,  town  of  Tiircominia,  on  the 
E  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Its  commerce 
is  considerable  ;  the  neighbouring  Tartars 
bringing  hither  the  productions  of  their 
own  country,  and  even  of  Bokharia  ;  such 
as  cotton,  yarn,  stuffs,  furs,  skins,  and  rhu- 
barb. It  is37  miles  SW  of  Astracan.  Lon. 
48  29  E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

JVTanhartzberg,  the  northern  part  of  Low- 
er Austria,  sepai-ated  from  the  southern  by 
the  rivr  Danube,  and  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Upper  Austria,  on  the  N  by  Bohemia 
and  Moravia,  and  on  the  YL  by  Hungary. 

Manheim,  strong  and  beautiful  city  of 
Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine. 
It  is  a  very  regularly  built,  handsome  city, 
containing  about  25,000  inhabitants,  the 
streets  being  all  straight,  intersecting  eac'.i 
other  at  right  angles.  The  fortifications 
are  good  ;  and  the  town  is  almost  surround- 
ed by  the  Keeker  and  the  Uhine.  It  is  six 
miles  NE  of  Spire,  and  10  W  of  Heidelberg. 
Lon.  8  31  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

JManheim,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Herkimer  county.  New  Yo'k,  on  the  east 
side  of  Moh-iwk  river,  above  tiie  mouth  of 
liast  Canada  creek.  Population  in  1820, 
1777. 

Jiinnheim,  lovv-nslt'p  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  in  the  SW  cor- 
ner  of  the  county,  iidjoining  to  ihe  state  of 
Maryland.  The  chief  town  is  Hanover. 
Population  in  1810,  2207;  and  in  1S20, 
1306. 

Manheim,  township  of  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  W  side  of  Conestogoe 
creek,  between  Moravia  and  Little  Conos- 
togoe  creeks,  immediately  N  from  the  city 
of  Lancaster.  Popidation  in  1810,  1282; 
and  in  1820,  1600. 

JTmikeim,  township  of  Schuylkill  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  along  both  sides  of  the 
SW  branch  of  Sc'.uiylkill,  immediately 
south  from  Onwicksb  nr.  Population  in 
1820,  2164. 

Jtlanicn,  inland  kingdom  of  Africa.  It 
has  on  the  N  Monomatapa,  on  the  E  S  ir(;la, 
and  on  the  S  and  W  unknown  regions. 
Tills  country  is  little  known  to  Europeans, 
but  it  is  said  to  abound  with  mines  of 
gold,  and  to  have  a  great  number  of  ele- 
phants. 

4B 


Manickdurg,  small  town  of  the  Dcccan, 
in  the  county  of  Berar. 

.Winick/witr,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
68  miles  dist;mt  from  Lucknow.  Lon.  81 
45  E,  lat.  37  26  N. 

JManicougan,  river  of  Lower  Canada, 
rises  in  the  recesses  of  Labrador,  flows 
into,  and  again  out  of  Manicougan  lake 
and  assuming  a  course  of  SSW,  enters  St. 
Lawrence  river  nearly  opposite  the  paps  of 
Matane  200  miles  below  Quebec.  Its  en- 
tire comparative  course  exceeds  300  miles. 

jyianiel,  moimtain  of  St.  Domingo,  20 
miles  in  circumference,  and  so  high  and 
cragg)-,  that  it  is  almost  inaccessible. 

JllamUa.     See  Litconia. 

Manilla,  large  and  populous  city,  capi- 
tal of  Luconia  and  the  other  Phillippine 
Islands,  ilost  of  the  public  .structures  are 
built  of  wpod,  on  account  of  the  frequent 
earthquakes,  by  one  of  which  in  1617,  a 
mountain  was  levelled  ;  in  1625  a  third  part 
of  the  city  was  overthrown  by  another, 
when  3000  persons  perished  in  the  ruins; 
and,  the  next  year,  tliere  was  another  less 
violent.  This  city  is  seated  on  the  SE 
side  of  ihe  island,  where  a  large  river  fall3 
into  the  sea,  and  forms  a  noble  bay  30 
leagues  in  c<.mpass  to  which  the  Spaniards 
have  given  the  name  of  Bahia,  because  the 
river  runs  out  of  the  great  lake  Baiii,  which 
lies  at  tlie  distance  of  six  leagues  behilid  it. 
On  the  S  it  is  washed  by  the  sea,  and  on 
the  N  and  E  by  the  river;  being  also 
strongly  fortified  with  wall-,  bastions,  forts, 
and  batteries.  Manilla  contains  about 
30,000  souls,  who  are  a  very  motley  race. 
Here  stands  the  arsenal  where  the  galleons 
aie  built,  for  which  there  are  from  300  to 
600  or  800  men  constantly  employed,  who 
are  relieved  every  mor.th,  and  while  upon 
duty,  arc  maintained  at  the  king's  expense. 
Thr  royal  revtnne  Is  computed  at  about 
hdfamiliion  pieces  (f  eight  exclusive  of 
casualties.     Lon.  120  53  E,  lat.  14  36  N. 

Manli-is,  p  )St  town  nf  Onondago  coun- 
ty, New  York,  between  the  sah  lake  and 
lake  Oneida,  42  miles  \V  of  VVhitestown  on 
Mohock  river.     Population  in  1320,  5372. 

Mannahawkin,  j)ost  town  in  Stafford 
township,  .Monmouth  county.  New  Jersey, 
upon  the  Atlantic  coast,  contuning  about 
30  dweding  l.ouses,  and  a  Baptist  and 
Methodist  meeting  house.  It  lies  8  miles 
from  Tiickerlon. 

Manniiigtree,  town  in  Essex,  on  the  river 
Stoiu',  which  is  here  callerl  Manning-tree 
water.  It  is  11  miles  \V  of  Harwich,  and 
60  KNE  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  E,  lat.  52 
0  N. 

Manor,  townsViip  of  Lmcas'er  county, 
Peu'isylvanla,  containing  2642  inhabitants 
in  1810.  It  is  situated  on  the  NE  side  of 
Susquehannah  river,  about  10  miles  from 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  occupies  the 
peninsula  between  the  Susquehannah  river 
561 


yi  A  X 


M  A  S 


and  Gonestogoe  ereek,   above   the  latter. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Manosqiie,  populous  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  with  a  castle. 
It  had  lately  a  commandery  of  the  order  of 
Malta,  and  "is  seated  on  t!ie  Durance,  10 
miles  S  of  Foroalquier,  and  350  S  by  E  of 
Paris.    Lon.  5  55  E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Manresa,  town  of  Spain,  in  CUalonia, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  drdonera 
and  Lobbregat,  15  miles  SK  of  Cardena, 
and  20  NW  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  56  E, 
lat.  41  36  N. 

Mans,  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Maine.  It  is  seated  on  a  high 
hill,  on  the  Sarte,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Huisne,  20  miles  S  of  Alencon,  and  75 
W  by  N  of  Orleans.  Lon.  0  14  E,  lat.  41 
58  N. 

Mansaroar,  lake  of  Thibet,  from  which, 
(according  to  major  Kennel)  issues  the 
southernmost  head  of  the  Ganges.  It  is 
115  miles  in  circumference,  and  lies  in 
about  79  E  lon.  and  34  N  lat. 

Mimsfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  35  miles  3W  of  Magde- 
burg.    Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  51  41  N. 

Mansfield,  town  in  Nottinghamshire.  It 
has  a  great  trade,  and  is  famous  for  corn 
and  •malt,  and  participates  in  the  stocking 
manufacture.  It  is  a  pretty  large  place, 
and  is  seated  on  the  edge  of  the  forest  of 
Sherwood,  12  miles  N  of  Nottingham,  and 
140  N  by  VV  of  London.  Lon  1  9  W,  lat. 
53  10  N. 

JUans/teld,  post  town  and  township,  Bris- 
tol county,  Massachusetts,  30  miles  SSW 
from  Boston.     Population  in  1820,  1222. 

Mansfehl,  townsliip  and  post  village,  of 
Windham  county,  Connecticut,  between 
Willamaiitic  and  Mount  Hope  rivers,  about 
18  miles  E  of  the  cisy  of  Hartford.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  2570;  and  in  1820,  2993. 

Mamfield,  township  of  Burlington  county. 
New  Jersey,  which  contained  1810  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1957.  It  is  8 
miles  NE  of  Burlington. 

JMawifield,  township  of  Sussex  county, 
New  .Jersey,  on  the  Musconecunk  river,  10 
miles  SE  from  Oxfortl. 

Mansfield,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
for  Richland  county,  Ohio,  containing  about 
thirty  houses,  300  inhabitants.  It  stands 
73  miles  NE  from  Columbus.  North  lat.  40 
47  W,  lon.  5  33. 

Mansfield,  post  village,  Amelia  county, 
Virginia,  20  miles  by  land  above  Peters- 
burg. 

Mansilla,   town  of  Spain,   in  Leon,  15 
miles  SW  of  the  city  of  Leon.    Lcn.  4 
55  W,  lat.  42  30  N. 
Mantaca     See  Mataca. 
Mantshures,  conquered  China  in  the 
17  century.    Their  country  lies  N  from 
562 


China,  and  with  the  utmost  absurdity, 
gencraly  called  Eastern  Chinese  Tartary, 
in  our  geographical  works  The  Tartars, 
Mona;ols,  and  Mantshures,  are  essential- 
ly diffiTent  nations,  more  so,  even,  than 
are  the  French,  Germans,  and  Russians. 
It  would  be  as  correct  to  call  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  northern  Spaniards, 
as  to  designate  the  Mantshures,  Mongols, 
or  Tartars. 

Mantshiiria,  vast  region  in  Asia, 
having  China  proper  S ;  Mongolia  W  ; 
the  Russian  Asiatic  territories  NW 
and  N  ;  and  the  sea  of  Japan,  and  the 
Channel  of  Tartary  or  La  Peyrouse 
straits  E.  It  is  in  a  great  part  occupied 
by  the  basin  of  the  Amur,  and  separated 
from  Asiatic  Russia  by  the  vast  chain  of 
Yablonoy  mountains,  stretching  from 
Kiachta,  to  the  sea  of  Ochotsk,  between 
the  basins  of  the  Amur,  and  Lena  rivers. 
It  was  one  cf  the  native  chieftains  of  this 
country  who  in  1644,  took  advantage  of 
the  revolution  in  China,  which  terminat- 
ed the  dynasty  of  Ming,  in  the  person  cf 
the  emperor  Zunt-chin,  or  Tong-tching. 
and  placed  himself  on  the  throne  of 
China,  and  established  the  now  reigning 
dynasty  of  Dyn-Tsing.  Of  the  Mant- 
shur  family  there  have  been  five  mo- 
narchs  :  Thunti,  Cang-hi,  Kong-tching, 
Kieulong,  and  Kai-king.  It  is  very  re- 
markable that  two  of  the  Manshur-Chi- 
nese  sovereigns  have  jointly  reigned 
124  years;  Cang-hi  from  1661,  to  1721, 
60  years ;  and  Kien-long  from  1735,  to 
1799,  64  years. 

Mantes,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  I'-ie  of  France.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  its  wines,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  and  over  it  is  a  bridge,  the  great 
arch  of  which,  althoiigh  elliptic,  is  120 
feet  wide.  It  is  31  miles  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  51  E,  lat.  49  1  N. 
Man (271  aa.  See  Tri/iotizza. 
Mantua,  or  Mantuan,  duchy  of  Italy, 
lying  along  the  river  Po,  which  divides 
it  into  two  parts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Veronese,  on  the  S  by  the  duchies 
of  Reggio,  Modena,  and  Mirandola  ;  on 
the  E  by  the  Ferrarese ;  and  on  the  Vv 
by  the  Cremonese.  It  is  50  miles  long 
and  27  broad,  and  fruitful  in  corn,  pas- 
tures, flax,  fruits,  and  excellent  wine. 
The  Mantuan  comprehends  the  duchies 
of  Mantua  and  Sa'vcneta;  the  principa- 
lities of  Castiglione  Solfi-rina,  and  Bosnlo; 
likewise  the  county  of  Novellara.  The 
principal  rivers  of  this  country  are  the 
Po,  the  Oglio,  and  the  Minchio. 

Mantua,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  in  Italy,  with  an  archbishop's 
see,  and  a  university,  seated  on  an  is- 
land  in  the  middle  of   a  lake.     The 


M  A  R 


AI  A  R 


Streets  are  broad  and  straight,  and  it  has 
eight  gates,  21  parishes,  40  convents  and 
nunneries,  a  quarter  for* the  Jews  to  live 
in,  and  above  lejOOOlnhabitants  It  was 
greatly  noted  tor  its  siliis,  and  silk  ma- 
nufactures, which  are  now  mucli  decay- 
ed. The  air  in  the  summer  is  very  un- 
wholesome; and  the  lake  is  formed  by 
the  inundations  of  the  Mincio.  Virgil 
was  born  at  a  villac^e  near  this  city.  It 
is  35  miles  NE  of  Parma,  22  S\V  of  Ve- 
rona, and  220  N  bv  VV  of  Rome.  Lon.  10 
50  E  lat.  45  10  N. 

.Mantua,  village  on  the  Schuylkill,  op- 
posite the  Philadelphia  upper  bridge  and 
in  Blockly  township  It  is  strictly  a  su- 
burb of  Philadelphia  ;  its  situation  is  pe- 
culiarly eligible  for  a  summer  residence 
to  the  wealthy  inhabitants  of  the  city. 
The  site  swells  gradually  from  the 
Schuylkill  and  g'ves  a  rich  variety  to 
the  various  buildings,  and  gardens  by 
which  it  is  decorattd. 

Mantua,  flourishing  post  township,  si- 
tuated in  the  northern  borders  Portage 
county  Ohio,  and  through  the  southeast- 
em  quarter  of  which  runs  the  Cuyahoga 
river.  Beside  several  common  schools, 
here  is,  a  tolerably  respectable  grammar 
school.  It  contains  about  93  families, 
and  541  inhabitants, 

Manungen,  town  of  Franconia,  capital 
of  a  small  district  belonging  to  the  house 
of  Saxe-Goiha.  It  is  eight  miles  N  of 
Henneberg      Lon.  10  39  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Maracaibo,  considerable  town  of  South 
America,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Maricaibo,  in  Colombia.  It  carries  on  a 
great  trade  in  skins  and  chocolate,  which 
is  the  best  in  America  ;  and  it  has  very 
fine  tobacco.  It  is  seated  VV  of  the  lake  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  W.C.  5  40  E, 
lat.  10  0  N 

Maracaibo,  province  of  South  America 
jn  Colombia,  it  lies  around  the  gulph  of 
Maracaybo,  and  contains  48,700  inhabi- 
tants, sends  two  representatives,  and  in 
conjunction  with  Coro,  Truscilla,  and 
Merida  elects,  4  senators,  to  the  Colom- 
bian legislature. 

Maracaibo,  inland  sea  of  Colombia ; 
opens  from  the  Caribbean  Sea,  between 
Sword  Point,  and  cape  Roman,  and  ex- 
terdiag  S  about  100  miles  in  form  of  an 
ellipse,  narrows  to  a  strait  opposite  to 
the  city  of  Maracaibo,  and  again,  widens 
to  an  extensive  sleet  of  water,  of  100 
miles  long  and  70  or  80  wide.  The 
gulf  reaches  from  lat  S  30  N  to  12  N, 
and  is  the  most  extensive  indenting  of 
the  coast  of  South  America,  except  the 
rivers. 

Maragal,  town  of  Persia,  42  miles  from 
Tauris.     Lon.  47  52  E,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Maranda,  fief  of  Buckingham   county 


Lower  Canada,  or  the  right  side  of  St. 
Lawrence,  20  miles  above  Quebec,  and 
opposite  Pointe  aux  Trembles. 

Mai'anham,  Captain  generalship  of 
Brasil ;  bounded  NE  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  E  and  SE  by  Seera,  or  the  river 
Parnaiba ;  SVV  by  Goias ;  and  W  by  Pa- 
ra. It  lies  between  lat  1  and  9  S,  and  is 
watered  by  the  various  branches  of  the 
Parnaiba,  Pinare,  and  other  streams. 
Cotton,  rice,  and  sugar,  are  its  primary 
staples. 

Maranham,  a  fine  and  fertile  island, 
from  the  name  of  which  that  of  the  Cap- 
tain generalship  is  derived,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Pinare,  and  is  of  an  oval 
form  30  miles  in  Length. 

Maranham,  town  of  Maranham,  on  the 
island  of  the  same  name  with  a  good 
harbour.    Lon.  \V  C  32  56  E. 

Mara7io,  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
Friuli,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is  seated 
in  a  marsh,  which  renders  it  difficult  of 
access,  and  at  the  bottom  of  th-  gulf  of 
Venice,  27  miles  S  by  E  of  Udina.  Lon. 
13  5  E,  lat,  42  51  N. 

Marans,  rich  town  of  France  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Charente,  and  late 
province  of  Angoumois,  seated  among 
salt  marshes  near  the  river  Sevre.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  corn  and  is  12 
miles  NE  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  0  55  W, 
46  20  N. 

Marasch,  populous  town  of  Natolia, 
encompassed  by  the  mountains  of  Tau- 
rus and  Anti-taurus,  and  the  river  Eu- 
phrates.    Lon.  38  25  E.  lat.  38  15  N. 

Marathon,  village  of  Greece  in  Attica, 
20  miles  NE  from  Athens  Remarka- 
ble for  a  battle  fought  between  the 
Athenians  and  Platsans,  and  the  Per- 
sians, on  the  17th  of  August  494  years. 
Ante  Christ,  in  which  the  Persians  were 
utterly  defeated. 

Marathon,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Lawrence  county  Alabama,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Tennessee  river,  35  miles  W 
from  Huntsville. 

Marawina,  river  of  Guiana,  which  se- 
parates Surinam  from  the  French  colony 
of  Cayenne.  A  curious  pebble,  known  by 
the  name  of  thf^  Marawina  diamond,  is 
found  here,  which  when  polished,  is  often 
set  in  rings,  &c.  It  runs  into  the  Atlan- 
tic in  lon  53  48  W,  lat.  5  38  N. 

Marbach,  town  of  (iermany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
burg  seated  on  the  Neckar.  It  was  burnt 
by  the  French  in  1^'93.  It  is  12  miles  S 
of  Hailbron,  and  13  N  of  Stutgard.  Lon. 
9  25  E.  lat.  48  59  N. 

Marbella,  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Verde, 
24  miles  SW  of  Malaga.  Lon.  5  55  W, 
lat.  36  29  N. 

563 


n  A  R 


U  A  R 


Marblehead,  considerable  seaport  and 
post  town  andtownslup  of  Essex  county, 
Massacliusetts,  4  miles  SE  ot"  Salem,  and 
19  NE  of  Boston,  in  the  lal.  of  42  o5  N, 
and  In.  69  50.  The  town  contained  6900 
inhabitants,  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  5630. 

Marbletoivn,  township  of  Ulster  coun- 
tj'.  New  York.  It  is  situated  on  the  S 
side  cf  Esopus  creek,  about  70  miles  S 
SW  of  Albany.  Population  1810,  3660, 
and  in  1820,  3809. 

Marca,  small  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, five  miles  from  Ragusu,  on  which  it 
depends.  It  had  formerly  a  bishop's  see ; 
but  the  town  is  now  in  ruins. 

Marcellin,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Isere,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  It  is  five  miles  from  St.  An- 
toine,  and  253  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
32  E.  lat.  45  14  N. 

Marcellino,  small  river  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val  di-N(.to,  which  falls  into  the  sea, 
two  miles  from  Augusta. 

•Marcello,  small  iown  ct  Italy,  in  Naples, 
in  the  pr  jvince  of  Bari. 

Marceltus,  post  town  and  township 
Oncindago  county,  New  York  ;  4  miles 
NE  from  Skeneatels  lake.  Population 
1820,  6503. 

Marche,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Beiry,  E  by  Au- 
vergne,  W  by  Angoumois,  and  S  by  Li- 
mosin.  It  is  55  miles  in  length,  and  25 
in  breadth,  and  is  pretty  fertile  in  corn 
and  wine.  It  now  forms  the  department 
of  Cre'use. 

Marche,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  situate  near  the 
source  of  the  Mouzon,  20  miles  S  of 
Neufchateau,  and  40  S   by  W  of  Toul. 

Marcheck,  town  of  Austria  with  an 
old  castle,  seated  on  the  March,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Hungary,  23  miles  E  by  N  cf 
Vienna. 

Marchiennes,  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  territory  of  Liege,  seated 
on  the  Sambre,  four  miks  W  of  Charle- 
roy. 

Marchiennes,  town  of  France,  in  tlie 
department  of  Nord,  seated  in  a  morass, 
on  the  river  Scarpe,  seven  miles  ENE  of 
Douay. 

Marciannisi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavoro,  13  miles  NNE  of  Najjles. 

Marcignj/,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire,  near  the 
river  Loire,  32  miles  W  of  Macon,  and 
43  S  by  W  of  Autun. 

Marckolsfieim,  town  of  France,  in  the 
departmtrnt  of  Lower  Rhine,  25  miles  S 
of  Strasburg. 

Jidbrco,  Si  seaport  of  E.  Florida,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  at  its  entrance 
into  Apalache  bay,  180  miles  WNW  of 
.564 


St.  Augustin.  Lon.  84  38  W,  lat.  30 
IS  N. 

Marco,  S(.  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  seattd  on" the  Senito,  22  miles 
N  of  Cosenza. 

MurcoUy  at.  two  small  islands  in  the 
English  channel,  near  the  coast  of 
Fraiice,  seven  miles  SE  of  Cape  la 
Hogue 

Marcus  Hook,  ancient  village  of  De- 
laware county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  NW 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  five  miles 
below  Chester,  and  20  below  Philadel- 
phia. 

Mardike,  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  seated  on  a  canal,  to 
which  it  gives  name,  four  miles  W  by  S 
of  Dunkirk. 

Mareb,  town  of  Arabia,  capital  of  a 
district,  in  the  province  of  Yemen.  It 
is  100  miles  SE  of  Sanaa.  Lon.  47  30 
E,  lat    15  44  N. 

Maree,  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in 
Ros^-shire,  18  miles  'ong,  and,  in  some 
parts,  four  bread.  It  contains  many  small 
islands,  and  abounds  with  salmon,  char, 
and  trout. 

Marengo,  village  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, three  miles  SE  of  Alexandria. 
It  is  famous  for  a  decisive  victory  gained 
over  the  Au.strians,  June  14,  18u0,  by 
which  the  French  again  became  con- 
querors of  Italy. 

Marengo,  county  of  Alabama  ;  bound- 
ed W  by  Fombigbee,  and  Black-Warrior 
rivers ;  N  ;  by  Tuscalooso  county  E,  and 
SE,  by  Dallas,  and  S  by  Clarke.  Length 
60 ;  mean  width  2o ;  and  area  1200 
square  miles.  Surface  hiily,  and  soil  ex- 
cept near  the  streams  barren  and  cover- 
ed generally  with  pine  timber.  Staple 
cotton.    ChiT-fiown  Eagleville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...        1,117" 

do.    do.  females  -         •  935 

All  other  peraons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -         -         -  0 

Total  whites        .         -         .         .  2,052 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  8 

d ;.              do.      females  -  7 

Slaves,  males       ....  450 

do.    females              -         -        -  416 

Total  population  in  1820  -       2,933 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  29 

Ens^aged  in  Agriculture               -  347 

no.        ill  Manufactures             -  20 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  9 

PopuUtion  to  the  square  mile  2^. 

Marennes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  remarka- 


MAR 


M  A  R 


ble  for  the  green-finned  oysters  found 
near  the  coast,  and  the  salt  it  sends  to 
other  places.  It  is  32  miles  NW  of 
Saintes,  and  270  SW  of  Paris. 

Marelimo,  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  W  coast  of  Sicily,  12  miles 
in  circumference.  It  has  a  castle,  with 
a  few  farm-houses,  and  produces  much 
honey.    Lon,  12  35  E,  lat.  38  5  N. 

jyiargaretta,  tovvnsliip  of  Huron  county, 
Ohio.  "Popuktion  in  1820,  192. 

jyiargaret's  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  were  discovered  by  captain  James 
Magee,  in  the  ship  Margaret,  of  Boston,  in 
his  voyage  from  Kamtschatka,  in  1/80. 
Lon.  141*  12  E,  lat.  24  40  N. 

Margarettsville,  or  Boonsborough,  post 
village,  Washington  county,  Maryland,  11 
miles  SE  from  Hagerstown.  See  Boons- 
borough. 

Margarita,  island  near  the  coast  of  Co- 
lombia, 40  miles  long  and  15  broad,  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  in  1498.  The  con- 
tinual verdure  renders  it  pleasant ;  but  it 
has  no  fresh  water.  It  was  taken  in  1626 
by  the  Dutch,  who  demolished  the  castle  ; 
since  which  time  it  has  been  in  a  manner 
abandoned  by  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  64  10 
W,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Margate,  tov-n  in  Kent,  in  the  isle  of 
Thanet.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  has 
a  stone  pier,  and  is  a  member  of  the  port  of 
Dover.  It  has  a  great  resort  of  company 
for  sea-bathing,  and  the  buildings  for  their 
accommodation  are  numerous  and  Itand- 
some.  Great  quantities  of  corn  are  export- 
ed hence,  and  there  are  regular  passage 
boats  to  and  from  London.  It  is  17  miles 
ENE  of  Canterbury,  and  71  E  by  S  of  Lon- 
don      Lon.  1  22  E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

J\fargozza,  town  of  Italy,  m  the  l^lilanese, 
near  a  small  lake  of  its  name,  40  miles  NW 
of  Milan 

Maria,  St.  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
near  tlie  E  side  of  MaJag  scar  It  is  45 
miles  long  and  seven  bro^d,  well  watered, 
and  surrounded  by  rocks.  It  produces 
rice,  sugar  canes,  legumes,  pine-apples,  to- 
bacco, &c.  and  on  tiie  coasts  are  found 
white  coral  and  ambergrise.  The  inhabi- 
tants call  it  Ibrahim.  Lon.  50  20  E,  lat.  17 
0  S. 

Maria,  St.  the  most  southern  island  of 
the  Azores,  which  produces  plenty  of 
wheat,  and  has  about  5000  inhabitants.  It 
has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  Lon.  25  9 
W,  lat.  36  57  N. 

Maria,  St.  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  with  a  small  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  and  Dutch  in  1702 ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Guadaleta,  at  the  mouth  of 
which  is  a  tower,  and  a  battery,  18  miles 
N  of  Cadiz.     Lon.  6  6  W,  lat.  36  39  N. 

Maria,  St.  town  of  Terra  Firma  Proper. 
It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of 
St.  Michael,  at  the  mouth  of  a  navigable 


river  of  the  same  name.     Lon.  78  12  W, 
lat.  7  43  N. 

Mariagnlantc,  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca- 
ribbee  Llands,  in  the  West  Indies,  suliject 
to  t!ie  Frenrh,  extending  16  miles  from  N 
to  S,  and  four  from  E  to  W  It  is  full  of 
hills,  and  along  the  E  shore  are  lofty  per- 
pendicular  rocks,  that  shelter  vast  num- 
bers of  tropical  birds  It  has  several  large 
caverns,  with  many  little  streams, and  ponds 
of  fresh  water.  It  is  covered  with  trees, 
and  particularly  abounds  with  tobacco  and 
the  wild  cinnamon-tree.  It  is  30  miles  N 
of  Dominica,  and  40  E  of  Guadaloupe.  Lon. 
61  11  W,  lat   15  52  N. 

Mai-ia's  River,  brancli  of  Missouri,  which 
rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains  at  lon.  W  C 
35  W,  and  near  lat.  ,50  N.  Its  general 
course  is  SE  into  the  Missouri,  which  it 
joins  about  50  miles  below  the  Great  Falls. 

Mariaville,  township  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty, Maine,  40  miles  NE  from  Castine. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Marie-aiix-Mines,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  A'^osges,  and  la'e  pro- 
vince of  Lorrain,  divided  in  two  by  the 
river  Leber.  It  is  famous  for  its  silver 
mines,  and  is  25  miles  NW  of  New  Brisach. 
Lon.  7  24  E,  lat.  48  16  N. 

Marie,  Cape  Dame,  west  point  of  St.  Do- 
mingo. 

Marienburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Misnia,  remarkable  for  its  rich 
silver  mines.  It  is  seated  among  the 
mountains,  on  the  confines  of  Bohemia,  28 
miles  SS  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  35  E,  laf. 
50  49  N. 

Marienburg,  town  of  Poland,  in  Western 
Prussia,  capital  of  a  pala'inite  of  tlie  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Njget,  a  branch 
of  tlie  Vistula,  30  miles  SW  of  Elbing, 
and  30  SE  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  19  15  E,  lat. 
5i9N. 

Marienburg,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  P'rtnch 
HdiiKtult,  formeriy  a  strong  pLce,  but  dis- 
mantled  by  the  French,  aiter  it  was  ceded 
to  them  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees.  It 
is  ten  m  les  SW  of  Charlemont.  Lon.  4 
28  E.  lat  50  2  N. 

Marienstadt,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West 
Gothland,  seated  on  the  lake  Wenner,  35 
miles  SE  of  Carlstadt,  and  162  SW  of 
Stockholm.     Lon.  14  25  E,  lat.  58  28  N. 

Marieniuerder ,  town  of  \Vesterii  Prussia, 
in  Pomerania,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Vistula,  20  miles  SSW  of  Marienburg. 
Lon.  19  5  E,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Marietta,  post  village,  Onondago  coun 
ty,  New  York. 

Marietta,  borough  and  post  town,  Lan- 
caster county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  above  the 
mouth  of  Little  Chiques  creek,  13  miles  W 
from  the  city  of  Lancaster.  Population  in 
1820,  1545. 

565 


M  A  K 


M  A  U 


^Marietta,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Washington  county,  Ohio,  occapying  the 
peninsuli  between  the  Ohio  and  Muskin- 
gum rivers  at  their  junction.  It  contains  u 
large  Pi-esbyterian  meeiing  house,  an 
academy,  the  common  county  buildings,  a 
printing  office,  bank,  about  20  mercantile 
stores,  and  I'jOdaeUing  houses.  It  is  dis- 
tant 315  miles  W  by  N  from  Washington, 
and  109  SE  from  Columbus.  Lon.  W  C  4 
2  J  W,  lat.  39  25  N.  Population  of  the 
whole  township  in  1820,  2036. 

Marietta,  land  district,  in  Ohio,  is  a  dis- 
trict of  country,  the  lands  in  which  are, 
and  are  yet  to  be  sold  at  the  land  office  in 
Marietta.  It  is  a  small  disti'ict  including 
only  the  southern  part  of  Belmont  and  all 
Monroe  counties,  excepting  the  two  wes- 
ternmost townsliips,  and  an  inconsiderable 
part  of  the  north-eastern  corner  of  Wash- 
ington county. 

JSIarimaiw,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  remarkable  for  the  defe.-jt  of  the 
Swiss,  by  the  French,  in  1515.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  I.ambro,  10  m.ilts  S  of  Milan. 

Marino,  St.  sirong  town  of  Iialy,  capital 
of  a  small  republic,  surrounded  by  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  under  the  protection  of 
the  pope,  with  three  castles.  It  chooses  its 
own  magistrates  and  offici-rs,  and  is  seated 
on  a  mourn  ain,  10  miles  SW  of  Rimini,  and 
14  NW  of  Ufbmo,  Lon.  12  33  E,  lat.  43 
54  N. 

Marino,  St.  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  with  a  castle,  10  miles  E  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  46  E,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Marion,  district  of  South  Carolina ; 
bounded  NE  by  North  Carolina ;  E  by 
Lit'le  Pedec  or  Horry  district;  SW  by 
Great  Pedee  and  Lynch's  creek;  and  NW 
by  Darlington  and  Marlborough.  Length 
40;  mean  width  28;  and  arei  1120  square 
miles.  S>irface  rather  level  than  hilly. 
Soil  sandy,  tliough  in  many  places  highly 
productive.     Chief  town,  Springville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         3,027 

do.  do.    f>imales     -        -        -        2,992 


Tot.il  whiles 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 


6,019 


not  taxed 
Slaves       .        .        .        - 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

dians 

94 
2,771 

8,884 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  ii- 

not  taxed         .        -         . 

3,383 
3,269 

0 

Total  whiles          ,         -         .        .  6,652 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  45 

do.            do.        females  -  41 

Slaves,  males       .        -        -        .  1,690 

566 


Slaves,  females     ....      1,77> 
Total  population  in  1820      -        -    10,201 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,107 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         •  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  9 

Population  to  the   square  mile,  9. 

Marion,  post  village  of  Twiggs  county, 
Georgia,  35  miles  SW  from  Milledgevilie. 

JJ/a«'o7j,  county  of  Ohio;  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Crawford,  east  by  Richland,  south 
by  Delaware  and  Union  counties,  and  on 
the  west  by  Hardin  county.  It  is  33  miles 
long  from  east  to  west,  and  18  broad  from 
north  to  south,  containing  about  530  square 
miles.  This  county  comprises  the  height 
of  land  between  the  Sandusky  and  Scioto 
rivers.  Much  of  it  is  open  plain,  or  table 
land,  composing  the  southernmost  of  what 
are  called  the  Sandusky  plains.  Much  of 
it  is  however,  heavily  timbered,  and  of  a 
very  rich  and  fertde  quality  of  soil.  It  is 
well  watered  by  the  Scioto,  Little  Scioto, 
and  Whetstone  rivers ;  beside  numerous 
smaller  streams.  Marion  county  was  con- 
stituted in  January,  1820.  In  the  census  of 
1320,  this  county  was  included  in  Dela- 
ware. 

Marion,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bounded 
S  by  Alabama  and  Georgia ;  W  and  NW 
by  Franklin ;  N  by  Bledsoe ;  and  E  by 
Hamilton  and  the  Cherokee  lands.  Length 
32  ;  mean  width  18  ;  and  area  756  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly  and  in  part  moun- 
tainous. This  comity  is  drained  by  Se- 
quatchie river,  and  occupies  the  valley  be- 
tween two  ridges  ot  the  Cumberland  moun- 
tains. Tennessee  river  traverses  its  SE 
angle.    Chief  town,  Jasper. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -        -         1,877 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,842 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •         .        -        .  0 


3,719 

1 

1 

72 

95 


Total  whites       -        -    •    - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  niales       .        .         .        - 

do,    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Comnii Tce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  2^  nearly. 

Marion,  county  of  Alabama;  bounded  W 
by  Monroe  county,  in  Missis.sippi  and  the 
Chickisaw  lands  ;  N  by  Franklin  county  in 
Alabama ;  NB   by  jLawrence ;   and  E   by 


:i,i 


2 

1,468 

49 

9 


:>i  A  R 


M  A  K 


Blount  and  Jefferson.  Length  50;  mean 
widlh  30;  and  area  1500  square  miles.  It 
is  chiefly  drained  by  the  Buttahattchee 
branch  of"  Tombighee.  Similar  to  most 
sections  of  the  Unied  States,  souih  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  east  from  the  Mis-,issippi,  the 
productive  soil  of  this  county  is  confined 
to  the  blinks  of  streams.  It  was  laid  out 
since  the  census  of  1820. 

JMarion,  county  of  Mississippi ;  bounded 
by  Hancock  county  in  Mississippi  SK ; 
Washington  Parish  in  Louisiana  S  ;  Pike 
\V  ;  Lawrence  N  ;  and  Perry  E.  Length 
36 ;  mean  width  24 ;  and  area  864  square 
miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly.  Soil 
barren,  except  near  the  streams,  the  pre- 
vailing timber  pine.  Staples  cotton.  Ciiief 
town,  New  Columbia. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,059 

do.    do.    females    -        -        -  825 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  0 


Total  whites       .        -        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.         do.  females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do-    females        -  -        . 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


1,884 

0 

0 

621 

611 

3,116 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,040 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  38 

do.        in  Commerce       -        .  17 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  3J. 

Mark,  St.  seaport  in  the  VV  side  of  St. 
Domingo,  45  miles  NNW  of  Port-au- 
Prince.     Lon.  72  40  W,  lat.  19  20  N. 

JMarkham  Totcmship,  in  the  East  Riding 
of  the  county  of  York,  Upper  Canada, 
fronts  Yonge-street,  and  lies  to  the  north- 
ward of  York  and  Scai borough;  here  are 
good  mills,  and  a  thriving  settlement  of 
Germ;ms. 

Marlborong-h,  borough  in  Wilts,  on  a 
chulky  soil,  on  the  Kennet,  43  miles  E  of 
Bristol,  and  74  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  26 
W,  lat.  51  28  N. 

JMaiiboroiigh,  Fort,  Englisli  factory,  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  three 
miles  E  of  flencoolen,  and  300  NW  of  Ba- 
tavia.     Lon  102  9  E,  lat.  3  49  N. 

■Marlborough  Toivnship,  in  tiie  county  of 
Grenville,  Upper  Canada,  lies  to  the  north- 
ward of  Oxford,  and  is  watered  by  the  Ri- 
deau, 

Marlborough,  township  of  Middlesex 
cotmtv,  Upper  Canada. 

Marlborough,  township  of  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  11  miles  E  from 
Connecticut  river,  and  36  E  from  Bennmg- 
ton,  in  Vermont.     Population  in  1320  766. 

Marlbm-oitgh,  township  and  post  village, 


Windham  county,  Vermont,  9  miles  SW 
off  Brattleboro'.     Population  \3\j\j. 

Marlboro',  township  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  28  miles  VV  of  Boston, 
containing  1735  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in 
182!J,  1952 

Marll)orough,\.o\vns\\\\)  of  Ulster  county. 
New  York,  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson  river, 
90  miles  S  of  Albany.  Population  in  1810, 
1964;  and  in  1820,  2248. 

Marlborough,  post  village,  and  SE  town- 
ship of  Hartford  county  Connecticut,  17 
miles  SK  from  Hartford.  Population  in 
1820,  839. 

JMarlboroiigh,  township  of  Montgomery 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  SVV  limit  of 
Bucks,  and  in  tlie  forks  of  the  Perkiomen, 
between  Upper  Salford  and  Hanover,  S5 
miics  NW  from  Philadelphia.  Population 
in  1820,  839. 

J\tarlboroiigh,  East,  township  of  Chester 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  of  Red 
Clay  creek,  and  enclosed  by  the  townships 
of  Newlin,  Pennsbury,  Newgarden,  30 
miles  SW  by  W  from  Philadelphi:i,  and  8 
SSW  from  Downingstown.  Population  in 
1820,  993. 

Marlborough,  West,  township  of  Chester 
county  Pennsylvania,  VV  from  East  Marl- 
borough, and  10  miles  SVV  from  Down- 
ingstown.     Population  in  1820,  852. 

Marlborough,  post  village,  at  the  NW 
angle  of  Calvert  county  Maryland  on  the 
Patuxent,  45  miles  S  from  Baltimore. 

Marlborough,  Upper,  post  town  and  seat 
of  justice.  Prince  George^s  county  Mary- 
land, on  the  western  branch  of  Patuxent, 
12  miles  SE  by  E  from  Washington,  and 
15  miles  a  little  W  of  N  from  Lower  Marl- 
borough. 

Marlborough,  district  of  South  Carolina, 
bounded  N  and  NE  by  North  Carolina,  SE 
by  Marion  district;  and  SVV  by  the  Great 
Vcdee,  or  Darlington,  and  Chesterfield 
districts.  Length  30 ;  mean  width  15  ;  and 
area  450.  It  is  washed  along  its  entire  SW 
border,  by  the  Great  Pedee,  and  drained 
by  the  various  confluents  of  that  river. 
Staples  cotton,  and  tobacco.  The  soil  is 
sandy,  but  in  m.any  places  very  produc 
tive.     Chief  town  Bennetsville. 

PopuUtion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,553 

do.    do.    females         -        -        1,620 

Total  whites  ....  3,17.1 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        -  34 

Slaves 1,709 


Total  population  in  1810 

P..pulationinl820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

567 


4,966 


1,600 

1,650 


:\f  A  R 


MAR 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites  _        -       - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males    -       -        -       . 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,425 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture           -  2,597 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  129 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  14, 

Marlborough,  township  '\\\  the  northern 
border-,  of  Delaware  county,  Ohio,  which 
is  situated  in  the  village  of  Norton.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  300. 

J^Iurlo-ii),  borough  in  Buckinghamshire, 
with  a  ma^  ket  on  Saturday.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into 
Berkshire.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, has  a  manufacture  of  bonelace,  and 
is  17  miles  S  of  Ailesbury,  and  31  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  45  W,  lat  51  35  N. 

JMarli,  village  of  France,  between  Ver- 
sailes  and  St.  Germain.  Here  was  a  royal 
palace  noted  for  its  fine  gardens  and  water- 
works, there  being  a  curious  machine  on 
the  Seine,  which  not  only  supplied  them 
with  water,  but  also  those  of  Versailes.  It 
is  ten  miles  NW  of  Paris. 

jyfaniiande,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  Garonne  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne.  It  curries  on  a  great 
trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  Brandy,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  40  miles  SK  of 
Bourdeaux,  and  320  S  by  W  of  FaHs.  Lon. 
0  15  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

J^Iarmora,  sea  between  Europe  and  .\si8, 
which  communicates  wiili  the  Archipelago, 
by  the  sirait  of  Gallipoli  on  tlie  SW,  and 
with  the  RlackSea,  by  the  strait  of  Constan- 
tinople oil  tiie  NE.  It  lias  two  castles,  one 
on  the  Asian,  and  one  on  the  European 
side.  It  is  120  miles  in  length,  and  50  in 
breadth,  and  was  anc  ently  called  the  Pro- 
pontis. 

Marmora,\.\\t  name  of  four  islands  in  the 
sea  of  the  same  name.  The  largest  is 
about  30  miles  in  ciicumferrncc,  and  they 
all  produce  corn,  wine,  and  fruits. 

Jifarmora,  ce'ebrated  cascade  of  Italy, 
in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto,  three  miles  from 
Terni. 

J\farne,  town  of  Persi.n,  in  the  province 
of  Corazin. 

Jlfarne,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Champagne. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  r  ses 
near  Langres  and  flowing  NW  joins  the 
Seine,  a  little  above  Paris.  Rheims  is  the 
568 


archiepiscopal  see,  but  Chalons  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Marne,  Upper,  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of  Cam- 
paigne.     Chaumont  is  the  capital. 

JVIarnlntU,  vidage  in  Dorsetshire,  on  the 
Stour.  The  church  is  an  ancient  lofty 
building;  the  tower  of  which  fell  down  in 
1710,  in  the  time  of  divine  service,  but  was 
handsomely  rebuilt. 

Maro,  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  8 
miles  NW  of  Oneiglia,  and  48  WSW  of 
Genoa.     Lon.  7  41 'e,  lat.  44  55  N. 

J\[arogna  town  of  R  .mania,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  seated  near  the 
^lediterranean,  150  miles  SW  of  Constan- 
tinople     Lon   25  41  E,  iat  40  59  N. 

jilarotier,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of 
Alsace,  wit  a  late  Benedictine  abbey,  18 
miles  NW  o  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  33  E,  lat. 
48  38  N. 

JMarples,  ownship  of  Delaware  county 
Pennsylvania,  between  Darby  and  Crum 
creeks  14  miles  W  from  Philadelphia. 
Population  in  1820,  700. 

Jlfarpurg,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a 
university,  a  palace,  a  handsome  square, 
and  a  magnificent  town-house.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Lahn,  15  miles  S  of  Waldeck, 
and  47  SW  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  0  E,  lat.  50 
351^. 

Marquesas,  group  of  islands  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  of  which  the  most  consider- 
able are,  St.  Christiana  and  St.  Pedro. 
Captain  Cook,  in  his  second  voyage,  lay 
some  time  at  the  first  of  these,  which  is 
situated  in  lon.  139  9  W%  and  lat.  9  55  S. 
Mr.  Foster  says  he  never  saw  a  single  de- 
formed or  even  ill-proportioned  man  among 
the  natives;  all  were  strong,  tall,  well 
limbed,  and  active  in  the  highest  degree. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Marquesas,  Society, 
and  Friendly  Islands,  Easter  Island,  and 
New  Zealand,  seem  to  liave  all  the  same 
origin,  their  language,  manners,  customs, 
&c.  bearing  a  great  affinity  in  many  re- 
spects. 

Marsal,  town  of  France,  in  Meurthe,  17 
miles  NEfroni  Nancy. 

Marsala,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di 
Mazzara,  at  the  W  part  of  the  island,  on 
the  promontory  of  Lilybxum,  45  miles  SW 
from  Palermo. 

Marsch.     See  Moran>. 

Mursilen,  village  in  West  Yorkshire, 
near  the  source  of  the  Colne,  7  miles  SW 
of  Huddersfield.  Herr  are  some  extensive 
cotton  mills,  and  the  Huddersfield  canal 
passes  this  place. 

Marseilles,  flourishing  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Mouths  of  the 
Rhor.e.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at 
90,000.    It  was  so  celebrated  in  the  time 


M  A  R 


M  A  11 


of  the  Komans,  that  Cicero  styled  it  the 
Athens  of  the  Gauls,  and  Pliny  culled  it 
the  Mistress  of  Education.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Medlierraneun,  at  the  upper  end  of 
a  gulf  in  which  are  many  small  islands ; 
and  is  partly  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  and 
partly  in  a  plain.  It  is  div  ded  into  the 
Old  Town  and  the  New.  The  first  ap- 
pears like  an  amphitheatre  to  the  vessels '" 
which  enter  the  port;  but  the  hi  uses  are 
mean,  and  the  streets  dirty,  narrow,  and 
steep.  In  this  part  is  the  principal  church 
built  by  the  Goths,  on  the  ruins  of  the 
temple  of  Diana.  The  New  town  is,  in 
every  respect,  a  perfect  contrast  to  ihs 
city,  with  which  it  has  a  communication  by 
one  of  the  finest  streets  iniiginable.  The 
other  streets  and  squares,  as  well  as  the 
public  buildings  in  general,  are  very  ele- 
gant. •  With  respect  to  commerce,  Mar- 
seilles has  been  eminent  since  th'  days  of 
nntiquit}' ;  and  is  now  sorrietinfies  called 
Europe  in  miniature,  on  account-  of  the 
variety  of  dresses  and  langua;;es.  The 
.port  is  a  basin  of  an  oval  form,  34S0  feet 
lonf^,  960  broad  at  it  widest  part,  with  18 
Oi"  20  feet  depth  of  water.  In  the  environs 
of  Marseilles  are  near  5000  liUle  country 
boxes  of  the  citizens,  called  Bastides^.  In 
1640  the  plsgue  raged  with  great  violence 
in  Marseilles,  and  with  still  greater  in  1?20, 
when  it  carried  off  50,000  of  tlie  inhabi- 
tants. The  late  Lord  Gadenstone  men- 
tions, that  Marseilles  was  a  little  republic 
within  itself,  that  tiie  citizens  eiecied  their 
own  magistrates,  an  that  tiie  expense  of  a 
law-suit  never  exceeded  twopence-halfpenni/y 
which  sum  was  lodged  by  each  party  with 
the  clerks  of  court,  at  the  commencement 
of  every  process ;  after  which  no  farther 
expense  was  incurred.  .Marseilles  is  15 
miles  S  of  Aix,  13  NW  of  Toul  n  It  5 
362  S  by  E  of  Paris..  Lon.  5  27  E,  iat.  43 
13  N. 

JMarsluiH^s-Ji^Uj^ost  office  in  Hunting- 
don county  PenHgWfeni^ 

JMarshaUsvii'  ■,  post  village,  Mecklenb'irg 
county  Virginia.  G5  miles  SW  of  Peters- 
burg. 

^lavshfield,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  on 
the  Coteswold  hills,  11  miles  E  of  Bristol, 
and  103  W  of  London 

•JMarslifieh',,  post  town  and  township, 
AVasliington  county  V^ermont,  12  miles  E 
from  Montpelier.     Population  520. 

Jlarshjielcl,  post  town  in  Plyni'mth  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  situated  near  Marslifield 
point,  36  miles  SE  of  Boston.  It  had  1364 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1532. 

Murshpee,  township  of  Barnstable  coun- 
ty Massachusetts,  on  the  sea  cr  ast  17  miles 
SVVfrom  Barnstable.  Population  in  1820, 
150. 

Marcio  J\'novo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
c;pato  Citeriore,  21  miles  NNIi  of  Poli- 
castro, 


.']larscio  Vccchio,  town  of  Naples,  in  Ba- 
silicata,  near  the  river  Acre,  23  miles  NE 
of  Policustro. 

J\IarsiUy,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vlarne,  10  mdes  S  of  Suzanne. 

JIarstraiid,  rocky  island  of  Sweden,  in 
the  Categat,  lying  NW  of  the  moutti  of 
the  Gotha.  It  is  two  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence; and,  o:i  account  of  its  strength,  is 
called  the  Gbralter  of  Sweden.  The  town 
stands  o:i  -the  E  side,  and  the  harbour  is 
secure  and  commodious  but  of  difficult 
entrance.  The  inhabitants  subsist  chiefly 
by  the  herring  fisliery,  by  the  number  of 
ships  wh'.ch  in  bad  weather  take  reftuje  in 
the  harboiir,  and  by  a  coniraband  trade. 
It  is  23  miles  NV/  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  11 
30  E,  Iat.  57  59  N. 

Marta.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
of  St.  Peter ;  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  where  it  issues  from  the  lake  Bolfe- 
na,  10  m  Its  E  ofCastro. 

JIuriabcm,  city  of  Pegu,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  tlie  suTie  name,  fertile  in  rice, 
fruits,  and  svines  of  all  kinds  It  was  a  rich 
trading  place  before  the  king  of  Birmali 
conquered  the  country,  who  caused  a  num- 
ber of  V  -ssels  to  be  suiilc  at  t!ie  mouth  of 
the  harbour,  so  that  it  is  now  only  to  be 
entered  by  small  ve  sels.  T;;e  chief  trade 
is  i'  e  r.rthen-vare  and  fish.  Ii  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Tiengd,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thaltian,  120  mil-s  SE  of  Pegu.  Lon.  97 
.56  E,  Iat.  16  30  N. 

.Marlago,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  10  miles 
SSE  oi  Ciudad  Ilodrigo. 

JYIariapnra.     See  JSIetapura. 
JMartel,  town  of  France',  in  the  depart- 
ment of  L  >t,  seated  near  the  Dordogne,  18 
miles  E  of  Surlat. 

Martha.  St.  province  of  Terra  Firma, 
bou'ded  on  the  N  by  the  Caribbean  s^a,  E 
bv  Vene/.iicia,  S  by  New  Granada,  and  W 
by  Carthagena.  It  is  a  miuintainous  cnun- 
trv,  and  t!ie  l.'>nd  very  high.  It  abound.'? 
witii  fruits  prfiper  to  the  clima'e,  and  there 
are  mines  of  gold  and  precious  s'ones,  and 
salt-works.  Here  t!;e  famous  ridge  of 
mountains  begin,  called  the  Andes,  which 
runs  S  tlie  whole  length  cf  South'Ame- 
rica. 

Martha,  St.  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name  in  Terr  Firma,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  :  nd  a  liariiour  surrounded  by  high 
mountains.  It  was  once  flourishing  and 
populous,  when  the  Spanish  galieons  were 
sent  thither,  but  is  now  .almost  come  to 
notlting.  The  air  about  tl  e  town  is  whole- 
some and  the  liouses  are' built  of  canes, 
and  covered  mostly  with  palmetto  leaves. 
It  is  sea'ed  on  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
H'>o  Grande,  1000  mles  W  by  S  of  the 
llio-de-la  ilacha.  Lon.  73  56  W,  Iat.  11 
24  N. 

Martha  s  Vinciard,  island  near  tlie  coast, 
569 


M  A  i; 


U  A  E 


and  forming:  part  of  Dukes  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, 80  miles  S  of  Boston.  It  is  21 
miles  long,  with  a  mean  width  of  6.  Popu- 
lation 3000.  Tlie  island  produces  grain 
sufficient  for  the  inhabitants,  with  abun- 
dance of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  harbour 
of  Holmes'  Hole,  o:i  the  north  side  is  the 
only  port  of  consequence.  Chief  town, 
Edgartown.  The  inhabitants  apply  them- 
selves chiefly  to  their  fisheries,  in  which 
they  have  great  success.  Lon.  70  22  W, 
lat.  41  16  N. 

.'Marthakii,  considerable  town  of  Swis- 
serland,  in  that  part  of  the  county  of  Ky- 
burg,  subject  to  Zuric.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Rhine,  six  miles  S  of  Sliaff  hausen. 

JMartic,  township  of  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  on  the  NK  side 
of  Susquehannah  and  the  SE  side  of  Pique 
creek.  Population  1810  1623,  and  in  1820 
1701. 

JMartigues,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  mouths  of  the  Kiione  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  near  a  lake,  12 
miles  long  and  five  broad,  which  is  naviga- 
ble throughout,  and  wlience  they  get  very 
fine  fish  and  excellent  salt.  Martigues  is 
20  miles  NW  of  Marseilles.  Lon.  5  2  E, 
lat.  43  19  N. 

Martin,  county  of  Halifax  district.  North 
Carolina,  containing  5987  inhabitants  in 
1810.  The  chief  town  Williamstown. 
■  jyiartin,  Cape,  promontory  of  Valencia, 
in  Spain,  which  separates  the  gulf  of  Va- 
lencia from  that  of  Ahcant.  Lon,  0  36  E, 
lat.  38  54  N. 

Martin,  St.  town  of  France  in  the  isle  of 
Rhe,  with  a  harbour  and  strong  citadel,  15 
miles  W  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  1  17  W,  b.t. 
46  13  N. 

Martin,  St.  one  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bean Islands,  in  the  West  indies,  lying  to 
the  X\V  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  to  the 
S\V  of  Ang:iilla.  It  is  42  miles  in  circum- 
ference, has  neither  harbour  nor  river,  but 
several  salt-pits.  It  was  long  jointly  pos- 
sessed by  the  French  and  Dutch ;  but  at 
the  commencement  of  tlie  present  war,  the 
former  were  expelled  by  the  latter.  Lon. 
63  0  W,  lat.  8  14  N. 

Martiri,  county  of  North  Carolina;  bound- 
ed by  Beauford  SE,  Hitt,  S\V,  Edgecombe 
W,  Halifax  NW  ;  Roanoke  liver  or  Bertie 
N  ;  and  VVasiiington  E.  Length  35  :  mean 
width  about  14  miles  ;  and  area  490  square 
miles.  Surface  level  an^i  soil  either  marshy 
or  sandy.  Its  chief  town  Williamston,  is 
on  the  lloanoke-25  miles  N  from  Washing- 
ton.    Staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 


Total  whites 


1,713 
1,732 

3,515 


not  taxed 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ... 
do.     do.    females     .         -         - 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

115 

2,357 

5,987 

1,593 
1,785 

0 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        - 

do.    females           ... 

3,378 

55 

37 

1,577 

1,273 

6,320 


0 

412 

65 

13 


570 


Total  population  in  1820 

.1. 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.    in  Manufactures 

do.    in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  1 1-3. 

Martin,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded  by 
Owen  and  Davies  S  ;  Sullivan  and  Vigo  W  ; 
Wabash  and  Dekware  NW ;  and  Monroe 
and  Lawrence  E.  Length,  47 ;  width  24 ; 
and  area  920  square  miles.  The  main  west 
branch  of  White  river,  traverses  this  coun. 
ty  from  NW  to  SE,  entering  at  the  NE, 
and  leaving  it  at  the  SW  angle.  The  39th 
degree  of  north  latitude  passes  through  the 
southern  extremity.  The  surface  is  hilly 
contiguous  to  the  screams,  but  level  in  the 
interior.     Much  good  soil. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  606 

.dp.    do.     fenaales  -        -  422 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -~      -       -  0 


Total  whites      -  .      - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.        females 
Slaves, 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  "6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  215 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  72 

do.    in  Commerce  -  ^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1. 

Martinico,  one  of  the  Windward  Carrib- 
bee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  40  miles 
in  length,  and  100  in  circumference.  There 
are  many  high  mountains  covered  with 
trees,  as  well  as  several  rivers  and  fertile 
valleys,  but  they  will  not  bear  either  wheat 
or  vines  ;  however,  the  former  is  not  much 
wanted,  for  the  natives  prefer  cassava  to 
wheat  bread.    It  produces  sugar,  cotton, 


1,032 


M  A   R 

ginger,  indigo,  chocolate,  aloes,  pimento, 
plantains,  and  other  ti-opical  I'ruits  ;  and  is 
extremely  populous,  some  ol  khe  ancient 
inhabitants  still  remain.  It  has  several  safe 
and  commodious  harbours,  well  fortified. 
Fort  St.  Pierre,  the  principal  place,  is  in 
Ion.  61  20  W,  lat.  14  14  N. 

Murtinsborough,  now  Jonesville,  post 
village  Surry  county  North  Carolina,  on  the 
right  bank' of  Tar  river  20  miles  above 
Washington.     See  Jonesville. 

Jllartins,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Lewis  county,  New  York,  near  the  west 
side  of  Black  river  50  miles  a  little  west  of 
north  from  ITtica. 

JMurtinsburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice ill  Berkley  county,  Virginia,  19  miles 
SW  of  Hagerstovvn  in  Maryland,  and  about 
18  NW  of  Harper's  ferry  on  the  Potomac. 

Martin»burg,  post  village,  Hopkins  coun- 
ty, Kentucky. 

Martins  creek,  post  village,  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  N  from 
Easton. 

Martinsville,  post  town,  Henry  county, 
Virginia,  on  Irvine  river,  65  miles  S  from 
Fincastle,  and  about  150  miles  SW  by  W 
ftom  Petersburg, 

Martinsville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Guilford  county  North  Carolina,  on 
Buffalo  creek,  branch  of  Haw  river  This 
town  was  rendered  remark  ible  by  a  battle 
foughtbetween  the  United  States  array  com- 
manded by  General  Green,  and  th  British, 
March  15th,  1781.  Ii  sta-ads  45  miles  NW 
from  Raleigh. 

Martinsville.  See  St.  Martinsxiille,  Louis- 
iana. ** 

Martorano,  town  in  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ceteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  eight  mil;'S 
from  the  sea,  and  15  S  of  Cosenza.  Lon. 
16  20  E,  lat.  39  6  I^ 

Martorel,  town  C$'  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  at  the  confluiehc^  of  the  Noya  and 
Lobrag^l,  18  miles  NV.'  of  Barcelona.  Lon. 
1  56  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Martos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andelusia,  witli 


/ 


M  A  R 


Maryland,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Uni- 
ted States;  having  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
Chesapeak  bay,  and  part  of  Virginia  SE  ; 
other  pai'ts  of  Virginia,  south,  SW,  and  W  ; 
Pennsylvania  N ;  and  Delaware  E. 

Miles. 

Maryland  has  an  ocean  exterior  limit, 
from  the  SE  angle  of  Delaware, 
to  the  SE  angle  of  Maryland    -        35 

The  southern  limit  of  the  Kastein 
Shore,  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Ciiesapeak,  or  Pokomoke 
bay,  .         .         -         .         -         15 

Along  Pokomoke  bay  from  Redcrifl"'s 
Point,  to  Watkins'  Point  -         -         20 

Across  Chesapeak  bay  from  V/at- 
kins'  Point  U,  Cape  Lookout,  the 
noith  side  of  tiie  entrance  of  Po- 
toinac  river,      -         -         -         -        20 

Up  Potomac  river  to  Washington 
City, 120 

Up  the  residue  of  the  Potomac  river 
to  its  extreme  source,       -         -       200 

Thence  due  N  to  the  southern  boun- 
dary of  Pennsylvania,       -         -         36 

Thence  E  alor.g  the  southern  boun- 
dary of  Pennsylvania,       -         -       200 

Thence  nearly  south  along  the  west- 
ern limit  of  Delaw.<)re,       -        -         88 

Thence  Vj  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
place  of  beginning,  -        -        36 

Hiving  an  entire  outline  of  760 

Area,   exclusive  of  water,  about  11,000 
square  miles  ;  7,040,000  aci-es. 

Mtan    length   150  ;    and  mean  breadth 
about  75  miles. 

Between  lat.  2,'d,  0  and  39  43  N.  - 
Maryland  is  the  mcst  irregular  in  its 
form  of  any  s  ate  of  the  United  States,  and 
contains  tlie  least  surface  wiien  compared 
With  its  Outline.  It  is  also,  in  point  of  sur- 
face, soil,  and  climate  very  mucii  diversi- 
fied. All  those  parts  of  Maryland  lying 
east  from  Chesapeak  bay,  raid  west  of  tiiat 
stream  to  the  Ivead  of  tide  water,  may  be 
considered  as  alluvial  in  their  formation,  and 


a  fortress  seated  on  a  rock,  eight  miles  S  of    comparatively  level    and   sandy.      Above 


Anduxar. 

Marvejols,  commercial  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  oi  Lozere  and  late  pro- 
vince ef  Gevaudan,  seated  in  a  valley  on  the 
river  Colange,  10  rades  NW  of  Mende,  and 
.300  S  of  Paris.     Lon.  2  23  E,  lat.  44  36  X. 

Marville,  town  of  I'rancc,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse  and  late  duchy  of  Bar, 
seated  on  the  Osheim,  three  miles  N  of 
Jametz. 

Maryanna  Forge,  post  village,  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Quenemahoning  and  Shade  creeks, 
2  0  miles  NNB  from  the  borough  of  So- 
merset. 

Maryborough,  borough  of  Ireland,  c  tpital 
of  Queen's  countv,  17  miles  S  of  Philips- 
town.     Lon.  7  0  W,  lat.  53  2  N. 


tide  water  the  surface  rises,  thor.gh  not 
^•ery  rapidly,  into  hilts  which  reacii  the 
foot  of  the  mountains.  The  soil  of  this 
middle  zone  is  the  be.st  in  the  state.  The 
mountainous  region  includes  the  residue 
and  presents  the  common  features  of  the 
Appalacliian  system. 

Maryland  is  the  first  state  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  SW  from  Delaware  river, 
which  embraces  the  three  great  zones 
of  soil ;  that  of  alluvion,  hilly,  and  moun- 
tainous. In  the  annexed  table,  the  coun- 
ties are  distinguished  which  occujiy  each 
zone  rfspectively. 

The  alluvial  soil    is   generally  level 

and  sandy,  but  where  due  attention  has 

been  paid  to  agriculture,  produces  good 

crops  of  grain,  tobacco  and  even  cotton 

571 


M  A   li 


-\J   A   J? 


towards  the  south.  The  middle,  ov  hilly 
section,  and  some  of  the  mountain  val- 
leys are  amongst  the  best  paits  of  tl^e 
United  States  for  the  production  cf  grain, 
grass,  and  orchard  fruit,  tobacco,  flax, 
and  tiemp.  The  flour  and  tobacco,  of 
some  places  on  the  higher  waters  of  the 
Potomac,  are  justly  estimated  for  their 
excellence. 

Commercial'y,  Maryland  is  naturally 
connected  with  some  of  the  best  uncul- 
tivated, most  pnpiijoiis,  and  wealthy 
counties  of  Pennsylvania,  good  roads  ex- 
tend from  Baltimore,  to  Washington 
city,  Fredericsktown,  and  Hagestown. 
That  to  the  latter  extends  up  the  Po- 
tomac to  Cmi-berland,  and  from  thence 
to  Brov/nsville.  in  Pennsylvania  Part  of 
this  road  has  been  constructed  by  the 
United  States,  and  is  toll  free.  The  dis- 
tance from  Baltimore  to  Brownsville,  by 
Frederickstown,  Hagerstown,  Hancocks 
town,  and  Cumberand  is  212  miles  be- 
ing the  shortest  line  of  connexion,  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  ports,  and  the  navi- 
gable waters  of  Ohio. 

Other  roads  intersect  the  state  of  Ma- 
ryland, and  connect  it  with  the  neigh- 
bouring states,  particu'arly  Pi  iinsylvania, 
and  facilitate  intercommunication  witli 
Baltimore.  The  trade  of  the  Susque- 
hannah,  is,  however^  that  which  enters 
roost  at  Baltimore,  and  has  contributed 
greatly  to  the  rapid  increase  of  that  city. 
vSee  Baltimore.  Tlie  legislature,  and 
people  of  Maryland,  seem  recently  to 
have  awakened  to  a  full  sense  cf  the 
immense  advantages  naturally  flowing 
down  with  the  stream  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah.  and  also  to  those  to  be  derived  from 
openins?  a  water  conimuni cation  between 
Chesapeak  and  Delaware  bays.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  the  produce  already 
(October  1822.)  brought  down  in  the  cur- 
rent year,  frcm  t!ie  SuJ-quehannah,  ex- 
ceeds in  value  1,000'  00  dol.ars,  and  must 
annually  increase.  It  is  only  necessary 
to  examine  the  position  of  Baltimore  on 
a  general  map  of  the  United  States,  to 
perceive  its  admirable  situation  as  a  com- 
mercial mart. 

Maryland  produces  in  itself.  Iron  ore, 
and  mineral  coal,  with  inexhaustible 
masses  of  limestone,  and  other  buildng 
stone.  Furnaces  and  for<res  havebi  en  long 
established  in  this  state.  Flour  and  to- 
bacco are  its  most  abundant,  and  valua- 
ble staples.  Its  manufactures  are  nu- 
merous, and  increasing.  In  the  value  of 
its  shipping,  it  ranks  as  the  third  state 
of  the  United  Stat.  s.  In  1815,  the  ton- 
nage exceeded  156,000.  For  the  inter- 
ests of  education  in  Maryland,  see  Balti- 
more, 

572 


PoUtically,  Maryland  Is  subdivided  into 
the  counties  of: 

Population. 
Mountainous  8,654 

Hills  &  alluvion  27,165 
Hills  8c  alluvion  62,738 


Counties 

Alleghaisy 
Anne  Arundel 
Baltimore  city 
Baltimore 
county 
Calvert 
Carolina 
Cecil 
Charles 
Dorchester 

Frederick 

Harford 
Kent 

Montgomery 

Prince  George's  Alluvion 
Queen  Ann  Alluvion 

St  Mary's 
Somerset 
Talbot 
Washington 
Worcester 


Hills  &  alluvion  33,463 

Alluvion  8,073 

Alluvion  10.041 

Alluvion  16,048 

Alluvion  16,500 

Alluvion  17755 


40,459 


C  Hilly  &  moun-  "; 
\        tainous       I 

Hills  &  alluvion    15,924 

Alluvion  11,453 

Hills  8c  alluvion  16,400 
20,216 
14,952 

Alluvion  12,974 

Alluvion 

Alluvion 

Mountainous 

Alluvion 


19,579 
14,389 
23,075 

17,421 


40r,350 

Of  this  mass,  in  1820,  there  were  found 
whites  260,222;  free  blacks,  39,730; 
slaves  107,398. 

In  re>pect  to  pursuit  or  employment,  the 
pnpvdation  of  Maryland  in  1820,  were  thus 
classed  : 
Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -      79,1j5 

Do.        in  Manufactures  -       18,640 

Do.        in  Commerce       -         -         4,771 

There  were  in  the  state,  3776  un-natu- 
ralizf  d  foreigners. 

Populutinn  to  the  square  mile,  37. 

Progressive  population  since  1790,  in- 
clusive. In  1790,  319,728;  in  1800, 349,692 ; 
in  1810,  380,546  ;  and.in  1820,  407,350. 

JIaryport,  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a 
good  harbour.  *  Ii\,17'50,  it  v.as  only  a  poor 
h  hing  town  ;  but  it  has  nov/  upw;atds  of 
3000  "inhabitants,  v/ho  employ  many  ves- 
sels, from  50  to  250  tons  burden,  in  the  coal 
cr  coasting  trade.  Here  are  two  ship- 
yarils  and  a  cotton  manufacture,  and  close 
by  is  the  Roman  station,  Yiro.sidum,  where 
several  altars  and  stauies  have  been  dug 
up.  Marv  port  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Elien,  in  the  Irish  sea,  27  miles  SV  of 
Caili.sle,  and  297  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  22  VV,  lat,  54  35  N. 

MariKsbvrg-  To~mship,  in  the  county  of 
Prince  Edward,  Upper  Canada,  is  situated 
at  tiie  eastern  end  of  the  peninsula,  which 
forms  th.e  bay  of  Quinte,  and  hes  open  to 
lake  Ontario  on  the  south. 

Jvlariirille,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Charlotte  county,  Virginia,  on  Wards-fork 
of  Little  Roanoke,  35  miles  SE  from  Lynch- 
burg ;  and  60  SSW  from  Richmond. 

Marysvi/le,  post  village,  Campbell  coun- 
tv.  Virjrinia. 


M  A  S 


.M  A  S 


JMari'sfitle,  small  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Union  county,  Ohio,  on  Mill  creek, 
15  miles  SW  from  Delaware,  and  27  NW 
from  Col'imbus. 

J^fart/sville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Blount  co:inty,  East  Tennessee,  12  miles  a 
little  west  of  south  from  Knoxville. 

j\IarysvUle,  post  town,  Harrison  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  main  norJi-east  fork  of 
Licking  river,  about  45  miles  by  land  above 
Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati. 

Mai'za  Siroco,  sjulf  on  the  SE  side  of  the 
isle  of  Malta.  The  Turks  landed  here  in 
1565,  when  they  went  to  besieg-e  Valetta. 
It  is  now  defended  by  ihree  forts,  two  at 
the  entrance  of  the  gulf,  and  one  at  the 
point  of  land  that  advances  into  the  middle 
of  it. 

Marzilla,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Navarre,  near  tiie  river  Arragon,  oO 
miles  S  of  Pamplona. 

^ILis  d'Agenois,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  .-.nd  Garonne,  on  the 
river  Garonne,  24  miles  NVV  of  Agen,  and 
50  SE  of  B  urdeaux. 

Mas  d'Jlsil,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment Of  Arrifge,  with  a  benedictine 
abbey :  seated  on  the  rivulet  Kise,  eight 
miles  SW  of  Patmiers. 

JMasafuero,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
80  miles  W  of  Juan  Fernandez.  It  is  hi^^h 
and  mountainous,  but  lowest  to  the  N,  ;;nd 
at  a  distance  appears  like  one  hill  or  rock. 
It  is  of  a  triangular  form,  about  25  miles  in 
circumference,  and  uninhabited,  except  by 
numerous  seals  and  g'  ats.  'I'here  is  also 
plenty  of  wood,  but  difricull  to  be  got  ofl", 
as  the  heavy  surf  allows  of  no  good  landing 
place.     Loii.  81  40  W,  1st.  33  40  S. 

JMasbatey  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
almost  in  the  centre  of  them.  It  is  80 
miles  in  circumference,  and  the  natives  are 
tributary  to  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  122  25  E, 
lat.  11  36  N. 

^Ma&brough,  village  in  West  Yorkshire, 
on  the  river  Don,  adjoining  the  bridge  of 
Eotherham.  Here  are  considerable  iron 
works,  where  all  sor!s  of  hammered  and 
cast  iron  goods  are  made,  from  the  most 
trifling  article  to  a  large  cannon,  of  which 
great  quantities  are  exported. 

JMiiscaiu,  the  western  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Algiers,  370  miles  long  and  130 
broad.  It  is  dry,  barren,  and  mountyinoiis, 
except  on  the  N  side,  where  there  are 
plains  abounding  in  corn,  fruit,  and  pas- 
tures. The  S  parts  are  inhabited  by  inde- 
pendent  wandering  tribes,  particularly  the 
Angad  tribe. 

Mascara,  capital  of  tlie  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 
with  a  strong  castle,  in  which  the  bey  re- 
sides, In  1732  it  was  an  inconsiderable 
place  ;  b\it  is  now  the  only  one  in  the  king- 
dom, which,  under  the  domination  of  the 
Turks,  perceptibly  increases  in  prosperity 


and  extent.  It  is  not  so  large  as  Tretne- 
san,  but  surpasses  it  in  beauty,  having  a 
great  number  of  good  houses  and  newly 
erected  mosques.  It  stands  in  the  centre 
of  a  fertile  and  populous  district,  45  miles 
ESE  of  Oran,  and  190  SW  of  Algiers.— 
Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  35  54  N. 

Muscat,  seaport  of  Arabia  Feli.'^,  and  the 
chief  town  in  the  province  of  Oman,  with 
an  excellent  harbour.  It  has  a  castle  on  a 
rock,  and  \s  very  strong  both  by  nature  and 
art,  though  the  buildings  are  mean.  It  was 
taken,  in  1508,  by  the  Portuguese,  who 
retained  it  for  a  century  and  a  half.  The 
cathedral,  built  by  the  Portuguese,  is  now 
the  king's  palace.  There  is  no  vegetation 
to  be  seen  on  the  seacoast  near  it,  and  only 
a  few  date-trees  in  a  valley  at  the  back  of 
the  town,  though  the  inhabitants  have  all 
things  in  plenty.  The  weather  is  so  hot 
from  May  to  September,  that  no  people  are 
to  be  seen  in  the  streets  from  ten  in  the 
morning  till  four  in  the  afttrnoon-  The 
bazars  or  market  places  are  covered  with 
the  leaves  of  date-trees,  laid  on  beams 
which  reach  from  the  house  tops  on  one 
side  to  those  on  the  other.  The  products 
of  the  country  are  horses,  dales,  fine 
brimstone,  coftee,  and  ruinoss,  a  root  that 
dies  red.     Lon.  57  26  E,  lat.  24  0  N. 

Mascoomy,  river  of  New  Hampshire, 
which  rises  between  Dorchester  and  Lyme, 
flows  into,  and  carries  the  water  of  Mas- 
coomy Pond  into  Connecticut  river,  5  miles 
below  Hanover. 

Mas  IfAsil,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege  and  late  county  of 
Foix,  with  a  late  rich  Benedictine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Kise,  8  miles  S 
W  of  Pamiers. 

Maskelijues  Isles,  group  of  small  but 
beautiful  islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  off  the  SE  point  of  Malicollo, 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides. 

Maskhiovge,  river  of  Lower  Canada, 
flows  from  a  Fond  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  line  between  Warwick  and  St.  Maurice 
counties,  Lower  Canada,  flows  SE,  and 
falls  into  the  head  of  lake  St.  Peters. 

Maskinonge,  SW  seigniory  of  St.  Mau- 
rice county.  Lower  Canada,  on  lake  St. 
Peters,  on  both  sides  of  Maskinonge  river. 

Mason,  township  of  Hillsborough  county. 
New  Hampshire,  36  miles  H  from  Concord. 
Population  in  1S20,  1313. 

Mason,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  W  and  NW  ;  by  Wood  NE ;  Ken- 
hawa  SE;  and  Cabell  SW.  Length  40; 
mean  width  20 ;  and  area  SOO  square 
miles.  This  county  is  washed  in  its  intire 
length  by  Ohio,  aiid  traversed  by  Great 
Kenhawa  river.  Surface  very  broken  and 
hilly,  though  much  of  the  soil  near  the 
streams  is  excellent.  Considerable  quanti- 
ties of  salt  is  made  on  Kenhawa  river  from 
sail  water  procured  by  deep  digging.  Sta- 
573 


M  A  S 


M  AS 


pies  of  this  county,  grain  and  flour, 
town,  Mount  Pleasant. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        - 

do.  do.    females    ... 

Total  whites       .        .        .        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves        

Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white'males 

do.    do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        . 

Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  .       _       _ 

do.    females         .        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


Chief  Total  population  in  1820 


13,588 


915 

827 

1,742 

0 

249 

1,991 


2,189 
2,056 

0 

4,245 

14 

16 

291 

302 

4,868 


Of  these : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  ~ 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,288 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  m 

do.    in  Commerce  -  H 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Mason,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded  by 
the  Ohio  river  NE  ;  Lewis  E,  and  Fleming 
SE  and  S  ;  Nicholas  SW  and  Bracken  W. 
Length  18 ;  mean,  width  14 ;  area  250 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  though  very 
considerable  tracts  of  excellent  soil  skirt 
the  streams,  particularly  the  Ohio.  Sta- 
ples, grain,  flour,  whiskey,  &c.  Chief 
towns.  Washington,  and  the  seat  of  justice, 
Marysville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      5,184 
do.    do.   females  -        -      4,808 

Total  whites  -        -        -  9,992 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       -       -  45 

Slaves  .        .        -        .        -      2,422 


Total  populatioa  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        .        . 

do.    do.    females     .         -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .         -         - 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  . 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males  ... 

do.    females  -        -        - 

574 


12,459 


5,328 
4,832 


10,160 

33 

29 

1,803 

1,563 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -       3,302 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  129 

do.       in  Commerce        -        .  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  54. 

Jilason,  village  of  Pike  county,  Mis- 
souri. 

JMason,  or  Magon,  river  of  Louisiana, 
issues  from  Grand  Lake  immediately  north 
of  ttie  north  boundary  of  Louisiana,  and 
flowing  a  little  south  of  west  through  the 
annually  overflown  alluvion  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  a  direct  line  80  miles,  but  by  the 
windings  of  the  stream  more  than  150 
miles,  joinsthe  Tensaw  about30  milesabove 
the  junction  of  the  latter  with  Onachitta. 

Mason-Hally  post  village.  Orange  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Maso7wille,  township  and  post  village, 
Delaware  county.  New  York,  adjacent  to 
the  SE  angle  of  Chenango  county,  26  miles 
W  from  Delhi.     Population  in  1820,  719. 

J\Iassa,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  Tus- 
cany, capital  of  a  small  territory  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  plain,  three 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  55  .W  by  N  of  Flo- 
rence.    Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  44  0  N. 

J\Iassa,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra-di-Lavo- 
ra,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  near  the 
sea,  20  miles  S  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  18  E, 
lat.  40  31  N. 

Jllassa,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Siennese, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  sea,  25  miles  SW  of  Sitnna.  Lon. 
10  48  E,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Massa,  or  Mazzi,  town  of  the  Veronese, 
in  Italy,  situated  on  the  N  side  of  the  Po, 
40  miles  E  of  Maiitau.  Lon.  11  50  E,  lat. 
45  :'0  N. 

JIassachisetts,  state  of  the  United  States, 
having  the  Atlantic  Ocean  E  and  SE; 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  south ;  New 
York  W ;  and  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
sliire  N. 

Miles. 
Massachusetts  has  an  exterior  boun- 
dary on  the  Atlantic  Ocean         -         200 
Along  Rhode  Island      ...  70 

Along  Connecticut         .        .         -  85 

Along  New  York  ...  50 

Along  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire     135 

540 

Area  7250  square  miles,  or  4,640,000 
acres. 

Length  190 ;  breadth  94.  Lying  between 
lat.  41  31  and  42  52  N. 

Massachusetts,  in  point  of  soil,  is  divisi- 
ble into  three  distinct  zones  ;  mountainous 
in  the  west,  hilly  in  the  central ;  and  low 
and  sandy  in  the  eastern,  or  rather  soutii- 
eastern  sections.     The  state  is  traversed 


M  A  S 


M  A  S 


by  three  ranges  of  mountains  ;  one  along 
its  western  border,  separating  the  basins  of 
the  Housatonnick  from  the  creeks  flowing; 
into  the  Hudson  ;  a  second  sej)arating  the 
basins  of  the  Housatonnick  and  Connecti- 
cut ;  and  a  third  between  the  Connecticut 
basin,  and  the  streams  discharging  east  and 
south-east  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
last  range  is  not,  it  is  true,  a  compact  ridge, 
but  is  nevertheless  intitled  to  the  distinc- 
tion of  a  mountain,  and  produces  on  the 
geographical  features  of  the  state  all  the 
effect  arising  from  mountain  scenery. 

East  and  south-east  of  this  latter  ridge, 
the  soil  of  Massachusetts  is  coiupara- 
tively  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  rece- 
ding from  the  mountains  towards  the 
sea  imperceptibly  sinks  from  hills  to 
plains,  flat  sandy  and  sterile.  This  level 
and  sandy  character,  is,  however,  in  a 
great  degree  confined  to  the  southeast 
counties.  In  Norfolk,  Middlesex,  and 
Essex  counties,  the  hills  approach  the 
ocean  and  the  tide,  from  the  rapid  ac- 
clivity of  the  country,  ascends  but  a  very 
short  distance  inland.  Beyond  the  east- 
ern range  of  mountains,  the  valleys  of 
Massachusetts,  possess  a  fine,  deep, 
strong,  and  in  many  places,  an  exube- 
rantly fertile  soil.  The  counties  of  Berk- 
shire, Franklin,  Hambden,  and  Hamp- 
shire, are  amongst  the  most  diversified, 
and  best  cultivated  tracts  in  the  United 
States  ;  producing  grain,  pasturage,  and 
orchard  fruits,  in  abundance. 

Of  mineral  productions,  iron  and  mar- 
ble are  the  only  substances  of  great  va- 
lue found  plentifully  in  this  state.  Iron 
is  found  in  Plymouth,  and  in  several 
other  parts  of  the  state ;  marble  is  quar- 
ried and  wrous^ht  to  considerable  ex- 
tent near  Stockbridge.  The  fine  granite 
of  Chelmsford,  and  Teignmouth,  is 
brought  to  Boston  by  the  Middlesex  ca- 
nal. 

In  a  commercial  point  of  view,  Mas- 
sachusetts is  well  situated.  Its  coast  is 
indented  by  a  number  of  fine  bays,  of 
which  the  harbours  of  Boston,  Salem, 
and  Plymouth,  are  the  principal.  Con- 
necticut river  traverses  the  state  ;  and 
Merrimac  enters  the  ocean  in  its  NE  an- 
gle. From  the  latter  stream  to  Boston 
harbour,  a  fine  navigable  canal  conveys 
the  lumber,  stone,  and  other  products  of 
its  shores  to  a  profitable  market  The 
obstructions  in  Connecticut  river,  iiave 
been  so  far  removed,  or  remedied  by 
short  canals,  as  to  open  that  stream  to 
boat  navigation,  above  the  northern  limit 
of  Massachusetts. 

From  the  epoch  of  the  first  settlement 
of  the  colonies  of  Plymouth,  and  Massa- 
chusetts bay,  from  which  were  formed 
the  present  Massachusetts,  its  inhabi- 


tants have  been  distinguished  for  their 
steady  attention  to  the  interests  of  edu- 
cation. Harvard  university  at  Cam- 
bridge holds  the  first  rank  in  the  litera- 
ry institutions  of  the  United  States.  The 
theological  seminary  in  Andover,  Wil- 
liams college  in  VVilUamstown,  and  Phil- 
lips academy  in  Andover,  are  all  highly 
respectable  institutions.  Academies  have 
been  established  throughout  the  state,  in 
all  the  principal  towns  ;  and  common 
schools  are  universal.  According  to  Mr. 
Morse,  there  were  in  1817,  4.01  religious 
congregations ;  of  these,  366  were  con- 
gregationalists  ;  91  were  baptists  ;  32 
were  friends ;  14  were  Episcopalians  and 
8  presbyterians. 

The  manufactures  of  Massachusetts 
are  extensive  and  valuable.  As  early 
as  1810,  their  value  amounted  to  near 
22,000,000  of  dollars.  With  the  politi- 
cal changes,  since  that  epoch  the  ma- 
nufacture of  Massachusetts,  like  those  of 
the  other  states  of  the  United  have  fluc- 
tuated, but  still  remain  flourishing  and 
respectable.  Boston  in  respect  to  ton- 
nage is  the  first  port,  and  Massachusetts 
the  first  state  in  the  confederacy.  With 
Maine  in  1815,  the  joint  tonnage  amount- 
ed to  upwards  of  452,000  tons.  The  ci- 
tizens  in  the  seaj)ort  towns  of  this  state, 
are  very  generally  engaged  in  the  fishe- 
ries. 

The  staple  exports,  are,  lumber,  whale 
oil,  various  manufactures,  salted  provisions 
and  ardent  spirits.  In  1820,  the  domestic 
produce  exported  amounted  to  g3,861,435. 

Pi>litically  Massachusetts  is  subdivided 
into  the  following  counties. 

Counties.  Pop.  in  1820. 

Essex 74,580 

Middlesex,  including  Charlestown,  61,677 
Worcester  .  .  -  -  73,603 
Suffolk,  including  the  city  of  Boston  43,925 

Norfolk 36,462 

Bristol 39,998 

Plymouth  .        .        -        -        38,112 

Barnstable         ...        -        24,029 

Dukes 3,295 

Nantucket         ....  7,286 

Franklin 29,289 

Hampshire  ...  -  26,487 
Hampden  ...        -        28,073 

Berkshire  -        -        -      -  -        35,727 


521,725 

Of  this  mass  :  were. 

Foreigners  not  naturalized,        -  3,425 

Persons  engaged  in  Agriculture,  63,460 

do.          do.          Manufactures,  33,464 

do.          do.          Commerce,  13,301 

Progressive  population  of  Massachusetts. 
la  1790        -        378,787 
1800        -        422,845 
iTS 


M  A  S 


M  A  T 


1810  -        4r2,040 

1820  -         521,725 
The  amount  at  the  latter  epoch  was  sub- 
divided into : 

Free  Whites.  Males.      Females. 

Under  10  years  old  70.993          69,260 

10  and  under  16  38,573          33,303 

Between  16  and  18  10,922 

18  and  under  26  49,506           52,805 

26  and  under  45  54,414           57,721 

45  and  upwards  38,668          46,171 

Total  252,154        264,265 

Total  of  blacks  3,308  3,560 

Massachusetts  bay,  is  that  part  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean  E  from  Massachusetts,  be- 
tween cape  Cod,  cape  Ann,  and  the  coast. 

Massacre  Isle,  island  of  Alabama,  to  the 
west  from  Dauphin  island. 

Masseme  Mountams.  This  chain  has  but 
recently  been  introduced  to  public  notice, 
though  a  very  distinct  system,  and  thougii 
unequal,  in  mass  or  in  elevation  to  the  Al- 
leganies  or  Appalachian,  is  very  little,  if 
any  less  extensive  as  to  range.  The  Mas- 
seme  rises  first  into  regular  mountain 
ridges  in  Missouri,  about  70  miles  SW  from 
St.  Louis,  and  preserving  a  SW  direction 
through  Missouri,  Arkansaw,  and  Texas, 
is  lost  towards  the  Kio  Grand  del  Norte. 
It  is  pierced  by  the  Arkafisaw,  Red,  Bras- 
sos  a  Dios  and  Colonado  rivers.  Its  geolo- 
gical structure  has  never  been  scientifically 
examined,  and  the  result  published.  There 
is  a  very  remarkable  parallelism,  between 
the  Appalachian  and  JJasserne  systems, 
and  the  very  singular  curvature  produced 
on  its  rivers  by  the  former,  is  also  produced 
by  the  latter. 

Massafra,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Lerra  d'Otr.into, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  i.t  the  foot  of 
the  Appennines,  16  miles  N\V  of  Tarento. 
Lou.  17  20  E,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Massena,  post  town,  of  St.  Lawrence 
county.  New  York,  on  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence.    Population,  1820,  944. 

Masserano,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont, 
capital  of  a  small  principality  of  the  same 
name,  held  by  its  prince  as  a  fief  of  the 
church.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  40 
iTiiles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  14  E,  lat.  45 
38  N. 

Masfico  or  Capo  Mastico,  a  cape  on  the  S 
side  of  Scio,  one  of  tlie  islands  of  the 
Archipelago. 

Masuah,  tov.-n  of  Abyssinin,  on  an  island 
on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  houses, 
in  general,  are  built  of  poles  and  bent 
grass,  as  in  the  towns  in  Arabia  ;  and  a  few 
are  of  stone,  some  of  tliem  two  stones 
higl).     Lon.  39  36  E,  lut.  15  35  N. 

J fasulipatam,    seaport     of     Ilindonstan, 
seated  near  the   mouth  of  the  Kirtn:i,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.     It  is  200  miles 
N  of  Madras.     T.on.  81  12  K,'lat.  16  8  N. 
576 


Malaca  or  Mantaca,  commodious  bay 
on  the  N  coat  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  35 
miles  E  of  Havanna.  Lon.  89  16  W,  lat. 
23  12  N. 

Matagorda,  fortress  of  Spain,  seated 
near  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  of  Cadiz. 

Matalona,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples  and  in 
Terra  di  Lavori,  8  miles  N-W  of  Capua, 
and  19  W  by  S  of  Benevento.  Lon.  14  14 
E,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Matainan,  county  of  Africa,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Benguela,  on  the  E  by  parts  un- 
known on  the  S  by  the  country  of  the 
Hottentots,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  There  is  no  town  in  it,  and  the 
inhabitants  live  in  miserable  huts,  it  being 
a  desert  country,  httle  visited  by. the  Eu- 
ropeans. 

Maiamiishett,  post  village,  Hyde  county. 
North  Carolina. 

Matan  or  Mactan,  one  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  where  Magellan  w^s  killed  in  1521. 

Mataouaschie  River,  upper  Canada,  runs 
into  the  Ottowa  river,  above  the  river  du 
Rideaa. 

Matapan,  Cape,  the  most  southern  pro- 
montory of  the  Morea,  ancient  Tenacrium, 
between  the  gulf  of  Coron  and  that  of  Col- 
okythia.     Lon.  22  40  E,  lat,  36  25  N. 

Maiarm,  large  town  of  Asia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  an  empire  of  that  name,  in 
the  island  of  Java.  It  is  strong  by  situa- 
tion, and  seated  in  a  fertile  and  populous 
country,  stin-ounded  by  mountains.  Lon, 
111  55  E,  lat.  7  15  S. 

JMaCaro,  to'.vn  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  re- 
markalile  ibr  its  glass-works,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  15  miles  NE  of  Barcelona. 
Lon.  2  23  E,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Matchcdash,  bay  in  the  eastern  part  of 
lake  Huron,  into  which  the  river  Severn 
empties,  and  forms  a  communication  wi,th 
lake  Simcoe,  Upper  Canada. 

Maicoivil:,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, ill  llie  county  of  Scepus,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  185  miles  NE  of  Aresburg. 

MuteUca,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquis- 
ate  of  Ancona,  15  miles  S  of  Jesi. 

Matera,  considerable  town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  and  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto,  on  the 
Canapro.  35  miles  NW  of  Tarento.     Lon. 

16  54  E,  iat.  40  59  N. 

Matilda  Township,  in  the  county  of  Bun- 
das,  Upper  Canatia,  is  the  sixth  township 
in  ascending  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  It  is 
opposite  tlie  Gallop  islands,  between  Og- 
densburg,  and  Hamilton. 

MatildariHe,  village  of  Fairfax  county, 
Virginia,  at  the  mouth  of  Difficult  creek, 

17  miles  above  Washington  city. 
Mfitlock,  village  in   Derbyshire,    situated 

on  the  DerWent,  four  miles  N  of  Wirkt- 
wortlw 

.'yratmai.     See  Jeso. 

Mhto  Grosso.     See  Matto  Grosso. 

.^fatiaponv,  rives  of   Virginin,   rises    in 


M  A  T 


M  A  U 


Spotsylvania,  crosses  Carolina,  thence  sepa- 
rates  Kinp  William  from  Kinj;  and  Queen, 
and  joins  the  Parntinky  at  Delaware  and 
forms  York  river. 

Mattkeo,  St.  town  of  Spuin,  in  Arragon, 
10  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  55 
N  of  Valencia.     Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Matthew,  St.  island  of  Africa,  420  miles 
S  bv  VV  of  Cape  Palmas  on  the  cou.st  of 
Guinea.  It  was  planted  by  tlie  Portuguese, 
but  is  now  deserted.  Lon.  6  10  W,  lat.  1 
24  S. 

Matlhexv,  St.  small  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.     L©n.  123  51  E,  lai.  5  23  S. 

.Wa^/'jews, county  of  Virginia,  commencing 
eight  miles  S  from  the  mouth  if  the  Poto- 
mac. It  occupies  an  ellip'ical  peninsula, 
between  Pianhatank,  and  North  rivers,  hav- 
ing Gloucester  county  to  the  wesi,  area 
about  80  square  miles.  There  is  a  post  of- 
fice at  the  court  house. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whiles,  males  -        •         1,079 

do.      do.     females  -        -         1,039 

Total  whites  -  -  -  -  2,118 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 41 

Slaves  -        ...        -       2,068 


Total  population  in  1810    • 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females    . 

Total  whites       .         -         -        ■ 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males        ... 
do.     females     - 


4,227 


6.920 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these;  

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  .Xgrcultu'e      -         -         2,262 

<lo.        in  Manufactures  -  200 

do.        ill  Commerce        -         -  HO 

Population  to  the  .square  mile,  86|. 

■  Matto  Grosso,  captain-generalship  of  Bra- 
zil, bounded  by  the  territories  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces  of  La  Plata  S  ar.d  SW  ;  Pe- 
ru W;  Amzonia,  or  Paia  N;  the  river 
Araguav,  or  Province  of  Goias  E  ;  and  the 
river  P.arana,  or  province  of  St.  Paul's  SE. 
It  is  an  immense  central  province,  occupy- 
ing the  country  drained  i)y  the  sources  of 
Parana,  Paraguay,  Madeira,  Xingua,  and 
Araguay,  extending  from  lat.  8  30  to  24  0 
S  or  upwards  of  IIGO  mi^es  ;  and  eastand 
Wfst  from  the  Araguay  to  Madeira  river, 
nearly  1000  miles. 

Matnmaii,  seaport  in  the  island   of  Jeso, 
capitalof  a  province  of  the  same  name,  tribu- 
ary  to  J.npan.     Lon.  138  55  E,  Ht  42  0  N, 
4  I> 


JMattira,  seaport  of  Ceylon,  with  a  small 
fort.  The  coimtry  round  is  exceeding 
wild,  and  abounds  in  elephants,  which  are 
liere  principally  caught  for  exportation.  It 
is  -ituate  on  a  river,  nearly  at  the  sou'h- 
most  point  of  the  island,  25  mUes  ESE  of 
Galle.     Lon.  80  28  E,  lat.  5  53  N. 

.Matiira,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro. 
vince  of  Agra,  22  miles  NE  of  Agra,  and 
70  SSE  of  Delhi. 

JMaitba!,  town  of  the  country  of  Cauda- 
har,  70  NNE  of  Candahar. 

Maubenge,  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Nord.  In  1793,  the 
Austrians  formed  the  blockade  of  this 
place,  but  were  soon  driven  from  their  po- 
sition. It  is  seated  on  the  Sambre,  15  miles 
S  of  Mons,  and  22  ESE  of  Valenciennes. 

MangerviUe,  itnvn  of  New  Brunswick  in 
Sanbury  county,  on  St.  John's  river. 

Mauldah,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
situate  on  a  rive  r  that  comnumicates  with 
the  Ganges.  It  arose  out  of  th.e  ruins  of 
Gour,  which  are  in  its  neighbourhood; 
and  is  a  place  of  trade,  particularly  in 
silk,  170  miles  N  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
16  E,  lat.  25  3  N. 

JMatdeon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  20  miles  WNW 
of  Pan. 

Maulenn,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Pyrenees,  28  miles  SE  of 
Tarbes. 

Mavleon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vendee,  with  an  ancient  castle  on 
a  rock.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Omt,  52 
miles  NE  of  Roche.le,  and  52  NW  of  Poi- 
tiers. 

Mavmee,  river,  rises  in  Indiana,  flows 
NE  into  the  NW  angle  of  Ohio,  through 
which  it  contir.ues  NE,  and  falls  into  the 
ex  reme  SW  exten'Mon  of  lake  Erie.  About 
18  miles  above  its  mou'h  it  is  impeded  by 
shoals,  occasioned  by  a  series  of  ledges  of 
rock,  which  cross  -^he  river  for  a  distance 
of  18  miles.  It  is  a  fine  navigable  stream 
above  and  below  these  shoals.  Its  princi- 
pal branche?,  which  all  unite  above  the 
shoals,  are  St.  Mary's,  St.  Joseph's,  and 
Great  and  Little  AugLize. 

JMawnce  bav,  is  an  oval  sheet  of  water, 
5  miles  long  and  i^^out  2  wide,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Maiimee  river;  it  is  united 
to  lake  Erie  bv  two  channels,  formed  by 
a  small  island"  in  tlie  form  of  a  crescent. 
The  western  channel  has  a  depth  of  about 
seven  feet. 

Maumee,  post  village,  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Wood  couniy  Oho,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Maumee  river,  nearly  opposite  Fort 
Meigs. 

Jfaiiru,  St.  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
about  50  miles  in  circuit,  which  forms  p.;>rt 
of  the  republic  of  Se' »  n  Islands.  It  lies 
near  the  coast  of  Albania,    15  miles  N  cf 


Jl  A  U 


M  A  \ 


the  island  of  Cephalonia 
lat.  38  40  N. 

Maurepas,  lake  of  Louisiana.  It  is  formed 
by  a  dilation  of  the  Amite  river,  and  commu- 
nicates with  lake  Ponchartrain  by  a  strait  7 
miles  in  length  called  tlie  pass  of  Manchac, 
It  is  of  an  oval  figure  12  miles  by  7.  It  re- 
ceives  from  the  soutii,  the  Acadian  creek  ; 
from  the  west  New  river,  and  Amite  river; 
and  from  the  north  the  Tickoshah.  Its 
depth  about  12  feet,  but  the  pass  of  Man- 
chac  admits  of  vessels  of  six  feet  draft  only. 

Jllauriac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Cantal,  famous  for  excellent 
horses ;  seated  near  the  Dordogne,  29 
miles  E  of  Tulle,  and  38  WNW  of  St. 
Flour. 

Maurice,  St.  river  of  Lower  Canada, 
which  enters  the  St  Lawrence  from  the 
north,  at  the  town  of  Three  Rivers. 

Maurice,  St.  town  ot  Switzerland,  in  the 
Valais.  It  guards  the  entrance  into  the 
Lower  Valais,  from  Bern ;  and  is  situate 
on  the  Rhone,  between  two  high  moun- 
tains,  16  miles  N\V  of  Marligny. 

Maurice,  St.  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
on  both  sides  of  St  M  lurice  river,  and  ex- 
tends along  the  NE  shore  of  St  Lawrence 
river  from  three  miles  above  St.  Anne 
river,  to  six  miles  above  the  Majkinonge, 
or  about  58  miles.  Us  capiial  is  the  town 
<  of  Three  Rivers,  the  third  in  size  in  Ca- 
nada. 

Maurice,  river  of  New  Jersey,  rising  in 
Gloucester,  and  Salem,  and  falling  into 
Delaware  bay  in  Cumberland  county.  It  is 
navigable  18  or  20  miles  for  vessels  of  100 
tons. 

Maurice,  township  of  Cumberland  coim- 
ty  New  Jersey,  on  Maur.ce  r.ver.  Popula- 
tion In  1320,2411. 

Mauritius.     See  France,  Isle  of. 

Manrna,  one  of  the  S  )ciety  islands,  in 
the  Pacific  ocean,  14  miles  W  of  Bolabola. 
Lon.  152  32  W,lat.  16  25  S. 

A'lautern,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  S  side 
of  the  Danube,  opposite  Stein,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  long  v/ooden  bridge. 
It  is  11  miles  N  by  VV  of  St.  Polten. 

Mauri/,  county  of  West  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Giles  S  ;  Hickman  W  ;  Duck 
liver  or  Williamson  N;  Bedford  E.  Length 
35  ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  700  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly.  Soil  excellent.  Staple 
cotton.  Chief  town  Columbia,  40  miles 
SSW  from  Nashville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        •       4,041 

do.  do.    females       -        -        -       3,681 

Total  whites        ....  7,722 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          -        -        -        -  11 

Slaves          .._-..  2,626 

Total  population  in  1810      -        -     10,359 
578 


Lon.  20  46  E,        Population  in  1820.      - 

Free  white  mules        .        -        .        8,037 
do.  do.    females  -        -        7,583 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  52 


Total 

whites 

•         -         . 

15,672 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

25 

do. 

do, 

.     females    - 

24 

Slaves 

I,  males 

- 

3,1*8 

do. 

females 

- 

3,272 

Total 

population 

in 

1820 

22,141 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -         5,852 

do.        in  .Manufactures  -  489 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  63 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  31. 

Ma-u's,  St.  borough  in  Cornwall,  on  the 
E  side  of  1'a.lmouth  haven,  12  miles  SSW 
of  Grampound,  and  262  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don. 

Maxatau77y,  township  of  Berks  county 
Pennsylvania"^  on  tiie  border  of  Lehigh 
county,  .and  on  the  Sacony,  branch  of 
Maiden  creek,  20  miles  NNE  from  Read- 
ing.    Population  in  1S20,  1847. 

.May  Cape.     See  Cape  May. 

Maxell,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  celebrated  for  a  victory  obtained 
by  the  Austi'ians  over  the  Prussians,  in 
1759,  wh^n  20,000  Prussians  surrendered 
themselves  prisoners  of  war.  It  is  10  miles 
S  of  Dresden. 

Marimln,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Var,  seated  on  the  .\rgens,  21 
miles  N  of  Toulon. 

May,  small  island  of  Scotland,  at  the 
moutii  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  with  a  light- 
house, six  miles  SE  of  Anstruther,  which  is 
the  nearest  part  of  the  coist. 

May,  Cape,  cape  of  North  America,  on 
the  N  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware. 
Lon.  75  4  W,  lat.  59  0  N. 

.iifayambn,  or  Majumba,  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Loango,  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name.  The  chief  trade  is  in 
logwo  d.  It  stands  at  the  moutli  of  the 
Banna,  110  miles  NW  of  Loango.  Lon.  9 
50  E,  lat.  3  20  S. 

Maybole,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayreshire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  blankets ;  seated  on 
an  eminence,  surrounded  by  hills,  eight 
miles  S  of  Ayr. 

Mayrn,\ov;\\  of  Germany,  in  "the  terri- 
tory of  Treves,  with  a  castle  and  a  collegi- 
ate church  ;  seated  on  the  Nettle,  20  miles 
W  ofCoblentz. 

Mayence.     See  Maitz. 

Mayenne,  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding part  of  the  late  province  of  JMaine. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  river,  which  flows 
S,  by  the  cities  of  Mayenne  and  Laval,  to 
that  of  Angers,  where  it  receives  the  Sarte, 


M  A  \ 


M  E  A 


iinii  soon  after  joias  the  Loire.     Laval  is 
the  capital. 

Mayemie,  city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  a 
rock.  It  is  sealed  on  the  river  Muyenne, 
44  miles  WNVV  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  43  W, 
lat.  48  18N. 

J^Iayenne  and  Loire,  department  of 
France,  which  includes  the  late  province 
of  Anjou.  It  has  i's  name  from  two  rivers. 
Ani^ers  is  the  capital, 

Jfiwfielil,  townsliip  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty New  York,  18  miles  NE  from  .Johnstown. 
Popidation  in  1820,  2025. 

.Mayjiekl,  eastern  townsliip  of  Cuyahoga 
county  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  160. 

JMailhev},  new  village  or  Missionary  sta- 
tion in  the  Choctaw  country  Alabama,  on 
a  western  branch  of  Tom'oigbe.-,  about  60 
miles  SSW  from  Cotton  ginport. 

JMaynesborongh,  tovvnsliip  of  Coos  coun- 
ty New  Il.m|jshire,  16  miles  E  from  Lan- 
caster.    Population  in  1820,  unceriain. 

Jifayiiool/t,  town  of  Ireland,  m  the  county 
of  Kildare.  Here  is  a  royal  colle  ge  for  stu- 
dents intended  for  the  R "mish  church  ; 
and  a  college  for  lay  students  of  the 
same  persuasion.  It  is  12  miles  W  oi' 
Dublin. 

Mayo,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Connaught,  62  miles  long  and  52  broad; 
bounded  on  the  E  by  Roscommon,  on  the 
S  by  Galway,  on  the  W  .^nd  N  by  the  At- 
lantic, and  on  the  NE  by  Sligo.  It  is  a 
fertile  country,  and  abounds  in  cattle,  deer, 
hawks,  and  honey.  It  contains  75  pa- 
rishes, and  sends  foux-  members  to  par- 
liament. The  principal  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  much  decayed.  Lon.  9  39  W.  lat. 
53  40  N. 

Mayo,  or  the  Jsle  of  May,  one  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  300  miles  from  Cape  de  Verd  in 
Africa,  about  17  miles  in  circumference. 
The  soil  in  general  is  very  barren,  and 
water  scarce.  The  inhabitants  are  ne- 
groes, who  speak  the  Portuguese  lan- 
guage, and  many  of  them  go  naked.  Lon. 
23  0  W,  lat.  15  10  N. 

Mays' -Landi7ig,  post  village  Gloucester 
county  New  .Jersey,  on  the  south  side  of 
Great  Eggharbour  river,  40  miles  SE  from 
Philadelphia. 

Mayslick,  village  of  Mason  county  Ken- 
tucky, on  a  branch  of  the  north  fork  of 
Licking  river  nine  miles  S  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Maysville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice. 
Mason  county  Kentucky,  63  miles  NE  from 
Lexington,  and  74  SVV  from  Chilicothe. 
It  contams  the  ordinary  county  buildings, 
one  printing  office,  glass  factory,  and  seve- 
ral  mercantile  stoi-es. 

Mayville,  post  village,  and  seat  of  justice 
Chatauque  county.  New  York,  at  tlie  head 
of  Chatauque  lake;  eight  miles  from  Port- 


land on  lake  Erie,  and  60  SW  from  Buf- 
falo. 

Mazagan,  strong  town  of  Africa  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco  seated  near  the 
Atlantic,  eight  miles  W  of  Azamor,  and 
120  N  of  xMorocco.  Lon.  8  15  W,  lat.  Zo 
12  N. 

J\fa:ara,  town  of  Sicily,  capital  of  a  fer- 
tile valley  of  the  same  narme,  with  a  good 
harbour,  25  mils  SW  of  Trapani.  Lon.  12 
30  E,  I-.t.  37  52  E. 

Jli'eaco,  city  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  in 
Japan,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital. 
It  is  the  great  magazine  ot  all  the  manufac- 
tures in  Japan,  and  the  principal  place  for 
trade.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be 
600,000.     Lon.  134  25  E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Media,  town  of  llinigary,  in  the  bannat 
ofTemeswar,  seated  on  the  N  side  of  the 
Danube,  15  miles  E  of  Belgrade.  It  was 
dismantled  by  the  Turks  in  1738.  Lcn.  12 
0  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Meadsville,  post  t'lwn  and  seat  of  justice 
Crawford  comity,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  E  side  of  French  creek,  25  miles  NW 
from  Franklin.  It  contains  beside  county 
buildings,  an  arsenal,  printing  office,  a  col- 
lege, and  about  150  dwelling  houses.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  649.  Allegany  college  in 
this  town  is  a  very  prosperous  institution, 
and  under  the  active  agency  of  the  Rev. 
Timothy  Aldew  its  president,  has  one  of 
the  best  libiariesof  any  literary  institution  ia 
the  interior  of  the  United  States.  By  grants 
from  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  other 
sources  the  college  funds  are  ample. 

Mead,  township  of  Crawford  county 
Pennsylvania,  contiguous  to  Meadville.  Po- 
puktion  1820,1311. 

Mead,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  river.  Population  in 
1820,  1072. 

Meadville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Bradford  county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  eastern  branch  of  Susquehannah 
rivt'r,  60  miles  above  Wilkesbarre.  See 
Towanda. 

Meao,  small  island,  one  of  the  Moluccas, 
in  the  Indian  Oce.ui,  with  a  good  harbour. 
Lon,  127  5  E,  lat.  1  12  N. 

Meanifi.     See  Kincardineshire. 

Meath,  or  East  Mealh,  county  of  Ireland 
in  the  province  of  Leinster,  36  miles  long, 
and  35  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Cavan 
and  Jjouth,  on  the  E  by  the  Irish  Sea  and 
DubHn,  on  the  S  by  that  county  and 
Kildare,  and  on  the  W  by  "West  Meath. 
It  contains  139  parishes,  and  sends  14 
members  to  parliament.  Trim  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Meath,  West,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Lcnster;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Cavan,  on  the  NE  a  id  E  by  Meath,  on 
the  S  by  King's  county,  on  the  W  by  Ros- 
common, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Shannop,  and  on  the  N  W  by  Longford.  It 
579 


.M  i:  c 


M   K  (. 


is  one  of  the  most  populous  and  ferlile 
coiiiities  in  Ireland,  contuins  62  pari.shes, 
and  sends  10  members  to  parliament.  Mul- 
lenger  is  tiie  county  town. 

Meaux,  ancient  and  lately  an  episco- 
pal towii  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Seine  and  Mirne,  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Marne  v.'hich  divid'-s  it 
into  two  parts.  It  is  10  nniles  NW  of 
Colomiers,  and  25  NEi"  Paris.  Lon.  2 
53  E, lat    48  58  N. 

Mecan  large  river  of  Thibet.  It  rises 
in  that  country  and  fl owinij  SE  through 
Laos  and  CamboJia,  fnils  by  two  mouths 
into  the  Eastern  Ocean,  and  forms  an 
island  below  tiie  city  of  Camb xlia,  v^hlch 
here  gives  name  to  the  eastern  branch. 

Mecca,  ancient  and  very  famous  town 
of  Asia,  in  Arabia  the  Happy ;  seated  on 
a  barren  spot,  in  a  valley,  surrounded 
■with  little  hills,  about  a  day's  journey 
from  the  Red  Sea.  Itiscommonly,  though 
erroneously  supposed,  that  Mecca  be- 
came an  object  of  religious  veneration  to 
the  Arabians,  from  being  the  birth  place, 
and  seat  of  Mahomets  mission.  It  was 
considered  a  holy  city  by  that  people 
many  ages  before  the  birth  of  Mahomet 
Two  miles  from  the  town  is  the  hill 
where  they  say  Abraham  went  to  ofTer 
up  his  son  Isaac.  Mecca  is  governed  by 
sheref,  who  is  a  temijoral  prince,  and  his 
revenue  is  increased  by  the  donations  of 
Mahometan  sovereigns.  It  is  34  miles 
ENE  of  Jidda,  these;.port  of  M-cca,  and 
220  S  by  E  of  Medina.  Lnn.  40  55  E, 
lat.  21  40  N.  Its  present  p  ipulation 
about  18,  or  20,000. 

Mechoachan,  ancient  province  of  Mexi- 
co, in  the  audience  of  Mexico.  It  was 
200  miles  in  circumference,  and  very 
rich  abounding  in  all  the  necessaries  of 
life.     It  has  also  mines  of  silver  and  cop- 

Ser,  great  plenty  of  cocoa,  much  silk, 
lechoachan  root,  and  several  odorifer- 
ous gums  and  balsams.    See  Vallaclolid. 

Mfichoachan,  or  Vallaclolid,  city  of 
Mexico,  capital  of  the  province  of  Me- 
choachan,  arid  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  near  the  source  of  a  river,  110 
miles  W  of  Mexico.  Lon.  103  28  VV, 
lat.  20  8  N.     See  Valladolid. 

J^f  Connells-ville,  post  town,  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Morgan  county,  Ohio.  It 
■was  located  for  the  county  seat,  in  May, 
1818,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  Muskin- 
gum river,  25  miles  SB  from  Zanesville, 
and  about  80  in  nearly  a  similar  direc- 
tion from  Columbus.  N  lat.  39  43,  VV 
lon.  4  53. 

M^Cutchensville,  post  office  near  the 
southeastern  corner  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio. 

Mechanic/:,  village  of  Duchess  county 
580 


Ne'vV  York  l.ij  miles  NE  by  E  from 
Poiighkeepsie.  In  this  village  is  a  friends 
boarding  School,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating 100  stud^'nts. 

Mec/ianicsburff,  post  village  Cumber- 
land county  Pennsylvania  on  the  south- 
ern or  lower  road  from  Carlisle  to  Hav- 
risbiirg  8  m^l.-s  from  the  latter. 

Mechanksburg,  post  t<iwn  of  Cham- 
paign county  Ohio,  in  Goshen  township, 
head  of  Little  Darby,  containing  21 
houses,  t-.vo  stires-.  a  grist  and  saw  mill. 
Distance,  11  milts  E  from  Urbanna,  and 
32  NW  fi-om  Columbus.  It  is  a  valuable 
situation  for  water  works. 

Jiec/ianksburg,  small  town  or  village 
in  Liberty  township,  on  the  southeast 
quarter  of  Butler  county  Ohio,  the  road 
from  Hamilton  to  Cincinnati. 

Mechaiiickstoivn,  posi  village,  Frederick 
coimty  Maryland,  15  miles  N  from  Fre- 
dericictown. 

Mechanicsville,  post  village,  SaratOgO 
county  Nevv  York, 

Mechanicksville,  post  village,  Darlington 
district  South  Carolina. 

Mechlin,  called  by  the  French  Ma- 
lines,  town  of  the  Netherlands  on  the 
Dyle,  It  is  a  place  of  very  extensive 
manufactures,  producing,  fine  lace,  linen, 
silk  and  woollen  stuiFs,  also  leather  and 
hats  ;  13  miles  S  by  E  from  Antwerp  and 
13  NE  from  Brussels. 

Meckenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
territoi-y  of  Cologne  ;  situate  on  the  Erfft, 
eight  miles  SW  of  Bone. 

Mecklenburg,  duchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle,  of  Lower  Saxony  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Baltic,  E  by  Pomerania,  S 
by  Brandenburg,  and  W  by  Holstein  and 
Lunenburg.  It  extends  135  miles  in 
length,  and  90  where  broadest,  and 
abounds  in  corn,  pastures,  and  game. 
The  country  was,  for  many  centuries, 
under  the  government  of  one  prince  ; 
but  on  the  death  of  the  sovereign  in 
1592,  it  was  divided  between  his  two 
sons :  the  eldest  retaining  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  which  is  consi- 
derably the  largest  share,  and  the  youngs 
er  obtained  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz.  Schwerin  is  the  capital  of  the 
former,  and  new  Strelitz  of  the  latter. 

Mecklenburg,  county  of  Virginia ; 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  S  ;  by  Hali- 
fax W ;  Charlotte  NVV ;  Lunenburg 
NE ;  and  Brunswick  E.  Length  33 ; 
mean  width  20 ;  and  area  about  600 
square  miles.  This  country  is  traversed 
from  NW  to  SE  by  the  Roanoke.  The 
surface  is  undulating  rather  than  hilly. 
The  soil  productive.  Staples  cotton  and 
tobacco.  The  chieftown  Boydtown  is 
about  60  miles  SW  from  Petersburg. 


M  K  C 

Vopulalion  in  1810 
Free  wliite males 
do.  do.    females 


M  i:  11 


5,400 
5,344 


Total  whites       ....       10,744 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

tuxed      .....  34 

Slaves 3,494 


laves,  males 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820 


Total  population  in  1810 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

.        do.         in  Miinutucrures 

14,272       do.         in  ComTierce 


5,957 
5,445 

19,786 


7 

6,202 

425 

27 


Population*in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -         -         5,872 

do.     do.  females  -         -         5,813 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .        .        -        .  0 


Total  whites       .... 

11,685 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

22 

de              do.       females 

7 

Slaves,  males       .... 

2,4o8 

do.    females            .        •        , 

2,713 

Total  population  in  1820, 


16.895 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  36 

Engaged  in  A.qTiculture     -        -        2,968 

do.        in  Manufactures  •  635 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  40 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  28. 

Mecklenburg,  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina ;  bounded  by  South  Carolina  S,  and 
SW  ;  by  Catawba  river  or  Liiicoin  coun- 
ty North  Carolina  NW  ;  IredtU  N  ;  Ca- 
barras  NE ;  and  Anson  SE.  Length  45  ; 
mean  width  18 ;  and  area  about  800 
square  miles.  Surface  rather  roiling 
than  hilly.  Snil  near  the  streams  excel- 
lent, Ijut  in  the  intervals  sterile.  It  is 
drained  by  innumerable  creeks  flowing 
SW  into  Catawba  river.  Staples,  grain, 
cotton,  and  tobacco.  Chieftown  Char- 
lotte, 130  miles  SW  by  W  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females    - 


3,822 
3,874 

7,696 


Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  493 

Slaves 10,264 


Total  population  in  1810 


18,453 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .         3,821 

do.     do.    females   ...        3,889 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.    do.  females    - 


7,710 
340 

334 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  24^. 

Meek-ley.     See  (.'assay. 

Mecon,  river,  which  rises  in  the  NE 
part  of  Tibet,  and  fl;)ws  SSE  thnmgh  the 
province  of  Yunan  in  China,  and  the 
kingdoms  of  Laos  and  Cambodia,  into 
the  China  sea.  At  the  city  of  Cambodia 
it  divides  into  two  branches,  whicti  run 
nearly  parallel  to  each  other  for  above 
200  miles  to  tlic  sea ;  the  eastern  of 
which  is  called  Cambodia,  and  the  west- 
ern, Oubequeme. 

Mecran,  Makran,  province  of  Persia, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Segestan  and  Can- 
dahar,  E  uy  Hindoostan,  S  by  the  Indian 
Ocean,  and  W  by  Kv  rman.  The  south- 
ern part  is  dry,  and  little  more  than  a 
desert ;  the  northern  is  less  so,  but  ani- 
mals are  rare,  and  the  soil  far  from  fer- 
tile.   Kidge  is  the  capital. 

Mecrinos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra- 
los  Montes,  15  miles  NNE  of  Torre  de 
Moncove,  and  24  SE  of  Mirandela. 

Medea,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Titri,  seated  in  a  country  abound- 
ing in  corn,  fruit,  anrl  sheep,  35  miles 
SW  of  Algiers. 

Medea,  or  Mahdia,  town  of  Tunis, 
formerly  a  place  of  importance,  seated 
on  a  peninsula  on  the  gulf  of  Cabea,  100 
miles  S  by  E  of  Tunis. 

Medebach,  town  of  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia, 9  miles  W  of  Corbach. 

Medelin,  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  the  river  Guadiana,  22  miles  E  of 
iVIerida     Lnn,  5  38  W,  lat.  34  41  N. 

Medelfiadia,  maritime  province  of 
Sweden  in  Norland,  and  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.  It.is  mountainous  and  woody 
with  fruitful  valleys  and  fine  pastures. 
Sundswall  is  the  capital. 

Media,  now  the  province  of  Ghilan 
in  Persia,  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful 
empire. 

Medemblick,  town  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, in  New  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Zuider-Zec,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is 
nine  miles  N.of  Honrn,  and  22  NE  of 
Amsterdam.  '  Lon.  3  0  E,  lat.  52  47  N. 

Medford,  post  town  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  on  the  Mystic  river, 
five  miles  NW  of  Boston,  1443  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1474. 

Medina,  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  ce- 
581 


M  E  1) 


M  K  (t 


lebrated  for  being  the  burial  place  of 
Mahomet.  It  is  a  small,  poor  place,  but 
walled  round,  and  has  a  large  mosque, 
but  nothing  like  the  temple  at  Mecca.  In 
one  corner  is  a  place  14  paces  square, 
with  great  windows,  and  brass  gates  ; 
and  in  the  middle,  the  tomb  of  Mahomet. 
It  is  s-ated  on  a  plain,  abounding  in  palm- 
trees,  200  miK-s  NvV  of  Mecca.  Lon, 
39  33  E,  lat.  24  20  N. 

Medina,  county  of  Ohio,  lying  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  state,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Cayahoga.  E  by  Portage,  S  by 
Wayne,  and  W  by  Huron  counties.  It 
is  38  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  by  20 
broad  from  north  to  south,  containing 
760  square  miles.  County  seat,  Medina. 
The  head  waters  of  Black  and  Rocky- 
rivers  are  the  principal  streams. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,723 

do.  do.  females  ...  1,345 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -        -  0 


3,068 


3,082 


0 

885 
,  28 


Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    . 

Of  these  j 
^Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce       .         -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4. 

Medina,  township  with  a  post  town  ; 
the  seat  of  justice  for  Medina  county 
Ohio,  on  the  sources  of  Rocky  river,  26 
miles  SW  from  Cleaveland.  Population 
1820,  320. 

Medina-  Celi,  ancient  Arcobriga,  town 
of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  naiiie  ;  seated  near 
the  Xalong,  ten  miles  SE  of  Siguenza, 
and  75  SW  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  2  24  W, 
41  42  N  ^  *      _ 

Medina- de- las -Torres,  ancient  but 
small  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura, 
with  an  old  castle  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  near  Badajoz. 

Medina-del  Compo,  ancient  Methyni- 
na-Cum-Irestris,  rich  and  commercial 
town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon. 
It  has  great  privileges,  and  is  seated  in 
a  country  abounding  with  (forn  and  wine, 
37  miles  SE  of  Zamora,  and  75  NW  of 
Madrid.    Loni  4  24  W,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Medina  delRio  Secco,  ancient  town  of 
Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon,  seated  on 
a  fertile  plain,  55  miles  NW  of  Vallado- 
582 


lid,  and  50  SE  of  Leon.  Lon.  4  33  E.  lat 
42  6  N. 

Medina  Sidonia,  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  Anda'usia,  with  a  castle,  36  mdes  N 
NVV  of  Gibraltar,  and  20  NE  of  Cadiz. 
Lon.  5  36  E,  lat.  36  40  N. 

Mediterranean,  sea  between  Asia,  Af- 
rica, and  Europe,  extending  from  tlie 
straits  of  Gibraltar  to  the  coasts  of  Sy- 
ria and  Palestine  above  2000  miles,  but 
~of  unequal  breadth.  It  communicates 
with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  straits  of 
Gibraltar  ;  and  with  the  Black  Sea  by 
the  strait  of  Gallipoli,  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, and  the  strait  of  Constantinople. 
There  is  no  tide  in  this  sea,  and  a  con- 
stant current  sets  in  from  the  Atlantic 
through  the  straits  of  Gibraltar.  It  con- 
tains  many  islands,  several  of  them  large, 
as  Majorca,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sicily, 
Candia,  and  Cyprus.  The  eastern  part 
of  it,  bordering  upon  Asia,  is  sometimes 
called  the  Levant  Sea.  Lon.  6  W  to  37 
E,  lat.  31  to  44  N. 

Medniki,  town  of  Po'and,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Samogitia,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  on  the  Warwitz,  40  miles  E  of 
Memel.    Lon.  22  49  E,.  lat.  55  42  N. 

Medua,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, seated  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  fruits,  and  flocks  of  sheep.  It  is 
175  miles  SW  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  13  E, 
lat.  34  45  N. 

Medway,  river  which  rises  in  Ash- 
down  Forest,  in  Sussex  ;  entering  Kent, 
it  passes  by  Tunbridge  and  Maidstone. 
It  is  navigable  to  Rtichester ;  below  which 
it  divides  itself  into  two  branches,  the 
western  one  enters  the  Thames,  between 
the  isl'.'S  of  Grain  and  Shepey,  and  is 
defended  by  the  fort  at  Sheerness  ;  in 
this  branch  at  Chatham,  is  a  station  for 
the  royal  navy.  The  eastern  branch  cal- 
led the  East  Swale,  runs  to  Milton,  and 
Fevershamj  below  which  it  falls  into  the 
German  Ocean. 

Medivay.,  post  town  and  townsip,  in 
Norfolk  county  Massachusetts,  about  25 
miles  SW  of  Boston,  and  about  the  same 
distance  NE  of  Providence,  Rhode  Isl- 
and.    Population  1820,  1523. 

Medivi,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  E  Gothland,  called  the  Swedish 
Spa,  on  account  of  its  waters,  which  are 
vitriolic  and  sulphureous.  The  lodging 
houses  form  one  street  of  uniform  wooden 
buildings  painted  red.  The  walks  and 
rides  are  delightful,  particularly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wetter.  It  is  three  miles 
from  Wadstena. 

Medziboz,  town  of  Poland  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Volhinia,  seated  on  the  river 
Bog,  20  miles  S  of  Constantinow. 

Megara,  ancient  town  of  Greece,  for- 
merly very  large,  but  novr  inconsiderable* 


M  E  I 


MEL 


Here  are  some  fine  remains  of  antiquity, 
20  miles  W  of  Athens.  Lon.  23  30  E, 
lat.  38  6  N. 

Jlegen,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  seat- 
ed on  the  Maese,  15  miles  SW  of  Nime- 
guen.    Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Me^eiUheim,  town  of  VVirlember,^,  in 
Franconia,  19  miles  S  by  W  from  Wurtz- 
berg-.  It  appertains  to,  and  is  tlie  residence 
of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic 
Knights. 

'  Megesvar,  town  of  Transylvania,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  re- 
markable for  its  good  wines.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Kotel.  Lon.  25  20  E,  lat.  46 
50  N. 

Megiere,  town  of  Transylvania,  sub- 
ject to  Austria,  28  miles  N  of  Herman- 
stadt.     Lon.  24  41  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Meheren,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Lunenburg  and  Mecklenburg  counties, 
and  flowing  SE  through  Brunswick,  and 
Greensville,  enters  Hertford  county 
North  Carolina,  and  7  miles  below  the 
line  contributes  to  form  the  Chowan  by 
its  junction  with  Nottaway. 

Mehran,  principal  of  the  channels  into 
which  the  river  Indus  divides  itself, 
near  Tatta,  in  Hindoostan  Proper. 

Mehun-Snr-Yevre,  ancient  town  of 
France  in  the  department  of  Cher  and 
late  province  ot  Berry,  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  built  by  Charles  VH  as 
a  place  of  retirement.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  p^ain,  on  the  river  Ytvre,  10  miles 
NW  of  Bourges,  and  105  S  of  Paris,  Lon. 
2  17  E,  lat  47  19  N. 

Mehim  sur-Loiie,  town  of  France,  in 
the  depar  ment  of  Loiret,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Orleannis,  stated  on  the  Loire, 
10  miles  SW  of  Orleans,  Lon.  1  48  E, 
lat  47  50  N. 

Meigs,  County  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  E 
and  SE  by  Ohio  river;  S  by  Gallia  and 
Athens ;  and  N  by  Athens.  Length  30; 
breadth  very  unequal,  from  12  to  22 ; 
and  area  400  square  miles.  Surface 
broken,  though  some  of  the  soil,  parti- 
cularly near  the  streams  is  excellent. 
Chief  town  Salisbury. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males        -        -         .        2,340 

do.  do.     females      -         -  2,137 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

Total  whites         ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females    -  3 

Slaves,  males       .        -         -         -  0 

do.    females  ...  0 

Tc'al  population  in  1820.  -        4,48o 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  M-inufactiires 
do.       in  Commerce 


19 

980 
90 

4 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Meigs,  SE  township  of  Muskingum 
county  Ohio.    Population  1820,  284. 

Meigs,  township  of  Adams  county 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  2001. 

Meigsville,  post  village  and  township, 
Morgan  county  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
211. 

Meillerie,  village  of  the  duchy  of  Cha- 
blais.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  side  of  the 
lake  of  Geneva,  in  the  recess  of  a  small 
bay,  at  the  foot  of  impending  mountains 
in  Savoy.  This  place  is  an  interesting 
scene  in  the  Eloisa  of  Rosseau. 

Menau,  island  in  the  bay  cf  the  Bod- 
mer  Sea,  cr  middle  lake  of  Constance, 
one  mile  in  circumference.  It  belongs  to 
the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and 
produces  excellent  wine,  which  forms 
the  chief  revenije  of  the  commander.  It 
is  five  miles  N  of  Constance. 

Meissen,  or  Mi&nia,  margravate  of 
Germany,  in  Saxony ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  on  the  E  by 
Lusatia,  on  the  S  by  Bohemia,  and  on 
the  W  by  Thuringia  It  is  100  miles  jj^ 
in  length,  and  80  in  bn  adUi ;  and  is  a 
very  fine  country,  producing  corn,  wine, 
metals,  and  all  things  that  contribute  to 
the  pleasure  of  life.  The  capital  is  Dres- 
den, 

Meissen,  considerable  town  in  the 
electorate  of  Saxony  Proper,  and  in  the 
margravate  of  M  issen,  with  a  castle, 
and  a  famous  manufacture  of  porcei;iin. 
It  is  seatid  on  the  E'be.  10  miles  NNW 
of  Dresden,  and  37  ESE  of  Liepsick. 
Lon.  13  33  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Melazzo,  ancient  town  cf  Natolia.  It 
has  a  bishop's  see,  and  here  are  also 
seme  curious  monuments  of  antiquity.  It 
is  seated  on  a  bay  cf  the  Archipelago,  60 
miles  S  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27  25  E,  lat. 
57  28  N. 

Melbourne,  township  of  Buckingham 
county  Lower  Canada,  betvv'ten  Bromp- 
ton  and  Durham,  50  miles  SE  from 
Three  Rivers. 

Melck,  small  fortified  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Austria  Here 
is  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey,  seated 
on  a  hill,  47  miles  W  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  20E,  lat.  48  UN. 

Mekomb  Regis,  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
united  to  Weymouth  as  a  port,  as  a  cor- 
poration, and  iis  a  market-town,  but  is 
a  distinct  borough.  It  is  seated  on  the 
N  side  of  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  joined 
to  Weymouth  by  a  timber  bridged,  which 
has  a  drawbridge  in  the  middle,  to  ad- 
583 


M  E  L 


M  E  N 


tnit  the  passage  of  ships  into  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  harbour.  Mclcoinb  has 
good  streets  and  yards  for  merchandise, 
and  is  127  miles  WSW  of  London.  See 
Weymout/i. 

Meldela,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
eight  miles  SW  of  Ravenna. 

Meldcrt,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant,  10  miles  SE  of  Lorrain. 

Meldorf,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
Holstein,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Myla,  22  miles  NNW  of  Gluckstaldt. 

Meldrum,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, 17  nrtilesNNW  of  Aberdeen. 

Melji,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  20  miles  NNW 
of  Acerenza. 

Melgazs.,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre 
Douero  e  Minho.  with  a  strong  castle ; 
seated  on  the  Minho,  27  miles  N  by  E 
of  Braga. 

Melida,  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  in  the  republic  of 
Ragusa.  It  is  30  miles  in  length,  and 
abounds  in  oranges,  citrons,  wine,  and 
fish.  It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey,  six 
villages,  and  several  harbours. 

Melilla,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It 
was  taken  in  1496,  by  the  Spaniards, 
who  built  a  citadel ;  but  it  was  restored 
to  the  Moors.  It  is  115  miles  NE  of 
Fez.    Lon.  2  57  VV,  lat.  34  58  N. 

Melinda,  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Zanguebar.  It  produces  gold, 
slaves,  elephants  teeth,  ostriches,  fea- 
thers, wax,  aloes,  sena,  and  other  drugs ; 
also  plenty  of  rice,  sugar,  cocoa-nuts,  and 
other  tropical  fruits. 

Melinda,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  nanse,  on  the  east  of  Zanguebar. 
Here  the  Portuguese  have  17  cliurchcs, 
nine  convents,  and  warehouses  well  pro- 
vided witli  European  goods.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  line  [gardens,  and  has  a  good 
harbour  defended  by  a  fort  ;  but  the  en- 
trance, is  dangerous,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  shoals  and  rocks  under 
water.  The  inhabitants  are  Christians 
and  Negroes,  which  last  have  their  own 
king  and  religion,  and  the  number  of 
both  is  said  to  amount  to  above  200,000. 
It  is  470  miles  SW  of  Magadoxa.  Lon. 
11  48  E,  lat.  2  15  S. 

Melipilla,  tov.'n  of  Chili,  in  a  juris- 
diction of  the  same  name,  200  miles  N 
of  Conception.  Lon.  71  39  W,  lat.  33 
28  S. 

MelUa.    See  Mall  a. 

Mclitello,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Noto,  eight  miles  W  of  Leoniti. 

MeUtofwl,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  pro- 
vince di  Tauris,  h.ituate  on  a  lake,  12 
miles  from  the  sea  of  Asoph,  and  108  S 
584 


of  Catharineslaf.    Lon.  83  10  E,  lat.  46 
2-2  N. 

Melksham,  town  of  Wiltshire,  with 
a  market  every  other  Thursday  for  cat- 
tle, and  a  manufacture  of  broad  cloths, 
1 1  miles  E  of  Bath,  and  96  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Melk,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
principality  of  Osnaburg,  15  miles  E  by 
S  of  Osnaburg. 

Meller.  See  M&kr. 
Mellingen,  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  bailiwic  of  Baden,  which  before  their 
late  subjugation ;  depended  on  the  can- 
tons of  Zuric  and  Bern.  It  is  seated  in 
a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Reuss, 
five  miles  S  by  W  of  Baden. 

Mellville,  township  of  Cumberland 
county  New  Jersey.  Population  1820, 
1010. 

Memel,  strong  town  of  Eastern  Prus- 
sia, with  a  castle.  It  has  the  finest  har- 
bour in  the  Baltic,  and  an  extensive  com- 
merce. It  is  seated  on  the  N  extremity 
of  the  Curische  Haf,  an  inlet  of  the  Bal- 
tic, 70  miles  in  length,  which  is  here 
joined  to  the  sea  by  a  narrow  strait.  On 
the  NE  side  of  the  entrance  into  the 
harbour  is  a  light-house,  erected  in  1796. 
It  is  76  miles  NNE  of  Koningsberg,  and 
140  NE  of  Dantzic,  Lon.  21  40  E,  lat. 
55  46  N. 

Memmingen,  strong  town  of  Suabia, 
near  which  the  emigrants  under  the 
prince  of  Conde,  were  in  August  1795, 
defeated  by  the  French  republicans.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  24  miles  SE  of 
Ulm,  and  35  SW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10 
16  E,  lat.  48  3  N. 

Memfiliremagog,  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica ;  situated  partly  in  the  state  of  Ver- 
mont, and  partly  in  Canada.  It  commu- 
nicates with  the  river  St.  Lawrence  by 
the  river  St.  Francis. 

Memphis,  village  of  Shelby  county 
Tennessee,  on  the  Mississippi  river.  It  is 
situated  on  the  site  of  Old  Fort  Pick- 
ering. 

Menan,  large  river  in  the  kingdom  of 
Siam,  which  runs  through  it  from  N  to 
S,  passes  by  the  city  of  Siam,  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Siam,  below  Bancock. 
There  are  several  singular  fishes  in  it, 
besides  crocodiles,  which  are  common 
in  these  parts. 

Menancabo,  town  in  the  island  of  Su- 
matra. It  is  the  capital  of  a  small  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on  the 
S  coast,  opposite  the  isle  of  Nassau,  250 
miles  from  the  strait  of  Sunda. 

Menat,  town  of  France,  in  Auvergne, 
and  in  the  late  diocess  of  Clermont. 

Mende,  town  of  France,  capital  ot 
the  department  of  Lozere,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Gervasidan.    It  is  very  popu- 


M  E  N 


M  E  Q 


lous ;  has  manufactures  of  serges  and 
other  woollen  stuff's  ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Lot.  35  miles  SW  of  Puy.  and  210  S 
by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  35  E,  lat.  44  31 
N. 

Mendham,  post  town,  Morris  county 
New  Jersey,  7  miles  VV  from  Morris- 
town.    Population  1820,  1326. 

Mendifi-HUls,  mountainous  tract  in 
the  NE  of  Somersetshire,  famous  for  its 
coal,  calamine,  and  lead  ;  the  latter  said 
to  be  of  a  harder  quality  than  that  of 
other  counties.  Copper,  manganese,  bole, 
and  red  ochre,  are  also  found  in  these 
hills.  On  their  summits  are  large  swampy 
flats,  dangerous  to  cross, 

Mendlesham,  small  town  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  market  on  Friday,  18  miles  E  of 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  82  NE  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  12  E,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Mendocino,  Cafie,  cape  of  North 
America,  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Lon. 
W  C  48  W,  lat.  40  N. 

Mendon,  jjost  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  37  miles  SVV  of 
Boston,  and  12  N  of  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  with  1819  inhabitants,  1810,  and 
2254  in  1820. 

Mendon,  township  of  Monroe  county 
New  York,  12  miles  S  from  Rochester. 
Population  1820,  2012. 

Mendoza,  city  of  Cordova,  in  the 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Andes,  on  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Colorado,  about  120  miles  SSE 
Santias;o  in  Chili.  Lon.  W  C  9  E,  lat. 
33  50  S. 

Mendrah,  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fezzan,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
60  miles  S of  Mourzook.  Although  much 
of  the  land  in  this  province  is  a  continu- 
ed level  of  hard  and  barren  soil,  the 
quantity  of  trona,  a  species  of  fossil  al- 
kali, that  floats  on  the  surface,  or  settles 
on  the  banks  of  its  numerous  smoking 
lakes,  has  given  it  a  higher  importance 
than  that  of  the  most  fertile  districts. 

Menehouid,  St.  ancient  and  conside- 
rable town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Cham- 
pagne. St  Menehouid  is  20  miles  NE  of 
Chalons,  and  110  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  59 
E,  lat.  2  N. 

Menia.    See  Munia. 

Menin,  strongly  fortified  town  of  Aus- 
trian Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis.  In 
1585,  it  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by 
fire.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  April, 
1794,  when  the  garrison  (in  order  to  save 
the  unhappy  emigrants)  bravely  forced 
their  way  through  the  enemy  It  is  eight 
miles  SE  of  Ypres,  and  10  N  of  Lisle. 
Lon.  3  9  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

M€no7nomie,   river  of  Michigan,  en- 
tering Green  bay,  50  miles  NNE  from 
4E 


Fort  Brown.  It  is  navigable  for  schoon= 
ers  to  a  considerable  distance.  Its  en- 
tire comparative  course  about  120  miles. 

Mentor,  township  of  Geauga  county, 
Ohio,  on  lake  Erie,  west  from  Grand  river, 
and  opposite  Painsville.  Population  in 
1820,  452.    ^ 

Mentz,  late  archbishopric  and  electorate 
of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hesse  and  Wettera- 
via,  E  by  Franconia;  S  by  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine;  and  W  by  the  electorate  of 
Troves.  It  produces  much  corn,  fine  gar- 
den fruits,  and  abundance  of  excellent 
wines.  In  1798,  this  archbishnjM-ic  and 
electorate,  then  the  first  state  of  the  em- 
pire, was  moved  to  llatisbon,  and  all  other 
bishoprics  were  secularized. 

Mentz,  or  Maiievce,  city  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  late  electorate  of  Mentz,  and 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  well  fortified, 
and  deemed  to  be  a  barrier  fovtre's.  The 
palace,  called  Martinsburg,  is  a  considera- 
ble building,  partly  ancient  and  partly 
modern  ;  and  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Maine  is  a  castle,  called  Favorita,  with  its 
fine  gardens  and  waterworks.  The  univer- 
sity, founded  in  1477,  has  lately  received 
considerable  improvements.  Of  the  hospi- 
tals, that  of  St.  lloch  is  worthy  of  notice  for 
its  printing-office  and  manufactures  of  stuffs 
and  stockings.  The  city  is  built  in  an  ir- 
regular manner,  and  plentifully  provided 
with  churches.  In  the  cathedral,  which  is 
a  gloomy  fabric,  is  what  they  call  a  treasu- 
ry, containing  a  number  of  clumsy  jewels, 
some  relics,  and  a  rich  wardrobe  of  sacer- 
dotal vestments.  Mtntz  is  one  of  the  towns 
which  chVim  the  invention  of  printing;  and 
the  growth  of  the  best  rhenish  wine  is 
limiled  to  a  circle  of  about  five  miles  round 
it.  It  is  se:.ted  on  the  Rhine,  just  below 
the  influx  of  the  Maine,  and  on  the  oppo- 
site .side  is  the  town  of  Cassel,  connected 
with  it  bv  a  bridge  of  boats,  h  is  22  miles 
WSW  of  Frinkiort,  and  70  E  by  N  of 
Treves.     Lon.  8  10  E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Mentz,  township  and  post  village,  Cnyu- 
ga  cnunty.  New  York,  on  the  Great  Wes- 
tern canal .  The  post  village  is  called  Mon- 
tezuma, 12  miles  NW  from  Auburn.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,3010. 

Menu/,  town  oi  Egypt,  situate  in  a  well- 
cuUivated  countrv  near  that  branch  of  Nile 
which  flows  to  Rosetta,  40  miles  NNW  of 
Cairo. 

Mevzala,  town  of  Egypt,  situate  near  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  60  miles  long,  sepa- 
rated from  the  Mediterranean  by  a  narrow 
slip  of  land.  It  is  20  mdes  SSE  of  Dami- 
etta,  and  73  NNE  of  Cairo.  Lon.  32  2  E, 
lat.  31  3  N. 

Mecininenza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
with  a  csstle  j  s'^iied  at  the  conflux  of  the 

Segra  with  tiie  Ebro,  58  miles  ESE  of  Sara- 
gossa,  and  180  ENE  of  Madrid. 
585 


M  E  R 

Jlsqidne:,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
and  a  capital  of  the  empire  of  Morocco.  It 
13  seated  in  a  delightful  plain,  having  a  se- 
rene and  clear  air ;  for  which  reason  the 
emperor  resides  in  this  place  in  preference 
to  Fez.  Mequinez  is  58  miles  \V  of  Fez. 
Lon.  5  46  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Mer,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ot  Loir  and  Cher,  11  miles  NNVV  of  Blois. 

J\Teran,  handsome  trading  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  Tirol,  capital  of  Erschland, 
sealed  on  the  Adige,  12  miles  W  of  Salis- 
bury, and  100  W  by  S  of  Longon.  Lon. 
2  25  W,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Mercer,  county  of  Pennsylvania  ;  bound- 
ed by  Trumbull  county  in  Ohio  W  ;  Craw- 
ford county  in  Pennsylvania  N ;  Venango 
E  ;  Butler  SE ;  and  Beaver  S.  Length 
32 ;  breadth  26 ;  area  830  square  miles. 
This  county  is  drained  by  the  Shenango 
and  Neshanoc  branches  of  Big  Beaver. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  produc- 
tive in  grain,  meadow  grass,  and  orchard 
fruits.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  &c. 
Chief  town  Mercer,  57  miles,  a  little  west 
of  north  from  Pittsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  4,228 

do.    do.   females  -        -  4,002 


MER 

by  Lincoln  SE  ;  Casey  S  ;  Washington  W  ; 
FranVliii  N  :  Kentucky  rver,  or  Woodford 
and  Jessamine  NE ;  and  Garrard  or  Dick's 
river  E.  Length  26;  mean  width  14;  and 
area  about  350  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
Harodsburg. 

I'opuluiion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...       4,767 

do.  do.  females        .        -        -      4,523 

Total  whites  -  -  -  9,290 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  S& 

Slaves 3,284 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -       12,630 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...      5,981 

do.  do.     females      -         .         -       5,549 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  lOO 

Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        -         .        - 
do.     females 


Total  whites         -                  -  8,230 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  44 

Slaves         3 

Total  population  in  1810,             -  8,277 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  whita  males        -        -        -  5,928 

do.  do.  females                        -  5,662 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


11,590 

49 

40 

0 

1 

11,681 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  186 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,951 

do.       in  Manufactures   -        -  283 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13  J. 

Mercer,  post  town,  borough,  and  seat  of 
justice,  Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  west  side  of  Neshanoc  creek,  57  miles 
a  little  west  of  north  from  Pittsburg.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  506. 

Mercer,  NW  township  of  Butler  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  waters  of  Slippery- 
rock  creek.     Population  in  1820,  641. 

Mircer,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
586 


Total  population  in  1820 


15,587 


Of  these: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  3,493 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  ^57 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  53 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  44. 

Mercer,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  W  by 
Indiana;  N  by  Vauwert;  E  by  Allen  and 
Shelby;  and  S  by  Darke.  Length  25; 
breadth  24 ;  and  area  560  square  miles. 
The  surface  of  this  county  \i  generally  level, 
and  in  part  marshy.  An  extensive  inunda- 
ted tract  in  its  centre  gives  source  to  the 
Wabash  and  Miami  rivers.  The  soil, 
where  sufficiently  dry  for  agricultural^pur- 
poses,  is  excellent.  It  was  formed  from 
the  new  purchase,  and  therefore  not  inclu- 
ded in  the  census  of  1820. 

Mercersburg,  post  town,  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  west  branch  of  Cone- 
gocheaque,  16  miles  SW  from  Chambers- 
berg. 

Merdin,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Diarbeck, 
with  a  c?.stle  which  passes  for  impregnable. 
Tiie  country  about  it  produces  cotton.  It 
is  45  miles  SE  of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  39  59 
E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Merecz,  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Berezino 
and  Merecz,  30  nules  N  of  Grodno.  Lon. 
24  10  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Meredith,  township  of  Strafford  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1940  inhabi- 
tants in  1810.  It  is  about  72  miles  NW  of 
Portsmouth.    Population  in  1820,  2416. 


M  E  R 


M  E  R 


Meredith,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Delaware  county,  New  York,  8  miles  N 
from  Delhi.     Population  in  1820,  1375. 

Jlergui,  seaport  town  of  the  Birman 
empire,  on  Tannaserim  river,  6  miles  above 
its  miuth.     Lon  98  23  E,  lai.  12  12  N. 

Mergui  Islands,  a  group  lying  off  the 
western  coast  of  Malacca;  they  extend 
from  N  to  S  about  140  miles  along  the 
Malay  coast,  with  a  strait  intervening  of 
from  12  to  20  miles  wide. 

Merida,  town  of  Spain  in  Estramadura, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Romans,  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ.  Here  are  fine  re- 
mains of  a'ltiquity,  particularly  a  triumpiial 
arch.  It  is  seated  in  an  extensive  and  fer- 
tile plain,  45  miles  S  by  E  of  Alcantara. 
Lon.  6  4  W,  lat.  38  42  N. 

JSIevida,  intendancy  nf  Mexico,  embra- 
cing most  of  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan. 
Area  46,000  square  miles.  Population 
466,000. 

Merida,  city  of  Mexico,  in  Mfrida,  of 
which  intendancy  ii  is  the  capital ;  about 
70  miles  NE  from  Campeachy.  Population 
10,000. 

Meriden,  township  and  post  village, 
New  Haven  county  Connecticut,  17  miles 
N  from  New  Haven.  Population  in  1820, 
1309. 

Meridien,  post  village  Madison  county, 
Missouri. 

Merion,  Lower,  township  of  Montgomery 
county  Pennsylvania,  the  lowest  of  the  two 
townships  of  that  county  SVV  from  the 
Schuvlkill  lis  E  angle  is  five  miles  above 
rh  ladelphia.     Population  1820,  2,256. 

jyferion,  Upper,  township  of  Montgomery 
county  Pennsylvania,  above  the  preceding. 
Population  in  1820,  1285. 

Merionethshire,  county  of  North  Wales, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Caniarvonshiie  and 
Denbighshire,  on  the  E  by  the  county  of 
Montgomery,  on  the  S  by  Cardiganshire, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  Irish  Sea.  It  is  36 
miles  long  and  34  broad.  The  principal 
rivers  are  tlie  Dee  and  Dovy  ;  and  it  has  a 
great  mountain,  the  Cader  Idris,  one  of  the 
highest  in  Wales.  The  air  of  this  country 
is  sharp  but  it  feeds  great  herds  of  cattle. 
Merionethshire  contains  six  hundreds,  four 
market-towns,  37  parishes,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  Harlech  is  the  ca- 
pital. Population  in  1801,  29,506;  in  1811, 
30,924  ;  and  in  1821,  33,911. 

Merit:,  Meritch,  or  Mernch,  an  impor- 
tant fortress  and  ci>y  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  situated  near  the  N  bank  of 
the  river  Kistna,  70  miles  SW  of  Visia- 
pour. 

Merk,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
running  N  by  Beda,  afierward  turns  W, 
and  fulls  into  tiie  Maese,  opposite  the  island 
of  Overflackee,  in  Holland. 

Mermentau  river,  rises  in  the  prairies  of 
Opelousas,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of 


the  Calcasiu  and  Teche.  The  Mermentau 
is  formed  by  the  Nezpique,  Cane,  Plaque- 
mine  Brule,  and  Queue  Tortue.  This  stream 
may  indeed  be  strictly  called  the  river 
of  Oujjelousas,  as  it  drains  the  central 
parts  of  that  district,  and  all  the  inter- 
mediate ground  between  the  water  courses 
except  a  very  narrow  strip  of  wood  on 
their  immediate  banks  is  prairie.  The 
whole  country  watered  by  this  river  is  flat 
and  totally  without  stone,  not  even  a  peb- 
ble is  to  be  seen.  The  timber  in  the 
woods  is  oak,  hickory,  ash,  sweet  gum,  in 
the  swa.nps  cypress,  and  many  other  kind 
of  trees  ;  pine  is  also  found  in  more  or  less 
quantity  on  all  the  confluents  of  Mermen- 
tau, but  towards  the  northwest  sources  of 
tlie  Nezpique  this  tree  is  found  in  great 
abundance  :  oak  is  however  the  principal 
timber.  Below  the  junction  of  the  Plaque- 
mine  Brule,  Caue  and  Nezpique,  live  oak 
begins  to  appear,  and  towards  the  sea  coast 
is  found  in  considerable  quantity  growing 
upon  low  ridges  which  run  parallel,  to  and 
appear  to  have  been  at  some  past  time  isles 
in  the  gulf  The  tide  rises  in  the  Mer- 
mentau above  the  junction  ^f  Nezpique, 
Cane,  and  the  Plaquemine  Bul^  :  however, 
when  tlie  waters  of  the  Sabine  Calcasiu 
and  Mermentau,  are  swelled  by  rain,  and 
the  wind  NW,  N,  or  NE  winds  prevail,  no 
tide  passes  their  respective  outlets.  The 
soil  on  Mermentau  is  generally  sterile, 
though  superior  in  fertility  to  those  on  the 
Calcasiu  and  Sabine. 

Mermentau  Lake,  is  in  every  respect  si- 
milar to  those  of  the  Sabine  and  Calcasiu, 
except  in  point  of  extent,  being  considera- 
bly less  extensive  than  either  of  the  two 
latter.  Mermentau  lake  is  less  destitute  of 
timber  along  its  border  than  the  other 
lakes  westward,  though  the  greatest  part 
of  the  extent  in  its  vicinity  is  a  grassy  mo- 
rass.  The  outlet  from  the  lake  to  the  sea, 
is  about  one  fourth  of  a  mile  wide,  very 
winding,  and  in  many  parts  dilated  into 
small  lakes.  A  bar  at  the  mouth  prevents 
the  entrance  of  vessels  drawing  more  than 
four  feet  water. 

Merom,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Sul- 
livan county,  Indiana.     See  Miriam. 

Mero,  strong  town  of  Asia,  in  the  penin- 
sula beyond  the  Ganges,  and  in  the  king- 
dom of  Pegu,  140  miles  SW  of  the  town  of 
Pegu.     Lon.  98  36  B,  lat.  16  0  N. 

Meron,  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan,  seat- 
ed in  a  fertile  country,  which  produces  salt, 
112  miles  SW  of  Bockhara.  Long.  64  25 
E,  lat.  37  40  N. 

MeiTtmack,  river  of  the  United  States, 
which  rises  in  Grafton  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  after  running  in  a  SE  direction 
througli  the  state,  enters  Massachusetts, 
near  Dunstable.  It  then  makes  a  sudden 
turn  to  the  NE  and  empties  into  the  At- 
lantic  Ocean  at  Newburyport.  Its  coarse 
5Sr 


M  E  U 


M  E  S 


is  very  crooked,  and  the  navigation  inter- 
rupted by  frequent  falls  and  cataracts.  The 
Merrimack  basin  is  about  130  miles  in 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  36;  and  em- 
braces an  area  of  4350  square  miles.  The 
navigation  of  this  stream  has  been  more 
improved  by  art  ihan  any  other  stream  of 
the  United  States.  Newbury  port  stands 
on  the  south  side  of  the  bay  at  its  mouth; 
vessels  of  100  tons  ascend  to  Haverhill,  12 
miles  to  the  head  of  tide  water.  From 
Haverhill  to  Concord  the  navigation  of  the 
Jlerriraack  is  artificially  improved.  The 
Middlesex  canal  v;as  cut  from  Boston  Har- 
bour, to  the  banks  of  the  Merrimack  at  the 
fails  above  Chelmsford.  The  great  feeder 
of  this  canal  is  Concord  river,  flowing  north 
out  of  Massachusetts,  and  precipitated  from 
the  table  land  of  Middlesex,  into  the  valley 
of  the  Merrimack  below  Chelmsford.  The 
canal  commences  above  Patucket  falls.  It 
is  carried  over,  and  on  the  level  of  Con- 
cord river  11  miles,  and  thence  down  the 
sloping  intervening  ground  to  Boston  har- 
bour. The  whole  length  of  this  fine  canal  is 
29|  miles,  an  entire  fall  1007  feet,  by  13 
locks.  The  canal  is  24  feet  wide,  with 
a  depth  of  4((fcet.  The  locks  are  90  feet 
by  12  feet,  and  of  excellent  masonry. 
Another  fall  has  been  cut  around  Patucket 
falls  in  order  to  connect  the  navigable  water 
above,  and  the  Middlesex  canal  with  the 
tide  water  below.  The  Patucket  canal 
does  not  reach  tide  water,  but,  below  the 
falls  the  stream  though  rapid  is  navigable, 
and  in  45  miles  falls  36  feet,  and  reaches 
the  tide  at  Haverhill.  Above  the  outlet  of 
tlie  Middlesex  canal,  three  other  short  cuts 
at  several  places.  The  Bow  canal  occurs 
first  below  Concord;  is  followed  6  miles 
still  lower  down  by  Hookset  canal ;  Amos- 
keag  canal  was  made  eight  miles  below 
Hookset;  and  in  nine  miles  below  the  latter 
six  short  cuts  have  been  made  round  as 
many  rapids  or  falls.  Cr&mv/ell's  falls 
have  also  been  passed  by  a  canal  14  miles 
below  Amoskeag  ;  and  15  miles  still  lower 
is  the  Wicasc  canal,  the  last  above  that  of 
Middlesex.  See  Mas^achiiseits  and  J\'ew 
■Humps/lire. 

.Merrimack  townsliip  of  Hillsborough 
county.  New  Hampshire,  containing  1592 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1162. 

Merriinack,  river  of  Missouri  rises  in 
Franklin  county,  flows  NE  through  Frank- 
lin, and  separating  .Tefferson,  from  St. 
Louis,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  five  miles 
below  the  town  of  St.  Louis. 

jyferritstown,  post  village,  Fayette  county 
Pennsylvania,  on  Dunlap's  creek,  five  miles 
S  from  Brownsville. 

JHerryhill,  post  village,  Bertie  county 
North  Carolina. 

Meii^meeting  6«i/,  junction  of  the  Kene- 
bec  and  Androscoggin  rivers,  in  Maine. 

Mersbur^,  town  of  the  circle  of  Saxony, 
588 


in  Misnia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a 
Lutheran  bishopric,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Sala,  10  miles  S  of  Halle,  and  56  NW  of 
Dresden.  Lon.  12  6  E.  lat.  51  28  N.  It 
now  gives  name  to  a  government  of  Prus- 
sia. 

J\[ersea,  town  of  Essex  county,  Upper 
Canada,  on  Lake  Erie. 

JMersey,  river  vv'liich  vises  in  the  N  ex- 
tremity of  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire,  jiasses 
by  Warrington,  and  receives  the  Weaver 
at  Frodsham,  where  it  forms  a  broad  estua- 
ry, below  Liverpool,  and  enters  the  Irish 
Sea.  This  river  not  oi.ly  affords  salmon, 
but  is  visited  by  annual  shoals  of  smelts, 
here  called  sparlmgs.  of  a  remarkable  size 
and  flavour.  It  is  connected  by  the  Staf- 
fordshire canal  with  the  Trent  and  in 
course  with  the  Irish  Sea  and  the  German 
Ocean. 

Mersey  Island,  island  in  Essex,  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Coin  and  the  entrance  of 
Blackwater  Bay.  It  has  two  parishes  called 
E  and  W  Mersey. 

.'Meripurg,  town  of  C4ermany  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia,  and  bishopric  of  Constance, 
seated  on  the  N  tide  of  the  lake  of  Con- 
stance. It  is  the  bishop's  usual  place  of 
residence,  and  is  11  miles  from  the  town 
of  that  name.  Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  47  45 
N. 

Jlertola,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo,  seated  near  the  Gaudians,  60 
miles  S  of  Evora,  and  100  SE  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  7  40  W,  lat.  37  30  N. 

.Wcrton,  village  ne.ir  Oxford,  situated 
near  two  military  ways.  There  were  en- 
trenchments in  the  neighbouring  woods, 
supposed  to  be  thrown  up  by  king  Ethel- 
red  or  the  Danes,  whom  he  defeated  in 
871. 

Merton,  village  in  Surry,  seated  on  the 
Wandel,  seven  miles  SW  of  London.  No- 
thing remains  of  its  once  famous  abbey,  but 
the  E  window  of  a  chapel,  and  the  walls  that 
surrounded  tlie  premises,  which  are  built 
of  flint,  are  nearly  entire,  and  include  about 
60  acres.  \]\v)\\  the  site  of  this  abbey  are 
two  calico  manufactures,  and  a  copper 
mill ;  and  about  1000  persons  are  now  em- 
ployed on  a  spot  once  the  abode  ©f  monas- 
tic indolence.  Merton  is  seven  miles  SW 
of  London. 

Alerve,  tlie  N  branch  of  the  river  Maese, 
on  which  the  city  of  IJotierdam,  in  Hol- 
land is  seated. 

Jilert'iHe,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  late  province  of 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis,  10 
miles  SE  of  Cassel.  Lon.  2  43  E,  lat.  50 
57  N. 

JMesched,  considerable  town  of  Persia, 
in  Korasan,  fortified  with  several  toweis, 
and  famous  for  the  magnificent  sepulchre 
of  Iman  Risa,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  to  which 
tl'.e   Persians  pay  great   devotion.      It   is 


M  E  T 


-M  E  U 


seated  on  a  mountain,  in  which  are  found 
fine  Turcois  stones,  180  miles  SE  of  the 
Caspian  sea.     Lon.  57  45  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

JMdseUf  small  seaport  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Aixhangel,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  t!ie  same  name.  Ii  is  seated  on  the 
river  Mesen,  on  the  E  coast  of  the  White 
Sea,  160  miles  N  of  Archatigel.  Lon.  44 
25  E,  lat.  65  50  N. 

iMeskirk,  handsome  town  of  Germany 
in  the  Circle  of  Sual;ia,  in  the  country 
of  Furstenburg,  15  miles  N  of  Uberlin- 
gen. 

Messa,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Morocco.  It  is  composed  of  three 
fortified  towns,  at  a  small  distance  from 
each  other,  and  a  temple,  built,  (as  the 
inhabitants  suppose)  with  the  bones  of 
the  whale  which  swallowed  Jonah.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Atlas,  168 
miles  SW  of  Morocco. 

Messene,  ancient  city  of  peninsular 
Greece  ;  on  the  SW  coast  of  the  Pelepo- 
nesus.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the  mo- 
dern village  of  Maurmati,  25  miles  NE 
from  Navarin. 

Mesopolamia,  post  village  and  NW 
township  of  Trumbull  county  Ohio.  Po- 
pulation 1220,  273. 

Messina,  city  and  seaport  of  Sicily,  in 
Val  di  Demcna,  with  a  citadel  and  seve- 
ral forts.  It  is  five  miles  in  circumference, 
and  the  see  of  an  archbishop. — The  pub- 
lic buildings  and  monasteries  are  nume- 
rous and  magnificient,  and  it  has  four 
large  suburbs.  The  harbour  is  one  of  the 
safest  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  has  a 
quay  above  a  mile  in  length.  It  has  a 
great  trade  in  silk,  oil,  fruit,  corn,  and 
excellent  wine.  In  1780,  it  suffered  much 
by  an  earthquake  ;  and  in  1783,  was  half 
destroyed  by  the  same  calamity  ;  since 
which  it  has  been  I'ebuilt,  with  elegant 
houses,  only  two  stories  high.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  60,000.  It  is 
seated  on  the  strait  of  Messina,  which 
separates  Sicily  from  Calabria,  110  miles 
E  of  Palermo.  Lon.  15  50  E,  lat.  38 
ION. 

Messing,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
principality  of  Aichstat,  14  miles  NNE 
of  Aichstat. 

Mestre,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Dogado, 
eight  miles  NVV  of  Venice. 

Mesurata,  seaport  of  Tripoli,  and  the 
residence  of  a  governor.  Caravans  travel 
hence  to  Fezzan  and  other  interior  parts 
of  Africa,  by  which  they  carry  on  a 
great  trade.  It  is  100  miles  ESE  of 
Tripoli.    Lor.  15  10  E,  lat.  32  lU  N. 

Meta,  large  river  of  Colombia  in  Nt  w 
Grenada.  It  rises  near  Sta  Fe  de  Bogo- 
ta, and  flows  NE  by  comparative  courses 
500  miles,  fails  into  the  Orinoco  at  loii. 
W  C,  9  E,  and  lat.  6  N. 


Metafiura,  town  of  the  isle  of  Berneo, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Benjarmissin,  72 
miles  NE  of  Benjarmissin,  and  100  SE 
of  Negara. 

Metcalfborough,  post  town  Franklin 
county  Tennessee. 

Mecelc7i,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
principality  of  Munster,  19  miles  NW  of 
Munster. 

Metclin,  or  Mijtilene,  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  ancient  Lesbos,  to  the  N  of 
Scio,  and  almost  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Adramytti.  It  is  40  miles  long 
and  54  broad,  somewhat  mountainous, 
and  has  many  hot  springs,  The  soil  is 
very  good,  and  the  mountains  are  cool, 
being  covered  with  wood  in  many  places 
It  produces  good  wheat,  wine,  oil,  and 
the  best  figs  in  the  Archipelago.  It  is 
subject  to  the  Turks,  capital  Castro.  See 
Mytelene. 

Methuen,  post  town  Essex  county 
Massachusetts,  on  the  W  side  of  Merri- 
mack river  20  miles  NW  from  Boston. 
Population  1810,  1181,  and  in  1820, 
1371. 

Methivold,  town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  15  miles  NW  of 
Thetford,  and  86  NNE  of  London.    Lon. 

0  40  E,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Metling,  strong  town  and  castle  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Austria,  and 
duchy  of  Carniola,  seated  on  the  Kulp, 
40  miles  SE  of  Lubach.  Lon.  15  10  E, 
lat.  46  2  N. 

Metro,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  territory  of  the  Church,  runs  into  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  and  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  near  Fano. 

Metz,  ancient,  large,  and  strong  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Moselle, 
and  late  province  of  Lorrain,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Moselle  and  Seille,  25 
miles  N  W  of  Nanci,  37  S  of  Luxemburg, 
and  190  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  16  E,  lat. 
49  7  N. 

Mndan,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Siene  and  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  built 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Siene,  over  which  arc- 
two  bridges,  20  miles  NVV  of  Paris.    Lon. 

1  57  E,  lat.  49  1  N. 

Meurs,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
15  miles  NW  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon.  6  41 
E.  lat.  51  25  N. 

Meurthe,  department  in  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Lor- 
rain. It  is  so  called  from  a  river  that 
rises  in  the  dv))artment  of  th<-  Vosges, 
arid  watering  Luneville  and  Nanci,  talis 
into  the  Moselle.  Nanci  is  the  episcopal 
see  of  this  department. 
589 


M  E  X 


INI  E  X 


Meuse,  department  in  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  duchy  ol  Bar.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  river  Mtuse,  or  Maese. 
Bar-le-Diic  is  the  capital.    See  Mtese. 

Meivari,  conbidtifible  town  of  Japan, 
in  the  island  of  Niphon,  with  a  royal  pa- 
lace, where  the  king  somitimes  resides. 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill  at  the  foot  of  which 
are  vast  fields  of  wheat  and  rice,  with 
fine  orchards,  full  of  excellent  plums. 

Meivat,  hilly  aisd  woody  tract  of  Hin- 
do'istan  Proper,  lying  on  the  S\V  of 
Delhi,  and  on  the  W  of  Agra,  confining 
the  low  country,  along  the  W  bank  of 
the  Jumna,  to  a  comparatively  narrow 
slip,  and  extending  westward  about  130 
miles  in  length.  From  N  to  S  it  is  90 
miles. 

.Mexico.  Empire  of  an  immense  region 
of  North  America. 

The  country  out  of  which  this  empire 
has  been  formed,  is  peculiar  as  respects 
the  features  of  its  geography.  It  extends 
from  lat.  15  50,  to  42  N.  The  interme- 
diate space  embracing  every  variety  of 
soil,  from  the  most  recent  alluvion  to 
mountain  valleys,  or  rather  plains  of  near 
8000  feet  above  the  contiguous  oceans. 
These  elevated  plains  are  again  broken 
and  decorated  by  colossal  summits, 
rising  from  12  to  upwards  of  1~>000  feet. 

In  one  of  those  aerial  valleys,  stands 
the  city  of  M-.xico,  7,400  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Gulf  if  Mexico.  From  this 
difference  of  elevation,  and  from  em- 
bracing such  an  extensive  range  within 
and  without  the  tropics,  Mexico,  may 
be  considered  as  possessing  every  cli- 
mate of  the  earth,  and  capable  of  pro- 
ducing every  vegetable,  necessary  to  the 
wants,  or  the  luxuries  of  human  life.  Its 
metallic  wealth  is  no  less  abundant  than 
its  vegetables.  From  its  bowels  are  ex- 
tracted many  of  the  most  useful,  and  all 
the  ijrecious  metals. 

Mexico  is  jierhaps  better  calculated 
than  any  other  part  of  tlie  earth,  to  form 
a  political  con'imu\iity  capable  of  produ- 
cing within  its  own  limits,  all  that  the 
necessities,  the  tirts,  or  elegancies  of  so- 
ciety can  demand. 

This  empire  is  subdivided  into  inten- 
dancies  or  civil  governments,  consisting 
of— 

iSV/.  ms.     Iiihab.   To  sq.  vis. 

Merida.  or      7  ^^  ,,^0  466,000  10 

Yucatan,        3 

Vera  Cruz,  32.000  156,000    5 

Oaxaca,  34,000    535,000  13  3-4 

Puehia,  21,0J0  813,000  38  3-4 

M-.  xico,  45.4:)0  1.512,000  33  1-3 

Vallad.>lid,  26.400  376,000  14 

Guadalaxara,  74,000  630,000    8  1-2 

Guanaxuato,  6,900  517,000  74 

Zacatexas,  18,000  153,009    8  1-2 
590 


San  Louis     ?     263,000  335,000  1  1-3 
Potosi,           5 

Duraneo,            130,000  160,000  12-10 

Sonora";                147,000  122.000  8-10 

New  Mexico,       44.000  40,000  9-10 

Old  Caiifon.'ia,    56,000  10,000  17-100 

New  California,  16,000  16,000  1 


960,000  5,841,000     6 

The  above  table  v/as  constructed  from 
the  data  afforded  by  Humboldt,  in  his 
Political  Essay  on  New  Spain,  Black's 
Translation,  vol.  ii.  I'ejecting  fractions. 
There  is  some  confusion  and  contradic- 
tion in  the  statements  of  this  author, 
which  diminish  the  authority  of  his 
statements  ;  but  we  may  suppose  that 
in  the  aggregate  he  was  nearly  correct. 
Humboldt's  estimate  is  for' 1803,  or 
nearly  20  years  past.  If  the  ratio  of  in- 
crease given  by  this  author  is  adopted, 
Mexico  must  now  contain  8,481,000  in- 
habitants If  we  compare  the  two  coun- 
tries of  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
and  allow  for  the  former  the  advantage 
of  better  political  institutions,  and  to  the 
latter  superior  mildness  of  climate,  we 
may  ri^asonably  concede  that  their  res- 
pective rates  of  increase  cannot  be  very 
widely  different.  In  the  middle  of  1803. 
the  population  of  the  United  States  did 
not  materially  differ  from  6,000  000; 
now,  August,  1822,  it  amounts,  it  is  pro- 
bable, to  veryjneavly  11,000.000,  but  with  a 
small  excess  above  that  number.  There- 
fore, if  we  comi)are  the  two  masses  to- 
gether by  a  simple  statement  of  the  rules 
of  proportion,  Mexico  ought  now  to  pos- 
sess upwards  of  10,700,000  inhabitants, 
and  making  every  allowance  for  the 
ravages  of  war,  it  is  evident,  that  if  the 
basis  of  the  calculation  given  by  Hum- 
boldt is  admitted,  Mexico  must  now  con- 
tain at  least,  eight  and  a  half  million  of 
inhabitants. 

About  one  half  the  extent  and  popula- 
tion of  Mexico  is  within  the  great  river 
system  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  in 
vain  to  attempt  any  specification  of  the 
Mexican  population,  as  our  data  is  too 
vague  to  admit^deci-sive estimates.  One 
circumstance  is  too  striking,  however,  to 
be  omitted.  Mexico  lias  no  slaves  worth 
notice  in  a  general  statistical  survey ; 
that  class  of  its  population  not  amounting, 
at  the  utmost,  to  more  than  10,000 ;  or 
as  1  to  584  uf  the  entire  body  of  the 
people.  The  civilized  Indians  form 
more  than  tv.o-fifths  of  the  whole,  and 
ate  the  labouring,  productive,  arid  effi- 
cient, though  not  the  ruling  people. 

Few  civilized  regions  of  the  earth  is  less 
known  than  Mexico.  The  following  ac- 
count of  the  manufactures  of  Mexico  is  an 


M  E  X 


-M  E  X 


extract  from  an  English  work,  an  J  desei-ves 
very  serious  attention. 

The  two  first  of  the  Mexican  manuntc- 
tiires  are  those  of  cotton  and  wool,  which 
are  e.->tablisiie(l  upon  a  very  large  so 'le  in 
the  cities  of  Queictaro,  Peublo,  an;l  Si  Mi- 
chael, in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
Mexico.  The  coumry  itself  furnishes  the 
cotton  and  wool  in  great  ab'.isdance,  it  being 
a  mistake  of  English  writers  that  no  part  of 
America  can  afford  tlie  ordinary  and  staple 
wool  of  manufactures.  This  wool  is  as 
easily  raised  in  Mexico  as  in  Lancashire  or 
Lanarkshire.  We  are  now  translating  from 
a  French  author  who  visited  Queretaro,  the 
Manchester  of  Mexico,  sixteen  years  ago, 
"  I  visited  Queretaro,"  he  adds  "  with  the 
greatest  incerest,  that  I  miglit  inform  my- 
self of  the  extent  of  the  wool  and  cotton 
manufactures,  and  I  am  therefore  enabled 
to  say  that,  except  the  principal  towns  in 
France  and  England,  Queretaro  is  a  manu- 
facturing town  of  the  first  rate  and  magni- 
tude. The  establishments  at  tliis  period 
(1803)  were  divided  into  factories  und  work- 
shops, in  the  latter  of  which  the  workmen 
worked  at  home  at  the  cost  of  their  mas- 
ters.—There  were  co'  ton  factories,  as  large 
as  any  cotton  factories  in  France,  and 
more  than  300  workshops.  They  ha;l  work- 
ed up  that  year  about  two  millions  worih 
(in  dollars)  of  woollen  cloths,  bay,  drug- 
gets, serges,  and  cotton  stufTs," 

The  next  fabric  is  that  of  leather,  cliiefly 
in  tanning,  which  is  carried  to  great  per- 
fection. It  is  unnecessary  to  add  that  the 
vast  plains  aiFord  liides  in  abundance,  and 
that  the  bark  is  equally  pleiitifui.  The 
Mexicans  thus  produce  all  the  leatlier  for 
their  own  consumption,  and  under  general 
commerce  might  export  much. 

Linen  and  silk  factories  they  have  not  as 
yet  attained  to  any  extent,  but  from  no 
other  reasou  than  because  Spain,  whilst 
they  were  dependent  upon  her,  discour.aged 
all  linen  fabrics,  and  clandestinely  destroyed 
a  most  flourishing  silk  growth.  Will  it  be 
credited  by  the  people  in  England  that 
about  tinrty  years  ago  silk  was  nearly  as 
plentiful  in  Mexico  as  in  Asia  and  Italy ; 
but  that  the  Mexicans,  on  rising  one  morn- 
ing, found  all  the  mulberry  trees  in  tlie  em- 
pire cut  down,  and  of  course  the  silk  uni- 
versal!) destroyed.  It  seems  that  the  Ca- 
diz  merchants,  finding  their  commerce  af- 
fected, had  procured  this  secret  order  of 
the  Viceroy,  who  had  contrived  to  execute 
it  with  ;he  sa^ne  secrecy.  Tlie  history  of 
the  world  does  not  furnish  a  m'  re  atrocious 
example  of  the  true  spirit  of  monopoly. 

The  manufactory  nex!  in  order  is  tliat  of 
tobacco,  which  is  made  into  segars  and  sup- 
plies all  Europe.  This  produce  is  very 
great  amounting  to  nearly  tea  million  of 
dollars  annually.  An  article  of  the  first 
importance,  when  we  consider  the  quanti- 


ty consumed  in  England,  and  for  the  sup- 
ply of  which  we  now  depend  upon  the 
Americans. 

The  next  manufacture  is  that  of  gun- 
powder, which  is  equally  as  considerable 
as  th.at  of  tobacco  an  l  which,  by  the  way, 
proves  the  nugatory  nature  of  the  recent 
proclamations  in  Europe  against  s>ipplying 
the  Independents  witli  stores  of  War- 
Gunpowder  is  as  plentiful  in  Mexico  as  in 
England  and  all  America  may  hereafter  be 
supplied  from  that  quarter. 

Soap  and  soda  are  the  ma'Uifactures  next 
in  order,  both  as  to  quantity  and  value ;  soda 
being  particularly  abimdant,  and  so  cheap- 
ly raised  and  worked  as  to  become  an  ar- 
ticle of  vast  future  export.  This  soda  very 
far  exceeds  in  quality,  any  that  can  be  pro- 
cured from  any  other  quarter,  and  the 
French  chemists  and  dyrrs  most  sanguinely 
anticipate  that  Europe  may  hereafter  draw 
nearly  the  whole  of  her  soda  from  South 
America,  as  she  imports  her  potash  from 
the  United  States. — Oi',  tallow,  spermiceti, 
honey  and  wax,  abound  likewise  in  every 
Intendancy,  and  must  greatly  add  to  the 
future  vahie  of  this  immense  empire  to 
the  general  commerce  of  Europe.  "  In  no 
part'of  the  worid,"  says  the  French  author 
from  whom  we  are  translating,  "  is  there 
sucli  a  variety  and  abundance  of  every 
thing  necessary  to  every  want  of  man  as  in 
this  kingdom  of  Mexico  ;  in  no  country  is 
every  thing  raised  so  cheaply." 

Besides  the  manufacture  above  enii- 
merated,  every  town  almost  through  this 
vast  empire  has  its  own  manufacture,  and 
particularly  the  large  towns  in  the  im- 
mediate vici.  ity  cf  the  capital  We  have 
before  had  occasion  to  say  tiiat  the  coun- 
try is  in  shape  like  a  hat — the  high  main 
and  table  land  of  Mexico  being  the  crown, 
and  the  narrow  line  of  the  coast  being 
the  rim  In  the  middle  of  this  crown,  or 
table  land,  in  the  city  of  Mexico  half 
way,  or  three  hundred  miles  from  Vera 
Cruz  the  Atlantic  port,  and  the  saiyie 
distance  from  Acapulco.  in  the  chief 
port  of  the  Mexican  empire  on  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

The  country  as  we  have  before  said,  is 
divided  into  fiftten  Inttndancies,  each  of 
which  has  a  subordinate  GovprnT  and  a 
Bishop's  see  and  Cathedral  of  its  own. 
Iri  all  these  great  cities  are  seattd  some 
manufacture  peculiar  to  the  places: 
some  of  them  are  celebrated  for  their 
pottery,  some  for  their  hats,  sotrie  for 
their  works  In  jewellery.  Indeed,  in  thi.s 
latter  work  the  Mexicans  so  particular- 
ly excel,  as  to  rival  any  manufactory  in 
Europe,  not  even  excepting  the  esta- 
blishments in  Switzerland,  and  the  work- 
men of  the  Palais  Royale. 

In  these  interesting   particulars  the 
591 


-U   E,  \ 


.M  E  X 


reader,  we  doubt  not,  wiil  be  strongly 
impressed  with  the  same  conclusion 
with  ourselves :  namely,  how  infinitely 
various  and  important  is  the  produce, 
and  must  be  the  future  exports,  of 
Spanish  America,  in  comparison  with 
those  of  the  Unitt  d  States ;  and  thence, 
by  a  necessary  consequence  what  a  for- 
midable rival  the  former  will  be  to  the 
latter.  And  Jet  it  not  escape  our  atten- 
tion, that  in  the  rivalry  Great  Britain 
must  be  the  gainer,  as  her  magazine  and 
market  are  proportionably  extended. 

See  the  different  Intendancies  under 
their  respective  heads. 

From  lis  position,  Mexico  has  a  natural 
connexion  with  Asia,  Europe,  and  with 
every  part  of  North  and  South  America. 
It  is  rather  deficient  in  both  oceans  in  good 
harbours,  and  from  the  elevation  of  the  in- 
terior country  it  can  never  derive  much  be- 
nefit from  tile  few  rivers  wiiich  flow  from 
its  mountain  valleys.  The  interior  and 
transport  corr.merce  is  carried  on  with 
mules  of  burden.  Goods  to  the  value  of 
upwards  of  18,000.000  of  dollars  are  thus 
annually  transported  from  the  Atlantic  coast 
over  tlie  interior  tabic  land,  whilst  the 
flour,  hides  and  metals  descend  from  the 
the  central  table  land  to  Vera  Cruz.  Hum- 
boldt has  shown,  that  through  the  city  of 
Mexico,  if  a  canal  was  otherwise  practica- 
ble, it  would  demand  from  330  to  340  locks 
to  unite  the  two  oceans,  and  concludes  ra- 
tionally that  land  carnage  is  alone  practica- 
ble, for  useful  commercial  purj)oses,  be- 
tween that  great  city,  a!id  the  opposite 
oceans.  Tiie  following  condensed  view  of 
the  rivers  of  the  Mexican  empire  flowing  in- 
to the  Mexican  gulph  will  close  this  article. 

The  following  are  the  principal  rivers  of 
the  Mexican  empire  which  are  discharged 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  No  stream  of 
any  consequence  exists  on  the  western 
coast  o(  Yucatan  ;  and,  it  is  otily  when 
reaching  the  infliience  of  tlie  mountains  of 
Guatimala,  and  Mexico,  that  rivers  of  much 
magnitude  are  fcunil  flowing  from  the  in- 
terior country. 

Tiie  Sumasinta  is  discharged  into  the 
Bay  OP  Gulf  Termlnos,  which  is,  indeed, 
ratlier  an  estuary  of  a  number  of  rivers 
than  A  mere  bay. 

The  St,  Pedro  fails  into  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peachy,  to  the  west  of  the  Sumainta. 
Both  of  these  streams  rise  in  the  moun- 
tainous table  land  of  Gutimala,  and  are  of 
considerable  magnitude,  but  the  interior 
country,  or  even  the  coast,  are  very  iin- 
perfectly  known. 

The  (imssacualco  is  a  short  but  very 
important  slream,  failing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  at  its  extreme  southern  extension. 
This  stream  rises  in  Oaxaca,  interlocking 
with  the  source  of  tiie  Chimalapa,  within 
fifty  direct  miles  from  its  mnutb.  This  is 
592 


one  of  the  channels  of  communication  men- 
tioned by  Humboldt,  as  suitable  to  unite 
the  waters  of  the  two  American  oceans. 
The  entire  distance  fiom  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico to  the  Pacific  ocean,  by  the  valleys  of 
the  two  rivers  CliiiTialapa,  and  Guassacual- 
co,  does  not  exceed  120  miles,  but  the  na- 
ture of  the  intermediate  country  is  too 
little  known  to  admit  the  formation  of  any 
rational  conclusion  upon  the  practicability 
of  an  artificial  connexion  of  the  sources  of 
these  rivers. 

The  Alvarado  follows  the  Guassacualco, 
and,  like  the  Sumasinta,  is  poured  into 
a  spacious  bay,  the  recipient  of  many 
streams,  precipitated  from  the  high  table 
land  of  Oxjica.  The  Alvarado  interlocks 
with  the  sources  of  the  Chicometepec,  and 
both  roil  down  steeps  forming  an  entire 
descent  of  upwards  of  seven  thousand  feet. 
We  are  now  arrived  upon  the  extensive 
mountain  plains  of  Anahuac,  and  tliough 
within  the  tropics,  in  a  very  temperate 
climate.  The  elevations  are,  however,  such 
as  to  preclude  not  only  much  natural,  but 
extensive  improvements  of  the  artificial 
navigation  by  water  into  the  interior.  In 
summer  the  rivers  are  nearly  exhausted  by 
evaporation,  and  in  winter  swelled  to  tor- 
rents. The  mam  spine  of  the  chain  of 
Anahuac  also  approaching  so  much  nearer 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  than  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  renders  the  rivers  in  this  region 
much  more  abridged  in  their  length,  which 
enter  the  former,  than  those  falling  into 
the  latter  recipient. 

The  Rio  IJlanco,  the  north-western 
branch  of  the  Alvarado,  rises  at  the  base 
of  the  enormous  volcanic  summit  of  Oriza- 
ba, the  Citlaltepetl  of  the  Aztccas,  It  is,  I 
believe,  from  the  Rio  Bianco,  that  the  im- 
mense quantities  of  the  pumice  stone,  scat- 
tered along  the  shores  of  the  Mexican  gulf, 
have  been  floated,  1  have  seen  this  sub- 
stance in  great  abundance  upon  the  coasts 
of  Louisiana,  and  Texas, 

From  the  Alvarado  to  the  bay  of  Tampi- 
co,  in  a  distance  of  300  miles,  not  one  deep 
indenting  of  the  coast,  except  Tamiagua, 
exists.  The  city  of  Vera  Cruz  intervenes, 
but  that  entrepot  of  Mexican  commerce, 
and  rendezvous  of  the  Spanish  navy,  is 
buiit  upon  a  low  sandy  beach,  without 
either  a  harbour  or  fresh  water.  The  coast, 
indeed,  entirely  round  the  Gulf  Mexico, 
with  very  partial  exceptions,  is  low,  sandy, 
or  marshy,  and  in  most  places  very  unheal- 
thy in  summer  and  autumn. 

The  mouth  of  the  Tampico  b-iy  is  at  N 
lat.  22  20  W,  Ion.  W  C  21  15.  The  Tam- 
pico receives  the  united  waters  of  Rio  Al- 
'amira,  from  the  intendancy  of  St.  Louis 
Potosi,  and  the  Tula,  or  Moctczuema,  from 
the  valley  of  Tenochtitlan,  in  which  the 
city  of  Mexico  is  situated.  The  Tula,  as  it 
is  called,  in  the  higher  part  of  its  course  on 


M  E  X 


lil  E  S 


the  Moctezuema,  is  in  many  respects  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  streams  of  the 
earth.  The  valley  of  Tenochtithui,  from 
which  Jt  flows,  cannot  be  better  represented 
than  by  a  saucer  turned  bottom  upwards; 
the  rim  representing-  the  spines  of  tjje 
mountains  out  of  the  intervening  valley  of 
which  it  flows.  This  valley  known  by  its 
Aztec  name  of  Tenochtitlan,  comprises 
about  irOO  square  miles,  of  which  one-tenth 
part  is  covered  by  lakes.  In  its  natural  state, 
only  one  narrow  brook,  between  very  high 
and  precipitous  banks,  issued  from  this  ex- 
traordinary vallev,  and  carried  its  waters 
into  the  Tula. 

There  are  beside  some  smaller,  five  prin- 
cipal lakes,  Zumpango,  San  Christobal, 
Chalco,  Xochimilco,  and  Tezcuco.  They 
do  not  lie  upon  a  level,  Zumpar.go  is  nearly 
thirty  English  feet  above  that  of  Tezcuco  ; 
and  Xochimilco  forms  a  mean  between  the 
two  former. 

The  higher  lakes  are  composed  of  fresh 
water,  but  the  lowest,  that  of  Tezcuco,  is 
salt.  Their  propositions  and  extent,  as 
given  by  Humboldt,  by  whom  they  were 
surveyed,  are  Xochimilco  and  Ghalco,  fifty 
square  miles;  the  lake  of  Tezcuco,  eighty 
square  miles ;  San  Christobal,  twenty.eight, 
and  Zumpango,  ten  square  miles. 

These  lakes  are  supplied  by  a  fev;  small 
rivers,  and  innumerable  torrents  poured 
down  from  the  adjacent  mountain  slopes. 
The  Tezcuco  receives  the  rivers  of  Papo- 
lotla,  Tezcuco,  Teotihuacan,  and  Tepeyac- 
ac  (Guadaloupe ;)  and  the  Znmpango  is 
supplied  by  the  streams  of  the  Paclitica, 
and  Guatitlan,  tlie  latter  is  tlie  largest  river 
of  the  Mexican  valley. 

It  may  be  noted  as  a  curious  fact,  that 
the  two  cities  of  the  great  river  s\stem  of 
the  Atlantic,  in  North  Anierica,  which  oc- 
cupy the  extremes  of  elevation,  New  Or- 
leans and  Mexico,  tliat  both  are  subject  to 
partial  inundation,  and  botli  stand  indebted 
to  artificial  defence  ihr  preservatinn  against 
the  encroachments  of  water.  M-rxico  btua.ls 
7,468  feet  above  New  Orleans,  and  is,  ne 
vertheless,  of  the  two  cities,  most  liaole  to 
submer  ion. 

In  ordinary  seasons  the  quantity  of  rain 
which  falls  at  Mexico,  according  to  Hum- 
boldt, is  nearly  five  feet  in  perpendicular 
depth.  This  enormous  mass  of  fluid  falls 
also  in  a  short  period  of  time,  and  before 
any  other  outlet  existed,  except  tb.e  inade- 
quate chaimelof  the  brook  (aroyo)  Tequis- 
quiac,  the  lower  part  g(f  this  elevated  basin 
was  liable  to  complete  submersion. 

The  Aztec  ann.ils  have  noticed  many  in- 
stances of  those  destructive  inundations, 
and  some  remains  still  are  sliown  of  very 
extensive  works  erected  during  the  exist- 
ence of  the  Aztec  monarchy  to  obviate  their 
effects.  One  of  the  Aztec  kings,  Ahuitzotl, 
l.05t  his  life  in  attempting'  to  escape  from  a 
■i  F 


flood  of  water,  he  had  himself  contributed 
to  augment,  by  some  injudicious  embank- 
ments thrown  up  to  prevent  such  a  ca- 
tastrophe. 

Beside  many  of  lesser  magnitude,  the 
Spanish  historians  mention  five  ruinous 
floods,  which  mtervened  in  a  little  more 
than  a  century  after  the  conquest  of  Mexico 
by  Cortez.  The  first  in  155.3,  under  the 
viceroyalty  of  Don  Louis  de  Velasco,  the 
elder;  the  second  in  158U,  during  the  vice- 
royalty  of  Don  Martin  Enrequez  de  Ala- 
manza;  the  third  in  1604,  under  the  viceroy 
Montesclaros;  the  fourth  in  1607,  under  the 
viceroy  Don  Louis  Velasco  the  second ;  and 
fifthly,  in  1629,  whilst  the  Marquis  de  Ce- 
ralvo  was  viceroy. 

The  peculiar  structure  of  the  valley,  and 
such  alarming  accidents,  aroused  the  at- 
tention (;f  tlie  Spaniards,  and  as  early  as 
1580,  galleries  or  canals  of  evacuation  were 
Siiggested,  in  order  to  carry  the  surplus 
floods  through  the  gorges  of  the  mountains 
near  Nochistongo  into  the  Tula  ;  but  no  ac- 
tual operation  of  that  kind  was  affected 
until  1007,  wiien  the  viceroy,  the  Marquis 
Salinas,  employed  an  able  engineer,  Enrico 
Martinez,  supposed  to  be  a  Dutchman,  to 
make,  iu  conjunction  %vith  some  other  ma- 
thematicians, an  exact  survey  of  the  valley. 
This  survey  led  to  the  commencement  of 
the  truly  stupendous  hydraulic  work,  the 
Desague  (drain)  of  Hufchuetoca. 

Like  all  great  national  undertakings  the 
advance  of  the  Desague  was  slow  and  in- 
terrupted. It  was  commenced  on  the  28th 
of  November,  1607,  by  the  hand  of  the 
viceroy  in  presence  oftiie  Audiencia.  It 
was  in  the  first  in.'slance  only  a  deep  gallery 
upwards  of  four  miles  in  length,  nearly 
fourteen  feet  in  depth,  and  eleven  and  a 
half  feet  wide.  The  water  first  entered  it 
on  tlie  17th  of  September,  1608,  in  less 
than  ten  months  from  the  original  under- 
taking. Could  we  abstract  our  minds  from 
the  melancholy  fact  that  tiiis  stupendous 
execution  was  efTected  by  tlie  forced  labour 
of  the  Indians,  we  must  admire  a  work, 
which  even  now,  in  t!ie  most  populous  na- 
tions, could  not  be  considered  other  than 
cxtraordin.ary.  Our  admiration  is  enhanced 
also,  by  the  additional  labowr  performed  in 
the  same  lime,  to  carry  tlie  waters  from  the 
northern  opening  of  the  Desague  to  the 
Rio  Tula.  A  dike  upwards  of  five  miles 
in  length  wa<  cut  to  eiiirctthe  latter  object, 
and  led  t!ie  superabundant  waters  of  the 
valley  of  Tenochtitlan  towaras  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico, 

A  regular  and  det.'iled  history  of  this 
singular  work,  is  given  by  Humboldt  in  his 
description  of  the  Intendancy  of  Mexico, 
and  forms  one  of  the  most  instructive  parts 
of  his  Pohtical  Essay  on  New  Spain.  From 
this  account  we  find  that  the  Desague, 
though  still  unfinished,  has  eventuated  in  aa 


.M  E  X 


M  E  X 


enormous  open  cut  (tajo  abierto)  through 
the  mountains.  "The  Desague,"  says 
Humboldt,  "in  its  actual  state,  is  undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  most  g'igantic  h\draulical 
operations  ever  executed  by  man  (from 
262,  to  328  feet  wide,  and  from  161,  to  196 
feet  deep.)  We  look  upon  it  with  a  spe- 
cies of  admiration,  particularly  when  we 
consider  the  nature  of  the  ground,  and  the 
enormous  length,  breadth,  and  depth  of  the 
aperture.  If  th.s  cut  was  filled  with  water 
ten  metres  (32.8  English  feet.)  the  largest 
vessels  of  war  could  pass  through  the  range 
of  mountains  which  bound  the  plain  of 
Mexico  to  the  northeast." 

From  its  commencement  within  the  val- 
ley to  its  discharge  (salto,)  the  Dcsague  is 
67,535  feet  (12.8  miles)  in  length,  and  in  one 
point  196  feet  deep,  with  a  mean  width  at 
top  of  abrjut  320  feet.  The  head  of  tlie 
Desague,  in  the  channel  of  the  Rio  Gratit- 
lan,  is  10^  varas,  or  29^  feet  above,  and 
below  the  SL\lto  rtel  Rio,  or  disch.arge,  it  is 
107i  varas,  or  295  feet  below  the  level  of 
the  lake  of  Tezauco  ;  h.'iving  un  entire  fall 
of324|feet.  The  expense  at  various  pe- 
riods, nearly  six  million  of  ilollurs.  To 
those  who  wish  information  m'lre  in  detail 
than  is  in  my  power  to  give  in  this  place, 
upon  the  topography  of  this  remarkable  re- 
gion, will  do  well  to  read  the  third  book  of 
the  Political  Essny:  the  reading  of  tiiis  valu- 
able document  will  explain  the  cause  of  the 
unnavigable  nature  of  the  Mexican  rivers. 

The  Altamira,  or  northern  branch  of  the 
river  of  Tampico,  ris.-.s  on  the  arid  elevated 
plains  of  Zacatecas,  and  of  San  Louis  Po- 
tosi,  more  than  two  degrees  of  latitude 
north  of  the  valley  of  Tenochtitlan.  Near 
the  sources  of  the  latter  river  commences 
the  North  American  desert,  which  will  be 
more  amply  noticed  in  the  sequel. 

At  the  bar  oCTamigua,  fify  or  sixty  miles 
south-east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tam|jico 
river,  comir.ences  a  range  of  long  sandy 
islands,  which  extend  parallel  to  the  con- 
tinent as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Trinity. 
The  general  range  of  the  coast  from  the 
Guasacualco  to  the  Tannpico,  distant  from 
each  other  upwards  of  400  miles,  is  from 
south-east  to  north-west;  but  at  the  latter 
place  turns  to  nearly  north,  and  maintains 
that  direction  through  nearly  seven  de- 
grees of  latitude,  or  between  four  and  five 
hundred  miles. 

Having  the  parched  surface  of  Zscatecas 
in  the  rear,  the  space  of  250  miles  from 
the  Tampico  to  Rio  Grande,  uffords  no 
rivers  of  any  particular  consequence.  St. 
Ander,  and  San  Fernando,  are  two  moun- 
tain streams,  which  rise  in  Zacatecas  and 
New  Biscay,  and  flowing  e.-istward  carry 
comparatively  little  water  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  different  structure  of  the 
two  countries  may  be  conceived  from  the 
fact,  that  those  two  rivers  have  as  great 
.594 


length  of  course  as  have  most  of  those  of 
tiie  Atlantic  slope. 

At  North  lat.  25  55  West,  Ion.  W  C  20 
30,  the  Ri'o  Grande  del  Norte  falls  ino  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  is  the  first  great 
river  flowing  from  the  Spanish  provinces 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mex'co,  The  Rio  Grande, 
according  to  most  of  our  maps  of  that  part 
of  America,  rises  at  North  lat-  41  30,  thirty- 
four  degrees  west  from  Washington  city; 
its  mouth,  as  determined  by  Humboldt,  is 
at  North  lat.  25  55,  West  Ion.  ot  Paris  99 
51  ;  it  flows  through  m  r  ■  than  fifteen  de- 
grees of  latitude,  and  th.rteen  degrees  and 
thirty  minutes  of  longitude,  having  a  com- 
parative course  of  upwards  of  fourteen  hun- 
dred miles,  with  a  general  course  of  nearly 
south-east. 

The  extent  of  surface  drained  by  this 
river;  or  the  q\i.intity  of  water  it  yields  at 
its  mouth,  bears  very  inadequate  propor- 
tions to  its  great  length,  which,  on  a  com- 
parative scale,  would  be  only  exceeded  in 
North  America  by  the  Miss'niri  and  lower 
Missis.s!ppi  unitecl,  by  the  S'.  Lawrence, 
Saikashawin,  and  Unjiga  ;  it  exceeds  the 
length  of  both  the  Coloroda  and  Columbia, 
though  it  is  probable  that  either  of  the 
two  hitter  s'reams  carries  to  their  respec- 
tive recipients  more  than  ten  times  the 
mass  of  water  discharged  by  Rio  Grande. 
From  its  source  North  lat.  41  30,  to  the 
mouth  of  its  first  considerable  branch,  the 
Rio  Conchos,  from  New  Biscay,  Norih  lat. 
30  20,  or  above  ten  degrees  of  latitude,  it 
flows  in  a  very  narrow  valley,  not  avera- 
ging one  hundred  miles  wide.  Below  the 
mouth  of  the  Conchos,  the  river  gradually 
turns  to  the  e:sst  and  north-east ;  here  the 
bisin  is  the  wlde^-t,  being  from  north  east  to 
south-west  above  four  hundred  miles. 
Within  this  sweep  the  lirgest  tributary  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  the  Rio  Puerco,  enters 
from  the  north,  and  some  distance  below 
i's  junction  the  main  stream  again  resumes 
its  south-east  couise,  which  it  pursues  to 
its  final  discharge  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  Rio  Grande  driiins  an  area  of  about 
150,000  square  miles. 

As  we  are  now  approaching  the  United 
States,  and  as  the  phenomena  of  the  cli- 
mate, of  the  regions  watered  by  the  Rio 
Grande,  are  necessary  elements  to  deter- 
mine many  problems  in  the  meteorological 
analysis  of  the  seasons  of  the  f)rmer,  I 
here  b 'g  leave  to  quote  the  observations 
of  Humboldt  upon  this  river  and  the  coim- 
try  it  drams.  % 

"  It  is  sufficiently  remarkable,"  says 
thnt  author,  "  to  see  that  after  the  lapse  of 
two  centuries  of  colonization,  the  province 
of  New  Mexico  does  not  yet  join  the  inten- 
dancy  of  New  Biscay.  'Fhe  two  provinces 
are  separated  by  a  desert ;  this  desert  ex- 
tends from  the  Pssso  del  Norte  towards 
the  town  of  Albuquerque,  North  Iat..35  40. 


•VI  E  X 


^1  a  X 


Before  1660,  in  which  year  there  was  a 
general  revolt  among  the  Indians  of  New 
Mexico,  this  extent  of  uncultivated  and  un- 
inhabited country  was  much  less  considera- 
ble than  it  is  now.  There  were  tlien  3  vil- 
lages, S.in  Pascual,  Semiilette,  and  Socorro, 
which  were  siitsated  between  the  marsh  of 
Muerto,  and  the  tovvn  of  Santa  Fe  ;  Bishop 
Tamaron  perceived  their  ruins  in  1760,  and 
he  found  apricots  growing  wild  in  the  fields, 
an  indication  of  the  former  cultivation  of 
the  cauntry. 

"  The  desert  of  the  Muerto,  is  a  plain 
thirty  leagues  (near  90  miles)  in  length, 
<iestitute  of  water.  Tiie  whole  of  this 
country  is,  in  general,  of  an  alarming  de- 
gree of  aridity ;  for  tiie  mountains  de  los 
•Mhnsos,  situated  to  the  ea->t  of  the  road 
from  Durango  to  Santa  Fe,  do  not  give 
rise  to  a  single  brook.  Notwithstanding 
the  mildness  of  t!ie  climate,  and  the  progress 
of  industry,  a  great  part  of  this  covmtry,  as 
well  as  Old  California,  and  several  districts 
of  New  Biscay,  and  of  the  intendancy  of 
Guadalaxara,  will  never  admit  of  any  con- 
siderable population. 

*'  New  Mexico,  though  under  the  same 
latitude  with  Syria  und  central  Persia,  lias 
a  remarkable  cold  climate.  It  freezes 
there  in  the  middle  of  May.  Near  Santa 
Fe,  and  a  little  further  north,  under  the 
parallel  of  the  Morea,  the  Rio  del  Norte  is 
sometimes  covered,  for  a  succession  of 
several  years,  with  ice  thick  enough  to  ad- 
mit the  passage  of  horses  and  carriages. 
We  are  ignorant  of  the  elevation  of  the 
soil  of  the  province  of  New  Mexico;  but  I 
do  not  believe,  that  under  the  37  of  lati- 
tude, the  bed  of  the  river  is  aore  than 
seven  or  eight  Jundred  metres  (-?296  or 
2624  teet)  of  elevation,  above  the  elevation 
of  the  Ocean.  The  mountairs  which 
bound  the  valley  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  and 
even  those,  at  the  foot  of  which  the  village 
of  Taos  is  situated,  lose  their  snow  towards 
the  beginning  of  June. 

"  The  great  river  of  the  north,  rises  in 
the  Sierra  Verd,  which  is  the  point  of  S2pa- 
ration  between  the  streams  wliich  flow  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  those  which  flow 
into  the  South  sea.  It  has  its  periodical 
rises,  like  the  Orinoco,  the  Jfiss.s.sippi,  and 
a  great  number  of  rivers  of  both  continents. 
The  waters  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  begin  to 
swell  in  the  month  of  April,  tliey  are  at 
their  height  in  the  beginning  of  .May,  and 
they  fall  towards  tlie  end  of  .June.  The 
inhabitants  can  only  ford  the  river  on  horses 
of  an  extraordinary  size,  during  the  drought 
of  summer,  wiien  the  strength  of  the  cur- 
rent is  greatly  diminished.  * 

"  The  water  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  like 
tha*-  of  the  Orinoco,  and  all  the  great  rivers 
of  South  America,  is  extremely  muddy.  In 
New  Biscay  they  consider  a  small  river 
called   Rio  Puerco,  the  mouth  of  wliich 


lies  south  from  the  town  of  Albuquerque, 
near  Valentla,  as  the  cause  of  this  phe- 
nomenon;  but  M.  Tamaron  observed  that 
its  waters  were  muddy  far  above  Santa  Fe, 
and  the  town  of  Taos.  The  inhabitants^of 
the  Passo  del  Norte,  have  preserved  the  re- 
collection of  a  very  extraordinary  event 
which  took  place  in  1752.  The  wliole  bed 
of  the  river  became  dry  all  of  a  sudden  for 
more  than  thirty  leagues  above,  and  twenty 
leagues  below  the  Passo  ;  and  the  water  of 
the  river  precipitated  itself  into  a  newly 
formed  chasm,  and  only  made  it=  reappear- 
ance near  the  Presidio  de  San  Eleazario; 
this  loss  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  remained  for 
a  considerable  time.  The  fine  plains  which 
surround  the  Passo,  and  which  are  inter- 
sected with  small  canals  of  irrigation,  re- 
mained without  water  ;  and  the  inhabitants 
dug  we'is  in  the  smd,  vvitli  which  the  bed 
of  the  river  was  filled.  At  length,  after 
the  lapse  of  several  weeks,  the  water  resu- 
med its  ancient  course,  no  doubt  because 
the  chasm,  and  subterraneous  conductors 
were  filled  up." 

The  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  is  the  triie 
American  Nile,  and  except  flowing  in  an 
opposite  direction,  the  two  rivers  have 
very  strong  traits  df  resemblance. 

Ill  the  angle  betv.'een  the  Rio  Grande  and 
Red  river,  rises  a  series  of  streaitis  flowing 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  first  of  these 
from  the  Rio  Grande  is  the  Rio  Nueces,  or 
Walnut  river,  rising  in  the  pla  ns  of  Texas, 
at  North  lat.  31,  West  Ion.  W  C  2.3  30, 
flowing  parallel  to  the  Rio  Grande  250 
miles  it  frills  into  the  Laguna  Madre,  North 
lat.  27  20,  Vv'est  Ion.  W  G  21,  draining 
about  15  000  square  miles. 

The  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  north- 
east from  the  Rio  Gri.nde,  is  as  remarka- 
ble for  tlie  abundance,  as  is  that  souti;  from 
tliat  stre':m  f  .r  the  scarcitj'  of  its  rivers. 
Tiie  Nueces  is  followed  by  the  united 
streams  of  tlie  St^  Marco  and  Guadaloupe. 
It  is  pr i>hable  from  tlie  phenomena  of  the 
rivers  of  these  regions  that  the  substrata 
are  calcareous.  The  circumstance  quoted 
from  Humboldt,  of  the  sinking  of  the  waters 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  almost  superinduces 
the  supposition  of  a  calcareous  base.  The 
St.  Marks  (San  Marco)  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  St.  Saba,  and  is  remarkable  for  the 
number  of  excessively  large  fountains, 
another  almost  unerring  mark  of  a  calca- 
reous  formation.  It  may  seem  incrediblCj 
but  it  is  nevertheless  true,  that  few  parts 
of  this  continent  are  more  imperfectly 
knnv.n,  than  the  angle  between  Rio  Grande 
and  Red  river  west  and  north-west  from  the 
Sabine.  The  names  of  the  rivers,  as  they 
follow  in  succession,  v/ere  communicated 
to  me  bv  a  number  of  persons  who  had 
liaveiled  the  country,  and  particularly  by 
Mr.  Davenport,  who  resided  many  years 
at  Nacogdoches,  and  by  a  Frcnc|^cntlie- 


:sj  li  X 


M  E  X 


man  of  the  name  of  Lafbrest,  who  uiso  re- 
sided a  considerable  time  in  Texas.  Neither 
the  shores  or  interior  have  ever  been  sur- 
veyed, or  even  viiiteu,  by  any  scientific 
traveller  The  sources  a  id  courses  of  the 
rivers  are  very  imperfectly  knawn  ;  their 
mere  relative  names  was  all  I  coidd  pro- 
cure beyond  the  extent  of  my  own  sphere 
of obseivation,  which  was  limited  by  the 
waters  of  the  Sabme,  which  I  intersected 
at  North  lat.  32. 

It  is  well  known,  however,  that  the 
rivers  from  the  R;0  Grande  >o  Missouri  in- 
clusive, have  gained  from  the  config-uration 
of  the  intermediate  country  a  very  singular 
corresponding-  curve.  These  curves  give 
to  a  map  of  the  rivers  of  Texas,  Arkansas, 
and  Missouri,  a  regularity  which  appears 
ai'tificial.  It  is  from  such  a  structure  that 
the  Colorado  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  pre- 
sents so  singular  an  aspect.  With  a  com- 
parative length  of  700  miles,  tlie  basin  of 
that  river  does  not  exceed  sixty  miles  in 
mean  width.  The  basins  of  most  rivers 
make  more  or  less  approach  to  the  form  of 
an  ellipse,  and  the  difFi-rence  between  the 
greatest  length  and  greatest  breadth  sel- 
dom amount  to  so  great  a  disproportion  as 
three  to  one  ;  in  the  case  of  ihe  Colorado, 
the  difference  is  double  the  ordinary  scale 
of  comparison. 

That  river  rises  at  North  lat  34,  West 
Ion.  W  C  23,  and  flowing  south  east  by 
east  500  miles,  turns  150  to  the  south-east, 
and  about  a  similar  distance  to  the  south 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  North  lat. 
p9,  West  Ion.  W  C  19  40.  This  stream  has 
its  regular  spring  and  summer  inundations 
similar  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  about  the 
same  period.  The  parched  and  open  na- 
ture of  the  country  from  which  they  both 
flow,  causes  an  excessive  depres.sion  in  the 
latter  end  of  summer  and  in  autumn.  In- 
deed the  overwhelming  rains  that  some- 
times deltige,  and  the  long  droughts  which 
jjccasionally  parch  the  interior  of  Texas, 
and  which  extend  their  effects  into  Loui- 
siana, Arkansas,  and  Missouri,  are  amongst 
the  most  singular  phenomena  of  physical 
geography.  Whilst  I  was  in  Louisiana 
there  intervened  near  three  years,  I  be- 
lieve,  1800,  1801,  and  1802,  without  rain  at 
St.  Antonio  de  Behar,  and  over  an  immense 
extent  of  the  interior  regions.  Duraig  the 
two  first  years  of  that  series  the  Mississippi 
did  not  overflow  its  ba.ks. 

The  basin  of  the  Brassos  a  Dios,  follows 
that  of  the  Colorado,  and  partakes  of  a 
similar  structure.  The  sources  of  the  lat- 
ter are,  however,  in  the  mountains  of  San 
Saba,  upwards  of  300  miles  east  of  those  of 
the  former.  The  Brassos  rises  a".  North 
lat.  33,  W^est  Ion.  W  C  23,  and  flowing 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Colorado  falls  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  after  a  comparative 
course  of  400  miles,  with  also  a  very  nar- 
596 


vow  basin  of  less  than  fifty  miles  mean 
width. 

The  Trinity  is  the  last  river  of  Texas 
beyond  the  Sabine.  These  two  streams 
rise  in  tiie  .same  plain  south  of  Red  river, 
at  about  North  lat.  32  30,  and  both  flow 
nearl  ■  parallel  to  each  other,  with  a  general 
course  to  the  south,  curving  to  the  east- 
wanl  by  a  semi-ellfptica!  sweep ;  each 
having  a  comparative  course  of  about  300 
miles. 

We  may  turn  and  cast  a  cursory  retro- 
spective glance  upon  the  rivers  of  Texas. 
I  may  observe  that  by  the  name  of  Texas, 
is  designated  all  the  country  between  Loui- 
siana and  New  Mexico,  and  between  the 
boundary  of  the  United  States,  the  Rio 
Grande,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico.    ' 

Though  the  coast  of  Texas  is  amply  in- 
dented with  bays,  many  of  which  are  of 
extent  and  depth  to  admit  vessels  of  any 
draught,  the  rivers  are  extremely  shallow, 
and,  except  during  floods,  unnavigable. 
No  I  rge  falls,  or  even  cataracts,  are  known 
to  exist.  The  very  slight  tides  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  gives  little  aid  to  the  commer- 
cial facilities  in  the  confluent  rivers. 

Similar  to  the  Atlantic-coast,  south-west 
from  New  York,  that  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
is  every  where  low,  and  either  sandy  or 
marshy.  This  gives  a  peculiar  character  to 
the  rivers  o!  both,  which  distinguish  them 
from  such  as  flow  from  a  rocky  or  bold 
shore.  Bars  of  sand  or  mud  interrupt  the 
navigation,  more  or  less,  of  all  the  rivers 
of  the  world,  but  in  a  high  degree  those 
v/hose  egress  to  their  recipients  are  made 
through  shores  having  but  little  declination 
above  the  water  level. 

Mexico,  iniendancy  of  the  empire  of 
Mexico;  bounded  SW  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean  ;  W  by  Valladolid  and  Guanax- 
uato ;  N  by  Potosi ;  NE  by  Vera  Cruz  ; 
and  SE,  and  E  by  Puebla.  Length  350 ; 
mean  v/idth  about  130  miles;  area 
45,400  square  miles,  :It  extends  from 
lat.  16  34  to  21  57,  N."  More  than  two 
thirds  of  the  intendancy  of  Mexico  are 
mour.tainous,  in  which  there  are  im- 
mense plains  elevated  from  6,560,  to 
7,55[j  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 
From  Chalco,  to  Queretaro,  are  almost 
uninterrupted  plains  of  150  miles  in 
length,  and  from  25  to  30  iniles  wide. 
on  the  low  Pacific  border  the  climate  is 
sultry  and  unhealthy.  Near  the  gigan- 
tic summits  of  Popccatapetl,  and  Iztac- 
cihuatl,  the  highest  peak  of  the  inten- 
dancy of  Mexico,  the  Nevado  de  Tolu- 
ca,  is  15,156  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean.  The  particular  valley  of  Mexi- 
co, or  Tenochtitlan,  surrounded  by  the 
mountains  of  Anahuac,  is  one  of  the  most 
singular  features  of  our  globe.  Its  form 
is  oval ;   length  about  55,  and  breadth 


M  E  X 


M  E  X 


58 ;    area  about  1,700  square  miles  of  the  Mexican  god  of  war.     The  valley  was 

•which  one  tenth   is  covered  by   water,  called  Te.'!ochtillan  from  Tenochques  a  na- 

Its  circumference  200  miles.    The  sur-  tional   appellative   of  tiie  Aztecs,     It  was 

rounding  Cordillera,  or  pnrphyrticalrim  founded  according  to  the  Aztec  historians, 

has  a  mean  height  of  9,840  feet.    In  this  in  1321,  precisely  two  centuries  before  the 

extraordinary    vale   or    basin    are    five  Spanish  conquest.     The  ancient  csty,  was 

lakes,   near  one  of  which   the  city  of  divided  into  four  quarters,  Teopan  or  Xo- 

Mexico  is  situated.    See  article  Mexican  chimilco,  Atzacualco,  Moyotla,  and  Cree- 

e7n/iire,  and  city  of  Mexico.  popa"  :  ^"d  the  old  limits  are  preserved  in 

L      '      .        ^  /.  ,        ,-  ,,       ,.„   .!,„  St.  P.-iul,  St.  Sebastian,  St.  John,  and  St. 

FronQ    the  outside  ot   the   basin   the  ^         ^^^^,^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^,^  ,.„^  the 

water  flows  m   every  direction  towards  ^    >           ^^^ l  ^^^^  ^.^^^^.^^  ^,.^^  ^^^  ^^^ 

the  Atlanticand  Pacific  Oceans,  but  from  „„,     Running  from  north  to  south,   and 

the  basin   itself,   only  one  outlet  exists,  from^ast  to  west.    But  what  gives  the  new 

carrj  uig  the  water    into   the   1  ula   or  .      ^          ,.^^  ^^^  distinctive  character, 

Moctezuema  river.    And  what  is  pecu-  ig/ti.^tVt  is  situated  entirely  on  the  conti- 

harly   remarkable,    this    outlet   is   m   a  ^ent.  between  the  extremities  of  the  two 

great  degree  artihcial.    For  the  rivers  ot  ,^^^^  ^^  xezcuco,  and  Xochimilco,  and  that 

this  mtendancy,   and   for   those   ot    the  ;^  ^^,     receives  by  navigable    canals  the 

Mexican  empire  in  general,  which  enter  ^^^g,^  \^^^^^,  ^^  ^^^  Xochimilco.     The  an- 

the   gulf  of  Mexico.      See    Emtii^'e    oj  ^lent  city  was  placed  on  an  alluvial  plain, 

Mexico.     The  sources  of  the  Rio  Gran-  ■•   •'          '^         ■••    ._- 1--— u..  .u_ 


de  de  Santiago  rise  on  the  western  slopes 
of  the  mountains  of  Anahuac,  and  can- 
not be  considered  a  stream  of  the  inten- 
dancy  of  Mexico.    The  river  of  Xaca- 


or  rather  morass,  which  lias  been  by  the 
mere  operations  of  nature  in  five  centuries, 
raised  to  a  considerable  elevation,  and  the 
shores  of  the  lakes  restricted.  The  sur- 
face of  lake  Tezcuco  is  7468  feet  above  the 


lutla  rises  near  Cuernavaca,  and  drams   igy^,}  ^f  ^^g  o^ean,  and  its  waters  are  salt ; 

the  SW  part  of  the  intendancy.    It  is  a    ]ate  Xochimilco  is  higher,  and  composed 

region  which,  though  exposed  to  exces-    ^f  fi-ggh  water.    Before,  and  for  more  than 

sive  annual  rains,  the  rivers  are  few  in    ^  century  after  the  Spanish  conquest,  no 

number  and  comparatively  small.  city  of  the    world  was  so  subject  to  de- 

In  a  region  of  such  difference  of  level,    structive  inundations  as  Mexico.     This  ca- 

and  such  excessive  difference  of  mois-    sualty  has  been  diminished  in  its  effects 

ture  the  seasons   niiust  also  offer  almost    a„fi   occurrence  by  increased  evaporation 

every  change  of  temperature.    The  high    arising  from  the  destruction  of  the  adjacent 

plains  of  Anahuac  are  as  remarkable  for    forests,  and  more  efficaciously  by  the  great 

the  purity  of  the  air,  as  are  those  of  the    drain    Besag^te.      See    Mexican    Empire. 

Pacific  coast,  for  their  insalubrity.     The    <«  Mexico  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  finest 

two  climates  are  clearly  distinguished  by    cities    ever  built  by   Europeans  in  either 

the  inhabitants.     The  cities  on  the   ele-    liemisphere.     With  the  exception  of  Pe- 

vated  table  land  are  called,  ciudades,  de    tersburg,  Berlin,  Philadelphia,   and  some 

tierra  fria,   or  cities  of  the  cold  region,    quarter's  of  Westminster,  there  does  not 

whilst  those  near  the  coast,  are  designa-    exist  a  city  of  the  same  extent,  which  can 

ted,  ciudades  de  tierra  caliente,    or  cities    be  compared  to  the  capital  of  New  Spain, 

of  the  hot  region.     Its   most  important    for  the  uniform    level  of  the  ground  on 

mines  are.  La  VetaBiscainode  Rt aide!    which  it  stands,    for    the    regularity  and 

Monte,  Zimopan^and  Tehulilotepec.  breadth  of  the  streets,  and  the  extent  of 

The  cities  of  the  intendancy  of  Mexi-    the    public  places.      The  architecture  is 

CO,    are   Mexico,    Tezcuco,    Cuyoscan,    generally  of  a  very  pure  style,  and  there 

Tacubaya,  Tucuba,    ('uemavaca,  Chil.    are   even   edifices  of  very  beautiful  struc 

panzinco,    Tasco,     Acapulco,    Zacatula,    ture.     The  exterior   of  the  houses  is    not 

Lerma,  Toluca,  Pachuca,  Caderieta,  San    loaded  with  ornaments.  Two  sorts  of  hewn 

Juan  del  Rio,  and  Querataro.  stone,  the  p  irons  amygdoloid,   called  tet- 

Mexico,  city  of,   capital  of  the  Intendan-    zoutli,  and  especially  a  porphyry   of  vit- 

cv  of  the  same  name  and  of  the  whole  em-    reous    feldspath,    without  quartz,  give  to 

pire,  is -sitated  at  lat.  19  26  N,  Lon.  W  C    the   Mexican  buildings  an  air  of  solidity, 

22  5   W,  on  or  near  the  west  shore  of  the    and  sometimes  even  magnificence.     There 

lake  Tezcuco,  and  in  the  central  part  of   are  none  of  those  wooden   balconies,  and 

the  valley  of  Tenochtillan,  aid  also  nearly    galleries  to  be  seen,  which  so  much  disfi- 

raid-distance  between  Vera  Cruz  and  Aca-    gure  all  other  cities  built  by  Europeans  in 

pulco.    The  site  o!  Mexico  is  elevated  7470    both  ladies.     The  balustrades   and  gates 

feet  above  the  ocean  level.     The  name   of   are  all   of  Biscay  iron,   ornamented   with 

this  city,  and  of  the  country  is  a  subject  of   bronze,  and  the  houses  insteadof  roofs,  have 

some  doubtful  speculation,  there  is  good    terraces,  like  those  in  Italy  and  other  south, 

reason  to  believe  the  name,  however,  lobe    ern  countries." 

derived  from  ^lezitli,  or  Iluitzilopochtli,       The  edifice,,  destined  to  the  school  of 


M  E  X 


M  B  X 


mines  for  which  the  richest  individuals  of  most  beautiful  lakes  of  the  mountains  of 

the  country  furnished  a  sum  of  more  than  Switzerland.    Large  avenues  of  elms  and 

three  millions  of  francs,  554,112  dollars,  poplars,  lead  in  every  direction  to  the  ca- 

wo«ld  adorn  the  principal  places  of  Paris,  pital  ;  and   two  aqueducts,   constructed 

or  London     Two  great  palaces,  or  hotels  over  arches  of  very  great  elevation,  cross 

have  been  constructed  by  Mexican  artists,  the  plain,  and   exhibit  an   appearance 


pupils  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Aits  of  the 
capital.  One  of  tliese  palaces  in  the  Quar- 
ter della  Traspana,  exhibits  in  the  interi  ir 
of  the  court  a  very  beautitu!  oval  peristyle 
of  coupled  columns.  The  traveller  justly 
admires  a  vast  circumference  paved  with 
porphyry  flags,  and  enclosed  with  an  iron 


equally  agreeable  and  interesting.  The 
magnificient  convent  of  Nuestra  Signora 
de  Guadaloupe  appears  joined  to  the 
mountains  of  Tepeyacac,  among  ravines, 
which  shelter  a  tew  dates,  and  young 
Yucca  trees.  Towards  the  south,  the 
whole   tract  between  St.  Angel,  Taca- 


roy's  palace.  It  is  much  less,  however, 
from  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  the  monu- 
ments, than  from  the  breadth  and  straight- 
ness  of  the  streets  ;  and  much  less  from 


ra.l.ng,rtchly  ornamented  v.  ith  bronze  con-  baya,  and  San  Augustine  de  ils  Cuevas. 
taming  an  equestrian  statue  of  kmg  Charles  appears  an  immense  garden  ot  orange 
ly.  placed  on  a  pedestal  of  Mexican  mar-  peach,  apple,  cherry  and  other  European 
ble.  in  the  midst  of  he  Plazo  Mayor  of  f^uit  trees.  This  beautiful  vegetation 
Mexico,  opposite  the  cathedral  and  theVice-   forms  a  singular  contrast  .vith  the  wild 

appearance  of  the  naked  mountains  which 
enclose  the  valley,   among   which,  the 
famous  volcanoes  of  La  Puebla,  Popoca- 
Uo  =  T£        4.\      r       ■,.        c  1  tepetl,  and  Iztaccihuatl,  are   the    most 

^^ifn  %  \  T  A  r  'TY'j'y  distinguished.  The  firs  of  these  forms 
r^tt    f  M  H  "I     position  that  the    ^„  .^^.^us  cone,  of  which  the  crater. 

city  of  Mexico  attracts  the  admiration  of   „  „»•       ,,      .  „      '  j         .   tu„„„,: J 

Europeans.  »  From  a  singular  coincidence  ^2"^^""^^'^  'f^"^'"^  ^''Vl^^JL^f 
of  circumstances,"  says  Humboldt,  « I  have  S"i°ke  and  ashe.s,  opens  m  the  midst  of 
seen  successively,  within  a  very  short  space  ^/now. 

oftime,  Lima,  Mexico,  Philadelphia,  Wash-  I'l^^  police  of  Mexico  is  good,  th^ 
ington,  Paris,  Rome,  Naples,  and  the  largest  Streets  are  wide,  clean  and  well  lighted. 
cities  of  Germany.  By  conapairing  to-  The  city  is  supplied  with  fresh  water 
gether  impressions  which  follow  in  rapid  ^om  two  sources,  one  on  Chapoltepec 
succession,  we  are  enabled  to  rectify  any  hill,  and  the  other  near  the  mountain 
opinion,  which  we  may  have  too  easily  which  separates  the  valley  of  Tencchtit- 
adopted.  Notwithstanding  such  unavoida-  'an  from  that  of  Lerma,  and  Toluca.  To 
ble  comparisor.s,  of  which  several,  one  convey  this  water,  two  great  aqueducts 
would  think,  must  have  proved  disadvan-  have  been  constructed.  The  water  of 
tageoua  for  the  capital  of  Mexico,  it  has  Chepoltepec,  enters  the  city  at  the 
left  in  me  a  recollection  of  grandeur,  which  Salto  del  Agua,  by  an  aqueduct  of  10,826 
I  principally  attribute  to  the  majestic  char-  feet ;  and  that  of  Santa  Fe,  is  brought 
acter  of  its  situation,  and  to  the  surround-  along  Alameda,  and  terminates  near  la 
ing  scenery.  Traspana,  at  the  bridge  de  la  Marescala 

In  fact,  nothing  can  present  a  more  by  an  aqueduct  of  33,464  feet,  or  up- 
rich  and  varied  appearance  than  the  wards  of  six  and  one  third  miles.  The 
valley,  when,  in  a  fine  summer  morning,  latter  stream  is  most  pure.  What  is 
the  sky  without  a  cloud,  and  of  that  deep  very  remarkable,  the  ancient  city  was 
azure,  which  is  peculiar  to  the  dry  and  supplied  in  the  same*  manner,  and  by 
raritied  air  of  high  mountains,  we  trans-  aqueducts  not  less  massive  or  lengthy, 
port  ourselves  to  the  top  of  one  of  the  than  those  erected  by  the  Spaniards, 
towers  of  the  cathedral  of  Mexico,  or  In  its  actual  state  Mexico  is  no  doubt 
ascend  the  liill  of  Chapoltepec.  A  beau-  considerably  the  most  extensive,  and  best 
tiful  vegetation  surrounds  this  hill.  Old  populated  city  of  either  America.  Its 
cypress  trunks  of  more  than  from  49  to  existing  population,  is,  however,  difficult 
52  feet  in  circumference  raise  thtir  naked  to  fix  with  any  precision,  but  must  from 
heads  above  those  of  the  schinus,  which  all  concurrent  testimony  exceed  1.50,000. 
resemble  in  their  appearance,  the  weep-  Mexico,  gulf  of,  inland  sea  of  North 
ing  willows  of  the  East.  From  the  ccn-  America;  having  the  Mexican  provinces 
tre  of  this  sclitude,  the  summit  of  the  SE,  SVV,  and  NW,  the  United  States 
porpr.yritical  rock  of  Chapoltepec,  the  N;  andNE;  and  Cuba  E.  It  extends 
eye  sweeps  over  a  vast  plain  of  carefully  from  lat.  18  to  31  20  N  ;  and  from  Ion. 
cultivated  fields,  which  extend  to  the  W  C  4  to  21  W.  From  the  mouth  of  the 
very  foot  of  the  colossal  mountains  cover-  Alvarado,  to  that  of  the  Apalachicola,  in 
ed  with  eternal  snow.  The  city  appears  a  NE  and  SW  direction  upwards  of  1.000 
as  if  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  lake  miles;  its  mean  width  from  SE  to  NW, 
Tezcuco,  whose  basin,  surrounded  with  about  600  miles ;  superficial  area  ex- 
villages  and  hamlets,  brings  to  mind  the  ceeding  600,000  sqtiare  miles.  The  gulf 
598 


M  I  A 


M  I  A 


of  Mexico  is  connected  with  the  Carib- 
bean sea  by  the  channel  of  Cuba,  and 
with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Florida 
stream  The  current  generated  by  the 
trade  winds,  and  by  the  rotation  of  the 
eartli  on  its  axis,  is  carried  into  the 
Mexican  gulf  by  the  Cuba  Channel  and 
discharged  by  the  Florida  stream ;  the 
gulf  being  an  immense  reservoir. 

Mexico,  township  of  Oxford  county 
Maine.    Population  1820, 148. 

Mexico,  township  of  Oswego  county 
New  York,  on  Mexico  bay  of  lake  Onta- 
rio, 15  mil's  E  from  Oswego.  Population 
1820,  1590. 

Mexico,  post  town  of  Mifflin  county 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of  the 
West  bra:.ch  of  Susquehannah,  12  miles 
above  Mellerstown,  and  15  below  Lewis- 
town. 

Meyenberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  marche  of  Pregnitz,  60  miles  NNW 
of  Berlin. 

Meyenfeldt,  town  in  the  country  of 
the  Grisons,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  in  a 
pleasant  country,  fertile  in  excellent 
wine,  15  miles  NE  of  Coire.  Lon.  9  36 
E,  lat,  47  2  N. 

Mezicres,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes  and  late  province 
of  Champagne,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on 
the  Mouse,  12  miles  NW  of  Sedan,  and 
127  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  48  E,  lat.  49 
46  N; 

Mezen,  river  of  European  Russia, 
rising  between  the  Vyezegda,  and  the 
Petchora  and  flowing,  parallel  to  the 
Dwina  into  the  White  Sea. 

Mezhi,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Guienne  ;  seated  in  a  country  that 
abounds  in  wlieat ;  with  vines,  from  which 
they  principally  make  brandy;  and  with  the 
cork-tree,  whicii  they  sell  both  in  its  natu- 
ral state,  and  in  corks.  It  is  9  miles  NW 
of  Condom. 

Mia,  or  Mijah,  large  town  of  Japan, 
seated  on  the  S  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Niphon, 
with  a  fortified  palace.  Lon.  135  40  E, 
lat.  35  50  N. 

Miami  river,  river  of  Ohio,  rising  in  Har- 
din county,  interlocking  with  the  head- 
waters of  the  Scioto.  It  runs  in  a  SW  di- 
rection, above  100  miles  across  the  western 
borders  of  Logan,  and  through  Shelby, 
Miami,  Montgomery,  Butler  and  Hamilton 
counties,  into  the  Ohio  river,  exactly  in  the 
SW  corner  of  the  state,  by  a  moutl)  200 
yards  wide.  Bordering  upon  this  river, 
are  some  of  the  finest  arable  lands  in  the 
state.  But  its  navigation  is  not  easy,  on 
account  of  the  rapidity  of  its  current ;  it  is, 
however,  navigated  to  a  limited  extent,  75 
miles,  and  some  of  its  waters  approacli  so 
near  those  of  the  Au  Glaize,  a  southern 


branch  of  tlie  Maumee,  that  a  communica- 
tion is  e'l'ected  between  them  by  a  portage 
of  five  miles.  Its  mouth  is  in  N  lat.  39  4, 
and  W  lon.  W  C  70  50. 

Miami,  of  the  Lake.     See  Maumee. 

Miami,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Shelby,  E  by  the  counties  of  Champaign 
and  Claric,  S  by  Montgomery,  and  W  by 
Dark  county.  It  is  21  miles  in  extent  from 
N  'o  S,  by  20  irom  E  to  W,  ai'.d  contains 
about  410  square  miles.  Troy  the  county 
seat,  and  Piqua  are  the  principal  towns. 
The  principal  waters  are  the  Miami  river, 
which  runs  across  it  from  N  to  S.  the 
Southwest  branch,  and  Spring,  Honey,  and 
Lost  creeks.  Soil  fertile.  Staples  grain 
and  flour. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.  do.    ft^mattjli  •         -        - 

Total  whites        ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .        -        .        . 
Slaves      ..... 


2,047 
1,873 

3,920 

21 
0 

3,941 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  4,573 

do.    do.  females             -        -  4,218 
All  other  persons  except  Isdians 

not  taxed         -        -         -         -  0 

Total  whites          .         -         .        .  8,791 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  39" 

do.             do.         females  -  21 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -  •      j;  0 

do.    females     ....  0 


8,851 


Total  population  in  1820      - 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  20 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  1,904 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  325 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Miami,  township  of  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  containing  1426  inhabitants  in  1820. 

Miami,  post  town  of  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  15  miles  above  the  moutli  of  Great 
Miami  river,  and  16  W  from  Cincinnati. 

Miami,  township  of  Champaign  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Miami,  township  of  Green  county  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  550. 

Miami,  NW  township  of  Clermont  coun- 
ty.   Population  in  1820,  1607. 

Miami's  berg,  post  village  of  Ohio,  in 
Montgomery  county,  12  miles  S  from  Day- 
ton. 

Miami  Uriiversity,  Oxford  township, 
Butkr  countv  Ohio. 

599 


M  1  G 


MIC 


Mia'ni,  western  township  of  Logan  coun* 
ty,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  359. 

Miami,  township  of  Cooper  county  Mis- 
souri. 

Michaels,  town,  and  seat  of  justice  ISIadi- 
son  county  Missouri,  on  Little  Black  river, 
80  miles  SWfrom  Cape  Girardeau. 

Michael,  St.  the  most  fertile  and  populous 
of  the  Azores  or  Western  Islands,  contain- 
ing about  25,000  inhabitants,  and  producing 
wheat  and  flax.  Its  two  principal  harbours 
are  Ponta  Delgada,  and  Villa  Franca:  the 
former  is  the  capital  of  the  island.  Lon. 
25  42  W,  lat.  37  47  N. 

Michael,  St.  borough  in  Cornwall,  eight 
miles  SW  of  St.  Columb,  and  249  W  by  S 
of  London.    Lon.  4  52  W,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Michael,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  and  late  duchy  of  Bar. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  hospital,  and  the 
rich  library  of  a  late  Attiedictine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mei^,  20  miles  NE  of 
Bar-le-Duc,  and  165  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  38 
E,  lat.  48  51  N. 

Michael,  St,  seaport  of  the  province  of 
Guatimala,  seated  on  a  small  river,  130 
miles  SE  of  New  Guatimala.  Lon.  87  45 
W,  lat.  12  25  N. 

Michael,  St.  town  of  Peru  in  the  province 
of  Quito.  It  was  the  first  Spanish  colony 
in  Peru,  and  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Piura,  225  miles  S  by  W  of  Quito.  Lon. 
80  50  W,  lat.  5  0  8. 

Michael  ele  Ibarra,  St.  town  of  Peru, 
in  the  province  of  Quito,  60  miles  NE  of 
Quito. 

Michael,  Gulf  of,  St.  that  part]  of  the  Pa- 
cific  Ocean,  which  lies  to  the  E  of  Panama. 
It  was  first  discovered  by  the  Spaniards, 
after  their  march  across  the  isthmus  of  Da- 
rien. 

Michelonia,  country  of  Prussia,  wliich  is 
part  of  the  circle  of  Culm,  >nd  separated 
from  the  other  part  by  the  river  Dribents. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  castle  of  Mi- 
chelow. 

Michigan,  large  lake  of  North  America, 
whose  NE  extremity  communicates  with 
the  NW  end  of  Lake  Huron,  by  the  strait 
of  Michilimackinack.  It  is  situated  u  holly 
within  the  limits  of  tlie  United  States.  It 
is  about  340  miles  in  length,  including  the 
straits  of  Michilimackinack.  Its  width  va- 
ries from  20  to  70  miles.  The  area  co- 
vered by  this  lake  amounts  to  about  15,000 
square  miles,  Green  Bay  is  connected  with 
it  to  the  NW,  and  lake  Huron  NE.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  drawing  12  feet  water 
through  the  straits  of  Miclrlimackinack, 
and  within  the  body  of  the  lake  for  those  of 
the  largest  class. 

Michigan  Territory, — This  expanse  is 
composed  of  two  parts  naturally  divided 
or  separated.  The  first  is  formed  by  the 
peninsula  between  the  Lakes  Erie, 
Huron,  and  Michigan  ;  the  second  from 
600 


the  immense  former  northwest  territcrf 
between  the  river  Mississippi,  North  lat. 
49,  the  river  Rain,  the  Lakes  Superior, 
Huron,  Michigan,  and  the  northern 
limits  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  on  N  lat. 
42  30, 

The  second  part  is  merely  annexed  to 
the  first  for  temporary  purposes  of  civil 
government. 

miles. 

The  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  bound- 
ed on  Lake  Michigan,     - 

On  Lake  Huron.         .        .        _ 

River  St.  Clair.  Lake  St.  Clair,  De- 
troit river,  aiid  Lake  Erie  to  the 
north  boundary  of  Ohio, 

Along  the  N  l)oundary?<if  Ohio  to 
the  east  boundary  of  Indiana, 

Thence  due  N  along  east  boundary 
of  Indiana,  to  the  northeast  angle 
of  that  state,  .        -        - 

Thence  due  W  along  the  north  boun- 
dary of  Indiana  to  Lake  Michi- 
gan   


260 
250 


136 


80 


10 


110 


Having  an  outline  of         846 
Area,  34,000  square  miles  =  21,760,000 

acres. 
Extreme  south.  North  lat.  41  ^5. 
Extreme  north,  North  lat.  45  20. 
Its  greatest  length  is  from  north  to  south, 
260  miles  ;   its  mean   breadth,  130 
miles. 

miles. 

The  Trans-Michigan  parjt  of  the 
territory  has  an  interior  limit  on  the 
state  of  Illinois,  along  North  lat.  42 
30,  210 

Up  the  Mississippi  to  its  source, 
and  to  the  head  of  Red  river,    -        700 

Down  Red  river  to  North  lat.  49,     300 

A  frontier  bimndary  along  North 
lat.  49  to  the  river  Rain,    -        -        ].50 

Along  Rain  jiver  to  its  source,        150 

Down  Fox  river  to  Lake  Supe- 
rior,   100 

Along  the  north-west,  west,  and 
south  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
St.  Mary's  river,  to  the  straits  of  Mi- 
chilitiiackinack,  -        _        .        650 

Along  Green  bay  and  Lake  Mi- 
chigan,          350 

Having  an  outline  of  2610 

Area,  140  000  square  miles,  = 
89,600,000  acres  ;  which  if  added  to  the 
superficial  contents  of  the  peninsular 
part  quotes  174,000  square  miles,  or 
111,360,000  acres. 

Extreme  south  of  the  trans-peninsular 
section.  North  lat.  42  30. 

Extreme  north.  North  lat.  49. 

It  is  about  650  miles  from  the  north- 
east angle  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  to  the 


M  I  C 


M  I  C 


north-west  angle  of  the  Michigan  terri- 
tory on  Red  river.  Its  breadth  is  very 
irregular,  but  averages  about  200  miles. 

Of  this  immense  region  much  remains 
unknown  ;  and  of  those  parts  which  have 
been  explored,  our  information  is  gene- 
rally imperfect.  The  peninsular  section, 
though  much  more  correctly  delineated 
on  our  maps,  than  the  more  remote,  and 
more  inaccessible  parts  to  the  north- 
west, remains  still  extremely  defective 
in  its  representation,  It  may  seem 
strange,  but  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact  that, 
I  was  myself  the  first  to  publish  the 
names  and  positions  of  several  of  the 
most  important  rivers  in  the  very  envi- 
rons of  the  city  of  Detroit. 

In  general  description  little  will  suf- 
fice on  the  whole  of  this  region.  It  is 
less  variegated  than  any  section  of  tiie 
United  States  of  equal  extent.  The  sur- 
face is  in  a  great  measure  flat,  or  gently 
rolling  or  waving.  The  peninsula  con- 
tains some  prairie,  but  is  in  much  the 
greater  part  covered  with  a  dense  forest. 
On  the  trans-peninsular  division,  the 
prairies  are  more  expansive,  and  the  fo- 
rests, where  they  do  occur,  composed  of 
more  humble  and  less  numerous  speci- 
fic material.  The  s'il  of  the  peninsula 
is,  perhaps,  in  proportion  to  extent,  equal 
if  not  superior,  to  any  equal  continuous 
area  in  the  United  States,  the  state  of 
Illinois  excepted. 

In  point  of  climate,  it  mu->t  be  obvious 
that  very  setisible  extremes  must  be  felt 
in  a  country  stretching  over  6^  degrees 
to  latitude,  but  these  extremes  are  very 
little  aiftcted  in  Michigan  by  inequality 
of  surface.  On  some  maps  mountains 
are  drawn  near  tlie  sources  of  Ouiscon- 
sin  and  Fox  rivers,  where  no  such  ele- 
vations exist,  The  country  is  there  hilly, 
but  by  no  means  mouniait^ous,  and 
towards  either  the  lakes  or  Mississippi 
river  becomes  comparatively  level.  It 
is  needless,  however,  to  amplify  on  objects 
of  remote  importance,  and  concerning 
which  our  information  is  at  once  vague 
and  of  doubtful  autliority  ;  we  will  there- 
fore coiitine  our  observations  respecting 
Michigan  more  particularly  to  the  part 
contained  in  the  jieninsula. 

I  may  merely  observe,  that  this  point 
of  land  is  generally  level  in  its  interior, 
with  a  sloping  border  towards  the  cir- 
cumscribing lakes  and  river.  Its  super- 
structure is  in  every  respect  analogous 
to  the  northern  pans  of  Ohio,  and  In- 
diana. A  prolongation  uf  the  table  land 
mentioned  in  my  general  view  of  those 
states,  passes  through  Michigan,  and 
reaches  to  the  straits  of  Michilimacki- 
nack.  This  plain  is  no  dnubt  underlaid 
with  the  same  secondarv  base,  reaching 

'1    <r 


from  Ohio  river,  and  a  similar  superstra- 
tum is  found  in  Michigan,  which  spreads 
over  the  schist  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Il- 
linois. 

Almost  all  the  rivers  of  Michigan  are 
precipitated  over  ledges  of  either  lime- 
stone or  sandstone  rock,  a  few  miles  be- 
fore joining  their  respective  recipients. 
Above  these  falls  the  country  gradually 
becomes  flat  and  marshy  ;  below,  it  is 
dry,  sloping,  and  very  productive.  In 
one  respect,  the  features  cf  Michigan 
very  essentially  diftVr  from  those  of  Ohio 
and  Indiana.  In  the  two  latter  sections, 
the  mouths  of  the  confluents  of  Ohio 
river  surrounded  by  hills,  whose  true 
character  I  have  drawn  ;  whilst  in  the 
former,  the  approach  to  the  discharge 
nf  its  streams  is  made  down  a  very  gra- 
dual and  but  httle  broken  plain.  In  one 
instance  the  original  inclined  plain  was 
gradually  cut  into  ravines  by  the  Ohio 
and  other  streams:  in  the  second  in- 
stance, the  (;riginal  plain  was  simply 
rcfrc-icted,  by  the  formation  of  a  sloping 
border,  whose  inclination  was  greater 
than  the  interior  and  remaining  fragment 
of  the  primitive  level. 

It  has  been  seen  that  Lake  Michigan 
was  only  elevated  above  the  Atlantic  tides 
about  600  feet.  From  any  data  yet  pro- 
cured no  part  of  the  peninsula  can  be  ele- 
vated abov^e  that  lake,  two  hundred  feet, 
or  eight  hundred  feet  above  the  ocean. 

The  straits  of  St.  Mary,  uniting  Lake 
Huron  with  Lake  Superior,  has  but  lit- 
tle current  except  at  the  rapid  of  St. 
Mary,  a  olistance  of  two  or  three  miles. 
Fifty  fett  is  as  much  as  can  be  allowed 
for  all  tlie  depression  from  Lake  Superior 
to  Huron,  giving  to  the  former  an  eleva- 
tion above  the  Atlantic  tides  of  650  feet. 

It  will  at  once  be  seen  from  the  ele- 
ments given,  that  a  Canadian  sea,  is  a 
species  of  valley,  reaching  far  into  the 
interior  of  the  continent,  with  an  eleva- 
tion at  its  utmorst  extremity  not  so  great 
by  150  feet  as  the  ground  on  which  stands 
tiie  city  cf  Pittsburg. 

I  mention  these  striking  facts  in  this 
place,  as  they  present,  in  a  striking 
manner,  the  peculiar  structure  of  the 
,  widely  extended  connexion  between  the 
two  great  basins  of  Mississippi  and  St. 
Lawrence  ;  and  in  order  to  introduce 
S'^me  brief  observations  on  a  phenomenon 
which  has  excited  considerably  surprise 
and  oljservation.  It  has  been  found,  that 
in  u ceding  from  the  central  parts,  of 
New  York,  and  even  Pennsylvania,  that 
though  adviincing  into  a  higher  latitude, 
when  proceeding  to  the  margins  of  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  that  the  seasons  be- 
came more  mild.  The  quantum  of  the 
change,  as  in  all  similar  cases,  has  been 
001 


M  1  C 


-M  I  C 


DO  doubt  very  much  exaggerated ;  but 
that  such  an  efiect  is  actually  percepti- 
ble admits  of  no  ssrious  doubt.  The 
cause  remains  to  be  explained.  We 
have  already  repeatedly  adverted  to  the 
elevated  region  which  protrudes  from 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  into  Ohio, 
and  which  gradually  depresses  advancing 
south-west,  until  it  finally  subsides  into 
a  level  table  land,  in  the  north-west  part 
of  Ohio,  and  north-east  part  of  Indiana. 
In  the  region  skirting  the  southeastern 
side  of  Lake  Erie,  we  have  found  the 
summit  level  of  the  ridge  in  question 
about  1200  feet  in  height,  whilst  that  of 
Lake  Erie  was  not  halt  so  much. 

Pittsburgh  is  upwards  of  200  feet  above 
Detroit,  and  about  on  a  level  with  the 
table  land  of  Michigan.  It  ought  not 
therefore  to  excite  surprise,  that  places 
elevated  from  500  to  800  feet  above 
others,  should  be  more  exposed  to  the 
action  of  frost. 

The  peach  tree  flourishes  on  the  south 
shore  of  Ontario,  whilst  it  languishes  a 
degree  of  latitude  more  southwardly  for 
the  very  reasons  I  have  assigned,  in 
1818,  in  September,  travelled  from  Buf- 
falo to  Albany,  and  found  indications  of 
approaching  winter,  in  proportion  to  my 
recession  from  the  level  shores  of  Erie, 
an  entrance  on  the  hilly  and  broken 
tracts  contained  in  Seneca,  Cayuga, 
Onondago,  Cortland,  Madison,  Chenan- 
go, Otsego,  Schoharie,  and  Green  counties. 
In  my  previous  route  from  Buffalo  to  De- 
troit, the  contrary  aspect  was  very  visi- 
ble, though  at  a  less  advanced  season. 
The  time  of  harvest  is  more  than  a 
week  earlier  at  Detroit  than  at  Buffalo, 
though  the  difference  of  latitude  is  only 
about  30  .  In  the  central  and  elevated 
parts  of  New  York ,  due  east  from  De- 
troit, the  seasons  differ  in  length  near  a 
month.  Not  as  has  been  supposed,  from 
relative  east  and  west  position,  but  from 
relative  height,  and  proximity  to  water. 

It  may  not  be  irrelevant,  to  observe, 
that  causes  remote  and  doubtful,  ought 
never  to  be  resorted  to,  when  those  near 
and  obvious,  will  satisfactorily  account 
for  the  phenomena  under  examination. 
The  effects  of  the  trade  winds  have  been 
by  Volney  and  some  others,  stated  to 
exist  far  beyond  their  passible  actual 
sphere  of  influence.  It  demands  but  a 
very  limited  knowledge  of  the  physical 
and  chemical  properties  of  air,  to  enable 
the  mind  to  conceive,  that  every  thing 
else  equal,  the  cold  mass  of  atmnspheric 
air  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  Mississip- 
pi  basin,  was  more  liable  from  its  supe- 
rior weight,  to  extend  its  effects  towards 
the  lower  parts  of  the  basin,  than  for  the 
heated  and  buovant  mass  at  that  lower 


part  to  not  only  resist,  but  actually  folce 
a  heavier  body  to  recede  to  the  higher 
and  superior  section. 

Civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Mi- 
chigan, with  the  result  of  the  census  of 
1820,  annexed. 


Counties 

Inhabitants 

Wayne, 

3,574 

Maycomb, 

898 

Oakland, 

330 

Michilimackinack,  819 
Brown,  952 

Crawford,  492 

Monroe,  1,831 

8,896 
The  extent  of  the  counties  of  Michigan 
is  too  vague  to  admit  any  relative  estimate. 
The  inhabited  parts  of  this  territory  are  ; 
a  strip  along  the  south-eastern  side  of 
the  peninsula,  extending  from  the  mouth 
of  the  jMaumee,  to  tlie  discharge  of  St. 
Clair  river,  from  Lake  Huron  about  140 
miles,  and  reaching  Inland  about  30  miles  ; 
with  an  area  4,200  square  miles,  and  with 
7125  inhabitants,  not  quite  an  average  of 
1;^  to  the  square  mile.  At  an  interval  of 
250  miles,  we  find  819  inhabitants  at  and 
around  MichiUmackinack ;  and  150  miles 
still  farther,  952  in  Grown  county,  embra- 
cing the  region  adjacent'to  Green  Bay,  and 
Fox  river.  The  whole  inhabited  and  culti- 
vated extent  of  the  Michigan  territory  may 
be  estimated  at  about  5000  square  miles. 
The  progressive  population  of  this  fine, 
and  naturally  favoured  country,  has  been, 
from  various  causes,  extremely  slow.  It  is 
within  the  range  of  reasonable  anticipation, 
that  the  completion  of  the  New  York  west- 
ern canal  will  produce  a  flood  of  emigra- 
tion to  Michigan,  and  to  the  north-west 
part  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  It  is  hardly 
within  the  powers  of  imagination  to  con- 
ceive a  place  better  adapted  for  inland 
commerce  than  is  the  city  of  Detroit ;  nor 
a  finer  country  for  all  the  purposes  of  agri- 
culture suitable  to  its  climate,  than  is  the 
peninsula  cf  Michigan. 

Detroit  stands  at  lat.  42  25  north, 
and  Ion.  W  C  5  50  west.  The  site  is  a 
gently  sloping  bank,  rising  30  or  40  feet, 
into  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  thence 
spreading  into  an  extensive  plain  in  its 
rear.  The  town  is  yet  small,  but  has  an 
active  and  prosperous  aspect.  It  contain- 
ed in  1820,  1422  inhabitants. 

jMiclMimackmaxv,  straits  and  island  of, 
between  lakes  INfichigan  and  Huron.  The 
straits  extend  about  40  miles  in  length,  but 
with  very  uneqtiai  breadth.  A  gentle  cur- 
rent sets  through  it  from  Michigan  into 
Huron,  whicli  at  the  narrows  near  the 
island  where  the  strait  is  restricted  to 
about  4  miles  wide,  is  most  sensibly  felt. 
The  island  is  about  7  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence.    See  ,lIicJiiUmackinaic  Count;'. 


MID 


M  I  D 


Michiliinuckiim-w,  county  of  Michigan 
territory,  embracing  the  foregoing'  island 
and  adjacent  shores.  The  principal  set- 
tlement is  on  the  island,  which  contains  a 
court-house,  jail  and  about  100  houses. 
The  island  rises  to  some  considerable 
height  in  many  places,  one  of  wiiich  hills 
is  elevated  300  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake.  The  name  of  this  island  is  said  to 
be  derived  from  Michi.  Mackinaw,  or 
Great  Turtle  from  its  form.  The  town  is 
during  summer  a  place  of  very  considera- 
ble resort,  being  a  complete  thoroughfare 
between  the  lower  and  higher  parts  of  the 
Canadian  sea.  It  has  a  regular  custom 
house,  and  is  a  port  of  entry. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  513 

do.    do.    females         -        -  86 

Total  whites       ....  599 
All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  15 

Slaves 1 


Total  population  in  1810 

615 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

660 
154 

0 

Total  whites           .        .        _ 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do.       females, 
Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

814 
4 
1 
0 
0 

819 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce    - 

324 
34 
11 

244 

Po})ulation  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Michi-picoten,  river  of  Upper  Canada, 
falls  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the  N 
E  part  of  lake  Superior.  From  the  head 
of  this  river,  short  portages  lead  to  the 
navigable  waters  of  Severn  and  Moose 
rivers  of  James  bay. 

Middleborough,  township,  Plymouth 
county,  Massachusetts ;  situated  at  the  head 
of  Buzzard's  bay,  in  the  lat.  of  41  48,  and 
ion.  of  70  40  W,  at  the  distance  of  16  miles 
NE  of  New  Bedford,  and  40  S  of  Boston, 
fjreat  quantities  of  nails  are  made  here. 
Smith  iron  made  from  ore  found  in  the 
township.     Population  in  1820,  4687. 

J\fiddlef)oro'-four.cor Iters,  post  office,  Ply- 
mouth county,  MassaohuscttK. 

j\TiddIebrook;  post  village,  Augusta  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  10  miles  SW  from  Staunton, 

MidxPehronk,  post  office,    Montgomery 


county,   Maryland,  on   Seneca  creek,  35 
miles  NW  from  Washington  City, 

Middleburg,  strong  city  of  Holland, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Walcheren,  and  of 
all  Zealand.  The  squares,  streets,  and 
public  buildings  are  magnificent ;  particu- 
larly the  townhouse  (formerly  a  celebrated 
abbey)  which  is  decorated  with  tlie  statues 
of  the  ancient  counts  and  countesses  of 
Holland.  The  inhabitants  are  computed 
at  30,000.  The  harbour  is  commodious, 
and  has  a  communication  with  Flushing  by 
a  canal,  which  will  bear  the  largest  vessels. 
It  is  30  miles  NNW  of  Ghent,  and  72  SW 
of  Amsterdam.     Lon.  3  o7  E,  lat,  51  29  N. 

JMiddlebnrg,  town  of  the  Netlierlands,  in 
Flanders,  five  miles  SE  of  Sluys. 

JMiddleburg,  township  and  post  village, 
Schoharie  county,  New  York,  10  miles  S 
from  Schoharie.    Population  in  1820,  3782. 

Middleburg,  Somerset  county,  New  Jer- 
sey.    See  Millstone. 

Jlfiddlebiirg,  post  village,  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  20  miles  NE  from  Frederick, 

Middleburg,  township  of  Cuyahoga  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  containing  157  inhabitants  in 
1820. 

Middleburg,  \)05i  village,  Loudon  county, 
Virginia,  on  Goose  creek,  12  miles  SSW 
from  Lecsburg,  and  45  NW  by  W  from 
Alexandria. 

Middleburg,  post  village.  Nelson  county, 
Kentucky. 

Middleburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, in  Addison  county,  Vermont,  33  miles 
NNW  from  Rutland,  and  35  SSE  from  Bur- 
lington. It  stands  on  the  right  bank  of 
Otter  creek,  near  the  tails,  13  miles  above 
Yergennes.  It  is  a  very  manufacturing 
town,  the  operations  of  which  are  facilita- 
ted by  the  water  power  afforded  by  the 
falls  of  Otter.  There  are  2  cotton  factories, 
one  for  nails,  a  number  of  grist  and  saw 
mills,  and  a  machine  for  sawing  marble ; 
a  fine  quarry  of  which  exists  in  the  village. 
It  is  cut  extensively  into  tlie  various  ob- 
jects to  which  that  fine  stone  is  commonly 
applied-  Beside  the  common  county 
buildings,  this  town  contains  an  academy, 
two  priming  offices,  and  a  number  of  places 
of  public  worship. 

Middleburg  college  has  been  incorpora- 
ted since  1800,  and  though  entirely  sup- 
ported by  private  bounty,  has  entensive 
and  elegant  buildings.  It  has  a  president; 
5  professors,  2  tutors,  a  respectable  library 
of  1200  volumes,  and  a  philoso[)1iical  appa- 
ratus. Students  about  100.  Population  of 
the  village  in  1800,  2138,  ind  in  1820, 
about  2500. 

Middleburg,  i^ost  village  and  township* 
New  Haven  county,  Connecticut,  on  a 
branch  of  Naugatuck  river,  22  miles  NW 
from  New  Haven.  Population  in  1820, 
836. 

.     603 


-M  1  1) 


jSI  1  D 


.Wddii'hurg,  township  of  Gennessee 
county,  Xew  York,  between  Aliens  and 
Tonnevvanto  creeks,  12  miles  S  from  Bata- 
via.     Population  in  1820,  1782. 

Middlefidd,  post  village  and  township, 
Hampshire  county,  Masiachu.setts,  25  miles 
V/  fro'Ti  Northampton.  Population  in 
1820,  755. 

jMiddiffehly  township  of  Otsego  county. 
New  York,  between  Cherry  "Valley 
an  1  Otsego  lake.  Population  in  1820, 
2579. 

Middle  Granville,  post  village,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Massachusetts. 

Middle  Haddutn,  post  village,  Middlesex 
couniy,  Connecticut,  on  the  left  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  10  miles  SE  from  Mid- 
dletown. 

Middleham,  town  in  North  \''orkshire, 
with  a  market  on  Monday,  and  a  woollen 
manufacture.  Here  was  a  stately  castle, 
now  in  ruins,  in  which  Richard  HI.  was 
born.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  11  miles 
S  by  W  of  Richmond,  and  255  NNW  of 
London. 

Jliddlesex,  county  of  England,  22  miles 
long  and  17  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Hertfordshire,  E  by  F.ssex,  S  by  Surry  and 
Kent,  and  W  by  Uuckinghamshire.  It 
contains  179,200  acres ;  is  divided  into  6 
hundreds,  and  98  parishes,  beside  those  in 
London  and  Westminster ;  and  has  those 
two  cities  and  six  market  towns.  Beside 
the  Thames,  Lea,  and  Coin,  which  are  its 
boundaries  to  the  SE  and  VV,  Middlesex  is 
watered  by  several  small  streams  ;  one  of 
which,  called  the  New  river,  is  artificially 
brouglit  from  near  Hertford,  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  supplying  London  with  water. 
Population  in  1801,  818,129;  in  1811, 
953,276;  and  in  1821,  1,144,531. 

Middlesex,  county  of  Massachusetts  ; 
bounded  N  by  Hillsborough  county  in 
New  Hampshire;  NE  by  Essex  county  in 
Massachusetts ;  SE  by  Suffolk,  Norfolk, 
and  Boston  harbour ;  and  SW  and  VV  by 
Worcester.  Length  40  ;  mean  width  20  ; 
and  arsa  890  square  miles.  Sarface  de- 
lightfully variegated.  Soil  though  varied 
and  rather  sterile  generally,  yields  never- 
tiieless,  grain,  pasturage,  and  orchard 
fruits  in  considerable  abundance.  The 
body  of  the  country  is  drained  by  Concord 
river  ;  the  Nashua  passes  over  its  NW,  and 
Charles  river  over  its  SE  angle.  Chief 
towns,  Cambridge  and  Charlestown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      26,259 

do.    do.  females  -        -      26,156 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...      30,340 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -      30,721 
AH  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  Q 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820 


61,476 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  302 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         9,004 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        4,851 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  626 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  75^. 

Middlesex  canal.     See  Jilerrimaclc  river. 

Middlesex,  county  of  Connecticut ;  bound- 
ed by  Long  Island  Sound  SE  ;  by  New 
Haven  SW  ;  Hartford  NW  and  N;  and 
New  London  E.  Length  28  ;  mean  width 
12  ;  and  area  356.  Surface  generally  hilly, 
soil  like  the  surface  varied,  but  generally 
productive  in  grain,  p.iSiurage  and  orchard 
fruit.  Connecticut  river  intersects  it,  and 
separates  it  into  two  unequal  sections, 
leaving  about  2  3  SW  from  Connecticut 
river.     Chief  town,  Middletown; 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males         -        -         -        9,942 

do.  do.  females  -        -      10,411 


Total  whites        -        •                -  52,415 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  374 

Slaves 0 


Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves         -                 ... 

20,353 

313 
57 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

20,723 

Populniion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

10,590 
11,308 

1 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.           do.        females, 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females         ... 

21,899 

232 

268 

2 

Total  population  in  1820 

22,408 

Total  population  in  1810 

604 


52,789 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  84 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -        3,457 

do.        in  Manufactures       -        1,582 

do.        in  Commerce  -  424 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  66^. 

.Middlesex,   township  and  post   village, 
Ontario  county.  New  York,  on  the  E  side 


M  I  U 


M  1  I) 


of  Canandaigua  lake,  and  W  from  Flint 
creek,  17  miles  SAV  from  Geneva.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  2718. 

Middlesex,  county  of  New  Jersey ; 
bounded  E  by  Stafen  Island  Ki'ls  and  Rari- 
ton  bay,  SE  by  M;)nmouth  county  ;  SW  by 
Huntingdon  and  Burlington  ;  W  by  Somer- 
set ;  and  N  by  Essex  Lengtti  32 ;  mean 
widtii  11 ,  and  area  322  square  m\les.  The 
south-we-tern  purt  of  this  county  near 
Delaware  river,  is  drained  by  the  Assam- 
pink  creek,  all  the  residue  is  watered  by 
the  liariton  and  its  confluents.  Surface  is 
generally  uneven,  rather  than  hiiiy.  Soil 
va^i^d,  but  generally  productive  in  grain, 
fruits  and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  New 
Brunswick. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        9,403 

do.  do.     females    ...        9,015 


Total  whites       ....       18,418 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

665 
1,298 


not  taxed 
Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810, 


20,381 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        9,675 

do.    do.     fennales         -        -        9,750 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites             -        -       -  19,425 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  5u5 

do.             do.       females  528 

Slaves,  males           -       -        -  493 

do.    females         -       -        -  519 


Total  population  in  1820 


21,470 


Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  109 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,049 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  890 

.    do.    in  Commerce  -  137 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  61, 

Middlesex,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
SE  by  Chesapeak  bay;  SW  by  Piankatank 
river,  or  Gloucester  and  King  and  Queen 
counties ;  NW  by  Essex,  and  NE  by  Rhap- 
pahannoc  river.  Length  35,  mean  width 
6 ;  and  area  210  square  miles.  Soil  sandy 
and  barren.    Chief  town  Urbana. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...         855 

do.    do.   females  -       -         956 


Total  whites            -        -        -  1,811 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       .       .*  127 

Slaves 2,476 


Total  population  in  1810 


4,414 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...  825 

do.    do.    females     .        .        -  931 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t.'.xed  ...  0 

Total  whites       ....  1,756 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  55 

do.          do.             females  80 

SLives,  males                .         -         .  1,136 

do.     females            -        -        -  1,030 

Total  population  in  1820  -         4,057 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  \n  Agriculture  -        1,037 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  2 

do.       in  Commerce         -         -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19. 

Middle  Lister,  small  island  in  lake  Eric, 
lying  NVV  t"rom  the  B  ss  islands.  It  is  one 
of  the  three,  called  '.he  Middle,  East,  and 
West  sister,  though  bearing  from  each 
other  NE  and  SW. 

Middleton,  town  in  Lmcashire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  has  the  cotton  trade 
in  all  its  branches,  a  large  twist  manufac- 
ture, and  considerable  bleaching  works. 
It  stands  on  the  Rochdale  canal,  6  miles 
N  by  E  of  Manchester,  and  NNW  of  Lon- 
don. 

Middleton,  post  village  and  township. 
New  Hampshire,  28  miles  NE  from  Con- 
cord.    Population  in  182u,  482. 

Middleton,  township  of  Rutland  county 
Vermont,  36  miles  W  from  W'indsor. 
Population,  1250. 

Middleton,  tovv^nsliip  of  Essex  county 
Massachusetts,  9  miles  NW  from  Sah-m. 
Population  in  1810,  541 ;  and  in  1820, 
596. 

Middleton,  township  of  Delaware  county 
New  York,  on  Popachton  branch  of  Dela- 
ware river.     Population  in  1820,  1949. 

Middleton,  ^'orth  ;  township  of  Cumber- 
land county  Pennsylvania,  including  one 
half  of  the  borough  of  Carlisle,  and  extend- 
ing on  both  sides  of  Connedogwinet  from 
Carlisle  to  the  Blue  Mountain.  Population 
in  1820,  1514. 

Middleton,  South;  township  of  Cuml)er. 
land  county,  including  one  half  of  the  bo- 
rough of  Carlisle,  and  extending  to  the 
South  mountain.  Population  in  1820, 
1500. 

Middleton,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1168. 

Middletoivn,  township  of  Rutland  county 
Vermont,  on  Po'dtney  river,  52  miles  N 
from  Bennington,  and  12  miles  SW  from 
Rutland. 

Middletown,  township  of  Rhode  Island, 
between  Newport   and   Portsmouth.     Po- 
pulation in  1820, 949. 
605 


M  I  D 


INI  I  F 


J^lkhUetoiun,  city,  port  of  entry  and  seat 
of  justice  Middlesex  county  Connecticut, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  31 
miles  by  water  above  its  mouth,  15  by  land 
below  Hartford,  and  25  NE  from  New  Ha- 
ven. Beside  the  ordinary  county  buildings, 
and  places  of  public  worship,  it  contains 
an  almshouse,  2  printing  offices,  2  banki, 
one  of  which  a  branch  of  that  of  the  United 
States,  and  2  ensurance  companies.  Some 
very  important  and  flourishing  manufacto- 
ries exist  in  this  city  and  vicinity.  One  a 
sword  factory,  producing  annually  about 
5,000  swords.  A  pistol  factory  making  annu- 
ally.from  7  to  10,000  pistols.  One  for  ivory 
combs;  a  pewter  factory;  2  woollen;  and 
2  cotton  factories,  with  one  paper,  and  one 
powder  mill.  Population  in  1810,  including 
the  'io\vnship,  5382  ;  and  in  1820,  exclusive 
of  the  township,  2618  ;  the  township  3861 ; 
and  together,  6631. 

JMiddletovjii  Upper  Houses,  post  office, 
Middlesex  county,  Connecticut. 

.Middlelo-wn,  post  town,  and  township 
Delaware  county.  New  York.  See  3Iidd!eton. 

AEddleiOiVii,  post  town,  and  township, 
Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey,  on  a  small 
creek  near  Rariton  bay,  20  miles  SE  by  E 
from  New  Brunswick.  The  township  con- 
tains an  academy,  and  includes  Sandy 
Hook,  Middletown  point  and  the  Navesink 
hills.    Population,  in  1820,  4369. 

MiddleCorjii,  post  town,  Daupliin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  point  above  the  junc- 
tion of  Swartara  creek  with  the  Susque- 
hannah  river,  9  miles  below  Harrisburg, 
and  27  NW  from  Lancaster.  It  is  an  an- 
cient village  chiefly  inhabited  by  Germans. 
Population  in  1820,  567. 
.  Jliddletowii,  post  village  of  Washington 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  a  branch  of  Cross 
creek,  12  miles  NW  from  Washington. 

JMiddleto-vn,  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  between  Ridley  and  Ches- 
ter creeks,  15  miles  SW  by  W  from  Phi- 
ladelphia.     Population  in  1820,  994. 

J\liddleto~vn,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1S20,  1891. 

AIiddleto~.im,  post  village.  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  on  Apoquniimink  creek, 
21  miles  SSW  from  Wilmington. 

Aliddletnvju,  post  town,  Frederick  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  9  miles  NW  by  W  from 
Frederick. 

Middleto-un,  village  of  Dorchester  coun- 
t}',  Maryland,  between  Blackwater  and 
Fearsquaking  creeks,  9  miles  SW  from 
Cambridge. 

J\liddleto~un,  post  town,  Frederick  county 
A  irginia,  on  Cedar  creek,  14  miles  SW 
from  Winchester. 

MiddletoTvji,  post  town,  Sullivan  county 
Tennessee, 

Middleto~Mn,  post  town,  Jefferson  county, 
Kentucky,  11  miles  a  little  north  from  E 
Louisville.     Population  250, 


Middletoiiin,  Ohio,  post  town  and  town- 
ship of  considerable  importance,  in  Butler 
county,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Miami  river, 
six  miles  below  Franklin,  and  14  above 
Hamilton.     Population  in  1820,  314. 

Jlliddletoivn,  small  town  of  Hamilton 
county,  Ohio. 

Middleto-w7i-point,  village  of  Monmouth 
county.  New  Jersey,  14  miles  NW  from 
Shrewsbury. 

Middlev)ich,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Croke,  and  noted  for  its  salt  pits,  and  ma- 
king fine  salt.  It  is  24  miles  E  of  Chester,' 
167  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  53 
13  W. 

Midhurst,  town  of  Sussex,  on  a  small 
river  which  almost  surounds  it,  11  miles  N 
by  E  of  Chichester,  and  50  W  by  S  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  46  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

JMid-ivav,  Liberty  county,  Georgia,  a  set- 
tlement formed  by  emigrants  from  Dor- 
chester, in  Massachusetts. 

Jfiechau,  or  Miezava,  handsome  town  of 
Poland,  in  Cujavia,  seated  on  the  Vistula 
river,  ten  miles  S  by  E  of  Thorn.  Lon.  18 
46  E,  lat,  52  58  N. 

JMiffiu,  county  of  Pennsylvania ;  bounded 
by  Perry  SE ;  Huntingdon  SW  and  W  ; 
Centre  NW,  and  Union  NE.  Length  39  ; 
width  21;  and  area  826.  The  county  is 
traversed  from  SW  to  NE  by  several  of 
the  Appalachian  ridges ;  it  is  drained  by 
the  Juniata  and  its  branches.  The  surface 
is  generally  mountainous,  rocky,  and  soil 
sterile  ;  the  banks  of  the  Juniata,  and  those 
of  its  branches  are  in  many  places  very 
favourable  exceptions.  Staples  are  grain, 
flour,  whiskej',  lumber,  cattle  Sic.  Chief 
town  Lewistown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves         .        .        -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1810 


6,151 
5,865 

12,016 

107 
9 

12,132 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.    females     -        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed 

8,429 
8,012 

0 

Total  whites      -        .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.      females  - 
Slaves,  males      .        -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

16,441 

97 

75 

3 

2 

16,618 

iM  I  L 


M  I  L 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  77 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,606 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  636 

do,    in  Comnnerce  -  24 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 

AliJIin,  township  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  W  from  Monongahela  river, 
and  E  of  the  township  of  St.  Clair,  7  miles 
SE  from  Pittsburg.  Population,  in  1820, 
2221, 

Mifflin,  township  of  Cumberland  county, 
Pennsylvania;  between  the  Conedogwinit 
and  Blue  mountain,  14  iniles  VV  from  Car- 
lisle.    Population  in  1820,  1461. 

Miff  in,  township  of  Lycoming  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  north  side  of  the  west 
branch  of  Susquehannah,  below  the  mouth 
of  Pine  creek,  and  14  miles  above  Wil- 
liamsport.     Population  in  1820,  1038. 

Mifflin,  townsliip  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Wiconisco  creek,  25  miles 
N  from  Harrisburg.  Population  in  1820, 
1195, 

Mifflin,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  467. 

Jlifflin,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
containing  241  inhabitants  in  1810, 

Mifflin,  the  westernmost  township  of 
Pike  county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
669. 

Mifflinbnrg,  post  village  and  township, 
of  Union  county,  Pennsylvania,  5  miles  N 
W  from  New  Berlin.  Population  in  1820, 
620, 

Mifflin  to-uin,  post  town,  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  le^-t  bank  of  Juniata 
river,  44  miles  above  Harrisburg. 

Jininn,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  and  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop. It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Lom- 
bardy,  and  also  of  the  late  kingdom  of  Italy, 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  being  here  crowned 
king  of  Italy  on  May  26,  1805.  The  city 
is  10  miles  in  circumference  ;  but  the  gar- 
den grounds  are  so  extensive,  that  it  does 
not  contain  above  140,000  inhabitants.  It 
stands  in  a  delightful  plain,  between  the 
rivers  Adda  and  Tesin,  which  communicate 
with  the  city,  by  means  of  two  canals. 
The  town  itself  has  no  other  fortifications 
than  a  hig'i  wall  and  ramparts;  but  tiie 
citadel,  called  Castello  di  Porta  Zobia,  is  a 
place  of  great  strength.  Here  are  22 
gates,  a  university,  several  colleges,  many 
fine  palaces,  230  churches,  of  which  96  are 
parochial,  90  convents,  100  religious  fra- 
ternities, and  a  great  nun~.ber  of  hospitals. 
The  cathedral  is  in  the  centre  of  the  city, 
and  next  to  St.  Peters  at  Rome,  is  the 
most  considerable  in  Italy.  This  vast  fab- 
ric  is  built  of  white  marble,  supported  by 
50  columns,  and  adorned,  within  and  with- 
out, by  a  prodigious  number  of  marble 
statues  ;  and  its  treasury  is  reckoned  the 
richest  in  Italy,  next  to  that  of  L.oreto. 


The  college  of  St.  Ambrose  has  a  librar}", 
which,  beside  a  prodigious  number  of 
manuscripts,  contains  60,000  printed 
books ;  and  its  superb  gallery  is  adorned 
with  rich  paintings.  Milan  has  considera- 
ble commerce  in  grain,  especially  rice, 
cattle,  and  cheese  ;  and  has  manufactures 
of  silk  and  velvet  stuffs,  stockings,  handker- 
chiefs, ribbons,  gold  and  silver  lace,  and 
embroideries,  woollen  and  linen  cloths, 
glass,  porcelain,  and  curious  works  in  steel, 
crystal,  agate,  hyacinths,  and  other  gems. 
It  has  been  many  times  taken  in  the  wars 
that  have  desolated  Italy.  It  is  now  the 
seat  of  ai  Austrian  Viceroy,  and  capital  of 
the  Lombardo-Venetia.i  kingdom,  or  Aus- 
trian Italy.  It  is  lo5  mdes  NW  of  Flo- 
rence.    Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  45  28  N. 

Milan,  or  the  Milanese,  late  duchy  and 
considerable  country  of  Italy,  included  in 
the  late  Italian  republic.  It  was  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Switzerland  antl  the  country 
of  the  Grisons  ;  on  the  E  by  the  republic 
of  Venice,  and  the  duchies  of  Parma  and 
Mantua  ;  on  the  S  by  the  duchy  of  Parma 
and  tlie  territory  of  Genoa  ;  and  on  the  W 
by  Piedmont  and  Montferrat ;  being  150 
miles  in  length,  and  78  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  every  where  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
fruits,  rice,  and  olives  ;  and  there  are  also 
plenty  of  cattle.  The  rivei's  are,  the  Sec- 
chia,  Tesin,  Adda,  and  Oglio.  There  are 
likewise  several  lakes,  the  three  principal 
of  which  are,  those  of  Maggiore,  Como, 
Lugano.  Milan  has  considerable  commerce 
in  grain,  especially  rice,  cattle,  and  cheese ; 
and  lias  manufactures  of  silk,  and  velvet 
stufts,  stockings,  handkerchiefs,  ribands, 
gold  and  silver  lace,  and  embroideries, 
woollen  and  linen  cloths,  glass,  and  earthen- 
ware in  imitation  of  China.  It  is  a  pecu- 
liarly fertile  and  productive  region,  and 
cultivated  with  the  utmost  skill  and  care. 
It  is  now  divided  between  Austria  and  Sar- 
dinia. Austrian  Milan,  contains  abcut  8000 
square  miles,  and  2,000,000  of  inhabitants. 
Sardinian  Milanese,  extends  over  3300 
square  miles,  and  peopled  by  556,000  in- 
habitants, 

Milan,  post  village,  in  the  NE  part  of 
Dutchess  county,  New  York. 

Milazzo,  or  Melazzo,  seaport  of  Sicily, 
in  Val  di  Demona.  It  is  divided  into  the 
upper  .and  lower  town  ;  tlie  upper  is  very 
strong,  and  the  lower  has  a  fine  square, 
with  a  superb  fountain.  It  stands  on  a 
rock  on  the  W  side  of  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  13  miles  W  of  Messina.  Lon.  15  34 
E,  lat.  38  12  X. 

Milborn-pmt,  borough  in  Somersetshire. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  linen, 
and  hosiery  ;  and  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Parret,  2  miles  E  by  N  of  Sherborn, 
and  114  W  by  S  of  London. 

Mildenhall,  town  in  Suffolk,  12  miles  N 
\y  of  Burv,  and  70  NNE  of  London. 
607 


M  I  L 


M  I  L 


CMilesburg,  or  JElesboro',  post  village, 
Centre  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Bald  Ea- 
gle creek,  2  miles  N  from  Bellefont, 
through  the  Mountain  Gap. 

Mi'leto,  town  of  Naples,  In  Calabria  Ulte- 
riore,  5  miles  from  Nicotera. 

Milford,  township  of  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  27  miles  S  from  Con- 
cord.     Population  in  1820,  1243. 

JMUford,  post  village  and  township,  Wor- 
cester county,  Massachusetts,  18  miles  SE 
from  Worcester.  Population  in  1820, 
1160. 

JMilford,  post  town  and  townshij),  of 
New  ilaven  county,  Connecticut,  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  9  miles  SW  from  New  Ha- 
ven. The  village  stands  on  an  excellent 
harbour  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  the 
amount  of  shipping  owned  there,  amounts 
to  about  1509  tons,  chiefly  engaged  in 
co;isUng  trade.  A  fine  quarry  of  marble 
exists  wltliin  this  township.  Population 
In  1802,  2785. 

Jli/fonl,  po=;t  village  and  township,  Ot- 
sego county,  New  York,  on  Otsego  creek, 
10  miles  below,  or  S  from  Cooperstown. 
Population  in  1820,  2505. 

Miljurd,  post  village,  Hunterdon  county, 
New  Jersey. 

Milford,'\)osi  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
in  U,jper  SmiihfieM  township,  PJk°  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  55  miles 
above  Easton. 

,^l////b7(/,  NW  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania.     Population  in  1820,  1195. 

Jlilford,  township  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Juniata  opposite  Mif- 
flintown,  and  on  Tuscarora  and  Licking 
creeks.     Population  in  1820,  1554. 

Milford,  tfppei;  SE  township  of  Lehigh 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
2416. 

Milford,  township  of  Somerset  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Castleman's  river  and 
Laui  e!  H  11  creek,  5  miles  SW  from  Somer- 
set.    Population  in  1820,  1394. 

Milford,  post  town,  Kent  county,  Dela- 
ware, on  the  left  bank  of  Mesplllion  creek, 
19  miles  S  by  E  from  Dover. 

Milford,  post  vil!a;je,  Grenville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Milford,  the  name  of  a  township  In  Ash- 
tabula coun'y,  Ohio,  adjoining  the  township 
of  Jefferson  on  the  southeast.  Population 
in  1820,  uncertain. 

Milford,  small  town  near  the  south-wes- 
tern corner  of  Union  county,  in  Union 
township,  Ohio,  on  the  western  bank  of 
Darby  creek. 

Milford,  township  of  Butler  county,  Ohio, 
Population  in  1820,  1501. 

Milford,  post  town  of  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio. 

Milford,  post  town  of  Miami  township, 
Clermont  countv-,  Ohio,  on  the  east  bank  of 
60S 


Little  Miami  river,  12  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  15  north-westerly  from  Williamsburg, 

Milford  Haven,  deep  inlet  of  the  Irish 
Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  gene- 
rally allowed  to  be  the  safest  and  most  ca- 
pacious harbour  in  Great  Britain.  It 
branches  off  into  16  deep  and  safe  creeks, 
5  bays  and  13  roads,  in  which  it  Is  said  1000 
ships  may  ride  in  perfect  security  and  at  a 
sufficient  distance  from  one  another.  At 
the  entrance,  on  the  W  point,  called  St. 
Ann's,  is  an  old  lighthouse  and  a  block- 
house. Here  the  earl  of  Richmond,  after- 
ward Henry  VII.  landed,  on  his  enterprise 
against  Richard  III.  A  packet-boat  sails 
from  hence  every  day,  except  Tuesday,  for 
Waterford,  In  Ireland. 

Milfordville,  Milford  township,  Otsego 
county,  New  York. 

Milhaud,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  Aveiron,  and  late  province  of  Rou- 
ergue,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  50  miles  NW  of 
Montpeller,  and  142  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
HE,  lat.  44  3  N. 

Miliborough^  post  village,  Bath  county, 
Virginia. 

Millborough,  post  village,  Sussex  county, 
Virginia,  about  30  miles  SE  from  Petei-s- 
burg. 

Millburg,  post  town  and  township,  of 
Worcester  county,  Massac!. usetts,  6  miles 
S  from  Worcester,  on  Blackstone  river.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  eligible  manufacturing 
establishments  In  the  county,  and  manufac- 
tories have  been  established  for  paper, 
nails,  black  lead,  woollen  cloth,  leather, 
fire  arms,  mill  saws,  scythes,  &.c.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  926. 

J\rill  Creek,  hundred  New  Castle  county, 
Delaware.     Population  in  1820,  3046. 

Mill  Creek,  post  village,  Berkley  county, 
Virginia. 

.Mill  Creek,  large  and  valuable  mill 
.stream,  rising  in  the  northern  part  of  Logan 
county,  Ohio,  and  running  from  thence  in 
an  east  by  south  direction  Into  tlie  west 
side  of  Scioto  river,  six  miles  belov/  Ful- 
ton's creek,  in  Delaware  county. 

Mill  Creek,  large  mill  stream  of  Butler 
and  Hamilton  counties,  Ohio,  running  sou'.h 
by  west  into  the  Ohio  river,  Immediately 
below  Cincinnati. 

JVrdl  Creek,  likewise  the  name  of  a  town- 
ship of  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  situated 
immediately  north  of  Cincinnati :  and  con- 
taining 2198  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Mill  Creek,  towiiship,  situated  on  a  creek 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Union  county,  Ohio.  Much  of  t!)e  soil  is 
rich  and  fertile.     Population  in  1820,  195. 

Milledgeville,  post  town,  Baldwin  county, 
Georgia.  It  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the 
county  and  capital  of  the  state,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Oconee  river,  about  300  miles 
above  Darien  and  312  above  the  rnouth  of 
the  Alatamahab,  and  on  very  uneven  bro- 


M  1  L 


-M  1  L 


ken  giouiKl.  Lon.  W  C  6  12  W,  lat,  38 
05  N.  It  contains  tlie  county  and  state 
buildings,  a  state  penitentiary,  2  or  3  print- 
ing offices,  2  or  3  places  of  public  worship. 
Boats  of  25  or  30  tons  are  navigated  from 
vthis  town  to  Darien. 

Jltl'e  Isles,  seigniory,  York  and  Effing- 
ham counties,  Lower  Canada,  on  the  N 
side  of  St.  John's  channel,  20  miles  NW 
from  Montreal. 

MiUer,  couatj'  of  Arkansaw.  Situation 
and  extent  uncertain.  See  .Addenda,  arti- 
cle Arkaiisa-z^. 

Population  in  1820. 


Free  white  males 

518 

do.  do.    females 

399 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

0 

Total  whites 

9ir 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

0 

do.            do.     females    - 

0 

Slaves,  males 

40 

do.    females 

42 

Total  population  in  1820 

999 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

i9r 

do.        in  Manufactures 

11 

do.        in  Commerce 

4 

Millersburg,  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky, 
on  Hinkston's  river,  10  miles  NE  from 
Paris. 

Jliller's-Ferry,  post  office,  llundolph 
county,  Illinois. 

Jililler^s  River,  branch  of  Connecticut 
river,  rises  in  Worcester  county,  flowsf  W 
and  enters  Connecticut  in  Franklin  counV} , 
Massachusetts. 

JMillerstov.'ii,  post  vjllage,  Lebanon  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  5  miles  \V  from  Lebanon. 

Alilleslmo,  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
30  miles  W  from  Genoa. 

J\Iille  Vaches,  seigniory,  Nortiuimberland 
county,  Lower  Canada,  130  miles  below 
Quebec. 

MiUfarm,  post  office,  Caroline  county, 
Virginia. 

Jfillgrove,  po>t  office,  Cabirras  countv. 
North  Carolina,  about  100  miles  S\V  by  W 
from  Italeigh. 

,MiJ!/ieim,  post  office,  Centre  cosinly, 
Pennsylvania,  18  miles  E  from  Beilefoiste. 

•Millsboro,  post  village  of  Susst-x  county, 
Delaware,  on  Indian  river,  10  miles  SE 
from  Georgetown. 

Millfifitid,  townsliip  of  Coes  county 
New  Hampshire,  about  niidwav  be- 
tween Connecticut  river,  and  Umbagog 
lake,  120  miles  N  from  Concord.  Po- 
pulation 1820  uncertain. 

Millstone,  river  of  New  Jersey,  SE 
branch  of  the  Rariton,  rises  in  Mon- 

i  n 


mouth  flows  NW  across  Middlesex  and 
enters  Rariton  river  in  Somerset  county. 

This  stream  is  peculiarly  remarkable, 
as  being  the  only  one  in  the  United 
States  which  rises  on  the  sea  sand  allu- 
vial formation  and  flows  from  it  over 
the  primitive,  in  an  inverted  order. 

Millstone,  or  Middteburg,  post  village 
of  Somerset  county  New  Jersey  on  Mill- 
stone river  14  miles  NNE  from  Prince- 
ton, and  10  VV  from  New  Brunswick. 
MUthorJi,  town  in  Westmoreland,  on  the 
Betha.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ken.  As 
the  navigation  of  the  Ktn,  is  obstructed 
by  a  cataract  near  its  mouth,  Milthorp 
is  the  only  port  in  the  county,  arid  hence 
the  fine  Westmoreland  i^lates  and  other 
commoditii'S  are  exported.  It  is  eight 
miles  S  of  Kendal,  and  255  NNW  of  Lon- 
don. 

Millville,  pest  village  of  Cumberland 
county  New  Jersey  on  Maurice  river,  13 
miles  E  from  Bridecetowa. 

Millville,  post  office,  King  Georges 
county  Virginia. 

Milo,  ancient  Melos,  island  of  the  Archi- 
pcl:go,  50  miles  in  circumference,  with  one 
of  the  best  and  largest  harbours  in  the  Me- 
diterranean. It  produces  excellent  fruits, 
and  delicate  wiae ;  abounds  in  very  good 
cattle,  especially  in  goats  t  and  lias  mines 
of  iron  and  sulphur.  It  is  60  miles  N  of 
Camliu.     Lon.  26  6  E,  lat  36  41  N. 

Miltenberg,  t-swn  of  Franconia,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the  Maine, 
20  m.iles  SE  of  Aschaffcnbursr.  Lon.  9  19 
P:,  lat  49  46  N. 

Milton,  town  in  Kent,  on  the  E  branch 
of  th^  Aledway,  and  noted  for  excellent 
oysters.  It  is  14  miles  NE  of  Maidstone, 
and  42  10  of  London.  Lon,  0  52  E,  lat.  51 
22  N. 

Milton,  town  in  Kent,  incorporated  with 
Gravesend,  from  which  it  is  1  mile  distant. 

Mdtun  Mbey,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  14 
miles  NE  "f  D  rchester,  and  112  W  bv  S 
London      Lon  2  32  W,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Milton,  town  of  Richelieu  county  Lovvei* 
Canida  ;  in  the  great  bend  of  ilie  riviere 
a  !a  Tortue  35,  miles  E  from  Montreal. 

Milton,  to'.vnsiiip  of  StafTbrd  county,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Pisc.vtaqua,  27  miles 
above  Portsmouth.  Population  in  1820, 
1232. 

Milton,  post  village,  Chittenden  county 
Ve.mont,  on  lake  Champiain  at  the  mouth 
oi  Lamoil  river,  l2  miles  N  from  Burling, 
ton.     Population  in  1820,  1600. 

Milton,  po^t  town,  Norfolk  county  Mas- 
.saciiusetts.  oppo-^ite  Dorchester,  or  Nepon- 
set  river,  7  mles  S  from  Boston.  Vessels 
of  150  tons  ascend  thus  far.  It  contains 
sc-veral  manufactories,  and  an  academy. 
p..,pulatioii  in  1820.  1502. 

^Milton,    "own -hip  of  Saratoga    county. 
New    Yorkj    containing  the    village    and 
6C9 


M  I  N 


M  I  N 


springs  of  Ballston  Spa.  ropulalloii  in 
1820,  2796. 

Alilloii,  or  Xing'' s-f err  I',  pest  village  Cay- 
ug-a  county  New  York,  on  Cayuga  lake,  20 
miles  N  from  Utica. 

Milton,  post  town  of  Non'mmberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  river, 
12  miles  above  Northumberland. 

JMilton,  or  Broadkill,  village  of  Sussex 
county,  Delaware,  on  Broadkiil  creek,  15 
miles  "SE  by  E  from  Milford. 

J^'Elton,  post  village,  Albermarle  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Kivannu  river,  5  miles  be- 
low Charlotteviile. 

jyElton,  post  village,  Rockingham  county 
North  Carolina. 

Milton,  post  village,  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio. 

Milton,  township  of  Wayne  county,  Ohio, 
12  miles  NE  from  Wooster.  Population 
in  1820,  208. 

Milton,  township  of  Richland  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  544. 

Milton,  post  town  of  Miami  county, 
Ohio,  8  miles  SW  from  Troy. 

Milton,  township  of  Jackson  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 434. 

Milton's  Bluff.     See  Marathon  Alabama. 

J\£llville,  post  town,  Ross  township  But- 
ler county,  Ohio^  on  Indian  creek,  7  miles 
W  from  Hamilton. 

JiJS7ms  -Bay,  is  a  small  gulf  extending 
fi'om  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Fundy  east- 
wards into  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Minas  Gesaes,  captain  generalship  of 
Brasil ;  bounded  bv  the  Atlantic  Ocean  E, 
Rio  Janeiro  SE,  St.  Pauls  SW ;  Goias  W  ; 
and  Bahia,  or  St.  Salvador  N„  Length  600, 
and  breadth  300.  It  is  drained  by  the  Pa- 
rana, St.  Francisco,  and  Doce  rivers,  and 
traversed  from  N  to  S  by  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains. It  produces  gold,  diamonds,  and 
other  minerals,  with  an  immense  variety  of 
the  most  precious  vegetables.  Between 
lat.  14  30,  and  22  30  S.  Population 
360,000. 

Minch,  great  sound,  or  channel,  on  the 
W  coast  of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W  by  the  islands  of  Lewis  and  Harris,  N 
and  S  Uist,  and  Bara,  on  the  W  ;  and  on 
the  E  by  the  isle  of  Skye. 

Mincio,  river  of  Italy,  flowing  from  the 
lake  of  Garda  by  Mantua,  into  the  Po,  8 
miles  below  that  fortr-jss. 

Mmdanoa,  the  largest  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  next  to  Lucon>.a.  It  is  180  miles 
long  and  120  broad,  and  is  gove)ned  by  a 
siUtan,  who  is  absolute.  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous  country,  full  of  hills  and  valleys ;  and 
the  mould  is  generally  deep  bLfck,  and 
fruitful.  The  principal  town  of  the  same 
name  is  pretty  large,  and  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  coast. 

Mindelheim,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle 
on  a  mountain.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  lord- 
610 


s!vp  between  the  rivers  lUer  and  Lech,  and 
23  miles  SW  of  Augsburg. 

Minden,  fortified  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name. 
Its  convenient  situation  for  trade  and  navi- 
gation, its  breweries,  sugar-houses,  and 
wax  manufacture,  are  great  advantages  to 
the  inhabitants.  Near  this  town  prince 
Ferdinand,  of  Brunswick,  defeated  the 
French,  in  1759.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weser,  43  miles  E  of  Osnaburg.  Lon.  8 
56  E  lat.  52  19  N. 

Minden,  Western  township  of  Montgo- 
mery county,  New  York,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Alohawk.  Population  in  1820,  un- 
certain. 

Minden,  township  and  post  village  of 
Monroe  county,  New  Yoik,  in  the  NE  part 
of  the  county.  Population  in  1820,  2012. 
See  Mendow. 

Mindoro,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 

50  miles  in  circumference,  separated  from 
Luconia  by  a  narrow  cbannel.  It  is  full  of 
mountains,  which  abound  in  palm-trees, 
and  all  sorts  of  fruits.  The  inhabitants  are 
pagans,  and  pay  tribute  to  the  Spaniards. 

Minehead,  borough  and  seaport  in  So- 
mersetshire. It  is  a  good  harbour  on  the 
Bristol  channel,  for  ships  of  large  burden  ; 
and  carries  en  a  trade  in  wool,  coal,  and 
herrirtgs.  It  is  31  miles  N  of  Exeter,  and 
163  W  by  S  of  London.    Lon.  3  34  W,  lat. 

51  12  N. 

^Fingrelia,  province  of  Asia,  which  makes 
part  of  Georgia  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
Black  sea,  E  by  Imeritia,  S  by  a  part  of 
Georgia,  and  N  by  Circassia.  It  is  govern- 
ed by  a  prince,  who  was  tributary  to  the 
sovereign  of  Imeritia,  but  in  1783,  he  put 
himself  under  tlie  protection  of  Russia. 
The  face  of  this  country,  its  products,  and 
tlie  customs  and  manners  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, are  similar  to  tho-se  of  Georgia. 

Mmevva,  township  of  Essex  county  New 
York,  near  the  centre  of  the  county.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  271. 

3Enerva,  post  town.  Mason  county, 
Kentucky. 

JiEngan.  group  of  islands  along  the 
northern  shore  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

Minhn,  river  of  Spnin,  which  has  its 
source  in  Galicia,  near  Castro  del  Rey,  and 
passing  by  Lugo,  Ortense,  and  Tey,  it  then 
divides  Galicia  from  Portugal,  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  Caminl^a. 

Miniato,  St.  epi.scopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
sea'.ed  on  the  Arno,  20  miles  SW  of  Flo- 
rence.    Lon.  10  45  E,  lat-  43  40  N. 

jVEnisink,  township  of  Orange  county. 
New  York,  containing  4005  inhabitants  in 
1810,  and  in  1820,  5053.  It  is  situated  on 
the  NE  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  and 
joining  to  the  st.ate  of  New  Jersey. 

Minerbino,  small  town  of  Naples  in  Italy, 
in  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a  bishop's  see,  26 


M   1   H 


M  I  S 


miles  N  of  C!renza.Lon.  16  19  E,  lat  41 
8  N. 

J\Ii7iorca,  one  of  the  Balearic  groupe, 
an  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  lying  50 
miles  to  the  NE  of  Majorca.  It  is  30 
miles  in  length,  and  12  in  breadth ;  and 
is  a  mountainous  country,  with  some 
fruitful  valleys,  where  there  are  excel- 
lent mules.  Cittadella  is  the  capital : 
but  greater  consequence  is  attached  to 
the  town  cf  Mahon  on  account  of  its  ex- 
cellent harbour,  which  is  defended  by 
Fort  St,  Philip,  one  of  the  strongest  for- 
tresses in  Europe,  and  on  the  fate  of 
which  the  v/hole  island  depends.  Lon. 
3  48  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Minori,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on 
the  gulf  cf  Salerno,  bttween  the  town  of 
that  nanfie  and  Amalsi. 

J\Snot,  township  of  Cumberland  county 
Maine  35  miles  from  Portland.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  2524. 

Minsingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  handsome 
castle.    Lon.  9  35  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

JMi7iski,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  sane  name,  witli  two 
citadels,  one  of  which  is  seated  in  a  mo- 
rass. The  country  is  pretty  fertile,  and 
,.J*  has  forests  containing  vast  numbers  of 
bees,  whose  honey,  makes  part  of  its 
riches.  Minski  is  &5  miles  N  of  Siuczk, 
and  100  SE  of  Wilna.  Lon,  26  48,  E, 
lat.  54.  11  N. 

J\Tmsk,  government  of  European  Rus- 
sia, between  the  Dwina,  and  Volhynia. 
Area  37,000  square  miles,  v;ith  a  popu- 
lation of  950,000. 

Miolans,  fortress  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock,  in  the  valley  of  Barcelonetta,  liOn. 
6  20  E,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Mioss,  lake  of  Norway,  in  the  province 
of  Hedemarke,  80  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  divided  by  a  large  peninsula, 
and  is  from  12  to  18  miles  broad.  It 
contains  one  island  about  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, fertile  in  corn,  pastures,  and 
wood,  and  sprinkled  with  several  farm 
houses. 

Miquelon,  small  desert  island,  SW  of 
Cape  May  in  Newfoundland,  ceded  to 
the  French  by  the  peace  of  1763,  for 
drying  and  curing  their  fish.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1793,  Lon  VV  C 
20  50  E,  lat  46  42  N. 

Miramichi,  bay  and  river,  of  the  E 
coast  of  New  Brunswick,  60  miles  S, 
from  Chaleur  bay.  The  river  I'ises  about 
120  miies  inland  interlocking  witii  the 
sources  of  the  Shicatahoch  branch  of  St. 
John's  river. 

Miranda-de-douero,  fortified  town  of 


Portugal,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tra- 
los-Montes,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Douero  and  Fresna,  208  miles  N  bv 
E  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  6  0  W,  lat,  41  40  I^. 

Mira7idade-Ebro,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
in  a  country  that  produces  excellent  Avine, 
on  the  river  Ebro,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge.  It  is  34  miles. S  of  Bilboa, 
and  160  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  13  W, 
lat.  42  49  N. 

Mirandey  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmt-nf  of  Gvrs,  and  late  province  of 
Gascony,  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Baise.  Its  principal  articles  of  com- 
merce, are  wool,  down,  and  geese  fea- 
thers. It  is  15  miles  SW  of  Auch,  and 
340  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  26  E,  lat.  43 
30  N. 

Mirandola,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
duchy  (.f  the  same  name.  It  is  a  well 
forcififd  place,  subject  to  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  20  miles  NE  of  Modena, 
Lon.  11  19  E,  lat  44  52  N, 

Mirebeau,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
psrtmentof  Vienne.  Its  asses  have  long 
been  famous  for  their  beauty  and  strength. 
It  is  16  miles  N  of  Poitiers,  and  175  SW 
of  Paris 

Mirecourt,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  famous  for  its  vio- 
lins and  fine  laces.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Modon,  27  miles  S  of  Nanci,  and 
30  SE  of  Toul.   Lon.  6  4  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

.Mircniont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne.  Near  it  is  a  re- 
markable cavern,  called  Ciuseau.  It  is 
seated  near  the  river  Vizere,  15  miles  E 
of  Btrrgt-rac 

.Mirr/ioix,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Pyrenees.  It  was 
lately  an  episcopal  town,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Cers,  15  iniies  N  of  Foix. 

Jifi&eno,  cape  of  Italy,  in  the  Terre  di 
Lav(;i'i,  between  Puzzoli  and  Cuma.  Oh 
it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Misenum. 

Miserde-ti,  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
six  miles  NW  of  Cirencester,  famous  for 
a  jjark,  in  a  valley  of  which  is  a  mount 
of  a  circular  form,  now  overgrown  with 
trees.  This  was  the  site  of  an  ancient 
castle,  built  in  the  reign  cf  king  John ;  and 
part  of  the  mrat,  which  encompassed 
the  building,  is  still  to  be  seen. 

Misitra,  town  of  Greece  in  the  Morea. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Vasilipotamo,  ancient 
Euestas,  iavo  miles  from  the  ruins  of 
Sparta,  28  miles  SE  frojn  Tripollizza, 
100  miles  SW  of  Athens,  and  90  N  by  E 
of  Lepanto.     Lon.  22  30  E,   lat.  37  6  N. 

Mmsassaga  River,  of  Upper  Canada 
runs  into  Lake  Huron,  between  le  Ser- 
pent and  Tlie'.;5alon  River,  on  the  north 
5;bore. 

'cn 


M   i    !* 


M  J   S 


JHssassaga  Point,  oi  Upper  Canada, 
in  the  towasliip  of  Newark,  Hes  on  the 
west  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Niagara,  and  opposite  the  fortress  of 
Niagara. 

Jlissassaga  Island,  Upper  Canada, 
lies  opposite  the  niouih  (if  the  Trent,  and 
about  the  sanif  di;.tance  fif  nn  the  portage 
at  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Quinte. 

Jlissiscoui,  or  Jfiasisski,  river  rising 
in  Canada,  enters  Vermont  in  Franklin 
county ;  whence  it  flows  nearly  in  a 
western  course  to  Michiscou  or  Missis- 
coui  bay,  a  branch  (if  hike  Chanipkiin. 

JMississippi  River.  Frrnj  the  magni 
tudeand  importaiict.  of  tl  !sp;reat  stream, 
the  following  c-^mprehert^ive  view,  is 
taken,  not  alone  of  its  ci'nflnents  pro- 
perly so  called,  but  also,  those  m  th-  vi^ 
cinity  of  its  Dalta,  w'.^ich  ent^-r  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  in  the  Ui  ited  States. 

The  most  south-western  btream  of 
the  United  States  is  that  of  the  babine. 
This  river  has  its  source  in  the  province 
of  Texas,  North  lat.  32  30  It  flows  in 
a  general  course  nearly  south,  but 
curves  to  the  eastward  about  mid-dis- 
tance between  its  source  and  mouth. 
At  North  lat.  30,  it  expands  into  a  large 
lake,  of  thirty. miles  in  Unglh,  and  from 
five  to  eight  wide  ;  which  at  its  lower 
extremity,  again  contracts  into  a  river, 
and  dischartrcs  into  the  guU  of  Mexico, 
at  North  lat.  29  28.  VVest  Icn.'  from 
Washington  city,  15  45. 

The  Sabine  affurds  no  navigation  of 
consequence,  having  only  three  tVet  wa- 
ter on  the  bar  at  its  mouth  ;  the  Sabine 
lake  is  also  shallow,  net  having  more 
than  four  or  five. 

The  Cakassiu  is  the  next  stream  east 
of  the  Sabine.  The  former  rises  in  the 
angle  between  the  latter  and  Red  river  ; 
flows  nearly  south  about  120  miits  and 
falls  into  the  Gu^f  of  Mt  xico,  thirty 
miles  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine. 
The  Calcassiu,  similar  to  the  Sabine, 
expands  into  a  lake,  and  again  cmtracts 
into  a  river  channel,  before  its  final  dis- 
charge- The  former  is  also  similar  to 
the  latter  in  its  I'avigation  being  impe- 
ded by  a  bar,  and  by  the  s'nallown<  ss  of 
its  large  lake.  The  mouth  of  the  Cal- 
cassiu river  is  at  North  lat.  29  20. 

Following  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  twelve  miles  east  from  the  dis- 
charge of  the  Calcassiu,  is  found  t!ie  en- 
trance of  the  Mermentau.  This  latter 
stream  is  formed  by  a  number  of 
branches,  having  their  sources  in  tb.e 
prairies  of  Opelousas.  The  general 
course  of  the  Mermentau  is  from  nortl  - 
east  to  south-west  about  100  miles.  It  is 
remarkable  as  possessing  similar  features 
to  the  Calcassiu  ^nd  Sabine  rivers,  and 
61? 


similar  also  in  a  defective  navigation, 
arising  from  a  bar  at  the  entrance,  and 
by  the  shailowiiess  of  its  large-  lake,  nei- 
ther affording  more  than  three  or  four 
feet  water. 

An  interval  of  near  sixty  miles 
stretches  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mer- 
mentau to  that  of  the  Vermilion,  a  fine 
but  small  stream,  rising  in  Opelousas, 
but  flowing  through  Attacapas  into  the 
Gulf  (f  Mexico,  after  an  entire  course 
of  about  eighty  miles.  The  lands  along 
the  Vermilion  river  are  of  the  first 
quality,  producing  cotton,  and  towards 
the  mouth  some  piantati(ins  of  sugar- 
cane have  been  successfully  attempted  ; 
but  vessels  .'rawing  more  than  five  feet 
watir  cannot  enter  The  Vermilion  eli- 
te rs  t;-.e  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  North  lat.29  45. 

'i'he  united  streams  (f  Atchafalaya, 
Teche,  and  Courtableau,  fi^rm  a  river  of 
much  greater  importance  and  magnitude 
than  any  other  in  the  United  States, 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  Atchafalaya  is  the  upper  mouth 
ot  the  Mississippi,  and  leaves  the  latter 
at  North  lat.  31,  and  West  Ion.  from 
Washington  city  14  47,  by  a  stream  110 
yards  wide  ;  its  course  is  a  little  east  of 
south,  and  by  its  windings  forty-eight 
miles  to  where  it  receives  the  (Jourta- 
bleau  from  the  north-west.  Below  the 
Courtableau,  the  Atchafalaya  flows  eigh- 
ty miles,  and  is  again  augmented  by  the 
Teche,  also  from  the  north-west.  After 
receiving  the  Teche  the  Atchafalaya 
flnws  twenty  miles,  where  it  is  lost  in  a 
large  buy,  known  by  ihe  same  name. 
The  Atchafalaya  bay  is  about  twenty- 
three  miles  long,  and  thirteen  miles 
wide,  It  is  eoclosed  on  the  south-west 
by  two  long  narrow  points  of  land,  Point 
Chevreuil,  and  Point  au  Fer.  Between 
those  two  points  extends  a  bar,  over 
which  there  is  nine  ftet  water,  and 
within  the  bay  and  river  sufficient  depth 
to  permit  the  passage  ot  any  vessel  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Teche,  which  can  pass 
the  bar.  The  mouth  of  Atchafalaya  is 
at  N  lat.  29  21,  W  Ion.  from  W  C  14  22. 

The  Teche  rises  in  Opelousas,  and 
floAving  thirty  miles,  enters  Attacapas, 
where  it  receives  a  creek  from  the  west, 
and  assumes  the  form  of  a  river.  After 
entering  Attacapas,  the  Teche  continues, 
by  a  very  winding  course  of  eighty  miles, 
a  little  east  of  south,  to  New  Iberia, 
North  lat.  30  2.  The  town  of  New  Ibe- 
ria stands  upon  the  right  bank  of  the 
Teche,  at  the  head  of  schooner  or  sloop 
navigation.  Vesst  Is,  however,  drawing 
five  feet  water,  can  ascend  to  this  place 
at  all  seasons.  The  Teche,  below  New 
Iberia,  gradually  widens  from  about  30 


:s[  1  s 


M  I  s 


to  lOU  yards,  and  deepens  from  five  to  30 
or  40  feet.  Its  stream  now  turns  ESE 
and  continues  90  miles,  where  it  mingles 
its  waters  with  the  Atchafalaya. 

The  Teche  is  a  small,  but  very  singular 
and  important  stream.  In  all  its  lengtli, 
of  about  130  miles,  it  drains  one  of  the 
most  fertile  tracts  in  the  United  States, 
On  its  upper  waters  cotton,  and  towards 
its  mouth  sugar  and  molasses,  are  the  staples 
produced  for  market. 

New  Iberia  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  ves- 
sels are  frequently  cleared  out  from  that 
place,  but  the  general  commercial  com- 
munication is  with  the  city  of  New  Orlean-,~ 
through  the  Atchafalaya,  Plaquem.ne,  and 
Mississippi,  or  by  the  lakes  Palourde  and 
Verret,  and  the  Lafourche  and  Mississippi 
rivers. 

The  riaquemine  is  an  outlet  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, 117  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It 
is  only  during  the  seasons  of  flood  that  wa- 
ter is  discharged  into  the  Plaquemine, 
which,  after  a  very  circuitous  course  of  fif- 
teen miles,  joins  the  Atchafalaya.  Through 
the  Plaquemine  is,  however,  transported 
most  of  the  merchandise  for  the  supply  of 
the  very  flourishing  settlements  of  Attaca- 
pas  and  Opelousas ;  and  by  this  route  is 
also  sent  to  market  the  valuable  staples  of 
those  places. 

Boats  from  fifteen  or  twenty,  to  fifty  or 
sixty  tons,  ascend  from  New  Orleans,  and 
entering  the  Plaquemine,  pass  into  the  At- 
chafalaya. Those  destined  to  the  lower 
parts  of  Attacapas  descend  the  latter  river, 
and  enter  by  the  mouth  of  Teche.  Those 
bound  to  the  central  part  of  Attacapas  as- 
cend the  Atchafalaya  about  tvvfenly  miles, 
and  thence,  by  an  outlet  and  Lake  Che- 
timaches,  proceed  to  the  Pause  Point 
landing.  Here  is  a  portage  of  ten  or 
twelve  miles  to  St.  Marlinsville,  the  chief 
town  of  Attacapas.  Another  outlet,  and  a 
chain  of  small  lakes  and  bayous  (creeks,) 
enable  vessels  to  be  conveyed  to  the  up- 
per part  of  Attacapas,  and  the  lower  part 
of  Opelousas.  Vessels  destined  for  the 
higher  and  central  parts  of  Opelousas, 
ascend  the  Atchafalaya  to  the  mouth  of 
Courtableau,  and  thence  up  the  latter  river 
to  Lemell's  landing,  six  miles,  or  into  Ba- 
you Carron,  within  four  miles  from  St. 
Landre,  seat  of  justice  and  chief  town  of 
Opelousas. 

The  Courtableau  is  a  fine  little  river, 
formed  by  the  united  streams  of  Crocodile 
and  Roeuf.  The  two  latter  creeks  unite  at 
N  lat.  30  34.  The  general  course  of  the 
Courtableau  is  south-east,  about  thirty  miles 
in  length.  It  affords,  dtiring  higl/water, 
part  of  a  very  eligible  channel  of  cominvi- 
nication  between  the  settlements  of  Opolou- 
sas,  and  the  lower  part  of  Rapides,  with 
^e  banks  of  the  Mississippi, 


The  navigation  of  the  Atchafalaya  is  en^ 
tirely  obstructed  by  rafts  of  timber,  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Courtableau.  These  ex- 
traordinary masses  of  trees  commence 
twenty-six  miles  below  the  efiilux  of  the 
Atchafalaya  from  the  Mississippi,  and  ex- 
tend by  intervals  to  within  five  miles  of  its 
junction  with  the  Courtableau. 

Advancing  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
eastward  from  the  mouth  of  Atchafalaya, 
the  Lafourche  is  the  first  inlet  of  conse- 
quence, in  a  commcrciul  point  of  view. 
In  the  intermediate  distance  of  sixty  miles, 
sevend  small  cretks  enter  the  Gulf,  but 
from  iheir  very  abridged  length  of  course 
are  unimportant. 

The  Lafourche,  (the  Fork,)  as  its  name 
imports,  is  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
the  second  from  the  right  in  descending 
from  the  Atchafalaja,  the  Fhicfuemine  be- 
ing the  first.  The  outlet  of  the  Lafourche 
is^at  N  lat.  30  6,  W  Ion.  from  W  C  14  1. 
After  leaving  the  Mississippi,  the  general 
course  of  the  Lafourche  is  south-east  by 
south,  ninety  miles.  It  enters  the  Gidf  of 
Mexico  at  N  lat.  28  57.  W  Ion.  from  W  C 
13  30. 

The  Lafourche  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant inlets  of  Louisiana,  having  9 
feet  water  on  its  bar,  and  admitting  ves- 
sels drawing  4  or  5  feet  to  within  30 
miles  of  its  efflux.  An  arable  border  of 
extremely  productive  soil,  skirts  both 
banks  of  the  Lafourche  for  60  or  70  miles 
from  the  Mississippi.  Cotton  and  sugar 
are  the  principal  staples.  Most  of  the 
produce  and  merchandise  of  the  settle- 
ments along  its  banks,  arc  transported 
by  the  Mississippi,  tb  and  from  New  Or- 
leans. ^ 

P>etween  the  mouth  of  the  Lafourche 
and  tliat  of  the  Mississippi,  several  inlets 
admit  a  boat  navigation  to  New  Orleans. 
The  principal  of  these  bays  is  that  of 
Barataria,  by  which,  and  a  number  of 
lakes  and  interlt.cking  streams,  a  direct 
communication  exists  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mt'xicotoihe  Mississippi  atNev/Oricans, 

1  he  Misbiksippi  itself  has  three  main 
and  three  lesser  passes  or  outlets.  The 
most  frequented  of  which  is  that  of  the 
South-east,  upon  the  bar  of  which  there 
are  12  feet  water  at  low  tides.  Next  to 
that  of  the  South-east  that  of  the  South- 
west is  the  best  entrance.  The  latter 
has  indeed  as  grreat  a  depth  of  water  as 
tlie  I'orjr.er.  Upon  the  South  Pass  there 
are  S  feet  water.  These  three  are  the 
chief  outlets  of  tliis  great  stream.  The 
West,  North,  and  pass  a  la  Loutre,  have 
from  5  to  8  feet  water  on  their  respective 
bars. 

Between  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  bay, 
a  verv  interestinf^'  inland  navigation  ex- 
61  .S 


M  I  S 


ists,  through  Lake  Pontchartrain,  the 
Rigolets,  Lake  Borgne,  Pass  au  Chris- 
tian, and  Pass  au  Heron  I'his  channel 
is  formed  by  a  chain  of  iblands,  the  low 
marshy  expanse  north-east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  and  the  main  shore  of 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  Vessels  above 
five  feet  draught  cannot  make  tliis  pas- 
sage, as  over  either  the  shoals  of  the 
Pass  au  Christian,  or  Heron,  that  is  the 
ordinary  depth. 

This  interior  channel  is  continued,  to 
the  north-west  of  New  Orleans,  by  Lake 
Pontchartrain,  Pass  au  Manchac,  Lake 
Maurepas,  Amite  river,  and  Bayou  Iber- 
ville, to  the  Mississippi  river,  125  miles,  by 
water,  above  that  city.  Schooners  draw- 
ing five  feet  water,  go  up  as  far  as  Galvez- 
town,  at  the  confluence  ol  Bayou  Iberville 
ii-'.d  Amite  rivers.  From  the  efflux  of  the 
Iberville  to  the  Pass  of  Heron  is  about  200 
miles,  80  of  which  are  to  the  north-west, 
and  120  to  the  north-east  by  east  of  New 
Orleans.  Into  this  extensive  channel  arc 
discharged,  exclusive  of  the  Amite  and 
Mobile  rivers,  the  Tickfoha,  into  Lake 
Maurepas;  the  Tangipao  and  Chifuncte, 
into  Lake  Pontchartrain  ;  Pearl  river  into 
the  Kigolds;  and  the  Pascagoula,  opposite 
Horn  island.  Each  of  those  minor  streams 
afford  less  or  more  facilities  to  navigation, 
but  do  not  admit  vessels  of  more  than  five 
feet  draught  but  a  very  short  distance  from 
the  sea.  Schooners  are  most  commonly 
used  in  the  commerce  of  these  inlets 
and  shallov^'  rivers.  A  steam-boat  plies, 
however,  between  New  Orleans,  and  Mo- 
bile and  Blakley. 

Mobile  bay  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  of 
30  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
11  miles.  Dauphin  island,  and  Mobile 
Point,  land-locivs  Mobile  bay.  The  main 
entrance,  with  18  feet  of  water,  lies  be- 
tween the  islantl  and  point.  Pass  au  He- 
ron, with  5  feet,  lies  between  Dauphin 
island  and  the  main  shore  of  Alabama.  A 
bar,  with  only  10  feet  of  water,  crosses 
Mobile  bay,  about  fire  miles  below  the 
town  of  Mobile. 

Above  Mobile  tovv-n  the  bay  gradually 
ceases,  and  is  succeeded  by  a  low  sunken 
tract  of  30  miles  in  length,  and  from  3  to 
live  miles  wide.  Through  this  occasion- 
ally in\indated  tract,  beside  many  minor 
streams,  meanders  the  Mobile  and  Tensau 
rivers ;  the  former  being  the  continuation 
of  the  Tombigbee,  and  the  latter  of  the 
Alabama  river.  Vessels  drawing  five  feet 
water  are  taken  as  high  in  the  Tombigbee 
as  Port  St.  Stephens,  and  in  the  Alabama 
to  Fort  Claiborne.  At  each  of  those  two 
latter  places,  shoals  impede  the  farther  na- 
vigation of  the  rivers  respectively,  with 
vessels  propelled  by  sails,  though  boats  as- 
pend  and  descend,  in  the  Tombigbee,  to 
614 


Cotton  Gin  port,  and  in  the  Alabama,  to 
its  head  at  the  junction  of  Coosa  and  Tal- 
lapoosa. 

East  of  Mobile,  Pensacola  is  the  first 
harbour  of  any  consequence.  The  Perdi- 
do  intervenes,  but  having  but  little  water, 
and  terminating  in  a  barren  uninteresting 
country,  merits  no  particular  notice.  Pen- 
sacola, to  its  depth  of  water,  is  one  of  the 
finest  havens  of  the  worid.  Its  entrance  is 
at  North  lat.  SO  23,  West  Ion.  from  Wash- 
ington city  10  20.  The  entrance  between 
llose  island  and  Barancas  point  is  over  a 
bar  having  twenty -two  feet  water,  upon  a 
fine  sandy  bottom.  The  bay  is  about  twen- 
ty miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
about  three  miles.  The  anchorage  is,  in 
every  part,  a  soft  mud  or  sand.  No  rocky 
banks  or  dangerous  shoals  environ  this 
noble  sheet  of  water.  Tlie  bay,  above  the 
town  of  Pensacola,  is  divided  into  two 
arms ;  one,  stretching  north,  receives  the 
Escambia,  and  the  other,  to  the  north-east, 
the  Yellow  Water  river. 

The  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  is  re- 
markable  as  forming  the  connecting  link 
between  the  waters  which  flow  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  those  which  enter 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Appalachicola 
is  formed  by  two  streams,  the  Ctiatahooche 
and  Flint  rivers.  The  former  rises  in  the 
Appalachian  mountains,  at  North  lat.  35, 
interlocking  with  the  sources  of  Tennessee, 
Oakmulgee,  Oconee,  and  Savannah  rivers  ; 
and  flowing  southwest  by  soudi,  through 
two  degrees  of  latitude,  turns  thence  nearly 
due  south,  to  North  lat.  30  45,  where  it 
receives  the  Flint.  The  latter,  an  inferior 
stream  to  the  former,  has  its  soiu'ces  in  the 
angle  between  the  Oakmulgee  -and  Cbata- 
hooche  rivers,  at  North  lat.  33  40,  and  flow- 
ing south-v/est  by  south,  200  miles,  unites 
with  the  Ciiatahooche,  and  forms  the  Ap- 
palachicola. 

This  latter  fine  river  flows  a  little  west 
of  south,  to  North  lat.  29  50,  having  an 
entire  course  of  about  seventy  miles  ;  its 
mouth  is  into  St.  George's  sound. 

The  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  affords 
an  inland  navigable  expanse  of  400  miles 
in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  150,  and 
having  an  area  of  about  20,000  square 
miles.  Though  interrupted  by  some  falls, 
and  many  shoal.s,  the  rivers  of  Chatahooche 
and  Flint  are  navigable  almost  to  their 
sources  ;  and  schooners  of  considerable 
size  ascend  tiie  Appalachicola  to  its  head. 

Cotton,  tobacco,  grain,  tar,  and  lumber, 
are  the  common  staples  of  this  basin. 

In  all  the  immense  di.stance  from  Pensa- 
cola to  t'le  bay  of  Esplritu  Santo,  except 
the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola,  there  is 
no  inlet  of  any  commercial  consequence  in 
a  general  view. 

The  fine  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo  is  situated 
upon  the  west  coast  of  the  peninsula  of 


.M  I  S 


M  I  S 


East  Florida,  at  North  ht.  27  40,  West  Ion.  their  size,  or  the  density  o  f  the  earth  over 

from    Washington   city   6    20.     There    is  which  they  flow.     So  that   our  hills,  with 

about  two  feet  more  water  on  the   bar  of,  some  few  exceptions,  are  nothing  more  or 

t:spiritu  Santo  than  upon  that  of  Pensaco-  less  than  clifFs  or  banks  made   by  the   ac- 

la,  but  tiie  country  around  the  litter  re-  tion   of  the  streams;  and  althoug!\  tiiese 

mains  so  imperfectly  known,  that  its  com-  cliHs  or   banks,   on  the  rivers  and  larger 

mercial  value  c.uiHot  be  estimated  with  any  creeks,  approach  the   size  of  momuains, 

certainty  at  present.  yet  their  tops  are  generally  level,  being  the 

Having   followed  in  regular  order  the  remains  of  the  ancient  plain.     In  the  eas- 


tern  pai  t  of  the  stale,  some  few  hills  are 
found  in  sharp  ridges  similar  to  those  in 
the  eastern  states.  The  base  of  the  hills 
is  generally  composed  of  limesto.ne,  free, 
or  sandstone,  slate,  and  gravel,  admixed 
with  mineral  coal,  ochre,  Sec." — Bourne. 

The  author  of  this  article  surveyed,  in 
1815,  Pittsburgh   and   its    environs,    and 


minor  streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  we  now  turn  to  a  review  of  the 
basin  of  the  Mississippi. 

This  great  stream,  forming  a  river  of 
the  first  order,  deserves  particular  notice  in 
an  elementary  work.  Under  the  general 
term  Mississippi,  we  include  not  only  that 

river  properly  so  called,  but  every  secon-    .       ,    ,  ,  -    ,  -     , 

dary  or  confluent  body  of  water  which  en-  found  the  rocks  there,  as  m  every  other 
ters  into,  or  contributes  to  augment  the  P^^t  of  the  Op.io  valley  perfectly  parallel 
mass  of  the  main  recipient.  to  the  horizon,  of  course    speaking  teclim- 

FoUowing  this  plan,  the  basin  of  the  Mis-  caHy.  Aoetz  formation  Fhe  circumstance 
sissippi  may  be  naturally  divided  into  four  most,  conclusive  of  the  fact,  that  the  hilis 
grand  sections  ;  first,  advancing  from  east  and  valleys  of  this  region  were  formed  by 
to  west,  the  valley  of  Ohio  and  its  tributa-  abrasion,  is  the  uniformity  ot  elevation  and 
ry  waters;  that  of  Mississippi  and  its  similar  material  of  corresponding  strata  on 
branches  ;  that  of  Missouri  and  its  branch-  the  opposing  banks  of  the  streams  ;  phe- 
es  i  and  that  of  the  lower  Mississippi,  below  nomena  every  where  visible,  where  the  na- 
the  mouth  of  Missouri.  Of  these  sections  ture  of  the  country  will  admit  accurate  ob- 
•    order.  servation.    The  coal  strata  near  P.ttsburgh 

0/«o^)Wv.— This  very  important  region  ^^f^  in  every  place  found  about  340  feet 
embraces  about  200,000  square  miles  of  'i??^'?  '«*  water  level  in  the  rivers  of  that 
area,  equal  to  128.000,000  of  United  States    vicinity. 

acres.  Its  greatest  length  is  from  the  Embracing  the  whole  Oliio  valley  in  one 
north-east  sources  of  the  Allegheny  river  perspective,  it  is  found  divided  into  two 
to  the  head  of  Bear  creek,  a  branch  of  very  unequal  portions  by  that  river ; 
Tennessee  river,  750  miles.  Its  greatest  leaving  120,000  square  miles  to  the  south- 
breadth,  from  the  sources  of  the  French  east,  and  80,000  on  the  north-west.  The 
Broad,  to  those  of  the  Wabash  river,  500  Ohio,  forming  a  common  recipient  for  the 
miles.  In  point  of  climate,  it  extends  water  of  the  minor  streams  of  both  slopes, 
from  North  lat.  34  to  42  30,  or  through  flows  in  a  very  deep  ravine,  south  64*^  west. 
seven  and  a  half  degrees  of  latitude,  af-  478  geographical,  or  548  miles,  in  a  direct 
fording  a  very  considerable  difi'erence  of  line  from  Pittsburgh  to  the  jiuiction  of  this 
seasons  and  temperature.  river   with  the    Mississippi.     The    entire 

It  has  been  long  the  opinion  of  the  au-  length  of  Ohio  by  its  meanders,  is  by  actual 
thor  of  this  article,  an  opinion  formed  from  admeasurement  948  miles, 
the  fruits  of  many  years  observation,  that  The  peculiar  features  of  this  river,  and 
the  Ohio  region  once  formed  an  immense  its  immediate  banks,  have  led  to  mos-.t  of 
inclined  plane  ;  and  that  the  beds  of  all  the  t!ie  gross  misrepresen'.ations  respecting, 
rivers  have  been  formed  by  abrasion  of  the  valley  in  general.  The  low  water  sur- 
water.  Thistheory  is  supported  by  Mr  A.  face  of  the  Monongahela  at  Brownsville, 
Boui'ne,  author  of  a  large  and  vslunble  map  has  been  found  to  amount  to  850  feet  above 
of  the  stale  of  Ohio.  The  following  is  a  high  tide  in  the  Chesapeak  bay.  Estima- 
quotation  from  a  manuscript  letter  I'romtliat  ting  the  fall  in  the  M-nongahela  to  be 
gentle  man  on  the  subject.  ''  Tiie  hills  are  twenty  feet  from  the  borough  of  Browns- 
generally  found  near  the  rivers  or  large  ville  to  the  city  of  Pittsburgh,  would  pro- 
creeks,  and  parallel  to  them  on  each  side  ;  duce  830  feet  as  the  elevation  of  the  latter 
having  between  them  the  alluvial  va'ley,  place  above  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
through  which  the  stream  meanders ;  apex  of  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  Pitts- 
usually  near  the  middle ;  but  sometimes  burgli,  are  within  a  small  fraction  of  460 
washes  the  foot  of  either  hill  alternately,  above  the  low  water  level  of  the  Mononga- 
Perhaps  the  best  idea  of  th;  topography  of  hela,  Allegheny,  and  Ohio  i-ivers.  By 
this  state  may  be  obtained,  by  conceiving  these  elements  we  have  460  added  to  830, 
the  state  to  be  one  vast  elevated  plain,  or  1290  feet  as  the  extreme  elev^Uion  of  the 
near  the  c'jnl re  of  which  the  stre.^ms  rise,  hills  ntar  Pittsburgh  above  the  Atlantic 
and  in  their  course  wearing  down  a  bed  or  tides.  We  may,  therefore,  if  the  correct- 
valley,  whose  depth  is  in  proportion  to     ness  of  our  previous  theory  is  admitted, 

615 


M  I  S 


M  I  S 


suppose  tliat  the  latter  elevation  was  that 
of  this  part  of  the  original  plain  from  which 
the  valley  has  been  formed.  This  eleva- 
tion evidently  declined  towards  the  now 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  leaving  a  descent  for 
the  waters. 

The  actual  elevation  of  the  present  sur- 
face of  the  country,  adjacent  to  the  great 
central  junction  of  the  Mississippi  wi'.h  its 
confluents,  is  not  determined  with  the  same 
precision  with  that  of  Pittsburgh  :  but, 
from  the  length  of  the*  Mississippi  below 
the  mouth  of  Ohio,  a  near  approximation 
may  be  obtained.  From  the  mouth  of 
Ohio  to  that  of  the  Mississippi,  the  distance 
is  within  a  small  fraction  of  1100  miles, 
which,  at  three  and  a  half  inches  to  the 
mile,  yields  3850  inches,  or  320.8  feet,  as 
the  entire  depression  of  the  Mississippi 
river  from  the  mouth  of  Ohio  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

The  fall  in  the  Ohio  river  exceeds  that  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  has  been  estimated  at 
about  five  inches  to  the  mile,  consequently, 
if  we  multiply  948  miles,  the  entire  lengtii 
of  Ohio,  by  5,  we  have  4740  inches,  or  395 
feet,  as  the  amount  of  descent  in  that 
stream ;  and,  'adding  395  to  320.8  feet,  we 
find  715.8  feet  as  the  declivity  of  the  waters 
from  the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela 
and  Allegheny  rivers  at  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burgh, to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

A  very  remarkable  difference  is  percep- 
tible between  the  different  elevations  of 
Pittsburgh  above  the  Chesapeak  bay  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  amounting  to  more  tiLin 
125  feet,  in  favour  of  the  former  sheet  of 
water.  This  apparent  phenomenon  is  ex- 
plicable on  the  simplest  laws  of  liydrosta- 
lics.  The  Gulf  stream  flows  from  \'ne  Gulf 
of  Mexico  towards  tiiat  part  of  tiie  Atlantic 
Ocean  adjacent  to  the  Chesapeak  bay,  de- 
monstrating tliat  a  difference  of  level  mtist 
exist  between  the  extremes,  sufficiently 
great  to  atlmit  a  current  of  considerable  ve- 
locity. That  velocity  has  never  been  very 
iiccu'rately  determined ;  but,  if  we  allow 
only  one  and  a  half  inch  per  mile,  would 
yield  in  900  mihs  112§  feet.  That  the  ac- 
tual fall  from  Florida  channel  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Chesapeak  bay,  connider;ibly  exceeds 
100  feet,  there  can  be  no  rational  doubt, 
when  the  necessary  geographical  phenome- 
na are  duly  examined. 

Wc  mav,  from  the  data  given,  consider 
the  valley"  of  Ohio  composed  of  an  inclined 
plane,  chequered  by  tlie  deep  channels  of 
the  rivers,  hills,  and  extensive  flats,  the 
v;hole  resting  upon  a  base  of  secondary 
formation.  In  many  parts  of  this  interest- 
ing reglo:;,  as  in  the  state  of  ICentucky,  the 
beds  of  the  rivers  art-  vast  chasms,  rather 
than  valleys,  in  tlie  true  acceptation  of  the 
latter  term.  Tlie  two  opposmg  slopes  ex- 
iiibii  some  very  curious  contrasts.  Though 
considerablv  most  extensive,  the  south-eas- 
616 


tern  slope  has  no  extensive  remains  of  the 
ancient  plane  ;  the  north-western  slope,  on 
the  contrary,  contains  immense  remains  of 
the  former  plane.  The  rivers  which  enter 
the  main  recipient  from  the  former,  rising 
in  or  near  the  north-western  ridge  of  the 
Appalachian  mountains,  are  precipitous 
from  their  sources,  flowing,  as  already  ob- 
served, in  very  deep  channels :  whilst 
tho.se  streams  which  enter  from  the  north- 
western slope,  rise  out  of  a  level  continuous 
plain,  in  many  places  morass,  as  in  part  of 
the  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  The  latter 
rivers  are  sluggish  towards  their  sources, 
gaining  velocity  in  their  advance  towards 
the  Ohio  river. 

The  secondary  rivers  of  the  south-eastern 
slope  are,  the  Monongahela,  Little  Kenha- 
wa.  Great  Kenhawa,  Sandy,  Licking,  Ken- 
tucky, Greene,  Cumberland,  and  Tennes- 
see. Those  flowing  from  the  north-wes- 
tern slope  are,  the  Allegheny,  Beaver, 
Muskmgum,  Hockhocking,  Sciota,  Miami, 
and  Wabash.  Of  these  streams,  the  Alle- 
gheny rises  in  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
New  York,  and  winding  from  north-west 
to  west,  and  south-west,  again  enters  Penn- 
sylvania, forming  the  north-western,  or 
rather  northern  constituent  of  Ohio.  Na 
branch  of  the  Allegheny  flows  from  the 
high  table  land  ;  the  region  it  waters  is  in 
some  parts  mountainous,  and  every  where 
hilly ;  the  sources  of  the  Allegheny  flow, 
however,  from  the  highest  point  of  the  val- 
ley of  Ohio.  Advancing  westward  from 
the  region  watered  by  the  Allegheny,  the 
sources  of  the  Beaver  exhibit  the  com- 
mencement of  tlie  great  central  plain,  which 
separates  the  two  great  basins  o  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  St.  Law!-ence.  This  plain 
s'retches  westward,  and,  wider-.ing  in  ex. 
lent  through  the  states  of  Ohi(.,''lndiana, 
and  Illinois,  reaches  the  Mississippi  river. 
In  its  natural  state,  the  valley  of  Ohio  was, 
in  the  greatest  part  of  its  extent,  covered 
by  a  dense  forest :  but  the  central  plain  pre- 
sented a  very  remarkable  exception.  As 
far  east  as  the  sources  of  Muskingum,  com- 
menced open  Savannaiis,  covered  with 
grass,  ;tnd  devoid  of  timber.  Similar  to 
the  plain  itself,  those  Savannahs  expanded 
to  the  v.estward,  and  on  the  waters  of  Illi- 
nois river  opened  into  immense  natural 
meadows,  generally  known  under  the  de- 
nomination of  prairies. 

We  have  dwelt  with  more  minuteness  on 
this  central  plain  than  we  would  otherwise 
have  done,  from  a  conviction  that  it  aflbrds 
phenomena  highly  illustrative  of  the  pecu- 
liar structure  of  that  part  of  North  America. 
It  has  been  shown  in  this  article,  that  the 
surface  of  Ohio,  at  the  city  of  Pittsburgh, 
was  830  feet  above  the  U-arest  tide  water 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  715.8  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  (Julf  of  Mexico.  Lake 
Erie  has  been  found  by  actual  admeasure- 


M  L   b 


M  J  S 


Tnent,  565  feet  above  the  tide  water  of  the 
Hudson  at  Albany  ;  consequently,  the  Ohio 
at  Pittsburgh  is  265  feel  above  the  surface 
of  Lake  Erie  ;  t!ie  integjiediate  distance, 
in  a  direct  line,  105  miles.  Tiierefore,  if 
a  channel  was  open  fnim  the  Ohio  r.ver  at 
Pittsburg-li  to  Luke  Erie,  as  deep  as  the 
bottom  of  the  river,  and  sloping  towards 
the  lake  by  gradual  descent  to  its  surface, 
the  waters  of  Allepliany  and  Monongahela 
would,  in  place  of  tiowingdovvn  Ohio,  rush 
into  Lake  Erie  with  tiie  en.)rmous  velocity 
arising  from  a  tall  of  265  feet  in  105  miles ; 
or  upwards  of  two  and  a  iialf  feet  ])er  mile. 
When  these  mathematically  ■established 
facts  are  contrasted  with  llie  c  rcumstasice, 
tliat  the  extreme  north-w  estern  waters  of 
Alleghany,  thoe  of  Lake  Chataughque, 
rise' within  three  miles  from  Lake  Erie, 
the  singular  but  real  construction  of  the 
country  jjecomes  apparf-nt.  Nothing  but 
actual  measurement  could  render  ci-edible, 
tha^  Pittsburgh,  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  two  streams,  eac'ii  of  which,  following 
their  meanders,  Iiave  flown  above  200 
miles,  and  one  of  whicli,  (Alleghany,)  hav- 
ing part  of  its  source  so  near  the  very  mar- 
gin of  Lake  Erie;  and  yet,  that  the  city  of 
Pittsburgh  should  b?  elevated  265  feet 
above  the  surf\ice  of  the  lake. 

But  by  far  tiie  most  remarkable  feature 
of  the  Ohio  valley  is,  that  its  real   slope 
does  not  correspond  to  the  courses  of  its 
rivers.    It  is  a  fact  not  well  known,  that 
loaded  boats  at  liigh  water  can  pass  from 
Lake  Michigan  into  Illinois  river,  and  vice 
versa.     AVe  have  seen  that  Lake  Erie  was 
565  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic 
tides.     The  elevation  of  Lake    Michigan 
above  Lake  Erie  cannot,  from  the  shortness 
and  gentle  currents  of  Detroit  river,  St. 
Clair  river,    and    the   straiis    of   Michili- 
mackinack,    exceed   35   feet.     We    may, 
therefore,   assume    600   feet  as  the  level 
of  Lake  Michigan.     This    would    corres- 
pond very  nearly  with   that  of  the  Ohio 
river,  between  the  mouths  of  Miami  and 
Kentucky   rivers.     Illinois   river,  we    will 
see,  presents  much   more  the  aspect  of  a 
,     canal  than  that  of  a  river,  whilst  the  central 
tableland  we  liave  reviewed,"is  so  elevated, 
as  to  produce   water  courses,  whose  de- 
scent is  rapid,  and  those  flowing  into  Lake 
Erie    all    precipitated    ovrr    falls    before 
reaching  their  recipient.     During  the  con- 
tinuance of  spring  floods,  loaded  boats  of 
large  tonnage  may  be  navigated  from  the 
rapids  of  Oliio,  by  "that  river,  the  MisslbS-ippi 
and  Illinois  rivers,  and  tiirough  the  Canadi- 
an sea  to  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  without 
meeting  a  single  rapid  ';  whilst  the  direct 
iine  between  the  extremes  of  this  naviga- 
»*  tion,  would  pass  over  an  elevated  ridge. 
When   due  attention   is  pr-id  to  the  real 
,   phenomena  of  the  cotmected  basins  of  Mis- 
l      ssssippi  and  St.  l/twvence,  the  true*ca<.ises 


of  the  apparent  anomalies  we  have  noticed 
are  developed.  It  is  at  once  rendered  appa- 
rent, that  the  true  slope  of  the  Ohio  valley 
is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  range  of  the 
Appalachian  mountains,  and  that  its  lowest 
line  of  depression,  is  the  channels  of  the 
Illinois  and  Mis.sissippi  rivers. 

SgH,  climate,  and  produclions. — The  soil 
of  this  interesting  section  of  the  earth,  it 
by  no  means  so  uniform  as  is  generally  sup- 
posed, though,  taken  as  a  whole,  may  be 
considered  tertile.  The  alluvial  bottoms 
of  the  st'  cams,  great  and  small,  are  gene- 
rally u  deep  loam,  exuberantly  productive. 
Tills  rich  vegetable  earth,  in  many  places 
reaches  the  apex  of  the  highest  hills. 
I'hcse  hills  present,  however,  gt-eat  varie- 
ty of  soil ;  always  clothed  with  timber, 
though  often  precipitous,  rocky,  and  ste- 
rile. The  extreme  south-eastern  part, 
from  the  sources  of  Alleghany  to  the  most 
southern  part  of  the  valley  in  the  state  of 
Alabama,  presents  a  mountainous  or  very 
broken  hilly  tract  of  countrj^,  upwards  of 
700  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
about  100.  The  soil  is  on  this  region  ex- 
trem'dy  varied,  and  as  it  contains  at  its  ex- 
tremities nearly  the  greatest  contrast  of 
latitude  of  the  valley  of  which  it  forms  a 
part,  the  vegetable  productions,  natural 
and  artificial,  are  hei-e  also  most  varied. 
Very  few  timber  trees,  known  on  this  con- 
tinent between  N.  lat.  34  and  42  degrees, 
but  which  are  here  found.  -  The  most  pro- 
minent and  valuable  species  of  which,  are 
ten  or  twelve  species  of  oak ;  hemlock, 
pine,  the  Liriodendron  tulipifera;  five  or 
six  species  of  liickory  and  v,  alnut ;  three 
species  of  maple,  one  of  which,  the  Acer 
Saccharinum,  is  amongst  the  most  singular 
and  valuable  trees  known  on  this  globe ; 
three  or  four  species  of  ash,  v/ith  an  im- 
mense variety  of  useful  trees  and  shrubs 
not  enumerated.  The  Flora  is  also  highly 
varied  andelegaiit.  Medicinal  plants  abound. 
Spring  water  is  abundant  and  excellent. 

Of  naturalized  plants,  trees,  and  shrubs, 
the  number  «nd  variety  preclude  a  com- 
plete specification.  Extending  through 
eight  degrc-es  of  latitude,  and  presenting 
considerable  diflerence  of  level,  the  cli- 
mates admit  the  cultivation  of  plants  whose 
powers  of  resii'ting  the  inclemencies,  or  of 
profiting  by  the  changes  of  seasons,  are 
very  different.  The  cereal  gramina — wheat, 
rye,  oats,  barley,  and  Indian  corn  or  maize, 
is  every  where  cultivated.  Meadow  grasses 
flourish  best  in  an  advance  to  the  north. 
In  the  southern  part,  even  where  extensive 
settlements  have  been.made,  meadows  are 
rare  ;  but  towards  the  norshv;ard,  forin  a 
large  part  of  rural  economy.  This  obser- 
vation, though  in  a  mure  iiarated  extent, 
may  be  applied  to  orchards,  afid  evei.  gar- 
dens. Where  the  crops  become  very  valu- 
;,'-)lc,  horiicuiture  i?  everv  where  neglect- 


Si  I 


M  I  S 


cd,  as  are  orcliai-ds,  except  in  the  vicinity 
of  cities  or  large  towns.  In  the  region  be* 
iore  us,  belo\v  N  lat.  36  30,  cotton  commen- 
ces to  be  cultivated  as  a  valuable  crop. 
Some  culture  of  this  vegetable  extends 
north  of  the  assumed  limit,  but  rather  for 
domestic  use  lh:*n  as  an  article  of  com- 
merce. The  quantity  and  quality  of  this 
vegetable  is  enh;inced,  soil  and  exposure 
being  equal,  in  a  very  near  ratio,  with  ad- 
vance to  the  south.  As  we  will  have  more 
occasion  to  dilate  on  this  vegetable  in  the 
sequel  of  this  article,  it  would,  be  irre- 
levant to  touch  farther  on  the  subject  in 
this  place. 

The  orchard  trees  generally  cultivated  in 
the  region  before  us,  are  the  apple,  pear, 
peach,  plum,  nectarine,  &c. 

The  mineral  treasures  of  this  region  com- 
pose a  large  share  of  its  most  valuable  pro- 
ductions. Iron,  salt,  and  mineral  coal,  are 
the  most  valuable  and  abundant.  Iron  ore 
is  found  in  almo.st  every  section  of  this  ex- 
tensive line.  The  immense  masses  of 
mineral  coal  is  very  extensive  :  those  near 
Pittsburgh  are  only  the  most  abundant  and 
best  known.  It  is  amongst  the  most  re- 
markable features  in  the  natural  history  of 
the  United  States,  tliat  from  Onondago  in 
the  st.ite  of  New  York,  to  the  south-west 
angle  of  Virginia,  the  earth  appears  in 
every  place,  at  a  certain  depth,  to  afford 
water  saturated  with  muriate  of  soda  (com- 
mon salt.)  This  indispensable  mineral  is 
found  where,  if  wanting,  it  could  not  be 
obtained  without  very  great  expense.  Salt 
is  now  made  at  Onondago  in  New  York, 
Conemaugh  in  Pennsylvania,  and  on  tiie 
Kenhawa  and  other  places  in  Virginia  ; — 
all  in  ihe  same  range. 

The  Ohio  river  bounds  the  tract  we 
have  reviewed  as  far  southward  as  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Sandy.  Here  the 
former  turns  almost  at  right  angles,  and 
pursuing  a  course  something  north  of 
west  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami, 
again  inflects  about  south-west  by  west 
to  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 
This  wide  curve,  in  conjunction  with  a 
part  of  the  Mississippi,  bounds  the  great 
limestone  expanse  of  Kentucky  and  West 
Tennessee.  This  latter  region,  though 
adjoining  the  former,  presents  features 
essentially  different.  The  base  of  the 
Kentucky  section  appears  to  be  in  great 
part  floetz  or  secondary  limestone,  the 
face  of  the  earth  becomes  more  monoto- 
nous ;  the  rivers  flow  in  many  places  in 
chasms,  walled  on  both  banks  by  preci- 
pices of  linnestone.  Fresh  water  in  ijiany 
places,  scarce.  Minerals  rare,  if  lime 
st.ome  is  excepted.  In  point  of  climate 
and  vei^fetable  production,  no  veiy  mate- 
rial difference  appears  between  the  con- 
tiguous parts  of  the  two  sections  under 
review,  except  that  which  arises  from 
618 


soil.  In  respect  to  extent  and  fertility, 
the  soil  of  Kentucky  and  West  Tennes- 
see is  generally  productive,  and  in  a  va- 
riety of  places  highly  fertile.  Vegetables 
either  indigenous  or  exotic,  are  very 
nearly  similar,  on  both  sections,  on  the 
same  line  of  latitude,  and  of  equal  expo- 
sure and  elevation.  From  a  lower  sufr 
face,  cotton,  and  other  tender  vegetables, 
are  cultivated  farther  north,  near  the 
Ohio,  than  towards  the  north-western 
ridges  of  the  Appalachian  mountains. 
The  climate  of  both  will  be  more  amply 
noticed  in  the  sequel  of  this  article. 

Respecting  the  north-western  section 
of  the  Ohio  valley,  a  few  observations 
will  suffice,  after  what  has  preceded  re- 
specting that  of  the  southeast,  and  on 
the  rt-view  of  the  whole  valley  in  gene- 
ral. Similar  latitudes  present  in  great 
part  similar  climate,  phenomena,  and  ve- 
getable products.  From  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  north-western  section 
already  delineated,  it  must  be  evident 
that  mineral  products  are  rare  ;  and 
such  is  the  fact.  Iron  ore  is  found,  though 
not  abundantly,  in  the  north-west  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  north-east  part  of 
Ohio.  Mineral  coal  abounds  along  the 
Ohio,  and  on  some  other  streams,  as  far 
down  the  valley  as  Cincinnati,  and  might, 
it  is  probable,  be  obtained  in  other 
places,  if  the  earth  was  perforated  to 
suflicient  depth.  Indications  of  muriate 
of  soda,  and  some  trifling  fragments  of 
sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum,)  have  been  dis- 
covered, but  neither  to  any  considerable 
extent.  In  the  far  geater  part,  how- 
ever, of  this  section  of  the  Ohio  valley, 
few  or  no  indications  of  minerals  appear. 
The  flatness  and  peculiar  structure  of 
the  two-thirds  of  the  states  of  Ohio,  In- 
dian!, and  Illinois,  preclude  the  expo- 
sure of  mineral  bodies,  if  such  existed. 
It  has  been  by  the  action  of  water  in  wear- 
ing deep  channels  in  the  earth's  surface, 
that  mineral  bodies  have  in  most  cases, 
been  exposed  to  human  view  and  use. 

In  point  of  soil,  climate,  and  vegeta- 
ble production,  the  south-western  section 
of  the  Ohio  valley  has  been  too  highly 
coloured,  though  favourable  in  many  re- 
spects to  human  residence.  The  range 
of  country  within  one  hundred  miles  of 
the  Ohio  river  being  broken  into  hill  and 
dale,  good  wholesome  water  is  abundant, 
but  receding  to  the  central  table  land,  is 
in  many  places  wanting.  In  most  essen- 
tial circumstances,  as  respects  natural 
phenomena  and  human  economy,  strong, 
analogies  exist  between  the  contiguous 
parts  of  the  two  great  sections  of  Ohio 
valley,  whilst  their  extremes  present  a 
total  contrast.  It  would  be  mere  repe- 
ition  to  dilate  further,  after  what  liai  . 


M  I  S 


:\i  1 


been  given  on  this  subject ;  the  foregoing 
observation  was  made  in  order  to  draw 
the  reader's  attention  to  features  so 
strongly  traced,  and  illustrative  of  the 
subject  on  which  we  are  treating.  It 
has  been  too  s;enerally  prevalent  with 
authors,  as  well  as  travellers,  to  repre- 
sent the  Ohio  valley  as  a  monotonous 
surface,  uniform  in  aspect,  climate,  and 
fertility ;  whilst,  in  ail  these  respects, 
perhaps  no  equal  region  of  the  earth  pre- 
sents, in  all  these  points,  more  marked 
or  more  abrupt  contrasts,  if  some  very 
mountainous  tracts  are  excepted. 

Valleij  of  the  Mississi/i/ii  Proper. — 
Before  entering  upon  the  physical  sur- 
vey of  the  particular  valley  of  th?.  Mis- 
sissippi, above  its  junction  with  Missouri, 
it  is  necessary  to  take  a  view  of  the  en- 
tire stream  whicli  now  designates  the 
whole  basin. 

In  our  defective  state  of  information, 
}t  is   impracticable  to  determine  which 
is  the  most  remote  branch  of  the  Mis- 
sissipppi,  nor  is  it  perhaps  an  object  of 
much  consequence.    The  latitude  and 
longitude  of  its  source  are  also  undefined. 
Authorities    on    that  subject    differ    so 
much,  that  no  great  confidence  is  due  to 
any.    It  is  probable,  that,  like  other  ri- 
vers, no  real  certainty  of  the  main  source 
or  latituile  is  attainable  without  extraor- 
dinary pains  and  skill.    We  may,   how- 
ever, assume  N  lat.  48  0,  and  W  Ion. 
W   C  18  0,  as  the  source  of  that  great 
river.    Its  t^eneral  course  is  about  south- 
west 300  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cor- 
beau,    which  comes  in   from   the  right.. 
Below  the  Corbeau,  the  Mississippi   as- 
sumes a  south-eastern  course  of  200  miles 
to  St.  Anthony's  falls,  at  the  foot  of  which 
it;receives  the  St.  Peter's,  a  large  tributa- 
ry stream  from  the  north-west.  Below  the 
mouth  of  St.  Peter's,  the  Mississippi  con- 
tinues south-east   80   miles,   and  in  that 
distance  receives  from   the   left  of  the 
St.  Croix,  Chippaway,  and  Black  rivers. 
Between  the  two  former  occurs  Lake 
Pepin,  a  mere   dilatation  of  the   river. 
After  receiving  Black  river,  the  Missis- 
sippi curves  more  to  the  south,  and  80 
miles  below   the   former  receives  from 
the  left  a  large  branch,  the  Ouisconsin. 
Thence  again  turning  to  south-east  100 
miles,  is  joined  by  Rock  river,  a  stream 
of  considerable  size,  flowing  from  north- 
east to  south-west,  and  rising  near  Lake 
Michigan.    Below  Rock  river,  the  Mis-' 
sissippi  turns  to  a  little  west  of  south, 
100  miles,  to  its  junction   with   the  Le- 
moine  river,   a  very  considerable  tribu- 
tary stream  from  the  north-west.    One 
hundred  and  twenty  miles  in  a  south- 
eastern    course,    below    the    Lemoine, 
the  Illinois  unites  with  the  Mississippi, 


and    IS    miles    lower,   the   latter   and 
Missouri   form     their     junction.      The 
entire  length  of  I'ne   Mississippi    above 
the   mouth  of  Missouri,  is  by  compara- 
tive estimates  995  miles.    The  country 
drained  by  this  river  is  generally  ra- 
ther level  than  hilly,  much  of  its   sur- 
face prairie.    Except  towards  its  source, 
no  lakes  of  any  considerable  consequence 
are  found  on  any  of  its  confluents.    Its 
waters  is  tolerably  limpid,  and  its  cur- 
rent gentle.     Though,   from  accidental 
circumstances,  the  Mississippi  has  gain- 
ed  the  pre-eminence  in   giving   name 
to    the    general  recipient,  it   is  never- 
theless, a  mere  branch,  and  by  no  means 
the    principal    one,  of   Jlissouri.      Be- 
low  their  junction,  the    united  stream 
flows  198  miles  south-east,  where  it  re- 
ceives an   immense  accession  of  water 
through   the   channel     of  Ohio ;    below 
which,  the  congregated  mass  turns  a  lit- 
tle west  of  south,  and  flows  in  that  di- 
rection 316  mi!es»  receives  the  White  , 
river,  and  14  miles  lower  the  Arkansaw  ; 
both  from  the  right.    The  Yozoo  enters 
from  the  left,  1S7  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Arkansaw  ;  and  211  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Yazoo,  the  Mississippi  receives 
its  last  tributary  stream  of  consequence, 
the  Red   river,   from   the  right.    Two 
miles  below  Red  river,  the  Atchafalaya 
flows  out  to  the  south.    From  the  mouth 
of  Arkansaw  to  the  efflux  of  Atchafa- 
laya, the  general  course  of  the  Missis- 
sippi is  nearly  from  north  to  south.    Be- 
low  the  former,   the  latter  assumes   a 
south-east  course,   which  it  pursues  347 
miles,  to   its   final   exit  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.    The  entire  length  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, below  the  mouth  of  Missouri,  is 
1273  miles,  by  the  windings  of  the  stream. 
If  one-third  is  added  to  its  comparative 
length  above  Missouri,  for  its  particular 
meanders,  the  result  will  give  1327  miles, 
which  added  to  1273,  yields  2500  miles 
as  the  entire  length  of  the   Mississippi, 
following  the  bends. 

Like  all  rivers  of  great  length,  the 
Mississippi  is  subject  to  an  annual  rise 
and  fall.  The  periods  of  those  floods 
itre  tolerably  regular,  but  the  quantity 
and  elevation  ff  the  water  diflfers  con- 
tinually, and  often  to  many  feet  in  two 
succeeding  seasons.  The  river  com- 
mences its  swell  generally  in  March,  or 
the  beginning  of  April.  The  increase  of 
the  water,  at  first  rapid,  gradually  be- 
couies  more  slow,  until  the  supply  be- 
ginning to  exhaust,  the  volume  com- 
mences its  fall  or  decrease,  which  at 
Natchez,  is  in  a  long  series  of  years, 
from  the  15th  to  the  20th  of  Juive,  arid 
at  New  Orleans,  in  the  first  week  in 
Julv.  There  is,  however,  in  most  years, 
619 


M  1  b 


M    I  S 


a  lesser  and  earlier  flood,  wiiich  varies 
in  time,  much  more  than  that  of  the 
spring  and  summer.  In  October,  No- 
vember, or  December,  this  lesser  flood 
intervenes  generally,  in  the  la^t  days  of 
December,  and  first  of  January.  This 
lesser  flood  seldom  rises  so  high  as  to 
overflow  the  banks,  and  it  has  been  ob  - 
served,  that  when  the  earlier  flood  is 
more  than  commonly  hij^h,  that  the  later 
flood  is  in  proportion,  lower  than  com- 
mon. The  efflux  of  Plaquemine,  is  the 
common  scale  in  th-e  Delta  of  the  excess 
and  period  of  both  floods. 

The  velocity  of  the  current  of  the 
■Mississippi  has  been  greatly  mistaken. 
Taking  the  motion  of  its  swells,  the  only 
safe  criterion,  it  is  found  that,  below 
Ohio,  the  entire  mass  does  not  move  as 
much  as  one  mile  per  hour.  The  line 
of  lipper  current  moves  more  rapidly 
than  the  mass,  but  even  the  former  does 
not  move  by  any  means  with  the  rapidi- 
ty usually  supposed. 
'  The  depth  of  water  in  the  Mississippi 
varies  of  coui'se  with  the  increase  and 
decrease  of  its  floods,  but  this  difference 
of  elevation  is  more  perceptible  above, 
than  in  the  Delta.  At  .Natchez,  it  is 
from  30  to  40  feet,  at  Lafourche  about 
23  feet,  and  at  New  Orleans  about  9 
feet.  There  is  usually  about  12  feet  wa- 
ter on  the  bars  of  the  North-east  and 
South-west  Passes,  In  the  South  and 
West  Passes  9  feet,  and  in  those  of  the 
North  and  Pass  a  la  Loutre  8  feet. 
Above  the  passes,  the  river  deepens  to 
upwards  of  100  feet.  At  New  Orleans  " 
it  is  upwards  of  120,  and  at  the  La- 
faurche  153  feet  at  high  water.  There 
is  no  place  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio, 
where  the  channel  is  ever  less  that  13 
feet  in  depth. 

Valley  of  the  .Mississi/i/ii  jirolier  ; 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. — In 
point  of  area,  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi propcT  is  not  so  extensive  as  that 
of  Ohio,  the  former  only  extending  over 
a  surface  of  180,000  square  miles.  Its 
greatest  length  is  from  tlie  sources  of 
Mississippi  river  to  the  junction  of  that 
stream  with  the  Missouri,  650  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  from  the  sources  of 
the  Ouisconsin  to  those  of  Lemoine  river, 
350  miles. 

Before  proceeding  farther,  however, 
■with  the  descriptive  geographical  detail, 
it  may  not  be  considered  irrelevant,  to 
review  one  of  those  great  natural  fea- 
tures of  North  America  ;  without  atten- 
tion to  wliich,  no  correct  conception  of 
its  peculiar  topography  can  be  obtained. 
This  feature  is  tlie  great  natural  mea- 
dows, known  by  the  name  of  Prairie, 
f"  a  state  of  nature;  with  but  verv  par- 
620 


lial  exceptions,  a  dense  forest  covered 
all  those  parts  of  the  continent  of  North 
America  contained  in  the  Atlantic  slope  ; 
the  lower  part  of  the  basin  of  St.  Law- 
rence, belcMv  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
two-thirds  of  that  basin  to  its  extreme 
north-western  point ;  north  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  basin  to  the  55th  degree  of 
North  lat, ;  four-fifths  of  the  valley  of 
Ohio  ;  the  residue  of  the  continent  east 
of  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  and  west  of  that  stream  from 
50  to  100  miles.  This  enormous  forest, 
one  of  the  largest  on  the  globe,  remains 
yet  nineteen  parts  in  twenty ; — the  eflbrts 
of  man  having  made  but  partial  inroads 
on  either  its  mass  or  extent.  This  great 
forest  is  bounded  on  its  western  limit  by 
another  region  of  much"  greater  area, 
but  with  a  vrry  different  character.  Tlie 
second  may  be  strictly  called  the  grassy 
section  of  the  continent  of  North  Ame- 
rica, which,  from  all  th^t  is  correctly 
known,  stretches. from  the  forest  region 
indefinitely  Westward,  and  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  to  the  farthest  Arctic  limits 
of  the  continent.  The  two  regions  are 
not  divided  by  a  determinate  limit.  In 
passing  from  one  to  the  other,  the  fea- 
tui'es  respectively  are  so  blended,  that 
the  change  is  in  most  places  impercepti- 
ble ;  though  in  some  instances  extremely 
abrupt. 

In  general,  the  prairie  region  is  less 
hilly,  mountainous,  or  rocky,  than  that 
of  the  forest ;  but  exceptions  in  both 
cases  are  frequent.  Plains  of  great  ex- 
^tent  exist  in  the  latter,  and  mountains  of  te 
no  trifling  elevattqn  and  mass  chequer 
the  former  section.  We  are  now  to  ap- 
proach the  survey  of  regions  in  which 
prairie  forms  no  small  part  of  the  en- 
tire surface,  and  will  in  the  sequel 
reach  others,  where  those  seas  of  grass 
extend  over  almost  the  whole  superficies. 

The  extreme  northern  source  of  the 
Mississippi,  strange  as  it  may  appear, 
continues  unknown.  In  Melish's  map,  it 
is  laid  down  at  Turtle  lake,  47  45,  North 
lat.  whilst  in  Schoolci-aft's  map,  lately 
published,  the  sources  of  that  great  river 
are  ext-nded  to  the  I^akes  Labeish  and 
Turtle,  both  extending  above  North  lat. 
49 :  a  discrepancy  between  these  two 
authorities  of  course  exists  of  1  14  of  lat. 
The  nature  of  the  country,  indeed,  ren- 
ders ])recision  on  this  point  difficult, 
v.'ithout  extreme  expense  of  labour  and 
t;-ue.  We  v/ill  assume  North  lat.  48  as 
the  source  of  this  great  river  ;  its  junc- 
tion with  Missouri  bein^'at  North  lat.  38 
56,  it  flows  consequently  through  nine 
degrees  of  latitude,  within  a  trifling  frac- 
tion. The  length  of  the  Mississippi  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is  still  less  ac- 


M  1  S 


M  I  S 


cufately  known  than  the  position  of  its 
source,  every  authority  differing  from 
each  other  on  the  former  subject.  That 
nearly  all  estimates  of  its  length  are 
overrated,  there  arc  many  weighty  rea- 
sons to  believe.  Compared  with  the 
Ohio,  on  most  maps,  no  essential  differ- 
ence appears,  when  the  Alleghany  is 
added  to  the  latter.  The  actual  length 
of  the  Ohio,  by  its  meanders,  we  have 
shown  to  be  948  miles,  that  of  the  Alle- 
ghany is  about  250;  the  two  distances 
united  amount  to  1)98,  say  1200  miles. 
For  a  long  period,  the  Ohio  itself  was 
estimated  at  1188  :  more  correct  infor- 
mation corrected  the  error.  On  all 
maps,  and  from  every  information  we 
have  seen,  the  sinuosities  of  the  Ohio 
are  at  least  as  great  as  that  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi ;  we  may,  therefore,  v;ithout 
much  risk  of  material  error,  give  1327 
miles  as  the  maximum  length  of  the  lat- 
ter stream. 

The  confluent  rivers  of  tlie  Missis^ 
slppi,  advancing  from  its  source  along  its 
right  bank,  are,  Leech  Lake  river,  Ver- 
million, Pine  river,  Riviere  de  Corbeau, 
Elk,  Sac,  and  Crow  rivers  :  these  enter 
above  the  Falls  of  St,  Anthony;* below 
that  point  are,  St.  Peter's  Upper  Jowa, 
Turkey,  Little  Maquauquetois,  Galena, 
Great  Maquauquetois,  Lower  Jowa,  Le- 
moine,  and  a  few  other  streams  of  little 
note  between  the  mouth  of  Lemoine  and 
that  of  Missouri.  From  the  left  the 
Mississippi  receives  advancing  from  its 
source,  Thornbery  river,  Round  Lake 
river,  Turtle,  Portage  river,  Chevreuil, 
Prairie,  Trout,  Sandy  Lake  river,  St. 
Francis,  and  Rum  rivers.  These  streams 
enter  above  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Below  that  point  are,  St!  Croix,  Chip- 
peway,  Biack,  Prairie  le  Crosse,  Ouiscon- 
sin,'  Sissinawa,  Riviere  au  Fevre,  Rock, 
Henderson's,  and  the  Illinois.  These 
streams  are  given,  in  most  part,  from 
the  authority  of  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  and  are 
also  more  minutely  detailed,  from  the 
circumstances  that  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi proper  is  j'et  imperfectly  known, 
of'great  importance  in  the  geography  of 
the  United  States,  and  that  the  source 
of  intelligence  is  recent  and  respecta- 
ble. 

Mr.  Schoolcraft  estimates  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  at 
1330  feet  above  the  Atlantic.  From 
comparison  v/ith  our  calculations  re- 
specting the  descent  of  the  Oliio,  a 
very  remark.able  coincidence  appears, 
though  founded  upon  totally  independent 
data. 

The  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  though 
contiguous  to  that  of  Ohio,  exhibits  an  as- 


pect essentially  different.  The  sources 
of  the  latter  we  have  found  issuing  fiom 
an  elevated,  mountainous,  hilly,  and  bro- 
ken country  ;  those  of  the  former,  on  the 
contrary,  flow  from  an  immense  marshy 
plain,  in  great  part  devoid  of  tinriber. 
The  humble  elevation  of  the  region  from 
which  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  are 
drawn,  accounts  for  the  adjacent  country 
remaining  in  its  primitive  state,  and 
fully  corroborates  the  correctness  of  the 
theory  assumed  respecting  the  valley  of 
Ohio. 

One  of  the  first  observations  which 
strikes  the  mind  on  a  survey  of  this  ex- 
tensive tract,  is,  its  general  monotony. 
No  chains  of  n^ountains  of  note;  or  even 
lofty  hills,  rise  to  vary  the  perspective. 
Some  elevations  there  are  towards  the 
sources  of  the  largest  confluents,  and  a 
few  solitary  hills,  dignified,  for  want  of 
contrast,  by  the  title  of  mountains.  The 
Mississippi  is  traversed  by  several  falls, 
such  as  those  of  Pecagama,  about  mid- 
way between  Sandy  and  VVinnepec  lakes, 
at  North  lat.  47  .30  ;  the  Little  Falls, 
at  North  lat.  45 ;  the  Big  Falls,,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Sac  river ;  and  those 
of  St.  Anthony,  at  North  lat.  44,  imme- 
diately above  the  mouth  of  St.  Peter's 
river.  The  view  of  extensive  prairies, 
when  first  seen,  have  an  awful  and  im- 
posing effect  on  the  mind,  but  that  im- 
pression is  soon  lost,  and  a  dreary  void 
obtrudes  in  its  place.  Many  parts  of 
the  Mississippi  banks  are  high,  broken, 
and  precipitous ;  but  taken  as  a  whole, 
this  great  valley  presents  fevv  objects 
upon  which  those  can  dwtil  with  interest 
who  pass  from  the  rich  ever  varying 
scenery  of  Ohio  ;  particularly  that  of  its 
banks 'and  south-eastern  slope. 

Had  the  head  waters  of  the  Missis- 
sippi descended  from  a  mountainous,  or 
even  a  very  high  table  land,  similar  to 
that  from  which  fiows  the  Ohio,  v/ith  a 
slope  of  sufticient  inclination,  the  gene- 
ral face  of  the  country,  drained  by  the 
former  river,  would  have  now  assumed 
an  aspect,  similar  to  that  from  which 
flow  the  head  waters  of  the  latter.  But 
in  reality,  though  on  a  much  larger  scale, 
the  Mississippi  resembles  those  of  the 
north-wt'tt  slope  of  the  Ohio  valley,  in 
the  cii'cun^stance  of  flowing  from  a  flat, 
table  land,  and  in  gaining  ascent  and 
depth  of  channel  in  their  progress  to- 
wards their  respective  recipients.  It  is  a 
feature  peculiar  perhaps  to  the  Missis- 
sippi,  tha-t  the  country  adjacent  to  its 
source  and  that  near  its  final  discharge", 
are  in  so  great  a  degree  similar  in  their 
genera  1  pii  -  sicgnomy.  A  difference  of  lat. 
of  19  decrees  precludes  much  resem- 
f'2l 


M  1  S 


-M  I  S 


Jiancr  in  vegetable  stationary  animal  pro-  been  first  discovered,  has  by  prescripi,ioa 

duction.    But  according  to    Mr  School-  jjiven  name  to  tlie  wliole  basin ;  but  the 

cratt  who  visited  }ts  sources  i  •  the  month  -Missouri,  above  their  junction,  is  a  stream 

ot  July,  the  nnigratory  water  fowl  found  which  has  drained  a  country  of  more  than 

there  at  that  time  ot  the  year,  are  very  2^  times  the  extent  of  the  valley  of  the  &r- 

iiearly  specmcally  the  same  found  at  its  mer.    The  error  is  now  without  remedy; 

mouth  in  \he  months  of  Decembe,    Ja-  therefore,  though  of  so  much  greater  mag- 

nuary,    February,    and  March.     "  It  is  nitude,  must,  in  a  geographical  point  of 

also   deserving   of  remark,"    says  that  view,  be  considered  a  tributary  stream  to 

writer,  "that  its  sources  lie  in  a  region  the  Mississippi. 

of  almost  continual  v/inter,  while  it  enters       Missouri  river  rises  in  the  Chippevvan,  or, 

t'^e  ocean  under  the  latitude  of  perpetual  as  they  are  absurdly  calltd,  Kocky  Moun- 

'"^"•■° "  tains.     What   is   by   pre-eminence  called 


.erduri 

CUumte,  Soil,  and  Production. — Extend- 
ins,^  through  nine  degress  of  latitude,  the 
change  of  cli-T.ate  in  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi proper,  is  grei'ter  than  found  in 
any  other  valley  in  the  basin  of  •vvhic'-.  it 
forms  a  part,  e-xcept  the  more  northcrii 
parts  of  that  of  Missouri.  So  defective  is 
our  information  respecting  the  larger  tribu 


Missouri,  is  not  the  main  stream,  if  our 
maps  are  gven  tolerably  correct.  The 
Yellow  Stone  river  is  longer  than  it';  rival 
above  their  junction,  and  receives  larger 
and  longer  trib;it:iry  streams,  -Assuming, 
ho\ve\ er,  Jeficrjon's  iiver  as  the  extreme 
source  of  Missouri,  the  latter  will  rise  at 
-Vorth  lat.  44  20,  West  Ion.  from  Washing. 


tanes  which  enter  the  -Mississippi  above  ton  City  35.  The  general  course  for 
Missouri,  that. l,tt!e  more  need  be  added  about  ISO  miles  is  north-cast,  receiving  in 
respecting  the  -Miss-sippi  valley  in  general.  th"t  distance  several  tributary  streams.  It 
Suffice  to  sa3%  that  in  point  of  soil,  vegeta-  thence  turns  north  120  miles,  and  about 
ble  and  mineral  productions,  lead  except-  N'^rth  lat.  46  20,  is  augmented  by  Dear- 
ed:  this  valley  is  in  every  respect  inferior  bu.ne's  river  from  the  north-west.  It 
to  thbt*  of  Ohio.  Tlie  ordinary  timber-  in  thence  curves  to  the  north-east  80  miles,  to 
similar  latitudes  are  nearly  the  same  in  the  entrance  of -Marias  river  from  the  north- 
both  valleys  ;  but  towards  the  sources  of  vvest.  •  Belaw  its  junction  with  the  Marias 
the  Jfississippi,  pine,  spruce,  cedar,  maple,  river,  the  Missouri  pursues  an  eastern 
and  white  birch  are  the  prevalent  timber  course  150  miles,  and  tlience  a  north-eas- 
trees.  In  fact,  the  far  greater  part  of  the  tern  course  of  150  miles  to  the  mouth  of 
upper,  and  much  of  the  lower  pa:'t  of  the  "'ellow  Stone  river.  Estimating  the  dis- 
valley,  is  composed  of  prairie,  lov.' swam,'?,  tance  fram  its  source,  by  either  branch, 
or  lakes.  Much  good  alluvial  land,  par-  along  the  streams  the  Missouri  has  flowed, 
ticularly  on  the  Illinois,  borders  the  streams,  at  i.s  junction  with  Yellow  Stone  river, 
but  in  no  moderate  proportion  to  what  is  more  t'ha'i  1000  miles,  and  has  drained 
foiindintlse  valley  of  Ohio.  above   150,000  square    miles    of   surface. 

In  the  lower  part  of  the  Mississippi  val-  mostly  prairie.  Its  volume  is  here,  per- 
ley  the  exotic  vegetables  cultivated  are,  in  haps,  as  wide  and  deep  as  at  its  junction 
most  part,  the  s^me  found  in  our  middle  with  the  Mississippi.  After  receiving  the 
slates  generally.  The  climate  bein.q;  rather  Yellow  Stor.e;  the  Missouri  curves  first 
more  severe  in  a  given  latitude  in  the  Mis-  north-e.nst,  and  thence  south-east,  200  miles, 
sissippi  basin  than  on  the  south-east  side  of  to  the  Mandan  villages,  at  North  lat.  47  25. 
the  Appalachian  mountains,  some  small  dif-  Between  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Stone  river 
ferencc  of  vegetable  location  may  exiii,  but  and  the  Mandan  villages,  the  volume  of 
not  to  any  very  great  amount.  Missouri  has  gained  its  extreme  north  bend 

Towards  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  at  North  lat  48  20,  and  has,  besides  many 
the  v.-ild  rice  (zizania  aquatica)  abounds  in  lesser  tributaries,  received  the  Little  Mis- 
the  swamps,  and  along  the  low  margins  of  souri  from  the  right,  flowing  from  south- 
tbe  rivers  and  lakes,  and  conptitutes  no-  west  to  nopth-east  -.Nearly  opposite  to 
small  part  of  the  food  of  the  natives.  Per-  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  the  Moose  river 
haps  in  an  advanced  state  of  society,  this  branch  of  Assiniboin  rises  within  less  than 
species  of  cerealia,  v.^liich  can  be  cultivated  one  mile  from  the  bank  of  the  Missouri, 
in  places  unsuitable  to  any  other  vegetable,  At  the  "Mandan  villages,  the  Missouri  turns 
ir;;iy  hecome  the  resource  of  civilized  man,  directly  south,  and  flows  in  that  course 
and  under  skilful  culture  afain  adeveli.pe-  through  four  degrees  and  tv/enty  miniites 
ment  similar  to  what  has  taken  place  with  of  latitude,  or  near  300  miles.  In  this  dis- 
other  grains,  such  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar-  tance  it  has  received  a  few  unimportant 
ley,  and  maize.  In  fine,  in  the  valley  of  tributaries  from  the  left,  and  from  the 
the  MiSMSoippi,  we  find  every  object  deno-  right  the  large  streams  of  Cannon  Ball, 
ting  our  approach  to  the  wide  spreading  Wetarhoo,  Sawarcarna,  Chayenne,  Teton, 
waste  on  which  we  are  now  to  enter.  and  White  rivers.    Below  the  mouth  of 

Valley  of  Missouri,  above  its  junction  ivith    the  latter,  the  Missouri  turns  to  the  south- 
the   .Wssissippi.—TliQ   Mississippi  having   east,  east,  and  south,  300  miles,  to  its  iunc- 
6?2  ♦       ■ 


M  I  S 


M  1  S 


lion  with  the  La  Platte,  an  immense  body 
cf  water  flowing'  from  the  west,  and  head- 
ing with  the  Arkansaw,  Lewis's,  and  Yel- 
low Stone  rivers.  In  'he  latter  course,  the 
Missouri  has  also  received  from  the  left  the 
Jacques,  and  Great  and  Little  Sioux  rivers. 
Below  its  junction  with  the  Platte,  the  Mis- 
souri flows  200  miles  soutli-east  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kanses  river,  a  large  tributa- 
ry iiowing  from  tlie  west,  and  heading  be- 
tween the  Arkansaw  and  Platte  rive's. 
The  Missouri  has  now  gained  nearly  the 
thirty-ninth  degree  of  north  latitude,  and 
turning  to  a  Uttie  south  of  east  250  rniles, 
joins  its  vast  volume  to  that  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, after  an  entire  compara,live  course  of 
1870  miles,  and  particular  course  of  about 
3000  miles.  Between  the  mou'.hs  of  the 
Kanses  and  Mississippi  rivers,  the  Osage, 
a  large  branch,  enters  Missouri  from  the 
south-west.  Tlie  Osage  is  a  considera- 
ble stream,  rising  in  the  angle  between  the 
Kanses,  White,  and  Arkansaw  rivers. 

Our  geographical  knowledge  of  the  va- 
rious branches  of  Missouri,  is  still  more 
limited  than  respecting  the  Mississippi. 
Of  the  mainstream,  as  high  as  the  Mandm 
villages,  our  nstices  are  tolerably  ample. 
Lewis  and  Clarke,  Stoddard,  B."ackenridge, 
Bradbury,  and  others,  have  enlarged  the 
public  stock  of  information  on  this  inter- 
esting topic  :  but  with  all  that  has  yet  been 
published,  a  feeble  light  has  been  thrown 
upon  those  immense  regions. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  basin  of  Mis- 
souri is  from  the  mouth  of  that  stream  to 
the  head  of  Marias  river,  1200  miles;  its 
greates:  breadth  fiom  the  sources  of  the 
Platte  to  a  few  miles  south-east  of  llie  Man- 
dan  villages,  700  miles.  The  outline  is  too 
vaguely  known  to  admit  precision,  as  to  the 
area  of  this  vast  extent ;  it  miist,  however, 
equal  if  not  exceed  500,000  square  miles, 
equal  to  320,000,000  United  States  acres. 

General  FeaUires. — Engrasping  the  whole 
valley  of  Missouri  in  one  view,  two  remark- 
able features  must  command  pre  eminence; 
the  turbid  muddy  appearance  of  tlie  water, 
.and  the  very  great  diffisrence  in  length  and 
volume  of  the  confluent  streams  from  the 
right  bank,  when  compared  with  those 
from  the  left  bank  of  the  main  recipient. 
Whilst  from  the  right,  the  Missouri  receives 
such  vast  branches  as  the  Yellow  Stone, 
Chayeune,  Quicourre,  Platte,  Kanses,  and 
Osage  ;  from  the  left,  all  the  branches  are 
of  minor  importance.  This  characteristic 
continues  to  distinguish  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio  ; 
where,  to  the  great  volumes  of  the  White, 
Arkansaw,  and  Red  rivers,  are  opposed  the 
very  inferior  streams  of  the  Yazoo,  Big 
Black,  and  Homochitto. 

It  would  appear  that  the  Mississippi  basin 
is  divided  into  two  immense  inclined  planes, 
falling  from  the  two  opposing   chains  of 


mountains,  that  of  the  Chippcwan,  and  the 
Appalachian  ;  and  that  the  two  planes  are 
in  a  very  near  ratio  to  tlie  respective  mag- 
nitude and  elevation  of  the  chains  from 
wliich  tliey  dechne.  The  line  of  contact 
between  those  planes  is  formed  by  ti^e  Il- 
linois, and  thence  by  the  Mississippi,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  for.mer  ;  and  if  we  extend 
our  views  beyond  the  Mississippi  basin, 
Lake  INlichigan  is  evidently  the  continua- 
tion of  ihis  ime  of  depression  to  the  north  ; 
whilst  to  the  south-east,  the  rivers  entering 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  far  as  the  Appala- 
chicola  inclusive,  belong  to  the  Appalachian 
plan  ;  and  to  the  south-west,  all  streams 
flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  far  as 
the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  or  even  to  the 
Sumasiiita,  appertain  to  the  plane  of  Chip- 
pewan. 

But  to  return  to  our  particular  subject, 
that  of  the  Missouri  valley.  It  would  be 
useless  to  give  a  lis;  of  the  smaller  rivers  of 
this  tract,  t!ie  names  of  wliich  are  hardly 
known.  A  genera)  outline  is  all  that  ought 
to  be  attempted.  The  Missouri  valley  is 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  enormous 
chain  of  the  Chippewan  or  Rocky  moun- 
tains, from  which  flow  the  sources  of  the 
Missouri  and  most  of  its  largest  branches. 
The  exact  elevation  of  the  Chippewan,  or 
indeed  any  of  its  peaks  within  the  domain 
of  the  United  States,  have  never  been  de- 
termined, and  the  result  made  public. 
The  general  table  land  upon  which  those 
ridges  rest  must  from  the  great  length  of 
the  Missouri  exceed  3000  feet ;  perhaps 
about  5000  feet  would  be  a  s.ife  estimate 
fir  the  general  elevation  of  the  whole 
chain,  particular  peaks  excepted. 

The  Chippewan  partakes  with  the  adja- 
cent country  the  character  of  nakedness, 
timber  being  rare  and  of  stunted  growth. 
Like  the  Appalachian,  and  most  other 
American  mountains,  the  Chippewan  is 
formed  in  collateral  ridges,  with  deep  in- 
tervening valley's.  The  rivers  rise  in  these 
valleys  and  pierce  the  ridges  in  their 
course.  The  sources  of  Missouri  extend 
along  the  chain  tlirough  near  eight  degrees 
of  latitude,  or  upwards  of  500  miles.  In 
tliis  region  the  main  stream  and  most  of 
iis  tributaries  flow  to  northeast.  The 
sources  of  Big  Horn,  a  branch  ofthcYel- 
l)w  Stone  river,  rise  at  North  lat.  41  30, 
whilst  Marias  river  has  its  most  northern 
source  above  North  lat.  48  30.  Some  of 
the  northern  confluents  of  Missouri  proba- 
bly he  as  f  .r  as  North  lat  50". 

Missouri  leaves  the  Chippewan  by  falling 
over  continued  ledges  ot  rocks,  in  a  dis- 
tance  of  eighteen  miles  ;  after  which,  this 
overwhelming  mass  of  waier  is  augmented 
every  few  miles  by  large  tributary  waters, 
withoHt  falls  or  even  shoals  to  its  mouth. 
The  channel  is  deep,  and  bon  ided  by  enor- 
mous precipices  of  rock.  The  immediate 
623 


:m  i  s 


M  1  S 


margin  of  the  streams  only  excepted,  tl»is 
almost  intermii-iable  expanse  is  prairie,  de- 
void  of  timbe  • ;  and  except  llie  deserts  of 
Arabia,  no  part  of  the  earih  presents  an 
equal  surface,  less  inviting  to  civilized  man, 
than  tlie  far  greater  part  of  the  valle)-  of 
Missouri.  Its  asperities  become  more  ap- 
parent as  infoTraatioii  respecting  its  real 
features  expand.  The  general  character  of 
this  extensive  valley  may  be  completed  in 
few  words ;  tliat,  with  some  very  partial 
exceptions,  it  is  a  wide  and  arid  waste  in 
.Slimmer,  and  over  which,  in  winter,  the 
piercing  winds  of  the  north  sweep  without 
impediment, and  on  which  a  dense  civilized 
population  can  never  exist. 

Climate,  SoU,  and  Prodnclions. — In  so 
wide  v.n  extent  a  very  great  diversity  of 
climate  must  necessarily  exi-.t.  From  the 
considerable  elevation  of  some  parts,  north- 
ern position  of  other.s,  and  the  open  expo- 
sure of  nearly  the  whole  exient,  the  win- 
ters are  extremely  severe.  The  whole  of 
the  vallev,  a  smali  part  of  thesouth-cistern 
extremity  excepted,  has  an  aspect  and 
chmate  with  a  striking  resemblance  to 
the  steppes  '  of  central  Asia  ;  and  like 
those  steppes,   must   for  ever  be  thinly 

peopled. 

With  the  exception  of  the  alluvial  banks 
of  the  streams,  the  soil  is,  as  far  as  correct 
information  has  been  obtained,  dry,  and 
sterile,  which,  added  to  the  want  of  tim- 
ber, and  in  many  places,  of  great  extent, 
water,  settlement  of  an  agricultural  peo- 
ple is  rendered  not  only  dlflicult  but  im- 
possible. 

The  state  of  Missouri,  embracing  about 
f)3,000  square  miles,  it  is  probable,  if 
the  advantages  of  climate  are  superadded 
to  soil,  possesses  one-fourth  part  of  tiie 
productive  smface  of  tliis  entire  valley. 

Of  the  indigenous  veget.'\b!es  of  the 
7>lissouri  valley  little  can  be  said.  Mr. 
Bradbury  was'  the  only  naturalist  of  suf- 
ficient !.killto  investigate  the  subject  of 
its  botany,  who  ever  reached  the  interior 
of  the  valley,  as  far  as  the  Mandan  vil- 
lages, and  his  opportunities  of  observation 
were  so  limited  as  to  preclude  extensive 
research. 

It  is  probable  that  the  mineral  treasures 
of  Ihis  extensive  valley  may  in  some  mea- 
sure compensate  for  its  many  other  disad- 
vantages. Of  the  quantity  of  iron  ore  and 
mineral  coal  laid  open  to  the  day  along  the 
banks  of  Missouri,  Mv.  Bradbury  expres- 
ses himself  in  raptHres.  So  stnall  a  part 
has  been  examined,  and  that  so  hastily, 
even  by  INIr.  Bradbury  himself,  that  no 
conclusive  deductions  can  be  made  on  any 
branch  of  the  natural  history  of  the  valley 
of  Missouri  at  present. 

Vulk;/  of  the  JMinsissippi,  beloio  the  mouth 
of  the  SjissotlrL—Vin  now  approach  v^liat 
mav  be  Mrictlv  designated  ;!=;  '• 
'    6'M  ■       ■' 


region  of  the  United  States,  though  the 
entire  surface  of  the  section  under  re^view 
is  not  included  under  that  government. 
The  common  recipient,  the  Mississippi, 
has  been  noticed  under  the  head  of  that 
river  in  general ;  v/e  may  therefore  observe, 
that  the  section  under  review  extends  in 
its  greatest  length  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississi])pi  to  the  sources  of  the  Arkansaw, 
1400  mdes :  the  greatest  width  of  the 
valley  is,  from  the  junction  of  the  Missis-' 
sippi  and  Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Atchafalay.T,  600  miles.  The  area  of  no 
section  of  the  Mississippi  basin  can  be  de- 
termined with  more  diihcu'.ty  than  that 
under  review.  The  sources  and  lengtii  of 
tlie  two  most  considerable  confluents  re- 
main uncertain  to  a  very  serious  extent. 
In  this  article  we  have  assumed  330,000 
square  miles,  equal  to  211,000,200  acres. 

In  respect  to  climate,  the  lower  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  extends  from  N  lat.  29, 
tliat  of  the  mouth  of  tiie  Mississippi,  to  N 
lat.  42,  the  sources  of  the  Arkansaw  river, 
or  through  13  degrees  of  latitude,  with  a 
difference  of  elevation  from  the  level  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  at  least  5000  feet. 
These  extremes,  when  due  allowance  is 
made  for  the  difference  of  elevation, 
amount  to  28  degrees  of  latitude. 

The  principal  confluents  of  this  valley, 
which  enter  the  main  recipient  from  the 
right,  are,  commencing  below  the  mouth 
of  Missouri,  Merrimack,  St.  Francis,  White, 
Arkansav/,  and  Red  river  ;  those  from  the 
left  are,  commencing  below  the  mouth  of 
Oliio,  Kaskampa,  lledfoot,  Obian,  Chicki- 
saw,  Forked  Deer,  Yazoo,  Big  Black,  Ho- 
mochitto,  and  Buffalo  rivers. 

Features.— T\iQ  lower  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi is  the  most  diversified  section  of 
the  United  States.  Every  variety  of  land- 
scape, every  trait  of  natural  physiognomy, 
and  an  exiiaustless  source  of  metallic  and 
vegetable  production  is  here  found.  Thl.s 
expanse  is  limited  on  the  east  by  a  dense 
forest,  and.  on  the  west  by  the  lofty  but 
naked  spines  of  the  Chippewan  mountains. 

After  receding  .",bcut  100  miles  from  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  west,  and 
in  many  places  a  less  distance,  prairies 
commence,  which,  gradually  encroaching 
on  the  forests,  finally  spread  one  wide 
waste  of  grass,  as  on  the  higher  branches 
of  the  general  basin.  The  open  plains  of 
Arkansaw  and  Red  rivers,  are  merely  a 
continuation  of  those  of  the  valley  of  Mis- 
sour':,  and  with  similar  features.  Those 
immeasurable  plains  of  grass  seem  destined 
to  be,  in  all  future,  as  they  have  been  in 
all  former  ?-ges,  t.he  enr.pire  of  ruminant 
animils,  sncl-  as  the  buffalo,  deer,  wild 
goat,  or  ante'ope,  and  wild  sheep.  Fol'ow- 
ii..^  'his  apparent  law  of  nature,  if  those, 
l^raiiies  sl'D^ila  cwv  hocome  tlie  ri^sidencc 


.M  I  S 


MIS 


must  be  herdsmen,  and  not  cultivators  of  ssquenlly  the  valle)'  is  divided  into  two 
the  earth.  As  tar  as  settlements  have  been  sections,  the  proportions  of  which  exceed 
made  on  one  side  of  this  grassy  desert  by    16  to  1. 

the  Spanish  Americans,  and  on  llie  other  Next  to  the  Mississippi  itself,  the  Arkan- 
by  the  people  of  the  Uniled,States,  in  west-  saw  river  would  appe>ir  the  most  prominent 
ern  Louisiana  and  elsewhere,  efi'ec's  have  object  on  this  almost  interminable  land- 
foUowed  natural  causes,  and  the  traveller  scape.  When  the  Missouri  is  assumed  as 
finds  a  rude  hablta'.ion  on  the  banks  of  a  the  principal  stream,  the  Arkansaw,  in  point 
brook  or  river,  with  a  small  field  or  two,  oi  length,  ranks  as  its  second  confluent,  be- 
in  which  a  little  maize  and  sweet  potatoes  ing-  longer  than  either  the  Plate,  Mississip- 
are  cultivated;  and  from  thence  the  eye  pi  Proper,  or  Ohio,  which  follow  in  order, 
ranges  over  a  shoreless  sea  of  grass,  on  The  sources  of  the  Arkanssw  remain  vin- 
which  cattle  and  hoi  ses  arc  seen  grazing  known,  to  any  precision,  but  are  generally 
in  all  directions.  This  is  not  tlie  f.ction  of  supposed  to  extend  to  north  lat.  42,  and 
11  sportive  imagination  ;  it  is  a  reality  which  west  Ion.  from  W  C  34  ;  the  position  of  its 
the  eye  that  directs  the  pen  that  records  mouth  has  long  been  sufficiently  well 
the  fact  hatii  seen  innumerable  times,  known  ;  it  enters  the  Mis'ouri  at  north  lat. 
And  it  is  here  noted  as  illustrati'se  of  how  33  56,  and  west  Ion.  from  W  C  14  10.  This 
much  man  is  influenced  in  iiis  modes  of  stream,  therelbre,  winds  through  upwards 
existence,  his  manners,  and  political  condi-  of  eight  degrees  of  latitude  and  twenty  de- 
tion,  by  the  soil,  climate,  and  other  naturul  grees  of  longitude.  Its  lengtli,  by  corapa- 
phenomena  around  him  ;  and  to  tiie  opera-  rative  course,  is  about  1400  miles  ;  but,  by 
tions  of  which,  as  lie  cannot  control,  must  its  meanders,  must  exceed  2000  miles, 
submit.  And  such  is  the  flexibility  of  hu-  The  geography  of  the  Arkansaw  has  now 
man  nature,  that  what  was  necessity  be-  become  an  object  ot  the  first  irr.portance, 
comes  by  habit  pleasure,  and  the  mounted  as  its  channel  forms,  from  the  100th  degree 
herdsmen  of  New'  Jlcsico,  Texas,  Louisi-  of  longiUule  west  of  London,  to  its  source, 
ana,  and  Arkansaw,  would  not  change  con-  if  those  sources  are  south  of  north  lat.  42, 
dition  with  any  other  people  on  earth,  part  of  tiie  limit  between  the  United  States 
Free  as  the  plains  on  which  they  rove  are  and  the  Spanish  dominions  in  .Vmerica. 
wide,  these  horsemen  know  no  luxury  be-  From  the  discoveries  recently  made  by 
yond  their  herd?,  sigh  for  no  distinction  captain  Long,  the  magnitude  of  the  Arkan- 
but  that  of  managing  their  steeds  with  saw  has  been  hitherto  underrated.  A  large 
most  adroitness.  body  of  water  formerly  made  to  enter  Red 

Such  is  tlie  germ  of  a  people,  which,  in  river,  is  now  found  to  flow  into  the  Arkan- 
the  short  lapse  of  two  centuries,  wdl  in-  saw  by  the  Canadian  Fork.  The  Arkansaw 
habit  a  surface  more  than  equal  to  two-  is  more  impeded  by  fulls  and  cataracts,  than 
thirds  of  all  Europe.  Tlie  mind  cannot  any  river  of  the  great  inclined  plane  we 
detach  itself  from  this  truly  interesting  have  noticed.  Issuing  from  an  elevated  and 
subject  without  reflecting,  that,  to  the  mountainous  region,  the  bed  of  this  stream 
physical  similitude  between  the  deserts  of  is  unnavigable  with  large  boats,  except 
Arabia  and  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  about  600  miles  above  its  inouth.  From 
with  the  interminable  plains  of  interior  thence  it  flows  in  a  deep  rapid  channej^of 
North  America,  a  strong  moral  resem-  about  six  hundred  yards  wide,  to  its  junc- 
blance  does,  and  ever  must  continue  *.o  ex-  tion  v.ith  tiic  Mississippi.  The  particular 
ist  between  the  respective  inhabitants  of  tributary  streams  of  the  Arkansaw  remain 
those  distant  regions.  in  great  part  irrperfectly  known.     This  ri- 

To  the  many  other  features  in  common  ver  now  gives  name  to  a  territory  of  the 
between  the  prairies  of  Red  and  Arkan-  United  Statts,  and  in  the  lapse  of  a  few 
saw  rivers,  and  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  years,  will  no  doulit  designate  a  state  of  the 
is  the  prevalence  of  muriate  of  soda,  (com-  confederacy,  similar  to  the  Illinois,  MiSS0u» 
mon   salt)  which,  as  has  been  observed,    ri,  and  Mississippi. 

renders  the  water  of  those  rivers  brackish.  Next  in  magnitude  of  volume,  and  length 
When  we  turn  our  eye  to  the  entire  sur-  of  course  to  Arkansiiw,  is  Red  rirer.  Like 
face  of  the  valley  under  review,  we  find  it  its  rival,  Red  river  flows  from  that  spine  of 
divided  into  two  very  unequal  portions,  mcuntaias,  which,  ranging  from  ^lexico 
The  grand  recipient,  the  Mississippi,  is  northward,  assuines  local  appellations  in 
seen  rolling  almost  at  one  extremity;  a  different  places;  in  Mexico  this  chain  rc- 
narrow  strip  of  land,  with  rivers  of  very  tains  the  native  Atzec  name  of  Anahuac  ; 
small  comparative  magnitude,  skirt  its  left  near  the  sources  of  Red  and  Arkansaw  ri- 
bank.  This  confined  border  of  about  500  vers,  it  is  known  as  the  mountains  of  New 
miles  in  length,  by  a  mean  width  of  50  Mexico ;  acd  farther  north  as  the  Rocky 
miles,  amounting  to  25,000  square  miles,  is  mountains,  or  the  Chippewan. 
opposed  by  an  extent  of  305,000  square  Great  uncertainty  reigns  over  the  sources 
miles,  watered  by  the  great  volumes  of  of  Red  river ;  but,  if  the  infoimation  given 
White,  Arkansaw,  and  Red  rivers.  Con-  bv  captain  Long  be  correct,  and  it  is  enti- 
4  K  ■  fi25 


M  1  S 


M  I 


tied  to  great  credit,  those  waters  which 
originate  from  north  lat.  32  to  35  degrees, 
and  west  Ion.  from  W  C  from  25  to  28  de- 
grees, which  in  all  our  maps  are  represent- 
ed as  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by 
the  Colorado,  and  other  streams,  on  the 
contrary,  are  the  sources  of  Red  river.  By 
comparative  courses,  this  stream  is  about 
1000  miles  in  lenglh  ;  but  following  it  by 
its  meanders,  is  probably  I50ij  miles. 

Both  the  Arkansaw  and  lied  river  have 
their  regular  periodical  inundations,  simi- 
lar to  the  Mississippi,  and  enter  their  reci- 
pient at  the  season  of  flood  respectively, 
with  an  immense  body  of  water,  which  in 
no  small  degree  continues  to  supply  that 
enormous  mass  of  fluid  which  annually  rolls 
over  Louisiana  into  the  GuU  of  Mexico. 
Arising  from  the  salitie  and  ochreous  earths 
through  which  they  flow,  the  waters  of 
tliese  two  great  rivers  are  in  a  considerable 
degree  brackish;  that  of  Red  river  so  much 
so,  that  at  Natichitoches,  and  from  thence 
to  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi,  cannot 
be  used  for  either  for  drinking  or  for  culi- 
nary purposes. 

Red  river  enters  the  Mississippi  at  north 
lat.  31  1,  and  west  Ion.  from  \V  C  14  40. 

The  next  confluent  of  the  Jlississippl,  in 
point  of  magnitude,  which  enters  from  the 
right  bank  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  is 
White  river.  This  latter  river,  though  of 
greatly  inferior  length  or  volume  to  the  two 
former,  is  of  great  nnportance  from  the  ex- 
tent of  excellent  land  it  drain -.  While  ri- 
ver rises  in  the  angle  between  Arkansaw 
and  Osage  rivers,  and  has  its  source  min- 
gled with  those  of  both  the  latter,  also  with 
those  of  Merrimack  and  St.  Francis.  White 
river,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about 
400  miles,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  a  few 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansaw. 

^.  Francis  and  Merrimack  wovdd  neither 
de*  rve  particular  notice  amid  the  descrip- 
tion of  rivers  such  as  we  have  been  survey, 
ing,  except  as  flowing  from  one  of  the  most 
interesting  metaUic  regions  of  this  globe. 

St.  Francis  rises  in  the  counties  of  Wash- 
ington and  St.  Genevieve,  in  the  state  of 
Missouri,  and  flowing  south  by  comparative 
course  250  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  on 
about  hundred  miles  by  water  above  the 
White  river. 

The  Merrimack  rises  in  the  highlands 
between  the  sources  of  the  St.  Francis  and 
tliose  of  the  Gasconade,  a  branch  of  Mis- 
souri, flows  east  by  comparative  course  one 
hundred  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  18 
miles  below  St.  Louis. 

It  is  unnecessary  in  this  to  notice  the 
soil,  climate,  or  productions  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  valley,  as  these  subjects  will 
come  more  appropriately  under  the  respec- 
tive heads  of  the  states  of  Mississippi  and 
Missouri.  A  reference  is  also  made  to  the 
article  of  Mississippi  state,  as  respects  the 
626 


confluents  of  the  Mississippi  river,  from  its 
left  bank,  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio. 

Summarij. 

Square  Mile*. 

Valley  of  Ohio  -        -        200.000 

Do.'       Mlsssissippi  proper,  180,000 
Do.        Missouri,  -        500,000 

Do.        Lower  Mississippi,    330,000 

Total  area  of  the  Mississipi 

Basin,    -        -        -        1,310,000 

We  may  here  remark,  that  including 
the  basin  of  Columbia,  the  Trans-Mis- 
sissippian  Territory  of  the  United  States 
amounts  to  1,144,843  square  miles,  equal 
to  732,699,520  United  States  acres. 

To  close  the  survey  of  the  Mississippi 
basin,  it  only  remains  to  examine  the 
general  laws  by  which  the  annual  floods 
of  the  Mississippi  are  regulated  and  de- 
teimined.  In  order  to  elucidate  this 
subject,  it  is  necessary  to  combine  under 
one  view  the  entire  surface  of  the  basin. 
This  investigation  embraces  one  of  the 
most  important  questions  in  physical  geo- 
graphy ;  it  is  to  examine  one  of  the  most 
stupendous  operations  of  nature,  per- 
formed on  a  scale  commensurate  with 
the  magnitude  of  the  eifect. 

In  our  review  of  the  valley  of  Ohio, 
320.8  feet  was  given  as  the  elevation  of 
the  waters  at  the  junction  of  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers.  From  want  of  cor- 
rect data  as  to  the  real  length  or  gene- 
ral fall  of  its  waters,  no  satisfactoiy  cal- 
culation can  be  made  as  to  the  absolute 
elevation  of  the  sources  of  Missouri.  We 
have  assumed  in  this  article  3,000  feet 
as  the  probable  height,  above  the  re- 
spective oceans,  of  the  sources  of  that 
stream.  In  an  analysis  similar  to  that  on 
which  we  are  engaged,  relative  eleva- 
tion is  one  of  the  elements  most  neces- 
rary  to  a  correct  result.  We  may  re- 
mark in  this  place,  with  sincere  regret, 
that  during  all  the  time  in  which  cur 
citizens  have  visited  the  sources  of  Mis- 
souri, that  the  elevation  of  not  one  peak 
or  pass  has  been  determined  and  pub- 
lished. We  have,  however,  some  facts 
which  enable  us,  by  analogy,  to  approach 
an  accurate  estimate  of  the  height  of 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri.  From  the 
extreme  cold,  and  from  the  late  contin- 
uance of  snow  at  North  lat.  45  or  46°, 
we  cannot  suppose  the  base  of  the  Chip- 
pewan  mountains  to  be  in  that  region 
less  than  2,800  or  3,000  feet.  At  the 
first  glance,  when  it  is  known  the  great 
length  of  the  stream,  from  its  discharge 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  its  remotest 
sources,  so  moderate  an  elevation  of  the 
latter  may  appear  too  limited  ;  but  3,000 
feet  would  demand  very  nearly  a  foot 
per  mile,  an   enormous  descent,   much 


M  1  S 


M  1  b 


more  than  double  that  ordinarily  found 
in  rivers.  In  the  foregoing  estimate,  the 
absolute  height  of  peaks,  or  even  ridges, 
are  not  taiien  into  account. 

It  has  often  excited  astonishment  in 
those  who  knew  the  extent,  without  duly 
attending  to  the  structure  of  the  Missis- 
sippi basin,  that  the  entire  Dalta  is  not 
annually  submerged.  VVe  now  proceed 
to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  long  con- 
tinuance, and  in  common  years,  the  mo- 
derate elevation  of  the  Mississippi  floods. 
Recurrence  to  a  good  map  will  render 
intelligible  what  is  to  follow,  and  obvious, 
that  the  peculiar  structure  and  relative 
position  of  the  respective  valleys  which 
compose  this  great  basin,  are  the  true 
causes  which  prolong  the  duration,  and 
mitigate  the  height  of  the  annual  inunda- 
tion. 

In  conducting  this  review,  we  may 
consider  the  basin  subdivided  into  the 
four  valleys  already  noticed ;  that  of 
Ohio,  Mississippi  proper,  Missouri,  and 
Lower  Mississippi.  The  relative  extent 
of  each  has  been  determined,  and  the 
principal  streams  noticed.  If  we  were 
to  turn  an  attentive  eye  to  a  map  of 
those  four  sections,  and  unaided  by  a 
single  fact  drav.'n  from  actual  observa- 
tion, it  would  follow  from  theory,  from 
its  more  southern  position,  and  from  its 
length  extending  east  and  west,  that  the 
valley  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  must  first 
discharge  its  waters ;  the  Ohio  valley 
would  follow  ;  Upper  Mississippi  would 
succeed  to  Ohio  ;  and  lastly,  would  issue 
the  discharge  of  Missouri,  or  largest 
subdivisior^of  the  basin  ;  such  are  indeed 
the  facts. 

It  would  also  be  evident  from  inspec- 
tion, that  of  every  valley  taken  separate- 
ly, nature  opposes  insurmountable  ob- 
stacles to  a  simultaneous  discharge.  Red 
and  Arkansa^y  rivers  ttviw  nearly  paral- 
lel through  14  degress  of  longitude,  and 
yet  in  every  year  the  discharge  of  the 
former  precedes  that  of  the  latter  nearly 
a  month.  Red  river  is  the  true  North 
American  Nile,  though  on  a  smaller 
scale.  That  title  has  been  bestowed  -m 
the  Mississippi  with  unparalleled  absur- 
dity. Except  in  the  sitigle  circumstance 
of  each  protruding  a  Delta  at  their  re- 
spective mouths,  no  two  rivers  could 
)5ossibly  present  more  contrasted  features 
than  does  the  Mississippi  and  Nile.  In 
fact,  except  in  one  circumstance,  very 
little  resemblance  exists  even  between 
the  Nile  and  Red  river :  the  Nile  in 
common  years  has  only  one  flood,  Red 
river,  has  often  two ;  but  the  floods  of 
the  Nile  are  discharged  by  regular  rise 
and  as  regular  depression,  which  is  emi- 
nently the  case  with  Red  river ;  a  cir- 


cumstance  which,  in  a  very  striking  man- 
ner, distinguishes  both  from  the  Missis- 
sippi, which  rises  and  falls  by  pulsation, 
if  such  a  term  is  admissible. 

Near  the  north-west  angle  of  Lou- 
isiana, a  chain  of  lakes  commences  on 
both  shores  of  Red  river,  which  continue 
to  skirt  that  stream  upwards  of  100  miles. 
The  writer  of  this  article  examined 
these  lakes,  and  found  them  to  be  evi- 
dently formed  in  the  ancient  channels 
and  adjacent  low  grounds  of  considera- 
ble water- courses,  the  discharge  of  which 
into  Red  river,  has  been  gradually  im- 
peded by  a  natural  embankment,  formed 
Ijy  the  sediment  brought  down  by  that 
river.  These  lakes  as  they  now  exist, 
are  from  four  or  five,  to  thirty  miles  in 
length,  and  from  one  quarter  to  three 
miles  wide,  and  are  filled  and  emptied 
alternately,  as  the  floods  of  Red  river 
rise  and  fall :  they  are  in  fact  real  reser- 
voirs, ■  'hich  in  the  rise  uf  Red  river  re- 
ceives great  part  of  its  surplus  water, 
and  as  the  river  depresses  discharge  that 
surplus  slowly,  tending  very  greatly  to 
mitigate  the  rapid  emission  of  the  Red 
river  flood  on  the  Delta.  As  far  as  the 
writer  is  informed,  this  feature  is  pecu- 
liar to  Red  river,  and  distinguislics'that 
stream  from  every  other. 

Red  ri\'er,  iike'the  Mississippi,  has  a 
flood  in  autumn ;  but  what  may  be  de- 
nominated the  annual  inundation  of  that 
river,  reaches  the  Delta  in  Februarj', 
and  continues  through  March  and  April. 

The  efflux  ^f  Arkansaw  uniformly 
succeeds  that  of  Red  river  ;  but  from  the 
greater  lengdi  of  course,  extent  it  drains, 
and  also  from  the  mere  northerly  and 
mountainous  country  from  which  its  re- 
mote sources  are  drawn,  the  volume  of 
the  former  very  greatly  exceeds  that  of 
the  latter  ;  tbougii  froni  different  causes, 
both  rivers  are  alike  in  yielding  their 
waters  by  a  slow  and  regular  discharge. 
The  great  mass  of  the  flood  of  Arkansaw 
reacnes  the  Delta  in  March  and  April, 
and  is  thtref'ire  simuitaneou.  with  the 
latter  part  of  that  of  Red  river.  White 
river,  in  strictness,  forms  part  cf  the  Ar- 
kansaw tide,  and  flows  out  with  the  first 
flux  of  the  latter  stream. 

VVe  may  here  observe,  that  all  the 
rivers  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  above. 
North  lat.  37,  are  liable  to  be  annually 
frozen.  The  Mississippi,  at  St.  Louis, 
is  three  years  in  five  passable  on  the  ice 
with  loaded  carriages,  by  the  first  week 
in  January.  The  Ohio,  in  an  equal  lati- 
tude, is  not  so  soon  frozen,  though  the 
cold  is  equally  intense  on  the  latter,  as 
on  the  former  river.  The  causes  are 
obvious  which  produce  this  apparent 
anomal  v.  The  v/aters  of  the  Mississippi, 
627 


-M  1  S 


-M  I  S 


flowing  from  high  latitude,  are  cooled  al- 
most to  ti'ie  point  of  congelation,  when 
ihtv  arrive  at  the  junction  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri;  whilst  those  of 
Ohio,  in  the  latitude  of  St.  L'  uis,  flowing 
nearly  from  cast  to  west,  demand  a 
longer  exposure  to  frost  to  become  fro- 
zen. The  gradual  melting  of  the  ice  and 
snow  above  th.e  latitude  assumed,  that  of 
ST,  is  another  very  controlling  cause  of 
the  slow  enriission  of  the  general  flood. 

The  Ohio  valley,  from  its  compact 
form,  greater  comparative  descent,  and 
from  the  medium  climate  in  which  it  is 
situated,  emits  its  waters  with  more 
irregularity  than  any  stream  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi basin.  The  Ohio  tide  of  Hood 
occurs  from  Kov.  mber  uniil  March,  in- 
clusive, though  perhaps  four  years  in  Hve, 
this  river  yields  the  principal  discharge 
in  the  latter  month.  The  floods  of  this 
valley  are  more  sudden  in  their  rise,  and 
more  impetuous  in  their  discharge,  than 
that  of  any  section  of  the  Mississipin 
basin.  The  main  tide  of  Ohio  reaches 
the  Delta  in  May.  The  various  streams 
are,  however,  so  relatively,  placed,  as  to 
render  a  simultaneous  discharge  impos- 
sible. The  effect,  therefore,  of  this  river, 
in  producing  an  augumentation  of  the 
floods  which  irmndate  the  Delta,  is  much 
lessened  in  its  operation. 

The  Mississippi  proper  is  still  mere 
disadvantageously  situated,  to  admit  a 
rapid  emission  of  its  waters  than  the 
Ohio.  Flowing  nearly  in  a  north  and 
south  direction,  and  through  so  great  a 
range  as  nine  degrees  of  latitutle,  the 
more  southern  conHuents  must  be  very 
inuch  exhausted  before  those  towards 
the  source  arc  relieved  from  fetters  of 
ice.  The  great  body  of  the  Mississipj^i 
tide  is,  however,  co  eval  with  that  of 
Ohio. 

It  is  the  accumulation  of  the  waters 
of  the  three  valleys  we  have  surveyed, 
and  those  of  the  Kanses  and  Osage 
branches  of  the  Missouri,  which  produce 
what  is  known  as  the  annual  Mississippi 
inundation.  This  flood,  nine  years  in  ten, 
reaches  the  highest  point  of  its  elevation 
at  Natchez,  between  tlie  lOdi  and  20th 
of  June.  Few  instances  occur  in  a  long 
succession  of  years,  in  which  the  waters 
at  that  city  have  not  commenced  their 
depression  by  the  first  week  of  July. 
And  yet,  tlie  heaviest  mass  afforded  by 
the  largest  natural  section,  lias  not  yet 
reached  the  Delta. 

Powerful  as  are  the  causes  which 
combine  to  prolong  the  discharge  of 
the  enormous  body  of  waters  contained 
in  the  three  sections  of  the  Mississippi 
basin  we  have  examined,  none  contain 
such  controlling  impediments  to  an  ag- 
628 


gregated  and  sudden  emission,  as  does 
the  Missouri  valley  above  the  Platte  in- 
clusive. 

The  Yellow  Stone  and  Missouri  spread 
their  sources  through  seven  degrees  of 
latitude,  and,  assuming  a  general  course 
of  north  east,  unite  their  waters  above 
North  lat.  48'',  turn  to  the  east  and  south- 
east, and  finally  assume,  at  the  Mandan 
villages,  a  southern  course,  after  having 
flown  through  eleven  degrees  of  longitude. 
The  Platte  pursues  a  general  course  from 
west  to  east,  above  North  lat.  40°,  and 
flows  through  14  degrees  of  longitude.  It 
must  be  obvious,  from  what  has  been 
shown  in  this  article,  or  by  inspection  of 
a  good  map,  that  tiie  higher  branches  of 
Missouri  must  remain  frozen,  long  after 
those  more  southward  have  commenced 
their  rise,  and  nearly  as  late  as  the  pe- 
riod uf  high  tide  on  the  Delta.  The 
mean  motion  of  the  entire  mass  of  water, 
in  any  of  the  confluents  of  the  Mississippi, 
does  not  much,  if  any,  exceed  one  mile 
per  hour ;  therefore,  between  three  and 
four  months  are  necessary  for  the  pas- 
sage of  water  from  the  extreme  sources 
of  the  Missouri  to  the  Delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi; consequently,  though  those 
waters  commence  their  rise  in  May, 
they  do  not  frequently  reach  the  Delta 
until  late  in  July,  or  early  in  August, 
of  course  at  a  period  when  the  main 
spring  and  summer  inundation  is  very 
greatly  abated,  and  the  water  retired 
within  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Though  the  period  of  flood  is  well 
known  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Delta, 
and  in  common  years  can  be  calculated 
within  a  few  days,  such  is  the'inequality 
of  the  seasons  over  the  whole  basin,  that 
no  length  of  experience  gives  much  aid 
in  estimating  the  probable  elevation  or 
quantity.  In  1800,  and  in  1801,  the  waters 
of  the  Mississippi  at  Natchez  did  not 
attain  the  height  of  the  banks. 

The  Delta  commences  at  the  mouth 
of  Red  River,  or,  more  correctly,  at  the 
efflux  of  the  At(  hafalaya.  At  this  place 
is  a  gorge,  through  which  the  over- 
whelming mass  of  surplus  water  is  con- 
fined to  within  three  miles  ;  but  by  the 
channel  of  Atchafalaya,  a  very  large 
quantity  flows  out  to  the  right  from  the 
main  stream,  never  again  to  return.  One 
hundred  and  twenty  miles  lower,  flows 
from  the  left,  the  Manchac  or  Iberville. 
Those  two  streams,  the  Atchafalaya  and 
Iberville,  bound  the  Delta,  and  below 
their  efflux  respectively,  no  water  which 
Hows  from  the  Mississippi  ever  returns; 
nor  hre  there  any  bodies  of  arable  land, 
except  upon  the  immediate  banks  of  the 
water  courses ;  all  beyond,  is  either  lia- 
ble to  annual  overflow,  or  morass. 


M  I  s 


-M  1  S 


We  have  now  included  as  much  of 
general  olBcrvation  upon  the  Mississippi 
basin,  as  is  compatible  with  the  neces- 
sary brevity  of  this  treatise,  and  will 
therefore  conclude  our  review  of  that 
subject  with  a  few  reflections  upon  the 
Delta. 

It  is  evident  from  either  actual  view 
or  insjiection  on  a  map,  that  all  the 
space  I  have  designated  as  within  the 
Delta  must  have  been  formed  by  allu- 
vial deposit ;  but  from  that  physical 
fact  many  conclusions  have  been  drawn, 
unsupported  by  the  laws  of  nature  or  the 
geographical  physingomy  of  the  country. 

It  is  a  common  belief  that  the  Missis- 
sippi frequently  changes  its  bed,  and  that 
it  flows  upon  a  comparative  ridge.  Nei- 
ther of  those  opinions  are  correct;  the 
bed  of  the  Mississippi,  like  that  of  all 
rivers,  is  the  deepest  valley  of  the  coun- 
try through  which  it  flows'  As  high  up 
as  the  efflux  of  La  Fourche  it  is  130  feet 
deep  at  low  water,  and  75  or  80  at 
Natchez.  At  New  Orleans  the  depth 
exceeds  one  hundred  feet.  The  deepest 
lakes,  in  the  whole  adjacent  country,  do 
not  exceed  18  or  20  feet,  and  the  very 
small  depression  of  their  surface  below 
that  of  the  Mississippi,  shown  by  the 
tides,  will  leave  the  bottom  of  the  river 
upwards  of  one  hundred  feet  below  that 
of  any  other  water  course  or  lake  in  the 
Delta.  When  the  Mississippi  is  redu- 
ced to  its  lowest  point  of  depression,  wa- 
ter ceases  to  flow  irto  the  Atchafalaya, 
Iberville,  and  Plaquemine  ;  and  instances 
have  occurred  when  the  same  circum- 
stances took  place  with  the  Fourche  ; 
and  yet,  as  I  before  remarked,  at  the 
very  lowest  stage  of  its  depression  the 
Mississippi  water,  even  as  high  as  La 
Fourche,  is  120  feel  deep ;  therefore  to 
desert  its  channel,  that  great  river  must 
quit  a  bed  of  upwards  of  two  thousand 
six  hundred  feet  wide,  and  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  in  depth  below  the  low- 
est of  its  outlets,  and  about  one  hundred 
and  forty  feet  below  the  general  level  of 
the  Delta. 

It  remains  for  me  to  show  the  causes 
of  the  ordinary  misconception,  that  the 
Mississippi  does  desert  its  channel.  A 
glance  of  an  eye  upon  a  good  map,  will 
exhibit  the  sweeping  bends  of  that  great 
river.  In  an  alluvial  soil  the  cu.-rent, 
where  it  strikes  against  one  side  of  the 
river,  wears  away  a  portion  of  the  bank, 
and  deposits  it  upon  the  opposite  shore. 
This  enlarged  section  shows  the  nature 
of  those  currents,  which  are  thrown  by 
the  points  into  the  bends,  or  more  cor- 
rectly from  the  convex  to  the  concave 
side  of  the  stream.  The  consequence 
is  that  the  decrement  of  the  banks  is 


from  the  bends,  and  the  increment  to  the 
points,  or  rather  a  little  below.  If  by  a 
large  curve  of  the  river  tv/o  bends  ap- 
proach each  other,  the  intervening  isth- 
mus or  neck  may  be  worn  through  by 
the  current,  and  the  river  tiu'own  into 
the  new  channel.  This  was  tlie  case  in 
three  places,  since  Louisiana  was  settled 
by  the  French  ;  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Yazoo,  at  that  of  the  Homochitto,  and  at 
Point  Coupee.  The  latter  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  circumstance.  The  for- 
mer bed  of  the  river,  now  lakes,  have  in 
every  other  respect  except  current,  a 
perfect  resemblance  to  the  curves  of  the 
Mississippi.  Besides  those  lakes,  thus 
formed  within  the  reach  of  history,  seve- 
ral others  exist  near  the  Miss\.9sippi  to 
attest  the  still  more  ancient  revolutions 
of  that  stream.  Such  are.  Lake  Con- 
cordia, opposite  Natchez  ;  Lake  St.  John, 
a  few  miles  above  ;  Lake  St.  Joseph,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  the  Big  Black  I'ivcr  ; 
Lake  Providence,  opposite  Stack  Island  ; 
and  Grand  Lake,  immediately  above 
the  north  line  of  Louisiana,  upon  N  lat. 
33  0. 

Of  tlicse  eiglit  lakes,  all  are  on  the  right 
side,  except  one  at  the  mouth  of  Yazoo, 
and  one  at  that  of  the  Homochitto,  and  all 
have,  as  I  before  observed,  the  most  exact 
resemblance  to  sections  of  the  Mississippi. 
Receding  from  that  stream  beyond  Uie 
limits  of  these,  the  other  lakes,  within  or 
above  the  Delta,  assume  a  totally  different 
appearance,  and  have  the  iiTcguJar  (onn  of 
similar  bodies  of  walar  in  other  places. 
Those  near  the  present  bed  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, are  monuments  attesting  ti'.e  anti- 
quity of  that  bed.  Combining  therefore, 
the  depth  ol"  the  main  river,  with  the  gen- 
eral features  of  the  Delta,  and  other  allu- 
vial tracts  above,  the  conclusion  is  inevita. 
ble,  that  this  great  river  flows  in  a  channel, 
Irom  whicli,  with  t!\e  excep' ions  stated,  its 
waters  cannot  find  ano' her  outlet  to  their 
general  recipient,  more  easily  than  »ny 
otiier  given  river,  the  Hudson,  Delaware, 
or  Susquehannah,  for  instance. 

We  must  close  these  already  lengthened 
observations  on  the  Delta  of  the  Missis- 
sijjpi,  by  a  few  general  lerr.arks  upon  tliat 
stream. 

1  have  already  expressed  my  opinion, 
that  the  velocity  of  the  water  of  that  river 
and  of  its  confluents  was  overrated.  1  have 
formed  that  conclusion  from  acUial  obser- 
vation, but  it  may  be  supponed  by  colla- 
teral facts.  If  any  vessel  is  pat  in  motion, 
say  a  steam-boat,  in  stagnant  water,  and  its 
rate  of  going  ascertained,  that  rate  must, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  exactly  counterba- 
lance a  current  of  equal  rapidity.  There- 
fore, if  a  steam-boat  could  move  six  miles 
per  hour  in  still  water,  it  would  move  one 
629 


M  I  S 


M  I  S 


iTiile  per  hour  in  a  current  l;aving  a  velo- 
city of  five  miles  per  hour.  It  is  very 
commonly  and  very  confidently  asserted, 
tliut  the  IVlississippi  moves  four  or  five 
miles  per  hour  during  the  time  of  high 
water,  and  yet  stearo-boa'.s  are  known  to 
be  propelled  against  its  current  three  or 
four  miles  per  hour.  If  these  two  motions 
are  added  together,  we  have  nine,  ten,  or 
t^velve  miles  per  hour  in  still  water  for 
these  vessels.  I  have  been  much  in  steam- 
boats in  the  most  favourable  situations,  and 
\vlien  aided  by  wind,  tide  and  steam,  ten 
jTiiles  was  the  greatest  dista;ice  I  ever  knew 
jjerformed  in  one  hour  by  any  of  these 
vessels.  Six  is  I  believe,  in  calm  weutlier, 
and  stagnant  water,  very  nearly  their  mean 
rate  of  motion. 

If  thi^latter  supposition  is  correct,  and 
steam-boats  are  propelled  up  tlie  Missis- 
sippi at  the  rate  of  four  miles  per  hour,  it 
will  leave  two  miles  per  hour  for  the  mean 
motion  of  the  upper  current  or  surface  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  coinciding  very  near- 
ly with  what  I  have  before  stated.  This 
two  miles  per  hour,  must  however,  be  cor- 
sidered  as  the  velocity  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  volume  of  water,  and  is,  1  have  no 
doubt,  more  than  double  that  of  the  entire 
mass. 

JiTiMtssippi,  state  of  the  United  States, 
having  the  Mississippi  and  Fearl  rivers  on 
the  west;  tlie  35th  degree  of  North  lat.  or 
the  state  of  Tennessee,  north  ;  the  state  of 
Alabama  on  the  east ;  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  North  lat.Sl",  or  Louisiana,  on 
the  south.     Tiie  outlines  of  this  state  are  : 

MJes. 
From  the  mouth  of  Pearl  river  along 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  to  the  south- 
west angle  of  Alabama,       -         -         SO 
Along  the  western  boundary  of  Ala- 
bama, to  the  north-west  angle   of 
that  state,  on  the  southern  bounda- 
ry of  Tennessee,  ...      320 
Thence    west    along    the    southern 
boundary   of   Tennessee,   to    the 
Kuutli-west  angle  of  that  state  on 
tlie   left  bank  of  the  Mississippi 

river, 90 

Thence  down  that  stream  to  North 

lat.  31  0, 530 

Thence  due  east  along  North  lat.  CI 
0,  ajid  the  state  of  Louisiana,  to 
the  right  bank  of  Pearl  river,  105 

Tlieiicc  down  Puarl  river,  to  the  place 
of  beginning,       .         .         -         -         60 

Having  an  entire  outline  of  1185 

Area  45,760  square  ritiles,  equal  to 
29,286,400  acres.  Extreme  south,  North 
lat.  30  8  ;  extreme  north,  N.  lai.  35  0. 
Length  from  south  to  nortl',  338  miles ; 
mean  width,  about  135  miles. 

The  remarkable  resemblance  in  form  and 
630 


geographical  position,  between  the  states 
of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  is  obvious  on 
a  first  glance  on  their  connected  maps.  In 
addition  to  every  other  point  of  similitude, 
both  have  a  prolongation  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  below  North  lat,  31  0,  of 
nearly  equal  area  and  extent  on  that  gulf. 

Of  the  rivers  of  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
iliat  stream  from  which  the  name  of  the 
state  is  derived,  claims  the  first  rank. 

I'he  Mississippi  washes  the  state  from 
North  lat.  31"  to  35°,  a  distance,  following 
the  stream,  of  530  miles.  The;  features 
of  the  Mississippi  l)ave  been  so  amply  no- 
ticed under  the  preceding  head,  that  no 
farther  notice  respecting  it  is  necessary  in 
this  place. 

Next  in  magnitude  and  importance 
amongst  the  rivers  of  this  state,  is  the 
Pearl,  This  stream  rises  in  the  state, 
about  North  lat.  33  0,  and  flowing  in  a 
general  cou.rse  nearly  soutli,  flows  inio  the 
Jtigolets  between  Lakes  Borgne  and  Pont- 
chartrain,  at  North  lat.  30  10,  after  an  en- 
tire comparative  course  of  about  200  miles. 
From  Nortli  lat.  31  0  1o  its  mouth,  the 
Pearl  forms  part  of  t!ie  boundary  between 
the  states  of  Louisi;ina  and  Mississippi. 

The  Pascagoula  vises  in  the  state  of  Mis- 
sissippi, about  North  lat.  32  40,  fiov.s  in  a 
southern  course  to  North  lat.  30  20,  fulls 
into  Itie  Gulf  of  Mexico  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  about  150  miles.  The  main 
branch  of  Pascagoula  is  known  by  the 
name  of  Cliickisav  hay,  as  far  down  as  five 
miles  south  of  North  lat.  31  0,  where  it 
ibrms  a  junction  with  tlie  north-west 
branch,  the  Leaf  rivti,  and  from  thence  to 
tlie  final  discharge  takes  tjie  name  of  Pas- 
cagoula. 

Some  streams,  but  of  small  note,  enter 
the  bay  of  St.  Louis  between  the  Pearl  and 
Pascagoula  rivers. 

Tiie  sources  of  the  Amite,  Tickfoha, 
Tangipao,  and  Bogue  Chito  rivers  are  in 
the  state  of  Mississippi. 

Flowing  into  the  Mississippi,  are  the 
B\iffalo,  Homochitto,  Big  Black,  and  Y.azoo 
rivers.  Of  these  latter  streams,  in  point  of 
magnitude,  the  first  rank  is  due  to  the  lat- 
ter. This  river  has  its  source  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  Tennessee,  inter- 
locking with  the  head  waters  of  Tombig- 
bee.  The  Yazoo  enters  the  Mississippi  at 
North  lat.  32  30,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  about  200  miles. 

Big  Black  rises  about  North  lat,  33  0,, 
between  tiie  sources  of  the  Pearl  and  the 
Yazoo,  flows  south-west  150  miles,  and  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  at  the  Gr.  d  Gulf, 
North  lat.  32  5, 

Between  the  Big  Rue  v  and  Homochitto; 
the  Mississippi  river  receives  the  water  of 
B:.,  <  Pierre,  Coles  creek,  and  St,  Cathe- 
1-  iie  creek  ;  these  creeks  are  comparatively 
small,  but  important  from  their  position. 


M  I  S 


M  1  S 


and  the  excellence  of  the  land  they  drain, 
The  city  of  Natchez,  though  so  near  the 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  St.  Catherine  creek,  which  has 
its  discharge  15  niiles  below. 

The  Homochitto  river  rises  about  50 
miles  north-east  from  Natchez ;  flows  south- 
west about  100  miles  ;  enters  the  Mississip- 
pi at  North  lat.  31  12. 

The  Buffalo  is  ratlier  a  creek  than  a  river, 
not  having  a  course  of  nnore  than  25  or  30 
miles.  This  stream  rises  in  Amite,  and 
flows  west  through  Wilkinson  county,  and 
falls  into  the  Mississippi  two  miles  above 
Loftus  Heights. 

The  Tennessee  river  forms  a  part  of  tbe 
boundary  of  the  state  of  Mississippi,  from 
the  mouth  of  Bear  creek  to  the  Tennessee 
line,  at  North  lat.  35  0- about  20  miles,  and 
ought  consequently  to  be  classed  as  one 
of  the  rivers  of  the  state. 

We  have  already  observed,  that  the 
sources  of  the  Tombigbee  were  in  the  state 
of  Mississippi.  Tiie  sources  of  Tombigbee 
rise  near  the  Tennessee  line,  flow  to  the 
south-east,  and  enter  the  state  of  Alabama 
at  about  North  lat.  33  30. 

The  state  of  Mississippi  has  a  very  con- 
fined and  incommodious  sea  coast,  of  80 
m'les  in  extent.  In  this  distance,  the  Pas- 
cagoula  is  the  only  inlet  by  which  vessels 
of  the  smallest  size  can  enter,  and  in  tliat 
only  schooners  of  small  draught,  ;'.t  higli 
water,  can  reach  the  junction  of  Cliicki- 
sawhay  and  Leaf  rivers.  The  Pearl  ad- 
mits no  navigation  worth  mention ;  and  the 
bay  of  St.  Louis  is  a  mere  indentation  of 
the  coast,  of  no  practical  use  in  a  commer- 
cial point  of  view. 

The  Mississippi  river  is  the  great  harbour 
and  outlet  of  the  state. 

The  state  of  Mississippi  Is  naturally  di- 
vided into  four  grand  divisions  of  soil. 
The  islands  in  Lake  Borgne,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  ;  Pine  Forest ;  Mississippi,  and 
other  river  alluvion ;  and  the  Mississippi 
Bluffs. 

Advancing  from  south  to  north,  first  oc- 
curs a  chain  of  low  sandy  islands,  lying 
about  six^or  seven  miles  from  the  main 
shore  ;  their  names  are,  ranging  from  west 
to  east,  the  group  of  the  Malheureux  (un- 
fortunate)  Islands  ;  Mary  Anne,  Cat,  Ship, 
Dog,  Horn,  and  Petite  Bois  islands. 

The  opposing  shore,  once  apart  of  West 
Florida,  is  a  level  pine  forest  to  the  water 
edge  ;  constituting  the  second,  and  by  far 
most  extensive  superficies  of  scil  in  the 
state.  Receding  from  the  shores  of  the 
gulf,  inland,  the  face  of  the  country  imper- 
ceptibly swells  into  hills;  and  though  no 
part  of  the  stale  rises  into  elevations  that 
can  be  designated  mouniains.  much  of  its 
surface  is  extremely  broken. 

Next  in  extent  to  the  Pine  Forest  land, 
is  the  range  called  the  Mississippi  Bluffs ; 


and  lastly,  the  more  confined,  but  greatly 
most  valuable  landj  where  found  above  an- 
nual overflow,  river  alluvion.  Of  these 
three  latter  divisions  of  soil  in  order. 

As  we  have  already  observed,  the  Pine 
Forests  reaches  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico ;  and  we  may  add,  extend  in  the 
intervals  between  the  streams,  to  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  the  state.  This  species 
of  soil,  deriving  its  title  from  tlie  principai 
timber  it  produces,  in  most  places  gradu- 
ally mingles  with  the  river  alluvion,  or  Mi>5- 
sissippi  Blufl's,  and  produces  an  intermedi- 
ate soil  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  both  ; 
and  on  which  oak,  ash,  hickory,  dogwood, 
sweet  gum,  and  other  trees,  intermingle 
with  tlie  pine.  This  mixed  soil  and  tim- 
bf  r  is  known  in  t.ie  country  by  the  name  of 
interval  land,  and  is  often  found  very  pro- 
ductive. The  pine  lands  have  hitherto 
been  considered  extremely  slerll ;  liow  far 
future  modes  of  culture,  or  artifici.d  means, 
may  tend  to  meliorate  this  species  of  soil, 
remains  an  undecided  problem. 

In  the  northern  parts  of  the  state  of  Mis- 
sissippi, towards  Tennet-r^e,  the  ])ine 
woods  are  frequently  interrupted  by  a  spe- 
cies of  prairie,  or  rather  b.irrens,  on  which 
grow,  shrub  oak,  and  other  dwarf  bushes  ; 
but  the  soil  continues  to  exhibit  the  un- 
productive character  of  that  of  the  pine 
woods. 

It  would  not  be  hazarding  much,  to  esti- 
mate the  extent  of  these  barren  tracts  at 
two-thirds  of  the  entire  area  of  the^t^-.te. 

In  all  the  length  of  the  state  of  Jaississip- 
pi,  from  North  lat.  31°  to  35°,  a  range  of 
bluffs  extend.  These  bluffis  reach,  and  are 
washed  by  the  Mississippi  in  a  few  places 
only.  Immediately  above  North  lat.  31  0, 
rises  the  highest  of  these  bluffs,  known  by 
the  name  of  Loftus  Heights,  ivhich  skirt 
the  river  four  or  five  miles.  A  very  large 
curve  of  the  Mississippi,  to  the  vv^st,  leaves 
an  extensive  overflown  tract  along  the 
right  bank,  as  high  as  Ellis's  Cliffs,  where, 
by  an  eastern  curve  of  the  river,  the  blufis 
are  again  washed  by  the  stream  ;  which  is 
also  the  case  at  the  city  of  Natchez. 
Above  the  latter  place,  the  bluffs  and  river 
do  not  again  come  in  contact  below  the 
Grand  Gulf  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Black 
river.  The  Blufis  again  reach  the  stream 
at  Walnut  Hills,  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Yazoo,  and  at  the  Chickisaw  Bluffs,  imme- 
diately at  the  north-west  angle  of  the 
state. 

These  bluffs  are  the  mere  extension  of 
the  comparatively  elevated  surface  of  the 
state  of  Mississippi  over  the  low  grounds  of 
the  river  of  the  same  name. 

When  the  watprs  are  low,  it  is  found  that 
the  bluffs  are  underlaid  by  a  crude  con- 
crete of  sand  and  pebbles,  held  in  mass  by 
an  oxide  of  iron  ;  the  whole,  no  doubt,  rest- 
ing on  a  secondary  base. 
631 


>I  I  s 


M  I  S 


,  'i'he  elevation  of  the  bluffs  vary,  but 
about  100  feet  mean  height  woulrl  not 
be  a  serious  departure  from  fact.  They 
are  cut  into  liills  by  the  abrasion  of  water 
of  the  numerous  streams  which  flow  from 
the  pine  woods  in  the  interior. 

What  renders  these  bluffs  and  hills  ob- 
jects of  peculiar  interest,  is  the  quality  of 
the  soil,  which  is  in  almost  all  places  good, 
and  in  many  exuberantly  fertile.  Receding 
from  the  bluffs,  the  pine  forests  impercep- 
tibly encroacli,  and  in  some  places,  at  a 
more  or  less  distance  from  the  river,  say  in 
a  direct  line  from  lifteen  to  tvveniy  miles, 
clo.ses  the  productive  border. 

The  foregoing  limit  is  taken  in  general ; 
man_y  of  the  water-courses  have  fertile 
tracts  on  their  banks,  farther  into  the  inte- 
rior of  the  stale  ;  but  the  latter  description 
of  land  belongs  more  particularly  to  river 
alluvion,  than  to  the  soil  of  the  bluffs  or 
hills. 

The  soil  of  the  bluffs .  and  hills  is  a 
rich  .loam,  resting  on  clay  ;  and  digging 
wells  has  disclosed  the  fact,  that  the  ge- 
rai  substratum  to  the  clay  is  loose  sand. 

The  whole  of  this  fine  border  of  soil,  in 
a  state  of  nature,  is  covered  with  a  very 
dense  forest,  with  an  underwood  of  reed 
cane,  the  Arundo  gigantea,  many  species  of 
vitis,  smilax,  and  other  climbers,  and  an 
infinite  variety  of  more  humble  vegeta- 
ble. 

A  mere  list  of  the  most  prevalent  timber 
trees  will  serve  to  demonstrate  tiie  fertility 
of  this  tract ;  these  are, 

Black  oak,  white  oak,  Spanish  oak,  black 
jack  oak,  willow  oak,  wild  cherry,  sweet 
gum,  poplar,  large  laurel,  beech,  fagus 
pumila,  here  a  tree  often  forty  feet  in 
height,  and  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diame- 
ter ;  black  locust,  mulberry,  periimon, 
honey  locust,  black  gum,  cotton  wood, 
linden,  mucilaginous  elm,  sassafras,  syca- 
more, ash,  black  walnut,  bittcrnut  hickoiy, 
nutmeg  hickory,  and  red  flowering  n-aple. 

Of  more  humble  trees  and  slu'il-r  and 
otlier  vegetables,  the  following  are  most 
indicative  of  fertility  of  soil ;  papaw,  dog. 
wood,  spicewood,  Spanish  mulberry,  buck- 
eye, poke,  blackberry,  muscadine,  and  reed 
cane. 

It  would  swell  this  article  to  too  great 
lengt!),  to  give  a  mere  list  of  the  most 
initresting  vegetable  productions  of  the 
fine  tract  under  review ;  the  foregoing 
are  inserted  as  illustrative  of  its  natural 
fertility. 

When  compared  with  the  entire  area  of 
the  state,  the  productive  tract  before  us 
is  confined  in  extent ;  but  when  we  turn 
our  attention  to  the  exotic  vegetables 
which  arc,  or  can  be  produced  within  its 
limits,  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  land  is 
rendered  apparent. 

Indigo,  tobacco,  and  cotton,  have  in  turn 
633 


been  cultivated  as  staples,  and  produced 
in  great  abundance  :  the  latter  has  for 
more  than  twenty-five  years  past  superse- 
ded the  two  former,  and  will,  in  all  human 
probability,  continue  the  great  staple  ot" 
this  part  of  the  United  States. 

Much  speculation  has  been  made  upon 
the  quantity  of  cotton  which  is,  or  can  be 
produced  per  acre,  upon  the  bluff  lands. 
The  writer  of  this  article,  from  some  per- 
sonal experience,  will  undertake  to  as- 
svime  250  pounds  of  clean  cotton  as  about 
an  average  crop. 

To  cotton,  indigo,  and  tobacco,  may  be 
added,  as  the  exotic  plants  cwltivated  in 
the  state  (;f  Mississippi,  Indian  corn,  (zea 
maize.)  oats ;  and,  where  the  inhabitants 
choose,  wheat  may  be  produced ;  but  the 
culture  of  that  grain  is  seldom  attempted. 
Most  garden  plants  grow  luxuriantly, 
though  good  gardess  are  rare.  That  spe- 
cies of  potato,  the  tuberous  rooted  solanum, 
commonly  called  Irish  potato,  is  cultivated, 
but  does  not  succeed  so  well,  either  as 
to  quantity  or  quality,  as  the  same  vegeta- 
ble does  farther  northward.  The  sweet 
potato  (convolvus  batatas  of  Muhlenberg) 
is  produced  in  the  utmost  abundance. 

Of  cultivated  fruits,  the  principal  are  the 
apple,  peach,  and  fig ;  the  latter,  below  N 
ht.  32°,  seems  to  flourish  as  if  natural  to  the 
climate.  The  plum,  nectarine,  apricot, 
&c.  are  cultivated,  but  not  extensively. 

Like  all  the  southern  states  of  the 
United  States,  meadows  cannot  be  cor- 
rectly said  to  exist  in  the  state  of  Missis- 
sippi; 

Though  the  winters  are  in  general  mild, 
the  seasons  are  extremely  variable.  Fre- 
quently frosts  occur  of  sufficient  severity 
to  destroy  cotton,  indigo,  tobacco,  and 
other  tender  j)lanls,  as  early  as  the  first 
week  in  October  ;  whilst,  perhaps  in  the 
next  season,  the  flowers  of  the  same  vege- 
tables will  be  found  blooming  in  Decem- 
ber, and  even  in  January,  as  was  the  case 
in  1305. 

No  winter,  however,  passes  without 
frost,  and  very  few  without  snow,  at  Nat- 
chez. In  December,  1800,  the  ihermome- 
fer  of  Fahrenheit  fell  to  12,  five  miles  S  of 
Natchez  ;  and  often  since  that  period,  the 
cold  has  been  nearly,  if  not  altogether,  as 
intense.  This  casual  severity  prevents,  to 
the  utmost  southern  extremity  of  the  state, 
the  cultivation  of  either  sugar  cane  or  the 
orange  tree  ;  vegetables  which  are,  in  fact, 
confined  in  the  Delta  of  the  Mississippi  to  a 
latitude  S  of  most  parts  of  the  state  of  Mis- 
sissippi. 

The  blufflands  are  followed  by  the  river 
alluvion,  which,  though  less  in  quantity,  is 
still  more  productive,  where  above  annual 
or  casual  overflow.  From  the  bluffs  con- 
fining, and  of  consequence  causing  the  ac- 
cumulation of  the  surplus  water  of  the  Mis. 


M  i  S 


SlI^ 


s'issippi  in  the  spring'  and  summer,  there 
exists  less  arable  soil  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  in  the  state  ol'  that 
name,  than  on  the  right  bank  in  Arkansas 
territory,  and  in  Louisiana.  Some  very 
wealthy  settlements  on  the  left  bank  do, 
however  exist,  with  a  soil  possessing  the 
usual  fertility  of  the  Mississippi  banks. 
The  arable  border  varies  from  half  a  mile 
to  200  yards,  and  is  every  where  termi- 
nated in  the  rear  by  overilown  grounds, 
submerged  annually  from  one  to  ten  or 
twelve  feet. 

The  natural  growth  on  the  river  arable 
border  is,  in  general,  sweet  gum,  different 
species  of  o.ik,  ash,  and  hickory,  hackberiy, 
sycamore,  &c.  v;ith  an  under-growlh  of 
reed  cane,  and  below  N  lat.  31  30,  the  pal- 
metto. In  tile  overgrown  swamps,  the 
principal  timber  is  cypress,  tupelo,  dffer- 
ent  species  of  oak  and  hickory,  maple, 
sweet  gum,  and  ash.  On  all  other  water- 
courses in  the  state,  more  or  less  alluvion 
occurs  ;  but  in  all  places  is  confined  in  ex- 
tent, and  on  the  streams  in  the  interior, 
often  merges  into  the  interval  land  or  pine 
forest. 

Taken  together,  the  bluff  lands  and 
river  alluvion  amount  to  about  5560  square 
miles,  equal  to  3,558,400  acres.  The  bluff 
lands  extend  from  N  lat.  31  to  35°,  with 
more  or  less  width,  as  the  rivers  inter- 
vene. 

Confined  as  the  two  foregoing  tracts  of 
land  are,  when  compared  to  the  area  of 
the  state,  of  which  they  form  a  part,  they 
nevertheless  form,  in  the  aggregate,  the 
most  extensive  continuous  tract  of  produc- 
tive soil  in  the  United  States,  S  of  N  lat. 
35°;  and  when  its  fertility  and  local  advan- 
tages are  taken  into  view,  it  is  hazarding 
no  violence  to  truth,  to  estimate  this  re- 
gion as  one  of  the  most  valuable  iu  the 
United  States. 

The  country  near  Natchez  was  settled 
bythe  French  in  1718,  and  Fort  Rosalie 
built  on  the  bhifl',  within  the  now  incorpo- 
rated limits  of  that  city.  The  first  French 
colony  v/as  massacred  by  the  savages,  in 
1729,  and  the  country  remained  uninhabit- 
ed by  the  whites  many  years  afterwards. 

In  1763,  Natchez,  then  considered  a  part 
of  West  Florida,  was  ceded  by  Spain  to 
Great  Britain,  who  retained  possession  until 
1781,  when  that  place  and  all  West  Florida 
was  conquered  by  tlie  Spaniards  under  Go- 
vernor Bernardo  Galvcz ;  and,  by  the  treaty 
of  Paris,  West  Florida  was  confirmed  to 
Spain.  As  the  limits  of  the  British  and 
French  colonies,  and  afterwards  those  be- 
tween the  British  and  Spanish  colonies, 
had  never  been  fixed,  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties held  Natchez  and  the  adjacent  country 
as  an  appendageof  Florida  until  1798,  when 
the  city  and  country  were  evacuated  by 
the  officers  and  troops  of  Spaiit,  and  the 
4!. 


United  States'  commissioners  took  full  pos- 
session. In  1799,  the  line  of  demarkatioa 
was  completed,  and  the  boundary  fixed, 
which  now  separates  the  states  of  Louisiana 
and  Mississippi,  between  the  Mississippi 
and  Pearl  rivers. 

April  7tii,  1798,  an  act  of  Congress  was 
passed,  authorizing  the  President  of  the 
United  States  to  appoint  commissioners  to 
adjust  the  limits  of  the  territory  W  of  the 
Chatahooche  river. 

May  lOtii,  an  act  was  passed  for  the 
organization  of  a  government,  and  the  ter- 
ritory named  "  The  Mississippi  TeiTito- 
ry." 

June  9th,  1808,  an  act  passed,  admitting 
a  delegate  from  the  Mississippi  Territory 
in  Congress. 

June  17lh,  the  assent  of  Georgia  de- 
manded, for  the  formation  of  two  states 
out  of  the  Mississippi  Territory.  This 
demand  was  subsequently  acceded  to  by 
Georgia. 

January  21st,  1815,  a  petition  from  the 
legislature  of  the  Mississippi  Territory 
laid  before  Congress,  praying  admission 
into  the  Union  on  the  same  footing  with 
the  original  states.  A  committee  of  Con- 
gress reported  on  this  petition  favourably, 
December,  1816. 

A  law  was  passed  in  consequence,  !March 
1st,  1817,  authorizing  the  call  of  a  Conven- 
tion, which  was  called,  and  met  July,  1817, 
accepted  the  terms  proposed  by  Congress, 
framed  a  constitution,  August  15th,  which 
was  accepted  by  Congress  in  December 
following ;  and  the  state  of  Mississippi 
assumed  her  station  as  a  member  of  the 
United  States.  Since  the  period  of  ad- 
misssion,  no  event  of  consequence,  in  a 
general  view,  has  taken  place  iu  this 
state. 

Tile  appropriated  and  inhabited  part  of 
Mississippi,  at  the  epoch  of  taking  the  last 
census,  (1820)  was  subdivided  into  the  fol- 
lowing counties : 


Counties.  Inliabitants.  Sg.  miles. 

To  sq,  mile. 

Adams, 

12,073 

480 

26 

Amite, 

6,853 

960 

7 

Claiborne, 

5,963 

380 

12 

Covington, 

2,230 

750 

3 

Franklin, 

3,821 

720 

5 

Greene, 

1,445 

1080 

n 

Hancock, 

1,594 

900 

u 

Jackson, 

1,682 

1250 

1 

Jt-ff>*rsoii, 

6,822 

560 

12 

Lawrence, 

4,916 

600 

8 

Marion, 

3,116 

830 

H 

Monroe, 

2,721 

600 

u 

Perry, 

2,037 

900 

2 

Pike, 

4,438 

800 

5i 

Warren, 

2,693 

360 

8  nearly. 

Wilkinson, 

9,718 

609 

10 

Wayne, 

3,323 

950 

3^ 

Total    75,448    12,720 


633i 


SI  1  s 


M  I  S 


The  only  parts  of  Mississippi  on  v.liich 
an  adequate  comparative  population  has 
yet  been  formed,  is  confined  to  a  strip  of 
about  100  miles  along  the  margin  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  extending  to  about  a 
mean  of  thirty  miles  wide  inland.  This 
will  embrace  all  the  five  river  counties, 
Wai-ren,  Claiborne,  Jefierson,  Adams,  and 
Wilkinson,  and  the  best  peopled  parts  of 
Amite,  and  Franklin  couniies  ;  and  will  m- 
clude  about  42,600  inhabitants,  on  this 
river  section  of  the  state,  or  about  14  to 
the  square  mile.  Deducting  42,600,  from 
75,448,  will  leave  32,848,  for  the  residue  of 
that  part  of  Mississippi  included  in  the  fore- 
going estimate.  This  exhibits  a  space  of 
9,720  square  miles,  inhabited  by  32,848  per- 
sons, or  a  small  excess  above  three  to  the 
square  mile.  The  inhabited  Mississippiriver 
section  of  this  state,  lies  between  lat.  31 
and  32  30  N.  The  inland,  or  more  cor- 
rectly south-eastern  section,  lies  between 
lat.  30  10,  and  31  52  N. 

Cotton  is  the  general  staple. 
By  the  census  of  1820,  the  population  of 
Mississippi  was  found  composed  of  42,176 
whites,   32,814   slaves,   and  458  coloured 
persons,  and  classed  thus : 
Engaged  in  Agriculture  -      22,033 

do.    In  Manufactures        -  650 

do.    in  Commerce  -  294 

Mississippi  was  admitted  into  the  Union, 
as  a  stae,  pecember,  1817. 

Jllissonri  River.  See  article  Missfs- 
si/ipi  River  ;  section.  Valley  of  Missouri 
above  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 
Missouri  State  of,  one  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  north-east  and  south- 
east by  tht  Mississippi  river ;  south  by 
the  territory  of  Arkansaw  ;  and  west  and 
north  by  the  western  unappropriated 
territory  of  the  United  States,  formerly  a 
part  of  Louisiana. 
The  limits  of  Missouri  are  : 

Miles. 
Beginning  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river  at  the  mouth  of 
Ltmoine  river,  and  tht-nce  down 
the  former  stream  to  where  it  is 
intersected  by  North  lat  36^*,  550 

Thence  due  west,  along  North  lat. 
36<>,  to  the  right  bank  of  St.  Francis 
river,      -        -        -        -  ■  50 

Thence  up  St.  Francis  to  a  point 
where  that  river  is  intersected  by 
North  lat.  36  30,  -        -  50 

Thence  due  west,  along  the  terri- 
tory of  Arkansaw,  to  a  point  Avhere 
a  meridian  line,  drawn  from  the 
junction  of  the  Missouri  and  Kan- 
ses  rivers,  will  intersect  North  lat. 
36  30,  .        .        .        _        200 

Thence  due  north  to  a  point,  where 
a  line  extended    due    west  from 
the  Sac  Village,  on  Lemoine  river 
634 


Mile^. 
will   intersect   the  west  bound- 
ary,        _       -        -       -       .       273 

Thence  due  east  to  the   Lemoine 
river,       -----        130 

Thence  down  the  Lemoine  river  to 
the  place  of  beginning,    -        -         20 

1,272 

Area  within  a  trifling  fraction  of 
63,000  square  miles,  equal  to  40,320,000 
acres.  Mean  length  from  north  to 
south,  280  miles  ;  mean  breadth  from 
east  to  west,  220  miJes.  Extreme  south. 
North  lat.  36 ^\  Extreme  north.  North 
lat.  40  36. 

Missouri,  in  point  of  extent,  is  the 
third  state  of  the  United  States,  and 
only  falls  below  Virginia  and  Georgia. 

Though  part  of  this  state  is  hilly,  and 
some  of  the  hills  approach  in  elevation 
the  dignity  of  mountains,  yet  strictly 
speaking,  no  mountains,  either  in  de- 
tached grounds  or  chains,  exist  within 
the  limits  of  the  state. 

For  every  object  of  humsn  affairs, 
rivers  are  the  most  important  features  of 
an  inland  country,  and  few  regions  of  the 
earth,  of  equal  extent,  can  compare  with 
Missouri  in  the  magnitude,  number, 
and  navigable  facilities  of  its  rivers. 

Of  these,  the  first  in  order  is  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri,  both  of  which  have 
been  already  to  amply  noticed  in  our 
description  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  that 
no  furthi  r  account  of  them  is  necessary 
in  this  place. 

The  Lemi  ine  river,  though  for  a  few 
mil  s  forming  part  of  the  boundary,  can 
scarcely  be  called  a  liver  of  Missouri. 
Tht-  Osage,  rising  in  the  territory  of 
Arkansaw,  and  flowing  north  east  into 
the  Missouri,  is  the  most  important  con- 
fiutnt  of  that  river  in  the  state  of  Alis- 
S';uri.  The  Osage  has  its  mouth  near 
the  centre  of  the  state,  where  the  fu- 
ture seat  of  government  is  intended  to 
be  placi  d.  The  Osa-:e  is  a  large  navi- 
gable stream  in  all  its  length  in  tt.e  stated 
a:  d  wat(-rs  soon  excellent,  and  much 
good  land. 

Bi  sides  the  fo  egoing large  stream,  the 
Missouri  receives  from  the  right  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Kansis,  B!u<  Water, 
Gasconade,  and  some  smaller  streams; 
and  from  the  left,  Grande.  Charlaton, 
Good  W-  man's,  Great  Manitou,  Otter, 
and  Charettf  rivers.  Th.e  Merrimack 
enters  the  Mississippi  18  miles  below  St. 
Louis,  but  l.as  be<  n  noiired,  as  have  been 
White  and  St.  Francis  rivers,  which 
closes  the  list  of  the  stream  of  the  state 
of  Missouri. 

The  position  of  Missouri  is  in  a  high 
degree  favottrable  to  commerce,  popula- 


M  I  S 


:m  I  s 


tion,  and  wealth.  Extending  four  and  a 
half  degrees  of  latitude,  its  temperature 
must  vary  considerably,  if  uninfluenced 
by  any  other  cause  than  mere  geographic 
extent.  This  is  not,  however,  the  case, 
as  will  soon  appear. 

In  conducting  this  general  survey,  I 
have  endeavoured,  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, to  delineate  those  features  which 
influence  the  meteorological  phenomena, 
and  the  temperature  of  the  s  asons,  and 
also  to  point  out  the  great  outlines  of 
soil.  In  respect  to  Missouri,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  deviate  from  the  strict  ob- 
servance of  the  plan  pursued  in  descri- 
bing the  state  of  Mississippi  Instead, 
therefore,  of  dividing  the  former  state 
into  its  natural  sections,  in  relation  to 
soil,  we  will  take  each  of  its  river  dis- 
tricts by  itself. 

We  have  seen  that  the  river  Missis- 
sippi washes  Missouri  on  its  norih-eas* 
and  south-east  frontier,  550  miles,  fc;l- 
lowing  the  meanders,  though,  by  couipa 
rative  course,  the  distance  along  the 
Mississippi  would  not  exceed  350  milf .;>. 
Though  the  mere  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi preserve  a  nearly  uniform  charac- 
ter in  all  their  extent  along  the  front  of 
Missouri,  yet,  from  difference  of  climate, 
the  vegetable  productions  are  very  dif- 
ferent at  the  two  extremes.  So  much 
has  already  been  said  on  the  features 
and  quality  of  the  aUuvial  margins  of 
the  Mississippi,  that  it  is  needless  to 
amplify  on  the  subject. 

Ascending  the  Mississippi  from  its 
mouth,  no  eminence  is  to  be  found  on  its 
western  bank  in  a  distance  of  upwards 
of  1000  miles.  Twenty-eight  miles 
above  the  junction  of  Mississippi  and 
Ohio,  occurs  the  first  rocky  bluff  on  the 
right  bank.  It  is  composed  of  an  enor- 
mous projecting  precipice  of  limestone, 
whose  real  height  above  the  water,  has 
never  been  very  satisfactorily  deter- 
mined. This  ledge  is,  no  doubt,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  great  limestone  formation 
of  the  Ohio  valley.  In  Missouri,  it  is  a 
part  of  a  ridge  of  hills  which  continues 
from  this  point  westward,  through  the 
state,  and  ranges  between  the  waters  of 
Arkansaw,  and  those  of  Osage  and 
Kanses  rivers,  perhaps  to  the  Cht-ppe- 
wan  mountains.  This  ridge  divides 
Missouri  into  two  very  distinct  climates. 
In  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state, 
along  the  Mississippi  river,  the  cotton 
plant  is  cultivated,  though  only  fur  fami- 
ly use;  as  an  object  'f  commerce,  it 
offers  no  great  advantage :  but,  above 
the  ridge  in  question,  that  plant  ceases, 
and  a  region  commencifs  favourable  to 
the  production  of  the  cereal  grainina. 

Near  the  Mississippi,  below  the  lime- 


stone ridge,  the  banks  are  in  every  re- 
spect similar  to  what  they  have  been 
described  in  Louisiana.  The  rear  lands, 
as  far  as  the  St.  Francis,  are  analogous 
to  grounds  similarly  placed,  in  all  the 
distance  from  the  limestone  range  to  the 
sea  marsh. 

The  St.  Francis  rises  partly  in  the 
hills  of  the  limestone  ridge,  and  in  part 
from  the  drain  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
north  eastern  branch  of  that  stream  ap- 
pears to  have  b  'en  formed  from  an  an- 
cient outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  and  to 
have  contained  a  volume  of  water  much 
larger  than  passts  by  its  channel  at  pre- 
sent. The  or'iinary  dist.uice  between  the 
two  rivers  is  about  50  milts,  flowing 
nearly  parallel  from  North  lat.  37"  to 
Nortli  lat.  34  30,  where  the  St.  Francis, 
by  a  gradual  curve  towards  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  joins  the  Mississippi. 
The  nonh-western  branch  rises  near 
North  lat.  38°,  in  a  very  hilly,  broken, 
rocky,  and  barren  tract  of  country. 
There  are  some  good  lands,  but  in  no 
quantity  commensurate  with  the  extent 
drained  by  this  river,  whose  whole 
length,  by  comparative  course,  is  250 
miles,  one  half  in  Missouri,  and  the  other 
in  Arkansav/.  Extensive  settlements 
have  been  made  on  the  sources  of  the 
St,  Francis  and  its  tributaries.  Accord- 
ing to  the  very  respectable  testimony  of 
Mr.  Schoolcraft,  frr.m  ptrs'-nal  observa- 
tion, the  country  from  which  the  wes- 
tern, or  rather  north-western  sources  of 
St.  Francis  flows,  is  primitive  composed 
of  granite  gneiss,  and  other  congenerate 
rocks  ;  amoi.gst  which  are  situated  one 
of  the  richest  iron,  and  the  most  abun- 
dant lead  mines  on  the  globe.  The  geo- 
logical notices  of  Mr.  Schoolcraft  de- 
serve the  utmost  attention ;  because 
made  by  a  professed  mineralogist,  and  a 
man  who  vis  ted  the  region  to  collect 
facts,  and  not  to  support  any  ])reconceiv- 
ed  theoiy.  This  gentleman  has  been^  it 
must  be  acknov/ledged,  much  too  gene- 
ral oti  a  fact  so  important  as  the  exis- 
tence of  a  primitive  region  v^est  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  so  near  that  stream. 
He  has,  iiowever,  enriched  our  literature 
with  by  far  the  best  account  extant  of 
the  mineral  resources  of  Missi  uri,  and 
very  correct,  though  brief  notices  of  its 
soil  and  vegetable  pi'oductions. 

Black  river,  the  north  fork  of  White 
river,  rises  in  the  south-western  part  of 
Missouri,  by  a  number  of  branches,  of 
which  Strawberry  river.  Spring  river, 
and  Cxurri  nts  river,  are  the  principal. 
The  sources  of  Black  river  are  in  the 
ridge  of  hills,  or  rather  mountains,  which 
has  been  already  noticed.  The  base  of 
countrv  drained  by  Black  river  is  caica- 
6."  5 


MIS 


M  I  S 


reous,  consequently  the  soil  is  very  pvf)- 
ductive.  The  climate,  as  to  temperature, 
is  in  no  respect  essentially  different  from 
that  of  St.  Francis.  The  former,  from 
superior  elevation  and  more  exemption 
from  stagnant  water,  is  no  doubt  much 
more  salubrious  than  the  latter.  Like 
all  calcareous  regions,  that  of  Black 
river  affords  some  very  large  fountains 
of  water,  from  one  of  which  Spring  river 
takes  its  name.  The  surface  watered 
by  Black  river  is  about  8C00  square 
miles.  The  timber  is  extremely  large 
and  varied.  On  the  streams,  cotton 
wood,  different  species  of  liickory,  oak, 
and  elm,  prevail.  The  sugar  maple  is 
found,  but  the  climate  is  rather  too  far 
south  for  the  profitable  extraction  of  its 
sap.  The  liriodendron  tulipifera  is  also 
found  in  this  section  nf  country  of  an 
enormous  growth  Oak  is,  howi-ver,  the 
prevailing  tree  on  the  waters  of  Black 
river.  Like  Tennessee,  and  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Kentucky  the  vegetation  of 
the  southern  section  of  Missouri  partakes 
of  the  sf>ecific  variety  of  the  northern 
and  southern  extremity  of  the  United 
States.  Cotton  is  cultivated,  but  rather 
for  domestic  use  than  as  a  commercial, 
staple.  The  cereal  gramina  produce 
abundantly  :  though,  on  the  verge  of  the 
prairie  country,  Black  river  drains  a 
very  dense  forest.  In  fine,  that  part  of 
Missouri,  south  of  the  ridge  we  have  al- 
ludec^  to,  and  watered  by  St.  Francis. 
Black,  and  Mississippi  rivers,  may  be 
with  propriety  considered  as  naturally 
connected  with  the  Arkansaw  basin, 
though  politically  iocluded  in  Missouri. 
The  ridge  is  generally  clothed  with  pine, 
the  soil  sandy,  and  extremely  steril.  It 
in  fact  divides  the  state  into  two  unequal 
zones,  of  very  different  temperature. 

The  Merrimack  rises  near  the  centre 
of  the  state ;  has  its  source  in  the  di- 
viding ridge,  though  its  course  is  nearly 
east  along  its  northern  slope.  The  length 
of  the  Merrimack  is  not  above  120  miles, 
comparative  course.  Its  sources  are  in 
a  steril  pine  forest,  and  most  of  its  banks 
partake  the  character  of  the  soil  from 
■which  it  flows.  It  is  an  unimportant 
stream  in  either  a  geographical  or  agri- 
cultural point  of  view,  though  in  respect 
to  mineral  wealth,  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable in  the  United  States. 

The  mine  ti-act,  according  to  Mr.  School. 
craft,  the  best  authority  on  the  subject, 
extends  in  length  from  the  head  waters  of 
St.  Francis,  in  a  north-west  direction,  to 
the  Merrimack,  a  distance  of  seventy  miles, 
and  from  the  Mississippi  in  a  snuth-wt-st 
direction,  to  the  Fourche  a  Courtois,  a 
distance  of  about  foiiy-five  mMes,  and  cov- 
ering an  area  of  3150  square  miles.    The 


same   author   remarks,   that  it  is   not  in 
every  section  of  it  that  lead  is  to  be  traced, 
and  he  describes  the  mineral  character  of 
the  soil,  rocks,  and  other  fossil  bodies  of 
this  tract,  as  subject  to  so  much  variety,  as 
to  render  indications  of  ore  difficult  to  re- 
duce to  any  safe  result     The  aspect  of  the 
country  is  steril,  hilly,  and  in  many  places 
precipitous.     Many  highland  barrens,  level 
but  steril,  chequer  the  mine  district.    The 
soil  in  general  is  a  reddish  coloured,  hard, 
stifl'  clay,   admixed   with  much   siliceous 
gravel.     Nodules  of  iron-ore  and  pyrites 
are  frequent.     The  mineral  hills  are  cover- 
ed in  most  places  by  a  stunted  growth  of 
oaks,  principall)'^  the  post  oak,  the  quercus 
oblusiloba   of  Michaux.     A   line  of  pine 
separates  the  sources  of  St.  Francis  from 
those  of  Merrimack,  and  passes  through 
the  mine  tract  in  a  direction  from  north- 
west to  south-east.    Though  in  general  the 
soil  of  this  tract  is  unproductive,  the  banks 
of  some  of  its  streams  are  very  favourable 
exceptions     This  fact  is  elucidated  by  the 
forest  trees  found  on   this   alluvial   soil; 
which   are,   sycamore,   elm,  cotton-wood, 
walnut,  maple,  buckeye,   liackberry,  ash, 
papaw,  spicewood,   and   other    trees  and 
shrubberry,  indicative  of  fertile  land.    Mr. 
Schoolcraft  mentions  a  fact,  of  which,  from 
the  accompany  remarks,  lie  seems  not  to 
have  understood  the  cause.    He  observes, 
that  around  many  of  the  mines,  the  earth, 
thrown  out  and  raised  from  great  depths, 
produces  trees  and  shrubs  which  ai'e  not 
peculiar  to  the  surface,  and  instances  the 
cotton-wood,  or  poplar,  and  beech-grapes, 
the  vitis  riparia,  1   presume.     He  states, 
(hat  he  frequently  saw  those  vegetables 
growing  near  old  diggings,  where  the  earth 
had  been  raised  thirty  or  forty  feet,  and 
where,  previous  to  those  diggings,  no  such 
trees  or  vines  existed.     It  is  well  known  to 
botanists,  that  the  seeds  of  many,  perhaps 
most  plants,  if  buried  ?.t  great  depths  in 
the  earth,  will  retain  their  vegetable   or- 
ganization for  countless  ages.     The  indes- 
tructibility of  the  seeds  of  plants  is,  indeed, 
one  of  the  most  curious  subjects  of  philo- 
so[)hical    reflection    and    research.      Mr. 
Schoolcraft  ascribes  (he  cause  of  the  phe- 
nomenon  to  tliat  opprobrium  of  science, 
equivocal  generation  :  a  supposition  at  va- 
riance with  aU  the  laws  of  analogy,  as  ap- 
plied to  organized  beings.    The  fact  proves 
unequivocally,  that  the  country  has  under- 
went great  changes  in  its  external  crust, 
since  the  vegetables  cited  deposited  their 
seeds  in  the  soil,  now  covered  by  extrane- 
ous and  very  different  bodies. 

Here,  as  in  every  other  place  where 
silica  forms  a  large  part  of  the  soil,  the 
spr  ng  water  is  clear,  cool,  and  of  course 
wholesome ;  and  being  exempt  from  the 
causes  that  produce  disease,  stagnant  water 
and  decaying  vegetables,  the  mine  country 


M  I  S 


M  I  S 


is  possessed  of  an  atmosphere  of  the  utmost 
salubrity. 

The  change  of  climate  between  the  re- 
gion watered  by  Black  and  St.  Francis 
rivers,  and  that  by  Merrimack,  is  apparent 
in  the  vegetables  cultivated  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  each.  On  the  Merrimack,  wheat 
succeeds  extremely  well,  a  fact  no  where 
perceptible  south  of  the  dividing  ridge. 
Wheat,  and  indeed  all  the  cerelia,  may  be, 
it  is  true,  cultivated  even  in  Louisiana ; 
but  below  the  38th  degree  of  north  latitude, 
wheat,  rye,  and  barley,  evince  that  they  are 
removed  from  their  congenial  climates ; 
and  in  no  part  of  North  America,  except 
some  of  the  table  land  of  the  great  spine  of 
Analinac,  or  Chippewan,  where  elevation 
compensates  advance  towards  or  into  the 
tropics,  does  the  cereal  gramina,  except 
maize,  attain  the  full  development  of  their 
growth.  And  even  maize,  in  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  and  Alabama,  does  not  by  any 
means  attain  the  rich  and  abundant  pro- 
duce of  that  grain,  as  in  the  Mississippi 
basin,  above  North  lat.  35  0.  The  same 
remark  applies  in  a  striking  manner  to  the 
apple.  This  most  valuable  of  all  tree  fruits 
deteriorates  about  the  same  latitude  with 
wheat.  The  apple,  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
first  grows  to  advantage  above  the  mine 
district.  The  peach-tree  finds  its  most 
congenial  air  about  North  lat.  38  0,  though 
it  is  a  fruit  possessing  in  the  United  States 
a  much  wider  range  than  the  apple. 

The  Osage  rises  about  North  lat.  37  0, 
West  long,  from  W  C  21  0,  and  flows  east 
a  little  north,  having  a  comparative  course 
of  400  miles,  one-lhird  of  which  is  in  Mis- 
souri. This  river  rises  in  the  great  wes- 
tern prairies,  and,  like  every  stream  of  that 
region,  exhibits  some  very  productive,  and 
a  large  proportion  of  steril  land.  Its  mean- 
ders are  in  ilie  lower  part  of  its  course 
very  winding,  consequently  it  contains 
much  alluvial  soil  in  proportion  to  its 
length,  estimated  comparatively. 

The  banks  of  the  Jlissouri  and  Missis- 
sippi are  uniformly  in  a  higli  degree  pro- 
ductive, and  contain  perhaps  one-third  of 
all  the  valuable  arable  land  of  the  state. 
The  right  sliore  of  the  Mississippi  is, 
from  Tewapat)'^  bottom  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Missouri,  in  most  places,  an  enormous 
limestone  wall.  This  distance  is  about  170 
miles.  This  limestone  is  merely  the  but- 
tress of  the  underlaying  strala  of  the  inte- 
rior coimtry.  The  Mi.ssissippi  flows  in  a 
deep  channel,  whose  sides  are  elevated 
near  200  feet  above  its  highest  surface. 
Those  precipitous  banks  are  continued  in 
the  Missouri.  Tiie  rich  alluvial  bottoms 
are  at  the  base  of  this  limestone  precipice, 
and  no  doubt  derive  much  of  their  fertility 
from  the  calcareous  delm's  that  the  abrasion 
of  the  waters,  in  past  ages,  have  worn  away 
and  deposited  below. 


About  one-third  part  of  Missouri  lies 
north  of  Missouri  river,  and  west  of  Mis- 
sissippi river.  This,  in  point  of  soil,  is 
much  the  best  part  of  the  state.  It  is 
more  uniformly  fertile,  though  less  diversi- 
fied in  surface,  than  the  section  south  of 
Missouri,  and  south-west  of  the  Mississippi 
river.  Tlie  northern  seciion  is  also  much 
chequered  by  small  rivers,  which  generally 
flow  south  into  Missouri,  and  thougli 
mostly  forest  land,  some  extensive  and 
very  productive  prairies  occur.  South  of 
Missouri,  there  exists  no  medium  between 
the  best  and  worst  lands,  and  similar  to  all 
those  parts  of  the  United  States  below  the 
Missouri,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
good  soil  extends  in  hues  mostly  upon  the 
alluvial  banks  of  rivers,  or  along  the  mar- 
gin of  prairies,  and,  consequentlj',  clin 
never  admit  a  dense  and  scattered  popu- 
lation. This  is  not  so  much  the  case  with 
the  northern  section ;  the  farms  will  assume 
in  that  quarter  something  of  the  promiscu- 
ous extension  over  the  face  of  the  country, 
which  is  characteristic  of  settlements  in  the 
northern  and  eastern  states. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  Missouri,  like  most 
new  countries  in  the  United  States,  has- 
been,  as  a  body  of  arable  land,  greatly 
overrated.  As  a  commercial  position,  if 
due  allowance  is  made  for  its  internal  situa- 
tion, the  value  of  this  section  of  our  coun- 
try has  never  yet  been  duly  appreciated. 
The  truly  astonishing  assemblage  of  rivers, 
which  seem  to  have  sought  a  common  cen- 
tre of  union,  would  indicate  St.  Louis,  or 
some  other  place  in  its  vicinity,  as  the  fu- 
ture entrepot  between  widely  extended,  and 
far  distant  portions  of  our  empire.  If  the 
pursuits  of  mankind,  and  their  individual 
means  of  subsistence,  were  exclusively 
agricultural,  Missouri  could  never,  in  pro- 
pQ||ion  to  territorial  extent,  possess  a 
p^rolation  e([ually  dense  with  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  or  Illinois ; 
but  in  the  complex  admixture  of  employ- 
ment, and  the  illimitabit  transmission  of 
the  products  of  human  labour,  arising  from 
the  improvement  of  modern  manners  and 
arts,  population  docs  not  depend  for  its 
entire  subsistence  upon  the  quality  of  tiie 
soil  inhabited  by  any  portion  of  mankind. 
Commerce  and  the  plastic  arts  demand, 
perhaps,  as  many  hands  as  agriculture. 
There  is,  indeed,  no  employment  of  hu- 
man labour,  where  so  great  a  surplus  is 
produced  as  that  of  agriculture  ;  and  none, 
in  which  the  industry  of  a  few  will  so  ef- 
fectually supply  t!ie  wants  of  many.  It  is 
for  this  reason  that  the  density  of  popula- 
tion  must,  particularly  in  such  places  as 
Missouri,  depend  as  much,  if  not  more, 
upon  commercial,  mining,  and  manufactu- 
ring pursuits,  as  upon  the  operations  or 
resources  of  agriculture.  In  addition  to 
the  apparentlv  inexhaustible  stores  of  lead 


jM  I  S 


;  M  I  s 


ore,  some  of  the  most  abundant  Iron  mines 
in  the  world  exist  on  1;he  Missouri  river, 
and  in,  the  interior  of  the  state.  In  Wash- 
ington county,  Belvue  settlement,  in  addi- 
tion to  lead,  says  Mr.  Sclioolcrait,  "  in  the 
richness  ot  the  ore,  and  extent  of  the  beds 
or  mines,  it  is  no  where  paralleled.  The 
most  noted  plane  is  the  iron  mountain, 
where  the  ore  is  piled  in  such  enormous 
masses,  as  to  constitute  the  entire  southern 
extremity  of  a  loft}'  ridije,  which  is  eleva 
ted  500  or  600  feet  above  the  plain." 
Water  power  to  wurk  this  mass  abounds  in 
all  directions.  It  is,  however,  only  one  of 
a  number  of  mines  of  this  really  most 
precious  of  ail  metallic  bodies,  which  lie 
scattered  over  the  sources  of  St.  Francis 
and  Merrimack  rivers. 

In  the  same  vicinity,  and  in  fact  over  the 
entire  lead  tract,  ores  of  zinc  abound,  avery 
interestinj^  fact  in  the  mineralofry  of  Mis- 
souri. Zinc  is,  when  it  can  be  cheaply  pro- 
cured, one  of  the  most  useful  metals,answer- 
mg  nearly  all  the  purposes,  without  the 
destructive  qualities  of  copper.  Zinc  has 
been  hitherto  considered  a  scarce  ore,  and 
should  it  be  fiund  in  large  bodies  in  the 
Mississippi  basin,  will  add  a  very  important 
article  to  the  resources  of  that  fine  region. 
The  most  singular  circumstance  in  the 
mineralogical  history  of  the  interior  of 
North  America,  is  the  abundance  and  ex- 
tent of  the  stores  of  muriate  of  soda,  com- 
mon Sill.  Amongst  t!ie  revolutions  effect- 
ed in  the  l^st  forty  years  on  the  condition 
of  society,  (there  is  none  more  salutary  to 
private  convenience  than  the  change  in  the 
price  of  salt  in  the  interior  of  this  conti- 
nent. I  remember  when  the  supply  for 
West  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia  was 
procured  by  transportation  from  the  Atlan- 
tic  slope.  At  a  period  when  money  was  at 
least  100  per  cent,  above  its  present  v^H^ 
salt  cost  in  those  places  five  dollars^lr 
bushel,  at  a  minimum  price.  It  is  now  ma- 
nufactured in  it  great  variety  of  places, 
where  the  face  of  the  earth  gave  few  indi- 
cations of  its  existence. 

There  is  good  reason  to  believe,  that  at 
certain  depths,  the  whole  basin  of  the 
Mississippi  is  saturated  with  salt  water;  a 
fact  which  combined  with  the  abundant 
existence  of  limpid  fresh  water  at  the  sur- 
face, is  highly  consolatory. 

Where  muriate  of  soda  prevails!  to  such 
excess,  as  in  some  parts  of  the  Spanish 
internal  provinces,  the  earth  becomes  un- 
inhabitable, cold,  and  sterile.  This  is  also 
the  case  wiUi  part  of  central  Asia.  In  Eu- 
rope, salt  is  procured  generally  from  the 
sea,  or  found  in  substance  in  mines,  as  at 
Guadaloupe  in  Spain,  and  more  particularly 
Wicliizka,  near  Cracow,  in  Austrian  Po- 
land. In  North  America,  this  mineral  has 
not  been  found  in  solid  imbedded  masses, 
though  no  reasonable  doubt  can  he  enter- 
638 


tained,  but  that  the  bowels  of  the  eartk 
must  contain  prodigious  bodies  of  that  fossil 
in  its  crystallized  state,  in  places  where  it 
is  so  very  extensively  held  m  solution  by 
water.  It  may  be  safely  expected,  that  in 
some  future  day,  muriate  of  Soda  will  be 
quarried  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  as  in 
Spam  and  Poland. 

Coal  has  been  mentioned  amongst  the 
mineral  products  of  Missouri ;  but  I  am 
unacquainted  with  any  extensive  body  of 
that  fossil  yet  brought  into  use  in  that  state. 
.Mr.  Bradbury  speaks  with  enthusiasm  of 
the  enormous  strata  of  both  coals  and  iron, 
which  lines  muny  parts  of  the  banks  of 
Missouri  ;  but  the  coal  sp.iken  of  by  this 
author  is  generally  above  the  limits  of  Mis- 
souri. 

Many  other  mineral  substances  of  less 
value  have  been  discovered  in  Missouri ; 
but  so  much  of  the  area  of  the  state  re- 
mains unsettled,  thai  its  mineral  and  vege- 
table wealth  have  only  commenced  their 
developement.  From  what  is  known  much 
may  be  expected ;  few  sections  of  the 
earth,  of  equal  superficies,  and  of  so  re- 
cent civilized  colonization,  have  exhibited 
so  rich  a  variety  of  mineral  resources  as 
southern  Missouri. 

This  stale  is  in  a  peculiar  degree  remark- 
able, as  forming  the  connectmg  link  be- 
tween the  forest  and  meadow  or  prairie 
sections  of  North  America.  That  enor- 
mous fore^^t,  v/hich  may  be  remarked  as 
covering  the  entire  Atlantic  slope,  nine- 
tenths  of  St.  Lawrence  basin,  all  the  basins 
of  Appalachicola  and  Mobile,  and  the  Del- 
ta of  the  Mississippi,  and  most  parts  of  the 
left  side  of  its  basin,  reaches  into  Missouri, 
and  covers  nearly  all  its  southern  and 
south-eastern  sections.  This  great  body 
of  woods  is  indented  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
Illinois,  by  a  protrusion  of  the  prairies, 
which  expand,  advancing  south-west,  and 
range  through  Missouri  south  ot  Missouri 
river.  On  the  west  border  of  that  state, 
on  the  Osage,  and  near  the  junction  of  the 
Missouri  and  Kanses  rivers,  the  prairies 
usurp  much  the  greater  share  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  whole  country.  Lines  of  wood- 
land follow  the  streams,  leaving  the  inter- 
mediate spaces  open  plains.  Those  lines 
of  timbered  ground  gradually  become  more 
attenuated  westward,  until  nearly  one  un- 
broken waste  spreads  over  hundreds  of 
miles.  Tiie  peninsula  between  Missouri 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  though  not  so  naked 
of  timber  as  are  the  sources  of  Arkansas, 
Kansas,  and  Platte  rivers,  yet  immense  prai- 
ries occur  on  the  former  region  also.  Over 
an  extent  much  more  than  equal  to  the  in- 
habited parts  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  the  winds  of  the  North,  west,  and 
south-west  breathe  over  Missouri,  without 
much  impediment  from  mountains,  hills,  or 
forest.     It  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel,  that 


M  1  S 


AI  i  S 


from  this  exposure  arises  tlie  peculiarly, 
variable  and  cold  climate,  which  prevails 
near  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  rivers.  If  due  attention  is  paid 
to  the  physioj^iiomy  of  the  adjacent  regions, 
it  will  at  once  be  seen,  that  die  surface  of 
Missouri  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  liable  to 
extraneous  influence.  To  the  south-west, 
for  upwards  of  twelve  hundred  miles,  ex- 
pands an  open  desert.  To  the  west,  as 
known,  the  extension  of  the  same  desert 
leaves  the  earth  a  void.  To  the  north- 
west, a  two-fold  cause  superinduces  a  flux 
of  cold  air  over  Missouri.  The  openness 
of  the  immense  regions  in  that  dir  clion, 
and  the  constant  volumes  of  cold,  and  often 
frozen  vva'er,  brougiit  down  by  the  Missis- 
sippi ind  Missouri  rivers.  It  is  from  tliese 
combined  causes  that  such  excessive 
changes  are  felt,  and  inequalities  of  seasons 
experienced,  to  extremes  scarcely  known 
in  any  other  spot  on  this  planet.  It  is  from 
this  complicated  climate,  that  in  N  lat. 
38  30,  the  rivers  are  frozen,  four  years  in 
in  five,  before"  the  end  o\  December.  An- 
other phenomenon  has  been  observed  in 
Missouri,  which  in  a  striking  manner  dis- 
tinguishes its  seasons  from  those  ot  Louis- 
iana or  the  Atlantic  slope ;  that  is,  the 
much  less  moisture  in  the  atmosphere  of 
the  former.  Thougli  frosts  are  so  rigorous 
at  St.  Louis  as  to  render  the  Mississippi 
passable  on  the  ice  before  the  beginning  of 
January  in  ordinary  seasons,  yei  deep  snow 
or  drenching  rain.s  are  uncommon.  The 
air  is  commonly  dry,  cold,  and  elastic  In 
reality  the  position  of  Missouri,  Arkansaw, 
and  Louisiana,  are  singularly  worthy  of 
philosopliic  attention.  A  dense  forest  co- 
vers ail  the  alluvial  boUoms  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  those  of  its  confluents.  On  the 
east  side  of  ttiat  vast  recipient,  we  have 
seen  this  forest  only  terminated  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  On  the  west,  it  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  prairies  or  desert  we  have 
noticed.  Moisture  is  as  remarkably  abun- 
dant in  the  forest  tracts,  as  it  is  wanting  in 
that  of  the  prairies.  The  natural  conse- 
quence of  the  position  of  places,  on  the 
confluence  of  two  regions  whose  meteorolo- 
gical constitutions  are  so  essentially  difter- 
ent,  is  an  exposure  to  the  extremes  of 
both,  foUiwing  tiie  current  of  air.  This  is, 
in  an  extraordinary  degTee,  the  case  with 
Louisiana,  where  two  successive  seasons 
may  differ  so  much  as  one  lo  present  an 
almost  constant  deluge  of  ruin,  and  the 
other  scarcely  aflTording  a  single  sJiowcr. 
Ascending  the  Mississippi,  the  quantity  of 
rain  becomes  less  in  a  given  time,  at  least 
as  far  north  as  42'\ 

A  remark  may  be  made  in  place,  that 
what  may  be  designated  the  rainy  and  dry 
seasons,  are  not  confined  to  the  tropics. 
Rain  and  snow  are  mere  relative  terms  ; 
therefore,  in  the  United  States,  the  rainy 


and  dry  seasons  are  nearly  as  regular  in 
tl.eir  succession  and  periods,  as  simihir  sea- 
sons are  within  tlie  tropics.  The  difference 
ia-ralher  in  the  quantity,  than  in  the  ti.r.es 
of  rain  and  fair  weather.  To  this  theory, 
Louisiana  is  the  most  remarkable  excep- 
tion  ;  and  when  viewed  in  connexion  with 
the  adjaceni  and  distant  regions,  the  causes 
of  the  aberrations  of  the  seasons  of  that 
state,  are  at  once  to  be  conceived,  and 
clearly  understood.  It  ought,  however,  to 
be  recollected,  that  we  are  now  making  a 
natural  and  not  a  political  survey  ;  there- 
fore, in  specifying  Louisiana,  the  Delta  of 
Mississippi  and  contiguous  places  are  meant. 
It  is  when  making  such  expensive  surveys, 
and  elucidating  the  phenomena  of  nature 
on  so  large  a  scale,  that  the  full  value  of 
maps  can  be  fully  appreciated.  Without 
maps,  no  enlarged  views  of  tha  laws  of 
meteorology  could  ever  be  formed  by  any 
exertion  of  the  human  intellects  ;  and  it  is 
from  neglect  of  such  comprehensive  com- 
binations, that  so  many  crude  notions  on 
particular  climates  pa,ss  curr^t. 

The  climate  of  Miss.iuri  is  consequently 
liable  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 
The  winters  ot  St.  Louis  are  severe  ;  the 
Mi-sissippi,  in  ordinary  seasons,  being 
frozen  before  the  end  of  December.  Tlie 
illimitable  plains  to  the  south  west  and 
west  of  the  state,  leave  an  open  vent  to  the 
winds,  and  superinduce  a  much  greater  se- 
verity of  cold  in  a  given  latitude  than  on 
the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  seasons  of  Missouri  partake  of  the 
unsteady  character  of  the  climate  of  the 
Mississippi  basin,  and  indeed  •  f  the  conti- 
nent of  Nortii  America  in  general.  No 
two  seasons  in  succession  have  much  resem- 
blance to  each  other.  The  occurrence  of 
first  frost  in  autumn,  the  last  in  spring,  or 
the  quantity  and  times  of  rain  and  snow,  in 
winter,  are  equally  unceitain. 

In  one  respect,  the  climate  of  Mi'^souri 
difl^t^rs  essentially  from  that  on  the  Atlantic 
slope  in  simdar  latitudes  :  as  we  beiore  ob- 
served, less  moisture  falls  on  the  former 
than  on  the  latter,  either  as  rain  or  snow. 
This  circumstance  has  misled  many  as  to 
the  real  nature  of  the  climate  of  Missouri, 
and  has  given  to  it  a  character  of  mildness, 
the  reverse  of  the  fact. 

The  productions  of  Missouri  have  been 
noticed,  both  vegetable  and  metallic.  We 
may  merely  add,  that  the  vegetables  usu- 
ally cultivated,  are  those  found  in  the  mid- 
dle states  generally. 

In  metallic  and  other  fossil  substances, 
Missouri  is  perhaps  the  richest  region  in 
the  United  States.  The  following  cata- 
logue, given  by  Air.  Schoolcraft,  yields  a 
result,  which  strongly  illustrates  the  mine- 
ral wealth  of  that  state,  where  most  of 
these  substances  are  found. 
639 


Al  I  S 


M  I   l5 


^letailic  Substances. — Native  iron,  red 
oxyd  of  iron,  iron  sand,  native  magnit,  ar- 
gillaceous oxyd  of  iron,  micaceous  oxyd  of 
iron,  iron  pyrites,  brown  hematite,  sulphu- 
ret  of  zinc,  sulphate  of  zinc,  sulphuret  of 
lead,  granular  sulphuret  of  lead,  earthy 
oxyd  of  lead,  carbonate  of  lead,  sulpharet 
of  antimony,  black  oxyd  of  manganese,  na- 
tive copper,  sulphate  of  copper. 

Saline  Substances.— '^''ArsXe  of  potash, 
muriate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  na- 
tive alum. 

Injhumnable  and  J\Iiscella7ieuus  Substan- 
ces.— Sulphur,  stone-coal,  pumice,  madre- 
pore, graphite. 

Earthy  Substances. — Chalk,  flint,  home- 
stone,  rock-crystal,  novaculite,  common 
quartz,  citrine,  i-adiated  quartz,  red  ferru- 
ginous quartz,  granular  quartz,  tabular 
quartz,  hoary  quartz,  steatite,  mica,  chal- 
cedony, reddle,  yellow  earth,  opalized 
wood,  agaric  mineral,  plastic  white  clay, 
fuller's  earth,  stalactite,  stalagmite,  pud- 
ding stone,  opal,  jasper,  agatlzed  wood, 
carnelian,  sulphate  of  lime,  feldspar,  cal- 
careous spar,  basanite,  buhrstone,  onyx 
agate,  greenstone  porphyry,  schorl,  ochre, 
shale. 

To  the  above  may  be  added  carbonate 
of  lime,  in  form  of  limestone,  and  marble. 

The  lead  mines  of  Missouri  are  princi- 
pally in  the  county  of  Washington,  but  there 
are  also  diggings  in  St.  Genevieve,  Madison 
and  Jefferson  counties. 

The  ore  is  that  species  called  galena,  by 
mineralogists ;  the  sulphuret  of  lead,  of 
chemistry.  The  ore  yields  about  80  per 
cent,  pure  lead.  The  mass  seems  inex- 
haustible, but  very  irregularly  disposed, 
the  veins  having  no  stratification,  but 
branch  through  the  other  substances  in 
every  direction,  and  of  an  indefinite  thick- 
ness. Taken  as  a  whole,  the  lead  district 
of  the  state  of  Missouri  is  the  richest  in  the 
production  of  that  metal  of  any  ever  dis- 
covered. 

The  lead  mines  of  the  state  of  'Missouri 
deserve  some  historical  notice,  from  their 
immensity  and  national  importance. 

The  West  Company  was  formed  by  let- 
ters patent  under  the  regency  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  during  the  minority  of  the 
King  of  France,  Louis  XV. ;  dated  the  23d 
of  August,  1717,  and  enregislered  the  6th 
of  September  following. 

Under  this  company,  came  out  to  Loui- 
siana in  1719,  Philip  Francis  Renault,  son 
of  Philip  Renault,  a  noted  ironfounder  at 
Consobre,  near  Manberge,  in  France. 

In  1720,  Renault  and  one  of  his  associ- 
ates, a  M.  LamoUe,  discovered  the  respec- 
tive mines  A'hich  bear  their  names. 

Renault  worked  the  mines  exlcnsiveh', 

but  was  in  the  end  obliged  to  abandon  the 

vmdertaking,  from  some  fiscal  arrangements 

in  France,  and  returned  to  his  native  coun- 

640 


try  in  1742.  From  that  period  until  1797, 
or  during  the  long  period  of  55  years,  no 
attempts  of  any  consequence  were  made  to 
smelt  lead  in  these  neglected  mines. 

In  1797,  a  Moses  Austin,  Esq.  from 
Wythe  county  in  Virginia,  made  a  journey 
to  the  lead  mines  in  Louisiana,  and  obtain- 
ed a  patent  from  the  Spanish  authorities 
for  one  league  square,  in  consideration  of 
erecting  a  reverberatory  furnace.  This 
work  was  commenced  in  1798.  Mr.  Aus- 
tin sunk  the  first  regular  shaft  for  raising 
the  ore. 

In  1799,  this  gentleman  erected  -a  shot 
tower,  and  made  shot  of  approved  quality. 
The  latter  work  was  erected  under  the  su- 
perintendance  of  Elias  Bates.  Since  tiie 
foregoing  period,  the  lead  mines  have  con- 
tinued to  attract  public  attention,  and  have 
been  extensively  worked.  When  Mr. 
Scheolcraft  visited  this  tract  in  1818,  he 
enumerated  forty-five  diggings. 

What  is  now  the  state  of  Missouri  form- 
ed a  part  of  Louisiana,  and  has  underwent 
the  political  revolutions  of  that  country, 
and  was  amongst  the  first  parts  that  the 
French  discovered.  In  1674,  two  mission- 
aries, by  the  names  of  Jolliet  and  Mar- 
quette, entered  the  Mississippi  by  the 
route  of  Ouisconsin,  descended  the  former 
stream  to  the  Arkansas,  and  returned  to 
Canada  by  the  Illinois.  The  country  was 
visited  by  M.  de  la  Salle  in  1683.  Some 
settlements  were  made  soon  after  in  the 
respective  regions  now  comprised  in  the 
state  of  Illinois  and  territory  of  Arkansas, 
but  none  in  any  part  now  within  the  state 
of  Missouri. 

In  1762,  all  Louisiana  was  ceded  by 
France  to  Spain,  and  possession  taken  in 
1769. 

Upper  Louisiana,  now  state  of  Missouri, 
began  to  be  peopled  about  1760.  The  at- 
tempt of  settlement  at  the  mines  by  Re- 
nault, and  its  failure,  we  have  seen.  In 
1762,  the  present  town  of  St.  Louis  was 
commenced,  since  which  period  settle- 
ments have  gradually,  but  during  tlie  ex- 
istence of  tlie  Spanish  government,  slowly 
advanced.  In  1803,  this  country,  with  all 
Louisiana,  was  ceded  to  the  United  Slates ;_ 
and,  early  in  1804,  was  taken  possession  of 
by  Major  Amus  Stoddard. 

Louisiana  was  divided  into  two  territo- 
ries, that  of  Orleans  below  N  lat.  31°,  and 
Louisiana,  coivaining  the  residue  of  that 
country.  New  Orleans  continued  the  ca- 
pital of  Orleans,  and  St.  Louis  of  Louisiana. 

In  1810,  the  then  territory  of  Louisiana 
contained  20,485  inhabitants,  of  which 
3011  were  slaves. 

In  1812,  when  the  territory  of  Orleans 
became  tlie  state  of  Louisiana,  Louisiana 
territory  was  changed  to  the  territory  of 
Missouri ;  and,  on  the  fourth  of  Janua- 
ry, ISIS,  Mr,  Edward  Hemstead  took  his 


M  I.  S 


U  1  S 


seat  in  Cong'ress,  as  delegate.  Apiil  3d, 
1818,  the  bill  for  the  admission  of  Missouri 
into  the  Union  as  a  state  received  the  se- 
cond reading-,  and  was  committed. 

On  the  bill  being  brouglit  up  for  a  third 
reading',  its  passage  vvas  opposed,  unless 
under  condition  of  prohibiting  the  intro- 
duction ot"  negro  slaves.  This  opposition 
defeated  the  bill  in  the  session  of  1818-19, 
and  in  the  session  of  1819-20,  both  of 
which,  particularly  the  latter,  was  in  great 
part  consumed  in  debates  on  tlie  subject. 

In  the  former  session,  March  5th,  1820, 
an  act  was  passsed  permitting  the  people 
of  Missouri  to  elect  a  convention,  which 
was  empowered  to  frame  a  constitution, 
and  adopt  such  name  as  they  should 
choose  ;  and  under  such  constitution,  when 
approved  by  Congress,  such  a  state  to  be- 
come one  of  the  United  States,  with  all  tlie 
rights  and  immunities  appertaining  to  the 
original  states. 

Tiie  convention  of  Missouri  met  at  St. 

Louis, 1820,  and  formed  a  constitution, 

which  was  presented  to  Congress  for  ap- 
proval, at  the  opening  of  -the  session  of 
1820-21.  A  clause  in  the  constitution,  ex- 
cluding from  the  state  free  negroes  and 
people  of  colour,  gave  rise  to  a  long  and 
violent  debate  in  both  houses,  which  even- 
tuated in  a  resolution  of  Congress,  dated 
March  3d,  1821,  in  the  following  terms : 

'*  Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica ill  Congress  assembkd.  That  ^lissouri 
shail  be  admitted  into  this  U.iion  on  an 
equal  footing  with  the  original  states,  in  all 
respects  whatever,  upon  the  fundamental 
condition,  that  the  fourth  clause  of  the 
twenty-sixth  section  of  the  third  article  of 
th^  constitution  submitted  on  the  part  of 
said  state  to  Congress,  shall  never  be  con- 
strued to  authorize  the  passage  of  any  law, 
and  that  no  law  shall  be  passed  in  conibrm- 
ity  thereto,  by  wliich  any  citizen  of  either 
of  the  states  in  this  Union,  shall  be  exclu- 
ded from  the  enjoyment  of  any  of  the  pri- 
vileges and  immunities  to  which  such  citi- 
zen is  entitled  under  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  ;  Provided,  That  the  le- 
gislature of  the  said  state,  by  a  solemn 
public  act,  shall  declare  the  assent  of  the 
said  state  to  the  said  fundamental  condi- 
tion, and  shall  transmit  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  on  or  before  the  fourth 
Monday  in  November  next,  an  authentic 
copy  of  the  said  act ;  upon  the  receipt 
whereof,  the  President,  by  proclamation, 
shall  announce  the  fact ;  whereupon,  and 
without  any  further  proceeding  on  the  part 
of  Congress,  the  admission  of  the  said  state 
into  this  Union,  shall  be  considered  as  com- 
plete." 

The  legislature  of  Missouri,  on  the  26th 
of  June,  1821,  passed  an  act  of  accession  to 
the  conditions  contained  in  the  foregoing 
4  M 


resolution  of  Congress,  and  transmitted  the 
act  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
who,  on  the  lOlh  day  of  August,  1821,  is- 
sued liis  proclamation  pursuant  to  the  te- 
nor of  the  resolution  of  Congress,  and  tlie 
accession  of  the  legislature  of  Missouri  to 
its  provisions,  and  Missouri  became  a  state 
of  I  he  United  States. 

It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  trace  the 
line,  which,  by  the  act  of  admission  of  Mis- 
souri, bounds  the  slave  holding  from  the 
non-slave  holding  states  and  territories  that 
have  been,  or  may  be  formed  beyond  the 
Mississippi.  Beginning  on  the  right  bank 
of  that  stream,  at  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  and 
following  the  boundaries  of  the  state  of 
Missouri  up  the  Mississippi  and  Lemoine 
rivers,  and  thence  to  the  SW  angle  of  Mis- 
souri, on  the  N  boundary  of  the  Arkansaw 
territory,  at  N  lat.  36  30  ;  and  thence  due 
west  to  the  frontier  line  between  tlie  United 
States  and  Spain. 

Civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Mis- 
souri, with  the  result  of  the  census  of  1820, 
annexed. 

Counties.    Inhabilants.  Sq.  miles.  To  sq.mile. 


Cape  Girardeau 

1,  5,968 

1200 

5 

Coopfr, 

6,959 

17000 

1-3 

Franklin, 

2,379 

1170 

2 

Jefferson, 

1,835 

650 

o 

Howard, 

13,426 

11450 

11-2 

Madison, 

2,047 

4940 

4-10 

ilontgomery. 

4.075 

1800 

1  3-4. 

New  3Madrid, 

2,296 

1800 

11-3 

Lincoln, 

1,662 

2100 

3-4 

Pike, 

3,747 

5000 

3-4 

St.  Charles, 

3,970 

400 

10  nearly 

St.  Genevieve, 

4,962 

1050 

5  nearly 

St.  Lewis, 

10,049 

600 

16  3-4 

Washington, 

2,769 

2960 

1  nearlj' 

Wayne, 

1,443 

10750 

1-10 

66,586    62870        1  1-2 

The  extent  and  relative  population  of 
Missouri,  can  be  only  vaguely  calculated, 
as  the  outlines  and  respective  area  of  the 
counties  I'emain  unascertained  to  any  ap- 
proach to  accuracy.  The  foregoing  table 
will  exhibit,  houever,  the  general  extent, 
it  is  presumed,  sufficiently  correct  for  or- 
dinary purposes. 

The  lines  ofseltlement  in  Missouri  run 
chiefly  along  or  near  the  water  courses, 
and  if  the  one-tenth  part  of  the  entire  area 
is  assumed  for  the  surface  actually  under 
culture,  I  am  led  to  believe,  will  be  an 
ample  estimate.  This  would  yield  6287, 
or  in  round  numbers,  6300  square  miles, 
and  with  a  population  a  little  exceeding 
10  to  tlie  square  mile. 

By  the  census  of  1820,  the  people  of 
Missouri  were  found  to  be  composed  of 
55,988  whites  ;  376  free  coloured  persons  ; 
and  10,222  slaves;  and  classed  thus  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  495 

641 


M  U  B 


31  O    B 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -      13,559 

do.    in  Manufactures       -        1,887 
do.    in  CornmtTce  -  480 

In  the  numbei-  employed  in  manufuc- 
tures,  it  is  probable  are  included  about 
1100  persons  employed  in  the  lead  mines. 

Mitcham,  village  in  Surry,  seated  on 
the  Wandle,  on  which  are  some  snuff- 
mills,  and  two  calico  printing  manutac- 
tures.    It  is  8  miles  SW  of  London. 

Mittau,  strong  town  of  Poland,  the  ca- 
pital of  Courland,  remarkable  for  its 
large  ducal  palace.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Bolderau,  45  miles  E  of  Goldingen,  and 
270  NNE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  50  E 
lat.  56  40  N. 

Mobile,  river  of  the  United  states  m 
the  State  of  Alabama,  is  formed  by  the 
united  streams  of  Tombigbee  and  Ala- 
bama rivers.  The  extreme  north-west 
sources  of  Tombigbee  are  in  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  near  the  south  line  of  Ten- 
nessee, from  whence  the  different 
branches  flow  south-east  into  Alabama, 
where,  uniting,  they  form  the  Tombig- 
bee, which  flows  nearly  due  south  to  its 
junction  with  the  Alabama,  at  N  lat.  31 
05.  The  Tombigbee  receives,  besides 
many  lesser  confluents,  the  Tuscaloosa, 
or  Black  Warrior,  a  large  stream  from 
the  north-east.  The  entire  length  of  the 
Tombigbee  is  about  300  miles,  by  com- 
parative course. 

The  Alabama  is  formed  by  the  united 
streams  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa, 
which  both  rise  in  Georgia,  and  flowing 
to  the  south-west,  unite  at  N  lat.  32  23, 
and  from  thence  to  the  junction  with 
Tombigbee  assumes  the  name  of  Ala- 
bama. The  entire  length  of  the  Alaba- 
ma, from  the  sources  of  the  Coosa  to 
the  head  of  Mobile  river,  is,  by  compa- 
rative course,  about  400  miles.  A  con- 
siderable branch  from  the  north,  called 
the  Cahaba,  enters  the  Alabama  about 
100  miles,  by  the  windings  of  the  stream, 
below  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tal- 
lapoosa. Cahaba,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  the  state  of  Alabama,  is  situa- 
ted at  the  mouth  of  the  Cahaba  river. 

The  river  Mobile  is  about  40  miles  in 
length,  from  the  head  of  Mobile  bay  to 
the  junction  of  the  Tombigbee  and  Ala- 
bama rivers.  Within  a  very  short  dis- 
tance of  its  head,  the  Mobile  divides  into 
two  branches,  that  of  Mobile  proper  to 
the  west,  and  Tensaw  to  the  east. 
These  never  again  reunite,  but  fiow  se- 
parately into  Mobile  bay,  with  several 
inlets  from  one  to  tiie  other.  The  is- 
lands enclosed  between  the  main  branches 
and  the  inlets  are,  in  general,  liable  to 
inundation. 

The  Mobile  river  admits  vessels  of  12 
feet  draught  in  all  its  length  ;  the  Tom- 
642 


bigbee,  those  of  five  feet  to  Fort  Stod- 
dart ;  and  Mobile,  these  of  about  six  feet 
to  Fort  Claiborne. 

Mobile  Bay,  opens  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Mobile  and  'I'ensaw  rivers,  and  gra- 
dually widens  from  four  to  ten  or  twelve 
miles,  and,  extending  30  miles  nearly 
south ,  again  contracts  to  about  five  miles, 
having  Dauphin  Island  in  nearly  the 
middle  of  its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  main  channel,  between 
Dauphin  Island  and  the  Point  of  Mobile, 
has  a  depth  of  18  test.  The  channel  be- 
tween the  main  shore  and  Dauphin  Is- 
land, known  by  the  name  of  the  Pass  au 
Heron,  has  only  six  feet.  A  bar  of  13 
feet  water  crosses  Mobile  bay  three 
miles  below  the  town  of  that  name. 

Mobile  Point,  is  a  long,  low,  sandy  and 
narrow  peninsula,  which  bounds  Mobile 
bay  on  the  snuth,  extending  from  the  bay 
of  Bon  Secours,  the  south-eastern  extre- 
mity of  the  former,  towards  Dauphin 
Island,  towards  which  it  approaches  to 
within  three  miles.  This  point  has  been 
rendered  remarkable,  by  the  erection  of 
a  military  post  on  its  extreme  west  ex- 
tension called  Fort  Bower. 

This  fort  was  attacked,  September 
15th,  1814,  by  a  British  squadron,  con- 
sisting of  two  vessels  of  28  guns  each, 
and  one  of  18  guns,  with  a  land  force  of 
200  Indians,  and  110  marines.  The 
British  were  repulsed,  with  the  loss  of 
the  Hermes,  and  about  100  men  killed 
and  wounded. 

After  their  defeat  at,  and  retreat  from 
New  Orleans,  the  British  attacked  and 
took  Fort  Bower,  on  the  15th  of  Feb- 
riiary,  1815. 

Mobile  Town,  is  situated  on  the  west 
or  right  shore  of  Mobile  bay,  near  the 
mouth  of  Mobile  river,  upon  a  bank  ele- 
vated 18  or  20  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  water  in  the  bay.  Mobile  contains 
about  200  houses  and  1000  inhabitants. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  though 
the  entrance  to  the  harbour  is  inconve- 
nient for  vessels  drawing  more  than  eight 
feet  water.  A  long,  narrow,  and  low 
island  lies  before  the  town,  and  extends^ 
about  five  miles  above,  round  Avhich  large 
vessels  are  obliged  to  pass  in  order  to 
reach  the  harbour,  in  which  any  vessel 
can  enter  in  safety  which  can  pass  the 
bar,  three  miles  below  the  island. 

Mobile  is  situated  at  N  lat.  30  44,  and 
W  lon.  from  W  C,  10  55,  and  from 
Greenwich,  87  55. 

Mobile,  county  of  Alabama !  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  INIexico  S,  Mississippi  W  ; 
Baldwin  and  Monroe  counties  in  Alabama 
N  ;  and  West  Florida  E.  Length  58,  mean 
widtii  45,  area  2600  square  miles.    It  oc- 


M  O  1) 


M  O  H 


ciiples  that  pait  of  Alabama,  south  from 
the  31  0  N  lat.  and  between  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  and  territory  of  West  Florida, 
surface  generally  level  or  moderately  hilly. 
Soil  wllh  but  very  partial  exceptions  bar- 
ren, and  covered  witli  pine  timber.  Chief 
towns  Mobile  and  Blakeley. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        .        1,105 

do.  do.     females      -         -  548 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        .        _  0 


Total  whites         ....  1,653 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  83 

do.                do.    lemales    -  100 

Slaves,  males       ...         -  449 

do.    females             ...  387 

Total  population  in  1!V20.  -         2,672 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  53 

Eng-aged  in  AgTicuUure       -         -  145 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         -         518 
do.      in  Commerce        .  •      -  96 

Population  to  tiie  square  mile,  1. 

Mocha,  small  island  off  the  coast  of  Chila. 
Lat.  38  30  S,  Ion.  \V  C  3  10, 

JMocha,  or  JMoka,  town  of  Arabia,  in 
Yemen,  seated  on  a  small  bay  of  the  Red 
sea,  near  the  strait  of  Babelmandel.  On 
each  of  the  points  of  land,  which  enclose 
the  road,  is  a  fort ;  but  they  are  wretch- 
ed structures.  The  town  is  of  a  circular 
form,  surrounded  by  a  wail,  in  which  are 
six  gates.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade, 
especially  in  coffee  ;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  18,000,  v/ithout  including  the 
Jews,  who  inhabit  the  suburbs.  The  En- 
glish, from  Hindoostan,  at  present  engross 
almost  exclusively  the  trade  of  this  place. 
It  stands  in  a  barren  plain,  140  miles  SSW 
of  Sane,  and  630  SSli  of  Mecca.  Lou.  44 
25  E,  lat.  13  10  N. 

J^Iocavpoiir,  town  of  the  country  of  Na- 
paul,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  situate  on  the  E  side  of  the  Xapaul, 
48  miles  SSE  of  Catmandu,  and  130  N  of 
Patna.    Lon.  85  37  E,  lat.  27  35  N. 

Motlbury,   town   of  Devonshire,   with  a 

market  on  Thursday,  and  a  manufacture  of 

•  plush  ;  seated  between  two  hills,  36  miles 

SSW  of  Exeter,  and  208  WSW  of  London. 

jyfodena,  or  JModense,  a  duchy  of  Italy, 
65  miles  long  and  35  broad  ,  bounded  on 
the  W  by  Parma,  N  by  Mantua,  E  by  the 
Ferrarese,  Bolognese,  and  Tuscany,  and  S 
by  the  republic  of  Lucca.  It  includes  the 
duchies  of  Mirandola  and  lleggio.  The 
soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits  of 
different  kinds.  It  also  feeds  a  great  num- 
ber of  cattle. 

Modena,  fortified  city  of  Italy,  capital  of 
the  Modenese,  with  a  magnificent  college. 


The  iiucal  palace  is  richly  furnished,  ami, 
contains  fine  paintings.  The  inhabitants 
estirt^.ated  at  30,000.  It  is  seated  between 
rivers  Secchia  and  Panaro,  34  miles  S  bj* 
E  of  Mantua,  and  60  NNW  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  44  34  N.  _ 

J/odica,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Yal  di  Noto, 
on  the  river  Accellaro,  10  miles  W  of  Note. 
Jfodon,  strong  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  the  Morea,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
safe  harbour.  It  is  seated  on  a  promontory 
projecting  ir.to  the  sea  of  Sapienza,  15 
miles  W  of  Coron.  Lon.  21  31  E,  lat. 
36  53  N. 

Jfoers,     See  Jleurs. 

Moeskifch,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Fursteiiburg,  18  miles  N  of  Con- 
stance. 

Mnffat,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire,  near,  the  river  Annan,  encompassed 
on  all  sides,  except  the  S,  by  hills  of  dif- 
ferent heights.  Its  delgluful  situation  and 
Its  mineral  springs  attract  much  company. 
It  is  20  mil'es  N  by  E  of  Dumfries. 

Moffat  TIUls,  tiie  highest  mountains  of 
the  S  of  Scotland,  on  the  N  border  of  Dum- 
friesshire. Hartfel,  the  most  elevated,  is 
23000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  They 
feed  numerous  flocks  of  sheep  ;  and  from 
them  descend,  in  different  directions,  the 
Tweed,  Clyde,  and  Annan,  whose  sources 
are  but  little  distant  from  each  to  other. 

Mogador,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Mo- 
rocco, with  a  harbour  for  vessels  of  a  mid- 
dling size.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  with 
batteries,  and  at  high  tides  is  almost  en- 
compassed by  the  sea.  The  streets  are  all 
in  straight  lines,  and  contain  a  great  num- 
ber of  handsome  houses.  The  port  is 
formed  by  a  channel,  between  the  main- 
land and  an  island  above  a  mile  in  kngth. 
It  is  180  miles  WNW  of  Morocco.  Lon. 
9  33  W,  lat.  31  28  N. 

Mohacs,  town  \s\  Lower  Hungary,  in  the 
county  of  Buraniwar.  Here  Louis  the  last 
king  of  Hungary,  in  1526,  was  defeated  by 
the  Turks  under  Soliman  11.  with  the  loss 
of  22,000  men,  and  after  the  battle  suffo- 
cated by  the  fall  of  his  horse  in  a  muddy 
brook.  In  1687,  another  battle  was  fought 
here,  between  the  Christians  commanded 
by  prince  Charles  of  Lorrain,  and  the 
Turks,  v^^lio  were  defeated  with  the  loss  of  , 
10,000  men,  their  cannon  and  baggage.  It 
is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Corasse  witii 
the  Danube,  23  miles  N  by  E  of  Esseck; 

Mahaffei/s-store,  post  office,  Lincoln 
county.  North  Carolina. 

Mohaxuk,  river  of  New  York,  the  great 
western  branch  of  the  Hudson.  The  ex- 
treme north-western  source  of  the  Mohawk 
is  in  Lewis  county.  It  thence  enters  Onei- 
da county,  flows  south  20  miles  to  Rome, 
where  it  turns  to  SE  about  28  miles  by- 
comparative  courses,  to  its  first  northern 
confluent  AVest  Canada.  Here  it  assumes 
643 


M  o  n 


M  O  1. 


yjearly  an  eastern  course  of  5  miles  to  its 
passaere  throuj^h  the  Katsbergs  at  the  Lit- 
tle falls.  It  is  precipitated  at  this  place  over 
a  ledge  of  rocks  Sec  article  JNety  Vovk  ,- 
section,  Grand  Western  Canal.  Below  the 
Little  Fails,  the  Mohtiwic  flows  by  com- 
parative courses  TO  miles  SE  by  E  to  its 
junction  with  the  Hudson  at  Waterford. 
Two  miles  above  Waterford  it  is  ag-ain  pre- 
cipitated over  the  Caiiocs  rocks  by  a  single 
pitch  of  70  feet.  The  Mohawk,  besides 
West  Canada,  receives  from  the  north.  East 
Canada,  Chucktananda,  and  some  others  of 
lesser  note;  and  from  the  south,  Oriskany 
creek,  and  Schoharie  river.  Its  entire 
comparative  course  123  miles.  It  passes, 
the  villages  or  towns  of  Rome,  Utica,  Her- 
kimer, Little  Falls,  Oppenheim,  Palatine, 
Ganajoharie,  Caughnawago,  Amsierdam, 
and  Schenectad}".  Its  banks  generally  rise 
by  an  acclivity  of  more  or  less  inclination, 
but  in  some  places  as  at  Schenectady, 
Herkimer,  Uiica,  and  Rome,  meanders 
through  extensive  alluvial  flats.  The  soil 
in  most  places,  particularly  the  flats  highly 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  It  is  designed 
to  carry  the  Great  Western  Canal  along  its 
right  shore  from  opposlie  Waterford  to  Rome. 

JMohaivk  Bay,  in  Frederlcksburgh,  Up- 
per Canada,  bay  of  Qninte,  lies  opposite  to 
the  Mohawk  seitlemeni,  and  close  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Appannee. 

.Mohavjk  Settlement,  bayofQuintv%  Up- 
per Canada,  is  west  of  Richmond,  and 
comprehended  between  the  river  Shannon 
and  Bowen's  Creek. 

Mohaivk,  village  on  the  Grand  River,  or 
Ouse,  Upper  Canada,  is  the  principal  vil- 
lage  of  the  Six  Nations.  This  is  the 
residence  of  their  prinripal  Chief,  Captain 
Joseph  Brant.  The  village  is  beautifully 
situated,  has  a  neat  church  with  a  steeple, 
a  school  house  and  a  council  hovse  ;  and 
not  far  from  it  is  a  grist  and  saw-mill. 

JMohegan,  village  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Thames,  5  miles  below  Norwich.  Here 
reside  the  remnant  of  the  Mohegans, 

Mohlccon,  largf  creek  of  Ohio,  rises  in 
AVayne  and  Richland  counties,  flows  south 
about  50  miles,  joins  AVhite  Womans  river 
in  Coshocton,  near  the  E  boi-der  of  Knox 
county. 

JMoIiiccon,  township  of  Wayne  countv, 
©hio.     Population  in  1820,  633. 

JVlohila,  one  of  the  Comora  islands,  be- 
tween the  N  end  of  Madagascar  and  the 
continent  of  Africa.  It  has  a  good  road 
for  ships.     Lon.  43  50  E,  lat.  12  25  S. 

jMohilef,  or  Mogilev,  government  of  the 
Russian  empii-e,  comprising  a  part  of  Li- 
thuania, dismembered  irom  Poland  in 
1772. 

JVFohilef,  or  Mogilev,  town   of  Lithuania, 

capital  of  a  Russian  government  of  the  same 

name.     By  the  division  of  Poland  in  1773, 

it  was  ceded  to  Russia,  with  its  territory, 

6-14 


and  erecterl  into  an  archbishopric  of  the 
Roman  churcli,  with  an  assistant  bishop. 
In  .luly,  1812,  a  severe  battle  was  fought  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  this  place,  between 
the  French  under  Davoust,  and  the  Rus- 
sians, under  the  late  prince  Bagrathion.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  situated  on 
the  Dnieper,  340  miles  ENE  of  Warsaw, 
and  364  S  of  Petersburg!!.  Lon.  30  14  E, 
lat.  5c>  32  N. 

Jllohrin,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
New  Mark,  18  NNW  of  Custrin. 

Jr'fo/inmg-en,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Oberland,  situate  on  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  which  almost  surrounds  it. 
Here  is  an  old  castle,  formerly  a  convent, 
belonging  to  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  in  consequence  of  whose  wars  the 
town  has  frequently  suffered.  It  is  56 
miles  SSW  of  Konigsberg,  and  55  SE  of 
Dantzic. 

Moilah,  town  and  fort  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Red  sea,  130  miles  S 
of  Acaba,  and  180  NW  of  Medina.  Lon. 
33  50  E,  lat.  27  30  N. 

Jlloira  River,  runs  into  the  bay  of  Quinte, 
Upper  Canada,  near  the  southwest  angle 
oJ  ihe  township  of  Thurlow. 

Jlloira,  township  of  Franklin  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Mojaisk,  town  of  Russia,  63  miles  W 
from  Moscow.  Between  Mojaisk  and 
Ghiatsk,  on  the  7th  day  of  September, 
1821,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Borodino. 

JMaircuis,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isrre,  on  the  river  Isere,  25  miles 
SE  of  Vienne. 

Moissac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot,,  with  a  trade  in  corn  and 
flour;  seated  on  the  Tarn,  near  its  conflux 
with  the  Garonne,  13  miles  NW  of  Mon- 
tauban. 

Jllola  (li  Bari,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  17 
miles  E  of  Bari. 

Mola  di  Gaeta,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  seated  near  the  sea,  3  miles  NE 
of  Gaeta 

Mold,  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  with 
a  market  on  Saturday.  The  assizes  are 
held  here.  It  is  5  miles  S  of  Flint,  and  201 
NW  of  London. 

Molduu,  river  of  Europe,  in  Bohemia,  it 
rises  in  the  Winterberg  hills  near  Ravens- 
burg,  within  less  than  20  miles  from  the 
Danube  at  the  mouth  of  the  Inn,  flowing 
nearly  north  about  100  miles,  it  unites 
with  the  Beraun  from  the  SW  at  lat.  50  N. 
About  5  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Beraun  it  passes  the  city  of  Prague,  and 
joins  the  Elbe  above  Melnick,  20  miles 
below  Prague.  The  Moldau  drains  more 
than  half  of  all  Bohemia. 

Moldau,  or  Sereth  river,  rises  in  the  Car- 
pathian mountains  in  the  Austrian  province 
of  Bukovvine,  and  flowing  SE  falls  into  the 


M  O  L 


M  O  N 


Danube,  above  tlie  mouth  of  the  Pruth. 
Tlie  Moldan  gives  name  to  Moldavia. 

JMoldaviu,  province  ofturkey  in  Europe, 
2r0  miles  long,  and  from  30  to  120  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Poland,  from  which 
it  is  also  divided  on  the  NE  by  the  Dnies- 
ter, E  by  New  Jlussia  and  Bessarabia,  SE 
by  Bulgaria,  from  which  last  it  is  parted  by 
the  Danube,  SVV  by  Walachia,  and  W  by 
Transylvania.  The  other  principal  rivers 
are  the  Pruth  and  Sereth.  Tlie  W  part  is 
mountainous,  and  there  are  some  unculti- 
A'ated  deserts  ;  but  it  abounds  in  good  pas- 
tures, which  feed  a  great  number  of  horses, 
oxen,  and  sheep  ;  it  also  produces  corn, 
pulse,  honey,  wax,  fruits,  with  plenty  of 
game  and  fowls.  The  sovereign,  who  is 
styled  hospodar,  is  tributary  to  the  grand 
seignior.  The  inhabitants  are  Christians 
of  the  Greek  church.  Jassy  is  the  princi- 
pal town. 

C\[ole,  river  of  Surry,  which  rises  on  the 
borders  of  Susses,  flows  X  to  Dorking,  and 
passing  beneath  Box  Hill,  is  said  to  disap- 
pear in  its  vicinity,  and  to  rise  again  near 
Leatherhead.  Hence  it  is  supposed  to 
derive  its  name  ;  but  the  fact  is,  that  a 
trjct  of  soft  ground,  tv/o  miles  in  length, 
called  the  Swallows,  in  very  dry  seasons 
absorbs  the  waste  water  in  caverns  on  the 
sides  of  the  banks ;  but  not  so  as  to  pre- 
vent a  constant  stream  from  flowing  in  an 
open  channel  above  ground.  The  Mole, 
proceeding  from  Leatherhead  to  Cobham, 
enters  the  Thames,  opposite  Hampton 
Court. 

Mole,  port  of  St.  Domingo.  See  J\'icho- 
las,  St. 

Molfetta,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles 
W  by  N  of  Bari. 

JMolieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  11  miles  N  of  Montauban,  and 
16  S  of  Cahors. 

Jl'ilina,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  seated  on  the  river  Gallo,  in  a  ter- 
ritory abounding  in  pastures,  35  miles  SE 
of  Siguenza,  and  88  ENE  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
1  53  W,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Molise,  territory  of  Naples,  lying  between 
Terra-di-Lavora,  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  Capi- 
ta nata,  and  Principato  Ulteriore.  It  is  in  tiie 
form  of  a  triangle,  whose  sides  are  39  miles 
in  length,  and  is  a  mountainous  country, 
but  fe1H;ile,in  corn,  wine,  saffron,  and  silk. 

JMolise,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  but  not  populous. 
It  is  30  miles  N  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  43  E, 
lat.  4136N.       .■  . 

Molsheim,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of 
Alsace,  seated  on  the  Brusch.  It  is  10 
miles  AV  by  S  of  Strasburg,  and  228  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  7  35  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Moluccas,  or  Spice  Islands,  cluster  of 
Islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  E  of  Ce- 


lebes. The  principal  are  Ternat,  Amboyna, 
Tydore,  Machian,  Motyr,  and  Bachian,  the 
largest  of  which  is  hardly  30  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. They  produce  neither  corn, 
rice,  nor  cattle,  except  goats ;  but  they 
have  oranges,  lemons,  and  other  fruits ; 
and  are  most  remarkable  for  spices,  espe- 
cially cloves.  They  have  large  snakes, 
which  are  not  venomous  ;  but  very  danger- 
ous land  crocodiles.  The  natives  are 
idolatrous;  but  there  are  many  Mahome- 
tans. They  were  discovered  in  1511,  by 
the  Portuguese,  who  formed  some  settle- 
ments ;  but  the  Dutch  drove  them  away. 
See  Jianila. 

Mohuitz,  town  of  Slltsia,  in  the  province 
of  Grotska,  remarkable  for  a  battle  which 
the  Prussians  gained  over  the  Austrians  in 
1741.  It  is  40  miles  S  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
17  14  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 

Mombaza,  town  of  Africa,  with  a  citadel, 
seated  in  an  island  of  the  sume  name,  on 
the  eastern  coast  opposite  to  Zanguebar,  75 
miies  SSW  of  Melinda,  and  subject  to  Por- 
tugal.    Lon.  48  0  E,  lat.  44  0  N. 

Afombaza,  country  of  Africa,  subject  to 
the  Portuguese  ;  hence  they  export  slaves, 
gold,  ivory,  rice,  fiesii,  and  other  provi- 
sions, with  which  they  supply  the  settle- 
ments in  Brasil.  The  king  of  Melinda, 
being  a  Christian,  had  a  quarrel  with  the 
Portuguese  governor,  took  the  castle  of 
Mombaza  by  assault,  turned  Mahometan, 
and  murdered  all  the  Christians,  in  1631 ; 
but  in  1729,  the  Portuguese  became  mas- 
ters  of  this  territory  again. 

Mompox,  town  of  Colombia,  in  New 
Granada,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Magda- 
lena,  about  20  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Canca. 

Mona,  and  Moneta,  small  group  of 
islands  between  Hispaniola  and  Porto  Kico, 

Mona,  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic, 
seated  on  the  SW  of  the  isle  of  Zealand, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow 
channel.     Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  55  20  N. 

Movuco,  small  but  handsome  and  strong 
town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  Sardinian  states,  with  a 
castle,  a  citadel,  and  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  naturally  very  strong,  being  seated  on  a 
craggy  rock  that  projects  into  the  sea.  It 
is  in  tlie  form  of  a  triangle,  whose  sides  are 
39  miles  in  length,  and  is  a  mountainous 
country,  but  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  saffron, 
and  silk. 

Monadnoch,  lofty  peak  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  Coos  county,  rising  to  an  elevation 
of  3254  feet  above  the  Ocean  level. 

Monaghan,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  32  miles  in  length  and  22 
in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Tyrone, 
on  the  E  by  Armagh,  on  the  SE  by  Louth, 
and  on  the  W  by  Fermanagh.  It  is  full 
of  woods  and  bogs,  and  a  third  part  of 
it  taken  up  bv  Lough  Earne.  It  contains 
645 


M  O  Jv 


M  O  X 


24  parishes,  and  sends  four  members  to 
parliament. 

Monaghan,  borough  in  Ireland,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  the  same  name,  40 
miles  SW  of  IJelf'ast,  and  60  NNW  of  Dub- 
lin. 

Monaghan,  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  S  side  of  Yellow 
Breeches  creek,  joining  Cumberland 
county.     Populalion  in  1820,  1158. 

JMoimster,  ancient  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  pleasant!)'  seated  near 
the  sea,  70  miles  SE  of  Tunis.  Lon.  116 
E,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Montcallier,  town  of  Italy,  In  Piedmont, 
subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  seated 
on  the  Po,  five  miles  SE  of  Turin.  Lon. 
r  48  E,  lat.  45  2  N. 

JMoncalvo,  small  but  strong  town  of 
Italy,  in  Montferr.'it,  sca'.ed  on  a  mountain, 
12  miles  SW  cf  Casal.  Lon.  7  19  E,  lat. 
45  10  N. 

,^fo7icaoiif  or  .Ifonzon,  very  strongly  for- 
tified town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre-Douero-e- 
Minbo,  wilh  a  castle.  The  Spaniards  have 
often  attempted  to  take  it  but  in  vain.  It 
is  8  miles  SE  of  Tuj',  and  26  N  of  Braga. 
Lon.  8  28  W,  lat.  42  8  N. 

.Monchabo7i,  city  of  Asia  in  the  kingdom 
of  Burman,  v.'hich  in  1755,  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  king,  before  the  court  remo- 
ved to  Ava  the  present  capital  from  which 
it  is  distant  39  mile.";. 

JPloiicoii,  or  ^^Tonzori,  strongly  fortified 
town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Sofa  and  Cinca,  six  miles 
S  of  Balbastro,  and  50  NE  of  Saragossa. 
Lon.  0  28  E,  lat.  42  2  N. 

JMoncontonr,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne,  59  miles  SW  of  St. 
Malo.    Lon.  2  36  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Mo7ictov;  po.st  tovv'n  in  Addison  county, 
Vermont,  26  miles  S  by  E  of  Burlington  on 
lake  Cliamploin,  and  13  >i  of  Yergennes, 
with  1500  inliabitants. 

JMondego,  river  of  Portugal,  which  has 
its  source  near  Gvurda,  and  crossing  the 
province  of  Beiru,  passes  by  Coimbra,  and 
falls  Into  tiie  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  a  cape  of 
the  same  name. 

JMonclidier,  small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Somine,  and  late  province 
of  Picardy,  where  there  was  formerly  a 
palace.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  24 
miles  SE  of  Amiens,  and  57  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  34  W,  lat.  49  39  N. 

.Mondonnedo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallcia, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  on  a  small  river,  60  miles  NE  of 
Compostella.     Lon.  7  10  W,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Mondoidtlecm,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir  and  Ciier,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Blapsois.  It  has  a  castle,  and  is  13 
miles  N  of  Vendorne. 

Mo7}dovi,  town  of  Piedmont,  Avith  a  cita- 
645 


del,  a  university,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  April,  1766. 
It  is  the  largest  arifl  most  populous  town  of 
Piedmont,  and  is  seated  on  a  mountain 
near  the  river  Elero,  eight  miles  NW  of 
Ceva,  and  35  SE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  6  E,lat. 
44  38  N. 

Monforte,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  30  miles  N  by  E  of 
Portalegra.    Lon.  7  21  W,  lat.  39  32  N. 

Monforte,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Alentejo,  20  miles  S  of  Portale- 
gra.   Lon.  7  31  W,  lat.  38  47  N. 

Monghii\\QViX\  of  Hindoostan,in  Bahar, 
vi^ith  a  fort,  seated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ganges,  80  miles  E  by  S  of  Patna, 
and  230  NNW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  86  36 
E,  lat.  25  24  N. 

Monguls,  Countrij  of  the,  or  Westerji 
Chinese  Tartary,  is  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Siberia,  E  by"  Eastern  Tartary,  S  by 
the  Great  Wall  of  China  and  Lea-tong, 
and  VV  by  Independent  Tartary  I'he 
Mongul  Tartars  have  neither  towns, 
villages,  nor  houses  ;  they  wander  in 
hordes,  and  live  under  tents,  which  they 
remove  from  one  place  to  another,  ac- 
cording as  the  temperature  of  the  diffe- 
rent seasons,  or  the  wants  of  their  flocks 
require;  they  pass  the  summer  on  the 
banks  of  rivers,  and  the  winter  at  the 
foot  of  some  mountain  or  liill  which 
shelters  them  from  the  piercing  N  wind. 
The  Monguls  are  nominally  subject  to 
China,  but  in  reality  are  a  free  nomadic 
race.  They  have  been  very  improperly 
by  European  writers  confounded  with 
the  Mandshurs.     See  Mands/mria. 

Monheim,  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
principality  of  Neuburg,  8  miles  N  of 
Donawert. 

Monikendam,  seaport  of  North  Hol- 
land, which  has  manufactures  of  soap 
and  silk.  It  is  seated  on  a  gut  or  frith 
of  the  Zuider  Zee,  8  miles  NE  of  Am- 
sterdam    Lon.  4  38  E,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Monistrol,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Loire,  14  miles  SW 
of  St.  Etienne. 

Monk^s  corner,  post  village  Charleston 
district  South  Carolina,  on  Cooper  river, 
30  miles  above  Charleston. 

Monklon,  township  of  Anapolis  county. 
Nova  Scotia.  ,     • 

Monkton,  township  of  Westmoreland 
county  New  Brunswick. 

Monkton,  post  village  and  township  cf 
Adison  county  Vermont,  23  miles  S  from 
Burlington.     Population  1250. 

Monmouthshire,  county  of  England, 
24  miles  long  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Herefordshire,  E  by  Glouces- 
tershire,' SE  by  the  mouth  of  the  Severn, 
and  W  and  SW  by  the  counties  of 
Brecknock  and  Glamorgan.    It  contains 


M  O  N 


-M  O  N 


340,000  acres ;  is  divided  into  six  iiun- 
dreds  and  127  parishes  ;  has  seven  mar- 
ket towns ;  and  sends  three  members  to 
parliament.  The  number  ofinhabitants 
in  1811  was  62,127.  Beside  the  Wye, 
which  parts  it  from  Gloucestershire,  the 
Minnow,  which  separates  it  from  Here- 
fordshire, and  the  Rhyney,  or  Rumney, 
which  divides  it  from  Glamorganshire, 
this  county  has  almost  peculiar  to  itself 
the  river  Usk.  which  divides  it  into  two 
unequal  portions.  Population  1801, 45,582; 
in  1811,  62,137 ;  and  in  1S21,  71,835. 

Monmouth,  borough  of  England  capi- 
tal of  Monmouthshire,  with  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
and  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Minnow, 
which  here  joins  the  Wye.  Over  the 
former  is  a  very  ancient  bridge  and 
gateway,  once  a  barrier  against  the 
Welsh.  It  is  18  miles  S  of  Hereford,  and 
120  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  46  W, 
lat.  51  49  N. 

Monmouth,  post  village  and  township 
Kennebec  county  Maine  17  miles  W 
from  Augusta.    Population  1820,  1590. 

Monmouth,  county  of  New  Jersey  ; 
bounded  E  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  SW 
by  Burlington  ;  and  NW  by  Middlesex  : 
and  N  by  Raritan  bay.  Length  60  j^ 
mean  width  about  18,  and  exclusive  of 
water  about  1000  square  miles  in  sur- 
face. Its  form  triangular  and  in  one 
part,  from  Wreck  Pond  to  Allentown  it 
is  30  miles  wide.  Surface,  in  the  west- 
ern, and  northern  part  undulating,  but 
towards  the  ocean  level.  Soil  of  mid- 
dling quality,  'ough  in  places  extreme- 
ly product; V?  A  very  remarkable  marl 
zone,  crossf:^  this  county  in  a  direction 
from  NNE  to  SSW.  Chieftown  Free- 
hold. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...     10,142 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -      9,872 

Total  whites                 -        -        -    20,014 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        -        _       -        - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      22,150 

Population  in  1820. 


Total  population  in  1820 


25,038 


Free  white  males 

. 

11,524 

do.  do.     females 

. 

11,284 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

- 

0 

Total  whites 

, 

22,808 

Free  persons  of  colour, 

males    - 

523 

do.            do. 

females 

459 

Slaves,  males 

. 

735 

do.    females 

„ 

513 

Of  these: 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  51 

Enjraged  in  Agriculture             -  5,740 

do.        in  Manufactures          -  997 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  290 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Monmouth.    See  Freehold. 

Monocacy,  small  but  fine  river  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Maryland.  It  rises  in 
Adams  county  of  the  former  state  and 
enters  Potomac  in  Frederick  county  of 
the  latter.  It  drains  near  one  half  of 
Adams,  and  almost  the  entire  surface  of 
Frederick  county ;  comparative  length 
about  50  miles. 

Monomotajia,  Kingdom  on  the  E  coast 
of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Mono- 
mugi,  on  the  E  by  the  Mosambique,  on 
the  S  by  Sofata  and  Manica,  and  on  the 
W  by  unknown  regions.  It  is  watered 
by  several  rivers,  of  which  Zambera  is 
chief.  It  lies  between  23  and  33  E  lon. 
and  14  and  19  S  lat. 

Monomugi,  kingdom  of  Africa,  lying 
near  the  equator,  between  Abyssinia  on 
the  N,  Zanguebar,  on  the  E,  Monomo- 
tapa,  on  the  S,  and  Congo  on  the  W. 
This  country  is  very  little  known  to  the 
Europeans. ' 

Monongahela,  river  of  the  United 
States,  rises  in  Randolph  county,  Virgi- 
nia, interlocking  with  the  sources  of  the 
Great  Kenhawa,  at  N  lat.  38  30.  Its 
cfturse  is  nearly  S  80  miles,  to  where  it 
receives  the  west  branch,  from  Lewis  and 
Harrison  counties.  Below  their  junctions 
the  united  stream  flows  SE  30  miles  to 
the  South  boundary  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  it  passes,  and  two  miles  lower  re- 
ceives from  the  SE,  Cheat  river,  little,  if 
any,  inferior  in  column  or  lenj^th  to  the 
Monongahela  itself.  Cheat  river  rises  in 
Randolph  county,  and  flows  through  that 
and  Monongahela  county,  enters  Penn- 
sylvania, and  unites  with  the  main  stream 
as  before  noticed.  The  sources  of  the 
Monongahela,  and  Cheat  are  in  the  west- 
ern spurs  of  the  Appalachian  mountains. 
Below  the  mouth  of  Cheat,  the  Mononga- 
hela flows  nearly  S  SO  milea,  to  its  junc- 
tion witii  the  Youghiogheny.  The  latter 
rises  in  the  Appalachian  mountains,  in 
Alleghany  county,  in  Maryland,  inter- 
locking with  the  sources  of  the  North 
branch  of  the  Potomac,  flows  north  into 
Pennsylvania,  passing  through  Fayette, 
Westmoreland,  and  entering  Alleghany 
county,  unites  with  the  Monongahela  at 
M'Keesport,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  about  100  miles.  Twelve  miles  below 
itsjunction  with  Youghioghany,  the  Mo- 
nongahela unites  with  the  Alleghanv,  and 
647 


M 


M  O  K 

forms  the  Ohio  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg, 
The  entire  length  of  the  Monongahela 
river,  by  comparative  courses,  is  about 
170  miles,  but  following  the  meanders  of 
the  streams,  either  long  in  the  mam  or 
Cheat  branch,   the  length  exceeds   20J 

The  country  drained  by  Monongahela 
is  in  some  parts  mountainous  and  in  all 

hilly-  .      .        ,     iv/r 

For  down  stream  navigation,  the  Mo- 
nongahela, at  high  water,  is  passable 
with  large  boats  as  high  as  the  mouth  ot 
the  West  Branch,  and  by  lighter  vessels 
much  higher.  Cheat  river  is  navigable 
into  Randolph  county,  about  50  miles 
comparative  course  above  its  mouth,  and 
the  Youghioghany  to  the  Ohiopyle  falls, 
in  Fayette  county.  60  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the" Monongahela. 

Mojiongalia,  county  of  Virginia; 
bounded  N  by  Pennsylvania  ;  E  by  Pres- 
ton county  Virginia ;  S  by  Sandy  creek 
or  Randolph  county  ;  SW  by  Mononga- 
hela river  or  Harrison  ;  and  W  by  ryler. 
Length  33;  mean  width  20;  area  660 
square  miles.  Surface  generally  ex- 
tremely hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
The  river  alluvion  and  some  of  the  soil 
of  the  hills  highly  fertile.  The  Monon- 
eahela  and  Cheat  unite  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  county,  and  both  streams  traverse 
it  obliquely.    Chief  town  Morgantown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  6,220 

do.    do.   females  -        -  6,1*85 


M  o  ]sr 


12,405 

37 
351 

12,793 


5,419 
5,149 

0 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        - 
Slaves         

Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wltile  males 

do.  do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        - 

Total  whites      .        .        -  - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -  - 

do.  females  -        -  " 

Total  population  in  1820  ■      11,060 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         •  - 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -,283 

do."       in  Manufactures   -        -  344 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  ~1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

>Monoholi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 

618 


di  Bari,  on  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice,  28  miles  ESE  of  Bari. 

Mon/iazier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Dordogne,  18  miles  SVV  of 
Sarlat. 

Moncjuegna,  or  Moiiqueqaa,  to%vn  of 
Peru,  in  the  bishopric  of  Arequipa,  and 
capital  of  a  territory  of  its  name  adorned 
with  large  vineyards.  Its  whole  com- 
merce is  in  wine  and  brandy,  which  are 
greatly  valued.  It  is  100  miles  SE  of 
Arequipa.     Lon.  71  40  E.  lat.  17  34  S, 

Monroe,  township  of  Hancock  county 
Maine.    Population  1820,  732. 

Monroe,  or  Southjield,  township  and 
post  village  Orange  county  New  York 
19  miles  S  from  Newbure.  In  this  town- 
ship are  some  verv  extensive  iron  works. 
Population  1820,  2969. 

Monroe,  county  of  New  York,  bounded 
by  Lake  Ontario'  N  ;  Ontario  county  E ; 
Livingston  S  ;  and  Gennesee  W.  Length 
32  ;  mean  width  17 ;  and  area  540  square 
miles.  Washed  by  Lake  Ontario  on  its 
northern  side,  crossed  nearly  in  the  mid- 
dle by  Gennesee  river ;  and  at  right 
angles  to  that"  stream  by  the  Grand 
canal,  and  drained  by  a  number  of  large 
creeks,  this  county  occupies  a  very  eli- 
gible position;  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly,  with  a  good  soil.  Some  alluvial 
flats  extend  along  Lake  Ontario  and 
Gennesee  river.  It  was  in  the  census  of 
1820,  included  in  Genesee,  and  Ontario 
counties.     Chief  town,  Rochester. 

Monroe,  post  village  Sussex  county 
New  Jersey. 

JMonr-oe,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
SE  by  Bottetourt  and  Giles;  SW  by 
Kenhawa  river  or  Giles  ;  NW  by  Green - 
briar,  N,  by  Nicholas  ;  and  NE  by  Bath 
and  Bottetourt.  Length  35 ;  mean 
width  13 ;  and  area  about  450  square 
miles.  Surface  mountainous  or  very 
hilly  The  body  of  the  county  lying  be- 
tween Green  briar  and  Kenhawa  river, 
some  very  good  alluvial  soil  skirts  the 
streams  though  generally  rocky  and 
sterile.    Chief  town,  Uniontown. 


10,568 

61 

56 

191 

184 


Population  in  1810 

Free  white  males     ...  2,583 

do.  do.    females           -        -  2,415 

Total  whites        -        -        -  4,99S 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ...  70 

Slaves        -        -        -        -        -  376. 

Total  population  in  1810         -  5,444 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  3,014 

do.    do.    females     -        -        -  2,995 

All  other  persons  except  In- 
dians not  taxed                       -  40 


!^I  0  N 


li  O  N 


Total  vvlutes      -        .        .        . 

6,049 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

39 

do.            do.      females  - 

31 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        - 

234 

do.    females 

267 

Total  population  in  1820 

6,620 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

1,811 

do.        in  Manufactures 

161 

do.       in  Commerce 

10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Monroe,  county  of  Ohio;  bounded  E 
by  Ohio  river ;  S  by  Washington  ;  W  by 
Morgan,  NW  by  Guernsey  ;  and  N  by 
Belmont.  Length  38;  breadth  18;  and 
area  516  square  miles.  It  is  almost  en- 
tirely very  hilly  and  broken,  though  the 
soil  is  generally  productive.  Chief  town, 
Woodsfield. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -         -         -         2,436 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2.1S9 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


.Monroe,  small  post  town  in  Clark  coun- 
ty Ohio,  about  10  miles  N  from  Fairfield, 
in  Green  county. 

J\[onroc,  township  of  Prebble  county 
Ohia     Population  1820,  303. 

Jlouroe,  township  of  Miami  county 
Ohio,  west  (if  the  river  Miami.  Popu- 
lation 1«20,  839. 

Jtlonroc,  county  of  Indiana,  bounded 
by  Lawrence  S  ;  Martin  W ;  Delaware 
NE;  and  Jackson  E.  Lengdi  24  ;  breadth 
18  ;  and  area  324  square  miles.  Chief 
town  Blnomington. 

Populalion  in   1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.  dn.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites 

Free  pers:)ns  of  colour,  males  - 

do.            do.     females  - 

Slaves,  males              _         .  . 

do,    females           -        -  . 


Total  wliites       -        .        -        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    . 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        . 

do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,641 


79 

585 

98 

11 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  9. 

Monroe,  township  in  the  eastern  bor- 
ders of  Ashtabula  county  Ohio,  it  is 
seven  miles  long  from  N  to  S,  by  five 
broad  from  E  to  W.  Population  1820. 384. 

Monroe,  the  NE  township  in  Musk- 
ingum county  Ohio,  through  which  pas- 
ses the  road  leading  from  Zanesville  to 
Coshocton.    Population  1820,  377. 

Monroe,  township  of  Guernsey  county 
Ohio,  adjoining  the  north  line  of  the 
county,     Population  1820,  544. 

Monroe,  township  of  Richland  county 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  389. 

Monroe,  post  town  of  Highland  coun- 
ty,  Ohio.    Populatioti  1820,  uncertiiin. 

Monroe,  township  of  Licking  county 
Ohio.    PopHlation  1820,  591. 

Monroe,  small  post  town,  in  the  eas- 
tern borders  of  Butler  county  Ohio,  12 
miles  NE  from  Hamilton.  It  contains 
one  store,  and  some  mechanic's  shops. 

Monroe,  western  township  of  Picka- 
way county  Ohio.    Population  1820,  653. 
4N 


I'otal  population  in  1820 


2,679 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  496 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  98 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Monroe,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Tennessee  S  ;  Allen  county  of  Ken- 
tucky W  ;  Barren  N  ;  Adair  NE  ;  and 
Cumberland  E.  It  occupies  the  divi- 
ding ground  between  Cumberland  and 
Big  Barren  rivers.  Length  28 ;  breadth 
25,  and  area  700  square  miles.  Its  chief 
town  Tnmkinsville,  is  120  miles  S  from 
Louisville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,263' 

do.  do.  females  -  -  2,190 
All  olh'ii"  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -        .         -  Q 


Total  wliites            -        -        -  4,453 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  4 

do.             do.        females,  1 

Slaves,  males    ...       -  264 

do.    females         -        •        -  234 

Total  population  in  1820  -        4,956 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce    - 
Population  to  ^he  square  mile,  7, 

Monroe,  county  of   Illinois,  bounded 
by  the  Mississippi  river  VV ;   S    Clair 
NE,  and  E  ;  and  Randolph  SE.    Length 
649 


2 

779 

120 

17 


M   O  .S 


M  O  N 


'27;  mean  width,  and  area  324  square 
miles.    Chief  town  Hendersonville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Tree  white  males       .        .        -  828 

do.  do.   females     .        .        -  665 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •         .         -         .  21 


Total  whites       -        -        -        -  1,514 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  8 

do.                do.    females  2 

Slaves,  males      ....  5 

do.    females            ...  S 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        1,537 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  4 

Enfjaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  410 

do.        in  ^Manufactures  -        -  66 

do.        in  Commerce-       -        -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile  5  nearly. 

Jifonroe,  SE  county  of  Michigan  ter- 
ritory, bounded  by  lake  Erie  E ;  Ohio 
S  ;  the  unsettled  Indian  country  W  ;  and 
Wayne  county  N.  Length,'  breadth, 
and  area,  uncertain.  Surface  generally 
level,  and  soil  productive.  It  is  traver- 
sed from  the  NE  to  SE  by  the  rivers 
Raisin,  Huron  of  Erie,  and  some  lesser 
streams.    Chief  town  Monroe. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,013 

do.   do.    females  -        -  810 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  .        _        - 


Total  whites      .        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,      ..... 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

Do.        in  Manvifactures 

Do.       in  Commerce 


1,831 


90 

499 

40 

9 


Monroe,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Monroe  county  Michigan,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river  Raisin,  40  miles 
SW  from  Detroit. 

Monroe,  county  of  East  Tennessee, 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  E ;  the  Che- 
rokee lands  S  ;  M'Minn  W  ;  and  Ten- 
nessee river,  or  Blount  and  Sevier  N. 
Length  43 ;  mean  width  25  ;  and  area 
1050  square  miles.  Surface  rough,  hilly, 
broken,  and  in  part  mountainous.  It  is 
bounded  on  one  side  by  the  Tennessee 
and  drained  by  the  Tellico  river. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -       -       '        1,220 
650 


Free  wiiite  fema'es     - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 

Total  v/hites       .        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     • 
do.        do.            females 
Slaves,  males 
do-    females 

1,128 

0 

2,348 

9 

13 

85 

84 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

2,539 

Monroe,  county  of  Mississippi,  bounded 
E  by  Alabama;  W  by  Tombigbee  river ; 
and  NW  by  the  road  from  Natchez  to 
Nashville.  Length  50  ;  mean  width  8 ; 
and  area  450  square  miles.  Staple,  cot- 
ton.   Chief  town  Cotton  Gin  Port. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        1,209 

do.   do.    females    ...  988 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .         .         - 


Total  whites      .        -        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males        ... 
do.    females    .        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 


0 

2,192 

7 

0 

259 

263 

2,721 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  ►  0 

Engaged  in  AgricultiU'c      -        -  804- 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  27 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  18 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Monroe,  county  of  Alabama,  bounded 
by  Clarke  W  ;  Wilcox  N  ;  Butler  NE ; 
Connecuh  SE ;  and  south  uncertain. 
Length  48 ;  mean  width  28  ;  and  area 
1340  square  miles.  Surface  except  near 
the  streams,  sterile  and  covered  gene- 
rally with  pine  timber.  The  Alabama, 
however,  meandering  through  from  NE 
to  SW,  gives  a  considerable  superficies 
of  very  rich  alluvion.  Staple  cotton.  Chief 
town,  Claiborne. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,694 

do.  do.  females  .  -  -  2,320 
All  otlier  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  nOt  naturalized 
Engaged  i-n  Agriculture 


5,114 

16 

14 

1,942 

1,852 

8,838 


3,245 


M  O  N 


M  ()  N 


Engaged  la  Manufactures          ■             98  Arragon,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  ttit; 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -             49  Rio-Martin,   44  miles  S  of  Sarragossa, 

Population  to  tlie  Square  mile,  6}.  and  92  N  by  W  of  Valencia.    Lon.  0  30 

Monroe,  town  of  Lincoln  county  Mis-  VV,  lat.  41  9  N. 

souri.  Monlalciiio,  small  town  of  Tuscany,  in 

.^/o«s,  ancient  J  arge  and  strong  city  of  the  Siennese,  on  a  mountain,  17  miles 
the  Netherlands,  with  a  considerable  ma-  SSE  of  Sienna,  and  45  SE  of  Florence, 
nufacture  of  woollen  stuffs,  and  a  good  Lon.  11  30  E,  lat-  43  7  N. 
trade.  It  stands  partly  on  a  hill,  and  Jfontalto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
partly  on  a  plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the  quisite  of  Ancona,  on  the  river  Monacio, 
Haisne  and  Trcuille,  by  which  the  coun-  10  miles  N  of  Ascoli,  and  45  S  of  Anco- 
try  around  it  may  be  overflowed  at  plea-  na.  Lon.  13  30  E,  lat.  42  54  N. 
sure.     It  is  17  miles  NE  of  Tournay,  37  Mantadras,  frontier  town  of  Portugal, 


Lon. 


in  Akntejo,  about  31  miles  distant  from 
Lisbon.     Lon.  6  24  W,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Mont  a  Peine  fief,  Hertford  county 
of  Lower  Canada,  on  St.  Lawrence,  8 
miles  below  Quebec. 

Montari'il,  small  town  of  Portugal,  on 
" "  •  Lon.  8 11 


W  of  Namur,  and  143  N  of  Paris. 
4  3  E,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Monsanto,  strongly  fortified  frontier 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura.  Lon.  5 
50  W,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Mo7isaraz,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  seated  on  th.e  Gaudiana,  25  miles  the  provin'ce  of  Estramadura. 
S\V  of  Eivas.    Lon.  7  32  W,  lat.  38  26  N.    W,  lat.  39  33  N, 

Monson,  township  of  Hamden  county  Jis72?arg-/5,  considerable  town  of  France, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1674  inhabitants  in  the  department  of  Loiret,  and  late 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2126.  province  of  Orleannois,  famous  for  its  ex- 

Mon&terberg,  or  Munsterberg,  town  celient  mustard  and  cutlery.  It  is  seated 
of  Germany  in  Silesia,  in  a  province  of  on  the  river  Loire,  fi'om  which  it  has  a 
the  same  name,  20  miles  NE  of  Glats,  navis'.able  canal  to  the  Seine,  near  a  fine 
and  27  S  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  16  E,  lat.  forest,  15  miles  S  of  Nemours,  and  62  S 
50  o7  N.  by  E  of  Paris. 

Monstier.    See  Moutier.  Montarville,   seigniory,  Kent  county 

Montabour,   small   fortified    town    of  Lower  Canada,    between  Boucherville 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves,   and  Chambly,  12  miles  E   from  Mon- 
between  Coblentz  and  Limburg.    Lon.  7   treal 
50  E,  lat.  50  30  N.  Montauban,  considerable  commercial 

Montacniac,  considerable  town  of  Na-  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
tolia,  on  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It  carries  Lot,  lately  the  episcopal  see  of  the  pro- 
on  a  great  trade,  especially  in  fruits,  and  vince  of  Querci.  The  inhabitants  amount 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  70  to  200,000 :  and  have  manufactures  of 
miles  SSE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  29  10  silk  stockings  and  stuffs,  serges,  shal- 
E,  lat  40  0  N.  loons,  Sec.    It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 

Montague  Island,  one  of  the  New  He-   on  the  river  Tarn,  20  miles  N  of  Tou- 


brides,  in  the  S 
Sandwich  Island. 
17  26  S. 


Pacific  Ocean,    near 
Lon.  168  31  E,  lat. 


louse,  and  30  S  of  Cahors. 

MofUaJi/c  Point,   E  end  of  Long  Isl- 
and, in  Southampton.    The  light  house 


Montuigu,  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  is  at  lon.  WG  5  06  E,  lat.  41  04  N. 

partmcnt  of  Vendee,  and  late  province  of  Mmtbazon,  town  of  France,  in  tiie  de. 

Poitcu,  24  miles  W  of  Mauleon.    Lon.  1  partment  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late  pro- 

30  W,  lat.  47  0  N.  vince  of  Touraine,  agreeably  sealed  at  the 

Montague    Towiishifi,  partly   in   the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  which  is  an  ancient  castle, 

county  of  Grenviile,  and  partly  in  Leeds,  135  miles  SW  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  45  V.,  lat. 

Upper  Canada,  lies  to  the  northward  of  47  1  n. 

Wolford,  and  is  washed  by  the  river  Ra-  MontbelUard,  handsome  strong  town  of 

deau  France,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  Ger- 

Montagiie,  post  village  and  township  man  empire  of  the  same  name,  between 

of   Franklin  county  Massachusetts,   on  the  department  of  the  Doubs,  and  that  of 

the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  oppo-  Upper  Rhine.     It  is  seated  ai  the  foot  of  a 

site   Greenfield.     It   is   18   miles  above  rock,  on  which  is  a  citadel.     It  was  taken 

Northampton.     Population  1820,  1074.  in  1674,  by  the  French,  v.ho  demolished 

Montague,  post  village  Essex  county  the  fortifications ;  but  it  was  restored  to 

Virginia.  the  prince.     It  is  seated  near  the  Alaine 

Montague,  island  on  the  Pacific  coast  .-ind  D.aub.s,  3 J  miles  W  of  Ba>.le,  and  45 

of  North  America,   at  the   entrance   of  NB  oi  Besancon.     Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  47  31 

Prince  Williams  Sound.   Lat.  60*^  N  Ion.  N. 

W  C  77°  W.  JTont  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  of  the 

Montalban,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Alps,  in  Suvov,  being  15,66^  feet  above  the 

651 


M  O  N 


M  0  N 


level  of  the  sea.  It  is  called  Mont  Blanc, 
Irom  its  unc'-mmonly  white  appearance. 
The  sumnnit  was  deemed  inaccessible  till 
1786,  when  Dr.  Paccard  ascended  it. 

JMontblanc,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
15  miles  N  of  Tarragona.  Lon.  1  5  E,  lat. 
41  ION. 

JMonthrison,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Forez,  seated  on  the  Velize,  40 
miles  W  of  Vienne,  and  250  by  E  of  Paris, 
l.on.  2  27  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Monldauphin,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Alps,  and  late  province 
of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain, 
almost  surrounded  by  the  Durance,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  45  E,  lat!^44 
40  N. 

J\Iontde-JMarson,  town  of  France,  and 
capital  of  the  department  of  Landes,  and 
late  province  of  Gascony.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Midouse,  30  miles  KE  of  Dax.  Lon.  0 
30  W,  lat,  43  55  N. 

JMoiite-Cassino,  mountain  of  Naples,  on 
tl;e  top  of  which  is  a  celebrated  benedic- 
tine  abbey.     Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Alo?itccehio,  considerable  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  duchy  of  Reggio.  The  French  de- 
feated the  Austrians  near  this  place,  August 
.3,  1796.  It  is  eight  miles  NVV  of  Reggio. 
Lon.  15  54  E,  lat.  42  8  N. 

J\foiitc  Christo,  town,  bay,  and  cape  on 
the  N  side  of  St.  Dommgo.  The  cape  is  a 
high  hill,  in  the  form  of  a  tent,  called  by 
the  French  Cape  la  Grange.  Lon.  71  50 
W,  lat.  19  54  N. 

Jrlrmte  Falco,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Spoletto,  near  the  river  Clitunno,  12 
miles  W  of  Spoletto.  '^■ 

Monte  Falcone,  town  of  Italy,  in  Fruiii, 
with  a  castle,  near  the  river  Fouzano,  IS 
miles  WNW  of  Triest. 

Jilonte  Fia^coTie,  town  of  Italy  in  the  pa- 
trimony of  St.  Peter,  near  the  lake  Bolsena, 
12  miles  NNW  of  Viterbo. 

Monte  Fossoli,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Pisano,  18  miles  E  by  N  of  Leghorn. 

Movtelimar,  town  of  France  in  Drome, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Jabron,  and  Roubion, 
on  the  Fi  side  of  the  Rhone  100  miles  S 
from  Lyons. 

Monte  Leone,  \owr\  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  12  niiles  NNE  ofNicotera. 

Monte  Leone,  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Ulteriore,  nine  miles  N  of  Bene- 
vento. 

Monte  Marano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Ulteriore,  near  the  river  Galore,  18 
miles  S  of  Benevenlo. 

Moaie-Mor'o-  Velho,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  with  a  very  large  castle.  It  is  seated 
in  a  very  fertile  country,  and  is  83  miles  N 
of  Lisbon.     Lon.  8  9  W,  lat.  40  5  N. 

Montenegio,  mountainous  district  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey  in  Albania. 

Monterei).     See  St.  Corlos  de  Monterey, 
65 


Monte-Pelosa,  cspiscopal  town  of  Naples 
in  Basilicata,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Basiento,  14  miles  E  of  Cirenza.  Lon. 
16  18  E,  lat.  40  47  N. 

Monte-Pidsiano,  episcopal  town  of  Tus- 
cany, seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  river 
Chiana,  in  a  country  noted  for  excellent 
v/ine,  50  miles  S  by  E  of  Florence.  Lon. 
11  49  E,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Montesa,  very  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  order  of 
knighthood  of  the  same  name;  and  is  five 
miles  NW  of  Xativa.  Lon.  0  10  \V,  lat.  39 
ON. 

Monte  sancto,  formerly  called  Mount- 
Athos,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  is  called 
Monte-Sancto,  or  the  Holy  Mount,  be- 
cause there  are  22  monasteries  thereon, 
in  which  are  4000  monks,  who  never  suf- 
fer a  woman  to  come  near  them.  It  is  17 
miles  S  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  24  39  E,  lat.  40 
27  N. 

Monte  Velino,  mountain  of  Italy,  suppo- 
sed to  be  the  most  lofty  part  of  the  Apen- 
nines, and  8400  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  46  miles  NE  of 
Rome. 

Monte  Verde,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Ulteriore,  10  Miles  NE  of  Conza. 

Monte  Video,  town  of  South  America, 
near  and  to  the  E  of  the  mouth  of  the  Plate 
river.  It  is  a  defective  open  sea  port, 
claimed  by  the  Portuguese,  and  by  the 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata.  The  for- 
mer, have  been  in  possession  since  1817. 
I's  supposed  population  20,000.  Lon.W  0 
20  45  E.  lat.  34  55  N. 

Montezuma,  village  of  Cayuga  county. 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  canal,  12  miles  W 
from  Auburn. 

Mont-Fervand.     See  Clen^nont, 

Montferrat,  duchy  of  Italy ;  bounded  on 
the  E  by  the  Milanes  and  Genoa,  on  the  N 
and  W  by  PiedmotU,  and  on  the  S  by  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  iVoiTi  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Appennines.  It  contains  200 
towns  and  castles,  is  very  fertile  and  well 
cultivated,  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  silk  ;  and  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia.    Casal  is  the  capital. 

Montfort,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France,  16  miles  AV  of  Ver- 
sailles.    Lon.  2  50  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Monffort,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine  and  late  province 
of  Bretagne.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Men,  and  is  12  miles  W  of  Rennes.  Lon. 
1  58  W,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Montfort,  strong  town  of  the  United 
Province;;,  in  Utrecht,  with  an  ancient 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yssel,  seven 
miles  S  by  E  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  0-E,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

Montfort,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir= 


\M  0  N 


M  O  X 


cle  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  countiy  of  the  from  the  highly  fertile  banks  of  the  Mo- 

same  name,  subject  to  the  house  of  Aus-  hawk,    Schoharie,   and   other  streams    to 

tria.     It  is  16  miles  S  of  Lindau  and  the  eminences,  rocky,  and  ot   course  sterile, 

lake  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  54  E,  lat.47  22  N.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  live  stock,  &c.     Ch  let 

.Moni^-omerij,  borough  of  Wales,  capital  town,  Jolmstown. 

of  Montgomeryshire,    with  a   market  on  _  Population  in  1810 


Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


20,646 
19,491 


Total  whites      .        -        •        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed      -        -        -        - 


40,137 

365 
712 

41,214 


Tuesday.  It  had  a  tower  and  castle,  which 
were  demolished  in  the  civil  wars.  It 
stands  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24  miles  SW 
of  Slirewsbury,  and  168  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  3  5  W.lat.  52  26  N. 

Montgomeryshire,   county  of  Wales,   36 
miles  long  and  34  broad  ;  bounded  on  the    Slaves         .... 
N  by  Merionethshire  and  Denbighshire,  NE 

and  E  by  Shropshire,  S  by  Radmorshire,    Total  population  in  1810 
SW  by  Cardiganshire,  and  W  by  Merioneth- 
shire.    It  contains  500,000  acres-,  is  divi-       Population  in  1820. 
ded  into  nine  hundseJs,  and  47  parishes  ;    Free  white  males        -        -        . 
and  has  five  market  towns.     The  number       do.    do.    females     -        -        - 
of  inhabitants  in   1811  was  51,931  ;  and  it    All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Though        not  taxed        .         .         -        - 
barren   and  mountainous  in  many  parts,  it 

has  a  greater  mi.'itare  of  fertile  vale  and  Total  whites  .... 
jiluin  than  several  of  the  Welsli  counties.  Free  pei'sons  of  colour,  males  - 
Its  riches  proceed  from  its  sheep  and  wool,  do.  do.  females 

the  hilly  tracts  being  almost  entirely  sheep    Slaves,  males  -         -         - 

walks ;  and  tiie  flocks,  like  those  of  Spain,        do.     females  -         -        - 

are  driven  from  distant  parts  to  feed  on 

them  during  the  summer.     This   county    Total  population  in  1320 
also  aflbrd's  mineral  treasures,  particularly 
lead;  and  it  abounds  with  slate  and  lime;        Of  these  ; 
but  there  is  no  coal.     Its   principal  rivers   Foreigners  not  naturalized 
are  the    Severn,    Vyrnew,    and    Tannat.   Engaged  in  Agriculture 
Population  in  1801,  47,978;  in  1811,  51,931;        do.        in  Manufactures  - 
and  in  1821, 59,889.  do.        in  Commerce 

J\Iavtgomevtj,  post  town,  and  township  of  Population  to  the  square  mile,  42  nearly. 
Franklin  county,  Vermont,  40   miles  NE        Montgomer'j,  township,  and  post  village 
from  Burlington.  of  Orange  cotint}'.  New  York,  IS  miles  W 

Montgomery,  township,  Hampden  county   from  N^wbcry,  at  the   vilbge  there  is  an 


18,496 
18,145 


36,649 
287 
284 
167 
182 

37,569 


93 

7,047 

1,668 

125 


Massaciuisetis,  12  miles  NW  from  Spring 
field.    Population  in  1820,  604. 

Montgomevi),  county  of  New  York ; 
bounded  by  Schenectady  SE  ;  Schoharie  S; 
Ots'-goSW;  Herkimer   \\  \  Hamilton  N  ; 


academj'.     Population  1820,  5541. 

Montgomery,  township  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty New  Jersey.     Population  1820,  2405. 

MoHigotnery,  county  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
bounded    by' Philadelphia    and    Delaware 


and  Saratoga  E.  Length  and  breadth  counties  SE  ;  Chester  SW;  Berks  NW  ; 
would  averKge  about  30  miles  each ;  and  Lehigh  N ;  and  Ijucks  NE.  Length  30; 
area  900  square  miles.  This  is  a  very  widtli  15  ;  and  area  450  square  miles.  The 
richly  diveisificd  county.  The  Mohawk  surface  of  this  country  is  delightfully  vavie- 
meanders  through  it,  dividing  it  into  two  gated  by  !»/ill  and  dale.  It  is  washed  by 
unequal  sections,  leaving  about  one  third  the  Sclinylkill,  from  its  extreme  western 
part  S  from  the  river.  East  Canada  creek  angle  to  the  bounrjary  of  Upper  Merion 
enters  tiie  Mohawk  from  the  N,  and  for  a  township  ;  and  is  drained  by  Perkiomen, 
distance  of  nearly  15  miles,  forms  the  and  Wissahicon  creeks  flowing  into  the 
boundary  between  Montgomery  and  Her-  Schuylkill ;  and  by  the  Pennipack,  and 
kimercouniiis.  The  Schoharie  ri%-er  enters  Tocony  creeks  entering  Delaware.  The 
at  the  SE  angle,  and  flowing  nearly  N,  falls  west  and  Lexington  branches  of  the  Ne- 
iMto  the  Mohawk,  opposite  Tripes  Hill,  .shaminy,  also  rise  in  Montgomery  and  Ilat- 
The  NE  angle  of  this  county  is  watered  by  field  townships  in  this  county.  The  soil 
the  Sacondago  branch  of  the  Hudson,  is  generally  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and 
Except  the  alluvial  plains  near  the  Mo-  meadow  grasses,  and  also  in  garden  vege- 
hawk,  this  county  is  generally  hilly,  but  tables.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit, 
rising  in  most  instances,  particularly  S  garden  productions,  beef,  pork,  mutton, 
from  the  Mohawk,  by  a  not  very  abrupt  and  various  other  articles.  It  is  peculiarly 
acclivity,  the  slopes  are  arable  to  the  sum-  remarkable  for  the  production  of  fine  mar- 
mits.  The  soil  partakes  of  the  variety  of  ble.  See  JVhite  MarsL  Chief  town,  Nor» 
the   surface,  presenting  every  transition  ristown. 


>^ 


65.-; 


M  0  N 


M  0  N 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


14,858 
14,171 


Total  whites      ....  29,029 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  671 

Slaves         -                ...  3 


Total  population  in  1810 


29,703 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males             -        .  17,757 

do.    do.    females          .        .  17,159 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...  q 

Total  whites             -        -        -  34,916 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  481 

do.           do.        females,  393 

Slaves,  males           ...  i 

do.    females         -        -        .  2 


Total  population  in  1820 


35,793 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -         '299 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -        4,646 

do.         in  Manufactures       -        2,473 

do.        in  Commerce  -  200 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  80  nearly. 

Jtlonlgomert),  township  and  post  village  of 
Montgomery  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
north-eastern  boundary  of  the  county,  and 
on  the  dividing  ground  between  the  sources 
of  the  Perklomen,  Wissihicon,  and  Ne. 
shaminy  creeks.  Tlie  village,  called 
Montgomery  square  in  this  township  is  20 
miles  nearly  N  from  Philadelphia.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  751. 

.Montgomery,  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  S  boundary  of  tlie 
county  between  Warren,  and  Antrim.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  3398. 

Monigomeri',  county  oPMaryland  ;  bound- 
ed by  Potomac  river,  or  by  Fairfax,  and 
Loudon  counties  in  Virginia  SW;  Frede- 
rick comity  in  Maryland  NW ;  Patuxent 
river,  or  Anne  Arundel  NE  ;  and  Prince 
George,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  SE. 
Length  28,  mean  width  18,  and  area  500 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  va- 
rious. The  county  occupies  a  part  of  the 
valley  between  the  first  and  second  Appa. 
lachian  ridge,  and  contains  some  excellent 
tracts  of  land  ;  but  in  general  the  soil  of 
this  county  is  thin,  and  rather  sterile. 
Staples  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town  Rockville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 


Total  whites 


654 


4,947 
4,784 

9,731 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves        -        -        -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810, 


677 
7,572 

17,980 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males             -       -  4,585 

do.    do.     females          -        -  4,497 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites             -        .        -  9,082 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  446 

do.             do.       females  476 

Slaves,  males           -        -        -  3,388 

do.    females        _       -        -  3,008 


Total  population  in  1820 


16,400 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  104 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  .        4,805 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  396 

do.    in  Commerce  -  46 

Population  to  the  squai-e  mile,  33  nearly. 

Montgomery,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bound- 
ed  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Franklin  and 
Patrick  SE ;  Gr.ayson,  and  Wythe  SW; 
Walker's  mountain,  or  Giles  county  NW ; 
and  Bottetourt  NE.  Length  42,  mean  width 
22|  and  area  950  square  miles.  It  is  tra- 
versed in  its  western  angle  by  the  Great 
Kenhawa,  and  drained  about  two  thirds  by 
that  stream,  and  its  confluents.  The  di- 
viding ridge  between  the  Kenhawa,  and 
James,  and  Roanoke  rivers  traverses  this 
county,  Craig's  creek  and,  Catawba  creek, 
branches  of  the  former ;  and  Staunton 
river,  branch  of  the  Latter  rise  in  the  NE 
of  Montgomery.  The  surface  is  in  part 
mountainous,  and  every  where  very  hilly 
and  broken.  The  proportion  of  good  soil 
but  small  when  compared  to  the  general 
area.     Chief  tov/n,  Christiansburg. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males         ...       3,659 

do.  do.     females      ...       3,594 

Total  whites       ....        7,253 
All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 57 

Slaves 1,099 


Total  population  in  1810 


8,409 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,741 

do.     do.  females  .        -        3,706 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  0 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do  do.      females 


7,447 
16 
15 


M  O  X 


M  O  N 


Slaves,  nvales 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820, 


639 
616 


8,733 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females 


1,155 
1,035 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -  2,205 

do.         in  Manufactures           -  146 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  21 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Montgomery,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  by  Richmond,  and  Anson  S  ;  Ca- 
barrass  W  ;  llowan,  and  Randolph  N  ;  and 
Moore  E.  Length  42 ;  mean  width  18 ; 
and  area  756  square  miles.  The  Yadkin 
winds  across  this  county  from  N  to  S,  which 
is  drained  by  that  stream  and  its  confluents. 
Surface  ratlier  uneven  than  hilly.  Soil  near 
the  streams  fertile,  but  merging  into  pine 
barrens,  in  the  intervals.  Staples,  cotton, 
grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief  town, 
Tindalsville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 


3,416 
3,284 

6,700 


Total  whites      .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  34 

Slaves 1,696 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -        8,430 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        3,469 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  3,391 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 

Total  whites       ....  6,860 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  13 

do.     do.  females    ...  5 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  941 

do.    females           ...  874 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         8,693 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          »  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -  2,580 

do.        in  Manufactures          -  0 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  II3. 

JVtontgomery,  county  of  Georgia,  bound- 
ed by  Oakmulgee  river  S  ;  by  Little  Oco- 
nee river,  or  Telfair  county  SW ;  Laurens 
W,  and  N\V;  and  Emanuel  or  Great 
Ohoope  river  NE.  Length  40,  and  mean 
width  24,  and  area  960  square  miles.  The 
Oconee,  and  Oakmulgee,  form  the  Alata- 
maha,  at  the  S  extremity  of  this  county. 
Surface  generally  level,  and  soil  sterile. 
Chief  town  "Vernon, 


Total  whites            -        -        -  2,190 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       -       -  \j 

Slaves          .        .        -        .        _  747 

Total  population  in  1810  -        2,954 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  5^5 

do.    do.  females  -        .  590 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        -  0 

Total  whites        .        -         .         .  l,i65 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  1 

do.             do.     females  -  0 

Slaves,  males       ....  354 

do.    females             ...  349 

Total  population  in  1820  .       1,869 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  523 

do.       In  Manufactures  -  0 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile  2  nearly. 

Montgomeryy  county  of  Alabama  ;  bound- 
ed by  Pike  SE  ;  Butler  S  ;  Wilcox  and 
Dallas  W  ;  Alabama  river,  or  Autaga  NW 
and  N  ;  and  the  Muscogee  or  Creek  Lands 
NE.  Length  50  ;  mean  width  30 ;  and 
area  1500  square  miles.  Surface  generally 
hilly,  and  except  near  the  streams,  soil 
sterile.  The  junction  of  the  Coosa,  and 
Tallapoosa,  and  of  course  the  head  of  Ala- 
bama river  is  near  the  northern  border  of 
this  county,  which  leaves  the  Coosa  at 
VVetumka  falls,  5  miles  above  its  mouth. 
Staple  cotton.     Chief  town,  Montgomery. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,094 

do.  do.  females  ...  1,847 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 

Total  whites       -        -        -        -  3,941 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  6 

do.  do.        females  2 

Slaves,  males      ...  1,417 

do.    females  -        -        -  1,238 

Total  population  in  1820    -        •        6,604 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  sot  naturalized         -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        2,400 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4J. 

Montgomery,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
655 


M  O  N 


51  O  N 


lice,  Montgomery  county,  A.labama,  on  the 
rig-ht  bank  of  Alabama  river,  about  15 
miles  by  land  below  the  junction  of  Coosa 
and  Tallapoos.1. 

Mo7itgomeriu  county  of  Tennessee  ; 
bounded  by  Christian  and  Todd  counties, 
in  Kentucky  N  ;  by  Roberston  count}',  in 
Tennessee  SE ;  Dickson  S ;  and  Stewart 
SW.  Length  40;  mean  width  17^;  and 
area  700  squares  miles.  Tennessee  river 
traverses  the  southern  part  of  this  county, 
and  at  Clarkbville  receives  from  the  NE 
Red  river.  Soil  is  not  generally  very  pro- 
ductive,  though  in  part  highly  so.  Surface  is 
uneven  rather  than  hilly.  Staples,  cotton, 
grain,  flour,  &c.    Chief  town,  Clarksville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        -       2,823 

do.  do.    females       -        -        -      2,563 

Total  whites  .  .  -  .  5,386 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          .        .        -        .  6 

Slaves          -        -        -        -        -  2,629 

Total  population  in  1810      -        -      8,021 


Total  popuiatioivin  1810 


12,975 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        3,867 

do.      do.    females  -        -        3,624 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 0 


Total  whites      .        -        -        .  7,491 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  36 

do.           do.       females  29 

Slaves,  males           -        -       -  2,231 

do.     females        _       -       -  2,432 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,781 

do.    do.  females  -        -        3,723 

All  otiier  persons  except  Iwdians 

not  taxed        ...        -  y 

Total  whites         ....  7,504 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  19 

do.             do.         females  -  10 

Slaves,  males       -        -        .        .  1,040 

do.    females     ....  1,014 

Total  population  in  1820      -         -      9,587 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      .        -        2,063 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  236 

do.        in  Commerce       .        -  20 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22. 

Jilontg-omeri/,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded 
by  Warren  and  Butler  S ;  Prebble  W  ; 
Miami  N ;  Clarke  NE,  and  Green  E. 
Length  24  ;  width  23  ;  and  area  480  square 
miles.  Surface  v/aving,  generally,  but  in 
part  level.  Soil  very  productive.  The 
main,  and  west  forks  of  Miami  river,  and 
Mad  river,  all  unite  in  this  county,  lie- 
low  their  junction  the  main  stream  turns 
SSW,  and  enters  the  NE  corner  of  Butler 
county,  near  the  village  of  Franklin. 
Chief  town,  Dayton. 

Population  in  1"10. 
Free  white  males       ...        4,031 

do.  do.     females    ...        3,637 


Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        3,539 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  314 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  44 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17. 

jMontfomeriit  county  of  Kentucky ;  bound- 
ed SE  and  S  by  Estill ;  W  by  Clark  ;  NW 
by  Bourbon ;  NE  by  Bath,  and  E  by  Pike. 
Length  38 ;  near  width  12 ;  and  area  about 
420  square  miles.  It  is  di-ained  by  tiie 
sources  of  the  S  fork  of  Licking,  those  of 
the  Red  river  branch  of  Kentucky  river, 
and  by  some  creeks  of  the  main  fork  of 
Licking.  Surface  rather  uneven  than  hilly ; 
soil  productive.  Chief  town,  Mountster- 
ling. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        5,632 

do.  do.    females     .        .        -        5,539 


Total  whites  .... 
4,227  All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed    .... 

SLavcs        ..... 


7,668 


54 
0 


Total  population  in  1810    . 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females     ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        - 
do,    females   -        .        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820      - 


7,722 


8,279 
7,647 


15,999 


Total  whiles        -        -        -  11,171 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        .  37 

Slaves      .       .       .       -       .       1,767 
656 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  63 

Engaged  in  Agriculture             -  2,650 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  612 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  37 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

Mottt^omeni,  township  near  the  eastern 


31  O  K 


M  O  N 


border  of  Richland  county,  Ohio.    Popula- 
tion in  1820,  70-i: 

JMontgomery,  central  township  of  Frank- 
lin county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
1631. 

JHontgomery,  post  villag'e,  Franklin 
county,  Ohio,  14  miles  NE  from  Cincin- 
nati. 

^Montgomery,  county  of  Missouri ;  bound- 
ed by  Missouri  river  S  ;  Howard  county 
W ;  Cuivore  river,  or  Lincoln  N,  and  Sf, 
Charles  B.  Length  50  ;  mean  width  35  ; 
and  area  1850  square  miles.  Surface  hilly 
in  general  though  with  some  exceptions. 
Soil  varied. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        1,425 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,122 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites    .        -        -  2,547 

Free  pei'sons  of  colour,  males    -  1 

do.            do.        females,  0 

Slaves,  males       ....  268 

do.     females  ....  258 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,074 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        -  8 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         -         -  994 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  11 

do.        in  Commerce  -         .  1 

Population  to  tlie  sqviare  mile,  li. 

JVIoiitgomeryville,  post  village,  Gibson 
county,  Indiana. 

M-mlicello,  post  village,  Sullivan  county. 
New  York,  4  miles  W  from  Nevesink  river, 
and  about  40  miles  a  little  north  of  west 
from  New  burg. 

JMonticello,  seat  of  the  venerable  Thomas 
Jefferson,  Albermarle  county,  Virginia,  2 
miles  E  irom  Ciurlotteville.  Lon.  W  C  1 
48  W,  iat.  38  08  N. 

Muniicello,  post  village,  Fairfield  district. 
South  Carolina. 

Jilonticel'o,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
.Tasper  county,  Georgia,  32  miles  NW  i^om 
Milledgeville. 

JMonticello.  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Lawrence  cnuniy,  Mississippi,  on 
Pearl  river,  90  mles  E  fro^t'  Natchez. 

JMonticello,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Wayne  count}^,  Kentucky,  100  miles  S 
from  Frankfort  and  abnut  4  miles  south- 
east from  Cumberland  river. 

JMonticello,  post  village,  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, Arkansaw  territory. 

JMontid,  formerly  an  episcopal  town  of 
Spain,  in  New  Castile,  18  miles  from  Me- 
tarza. 

Moniilla,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  51  miles  N  of  Granada. 

JMontivilliers,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province 
4  O 


of  Normandy,  95  miles  N\V  of  Paris.    Lon. 
0  20  W,  Iat.  49  oS  X. 

JVIontlouis,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Rousilion,  with  a  strong  citadel 
at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  built  by  Lewis  XIV. 
It  is  430  miles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  5  E,  Iat. 
42  30  N. 

JMoniluet,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain  and  late  province  of  Bres.se, 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Seraine, 
12  miles  NE  of  L>on3,  and  205  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  8  E,  Iat  45  49  N. 

JMoittlnzon,  or  JMontlucon,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  AUier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  liourbonnois,  seated  on  the  river 
Cher,  150  ri.iles  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45  E, 
Iat.  46  22  N. 

JMontmsdi,  small  but  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Meuse  and 
late  duchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  river 
Chier,  which  divides  it  into  the  upper  and 
lower  town.  It  is  170  miles  NE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  23  E,  Iat.  49  32  N. 

JMovtmelian,  formerly  strong  town  of 
Savoy,  but  the  French  in  1705,  demolished 
the  fortifications.  It  is  eight  miles  SE  of 
Chamberry,  and  27  NE  of  Grenoble.  Lon. 
6  15  E.  Iat.  45  30  N. 

JVIontmoreiici,  town  of  France,  remarka- 
ble for  the  tombs  of  the  ancient  dukes  of 
Mon*flnorenci.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
a  large  valley,  famous  for  its  cherr  es,  and 
is  seven  miles  from  St.  Dennis,  and  10  from 
Paris. 

JMontmorillon,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vien^ie,  and  late  province  of 
Poitou.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Gar- 
tempe,  over  which  it  has  a  handsome 
bridge,  24  miles  SE  of  Poitiers. 

.HlonipeUier,  city  of  the  department  of 
Hi-rault  and  late  province  of  Languedoc. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
cities  in  France,  and  has  a  citadel ;  a  bish- 
op's see  ;  a  university,  and  a  botanic  gar- 
den, tiie  first  e'itablished  in  Europe,  The 
number  of  inhabitantsis  computed  at  30,000, 
is  chiefly  famous  for  its  drugs  and  cordials, 
p;  rfumed  waters,  hair-powder,  and  verdi- 
gris. This  city  contains  200  apotht-caries, 
the  air  is  extremely  healthy,  and  many  in- 
valids resort  hither  from  all  parts,  to  re- 
cover their  heslih.  Muatpellier  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  five  miles fr  m  the  MeJitcr^'uean, 
near  the  Lez.  a  ^mai!  r>avigab!e  river,  and 
on  the  rivulet  Merdanson,  whicli  is  con- 
veyed into  liffereni  pars  of  the  city  by 
siiljterraneous  canals.  It  is  27  ni'les  S  W  of 
Nismes,  47  NE  of  Narbon  e,  and  380  S  by 
W  of  Paris,     i.^n.  3  58  E,  Iat.  43  37  N. 

JMontpelirr,  post  town  in  C:dedonia  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  situated  on  the  NE  side  of 
Onion  river,  34  miles  SE  of  Burlington  on 
lake  Champlain,  and  13  miles  N  of  Wil- 
liamston,  in  Orange  county.  It  contained 
1877  inhabitants  'in  1810. 


.\1  O  N 


Ai  U  N 


Montpeuer,  seat  of  the  Hon.  James  Madi- 
son, late  President  of  the  United  States, 
in  Orange  county,  Virginia,  20  miles  NE 
from  Montecelio. 

Montpelier,  post»  village,  Richmond  coun- 
ty, Nortii  Carolina. 

Monipensiei;  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Pay  de  Dome  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  seated  on  a  hill,  210 
miles  SE  of  Paris.     Lon.  3  14  E,  lat.  46 

4  isr, 

J\Toiic  Pulcian').     See  Alonte  Pulciano. 

.Montreal,  town  of  Sieiiy,  m  V&l  di  Ma- 
zara,  and  an  archbishop's  -see  ;  seated  on  a 
rivulet,  five  miles  W  of  Palermo,  and  50 
NE  of  Mazara. 

Montreal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Treves  ;  seated  on  the  Elz,  20 
miles  W  by  N  of  Coblentz. 

Montreal,  town  of  Spam,  in  the  province 
of  Arragon,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Xiloca,  25  miles  NNW  of  Terruel,  and  40 

5  by  E  of  Caiatajud.    Lon.   1  2  W,  lat.  40 
53  N. 

Montreal,  island  in  St.  Lawrence  river, 
at  the  confluence  of  that  stream  and  the 
Ottawa.  It  forms  a  county  of  the  same 
naiHe,  32  miles  long,  but  very  irregular  in 
width.  The  soil  is  veiy  productive,  and 
the  surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill 
and  dale. 

Montreal,  city  of  Lower  Canada,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  t!ie  island  of  the  same  name. 
Montreal  is  a  place  of  considerable  extent, 
and  great  commercial  importance.  The 
houses  are  generally  built  in  a  modern 
style,  in  brick,  or  stone,  roofed  with  sheet 
tin,  iron  or  copper,  and  many  finished  with 
taste  and  elegance.  The  public  buildings 
are  n\imerous.  The  seminary  of  St.  Sul- 
pice,  dates  its  origin  to  the  aera  of  the 
French  government  over  Canada,  and  is  a 
flourishing  institution.  The  Hotel  IJien,  a 
charitable  institution,  founded  by  the 
French  in  1644,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
lieving indigent  sick,  is  still  suppor  ed  and 
conducted  by  a  superior  and  36  nuns.  The 
Conveni  of  Jsotrs  Darne,  also  a  French  es- 
tablishment, conducted  by  a  superior  snd 
60  sisters,  for  the  instruction  of  females  in 
all  the  useful  and  ornamental  parts  of  their 
education.  The  Convent  of  the  Grey 
Sisters,  is'  a  gener  .1  hospital  for  the  recep- 
tion of  invalid-,  and  agtd  poor. 

This  city  is  the  grand  depot  for  the 
trade  of  C;u-.aaa,  and  re  eives  the  inlanl 
freights  from  the  St.  Lawre  ice  and  Ottawa 
rivers.  Its  harbour  is  safe,  v.ith  from  13 
to  26  feet  water.  The  rapid  of  St.  Ma:y 
two  miles  below,  is  a  very  serious  impedi- 
ment to  the  entrance  of  vessels,  demanding 
a  strong  wind  to  stem  it.  Kapids  again 
occur  about  4  m-Ies  above  the  harbour, 
whicii  entirely  pr"''en.s  any  water  com- 
munication between  the  city  and  La  Chine. 
See  La   Chine. 

6.58     ' 


Montreal  is  120  miles  above  Quebec,  and 
220  N  by  W  from  Boston.  Population 
upwards  of  25,000.  Lon.  W  C  4  25  E,  lat. 
45  31  1^^ 

Alotilreal  Isle,  in  the  east  end  of  lake 
Superior,  is  small,  and  situated  between 
t!ie  mouths  of  the  rivers  Montreal  and 
Charron,  and  near  the  shore. 

Montreal,  River  de.  Upper  Canada, 
empties  itself  into  the  east  end  of  lake 
Superior,  a  little  to  the  northward  of  the 
copper  mines,  and  south  of  the  river 
Charron. 

Montreal,  river  of  the  NW  territory 
of  the  United  States,  which  falls  into 
the  SW  part  of  iakr  Superior,  about  60 
miles  from  W  the  Ontanagon.  It  inter- 
locks sources  with  the  Chippeway,  and 
Ouisconsin. 

Montreidl,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Pas  de  Calais,  seated  on  a 
hill,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Canche,  36 
miles  S  of  Calais,  and  42  VVNW  of  Arras. 

Montreuil  Bellay,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne  and  Loire, 
seated  on  the  Touet,  10  miles  SSW  of 
Saumur. 

Montrkhard,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loir  and  Cher,  with  a 
castle,  seated  near  the  Cher,  12  miles 
SE  of  Amboise. 

Montrose,  borough  and  seaport  in  An- 
gus-shire, near  the  estuary  of  the  South 
Esk.  The  buildings  are  neat ;  and  the 
most  remarkable  are  the  town  house,  the 
church,  an  elegant  episcopal  chapel,  a 
hospital  for  lunatics,  and  its  parish  church 
is  the  largest  in  Scotland  except  the  pa- 
rish church  of  Glasgow.  A  great  num- 
ber of  trading  vessels  belong  to  this 
town,  and  a  considerable  trade  is  carried 
(in  to  the  Baltic,  Hamburg,  Rica,  Arch- 
angel,  Sec  The  salmon  fisheries  on  the  N 
and  S  Esk,  form  a  valuable  branch  of 
commerce.  The  inhabitants  of  Montrose 
are  said  to  be  about  10,000,  and  it  is  48 
miles  NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  32  W, 
lat.  56  40  N. 

Montrose,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Susquehannah  county  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  high  ground  from  which  flow 
the  ^^  yahessing,  and  Trunkhanncc  into 
the  Sushquehannah  southwest,  and  also 
numerous  creeks  to  the  northward  into 
the  same  stream  near  the  south  line  of 
New  York. 

Montrose,  village  of  Cumberland  coun- 
ty North  Carolina.  / 

Montrouis,  town  of  St.  Domingo,  at 
the  head  of  the  Bight  of  Leoganc,  5 
leagues  E  from  St.  Mark- 

Mon,  St.  Michael,  strong  town  of 
France,  in  the  dep^artment  of  ti:e  Chan- 
nel and  late  province  of  Normandy,  built 
on  a  rock  in  the  sea,  which  is  ascended 


M  <)  0 


AI  o  o 


at  low  water.  It  is  10  miles  SW  of  Av- 
ranches,  and  IHO  W  of  Paris.  Loir  1  30 
W,  lat.  48  37  N. 

Montsujeon,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upptr  Marne»  and  late 
province  of  C'hampaign  ,  145  mites  SE  of 
Paris      Lon.  5  16  E,  iat,  A7  36  N. 

Moni8tcrrat,  mountain  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  on  which  is  a  famous  monas- 
tei'y  and  chapel,  dedicated  to  tlie  Virgin, 
resorted  to  by  numbers  of  pil  j;rims.  It  is 
inhabited  by  monks  of  several  nations, 
who  entertain  al!  that  come  out  of  devo 
tion  or  curiosity,  for  three  days  gratis. 
This  mountain  is  said  to  be  10  miles  in 
circumference,  and  5  high,  and  the  coun- 
try around  it  is  seen  150  miles.  It  is  25 
miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 

Montsterrat,  one  of  the  Leeward  Ca-' 
ribbee  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  disco- 
vered in  1493  by  Columbus,  and  so  named 
by  him  from  its  resemblance  to  the  moun- 
tain mentioned  in  the  preceding  article. 
It  is  about  nine  miles  in  length  and 
breadth  ;  and  supposed  to  contain  50,000 
acres,  and  the  hilis  cire  covered  with  ce- 
dar  and  other  trees.  Jt  carries  on  a  great 
trade  to  England  and  Ireland  in  rum,  &c. 
belongs  to  the  English,  and  oO  miles  S'V 
of  Antigua.    Lon.  62  34  W,  lat.  16  54  N. 

Montville,  township  of  New  London 
county,  Connecticut  It  is  situated  about 
9  miles  NW  of  N  w  London.  Population 
1820,  218r,  and  in  1820,  1951. 

Montville,  post  town  Litico'n  county 
Maine,  30  miles  NE  from  Wiscassett. 
Population  1820,  1266. 

Mo?iza>  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  Lambro,  8  miUs  NE  of 
Milan.    Lon.  9  20  E,  lat  45  33  N 

Monzingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  12  miles  W  of 
Creutznach,  and  42  E  of  Treves.  Lon. 
7  14  E,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Mooers,  township  of  Clinton  county 
New  York.     Population  1820,  567. 

jMoon,  Mountains  of  the,  mountains  of 
Africa,  extending  between  Abyssinia  and 
Monomotapa.  They  are  his/her  than 
those  of  Atias. 

Moon,  township  of  Alleghany  county 
of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  county  line,  and 
left  bank  of  Oiio,  10  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg.    Population  1820,  2014. 

Moore,  township  of  Northampton 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  branch- 
es of  the  Hockendogne  and  Monoocacy 
creeks,  commencing  8  miles  \'W  from 
Easton,  and  2  miles  NW  from  Nazareth. 
Pot)ulation  1820,  1645. 

Moore,  county  of  North  Carolina  ; 
bounded  by  Cumberland  SE  ;  Richmond 
SW  ;  Montgomery  Y/ ;  Randolph  NV/; 
and  Chatham  N  ;  length  38  ;  width  28  ; 
and  area  about  530  square  miles.  Its  form 


triangular,  extending  from  the  Haw  ri- 
ver, about  half  way  to  the  Yadkin.  Sur- 
face hilly,  and  soil  generally  thin  and 
sterile,  though  much  good  land  skirts 
the  streams.  Staples,  cotton,  grain,  Hour, 
&c.  Chief  town  Alfordstown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -  ■     .        -        2,692 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,675 

Total  whites  -  •  -  5,367 
All  odier  persons  except  1'  .lans 

not  tiixed        ...         -  56 

Slaves         .        -        -        .        -  944 

Total  population  in  1810  .         6,367 

Populat  on  in  1820. 
Free  wliite  males        ...         2,873 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2,905 
All  othei*  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  0 

Total  whites       ....  5,778 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  30 

do.    ■         do.         fem.".les,  24 

Slaves,  mal^s        ...        -  665 

do.    females             ...  631 

Total  popvdation  in  1820    -        -         7,128 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  iti  Agriculture      -         •         1,809 

do.         in  M.anufactures  -  82 

do.         in  Commerce        -         -  15 

Popul.ti'in  'o  the  square  mile,  13. 

Mooreaborough,  post  village  Ruther- 
ford county  Nirt.'i  Carolina. 

Moorenjield.     See  Monvfstonun, 

MoorfiekU  post  village  Nicholas  county 
Kentucky,  about  45  miies  NE  by  E  from 
Frankfort. 

Moorjield,  village  of  Harrison  county 
Ohio,  12  miles  SW  from  Cadiz. 

Moorfidd,  township  of  Clai-k  county 
Ohio.     Population  1820  783. 

Moorjields,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Hardy  county  Virginia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  south'  branch  of  Potomac  53 
miles  SW  bv  W  from  Winchester. 

Mooreatown,  pleasant  village  in  Bur- 
lington county  New  Jersey,  9  miles  E  by 
N  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  same  distance 
W  by  S  of  Mountholly. 

Moorsbury,  village  of  Hawkins  county 
Tennessee,  70  miles  NE  from  Knox- 
vilie. 

Moorshedabad,  city  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, the  capital  of  Bengal  before  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  English  power-  It  is 
seated  en  the  western  arm  of  the  Gan- 
ges, 120  miles  N  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
28  E,  lat.  24  15N. 

Moosehead   Lake,    Somerset   county 
659 


M  O  li 


M  O  K 


Maine,  the  main  source  of  Kennebec  ri- 
ver, 25  miles  long  antl  from  3  to  1 5  wide. 

Moosehillock  mountaiii,  Grafion  county 
New  Hampshire,  10  nniles  E  from  Ha- 
verhill, and  very  near  the  44th  oi  N  lat. 
By  admeasurement  made  by  Captain 
Partridge,  it  is  4636  feet  above  the  ocean 
level. 

Mootapilley  town  in  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan.  in  the  Guntoor  Circnr,  at  the 
inouth  of  the  Gonde^ama,  Lon.  8U  10  E, 
lat.  15  45  N. 

Moquehua,  town  and  small  province  of 
Peru  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes.  I..on  \VC 
6  E,  lat.  17  13  S. 

Mora,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
18  miles  SE  of  Toledo.  Lon.  3  4  W,  lat. 
39  36  N. 

Morant,  Point,  the  most  easterly  pro- 
montory of  Jamaica.  Lon.  75  56  VV,  lat. 
1756N. 

Moral,  commercial  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  capital  of  a  baiUwic  of  the  same 
name,  belonging  to  the  cantons  of  Rern 
and  Friburg;,  with  a  castle.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  the  seige  it  sustained  against 
Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
■which  was  followed  by  the  battle  of  Mo- 
rat  in  1476,  in  which  the  duke  was  total- 
ly routed.  It  is  10  miles  W  of  Bern,  and 
10  miles  NE  of  Friburg.  Lon.  6  53  E, 
lat.  46  52  N. 

Morat,  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  a  bai- 
liwic  of  the  same  name.  It  is  six  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  lying  parallel  with 
the  lake  of  Neutchatel,  into  which  it  emp- 
ties itself  by  the  river  Broye. 

JMorataletz,  town  of  Spain,  in  New- 
Castile,  22  miles  E  of  Ciudad  Keal  Lon. 
3  4  W,  lat.  40  32  N. 

Moratalia,  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia. 
34  miles  SSVV  of  Chinchilla  Lon  1  50 
E,  lat.  38  31  N. 

Moravian  Village,  Upper  Canada,  on 
the  river  Thames,  is  in  the  4th  township 
from  its  mouth  ;  it  is  a  regular  built  vil- 
lage, of  one  street,  with  indifFvrent  wood- 
en huts,  and  a  small  chapel ;  inhabited 
by  Indians  converted  to  the  Moravian 
faith,  and  their  pastors.  Respecting  this 
village  and  its  inhabitants,  an  intelligent 
friend  writes  thus. 

"  1  crossed  the  Thames  at  the  Mora- 
vian town,  75  miles  from  Detroit,  and 
spent  the  night  there  with  two  Moravi- 
an missionaries  from  Bethlehem  and  Na- 
zareth. I  think  they  are  governed  by 
very  diiFerent  motives  from  the  se  whicli 
influence  mercenary  preachers.  They 
tell  me  they  have  more  hopes  of  C'hrist- 
tianizing,  than  of  civilizing  the  Indians. 
One  of  these  men  teach  the  males,  the 
other  the  females.  There  are  about  160 
of  both  sexes,  and  all  ages  at  this  place. 
They  express  no  desire  to  exchange  the 
660 


native  habits  of  savages,  for  tnose  of  ci- 
vilized life  ;  nor  do  they  inspire  a  hope 
in  any  place  where  1  travel,  that  the  la- 
bours tVr  their  civihz-ition  and  reforrna. 
lion  will  avail  any  thing,  but  to  accelerate 
their  deitruction  ''     Aug.  22d>  1822. 

jrorava,  nr  Jitoratv.  river  of  Germa- 
ny, which  has  its  s  urce  or,  the  confines 
of  Bohemia  and  Silesia.  It  crosses  Mo- 
ravia, where  it  waters  Olmutz  andHra- 
d'sch,  and  receiving  the  Teya,  from  the 
confiiies  of  Low  r  Hunijary,  and  Upper 
Austria,  separates  these  two  countries 
as  far  a>  the  Danube,  into  which  it  falls. 

JMorave,  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
which  rises  in  Bulgaria,  and  running 
throiigli  Servia,  by  Nissa,  falls  into  the 
Danube,  at  Semendriah. 

Moravia,  marquisate  annexed  to  Bo- 
hemia, by  which  it  is  bounded  on  the  W, 
by  that  kingdom  and  Silesia  on  tlie  N,  by 
Silesia  and  Hungary  on  the  E,  and  by 
Austria  on  the  W.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  river  Morava,  which  runs 
ihrongh  it  ;  and  h*  S'Ce  the  sect  of  Christ- 
nms,  called  M  ira\'ian-,  take  their  name, 
their  doctrines  having  been  first  taught 
here.  Olmutz  was  the  capital,  but  now 
Brum  claims  that  honour. 

J\forbach,  ov  Murbach-,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  42 
ini'u  s  SE  of  Strasb-.irg.  Lon.  8  25  E,  lat. 
48  0  N. 

Morbegno,  town  of  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  in  the  Yalteline,  where  the  go- 
vernor and  the  regency  resi  c .  It  is  the 
handsomest  and  most  commercial  town 
in  the  Valteline,  and  seated  oi^  the  Adda, 
12  miles  SE  of  Chiavcnna,  and  20  NE  of 
Lecro      Lon.  9  31  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

jSTorbihan,  department  of  France,  in- 
cludi.)g  part  of  the  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  Vannes  is  the  capital  of  this  de- 
partment, which  takes  its  name  from  a 
small  bay  between  that  town  and  the  isl- 
and of  Belleisle.  Its  entrance  is  narrow  ; 
but  it  expands  within,  :u.d  contains  about 
30  little  islands. 

Mnrcone,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Mo- 
lise,  19  miles  SSK  of  Molise.  Lon.  14  54 
E,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Morea,  ancient  Peloponnesus,  a  peninsu- 
la in  the  S  part  of  Greece,  to  which  it  is 
joined  by  the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  lying  be- 
tween the  gulf's  of  Lcpanto  and  Engia.  It 
is  180  miles  long,  and  130  broad,  and  di- 
vided into  three  large  provinces.  The  air 
is  temperate  and  the  soil  fertile,  except  the 
midcjle,  Vkhere  there  are  many  mountains. 
It  is  watered  by  the  severalnvers,.  of  which 
the  Alpheus,  the  Vasil  Poiamo,  and  the 
Stromio  are  tho  chief.  The  extent  of  this 
tine  peninsula  is  about  13,000  square  miles, 
and  inhabited  by  about  400,000  persons,  of 
which  perhaps  four-fifths  are  Greeks,  and 


M  O  R 


M  O  11 


Popwialion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.    females    .         -         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 


do.    females 

Toral  population  in  1820 

Of  tliese  ; 
Foreigners  not  nafuralii:ed 


2 
2,418 

8.369 


3,960 
3,503 


the  residue  Turks,  Albanians,  Jews,  &.c.    All  other  persons  except  Indians] 
No  part  of  Europe  presents  a  more  richly        not  taxed        .... 
variegdted  aspect.     One  scene  of  river  or    Slaves  ..... 

mountain  grandeur  ^ULceeds  aiiother,  un- 
der a  serene  and  beni-nant  sky.  Though  Total  population  in  1810  . 
mountainous,  its  valleys  are  generally  com. 
posed  of  a  most'iproductivc  soil.  But  tliis 
beautiful  country  is  blasted  by  the  despot- 
ism of  the  Turkish  government.  Between 
lat.  36  34  and  38  0  N. 

Jloreau,  post  village,  and  tov/nsiiip,  Sara- 
toga county,    New  York,  on  Hudson  river 

in  the  great  bend  opposite  Glen's  falls,  20    Total  whites       .... 
miles  NNE  from  Ballstoa  Spa.     Population    Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
1820,  1549.  do.  do.       females 

Jforeland,  NE  township  of  Montgomery  Slaves,  males 
county,  Pennsylvania,  between  Berks  coun- 
ty and  Pennipack  creek,  13  miles  NNE 
from  Philadelphia.  Population  1820,  1890. 
jyioreland,  NE  tov/iiship  of  Philadelphia 
county  Pennsylvania  13  miles  NNE  from 
Philadelpliia.  '  Population  1820,  443. 

Jlorclaiid,    SE    tov.nship   of   Lycoming    Engaged  in  Agriculture 
county,   Pennsylvania.       Population   1820,        do.        iu  Manufactures 
12r6.  do.        in  Commerce 

.Morella,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  Population  to  the  square  mile,  30-^-. 
which  was^almost  destroyed,;  in"^  1705,  by  Morgan,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded  by 
the  army  of  Philip  V.  U  is  seated  among  Berkshire  SE  ,  Hampshire  SW,  and  on  all 
high  mountains,  80  miles  N  of  Valencia.  other  sides  by  the  Potomac  river  or  Mary- 
Moresby,  harbour,  a  little  N  of  White-  land.  Length  30,  mean  width  15,  and  area 
haven,  in  Cumberland ;  in  and  about  which  450  square  miles.  The  extent  of  this 
many  remains  of  antiquity  have  been  dug  county  was  by  mistake  included  in  Hamp- 
up,  such  as  altars  and  stones,  with  inscrip-  shire  county.  See  Hampshire  coiinty,  Vir- 
tions  on  them  ;  and  several  caverns  have  ginia.  Surface  very  broken ;  part  moun- 
been  found  called  Piet's  Holes.  tainous,  and  all  hilly.     The  only  good  soil 

Morel,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the    on  the   streams.     Staples,  grain  and  flour, 
department  of   Seine  and    Marne,  with  a    Chief  town,  I"rankfort. 
castle,  seated  on  the  Loii-c,  35  miles  SE  of        Population  in  1820. 
Paris.     Lon.  2  52  E,  lat.  48  26  N.  Free  white  males    -        -        -         1^236 

Moreton,   township,  and   post  village  of        do.    do.     fenriales  -         -         1,131 

Tv'ashington    c  >unty,    Vermont,  on   Onion    All  other  persons  except  Indians 
river,  7  miles  W  from  Montpelier.     Popu-        not  taxed      -        -        -        -  0 

lation  1820,  430.  

Moretla,  town  of  Piedmont,  situated  on    i"'^'  ^^^'^^^ 
a  small  river,   whicii   runs^into  the  Po,  16    Fiee  persons  of  colour,  males 


13,520 


16 

4,378 

232 

51 


Lon.  7  44  E,  lat.  44  48 


do. 
Slaves,  males 
do,  females 


do.     females 


miles  S  of  Turin, 
N. 

Morgan,    township    of   Greene  countj' 
Pennsylvania,   between    the   main    stream 

of  Ten   Mile  creek,   Ruff's  creek  and  the    'i'otal  population  in  1820 
boundary  between  Greene  and  Washington 
counties,  8   miles   NE  from  Waynesboro.        ^^  these  ; 
Population  1820,  1622.  Foreigners  not  naturalized 

M'jrgan,  county  of  Georgia ;  ^bounded  Ef'gaged  in  Agriculture 
by  i'utnam  SE  ;  Jasper  SW  ;  Walton  NW  ; 
and  the  Oconee  river,  or  Clark  and  Greene 
NE.  Length  22 ;  mean  width  20 ;  and 
area  440  square  miles.  Its  southern  limit 
on  Oconee  river  is  about  30  miles  above 
Milledgeville.     Cliief  town,  Madison. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .        3,085 

do.  do.    females 


2,367 
14 
21 

-  57 
41 

2,500 


5 

525 
119 

4 


Total  whites 


do.         in  Manufactures 
do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  5^. 

Morgan,  county  of  East  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Cumberland  and  Wayne  coun. 
ties,  Kentucky  N  ;  Campbell  E  ;  Anderson 
SE ;  Roane  and  Bledsoe  S  :  and  Overton 
W.  Length  40 ;  mean  width  19 ;  and 
2,864    area  about  750  square  miles.    Surface  hilly, 

and  soil  generally  sterile.     It  occupies  the 

5,949    height  of  land  from  which  flow  New  river 
661 


M  O  R 


M  O  R 


ami  Obeds  river  into  CiimberlanJ,  and  Morgansville,  post  village  Nottaway 
Emerj's  river  into  I'er.nessec.  Tiie  body  county  Virginia,  18  miles  SW  by  W 
of  this  county  lies  about  100  miles  NE  by    from  Petersburg. 


E  from  Nashville.     Chief  town,  Montgo- 
mery. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -  833 

do.    do.     females  -         -  797 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 


Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.        females 
Slaves,  males      _        -        - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820     , 


1,630 
0 
0 

20 

26 

1.676 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  475 

do.        in  Maiiufactures  -  20 

do.        in  Commerce       -        .  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile  2. 

Morgan,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  N  by 
aiuskingum,  and  Guernsey  ;  E  by  Monroe  ; 
and  S  by  Washington,  and  Athens.  Length 
32  ;  breadth  18;  and  .^rea  500  square  miles. 
Surface  very  broken  and  hilly  in  general, 
though  much  of  the  soil  excellent.  Staples, 
grain,  and  flour.  Chief  town,  M'Gonnels- 
ville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,740 
do.     do.    females    -        -        -        2,542 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  Q 


Total  whites 

Free  pei-sons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
do-    females    - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 


5,28 


5,297 


Jlorgantow7i,  post  village  Berkeiy 
county  Virginia. 

Mor.^antGwn,  post  village  and  seat  of 
justice  Monongalia  county  Virginia,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Monongahela  river, 
20  miles  SSW  from  Unicntown,  and  30 
by  land  above  Brownsville,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Morgantown,  post  village,  and  seat  of 
justice  Burke  county  Virginia,  on  the 
riglit  bank  of  Catawba  river  30  miles, 
NW  from  Lincolnton. 

Morgantown,  post  village  Blount  coun- 
ty Tennessee,  or  Tennessee  river  oO 
miles  SW  from  Knoxville. 

Morgantoivn,  post  village  Butler  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  on  the  left  bank  of  Greene 
river,  30  miles  NNE  from  Russelville. 

Morgantoivn,  village  of  Clinton  coun- 
ty Ohio. 

Morgarten,  mountain  of  Switzerland 
between  the  cantons  of  Schwcitz  and 
Zug.  Remarkable  for  a  splendid  victory 
gained  by  the  Swiss  over  the  Austrians, 
1  ;15,  which  secured  the  stable  founda- 
tion of  the  Helvetic  Union. 

■Marges,  commercial  town  of  Swisser- 
iand,  in  the  Canton  of  Bern,  and  capital 
of  a  bailiwic,  seated  in  a  beautiful  bay 
of  the  lake  of  Geneva.  By  its  canal 
merchandise  is  transported  from  Geneva 
to  other  parts  And  it  is  five  miles  WSW 
of  Lausanne.    Lon.  6  42  E,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Morhange,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  200  miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6 
42  E,  lat  48  51  N. 
Q  MorlacMa,  mountainous  country  in 
0  Hungarian  Dalmatia,  the  inhabitants  of 
0  which  are  called  Morlacks,  or  Morlac. 
_  chi.  They  inhabit  the  pleasant  valleys 
of  Kcter,  along  the  rivers  Kerha,  Cetina, 
Narenta,  and  among  the  inland  moun- 
tains of  Dalmatia.  They  are  said  by 
some,  to  be  of  Walachian  extraction  ; 
but  otiiers  think  their  origin  involved  in 
the  darkness  of  barbarous  ages.  The 
Morlacchi  are  so  different  from  the  in- 
habitants of  the  sea-coasts  in  dialect, 
dress,  disposition  ajid  customs,  that  they 
seem  clearly  to  be  of  a  different  original. 
Morlaix,      considerable      seaport     of 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  84 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    '  -         -         1,435 

do.      in  Manufactures     -        -.  35 

do.      in  C.MTimerce  -         -  7 

■Population  to  the  square  mile,  10§. 

Morgan,  townsliip  of  Morgan  county, 
Ohio,  including  M'Connelsville  the  county 
ceat.     Populaiion  1820,  333. 

Morgan,  SW  township  of  Butler  county,    France,  in  the  department  of  Finisterre, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1546.  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,    with  a 

Morgan,  township  of  Knox  county  Ohio,    castle  and  a  tide  harbour-    The  church 
Population  1820,  1087.  of  Notre-Dame  is  a  singular  structure, 

Morgan,   township  of  Gallia   county    and  the  hospital  very  handsome.    The 
Ohio.    Population,  1820,  163.  '     inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable  trade 

Morgmijield,  post  town,    and  seat  of   in  linen,  hemp,  and  tobacco.    It  is  seat- 

justice.  Union  county  Kentuckv  12  miles    ed  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  30  miles 

SE  from  the  mouth  of  Wabash,  and  15   NE  of  Brest.     Lon.  3  46  W,  lat.  48  33  N. 

miles  SW  from  Henderson  on  Ohio.  Morocco,  empire  of  Africa,  corapre- 

662 


M  U  R 


St  i)  R 


hending  u  considerable  part  of  the  an- 
cient Mauritania,  lying  between  28  and 
36  N  lat.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic ;  on  the  E  by  the  river  Muivia, 
which  separates  it  fyom  Algiers ;  on  the 
N  by  the  Mediterranean ;  and  on  the  S 
by  mount  Atlas.  Its  greatest  length, 
from  NE  to  SVV,  is  above  590  miles,  and 
■where  widest,  not  more  than  260  broad. 
This  empire  contains  the  kingdoms  of 
Sus,  Tarudan,  Morocco  Proper,  Tasilet, 
Sugelmessa,  Fez,  and  Mequinez.  The 
air  of  this  country  is  pretty  pure  and 
temperate,  especially  near  mount  Atlas. 
The  soil  though  sandy  and  dry  in  some 
places,  is  so  fertile  in  others,  and  the 
fruits,  as  well  as  the  pastures,  so  good, 
that  it  would  be  a  delightful  countr}'  if 
it  was  v/ell  cultivated.  The  inhabitants 
are  Mahometans,  of  a  tawny  complex- 
ion, robust,  and  very  skilful  in  managing 
a  horse,  and  wielding  a  lance  :  but  diey 
are  jealous,  deceitful,  superstitious,  and 
-  cruel.  The  population  of  this  extensive 
region  has  been  variously  stated,  but 
cannot  exceed,  if  it  amounts  to,  10,000,000. 
Mogador,  is  the  only  port  in  Morocco 
which  maintains  any  extensive  connex- 
ions with  Europe.  It  has  three  capital 
cities,  Morocco,  Mequinez,  and  Fez. 

.Morocco,  one  of  the  capital  cities  of 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  seated  in  a 
beautiful  valley  formed  by  a  chain  of 
mountains  on  the  N,  and  those  of  the 
Atlas  on  the  S  and  E.  It  has  nothing  to 
recommend  it  but  its  great  extent,  and 
the  royal  palace,  which  takes  up  so  much 
ground  that  it  resembles  a  small  city.  It 
is  enclosed  by  strong  walls,  the  circum- 
ference of  which  is  eight  miles  :  they  are 
flanked  by  square  towers,  and  s\irround- 
ed  by  a  wide  and  deep  ditch.  The  Jews 
have  a  market  of  their  own,  and  live  in  a 
separate  town,  v; ailed  in,  and  slnit  up 
every  evening  at  nine,  after  which  no 
person  can  -nter  or  depart,  till  next 
morning,  Morocco  is  90  miles  E  of  Mo- 
gador, and  400  S  of  Gibraltar.  Lon,  6 
45  W.  lat.  31  12  N. 

Jloron,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  in  a  pleasant,  fertile  plain.  In  its 
neighbourhood  is  a  mine  of  precious 
stones.  It  is  30  miles  SE  of  Seville.  Lon. 
5  10  W,  lat.  37  10  N. 

Morotoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Isles, 
seven  miles  WNW  of  Mowee.  Yams 
are  its  principal  produce ;  but  it  has  lit- 
tle wood.  The  coast,  on  the  S  and  W 
sides,  form  several  bays,  which  are  to- 
lerably sheltered  from  the  trade- winds. 
Lon   117  14  W,  lat.  21  10  N. 

Morpeth,  borough  in  N'-rthumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  an 
ill  built,  straggling  place,  seated  on  the 
N  bank  of  the  Wentsbeck,  and  on  ti'.e 


opposite  side  is  the  church,  and  a  castle 
in  ruins.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, has  a  free-school,  founded  by 
Edward  VI.  and  is  15  miles  N  of  New- 
castle, and  287  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  28  W,  lat.  55  15  N. 

Moiric/ies,  post  village  Bronkhaven, 
Suffolk  county,  New  York  on  the  S  side 
of  Long  Island  72  miles  E  from  New 
York. 

Morris,  county  of  New  Jersey ;  bound- 
ed by  Essex  SK  ;  Somerset  S;  Hunterdon 
SW ;  Sussex  NVV ;  and  Bergen  NE. 
Length  26 ;  mean  width  19  ;  and  area, 
about  500  square  miles.  The  sux-face  of 
this  county  is  very  pleasantly  variegated 
by  hill  and  dale.  It  is  drained  by  Rock- 
away,  and  other  continents  of  Passaic 
river,  and  also  by  some  streams  flowing 
S  into  Rariton  river.  The  NVV  part  is 
mountainous,  but  the  features  of  nature 
become  less  rugged,  advancing  to  the 
Eastward.  The  Pompton,  and  Rock- 
away  rivei'S  unite  and  form  the  Passaic, 
on  the  eastern  border  of  this  county,  six 
miles  above  the  celebrated  Passaic  falls 
at  the  village  of  i  Patterson.  Soil  pro- 
ductive in  fruits,  grain,  and  pasturage. 
Chief  town,  Morristown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        .        -       10,705 

do.  do.    females     •        -        -       10,063 


Total  whites       -         -         -         .  20,763 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  204 

Slaves 856 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -  21,828 

PopulaUon  in  1820. 

Free  white  males     -        -        -  10,091 

do.  do.     females     ...  10,163 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  Q 

Total  whites                 -         -         -  20,254 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  246 

do.            do.       females  211 

Slaves,  males     .        -        -        .  344 

do.    females          -        -        -  313 


Total  population  in  1820 


21,368 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,867 

do.        in  Manufactures        -        1,3 13 

do.        in  Commerce  -  58 

Population  to  ihe  square  mile,  42 ;i. 

Jlovris,  township  ofHunlingdon  county, 
Penn.sylvania,  on  ttie  left  side  ot  Franks- 
town  biancli,  12  miles  W  from  Huntingdon. 
Poi>..iationin  1820,  802. 

Jforri.'i,    townsliip    of   Greene    countv, 
66? 


M  O  R 


M  O  S 


Pennsylvania,  on  Bates',  and  Brown's  forks 
of  Ten  Mile  Creek,  between  the  S  boun- 
darj'-  of  Washington  county,  and  Morgan, 
and  Greene  townships  in  Wayne  county, 
6  miles  N\V  from  Waynesburg.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1259. 

Morris,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  lying  N  from  the  preceding. 
Population  in  1820,  1713. 

Morrisflats,  post  village  of  Madison 
county,  New  York,  between  Madison  and 
Cazenova. 

Morrison,  the  northwesternmost  town- 
ship of  Jackson  county,  Ohio. 

Morristo-MH,  township  of  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  20  miles  N  from  Montpelier. 
Population,  600. 

Morrinto-MU,  post  village  and  township  of 
St.  Lawrence  county.  New  York,  nearly 
opposite  to  Brockville  in  Upper  Canada. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Morristown,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Morris  county,  Nev/  Jersey.  19  miles  NW 
from  Newark.  Beside  the  common  county 
buildings  it  contains  an  academy,  and  two 
churches.     Pop  dation  in  1820,  3524. 

Morristoivn,  pleasant  post  town  Belmont 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  great  road  leading 
from  Wheeling  in  Virginia  to  Zanesville, 
10  miles  W  from  St.  Clairsville,  and  120 
easterly  from  Columbus. 

Morrisville,  post  village  Madison  county. 
New  York,  between  Madison  and  Caze- 
nova. 

Morrisville,  post  village,  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  opposite  Trenton.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  391. 

Morrisville,  post  village  Fauquier  county, 
Virginia. 

Morsona,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise, 
14  miles  NE  of  Molise. 

Mortag?ie,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  famous  for  its  serges  and 
tanneries.  It  is  19  miles  ESE  of  Seez,  and 
70  WSW  of  Paris. 

Mortange,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment  of  Nord,  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Scarpe  and  Scheldt,  eight  miles  SE  of 
Tournay. 

Murlagne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  seated  on 
the  Gironde,  24  miles  SSW  of  Saiiites. 

Mortagne,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  depart- 
ment  of  Vendee,  where  a  battle  was  fought 
in  1793,  between  the  royalists  and  repub- 
lican:, in  which  the  former  are  said  to  liave 
lost  20,000  men.  It  is  36  miles  NofFon- 
tenay  le  Compte. 

Mortain,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manclie,  on  tne  rivulet  Lances, 
almost  surrounded  by  craggy  rocks,  20 
miles  E  of  Avranches. 

Mortara,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
and  in  the  district  of  Lumello,  23  riiiles 
SW  of  Milan. 

66it 


Mortal/,  island,  tlie  most  northern  of  the 
Moluccas,  subject  to  tive  sultan  of  Ternate. 
It  is  80  miles  in  circumference,  and  thinly 
inhabited,  but  full  of  sago  trees,  which  are 
cut  by  the  people  of  Gj^olo.  Lon.  128  0  E, 
lat.  3  0  N.  « 

Mortlich,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Banff- 
shire, six  miles  SW  or  Keith.  Here  Mal- 
colm n.  in  memory  of  a  victory  gained  over 
the  Danes,  founded  a  bishopric,  which  was 
translated  to  Aberdeen  by  David  I. 

Morviedo,  town  of  Spain,  it»  Valencia, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Saguntum,  with 
the  ruins  of  a  lioman  amphitiieatre,  &c.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15 
miles  N  of  Valencia. 

Mosa,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  25  miles 
N  by  E  of  Mocha. 

Mosambique,  strait  or  channel  of  the  In- 
dian ocean,  between  the  E  coast  of  Africa 
and  the  island  of  Madaga^■ci^r. — It  is  nar- 
rowest in  the  middle,  where  it  is  240  miles 
over  ;  and  in  this  part,  on  the  continent  is 
a  kingdom,  island,  and  city  of  the  same 
name. 

Mosambique,  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  E 
const,  and  in  that  part  of  the  Indian  sea 
which  passes  between  the  continent  and 
the  Island  of  Madagascar.  The  capital  is 
of  the  same  name,  situate  on  an  island, 
chief  of  three  islands  that  form  part  of  tiie 
kingdom.  Tlie  largest,  called  Mosambique, 
is  not  more  than  three  miles  in  length,  and 
half  as  much  in  breadth,  and  is  about  two 
miles  from  the  continent.  Tlie  other  two, 
called  St.  George  and  St.  James,  lie  each 
side  of  it,  facing  the  continent.  The  islands 
are  in  g-^neral  sandy,  but  in  some  parts 
produce  citrons,  oranges,  and  other  fruits. 
The  soil  oti  the  contin.ent  is  luxuriant  and 
fertile  in  ric^,  millet,  fruits,  pulse,  roots, 
and  otl^er  esculents  ;  and  it  feeds  vast  quan- 
tities of  catJe,  large  and  small,  particular- 
ly sheep  with  large  tails.  Here  are  wild 
beasts  of  various  kinds,  as  stags,  boars,  and 
elephants,  which  last  are  so  fierce  and  de- 
structive, that  the  inhabitants  are  obliged 
to  kii;dle  large  fires  round  their  sown 
fields,  to  prevent  their  being  devoured  by 
them.  The  country  is  also  rich  in  gold, 
which  is  washed  down  by  the  rivers  in 
great  quantities,  and  makes  a  chief  part  of 
its  cimimerce.  Ivory,  ebony,  slaves,  and 
cattle,  are  likewise  changed  for  European 
goods.  'L'he  natives  stand  in  awe  of  the 
Portuguese,  who  are  tlie  only  Europeans 
admitted  into  some  of  their  ports,  whence 
they  export  tiie  commodities  already  men- 
tioned, also  silver,  copper,  and  wax.  Tlie 
city  of  Mobambique  is  said  to  be  very  hand- 
some, and-lhe  buildings  well  constructed, 
especially  the  churches  and  convents  ;  and 
the  fort,  or  cattle,  is  about  a  musket  shot 
from  the  city.  The  fort  belongs  to  the 
Portuguese,  who  have  generally  a  good 
garrison  here,  a  well  stored  magazinCj.  and 


ai  o  s 


M  o  s 


a  large  hospital  for  sick  sailors.  Tlieir  ships 
always  call  here  in  going  to  the  East  Indies; 
and  the  harbour  is  so  commodious,  that 
whole  fleets  may  anchor  and  provide  them- 
selves with  all  necessaries.  Lon.  41  8  E, 
lat.  15  5  S. 

Jfosbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  with  an  elegant  castle, 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  25  miles  ENE  of 
Heidleberg.     Lon.  9  21  E,  lat.  49  28  N. 

JMosburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carifithia, 
six  miles  NW  of  Clagenfurt. 

Mosburg,  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  at  the 
cipnflux  of  the  Amber  with  the  Iser,  nine 
imles  VV  of  Landshut. 

JHoscovy,    See  Bussia. 

JMoscotv,  formerly  a  duchy,  but  now  a 
government  of  Russia  ;  bounded  o:i  the  N 
by  the  goverfiment  of  Tver,  E  by  that  of 
Great  Volodimir,  S  b}'  the  governments  of 
Kalugo  and  Resan,  and  W  by  those  of 
Tver  and  Smolensko.  It  is  a  fruitful  coun- 
try, and  produces  abundance  of  excellent 
asparagus. 

Mosco-w,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  go- 
vernment of  Moscow,-  and  formerly  of  the 
wiiole  empire.  Previous  to  the  entry  of 
the  French,  it  was  the  largest  city  in  Eu- 
rope ;  the  circumference  within  the  ram- 
pait  that  enclosed  the  suburbs,  being  20 
miles;  but  its  population  did  not  correspond 
with  its  extent.  It  contained  within  the 
ramparts  300,000  souls,  and  was  the  most 
populous  city  in  the  empire,  notwithstand- 
ing  the  residence  of  the  court  was  at  Pe- 
tersburg. As  Moscow  is  justly  rendered 
memorable  in  the  annals  of  history,  for  one 
of  the  most  extraordinary  events  that  ever 
took  place,  we  must  not  here  pas:i  it  over 
in  silence.  The  French  having  entered 
Russia  in  the  month  of  June,  1812,  with 
such  an  immense  army,  that  they  threa- 
tened, by  their  rapid  progress,  to  sweep 
every  thins  before  them  like  a  torrent  ; 
and  it  was  generally  expected,  that  if 
they  once  reached  this  city,  which  abound- 
ed in  such  vast  resources  for  their  army, 
as  well  as  by  affording  them  comfoitabie 
quartei's  for  the  winter,  their  object  of 
the  war  would  have  been  completfd. 
The  Russian  army  which  had  retired  as 
the  French  advanc  d,  at  length  halted 
at  Mojaisk,  a  distance  of  about  60  miles, 
and  concentrated  their  forces  for  the 
defence  of  Moscow.  Accordingly  a  most 
dreadful  battle  took  place  on  the  7th  of 
September,  which  continued  with  unu- 
sual obstinacy  on  both  sides  ;  but  victory 
at  length  decided  in  favour  of  tl>f  French, 
and  the  Russians  retreated  off  the  field, 
leaving  Moscow  to  its  fate.  The  road 
being  thus  left  cper,  the  French  ent'^red 
this  city  on  thp  14th  of  the  same  moi  th, 
•with  little  opposition.  But  a  sad  reverse 
of  fortune  now  took  place,  which  pre- 
4P 


served  the  Russian  empire  from  ruin, 
and  paved  the  way  to  the  downfall  of 
the  French  military  power  over  Europe. 
The  houses  of  Moscow  being  constructed 
almost  entirely  of  wood,  the  governor  of 
the  town,  Rostopchin,  formed  the  despe- 
rate resolution  of  setting  the  city  on  fire, 
which  was  so  completely  carried  into  ef- 
fect at  t'ne  time  the  French  had  taken 
possession,  that  they  were  foiled  in  their 
last  resource,  and  compelled  to  attempt 
their  retreat,  at  the  moment  they  thought 
themselves  securely  entrenched  for  the 
winter.  In  this  posture  of  their  affairs, 
nothing  now  remained  but  to  offer  terms 
of  peace  to  the  Russians,  v/hich  were 
rejected :  they  next  proposed  an  armi- 
stice, which  was  also  refused  ;  and.  on 
the  19th  of  October  following,  they  com- 
menced their  calamitous  retreat  from 
Moscow.  The  conflagration  destroyed 
upwards  of  three  parts  of  the  town  ; 
and  shocking  to  relate,  more  than  30,000 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers  who  were  in 
the  hospital  peiished  in  the  fiames.  Be- 
fore this  calamity  Moscow  was  distribu- 
ted into  the  following  divisions :  1.  The 
Kremlin,  which  was  in  the  central  and 
highest  part  of  the  city,  surrounded  by 
high  walls  of  stone  and  brick,  two  miles 
in  circumference.  This  division  contained 
the  ancient  palace  of  the  czars,  w^here 
Peter  the  Great  was  born  ;  also  the  ca- 
thedral with  seven  towers,  beside  other 
churches  ;  the  patriarchal  palace  ;  and 
the  arsenal.  2.  The  Khitaigcrod,  which 
was  much  larger  th  .n  the  Kremlin:  it 
contained  the  university,  the  printing- 
house,  and  many  other  public  buildings, 
with  all  the  tradesmen's  shops.  The 
houses  were  mostly  stuccoed  or  white- 
washed ;  and  was  the  only  street  in  Mos- 
cow in  which  the  houses  stood  close  to 
each  other.  3  The  Bielgorod,  or  White 
Town,  which  ran  round  the  two  prece- 
ding divisions,  tiiok  its  name  from  a 
white  wall,  by  which  it  was  formerly 
surrounded.  4  Semlainogorod,  which 
environed  all  the  other  three  quarters; 
and  was  so  denominated  from  a  circular 
rampart  of  earth  by  which  it  was  en- 
compassed. The  last  two  divisions  ex- 
hibited a  grotesque  group  of  churches, 
convents,  palaces,  brick  and  wooden 
houses,  and  mean  hovels.  5.  The  Slo- 
boda,  or  suburbs,  which  formed  a  vast 
exterior  circle  round  all  the  parts  al- 
ready described,  were  invested  by  a  low 
rampart  and  ditch.  These  suburbs con- 
tami'd,  beside  buildings  of  all  kinds,  or- 
char.ls,  gardens,  corn-fields,  much  open 
pasture,  and  some  small  lakes,  which 
gi  ve  rise  t  o  the  Neglina.  The  Moskwa, 
from  which  the  city  takes  its  name, 
flows  thrnngh  it  in  a  winding  channel ; 


M  O  S 


M  O  S 


but,  excepting  in  spring,  is  only  naviga- 
ble for  rafts.  It  receives  the  Yausa  in 
the  Semlainogorod,  and  the  Neglina  and 
the  western  extremity  of  the  Kremlin  ; 
but  the  beds  of  both  these  rivulets  are 
nearly  dry  in  summer.  Moscow  exhi- 
bited an  astonishing  degree  of  extent. 
and  \'ariety,  irregularity,  and  contrast ; 
some  parts  had  the  appearance  of  a  se- 
questered desert ;  others,  of  a  populous 
town  ;  some,  of  a  contemptible  village  ; 
others,  of  a  great  capital.  The  streets, 
in  general,  were  very  long  and  broad ; 
some  of  them  paved  ;  others,  particular- 
ly in  the  suburbs,  were  formed  with 
trunks  of  trees,  or  boarded  with  planks 
like  the  floor  of  a  moon.  The  places  of 
divine  worship,  including  chapels  amount- 
ed to  above  1500 ;  of  these,  484  were 
public  churches,  som^e  built  of  brick,  stuc- 
coed or  white- washed,  but  the  greater 
part  were  of  wood,  painted  red ;  some 
had  domes  of  copper,  others  of  tin,  gilt 
or  painted  green,  and  many  were  roofed 
with  wood.  They  were  richly  ornament- 
ed within ;  and  the  picture  of  the  saints 
were  decorated  with  gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones.  Some  of  their  bells  were 
of  a  stupendous  size :  they  hung  in  bel- 
fries detached  from  the  church,  were 
fixed  immoveably  to  the  beams,  and  rung 
by  a  rope  fixed  to  the  clapper.  It  has 
always  been  esteemed  a  meritorious  act 
of  religions  to  present  a  church  with 
bells ;  and  the  piety  of  the  donor  has 
been  measured  by  their  magnitude.  Ac- 
cordingly, Boris  Godunuf,  who  gave  a 
bell  of  336,000  pounds  to  the  cathedral  of 
Moscow,  was  the  most  pious  sovereign  of 
Russia,  till  he  was  surpassed  by  empress 
Ann,  who  presented  a  bell  that  weighed 
432,000  pounds,  and  was  the  largest  in 
the  known  world.  In  the  cathedral  of 
St.  Michael,  the  sovereigns  of  Russia 
were  formerly  interred  :  their  bodies  are 
deposited  in  raised  sepulchres,  mostly  of 
brick,  in  the  shape  of  a  coffin,  above  the 
pavement.  Each  tomb  has,  at  its  low- 
er extremity,  a  small  silver  plate,  upon 
which  is  engraved  the  name  of  the  de- 
ceased prince,  and  the  time  of  his  death. 
Upon  great  festivals,  all  these  sepulchres 
are  covered  with  rich  palls  of  gold  or 
silver  brocade,  studded  with  pearls  and 
jewels.  The  cathedral  of  the  Assump- 
tion of  the  Virgin  Mary  was  the  most 
magnificent  in  the  city,  and  had  been  long 
appropriated  to  the  coronation  of  the 
Russian  sovereigns.  The  foundling  hos- 
pital, founded  by  Catharine  II.  was  an 
immense  pile  of  building,  of  a  quadran- 
gular shape,  and  capable  of  containing 
8000  foundlings.  Moscow  was  the  centre 
of  the  inland  commerce  of  Russia,  par- 
ticularly that  river  communicates  with 
666 


the  Volga ;  and  also  by  a  canal  to  the 
Don,  which  river  communicates  with  the 
sea  of  Asoph.  This  city  is  425  miles 
SE  fif  Petersburg-  Lon.  37  53  E,  lat.  55 
46  N. 

Moscow,  township  of  Somerset  county 
Maine  28  miles  N  from  Norridgewock. 
Population  1820,  286. 

Moscow,  post  village  of  Livingston 
county  New  York,  near  the  west  side 
of  Genesee  river,  30  miles  above  Ro- 
chester. 

Moscow,  small  town  containing  about 
100  inhabitants,  in  the  southern  limits  of 
Clermont  county  Ohio.  It  is  situated  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  22 
miles  southerly  from  Williamsburg  and 
120  southwesterly  from  Columbus. 

Moselle,  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding part  of  the  late  province  of  Lorrain. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  Vosges,  waters  Epinal  and 
Toul,  receives  the  Meurte  below  Nancy, 
and  passing  by  Metz,  Thionville,  and 
Treves,  enters  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz. 
Metz  is  the  capital. 

Mosenia,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chuistan,  22  miles  SW  of  Suster. 

Moskoe.     See  Malestroom. 

Mosquito  Shore,  country  of  New  Spain, 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  containing  the 
eastern  part  of  the  provinces  of  Hondu- 
ras and  Nicaragua.  In  magnitude  it 
exceeds  Portugal ;  is  well  watered  by 
navigable  rivers  and  lakes  ;  abounds  in 
fibh,  game,  and  provisions  of  all  sorts  ; 
furnishes  every  necessary  for  raising  cat- 
tle and  stock ;  and  clothed  with  woods 
producing  timber  for  every  purpose  at 
land  or  sea.  The  soil  is  superior  to  that 
of  the  W  India  islands ;  the  climate  is 
more  salubrious ;  and  the  destructive  ra- 
vages of  hurricanes  and  earthquakes 
have  never  been  known  here.  The  Mos- 
quito Indians  are  so  situate  between  mo- 
rasses and  inaccessible  mountains,  and  a 
coast  full  of  rocks  and  shoals,  that  no  at- 
tempts against  them  by  the  Spaniards, 
whom  they  mortally  hate,  could  ever 
succeed.  By  a  convention  with  Spain, 
in  1786,  the  English,  in  consideration  of 
certain  cessions  on  the  coast  of  Jucaian, 
agreed  to  evacuate  this  country. 

Moss,  seaport  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Aggerhuys,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  its  name,  on  the  E  side  of  Christ- 
tiana  bay.  Here  are  many  saw-mills, 
and  a  large  iron-foundery.  It  is  28  miles 
S  of  Christiana.  Lon.  10  48  E,  lat,  58 
38  N. 

Mossers,  post  office  Tuscaroras  county 
Ohio. 

Mostagan,  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  with  a  castle 


u  o  u 


-M  0  U 


and  a  good  harbour,  50  miles  NE  of  Oran. 
Lon.  d  30  E,  lat.  36  20  N. 


bottom  of  the  mountahis  of  Morvan,  and 

is  5  miles  S\V  of  Chateau-Chinon. 

i,r   ,  -1    „Ki„  *^«,.,  ,^f  TmvV         J/o?^//an,  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 

•  >,*^S^1'*^  .°  wlTrrpSTrchW  per.  bounded  on  the  N  by  Lahore,  on  the 

ish  Dalmat.a.  with  a  Greek  archbishop  s    w  ^^  ^^^^.  ^^^  j^^-^^{,^^  on  the  S  by 


see.  It  belongs  to  the  Turks,  20  miles 
NE  of  Narenta.  Lon.  18  37  E,  lat.  43 
48  N. 

Mosul.    See  MousuL 

Motala,    town  of   Naples,    in    Terra 


Guzerat,  and  on  the  W  by  Persia  and 
Candahar.  Its  products  are  cotton,  su- 
gar, opium,  galls,  brimstone,  8cc.  It  was 
subject  to  the  Selks ;  but  its  capital, 
Moulsan,  has  been  garrisoned  by  the 


d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  15  miles    king  of  Candahar,  ever  since  1779. 


NW  of  Taranto.  Lon.  17  14  E,  lat.  40 
46  N. 

Motherkill,  hundred  of  Kent  county 
Delaware  state,  containing  7415  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  7558.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Motherkill  creek.  The  chief 
town  Fredericka. 

Mottle  Isle,  island  of  Vermont  Qrande 
Isle  county.  It  is  to  the  NW  from  Grand 
Isle,  and  is  8  miles  long  and  2  wide. 

Jllotijr,  island  of  Asia,  one  of  the  Mo- 
luccas, of  great  value  to  the  Dutch  on 
account  of  its  spices.  Lon.  128  20  E,  lat. 
OlOS. 

Motril,  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, with  a  good  harbour,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  37  miles  SE  of  Granada. 
Lon.  3  38  W,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Mouab,  seaport  town  of  Arabia  Felix, 


Moultan,  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities 
of  Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name.  It  is  of  small 
extent  for  a  capital,  but  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  a  Hindoo  temple  of  great  celebri- 
ty. The  trade  of  Moultan  has  been 
greatly  lessened  on  account  of  the  river 
having  been  choked  up.  Here  is  a  parti- 
cular sect  of  Hindoos,  called  Catry ;  a 
tribe  of  warriors  supposed  to  be  the  Ca- 
theri  or  Cathei,  with  whom  Alexander 
warred  on  the  banks  of  the  Malli.  Moul- 
tan is  seated  en  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  Indus,  210  miles  SW  of  Lahore,  and 
310  SE  of  Candahar.  Lon.  70  40  E,  lat. 
29  51  N. 

Monhati,  South,  corporate  town  in  De- 
vonshire. In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  N 
and  S  Moulton  had  the  privilege  of  send- 


capital  of  Yemen,  seated  in  a  fertile  coun-    jng  members  to  parliament,  and  was  a 


try,  80  miles  S  of  Sanaa.    Lon.  46  35  E, 
lat.  16  20  N. 

Moudon,  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns 
of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  and 
formerly  of  all  that  part  of  the  country 
which  belonged  to  the  duke  of  Savoy 


royal  demesne.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  has  a  manufacture  of  serges, 
shalloons,  and  felt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moul,  12  miles  SE  of  Barnstable,  and 
177  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  53  W,  lat. 
51  5  N. 
Moultonborough,  post  town  and  town- 


The   bailiff  appointed  in  the  canton  of  ship  Stafford  county  New  Hampshire,  N 

Born,    resides  in  the  castle  of  Lucens,  from   lake   Winnipissiogee.     Population 

built  on  the  summit  of  a  mountain.    It  1820,  1279. 

was  formerly  called  Minodumum.     It  is  Mount  Airy,  post  village  Suny  county 

12  miles  N  by  E  of  Lausanne.    Lon.  6  58  North  Carolina. 

E,  lat.  46  41  N.  Mountain  Island,  post  village  Scott 

Moug-den,  or  Chen-yan,  capital  of  the  county  Kentucky, 

country  of  the  Mantchew  Tartars,  in  Mountain- shoals,  post  village  Laurens 

East  Chinese  Tartary.    It  is  built  on  an  district  South  Carolina 


eminence,  and  walled  in  by  walls  three 
leagues  in  circumference.  It  is  440  miles 
NE  of  Peking.  Lon.  122  45  E,  lat.  41 
55  N. 

Moulins,  episcopal  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  AUier  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bourbonnois-  It  has  a  bridge 
over  the  AUier  on  which  it  is  seated, 
and  takes  its  name  from  the  great  num- 
ber of  mills  (moulins)  that  were  former- 
ly in  its  nei.ghbourhood ;  and  contains 
above  16,000  inhabitants.  Its  manufac- 
ture of  cutlery  is  in  great  esteem  It  is 
30  miles  S  of  Nevers.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat. 
46  34  N. 

Moulins-Engilbert,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Nievre  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Nivernois.    It  is  seated  at  the 


Mount  Bethel,  town  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty New  Jersey. 

Mount  Bethel,  Lower  ;  town.ship  of 
Northampton  county  Pennsylvania,  be- 
tween Delaware  river,  Plainfield  town- 
ship, the  Blue  Mountain,  and  Upper 
Mount  Bethel,  8  miles  N  from  Easton. 
Population  1820,  2442. 

Mount  Bethel,  Ufifier ;  township  of 
Northampton  countv  Pennsylvania,  above 
the  preceding.    Poi)ulation  1820,  2182. 

Mount  Carmel,  post  town  of  Edwards 
county  Illinois,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Wabash  opposite  the  mouih  of  the  White 
river. 

Momit  Clemens,  village  and  seatof  jus- 
tica  Macomb  countv  Michigan,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Huron  of  lake  St,  Clair,  four 
6fi7 


M  O  U 

miles  above  its  mouth,  and  NNE  from 
Detroit.  _ 

Mount  Desert,  island  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty Maine,  constituting  a  township  about 
40  miles  E  from  Castine.  Population 
1820,  1349. 

•Mount  Edgecumbe,  prodigious  peak,  on 
the  west  side  of  the  entrance  of  Cook's 
Strait,  in  New  Zealand.  Its  height  is 
supposed  to  be  very  little  inferior  to  that 
of  the  peak  of  Teneriffe. 

Mount  Holly,  post  town  and  township 
Rutland  county  Vermont,  20  miles  W 
from  Windsor. 

Mount  Holly,  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Burlington  county,  New  Jersey  ;  situated 
on  the  north  side  of  A  ncocus  creek,  about 
12  miles  E  by  S  of  Burlington. 

Mount  Hofie,  post  village  Orange 
county  New  York. 

Mount  Hofic,  post  village  Shenandoah 
county  Virginia. 

Alount  Hofie  bay,  the  NE  extension 
of  Narragansett  bay.  it  communicates 
with  the  E  and  W  channels  of  Rhode 
Island  setting  up  from  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  between  Bristol  and 
Newport  counties,  into  Bristol  county 
Massachusetts,  on  the  borders  of  which  it 
receives  Taunton  river. 

Mount  Hojie  hill,  west  shore  of  Mount 
Hope  bay,  on  the  point  SE  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Bristol.  It  is  remarkable  as  be- 
ing the  residence  of  the  celebrated  Indian 
king  Philip. 

JMount  Horeb,  post  village  Nelson  coun- 
ty Virginia. 

Mount  Joy,  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania,  bounded  by  Little  Chi- 
ques  creek  E  ;  the  SE  limit  of  Dauphin 
county,  or  Conewago  creek  NVV  ;  and 
Donegal  township  S.  Population  1820, 
1835. 

Mount  Joy,  township  of  Adams  county 
Pennsylvania,  .5  miles  SE  from  Gettes- 
burg,  on  the  north  boundary  of  Maryland, 
and  between  Willalaways  and  Rock 
creeks.     Population  1820,  935. 

Mount  Murray,  seigniory,  Northum- 
berland county  Lower  Canada,  on  the 
left  sid#  of  St.  Lawrence  75  miles  below 
Quebec. 

Mount  Pilot,  post  office.  Summer 
county  Tennessee. 

Mount  Pisgah,  post  office  Iredell 
county  North  Carolina. 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  town,  and  town- 
ship West  Chester  county  New  York  on 
Hudson  river,  33  miles  above  the  city  of 
New  York.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  acade- 
my, and  contains  the  village  of  Sing- 
sing.    Population  1820,  3684. 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  village  of  Lan- 
caster county  Penusylvauia,  six  miles  W 
from  Lancaster. 

668 


M  O  U 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  village,  and 
township  of  Westmoreland  county  Penn- 
sylvania. The  village  is  on  Jacobs  creek 
16  wiies  S  from  Greensburg.  Population 
1820,  2060. 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  village,  and 
township  of  Wayne  county  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  head  waters  of  Lackawaxen 
creek,  commencing  five  miles  NVV  from 
Bathany.     Bopulation  1820,  874. 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  village  of  Marj-- 
land,  on  the  line  between  Queen  Ann 
and  Caroline  counties,  and  within  one 
mile  of  the  west  boundary  of  Delaware, 
about  12  miles  \N  from  Dover. 

Mount  Pleasant,  post  village  Shenan- 
doah county  Virginia. 

Mount  Pleasant,  village  of  Jefferson 
county,  Kentucky. 

Mount  Pleasarit,  post  town  in  the  S 
part  (if  Jefferson  county  Ohio,  containing 
1:0  dwelling  houses,  1,468  inhabitants,  a 
printing  office,  a  bank,  several  stores,  a 
school  and  market  houses  of  brick,  and 
a  brick  meeting  house,  92  by  62  feet  area, 
two  stories  bigh,  belonging  to  the  friends, 
beside  two  others,  likewise  of  brick,  for 
seceders  and  methodists ;  and  within  six 
miles  around,  are  11  flouring  mills,  12 
saw  mills,  a  paper  mill  with  two  vats, 
and  a  woollen  cloth  factory,  beside  two 
common  fulling  mills. 

Mount sbmj,  bay  on  the  S  coast  of  Corn- 
wall, between  the  Lands  End,  and  the 
Lizard  Point.  It  is  so  named  from  the 
lofty  mountains  of  Mount  St.  Michael, 
which  rises  within  it.  Among  the  rocks, 
on  this  part  of  the  ccast,  breeds  the  Cor- 
nish chough,  or  red  legged  crow,  noted 
for  stealing  and  earning  away  whatevert 
it  finds.  Ill  Mountsbay  is  a  considerable 
pilchard  fishery. 

Mountsorrel,  town  in  Liecestershire,  so 
named  from  a  high  mount  or  rock,  of  a 
sorrel-coloured  stone,  extremely  hard. 
Of  rough  stones,  hewn  out  of  this  rock, 
the  town  is  built.  It  has  a  market  on 
Monday,  and  is  seated  on  the  Stour,  53 
miles  SSE  of  Derby,  and  105  NNW  of 
London.    Lcn.  1  9  W,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Mount  Sterling,  post  village,  Mont- 
gomery county  Kentucky,  35  miles  E 
from  Lexington. 

Motint  Vernon,  seat  of  the  late  General 
Washington,  and  his  favourite  restreat 
from  the  fatigues  of  public  employment ; 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  W  bank  of 
Potomac  river,  18  miles  below  the  city 
of  Washington,  and  nine  miles  below 
Alexandria. 

Mount  Vernon,  post  town  and  township 
in  Kennebec  county,  Maine,  14  miles 
NW  of  Augusta,  or  Kennebec  river. 
Population  1820,  1293. 

Mount  Vernon,  township,  Hillsborough 


>I  0  L 


M  O  2 


county  New  Hampshire,  92  miles  §  from 
Concord.    Population  1820,  729. 

Moimt  Vernon,  post  town  Boone  county 
Kentucky. 

Mount  Vernon,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Knox  county  Oliio,  on  the  N 
bank  of  Owl  creek,  20  miles  from  its 
mouth.  This  "town  contains  about  80 
dwelling  houses,  403  inhabitants,  a  print- 
ing office,  a  brick  court  house  and  jail, 
eight  stores,  a  merchant  mill  and  a  saw 
mill,  and  within  six  miles  there  are  nine 
grist  and  saw  mills,  three  ccirding  ma- 
chines, one  of  which  is  for  cotton.'' 
Distance,  40  miles  W  from  Coshocton, 
54:  NW  from  Zanesvilie,  and  44  NE 
from  Columbus.  N  lat.  40  24,  W  Ion.  5 
32. 

Moimtvilie,  post  village  Lcudon  county 
Virginia. 

Moimt  Washington,  the  highest  of  the 
peaks  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.  Its  elevation  above  the 
ocean  6634  feet  as  ascertained  by  Captain 
Partridge. 

Mount  Washington,  township  of  Berk- 
shire county  Massachusetts,  25  miles 
SSE  from  Lenox.    Population  1120,  467. 

Mount  Zion,  post  office  Union  county 
Kentucky. 

Moura,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
•with  an  old  castle ;  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Ardita  and  Gaudi- 
ana,  87  miles  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon  5  59 
W,  lat.  38  0  N. 

Mourzook,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in 
Africa,  situated  on  a  small  river,  and 
supplied  with  water  from  a  multitude  of 
springs  and  wells.  Being  formerly  built 
of  stone,  it  still  retains  the  appellation  of 
a  Christian  town  ;  and  the  medley  which 
it  presents  to  the  eye,  of  the  vast  ruins 
of  ancient  buildings,  and  the  humble 
cottagf  s  of  earth,  and  sand  that  form  the 
dwellings  of  its  present  Arab  inhabitants, 
is  singularly  grotesque  and  strange.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  which  not 
only  affords  the  means  of  defence,  but 
enables  the  government  to  collect,  at  its 
three  gates,  a  tax  on  all  goods  (provi- 
sions excepted)  that  are  brought  for  the 
supply  of  its  people.  A  caravan  sets  out 
annually  from  Mesurata  to  this  place ; 
and  hence  the  Fezzanners  themselves 
despatch,  every  year,  a  caravan  to  Cash- 
na,  and  another  to  Bornou.  Mourzook 
is  262  miles  S  of  Mesurata,  650  NW  of 
Bornou,  and  710  N  by  E  of  Cashna.  Lat. 
27  20  N,  lon.  15  5  E. 

Mnssij,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which 
crossing  the  country  of  Golconda,  runs 
into  the  Kistna  on  the  confines  of  the 
circar  of  Palnaud. 

Moustiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


partment of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  is  noted  for  a 
manufacture  of  fine  porcelain,  and  for  a 
once  famous  pilgrimage,  called  our  Lady 
of  Beauvezer,  seated  between  two  very- 
lofty  and  craggy  mountains.  Moustiers 
is  five  miles  N£  of  Riez,  and  47  WNW 
of  Nice. 

Moutier,  or  Monstier,  town  of  .Savoy, 
capital  of  Torentesia,  with  an  archiepis- 
copal  palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Isere, 
62  miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  6  23  E,  lat. 
45  30  N. 

Mouson,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Ardennes  and  lul.e  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  wsth  a  la'.e  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse, 
eight  miles  "SE  of  Sedan,  and  110  NK  of 
Par:s.     Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Motvee,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  dis- 
covered by  Captain  Cook,  is  162  miles  in 
circumference.  A  low  isthmus  divides  it 
into  two  circular  peninsulas,  of  which  \he 
Eastern  is  double  the  size  of  the  Western. 
The  mountains  in  botli  rise  to  a  very  great 
height,  and  may  be  seen  at  more  than  the 
distince  of  30  leagues.  The  N  shores  af- 
ford no  soundings,  but  the  coumry  pre- 
sents an  appearance  of  verdure  ar.d  fertili- 
t}'.  Near  the  W  point  of  the  smaller  pe- 
ninsula  is  a  spacious  bay,  with  a  sandy 
beach  shaded  with  cocoa-nut  trr.es  :  the 
country  behind  has  a  mo.st  romantic  appear- 
ance, the  hills  i-ising  in  a  great  variety 
of  peaked  forms :  and  their  steep  sides, 
and  the  deep  chasms  between  them,  are 
covered  with  trees.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  al  65,000.  Lon.  175  56  W,  lat. 
20  53  N. 

Moxahala,  or  Jonathatis  creek,  rising  in 
the  northern  part  of  Perry  county,  Ohio, 
flows  east  across  Mi.'skingum  county  into 
Muskingum  river,  which  it  enters  three 
miles  below  Zanesvilie. 

Moxos,  the  northern  province  of  the 
United  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayrcs  ;  bound- 
ed by  the  Portuguese  territories  NE  ;  Peru 
N  and  NW  ;  La  Paz  W  ;  Cochabamba  S  ; 
and  Chiquitos  SE.  Lying  between  kt.  12 
0  and  18  0  S,  ana  between  lon.  9°  and  16*^ 
E  from  W  C.  It  is  drained  by  the  Gua- 
pare,  Branco,  Mamore,  and  other  streams, 
confluents  of  the  JIadeir.^. 

Moyamensing,  tovvnship  of  Philadelphia 
coiuity,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware,  be- 
tween Southwark,  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Schuylkill,  having  Pas?yunk  \Y.  Popula- 
tion 1810,  2887:  and  1820, 3963. 

Moyenvic,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Meurthe  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,  remarkable  for  its  salt  pits.  It  is 
thi-ee  miles  from  Vic,  and  10  SSE  of  Nanci. 

Mozcislo-u!,  strong  town  of  Lithuania, 
capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  almost  ruined  by  the  Russians  ia 
^69 


JI  U  H 


M  U  L 


1660,  but  is  rebuilt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Sofz,  22  miles  S  of  Smolensko.  Lon.  32 
32  E,  lat.  54  23  N. 

Jlfsta,  river  of  European  Russia,  rising  in 
the  government  of  Tver,  and  flowing  NW 
into  lake  Umen,  nearly  opposite  Novogorod. 
It  forms  a  part  of  the  great  inland  commu- 
nication between  the  waters  of  the  Baltic 
sea  and  those  of  the  Volga  river.  It  is 
united  to  the  Tver,  at  Nischnei-Volokshok 
by  a  canal,  which  has  been  formed  through 
the  valleys  of  the  Valday  hills. 

Mucheln,  town  of  Upi)er  Saxony,  in  Thu- 
ringia,  six  miles  N  of  Freyburg,  and  eight 
SW  of  Mersburg.  This  town  was  burned 
in  1621,  by  the  imperialists  under  the  com- 
mand of  Count  Tilly.  Lon.  11  39  E,  lat. 
51  15  N. 

JVIuchelncy,  village  in  Somersetshire, 
where  are  the  remains  of  a  rich  and  ancient 
abbey,  part  of  which  is  now  changed  to  a 
iarm  house.  It  is  two  miles  S  by  E  of 
L;.ngport. 

jytuddan,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne  and  late  province 
<'f  Perigord,  seated  on  the  river  Isle,  18 
miles  S\V  of  Periguex. 

Mud  creek,  a  stream  of  Ontario  county. 
New  York,  joining  the  outlet  of  Ontario 
lake,  near  Lyons.  The  Erie  canal  follows 
the  valley  of  this  creek,  about  16  miles. 

Muddy  river,  stream  of  Illinois  rising  in 
Randolph,  Washington,  Jefferson,  and 
Franklin  counties.  Tlie  various  branches 
flow  SE,  and  uniting  in  Jackson,  enter  the 
Mississippi  on  the  limit  between  the  latter 
and  Union  county.  It  is  navigable  for 
boats  30  or  40  miles. 

Muddy  nver,  small  river  of  Kentucky, 
rising  in  Logan  and  Todd,  and  flowing  N 
between  Butler  and  Muhlenburg  counties, 
falls  into  the  S  side  of  Green  river. 

Mtieher,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  crosses 
Stiria,  passing  by  Judenburgh,  Luben, 
Muehr,  and  Gtatzj  and  falls  into  thcDrave, 
near  Kfinisea,  :n  Hungary. 

Muehr  or  Muera-w,  considerable  town  of 
Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Stiria,  on  the 
river  Muehr,  25  miles  NW  of  Gratz,  and 
40  SW  of  Neustadt.  Lon.  15  4  E,  lat,  47 
16  N. 

Muggia  or  Muglia,  town  of  Italy,  In 
Venetian  Istria,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  five  miles,  SE  of 
Trieste.     Lon.  14  2  E,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Muhlburg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
margravate  of  Meissen.  It  is  situa'ed  en  the 
Elbe,  has  a  castle  and  is  19  miles  NW  of 
Meissen  and  32  NW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
9  E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Miihl-Kreis,  or  Viertel,  Quarter  of  Muhl, 
that  part  of  Lowe**  Austria,  between  the 
Danube,  and  Bohemia. 

Mtihlenburg,  county  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
ed by  Muddy  river  or  Butler  county  SE  ; 
670 


Todd  S;  Christian  SW ;  Pond  river,  or 
Hopkins  W ;  Deer  creek,  or  Henderson 
NW ;  and  Green  river,  or  Daviess  N. 
Length  22  ;  mean  width  17  ;  and  area 
about  540  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
Greenville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  1,926 

do.    do.   females  -        -  1,772 


Total  whites         -                   •  3,698 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  3 

Slaves 480 


Total  population  in  1810, 
Population  in  1820. 


4,181 


Free  white  males 

. 

2,225 

do.  do.  females 

. 

2,077 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ... 

; 

0 

Total  whites 

4,302 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

. 

2 

do.            do.       females 

. 

0 

Slaves,  males      ... 

. 

295 

do.  females 

- 

380 

Total  population  in  1820 

4,979 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

. 

9 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

. 

1,292 

do.        in  Manufactures   - 

. 

53 

do.        in  Commerce 

. 

22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Muhlrose,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburg.  It  is  con- 
veniently situated  nine  miles  SW  of  Franc- 
fort  on  the  Oder,  on  a  canal  which  forms 
navigable  communication  from  Hamburg  to 
Breslaw. 

Muirkirk,  town  in  Ayreshire,  seated  on 
the  river  Ayr,  and  noted  for  a  considerable 
iron  work. 

Mulbery,  village  of  Arkansaw  territory, 
on  Arkansaw  river. 

Muldaxo,  river  of  Bohemia,  which  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Moravia,  and  rimning  by 
Budweis  and  Prague,  falls  into  the  Elbe, 
at  Me! nick. 

Muldorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Saltzburg,  and  40  E  of  Mu- 
nich.    Lon,  12  25  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Mulhmisen,  imperial  and  hanseatic  town 
of  Germsny  in  Shuringia,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  elector  of  Saxony.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Unstnitht, 
15  miles  NE  ot  Eisenach,  and  45  E  by  S  of 
Cassel.    Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Mulhausen,  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  Alsace,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  repub- 
lic in  alliance  with  the  Swiss,  and  entitled 
to  all  the  privileges  of  the  Helvetic  con- 
federacy.   The  walls  of  the  town  enclose 


M  U  L 


M  U  N 


a  circumference  of  not  move  tlian  two 
miles  ;  and  its  whole  territory  is  confined 
within  a  precinct  of  eight  miles.  The 
town  contains  6000  inhabitants,  who  are 
protestants ;  and  there  are  2000  subjects 
in  its  adjacent  villages.  It  owes  its  pre- 
sent flourishing  state  to  its  manufactures, 
which  are  chiefly  of  printed  linens  and 
cottons.  It  is  well  built,  adorned  with 
handsome  structures  and  seated  in  a  plea- 
sant  fertile  country  on  an  island  formed  by 
the  river  III.  It  is  15  miles  NVV  of  Basle, 
and  20  E  of  Befort.  Lon.  7  24  E,  lat.  47 
48  N. 

Mulliiefn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine 
three  miles  from  Cologne.  Here  the  few 
protestants  in  Cologne  are  obliged  to  go  to 
perform  divine  worship. 

Mull,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland, 
an  island  of  considerable  size,  beiii^  25 
miles  in  length,  and  in  some  places  of 
equal  breadth.  There  are  many  good  na- 
tural harbours  ;  but  there  is  only  one  vil- 
lage, called  Tobermorey,  where  a  fishing 
station  has  been  lately  established  by  the 
British  society.  The  soil  is,  for  the  most 
part,  rocky  and  barren  ;  it  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  grass  but  has  no  wood ;  the  hills 
abound  with  springs,  and  are  covered  with 
cattle  ;  these,  with  the  fishery,  and  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  kelp,  are  the  only 
articles  of  commerce.  The  ruins  of  seve- 
ral ancient  castles  are  seen  on  this  island. 

J\Iiill  of  Cantyre,     See  Cantyre. 

Mull  of  Galloway,  rocky  promontory, 
the  most  southerly  point  of  Scotland,  in 
the  county  of  Wigton. 

Mulleras,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  mid- 
dle marche  of  Brandenburgh,  seated  on  a 
canal  cut  between  the  Spree  and  Oder,  40 
miles  SE  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  31  E,  lat,  52 
14  N. 

Mullicohill,  post  village  of  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  on  Raccoon  creek,  17 
miles  SSW  from  PhUadelphia. 

Mullicus,  or  Little  Egs^  Harbour,  river  of 
New  Jersey,  rising  in  Burlington  and  Glou- 
cester counties,  and  flowing  SE,  falls  into 
I/ittle  Egg  Harbour,  two  miles  S  from  Tuck- 
erton.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  of  con- 
siderable burthen  as  far  as  the  mouth  of 
Wading  river.  For  a  distance  of  20  miles 
in  a  direct  route,  it  for;ns  the  line  between 
Burlinf^ton  and  GloHcester  counties 

Midlingav,  county  town  of  West  Meath, 
in  Ireland.  It  holds  a  great  wool  mart,  is 
a  place  of  good  trade,  and  formerly  sent 
two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Foyle,  38  miles  W  of  Dublin. 
Lon,  7  50  W,  lat.  S:i  30  N. 

Mullrose,  canal  of,  in  German  Prussia. 
It  connects  the  Elbe  and  Oder,  and  extends 
from  Newbr'jck  on  the  Spree,  to  the  lake, 
or  reservoir  of  Briesson  near  the  Oder,  It 
is  about  14  miles  in  length,  with  10  locks. 


Multnomah,  river  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  basin  of  Columbia ;  of  which  latter 
river  the  Multnomah  is  the  great  SW 
branch.  It  joins  the  main  stream  100  miles 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  but  is  above  its 
mouth,  too  little  known  to  admit  specific 
description. 

Mulvia,  large  river  of  Africa,  which  has 
its  source  in  Mount  Alias,  and  dividing  the 
empire  of  Morocco  from  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
to  the  W  of  Marsalqusver. 

Muncy  creek-,  stream  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  south-eastern  part  of  Lycoming  county, 
flows  by  comparative  courses  25  miles  S\V, 
and  falls  into  the  west  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah,  about  one  mile  NW  from  Penns- 
borough. 

Muncy  creek,  township  of  Lycoming 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  west  branch 
of  Susquehannah,  on  both  sides  of  Muncy 
creek  ;  including  Pennsborough.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1255. 

Munda,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, 30  miles  WNW  from  Malaga.  Here 
the  sons  of  Pompey  were  utterly  defeated 
by  Julius  C2esar. 

Munden,  town  of  Hanover,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Tulda  and  Werra  rivers,  and 
where  tliese  streams  form  the  Weser.  It 
is  situated  9  miles  NE  from  Cassel,  and  15 
WSW  from  Gottingen. 

Munderkingen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Wirtemberg,  in  Suabia,  20  miles  WSW 
from  Ulen. 

Mundu,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malwa, 
of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital.  It 
was  then  22  miles  in  circuit,  and  contained 
many  monuments  of  ancient  magnificence, 
but  it  is  fallen  much  to  decay.  It  occupies 
the  top  of  a  large  and  lofty  mountain,  46 
miles  S  of  Ougein,  and  110  NNW  of  Bur- 
hanpour.     Lon.  75  47  E,  lat.  22  50  N. 

Munfordville,  post  village  of  Hart  count}', 
Kentucky,  on  the  right  bank  of  Greene 
river,  opposite  Woodsonville,  75  miles  S 
from  Louisville. 

Munglore,  tosvn  of  Candahar,  in  the 
county  of  Cabul,  125  miles  W  of  Cashmere, 
and  135  E  of  Cabul.  Lon.  71  15  E,  lat.  34 
15  N. 

Miingidhaut,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Ben- 
gal, with  a  manufacture  of  coarse  cotton 
cloths,  situate  on  the  Durlah,  20  miles  NN 
E  of  Rungpour. 

Munich,  fortified  city,  capital  of  Bavaria, 
and  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Germany  It 
containsnear60,000inhabitants.  The  houses 
are  high,  and  tne  streets  spacious,  with  ca- 
nals in  many  of  them.  The  palace  of  the 
king  is  a  stupendous  structure,  magnifi- 
cenily  adorned.  The  cabinet  of  curiosities, 
the  museum,  tliC  library,  and  the  arsenal, 
merit  attention.  The  cathedral  contains 
the  tomb  of  one  of  the  emperors,  in  black 
marble,  adorned  with  statues  of  bronze, 
671 


M  U  N 


M  U  R 


Among  the  numerous  convents,  the  col- 
lege formerly  belonging  to  the  Jesuits,  and 
the  convent  of  the  Theatlnes,  are  most 
worthy  of  notice.  The  large  market- 
place, in  which  is  the  town-house,  is 
very  beautiful.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
silk,  velvet,  woollen  cloth,  and  tapestry. 
Near  the  city  are  two  other  palaces,  Nym- 
phenburg  and  Schlesheim.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Iser,  33  miles  ESE  of  A.ugsburg',  ands 
62  S  by  W  of  Ilatisbon.  Lon.  11  30  E, 
lat.  48  10  N. 

Jllimkats.     Sec  Montgatz. 

Munnerstadt,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
principality  of  VVurtzburg,  situate  on  the 
Lauer,  13  miles  N  of  Schweinfurt. 

Jf'fimnypour,  capital  of  the  country  of 
Cassay.  It  was  taken  atid  pillaged  by  the 
Birmans  in  1774.  It  is  210  miles  NNW  of 
Ummerapoora,  and  410  E  by  N  of  Calcut- 
ta.   Lon.  94  40  E,  lat.  24  30  N. 

Munsingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  castle,  20 
miles  W  of  Ulm. 

Mwistcr,  province  of  Ireland,  135  miles 
long  and  120  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Connaught,  E  by  Leinster,  and  S  and  W 
by  the  Atlantic.  It  contains  the  counties 
of  Clare,  Tipperary,  Waterford,  Cork, 
Liimerick,  and  Kerry.  The  principal  place 
is  Cork. 

Munsier,  government  of  Prussia,  in  the 
NW  part  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia.  Tiie  chief  rivers  are  the  Ems, 
I.ippe,  Vecht,  and  Berkel.  The  country 
is  level,  with  some  agreeable  heights,  but 
no  mountains  ;  and  it  has  fruitful  plains, 
fine  woods,  extensive  heights  that  feed 
much  cattle,  and  good  quarries  of  stone. 
It  is  subdivided  into  tlie  circle  of  Munster, 
Tecklenburg,  Walirendorf,  Beckurp,  Lu- 
dinghausen,  Koesfeldt,  Recklingliausen, 
Borken,  Ahaus,  and  Steinfurt,  Population 
320,000,  and  area  2800  square  miles. 

JMimster,  considerable  city,  capital  of 
llie  government  of  the  same  name.  Tt  is 
environed  wiiii  double  ditches  and  ram- 
parts, and  had  also  a  sirong  citadel,  which 
was  demolished  in  1765,  and  replaced  by  a 
magnificent  palace.  The  famous  treaty, 
called  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  was  con- 
cluded here  in  1648,  wliich  ended  the  re- 
ligious wars  of  30  years  continuance.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Aa,  50  miles  ENE  of  Wesel, 
and  52  WNW  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  7  49 
E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

J\hinster,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  12  miles  NNW  of  Lu- 
cerne. 

Munster,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton   of  Grisons,  15  miles  N  of  B^rnio. 

jMunsieT,  town  of  France,  in  ti^.e  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Rhine,  9  miles  WSW  of 
Colmar. 

Mtinster  Eyffel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  .Tuliers,  16  SSW  of  Cologne. 
672 


Afimster  Meinfeld,  town  of  Germany,  iu 
the  late  electorate  of  Treves,  12  miles  SW 
of  Coblentz. 

Munster,  post  village,  Cambria  county, 
Pennsylvania,  5  miles  E  from  Ebensburg. 

Mimsterberg,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  rich  in 
grain,  flax,  hemp,  and  hops.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ohlau,  13  miles  NW  of  Neisse. 
Lon.  17  3  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Munzenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wet- 
teravia,  with  an  ancient  castle,  8  miles  S  of 
Giessen. 

Mnranoy  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  on  an 
island  near  Venice.  Here  the  famous  ve- 
nitian  mirrors  are  made.  It  stands  3  miles 
N  from  that  city. 

Murat,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cartal,  on  the  Alaignon,  12  miles 
NW  from  St.  Flour. 

JMiircia,  province,  formerly  a  kingdom 
of  Spain  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  New  Cas- 
tile, on  the  E  by  Valencia,  on  the  W  by 
Andalusia,  and  Granada,  and  on  the  S  by 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  62  miles  long  and 
58  broad ;  and  tlie  principal  river  is  Se- 
gura.  The  soil  is  dry,  and  it  produces  lit- 
tle corn  or  wine  ;  but  there  are  plenty  of 
oranges,  citrons,  lemons,  olives,  almonds, 
mulberries,  rice,  pulse,  and  sugar.  It  has 
also  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The  air  of  this 
province  is  very  healthful,  and  the  princi- 
pal town  is  of  the  same  name. 

Mvrcia,  populous  city  of  Spain,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  has  a  superb  cathedral, 
the  stairs  of  whose  steeple  are  so  contrived, 
that  a  man  may  ride  up  to  the  top  either  on 
horseback  or  in  a  coach.  There  are  fine 
gardens  about  the  city,  in  which  are  the 
best  fruits  in  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Segura,  27  miles  N  of  Carthagena,  and  212 
SE  of  Madrid.     Lon.  0  36  W,  lat.  38  2  N. 

Mnr  de  Barrez,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  32  miles  N  by  E 
from  Rhodez. 

Muret,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  province 
of  Gascony,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  10 
miles  S  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  18  E,  lat.  43 
26  N. 

Murfreesborough,  post  town,  Hertford 
county.  North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Mehenen  river,  about  75  miles  SE  from 
Petersburg,  and  an  equal  distance  NW 
from  Norfolk  in  Virginia. 

Murfreesborough,  post  town,  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Rutherford  county,  and  capital  of 
Tennessee,  between  the  E  and  W  fork  of 
Stone's  river,  32  miles  SE  'rom  Nashville. 
Lat.  35  52  N.  The  adjacent  country  is 
fertile,  and  productive  in  grain,  cotton  and 
tobacco     Population  about  1000. 

Mtiro,  episcopal  town  of  Niiples,  in  Ba- 
silicata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenine?, 


12  miles  SE  of  Conza,  Lon.  15  45  E,  lat. 
40  46  N". 

Murray-Frith,  considerable  inlet  of  the 
sea,  on  the  E  coast  of  Scotland,  between 
Tarbetness,  in  Rossshire,  on  the  N,  and 
Borough  Head,  in  Murrayshire,  on  the  S. 

Murrayshire,  or  ElgiiiBldre,  is  sub-divj- 
ded  into  Murray  and  Strathspey,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  E  and  SE  by  tiie  river 
Spey,  which  divides  it  from  Bamffsliire  ;  on 
tiieS  byAbei'deenshire  andlnvernessshire  ; 
on  the  W  by  Invernessshire  and  Nairnshire ; 
and  on  the  N  by  Nairnshire,  and  the  Frith 
of  Murray,  being  30  miles  from  E  to  W, 
and  nearly  the  same  from  N  to  S.  Its  air 
is  salutary,  and  the  winter  milder  than  any 
other  part  in  the  N  of  tlie  kingdom.  The 
S  side  is  mountainous,  but  abounds  with 
pasture,  as  the  low  country  does  with  corn. 
Here  are  several  woods  of  firs  and  oaics. 
The  sod  is  generally  fruitful,  and  produces 
the  fruits  ripe  soon.  Tts  principal  rivers 
are  the  Spey,  the  Lossie,  Nairn,  and  Find- 
horn  ;  all  of  which  produce  vast  quantities 
of  salmon.  The  chief  towns  are  Elgin  and 
Forres.  Population  in  1801,  26,705}  in 
1811,  28,108 ;  and  in  1821,  31,162. 

MurrJiart,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Mur,  eight  miles  S 
of  Hallo.     Lon.  9  51  E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

•Musician,  town  of  France,  in  Upper  Pe- 
rigord,  which  sustained  a  famous  siege  in 
1579.     Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Musa,  populous  town  of  Arabia,  in  the 
province  of  Yemen.  It  is  fortified  and  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  18  miles  E  of  Mocha. 

Muskingum,  river  of  the  United  States, 
in  the  .state  of  Ohio.  This  stream  is  form- 
ed by  two  branches.  Whitewoman's  and 
Tuscarawas  rivers.  The  ibrmer  nses  by  a 
number  of  sources  in  Richland,  Knox,  and 
Wayne  counties,  interlocking  with  the 
head  waters  of  Sciota  and  Sandusky,  en- 
tering Ohio,  and  Vermillion  and  Black 
rivers,  flowing  into  L:)ke  Erie,  passing 
through  Coshocton  county,  join  tlie  Tusca- 
rawas river  at  the  town  of  Cosliocton.  The 
entire  comparative  length  of  Whitewoman's 
river,  from  its  mouth  to  the  extreme  source 
of  Armstrong's  creek  in  Richland  county, 
is  about  seventy  miles,  draining  one  of  the 
most  fertile  tracts  of  land  in  ihs  United 
States. 

The  Tuscarawas  river  has  its  sources  In 
Harrison,  Columbiana,  Stark,  Portage,  Me- 
dina, and  Wayne  coniities,  interlocking 
■with  those  of  Rocky  river  and  Cayahoga, 
flowing  into  Lake  Erie,  and  Great  Beaver 
entering  Ohio.  Tiie  Tuscarawas  river  is 
about  ninety  miles  in  length  from  the  town 
of  Coshocton,  to  its  extreme  source  in 
Medina  county. 

Below  the  junction  of  Whitewoman's 
and  Tuscarawas  rivers,  the  united  waters 
take  the  name  of  Muskingiun,  whicT^  flow- 


ing  south,  eight  miIes,through  Coshocton, 
receives  from  the  east  Hill's  creek  on  tlie 
border  of  Muskingum  county,  and  con- 
tinuing south  a  little  west,  twenty-three 
miles  to  Zanesvdle,  receives  Licking  creek 
from  the  west.  After  being  precipitated 
over  a  fall  of  about  seven  feet,  at  Zanes- 
ville,  the  Muskingum  turns  south-east  by 
south,  and  flowing  sixty  miies,  enters  the 
Ohio  river  at  Marietta.  Between  Zanes- 
ville  and  its  efflux  into  Ohio,  the  Muskin- 
gum river  passes  through  Musknigum, 
Morgan,  and  Washington  counties.  This 
river  is  navigable  with  large  batteaux  to 
the  falls  below  Zanesville ;  for  boats  of 
considerable  size  to  Cosliocton  ;  and  for 
small  craft  nearly  to  the  source  of  the  Tus- 
carawas. A  canal  has  been  projected  to 
unite  the  latter  stream  to  the  liead  waters 
of  Cuyahogi  river,  and  by  this  channel 
unite  the  Oiiio  river  to  Lake  Erie.  A  canal, 
with  locks,  is  already  cut  arouud  the  falls 
at  Zanesville,  opening  a  navigation  in'o  the 
centre  of  the  state  of  Ohio. 

The  country  drained  by  the  sources  of 
the  Muskingum  is  generally  level,  but  be- 
comes more  hilly  approaching  the  Ohio 
river.  In  po'nt  of  climate  this  river  Hows 
from  North  lat.  41  07  to  North  lat.  39  28.< 
The  area  it  drains  nearly  cii'cular,  about 
7850  square  miles. 

Muskingum,  populous  county  of  Ohio; 
bou;idcd  on  the  N  by  Coshocton ;  E  by 
Guernsey ;  S  by  Morgan,  and  W  by  Perry 
and  Licking  counties.  It  is  28  by  27  miles 
in  extent,  and  contains  about  660  square 
miles.  Its  principal  waters  are  the  Mus- 
kingum and  Licking  rivers;  Salt,  Jona- 
than's or  Moxahala,  and  Wakatomika 
creeks.  In  numerous  places  adjacent  to 
and  in  the  bed  and  valley  oi  the  Muskin- 
gum river,  are  extensive  and  almost  inex- 
haustible beds  of  ston"  coal,  which  the 
people  in  (he  vicinity  of  Zanesville  use  as 
fuel.  Surface  of  the  county  generally  hilly, 
and  soil  sterile. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  .        -        -      5,305 

do.  do.  females        ...      4,656 


Total  whites                 -        -        -  9,961 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  YS 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810     -         -       10,036 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -      9,470 

do.  do.     fe'T::ales      -         -         .       8,161 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
A(y.  do.        females 

67:1 


M    i   o 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


17,824 


Of  these : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  l-i4 

I^ij^aged  in  AgricviUure             -  2,7^5 

do.        in  M:tniifactures          ■  454 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  59 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  29J. 

Mitsqueto  Creek,  post  office,  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio. 

Mimelburg,  seaport  in  Edinburghshire, 
on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  mou'h  of  the 
river  Esk.  Here  a  victory  was  obtained 
by  the  English  over  tlie  Scots,  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.  It  is  six  miles  E  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Lon.  3  5  W,  lat.  55  0  N. 

Mussei-''s  JMs,  post  office,  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio. 

Mustagam,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  with  a  castle,  140  miles  W  of  the 
city  of  Algiers.  Lon.  0  3  W,  lat.  36  30  N. 
Musacra,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
27  miles  NE  of  Almeria,  and  62  SW  of 
Carthagena.     Lon  1  36  \V,  lat.  37  11  N. 

Mumela,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Andalusia,  seated  on  tiie  banks  of  the 
Guadalqulver,  50  miles  N  of  Gramida. 

Musxuell  Bill,  village  in  Middlesex,  five 
miles  N  of  London.  It  takes  its  name  from 
a  famous  well  on  the  h;il,  which  beloi\ged 
to  the  fraternity  of  St.  John  of  J-msalem, 
in  Clerkenwall.  Th^s  well  still  belongs  to 
the  parish  of  Clerkenwell. 

Mutschen,tovi<L\.  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of  Leipsic, 
in  the  vicinity  of  which,  they  find  a  species 
of  ci-ystal  called  Mutschen  diamonds.  It  is 
20  miles  ENE  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  50  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Miiyden,  trwn  oF  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Vecht,  on  the  S  coast  of  the  Zuider-Zee, 
seven  miles  E  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  1  E, 
lat.  52  22  N. 

Mijcene,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  Icng- 
dom  in  the  Peloponnesus,  now  Morea, 
which  is  now  reduced  to  a  small  village, 
in  which  the  rviins  of  the  former  city  re- 
main as  described  by  Pau>>anius, 

Jilycojie,  ancient  jMycomis,  island  of  tlie 
Archipelag:>,  30  mdes  m  circumferencr-. 
Tbe  liarbou.-  is  very  open,  a:\d  deep  eno  jgh 
for  the  largest  ships,  where  they  may  ride 
secure-,  from  the  N  wind.  The  soil  is  dry, 
and  the  mountnins  are  of  great  height. 
Water  is  very  scarce  in  su-nmer ;  but  in 
the  town  is  a  large  well  the  only  one  in 
the  island.  Here  are  plenty  of  partridges, 
quails,  wood  cccks,  turtle-doves,  rabbits, 
and  wheat-ears  ;  also  excellent  grapes  and 
figs.  Almost  all  tiie  inhabitants  are  Greeks, 
who  have  50  churches  in  all ;  but  manv  are 
-571 


chapels  ;  and  some  monasteries.    Lon.  2i> 
51  E,  lat.  37  23  N. 

Jilionnessus,  or  Clazomenian  Promontory, 
ancient  names  of  the  long  peninsula  of 
Asia  Minor,  stretching  NW  between 
Smyrna,  and.  the  island  of  Chics.  It  is 
terminated  towards  My^eltne  the  an- 
cient Lesbos,  by  the  ancient  promontory 
of  Melaena,  the  Kara  bouroun  of  the 
Turks  See  (Jhisme,  both  in  the  text 
and  Addenda 

Mysol,  island,  the  mr.st  eastern  of  the 
Moluccas,  of  a  triangaiur  form,  with  a 
bold  shore.  The  villages  are  built  in  the 
\vater  upon  posts ;  and  there  are  forests 
visited  by  the  birds  of  paradise,  which 
are  caught  in  great  mimbers.  Lon.  130 
3  E.  :at.  2  0  S 

Mysore,  country  in  the  peninsula  of 
HindoDStan,  lyins  between  the  VV  and  E 
ridges  of  the  CJauts.  It  extends  from 
11  30  to  15  0  N  lat.  and  in  the  N  part 
from  74  55  to  78  35  W  lon  but  diminish- 
ing thence  as  it  approaches  the  S  till  it 
ends  in  a  point.  The  N  side  is  extremely 
irregular  and  indented,  and  the  middle 
part  branches  out  above  a  degree  beyond 
that  to  the  E.  The  country  is  in  gene- 
ral dry,  rugged,  mountainous,  and  bar- 
ren ;  but  there  are  several  rivers  and 
mountain  torrents,  which  by  artificial 
means  serve  to  water  rice  grounds,  gar- 
dens, &c.  In  the  forests  are  many  ele- 
phants, and  tigers  are  common.  Oxen, 
buffaloes,  and  goats  are  numerous,  and 
in  the  NE  part  many  sheep  are  bred  ; 
but  horses  and  asses  are  few.  The  chief 
products  are  rice,  cotton,  pepper,  cocoa 
and  betel-nut,  sugar  cane,  butter,  and 
oil.  The  whole  of  this  country,  with 
some  other  territories  to  the  N  and  E,  and 
the  provinces  of  Coimbetcre,  Malabar, 
and  Canara,  w^-re  subdued  by  Hyder 
Ally,  a  Mussulman,  who  usurped  the 
throne  of  Mysore,  in  1759.  and  made 
S.ringapatam  his  capital.  He  was  suc- 
cetded  by  Tippoo  Sultan,  who  conti- 
nued his  father's  state  of  warfare.  On 
the  termination  of  a  war  in  1792,  Tip- 
poo agreed  to  pay  thirty  lacks  of  rupees, 
and  to  cede  cue  half  of'  his  dominions  to 
the  English  and  their  allies,  the  Mah- 
rattas,  ar.d  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan. 
In  1799,  a  new  war  taking  place,  his 
capital'vvas  taken  by  tl:e  English,  on  the 
4th  of  May,  and  himself  killed  in  the  as- 
sault. A  partiti  n  of  his  remaining  ter- 
ritories took  place  ;  and  on  the  SOth  of 
June  followi^.g,  Kistna  Rajah  was  placed 
by  the  English  on  the  musnud  rf  his  fa- 
tlsers.  at  Mysore,  ar.d  that  town  remade 
the  capital  '  f  his  present  country  He 
being  only  five  years  old,  colonel  Close 
was  appointed  to  be  resident  with  the 
rajah  cf  Mysore  ;  and  the  northern  for- 


:\  A  t 


Jv^  A  G 


tresses  of  Nagara,  Chitteldroog,  Sera,  and 
Nandidrooii;  were  garrisoned  by  the  Eng- 
lish, for  which  the  rajah  is  to  pay  seven 
lacks  of  star  pagodas  yearly.  The  is- 
land of  Seringapatam  was  retained  by 
the  English  for  provision  of  the  families 
of  Hyder  and  'i'ippoo.  The  dominions 
of  the  rajah  of  Mysore  are  now  divided 
into  three  great  districts,  Patana  to  the 
S,  Nagara  to  the  N  W,  and  Chatrakal  to 
the  NE,  so  called  from  the  tliref-  places 
where  the  chief  officers  are  situate.  The 
Patana  district  is  by  far  the  largest,  and 
of  itself  a  much  greater  extent  of  terri- 
tory than  ever  before  was  subject  to  the 
Mysore  family. 

Mysore,  foitifi  d  city  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  the  country  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  ruined  by  the  late  tv/o  sultans; 
but  since  the  English  restored  the  an- 
cient family  in  ir99,  and  made  it  the 
jaj all's  seat  of  government,  a  palace  has 


been  built,  and  its  renovation  will  fol- 
low in  course.  Mysore  is  10  miles  S  of 
Serinsjapataoj-  L!;n,  76  50  E,  lat.  12 
15  N. 

Mystic,  small  river,  or  rather  creek  of 
Massachusetts,  falling  into  Boston  har- 
bour. It  is  navigated  with  sloops  to 
Medford  four  miles. 

Mystic,  post  village  New  London  coun« 
ty  Connecticut. 

Mytilene,  or  Mttelin,  aiicient  Lesbos,  is- 
ia-nd  on  the  W  c.uist  of  Asia  Minor  be- 
•  tween  the  gulfs  of  Smyrna,  and  Adramy- 
tium.  It  is  36  miK  s  long  and  from  two 
to  twelve  broad.  It  is  nrie  of  the  most 
pr  ductiv;  islands  in  the  Turkish  empire. 
Populfition  atjout  50,000  Between  lat. 
38  25  and  39  :0  N. 

J^JytileneyUly  oi.  See  Cas/ro  in  the  Ad- 
denda. 

Myzensh,  tov;n  of  European  Russia  in 
Orel,  on  the  Oko,  52  miles  below  Orel. 


N 


Naas,  borough  of  Ireland  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Kildare,  where  the  assizes  are  held 
alternately  with  Athy.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  tlie  kings  of  Leinster. 
It  is  17  miles  SW  of  Dublin,  and  26  NVV 
of  Leinster     Lon,  6  42  W,  lat.  53  13  N. 

jSTab,  river  of  Germany,  which  issues 
from  iVIount  Fichtelberg,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Bayreuth,  flows  S  through  the 
palatinate  of  Bavaria,  and  enters  the  Da- 
nube a  little  above  Ratisbon. 

JVabal.  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
celebrated  for  .ts  potteries.  Near  it  are 
several  remains  of  antiquity,  it  is  seat- 
ed near  the  s^a,  32  miles  SSFi  of  Tunis. 
Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  53  13  N. 

A'abburg,  town  of  the  palatinatp,  ov 
Bavaria,  on  the  river  Nab,  10  miles  ESE 
of  Amljerg. 

Kablous  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey  ca- 
pital of  a  country  winch  was  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Samaria.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  schiek,  who  farms  th-,  tribu'e  to  the 
pacha  of  Damascus.  The  soil  of  the 
country  is  fertile,  and  produces  a  great 
deal  of  corn,  cotton,  olives,  and  some  silk. 
The  inhabitants  are  such  jealous  Maho 
metans,  that  they  will  not  suffer  any 
Christains  to  remain  among  them,  Na- 
blous  is  24  miles  N  of  Jerusalem,  and  90 
SSW  of  Damascus  Lon.  35  24  E,  lat. 
32  20  N. 

Jiaco,  town  of  N  America,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Honduras.  Lon.  W  C  10  40 
W,  lat    15  0  N. 

JVacogdoches,  village  of  Texas,  about 
120  miles  W  from  Natchitoches  in  Lou- 


isiana. It  is  an  inconsiderable  place. 
Lon.  W  C  17  17  W,  hit.  31  27  N. 

J^\ideegsda.    ?ee  KuriUs. 

Macfds,  town  cf  Swisserland,  in  the 
cantons  of  Glaris.  It  is  remarkable  for 
a  celebrated  victory  gamed  by  the  inha- 
bitants over  the  Austriatisin  memory  of 
which  a  chapel  was  built  on  the  spot, 
which  was  rebuilt  in  1799. 

Afrurdai,  strong  town  of  Holland,  at 
the  head  of  the  ca.'ials  of  iht  province.  It 
was  taken  by  Fern:indo  d-  Toledo,  son 
of  tlie  c'.uke  of  Aha  in  1572,  when  all  the 
inhabitants  vvithout  distinction  of  age  or 
sex,  wc re  niassacrtd.  U  is  sealed  on  the 
Zuider  Z-e,  14  aides  E  of  Amsrerdam, 
and  15  N  of  Utrecht.  L'.m,  5  9  E,  lat. 
52  20  N  \      , 

Nagcra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
widi  a  f  rt,  three  miies  NVV  of  Cala- 
ho'.ra,  and  138  N  of  Madrid.  Lon  2  10 
W,  lat.  42  14  N, 

A'agold..  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  VVirtembcrg,  vvit!i  a  strong  castle  ten 
miles  W  of  Tubirig..  n. 

A/agore,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper 
in  the  country  of  Agi  mere.  40  miles  NW 
of  Agimere.    Lon.  74  10  E,  lat  27  8  N. 

Mig/iGur,  city  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan, capital  of  that  part  of  Berar 
which  is  subject  to  a  chief  of  the  East- 
ern Mahrattas.  ijlt  is  a  city  of  modern 
date  ;  but  though  extensive  and  popu- 
lou.s.  is  but  mtanly  budt;  and,  ey.cept- 
ing  a  small  cicadef,  is  open  and  defence- 
less- It  is  560  miles  W  by  S  of  Ca'cutta. 
Lon.  79  46  E,  lat.  21  8  N. 

Mi^ubanja,  town  of  Hnngary  celebra- 


ted  for  its  gold  and  silver  mine-works 
which  are  of  great  produce.  It  is  a  metal 
town  and  one  of  the  royal  free  towns,  and 
is  30  miles  NE  of  Tamar.  Lon  22  54 
E,  lat.  48  10. 

Maliant,  peninsula  of  Massachusets  in 
the  SW  part  of  E^sex  county,  united  to 
the  main  shore  by  Lynn  Beach.  It  is  a 
delicious  and  much  frequented  summer 
retreat,  from  the  neighbouring  cities,  and 
towns  ;  14  miles  NE  from  Boston. 

JVahe,  rivtr  of  the  paiaUnate  of  the 
Jlhine,  which  running'  by  Birkenfdd,  Ober- 
steiU;  Kreuzenach,  and  Bingen,  fall  into  the 
Khine 

A^airn,  boro'.'.gh  and  seaport,  the  c  unty- 
town  of  Nairnshire  ;  seated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Frith  of  Murray,  10  miles  E  of  In- 
vernesB,  and  104  N  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  51  W,  lat.  35  o3  N. 

JViimisIiirs,  snnall  county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Murray  Frith ;  on 
the  E  and  S  by  Murrayshire  ;"  and  on  t!.'; 
W  by  Inverness-shire.  Its  greatest  length  is 
not  above  12  miles,  nor  its  breadth  above 
10.  It  is  fruitful,  and  its  corn  soon  ripens, 
has  several  woods  of  firs,  and  several  lakes 
and  moantains,  yet  is  well  peopled.  Its 
chief  town  is  Nairn.  Population  in  1801, 
825r;  1811,  8251 ;  and  in  1821,  9006. 

A'Wcsii'ati,  city  of  Armenia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  nume,  with  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  is  seated  between  the 
towns  of  Erivan  and  Tauris.  Lon.  45 
30  E,  lat.  33  40  N. 

JS'amari,  mountain  of  Sicll}-,  in  the  Yal- 
di-Demona,  between  JMessina,  Taormina, 
and  Alelazzo. 

Aanifio,  island  of  the  Archip^lagf,  the 
ancient  yhiaphe,  a  little  to  ihe  E  of  that  of 
Santorini.  It  is  16  miles  in  circumference, 
but  has  no  harbour,  nor  springs  sulBcient 
to  water  the  fields.  The  inhabitants  are 
all  Greeks  and  their  trade  is  m  onions, 
wax,  and  honey.  The  ruins  of  the  temple 
of  Apollo  are  yet  to  be  seen,  and  consist 
chiefly  of  marble  columns.  Lon.  26  10  E, 
lat.  36  15  N. 

JVamptvdch,  town  of  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  It  is  well  built,  and 
has  a  large  church,  in  the  form  of  a  cross, 
with  the  tower  in  the  middle.  Here  are 
salt  springs,  on  the  banks  of  a  fresh  water 
stream,  from  which  are  made  great  quanti- 
ties of  white  salt,  in  which  article  and 
cheese  th;s  town  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade.  _  The  principal  dairies  of  Cheshire 
are  in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Weaver,  26  miles  SE  of  Chester,  and 
162  NW  of  London.  l»n.  2  25  W,  lat.  53 
6N. 

JVamui',  county  of  the  ffetherlands,  di- 
vided  by  the  river  Sambre  and  .Maese  into 
three  equal  parts,  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Brabant,  on  the  E  and  S  by  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  and  on  the  W  by  Hainault.  This 
676 


:^*  A  N 

province  is  pretty  fertile ;  has  several 
forests,  marble  quaries,  and  mines  of  iron, 
ledd,  and  coal. 

N'amur,  city  of  the  Netherlands,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Namur,  between  two  moun- 
tains, at  the  confiuer.ce  of  the  Maese  and 
Sambre,  24  miles  WSW  of  Liege,  and 
32  SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  50 
29  N. 

JSTancy,  city  of  Fiance,  capital  of  the  de- 
partmt-nt  of  Meurte,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  divided  by  a  canal,  into  the  old  and  new 
town.  The  first,  though  irregularly  built, 
is  rich  and  populous,  and  contains  the 
palace  of  ihe  ancient  dukes  of  Lorrain  ;  and 
tl.eir  tombs  are  in  a  rich  saloon,  whicli  ad- 
joins the  church  of  the  late  Cordeliers. 
The  new  tov/n,  whose  streets  are  perfectly 
straigiit,  was  already  one  of  the  finest  in 
Europe,  before  the  magnificent  w'orks  with 
which  Stanislius  I,  titular  king  of  Poland, 
and  duke  of  Lorrain,  enriched  it.  The 
catiiedral  is  a  superb  structure.  It  was 
aken  by  the  Allies  in  1814.  Nancy  is  seat- 
ed in  a  delightful  plain,  near  the  river 
ileurte,  93  miles  NW  of  Basel,  and  175  E  of 
Paris.     Lnn.  6  10  E,  lat.  48  42  N. 

J\''ander,  town  of  Flindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Dowlatabad,  132  miles  NNW  of 
Hydrabad. 

JVandidroog,  strong  fortress  of  Hindoo- 
stan,  in  Mysore.  Since  the  restoration  of 
the  rajah,  in  1799,  it  has  been  garrisoned 
by  English  troops.  It  is  25  miles  N  by  E 
of  Banga'.ore,  and  64  ESE  of  Sera. 

A'Miffasaki,  city  of  Japan,  in  the  island 
ot  Ximo,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  the  only 
one  in  the  empire  in  which  foreign  ships 
are  permitted  to  anciior. — The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  great  trade  with  the  Chinese  and 
Dutch.  The  latter  are  never  suffered  to 
come  into  the  city,  unless  when  their  ships 
arrive,  and  then  they  deliver  up  their  guns 
and  sails,  as  pledges  of  their  good  beha- 
viour.   Lon.  128  46  E,  lat.  32  32  N. 

J\a?iffira,  river.     See  Yttngar. 

JVangis,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Merne,  12  miles  W  of 
Provins,  and  14  E  of  Mekm. 

JVanjemoy,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
on  Nanjemoy  creek,  Charles  countj-,  Mary- 
land; 45  miles  S  from  Washington. 

j\^an-kanff,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the 
lake  Po-yang,  6Z7  miles  S  of  Peking.  Lon. 
113  58  E,  lat.  29  2,o  N. 

JWinking,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kiangan.  It  is  the  largest  in 
China,  being  17  miles  distant  from  the  great 
river  Yang-tse-Chiang,  from  which  canals 
are  cut,  so  large,  that  vessels  may  enter 
the  town.  It  was  formerly  the  imperial 
city,  whence  it  is  called  Nanking,  which 
signifies  southern  court;  but  since  six  grand 
tribunals  have  been  removed  to  Peking,  it 
is  called  Kiang-nan,  in  all  public  acts.   Thp 


-\  A  >« 


N   A  A 


place  is  greatly  fallen  from  its  ancient 
splendour ;  for  it  had  a  magnificent  palace 
whicii  is  quite  destroyed,  as  well  as  many 
ancient  monuments  ;  and  a  third  part  of  the 
city  itself  is  desolate.  The  streets  are  nar- 
row, but  handsome  and  well  paved,  and  on 
each  side  are  shops  neatly  furnished.  The 
public  buildings  are  mean,  except  a  few 
temples,  the  &Ay  gates,  and  a  tower  of  por- 
celain 200  feet  high.  They  have  several 
manufactures  in  silk  and  wool.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  said  to  be  1,000,000, 
without  comprehending  the  garrison  o! 
40,000  men.  Here  the  physicians  have 
tiieir  principal  academy.  The  inhabitants 
were  formerly  estimated  at  2,000,000,  the 
city  being  above  30  miles  in  circumference. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Kiam,  500  miles  SSE 
of  Peking.     Lon.  119  25  E,  lat.  32  46  N. 

J\'an-ngoji,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-si.  It  stands 
among  plantaf  ions  of  sugar-cane,  near  the 
source  of  the  Kan-Kiang,  and  the  foot  of 
the  mountain  Mt-lin,  200  miles  NK  of  Can- 
ton, and  9000  SSW  of  Peking.  Lon.  113 
38  E,  lat.  24  48  N. 

jVan-ngan-fou,  beautiful  and  populous 
city  of  China  in  the  most  southern  part  of 
the  province  of  Kiangsi ;  it  is  a  beautiful, 
populous  and  commercial  city,  and  much 
frequented.  It  contains  in  its  district,  four 
cities  of  the  third  class.  It  is  200  miles  N 
by  E  of  Canton. 

J^'ansemond,  county  of  Virginia;  bounded 
by  Norfolk  E  ;  Gates  county.  North  Caroli- 
na S ;  Blackwater  river,  or  Southampton 
SW,  Isle  of  Wight  NW;  and  Hampton 
Roads  NE  Length  33  ;  mean  v^idth  20  ; 
and  area  660  square  miles.  Surface  gene- 
rally level,  and  in  part  marshy.  Drumonds 
pond,  one  of  the  feeders  of  the  Dismal 
swamp  canal,  is  in  the  SE  angle  of  this 
county.  Staples,  cotton,  and  tobacco. 
Chief  town,  Suffolk. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        2,333 
do.  do.    females  -        -        2,260 

Total  whites         ...  4,593 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -        -  1,269 

Slaves 1,262 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 

do.    do.    females  .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites       -        .        .         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  male,?     .       -        .        - 


10,324 


2,261 

2,314 

0 

4,575 
684 

ro9 

3,387 


Slaves,  females  -        -        -        2,139 

Total  population  in  1820  -       10,494 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,267 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  192 

do.       in  Coinmerce         -         -  66 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16  nearly. 

JWinseincnd,  river  of  Virginia,  rising  in 
the  cent,  al  pan  of  Nansemond  county  ; 
flowing  NNE  about  25  miles,  opens  by  a 
wide  bay  into  James  river,  and  Hampton 
Roads.  It  IS  navigable  to  Suffolk  for  ves- 
sels of  100  tons. 

J\i'antasket  road,  the  southern  entrance 
into  Boston  harbour.  It  affords  good  an- 
cliorage  in  from  five  to  seven  fathoms 
water. 

J^an-tchnng-fou,  city  of  China,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kiang-sl.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Viceroy,  and  comprehends  eight 
cities  in  its  district. 

JVtmtes,  ancient  rich  and  very  considera- 
ble town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  The  bridges  over  the  Loire,  in 
which  are  seme  islands,  are  almost  a  league 
in  length.  The  suburbs  are  , so  large  that 
they  exceed  the  city.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  60,000.  Since  the  peace  in 
1783,  Nantes  has  h.ad  a  considerable  share 
in  ihe  commerce  with  the  United  States. 
Large  vessels  cr,n  come  no  higher  than 
port  Luntiai,  where  they  arc  unloaded  into 
smaller  vessels  which  go  up  to  Nantes, 
being  a  distance  of  12  miles.  In  1796,  the 
theatre  here  took  fire,  during  a  time  of  per- 
formance, and  several  persons  lost  their 
lives.  Nantes  is  58  miles  S  by  E  of  Ren- 
nes,  and  217  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  45  W, 
lat,  47  13  N. 

JVanticoke,  river  of  Maryland,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Chesapeak  bay.  It  rises 
in  the  state  of  Delaware,  and  runs  nearly 
in  a  SW  course  through  Dorchester  county 
(Maryland)  and  enters  the  Chesapeak  on 
the  S  side  of  Philips' point. 

JVanticoke,  hundred  of  Sussex  county, 
Delaware,  containing  2,843  inhabitants  in 
1810,  It  is  watered  by  the  Nanticoke  ri- 
ver, from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and  on 
the  W  and  S  it  joins  the  state  of  Maryland. 
Population  in  1820,  2335. 

JK'antmiU,  East,  one  of  the  northern 
townsliips  of  Chester  county  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  head  waters  of  French  creek  o3 
miles  NW  from  Thiladelphia.  Po])ulation 
1820,  1873. 

jWmimill,  West,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  adjoining  the  pre- 
ceding, and  the  SB  angle  of  Berks,  and 
NE  angle  of  Lancaster  county,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  east  branch  of  Brandy  wine. 
Population  1820,  1443. 
b77 


2i  A  N 


N  A  P 


JWintim,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  dqiarU 
ment  of"  Ain  and  late  province  of  B:esse, 
situated  at  the  extiemiy  0(  a  great  ialce  of 
the  same  name,  18  miles  SE  of  Bourg. 
Here  Cliarles  the  Bold  w;is  inferred. 

JVaniitcket,  island  of  Xorth  America,  in 
Massachusetts.  The  inhabitants  of  which 
have  a  considerable  whale  fishing-  on  the 
coast,  and  even  in  Greenland.  It  lies  to 
the  S  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  a  low,  sandy, 
barren  island,  the  inhabitants  depend  al- 
most entirely  on  the  sea  for  their  subsis- 
tence It  contains  about  50  square  miles, 
and  forms  a  county,  wiih  some  small  islands. 
The  employment  of  capital  marks  tlie  pur- 
suits of  the  people,  §600,000  are  employed 
in  upwards  of  SO  Spermaceti  works.  It 
contains  also  two  banks,  and  two  insurance 
companies. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...       3,193 

do.  do.  females  -       -        3,314 


Total  whites       ...        -  6,507 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  300 

Slaves '       0 

Total  population  in  1810             .  6,807 

Population  in  1820. 


Free  white  males        -        -        . 

3,346 

do.  do.     females     -        -        . 

3,646 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed            .        .        _ 

sr 

Total  whites        .... 

7.019 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

132 

do.                do.    females    - 

115 

Slaves,  males       - 

0 

do.    females 

0 

7,266 


48 

64 

399 

809 


Total  population  in  1820. 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  natur.tHzed 
Eng-aged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures     - 
do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  145. 

A'^andcckel,  post  town  and  capital  of  the 
island  of  Nar.tucket,  situated  on  a  basin, 
the  north  side  of  the  island,  in  the  lat.  of 
41  18  N,  and  Ion.  of  70  10  W,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  120  miles  SE  of  Boston.  It  is  a 
port  of  entry.  It  has  one  fine  harbour, 
completely  safe  from  all  winds,  being  so 
well  lund  locked.  It  has  only,  however,  at 
low  water  7^  feet  water  on  its  bar. 

JSiantivicfi,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  Here  are  sali  springs, 
from  which  are  made  great  quantities  of 
white  salt ;  also  a  manufacture  of  cotton 
and  shoes.  The  principal  dairies  of  Che- 
shire are  about  this  town,  and  it  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  cheese.  It  is  seated  on 
678 


tiie  Weaver,  and  by  the  Chester  canal, 
which  here  forms  a"  broad  basin,  26  miles 
SE  of  Chester,  and  164  NVV  of  London. 

J^Tan-yang,  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Ho-nan,  seated  on 
a  small  river,  and  surrounded  by  mountains, 
100  miies  S  of  Ho-nan. 

jYan-yong,  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank  in  tlie  pi-ovince  of  Quantong,  seated 
on  the  Pei-kiang,  near  its  source,  170  m  Jes 
NNE  of  Ciinton. 

J\apatil,  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the 
S  by  Bahar,  W  by  Oude  and  Rohilcund, 
NW  by  Sirinagur,  NE  by  the  mountains 
of  Himmaleh,  which  separate  it  from  Tibet, 
and  B  by  Bootan.  It  is  tributary  to  Tibet; 
and  Catmandu  is  the  capital. 

A'aples,  kingdom  comprehending  the  S 
part  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  NVV  by  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  NE  by  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, and  every  where  else  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean. It  is  300  miles  in  length,  by  100 
in  breadth,  and  divided  into  twelve  pro- 
vinces ;  namely,  Terri  di  Lavaro  (the  an- 
cient Campania  Felix)  Principato  Citeriore 
and  Ulteriore,  Molise,  Basihcata,  Calabria 
Citeriore  and  Ulteriore,  Abruzzo  Citeriore 
and  Ulteriore,  Capitanata,  Terra  di  Bari, 
and  Terra  d'Otranto  ;  the  last  three  form- 
ing  the  ancient  Apulia,  now  called  Puglla 
on  tfie  E  side  of  the  kingdom.  After 
many  revolutions,  the  Norman^  became 
masters  of  this  country,  in  the  eleventh 
century ;  and  the  sovereigns  were  called 
counts,  then  dukes,  and  afterward  kings  of 
Puglia.  1282,  Peter  III.  king  of  Arragon, 
caused  all  the  Normans  in  the  island  of 
Sicily  to  be  massacred  ;  and  this  massacre 
was  called  the  Sicilian  Vespers.  After 
this,  I'uglia  v.^as  joined  to  Sicily  ;  and 
hence  the  sovereigns  took  the  title  of  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  It  has  also  been  cal. 
led  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  from  its  capi- 
tal, France  and  Spain  contended  for  the 
sovereignty  in  the  sequel,  and  bloody  wars 
and  revolutions  were  the  consequence. 
The  French  being  defeated  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1504,  Louis  XII,  formally  renoun- 
ced all  pretentions  to  the  ci  own,  and  the 
country  was  governed  by  Spanish  Viceroys. 
In  1647  happened  the  dreadful  insurrec- 
tion of  Massaniello,  in  the  city  of  Naples, 
by  which  the  Spaniards  were  nearly  expel- 
led.— The  people,  however,  re'urning  to 
their  allegiance,  on  the  assassination  of 
Massanieilo,  the  Spaniards  continued  in 
peaceable  possession  of  the  kingdom  till 
1707,  when  it  was  conquered  by  prince 
Eugene,  and  ceded  to  the  emperor  by  the 
trea'y  of  Rastadt  in  171-i  It  was  recover- 
ed, however,  by  the  Spaniards  in  1734; 
and  third  son  of  the  king  of  Spain  became 
king  of  Naples  and  Sicily.  The  king  of 
Naples  joined  the  coalition  which  vi-as 
formed  against  the  French  repubhc ;  but 
the  rapid  and  unparalleled  successes   of 


X  A  P 


.\  A  V 


the  latter,  reduced  him  first  to  request  an 
armistice,  and  on  the  25th  of  October,  1797 
to  enter  into  a  disgraceful  ireaty  of  peace, 
But  after  tlic  celebrated  batle  of  the  Nile, 
the  enmity  of  this  court  to  the  French, 
again  began  to  revive  ;  their  warlike  mea- 
sures were,  however,  ill  conceited ;  their 
forces  were  completely  routed,  and  the 
king  exiled  from  his  kingdom.  By  the 
successes  of  Suwarrow,  the  king  was 
restored  ;  but  in  1805,  on  account  of  his 
receiving  some  Russian  and  English  troops 
into  his  dominions,  the  French  again  took 
possesson  of  the  country ;  and  bestowed 
the  crown  on  Joseph  Bonaparte,  on  whose 
head  it  remained  till  1808,  when  he  was 
made  king  of  Spain,  and  the  kingdom  was 
given  to  prince  Murat,  the  brother-in-law 
of  Napoleon  Boniparte.  The  island  of 
Sicily,  however,  is  at  .present  detached 
from  Naples,  and  retained  by  king  Ferdi- 
nand, who  is  to  have  an  indemnity  for  Na- 
ples, on  the  continent.  The  climate  is  ex- 
tremely hot,  especially  in  July,  August, 
and  September;  and  is  said  to  be  one  of 
the  most  inconstant  and  unfavourable  to 
valetudinarians.  In  some  seasons  it  rains 
every  day  for  six  or  seven  weeks  together  ; 
but  the  most  di^agrepuble  part  of  the  cli- 
mate is  the  sireoc  or  SE  vvind,  which  is 
very  common  in  May,  and  extremely  re- 
laxing. In  winter  there  is  seldom  any  ice 
or  snow,  except  on  the  mountains.  The 
country  abounds  with  grain,  the  hnest  fruits 
and  vegetables,  rice,  flnx,  oil,  v.'ine,  s;fFron, 
and  manna ;  and  affords  alum,  vitriol,  sul- 
phur, rock  chrystal,  marble,  minerals,  and 
fine  wool  and  silk.  Beside  the  manufac- 
tures noticed  in  the  account  of  the  city  of 
Naplfs,  waistcoats,  caps,  stockings,  and 
gloves  are  also  made  of  the  liair  or  fila- 
ments of  a  shellfish,  whicii  are  warmer 
than  those  of  wool,  and  of  a  beautiful 
glossy  green.  The  principal  mountains  are 
the  Appennines,  which  traverse  this  coun- 
try from  N  to  S,  branching  out  to  the  two 
extremities;  and  the  celebrated  volcano, 
mount  Vesuvius.  The  rivers  are  numer- 
ous, but  inconsiderable  ;  the  chief  are  the 
Garigliano  and  Volturiio.  One  of  the 
greatest  inconveniences  to  which  the  king- 
dom is  exposed  is  earthquakes.  Th^^  es- 
tablished religion  is  the  Ronian  catholic, 
and  the  clergy  and  convents,  under  the  old 
government,  possessed  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  kingdom  ;  but  protestants  and  Jews 
are  allowed  to  settle  here.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  this  country  have,  at  ali  times 
borne  but  an  iiviifferent  character  among 
other  nations  ;  gluttony  is  here  a  jiredomi- 
nant  vice,  while  ins^iances  of  ebriety  are 
comparatively  rare.  In  the  female  sex,  the 
passion  for  finery  is  almost  sirperior  to 
any  other  ;  and  though  ciiastity  is  not  the 
characteristic  virtue  of  the  country,  yet  a 
Neapolitan  woman  would  for  the  most  part, 


prefer  a  present  to  a  lover.  Tliat  furious 
jealousy,  for  which  the  nation  was  once  so 
rem.irkable,  is  now  greatly  abated.  The 
breach  of  the  conjugal  vow  som;;times  oc- 
casions quarrels  and  a-sassination  among 
people  of  inferior  rank ;  and  in  the  me- 
tropolis, assassinations  are  often  perpetra- 
ted from  mvich  less  cogent  m  itives. 

JVa/ilea,  ancient  large,  I'ich,  and  tra- 
ding city  of  Italy,  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
world,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  university.  It  is  si- 
tuated at  the  bottom  of  a  bay ;  and  is 
built  in  the  form  of  a  vast  amphitheatre, 
sloping  from  the  hills  to  the  sea.  Al- 
though the  style  of  architecture  is  infe- 
rior to  what  prevails  at  Rome,  and  it 
cannot  vie  with  that  city  in  the  number 
of  palaces,  or  in  the  magnificence  of  the 
public  buildings,  the  private  houses,  in 
general,  are  better  built,  and  the  streets 
are  broader  and  better  paved.  No  street 
in  Rome  equals  in  beauty  the  Strada  di 
Toltdo  at  Naples ;  nor  can  any  of  them 
be  compared  with  the  beau.iful  streets 
which  lie  open  to  the  bay,  and  here  the 
excessive  heat  of  the  sun  is  often  tem- 
pered with  the  sea-breezes  and  gales 
wafting  the  perumes  of  the  Campagna 
Felice.  The  houses  in  general,  are  five 
or  six  stories  high,  and  Hat  on  the  top,  on 
which  are  placed  numbers  of  flower 
vases,  or  fruit  trees  in  boxes  of  earth, 
producing  a  very  gay  and  agreeable  ef- 
fect. On  the  mountain  of  St.  Elmo,  in  a 
most  pleasant  situation,  is  a  convent  of 
Carthusians,  on  which  much  expense 
has  been  lavished,  to  render  the  build- 
ing, the  apartmenis,  and  the  gardens, 
equal  to  the  situation.  Naples  is  admi- 
rably suited  for  commerce,  and  has  all 
the  necessaries  and  luxurits  of  life  in 
great  profusion  ;  and  yet  tradf?  is  but  in 
a  languishing  condition.  The  chief  ar- 
ticles manufactured  here  are  silk  stock- 
ings, soap,  snuff-boxes  of  tortoise-shell, 
or  of  the  lava  of  Mount  Vesuvius  ;  tables, 
and  ornamental  furiiiture,  of  marble. 
They  are  thought  to  embroider  here 
better  than  in  France ;  and  their  niacca- 
roni  is  preferred  to  that  of  any  y^art;  of 
Italy.  They  excel  also  in  liquors  and 
confections  ;  particularly  in  one  kind  of 
confection,  called  diabolonis,  of  a  veiy 
hot  and  stimlating  nature,  and  which 
is  sold  at  a  very  high  price.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  computed  at  350,000, 
which  is  very  probable  ;  for  though  Na- 
ples is  not  one-third  of  the  size  of  Lon- 
don, yet  many  of  the  streets  here  are 
more  crowded  tlian  the  Strand ;  and  a 
great  jjroportion  of  the  poorest  sort  are 
obliged  to  spend  the  night  in  them,  as 
well  as  the  day,  for  want  of  habitations. 
Theve  is  not  a  citv  in  the  world,  per- 
679 


X  A  F 


A  K 


haps,  with  the  same  number  of  inhabi- 
tants, in  which  so  few  contribute  to  the 
wealth  of  the  community,  by  useful  and 
productive  labour ;  the  number  of  priests, 
monks,  fidlers,  lawyers,  nobility,  foot- 
men, and  lazzaronis  or  vagabonds,  is 
immense  ;  and  the  last  alone  are  compu- 
ted at  30,000.  The  nobility  are  exces- 
sively fond  of  splendour  and  show,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  brilliancy  of  their  equipages, 
the  number  of  their  attendants,  the  rich- 
ness of  their  dress,  and  the  grandeur  of 
their  titles.  The  king,  it  is  said,  counts 
100  persons  with  the  title  of  prince,  and 
still  a  greater  number  with  that  of  duke, 
among  his  subjects.  Six  or  seven  of  these 
have  estates  fron  10  to  13,000/.  a  year ; 
and  a  considerable  number  have  posses- 
sions to  about  half  that  amount ;  while 
the  annual  revenue  of  many  is  not  above 
1000;.  or  2000/.  The  inferior  nobility 
are  much  poorer ;  many  counts  and 
marquisses  not  having  above  300/.  or 
400/.  a  year,  of  a  paternal  estate,  many 
still  less,  and  not  a  few  enjoy  the  title, 
without  any  estate  whatever.  Although 
the  churches  and  convents  of  Naples  are 
not  to  be  compared  with  those  of  Rome 
in  point  of  architecture,  they  surpass 
them  in  rich  jewels,  and  in  the  quantity 
of  silver  and  golden  crucifixes,  vessels, 
and  other  ornaments.  The  cathedral  is 
a  grand  Gothic  edifice  ;  and  of  all  the 
palaces,  that  of  the  king  is  not  only  the 
most  magnificent,  but  in  the  best  style 
of  architecture.  The  harbour,  which  is 
spacious,  is  protected  by  a  mole.  The 
bay  of  Naples  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
world,  being  almost  of  a  circular  figure, 
about  30  miles  in  diameter,  shut  out 
from  the  Mediterranean  by  the  island 
c.f  Caprea,  and  three  parts  of  it  shelter- 
ed by  the  circuit  of  woods  and  mountains. 
Naples  was  taken  by  the  French  in  Ja- 
nuary 1790,  but  retaken  by  the  British 
fleet  under  Lord  Nelson,  in  June  follow- 
ing. In  1806,  it  was  again  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  French,  under  Massena, 
and  soon  afterwards  Joseph  Bonaparte 
was  here  crowned  king  of  Naples.  In 
1803,  the  city  suffered  much  damage  by 
an  earthquake.  Naples  is  110  miles  SE 
of  Rome,  104  NE  of  Palermo,  217  SE  of 
Florence,  and  300  S  by  E  of  Venice. 
Lon.  14  20E,  lat.  14  55N. 

jYaples,  township  and  post  village  of 
Ontario  county.  New  York,  18  miles  S 
from  Canandaigua.  Population  1820, 
1038. 

JVafiloosc,  or  A'a/iolose.  See  A^hd- 
lous. 

A'afio,  river  of  South  America,  rising 
in  Quito,  and  flowing  SE  falls  into  the 
Amazon.    Lon.  W  C  4  50  E,  lat.  3  45  S. 

-Yafioli  di  Malvasia,  seaport  of  Eu- 


ropean  Turkey,  and  capital  of  the  isl- 
and of  Malvasia.  It  has  a  fine  har- 
bour defended  by  a  good  citadel ;  and 
a  long  wooden  bridge,  which  joins  it 
to  the  mainland.  It  gives  name  to 
tiiat  excellent  wine,  called  Malmsey  ; 
and  was  the  ancient  Epidaurus,  famed 
for  the  temple  of  jEsculapius.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Napoli  de  Romania,  38  miles 
SE  of  Misitra.  Lon.  22  58  E,  lat.  36 
53  N. 

JVafioli  di  Romania,  seaport  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  the  Morea,  and  an 
archbishop's  see,  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  inhabited  by  60,000  Greeks,  beside 
people  of  different  nations ;  and  has  a 
large  harbour,  with  a  narrow  entrance 
defended  by  a  citadel.  This  town  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1715.  It  is  20 
miles  SSW  of  Corinth.  Lon.  22  44  E, 
lat.  37  44  N. 

JVara,  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of 
Niphon,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  25 
miles  NVV  of  Meacovv^. 

A'arasinghapiira,  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Mysore,  with  two  considerable  tem- 
ples. It  is  well  built,  and  stands  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  Cavery,  immedi- 
ately below  the  influx  of  the  Kapini,  20 
miles  ESE  of  Mysore. 

J^ar berth,  town  of  Wales,  in  Pem- 
brokeshire, with  a  market  on  Wednes- 
day, seated  on  a  hill,  12  miles  NE  of 
Pembroke,  and  242  W  by  N  of  London. 

Karbonne,  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude.  Before  the  I'evolu- 
tion  of  1789,  it  was  an  archiepiscopal 
see.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans,  it  was 
the  capital  of  that  part  of  Gaul  called 
Gallia  Narbonensis  ;  and  here  emperor 
Marcus  Aurelius  was  born.  Some  Ro- 
man inscriptions,  in  different  parts  of  the 
city,  are  still  visible  ;  and  the  canal  from 
the  river  Aude,  through  the  city,  to  the 
Mediterranean,  was  cut  by  the  Romans. 
Narbonne  is  famous  for  its  honey,  and 
the  cathedral  is  rematkabie  for  its  noble 
choir.  It  is  five  miles  from  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  80  ESE  of  Toulouse.  Lon. 
3  OE,  lat.  43  UN. 

A''arborough,  island  of  South  America, 
on  the  coast  of  Chili,  so  called  because 
Sir  John  Narborough  refreshed  his  men 
here,  when  sent  to  the  Soutli  Sea  in  the 
reign  of  Cliarles  II.  Lon.  74  ZH  W,  lat. 
45  ()  N. 

j\arconda:u,  barren  rock  rising  ab- 
ruptly out  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  uninha- 
bited, and  seemingly  destitute  of  vegeta- 
tion. It  is  about  20  leagues  E  of  the  An- 
damans. 

A''ardr>,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  d'Otranto,     In  this   little  towr. 


'N  A  U 


N  A  S 


♦.here  are  8Q0O  inhabitants ;  it  is  CO  miies 
NW  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  16. E,  lat.  40 
18  N. 

A'urcnta,  town  of  Turkey  in  Dalma- 
tia,  Avith  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  46  miles  NE  of  Ra- 
gusa.    Lon.  1 3  27  E,  lat  43  .35  N. 

A'arnaila,  town  of  the  Dfccan,  in  the 
province  of  Berar,  72  miles  E  of  Burnam 
pour     Lon.  77  34 E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

J^'arni,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  Sabina.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  mar- 
ble bridge,  built  by  Auc;ustus,  one  of 
whose  arches  was  150  feet  high,  and 
200  br.ad ;  as  also  of  an  aqueduct  that 
broui^ht  water  from  a  spring  at  the  dis- 
tance of  15  miles.  It  contains  a  great 
many  noble  families,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Nera,  20  miles  SW  of  Spoletco,  and  40 
NE  of  Rome 

A''Qrova,  river  of  the  Russian  empire, 
which  issues  from  the  lat^e  Pcipus,  and 
watering  N'arva,  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  eight  miles  below  that  town. 
It  is  noted  for  two  picturesque  water- 
falls, pompously  described  by  travellers, 
but  far  inferior  to  that  of  tlie  Rhine,  at 
Schaffhausen.  The  breadth  of  the  river 
is  about  200  feet,  and  the  perpendicu- 
lar height  of  the  falL^  scarcely  exceeds 
20  feet.' 

Alirraganscii,  beautiful  bay  of  the 
United  States  in  Rhode  Island.  It  opens 
between  Poir.t  Judith  on  the  W,  and 
Seaconet  to  the  E,  and  extending  from 
S  to  N  30  miles  to  the  city  of  Providence, 
where  it  terminates,  and  receives  Paw- 
tucket  and  some  smaller  rivers.  It  varies 
in  width  from  one  to  fifteen  miles  ;  and 
is  chequered  by  Rhode  Island,  Prudence, 
and  Connanicut.  One  of  its  minor  bays, 
Mount  Hope,  receives  Taunton  river 
from  Massachusetts.  The  shores  are 
bold.witiiout  being  very  elevated,  and  the 
adjacent  country  picturesque,  and  well 
peopled.  It  was  the  opini<n  in  1817,  of 
the  United  States  Navy  Cnmmi,ssioners, 
that  this  bay  ;;ff(Tded  the  most  eliigible 
site  for  a  naval  depot  NE  from  the  Che- 
sapeak. 

JVarraguagus,  bay  of  Washington 
county,  Maine,  receiving  a  small  river  of 
the  same  name,  from  the  NW  part  of  the 
county. 

Alirraguagiis,  post  town,  Washington 
county,  Maine,  on  the  Narraguagus,  37 
miles  W  from  Machias.  Population  1820, 
imcertap- 

.Yarrows,  The,  strait  that  separates 
Long  Island  from  Staten  Island,  aiul 
unites  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  the  bay 
of  New  York. 

JSTarsingafiatan,  a  town  of  the  penin 
sula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  territory  of 
Eisnagur.    It  was  the  residence  former- 
4  T? 


iy  of  a  kin?,  and  is  situated  400  miles  SE 
of  Bombay.     Lon.  76  10  E,  lat.  15  30  N. 

A^arva,  a  strong  town  of  the  Russian 
empire,  in  Ingria,  or  the  government  of 
Petersburgh.  The  houses  are  built  of 
brick,  stuccoed  white ;  and  it  has  more 
the  appearance  of  a  German  than  of  a 
Russian  town  In  the  suburbs,  called 
Ivangorod,  or  John's  town,  the  colossal 
remains  of  an  ancient  fortress,  built  by 
Ivan  Vassilievitch  the  Great,  impend  in 
a  picturesque  manner  over  the  steep 
banks  of  the  Narova.  Near  Narvy  is  the 
spot  celebrated  for  the  victory  which 
Charles  XII.  in  the  19th  year  of  his  age 
gained  over  the  Russian  army  in  1700. 
Tlie  town  was  taken  by  the  czar  about 
five  years  after,  who  traversed  the  streets 
on  horseback  with  his  drawn  sword  in 
his  hand,  restrained  his  troops  from  pil- 
lage, and  placed  guards  at  the  doors  of 
the  principal  houses,  and  before  the 
churches  The  principal  exports  from 
Narva  are  hemp,  flax,  timber,  and  corn  ; 
the  imports,  salt,  tobacco,  wine,  salted 
herrings,  spices,  tea,  sugar,  and  other 
grocery  wares.  It  is  situated  on  the  Na- 
rova, eight  miles  from  its  mouth,  arid 
100  W  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  27  52  E, 
lat  59  18  N, 

jVarwah,  or  JVarwha,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan Prnper,  in  the  province  of  Agra, 
seated  a  little  above  the  confluence  of 
the  Sinde  with  the  Jumna.  It  is  127 
miles  S  of  Agra.  Lon  79  17  E,  lat.  25 
40  N. 

A^asebi/,  village  in  Northamptonshire, 
famous  for  the  descisive  victory  gained  by 
the  ormy  of  the  parliament  over  that  of 
Charles  I.  in  1645.  It  is  12  miles  N  of 
Northampton. 

Alish,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Edgecomb  E  and  SE ; 
Wavne  S;  Johnson  SW  ;  Franklin  NW  ; 
and  Halifax  NE.  Lengh  30;  mean 
Avidth  18  ;  and  area  540  square  miles. 
Surf  ice  mooerateiy  hilly,  and  soil  near 
the  streams  productive.  Staples  cotton, 
and  tobacco.  Tar  river  flows  through 
nearly  the  middle  of  the  county.  The 
court-house,  at  which  there  is  a  post  of- 
fice, is  about  40  miles  NE  by  E  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .         -         .        2,030 

do  do.    females      -        -        -       3,214 


To'al  whites       .... 

All  oMin-  persons  except  indian.s 

no*  tayed       .... 

Slaves,  .        .        .        . 

Total  population  in  lolO     - 

681 


4,244 

127" 
2,197 

7,268 


N  A  b 


X  A  i 


Population  in  ISiO. 
rtee  white  males       ...        2,258 

do.    do.  females     ...         2,264 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  o 


Total  wliites 

. 

4,';22 

Free  persons  of  colour,  mal 

es     - 

303 

do,            do.        {"em 

ales 

H5 

Slaves,  males      - 

1,718 

do.    females 

. 

1,727 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

8,185 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  oot  natural>zed 

- 

4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

- 

2,527 

do.        in  Manufactures 

- 

102 

do.        in  Commerce 

. 

12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

JVashiian,  one  of  the  Elizabeth  islands, 
Massachusetts,  near  the  mouth  of  Buz- 
zard's bay. 

JVas/iua  river,  rises  in  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  Hous  NE  across  the 
north  west  angle  of  Middlesex;  enters 
New  Hannpshire.  and  falls  into  the  Mer- 
rimack in  Hillsborough  county. 

JVashville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Davidson  county  Tennessee,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Tennesse  river;  200  miles 
W  from  Knoxvilie,  430  NE  from  Nat- 
chez ;  and  180  NNE  from  New  Orleans 
by  General  Jackson's  road.  Lon.  VV  C 
9  40  W,  lat.  38  4  N  It  is  the  central 
point  of  a  very  fertile,  v/ell  cultivated, 
and  populous  country.  Cumberland  river 
is  navigable,  except  at  very  low  water 
for  steam  boats  to  this  town  ;  one  or  more 
of  these  vessels  ply  between  there  and 
New  Orleans.  It  contains  beside  the  or- 
dinary county  buildings,  two  printing  of- 
fices ;  two  barks,  an  academy  for  young 
ladies,  and  several  manufactories.  Po- 
pulation about  40C0. 

A'assau,  country  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Westphalia,  on  the  E  by  the 
county  of  Solmes,  on  the  S  by  the  terri- 
tory of  Mentz,  and  on  thu  W  by  Treves 
It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains  mines  of 
iron,  copper,  and  lead.  This  small  ter- 
ritory v/as  form'  rly  known  by  various 
names,  but  now  united  into  a  duchy, 
with  an  independent  sovereign  duke. 
Area  about  2200  square  miles,  and 
300,000  inhabitants. 

Missau.  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Lahn,  12  miles  SE  of  Ct  bleiitz  Lon  7 
42  E,  lat.  50  18  N.  It  is  held  in  common, 
between  the  prince  of  Nassau  and  king 
of  the  Netherlands, 

JVassau,  river  of  Florida,  rising  be- 
tween St.  John's  and  St.  Mary's  rivers, 
GS2 


and  flowing  parallel  to  each,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  between  I'albot,  and 
Amelia  islands,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  ab  lUt  70  miles.  Nassau  capital 
of  the  island  of  New  Providence.  Lon. 
W  C  0 .50  W,  lat.  24  55  N. 

J\/assau,  post  town,  and  township  Ren- 
salaer  county.  New  York,  15  miles  SE 
from  Albany.    Population  1820,  2873. 

JVaici,  or  Santiago  de  los  Caberellos, 
city  of  North  America,  in  Veragua. 
Lon,  W  C  3  17  VV,  lat.  8  22  N. 

Mitchez.  principal  town  in  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  and  the  seat  of  justice  for 
Adams  county,  lies  upon  the  left  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  at  lat.  31  33  N,  and 
lon.  W  C  14  30  W.  The  site  is  a  beauti- 
ful and  commanding  bluff,  rising  from 
one  to  tvv^o  hundred  feet  above  the  Mis- 
sissippi river ;  and  by  its  peculiar  location 
is  protected  from  the  noisome  exhala- 
tions of  the  adjacent  low  grounds.  The 
edge  of  the  Bluff  rises  into  a  long  narrow 
ridge,  which  renders  the  Mississippi  river 
invisible  from  the  streets  of  the  town. 
It  contains  280  dwelling  houses,  four 
places  of  public  worship,  one  for  Roman 
Catholics,  one  for  Presbyterians,  one  for 
Methodists.and  one  for  Baptists ;  six  large 
Avarehouses ;  an  elegant  court-house,  and 
jail :  25  dry  good  stores,  two  steam  saw 
mills,  and  a  steam  aqueduct.  A  state 
bank,  with  a  cajntal  of  900,000  dollars  ; 
having  offices  in  Woodville  and  Port  Gib- 
son. This  is  the  only  banking  institution 
in  the  state,  and  by  its  charter  the  faith 
of  the  state  is  pledged  not  to  grant  any 
other  basking  charter  until  1840. 

The  sessions  of  the  Supreme  court,  and 
of  the  District  court  of  the  United  States, 
are  held  at  present  at  this  place. 

During  about  nine  months  of  the  year, 
from  October  to  the  ensuing  June,  Natchez 
is  a  very  lively  scene  of  commercial  acti- 
vity. Immense  quantities  of  produce  from 
the  regions  on  Ohio,  Mississippi,  Sec.  find 
here  a  ready  and  profitable  market.  The 
cotton  shipped  from  this  port  in  ordinary 
seasons,  exceeds  35,000  bales.  The  entire 
cott'in  shipped  from  the  whole  stale  in 
1820—21,  was  estimated  at  80,000  bales  ; 
and  that  for  1821—2,  supposed  will  be  at 
least  equal  to  that  of  the  preceding  year. 

The  bills  of  mortality  reponed  under  the 
superiiitendance  of  the  board  of  health, 
justify  ;he  opinion  that  Natchez  is  healthy 
for  residents.  In  sultry  summers,  the 
greatest  number  of  deaths  are  amc^gst  per- 
sons engaged  on  the  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

The  f  llowing  table   exhibits  the  actua 
and  progressive  population  of  this  city. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -  62(> 


Is   A  1 


N  A  \ 


Free  white  females    -  -  -  395 

Total  whites        -        -        -  1,021 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -  .  .  31 

Slaves      .       -        .  _  .  459 

Total  population  in  1810  -  -  1,511 

Population  in  1820. 


Free  white  males 

900 

do.    do.  females 

548 

All  other  persons  except  iRdians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        - 

0 

Total  whites         .... 

1,448 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

40 

do.            do.        females  - 

42 

Slaves,  males       -        • 

298 

do.    females     -        -        .        . 

356 

All  oihcr  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          -        -        -        -         181 
Slaves 1.476 

Total  population  in  1810      •         -       2,870 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        2,6^3 

do.      do.     females  -        -         2,112 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 


Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do,        fe  Hi  ale  3 

Slaves,  males  .        -        - 

do.     females        _       _        - 


Total  population  in  1820 


7,486. 


42 

1 

130 

97 


Total  population  in  1820      - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufaciures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 

Natchez  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  alder- 
man, and  city  council,  with  the  ordinarj' 
county  justices  of  the  peace,  who  have  m 
ordinary,  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction 
concurrent  power  with  the  aldermen.  It 
is  322  miles  by  water,  and  156  by  land 
above  New  Orleans,  1613  below  Pittsburg, 
846  below  St.  Louis,  and  670  below  tlie 
mouth  of  Ohio. 

JVatchitoches,  NW  parish  of  Louisiana  ; 
bounded  by  Texas  SVV  and  W  ;  Arkansaw 
territory  N ;  Wasiitai.i  parish  E  ;  Rapides 
SE,  and  Opelousas  S.  Le  igth  140  ;  mean 
width  75 ;  and  area  10,500  square  miles. 
Surface  generally  hilly,  particularly  be- 
tween Ked  and  Sabine  rivers.  Except 
near  the  margin  of  Red  river,  the  sod  is 
generally  sterile,  and  cov.  red  with  pine 
timber.  Some  other,  though  compa^'p.tively 
small  tracts  of  productive  sol  skirt  the 
streams.  An  extensive  body  of  low  ground, 
subject  to  annual  submersion,  extends 
along  Red  river,  and  runs  through  this 
parish  obliquely.  The  greatest  part  of  the 
inhabitants  are  settled  on  the  alluvial 
banks  of  Red  river.  The  soi'i  upon  the 
margin  of  the  Sabine  is  in  very  few  places 
fit  for  culture.  Beside  Red  and  Sabine, 
the  rivers  of  Natchitoches  are  Bodcan, 
Dacheet,  Black  river,  and  Saline.  Chief 
staples,  cotton,  lumber,  and  peltry.  Chief 
town,  Natchitoches. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


Of  these  ; 

2,184    Foreigners  not  naturalized 

—    Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


Total  whites 


681 
5.32 

1,213 


945 
2,701 
157 
37 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  |. 

JWiicldtoches,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, fci'r  the  pari-sli  oTNatchitoches,  Louisi- 
ana, on  the  right  bank  of  Red  viver,  at 
hit.  31  16  N,  ion.  W  C  16  10  W.  The 
houses  are  chi'-fly  contained  in  one  street, 
running  parallel  to  the  river.  Population 
about  600.  It  is  356  miles  NW  from  New 
Orleans  by  land,  ihrough  Attacapas  and 
Oijeioiisas,  £.nd  407  by  w:iter. 

J^'ntick,  post  t(!wn  and  township,  Mid- 
dlesex coun  y,  Massachusetts,  18  miles  SW 
from  Boston.     Population  in  1820,  849. 

JWuividad,  staport  of  Mexico,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  (iua>!a!ajara,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  100  miles  W  of  Guadalajara. 
Lon.  \y  C  27  0  W,  lat.  20  42  N. 

JVut'jlia,  country  formerly  a  part  of  Asia 
Min.jr.  It  is  the  most  western  part  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Black  sea;  E  by  Caraoiania ;  S  by  the 
Mediterranean,  and  W  by  the  Archipelago 
and  tile  sea  of  Marmora.  The  sod  is  gene- 
rally fertile,  prod\icing  fruits  of  various 
kinds,  corn,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  .silk.  It 
is  crossed  by  a  chain  of  mountains,  formerly 
called  Taurus,  from  W  to  E,  and  watered 
by  a  great  number  of  r  vers.  Kiutaia  is  the 
capital.  Papulation  about  5,000,000,  com- 
posed of  Turks,  Greeks,  Ar.menians,  Jews, 
and  other  nations. 

A"a(tam,  town  and  fortress  of  Ilindoostan, 
in  the  countr)  of  Madura,  18  miles  N  of 
Madura,  a"d  45  SSW  of  Trichinopoly. 

A'nttore,  'own  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
47  miles  ENE  of  Moorshedabad. 

Mivan,  vown  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
M^ath,  seated  at  the  c.mfiux  of  the  Black- 
water  wi'.h  the  Boyne,  25  mUes  NW  of 
Dublin. 

A'avarin,  seaport  of  European  Ttirkey, 
683 


N  A  V 


I!>  A  / 


an  the  W  coast  of  the  Morea,  with  a  large 
harbour  defended  by  two  forts.  In  1770, 
it  was  taken  by  tiie  Russians^  It  is  seated 
on  a  liill,  10  miles  N  by  E  of  Moclon,  and 
17  WNW  of  Coron.  Lon.  21  34  R,  kit.  3/ 
2  N. 

J\ravarre,  kingdom  of  Europe,  lyin^  be- 
tween  France  and  Spain,  and  dl\'idecl  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower.  The  Upper  bel  ngs 
to  Spain,  and  is  75  mdes  ioiig  and  (30 
broad.  Though  a  mountainous  counuy, 
abounding  in  game  and  iron  mines,  some 
valleys  produce  good  corn  and  excellent 
wine.  It  is  divided  into  five  disti'icts, 
whose  chief  towns  are  Pamplona,  Estella, 
Tudela,  Olita,  and  St.  Guesca.  Lower 
Navarre  belongs  to  Fiance,  and  is  now  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  Spanish  Navarre  by  the  Pyre- 
nees,  and  is  a  mountainous,  barren  country, 
20  miles  long  and  12  broad.  From  tliis 
country  the  king  of  France  takes  his  title 
of  king  of  Navarre.     See  Palais,  St. 

J\''avarrf,  J\i'ew,  province  of  New  Mexico, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  a  country  unknown  ; 
E  by  New  Slexico  Proper  and  New  Biscay  ; 
S  by  Cuhacan,  and  W  by  the  gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia. This  country  was  discovered  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1552.  The  natives  are 
robust  and  warlike,  and  were  with  difficul- 
ty brought  to  submission  :  they  make  vise 
of  bows  with  poisoned  arrows,  clubs  of  red 
wood,  and  bucklers.  The  chief  Spanish 
town  is  Cinaloa. 

JVavarreins,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  seated  on  the 
Gave  d'Oleron,  26  miles  SE  of  Bayonne. 

J^'auen,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  mark,  18  miles  WNW  of'Berlin. 

JK'anmberg;  town  of  Germany,  in  Lovrer 
Hesse,  situate  on  the  Eider,  11  miles  WSW 
of  Cassel. 

JK'atnnlmrg,  town  of  Germsny,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  14  miles  WSW  of 
Cassel,  and  36  SW  of  Gottingen.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Eder. 

J\''amnb%t,rg,  town  of  tapper  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Naumbirg,  seated 
on  the  Sala,  37  miles  NR  of  Erfort,  and 
60  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  51 
12  N, 

Jifavesink,  See  J\'eversink-HiUs. 
JVaviffator's  Islands,  a  cluster  of  ten 
islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
Bougainville,  and  explored  by  Perouse  in 
1787.  They  are  called  by  the  natives 
Opoun,  Leone,  Fanfoue,  Maouna,  Oyalava, 
Calinasse,  Pola,  Shika,  Ossamo,  and  Ouero 
Opoun,  the  most  southerly  and  easterly  of 
these  islands,  lies  in  lon.  169  7  W,  lat  14 
7  S.  Maouna,  Oyalava,  and  Pola,  may  be 
numbered  among  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  islands  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean 
They  combine  the  advantages  of  a  soil 
fruitful  without  culture,  and  a  climate  that 
renders  clothing  unnecessary.  The  inhiibi. 
6R4 


tants  are  a  strong  and  lusty  race  ;  scarcely 
a  man  to  be  seen  among  them  less  than 
six  feet  liigh,  and  the  women  are  in  pro- 
portion.    See  J\fao2iiia. 

JK'axkoTu,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  F^aland,  with  a  harbour  commodious  for 
trade,  and  a  plentiful  fishery  here  It  is 
60  miles  SW  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  11  31 
E,  lat.  54  52  N. 

JK'axos,  or  J\'axia,  considerable  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  25  miles  iu  length  and  88 
in  cu'cumference.  It  abounds  with  orange, 
olive,  lemon,  cedar,  citron,  pomegranate, 
fig,  and  mulberry-trees  ;  and  though  it  has 
no  harbour,  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  barley,  wine,  oil,  cheese,  figs,  cotton, 
si:]c,  flax,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  and  raules.  It 
is  inhribited  both  by  Greeks  and  Latins,  has 
four  archiepiscopal  sees,  and  a  great  many 
villages  ;  but  the  whole  island  does  not 
contain  abuve  8000  mhabitants,  the  highest 
mountain  is  Zia,  which  signifies  the  moun- 
t.in  of  Jupiter.  This  islund  was  anciently 
famous  for  a  tort  of  marble  called  ophitus, 
from  its  being  spotted  like  the  skin  of  a 
serpent,  with  green  and  white  spots.  On 
the  mountains  near  the  coasts  of  the  Medi- 
terranean is  found  the  best  emery,  whence 
the  neighbouring  promontory  is  by  the 
Italians  called  Cape  Smeriglio.  On  the 
S  side  of  the  island  is  a  town  defended  by 
a  castle.  About  a  gunshot  from  hence  is  a 
fine  marble  tower  on  a  rock,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  heap  of  stately  ruins  of  marble  and 
granite,  prohably  the  remains  of  Bacchus's 
temple.     Lon   26  10  E,  lat.  36  41  N, 

J^'axos,  or  JSl'axia,  capital  of  the  isle  of 
Naxos,  with  a  castle  and  two  archiepisco- 
pal sees,  the  one  Greek  and  the  other 
Latin.  The  greatest  part  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  Greeks.  Lon.  25  59  E,  iat.  37 
8  N. 

JVazarelh,  town  of  P;destine,  famous  for 
being  the  residence  of  Jesus  Christ,  in  the 
early  part  of  his  fife.  It  is  now  nothing 
but  a  village,  where  the  monks  of  St.  Fran- 
cis have  a  convent.  Lon.  35  20  E,  lat.  32 
30  N. 

J^'azareth,  Lower,  township  of  Nortliamp- 
ton  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monocacy 
creek,  seven  miles  NW  from  Easton. 
Population,  in  1820,  1084. 

JWizaretli,  C//)/>er,  township  of  Northamp- 
ton county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Bush-kil! 
and  Monocacy  creeks,  eight  miles  NW  from 
Easton.     Population  in  1320,663. 

.Yazareth,  post  town  in  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  belonging  to  the 
Unitas  Fratrum,  or  society  of  Moravians ; 
it  is  situated  10  miles  N  of  Bethlehem, 
eight  W  by  N  of  Easton  on  the  river 
Delaware,  and  53  N  of  Philadelphia.  In 
1800  it  contained  311  inhabitants,  distin- 
guished for  theip  industry  and  regularity 
of  manners, 


.\    E  E 


N  K  G 


A'azc,  or  Cape  IJndenas,  tlie  most  south- 
ern prom;>ntory  of  Norway,  [.on.  7  20 E, 
lat.  57  oO  X 

JW'iijh,  Lough,  lake  of  Ireland,  stuated 
ill  the  CDiintiesof  Armagli,  Down,  Antrim, 
Landondfrry,  and  Tyr.ine.  It  Is  the  largest 
in  Europe,  tlinse  of  Ladoga,  and  Oatga  in 
Kussia,  and  that  of  Geneva  in  Swisser- 
land,  excepted,  being  20  miles  long  and  15 
iji'oad. 

JS'eath,  corporate  town  in  GlamorgaR- 
sliire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Neatii,  over  which  is  a 
ondgc,  where  sm;dl  vessels  come  to  load 
coal.  On  the  oiher  side  of  the  river  are 
the  ruins  of  a  fina  monastery,  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  iron  forges,  smelling 
works  for  copper,  and  coal  mines.  It  is 
governed  by  a  portreeve,  who  is  sworn 
Ja  by  the  deputy  constable  of  the  ca-tle.of 
Neatb,  and  seated  ne.'»r  tlie  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, 32  miles  NW  of  I.jndaff,  and  200  W 
by  N  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W,  lat.  51 
43  N.' 

J<teath,  river  in  Glamorganshire,  which 
falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  below  the 
town  of  Neath. 

JK'eb,  river  in  the  isle  of  Man,  wliicli  runs 
into  tiie  Irish  Sea  at  Peel  Castle. 

J\'el)io,  or  J\'ebbio,  ruined  city  on  tiie  W 
side  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  with  a  bishop's 
see,  whose  bishop  resides  at  St.  Fiorenzo, 
a  mile  distant. 

J^'ebra,  town  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Thuringia.  It  is  12  miles  NW 
of  Na'umburg.  Lon.  11  26  E,  lat.  51 
13  N. 

K\'echar,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  black  Forest,  crosst-s  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  and  the  palatinate  of  the 
Khine,  .and  fiills  into  the  Rhine,  at  Man- 
heim. 

J','cckur3-Gemund,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the 
Neckar.     Lon.  9  55,  E,  lat.  49  26  N. 

JS'eckara-Uim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Neckar. 
It  belongs  to  tlie  grand  muster  of  tlie 
Teutonic  order.  Lon.  9  5  E,  lat.  49 
22  N. 

JW'droma,  city  of  Algiers,  renr.arkablo  for 
its  magnilicent  ruins.  Lon.  0  38  W,  lat.  u5 
40  N. 

J^'i'cdham,  tovv'n  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  the  Orwell, 
and  has  some  tracie  in  Suffolk-blues,  and 
cloths  ;  and  women  are  em])]oyed  in  spin- 
ning and  weaving  bonelace.  It  is  10  miles 
NW  of  Ipswich,  and  7o  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  52  l5  N. 

.Vced/iam,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts.  It  is  situated  between 
Newton  and  Naticit,  12  miles  SW  of  Eos- 
ion.     Population  in  1820,  1227. 

A'eedles,  two  voc'^s  in  Hampshire,  N  of 


tile  isle  of  Wight  so  called  from  their  sharp 
extremities. 

A''ee'ieeheoi(>,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
five  leagues  W  of  Atooi.  The  E  CD^st  is 
iiigi!,  and  ris.-s  abruptly  from  the  sea  ;  the 
rest  of  it  consists  of  low  ground,  except  a 
round  bluff  head  on  the  SB  point.  It  pro- 
duce.->  plenty  of  yams,  and  contains  about 
10,000  inhabitants. 

j\'ee>~ui)iden,  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
a  little  N  by  W  of  Landen.     See  Landeii. 

J\eJ'iu,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
250  miles  S  by  W  of  Tunis.  Lon.  9  25  E, 
lat.  33  ON. 

j\'e§-apatam,  city  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  oa  the  coast  olCoromandel.  It 
was  first  a  colony  of  the  Portuguese,  but 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  who  were  dispos- 
sessed of  it  by  the  English  in  1782;  but,  by 
the  peace  of  1783,  it  was  agreed  to  be  re- 
stored to  the  Dutch,  whenever  they  should 
give  an  equivalent  for  it.  Negajjatam  is 
183  miles  S  of  Madras.  Lon.  79  56  E,  lat. 
10  4G  N. 

jYagambOy  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of  the 
isle  of  Ceylon.  It  has  a  fort  built  by  the 
Portuguese,  which  was  taken  in  1640,  by 
the  Dutcli,  who  v/ere  forced  to  give  it  up 
to  the  English  in  February  1796.  Lon.  83 
46  E,  iat.  7  30  N. 

J^'eg-rais,  seaport  on  the  E  side  of  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  240  miles  WSW  of  Pegu.  Lon. 
94  4  E,  lat.  15  50  N. 

J\'egril  point,  most  westerly  promontory 
of  the  island  of  Jamaica. 

A'^s^ro,  Cape,  promontory  of  Africa,  on 
the  W  coast  of  Angola,  being  the  most 
southerly  country  to  which  the  Europeans 
usually  resort  to  purchase  slaves.  Lon.  10 
40  E,  lat.  15  54  N. 

J\egro,  Rio,  large  river  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, rises  in  the  Andes.  Lon.  W  C  3^  E,  lat. 
2*^  N.  It  flows  SE  by  E  by  comparative 
courses  1000  miie.^,  and  falls  into  the  Ama- 
zon at  lon.  V'l  C  17"  E,  lat.  3*^  S.  By  one  of 
i*s  branches,  the  Cassiquiari,  it  has  a  com- 
munication with  tiie  Orinoco. 

J^i'egro,  Rio,  river  of  South  A:nerica> 
rising  in  the  Andes  of  Chili.  Lon.  W  C  7° 
E,  and  lat.  33°  S.  It  flows  SE  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  500  miles. 

J^'egro's  Island,  one  of  the  Piiilippine 
Islands^  between  Pannay  and  Zebu. 

A'egroland,  ov  A'igfitia,  couiitry  of  Africa, 
through  which  the  river  Niger  is  suppo- 
sed to  run.  ft  has  the  great  desert  of 
Zahara  on  the  N,  and  stretches  far  to  the 
S,  but  the  inland  parl^  are  very  little 
known.  The  Europeans  have  many  set- 
tlements on  the  coast,  where  they  bar'er 
European  goods  for  slaves,  gold  dust,  and 
elephant's  teeth. 

J^'egropont,  island  of  Turkey  in  Etirope, 
the  largest  n\  the  Archipelago.  It  was  an- 
6S5 


N  E  L 


i\  E  I. 


cienlly  called  Eubosa,  and  is  near  the  N 
coast  of  Lavadia,  separated  from  it  by  the 
strait  of  Negrop./nt,  over  u  hich  is  a  bridge. 
It  is  90  miles  in  lengtli,  and  25  in  breadth, 
thougli  in  si'me  places  much  narrower,  it 
abounds  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits. 

J^'egropoiu,  strong  city,  capital  of  the 
island  of  the  same  name,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
which  is  commonly  the  station  of  the 
Turkish  sliips.  The  walls  of  the  city  in 
■which  the  Turks  and  Jews  reside,  are  two 
miles  and  a  half  in  circumference ;  but 
the  suburbs,  where  the  Cliristians  live,  are 
mucli  larger.  It  was  taken  in  1469,  from 
the  Venetians,  who  attempted  to  retake  it 
in  1688,  without  effect.  It  is  seated  on  a 
strait  of  the  same  name,  30  miles  NE  of 
Athens,  and  260  SW  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  24  8  E,  lat.  38  30  N. 

JVevGhand,  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agemi,  famous  for  a  battle  fought  near  it, 
between  the  califf  Omar  and  Yez  Degerd, 
king  of  Persia,  in  1638,  when  he  lost  that 
kingdom.  It  is  170  miles  NVV  of  Ispahan. 
Lon.  47  10  E,  lat.  32  20  N. 

J\''eidenc.u,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Meniz,  situat;  d  on  the  Jaxt.  It  is 
33  miles  ESE  of  Heidelberg. 

JVddenbei'g;  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle 
on  a  mountain,  75  miles  E  of  Culm. 

J^^eilstoji,  village  in  Renfrewshire,  to 
the  S  of  Paisley.  It  is  noted  for  a  cotton 
manufactory.  Lon.  4  20  V/,  lat.  53  22 
N. 

J^eisoe,  tov/n  of  Silesia,  surrounded  by 
thick  walls  and  deep  ditches.  The  bishop 
of  Breslaw  generally  resides  here,  and  has 
a  magnificent  palace.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a  considerable  trade  in  linens  and  wine. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
27  miles  NE  of  Glatz,and  35  SE  of  Breslaw. 
Lon.  17  o5  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

J\'eiva,  province  of  Columbia  in  New 
Granada,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 
The  province  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Mag- 
dalena.  Neiva  the  city  is  about  midway 
between  Popayan  and  Santa  Fe  de  Bo- 
gota. 

JVellenbxirg,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
landgravate  of  the  same  name,  20  miles  N 
of  Constance,  and  20  NE  of  Schaff  hausen. 
Lon.  9  8  E,  lat.  47  59  N. 

JVtihon,  English  settlement  in  North 
.\merica,  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nelson,  250  miles 
SE  of  Churchill  Fort.  It  belongs  to  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  who  carry  on  a 
great  trade  in  beaver  and  other  skins.  Lon. 
92  35  W,  lat.  57  t  N. 

JYelson,  township  of  Buckingham  county. 
Lower  Canada,  35  miles  SW  from  Quebec. 

j\elsBn,  township  of  York  county,  Upper 
Canada,  on  lake  Ontario. 

JYelson,  post  town  and  township  Cheshire 
686 


county,  New  Hampshire,  33  miles  SW  from 
Concord.     Population  in  1820,  907. 

JSTelsott,  post  town,  and  township,  Madi- 
son county,  New  York,  Population  in  1820, 
2329. 

J\'elson,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
James  River  or  Buckingham  SE  ;  Amherst 
SW ;  the  Blue  Ridge  or  Rockbridge  and 
Augusta  N  W ;  and  Albemarle  NE.  Length 
23  ;  mean  width  15 ;  and  area  345  square 
miles.  Besides  being  washed  by  James 
river  it  is  drained  by  Rock  Fish,  and  Tye 
rivers.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale.  Warminster  the  chief  town 
is  about  60  miles  a  little  N  of  W  from 
Richmond. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males       ...        2,453 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -        2,444 


Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed    -        -        -        . 
Slaves        -        .        .        .        . 

4,897 

108 
4,679 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

9,684 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.   do.    females     - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        . 

2,179 
2,216 

0 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do,             do.      females 
Slaves,  males      -        -        - 
do,    females   -        -        -        . 

4,395 
44 
38 

2,915 

2,745 

Total  population  in  1820 

10,137 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,174 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  162 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  47 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

JVelson,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
E  and  SE  by  Washington  ;  S  and  SW  by 
the  Rolling  fork  of  Salt  river,  or  Hardin  ; 
NW  by  Bullitt  ;  and  N  by  Salt  river  or 
Shelby.  Length  30  ;  Mean  width  17 ;  and 
.'srea  510  square  miles.  It  extends  from  the 
Kolhng  to  the  main  fork,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Beech  fork  of  Salt  river.  Chief 
town,  Bairdstown.     Soil  productive. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...      5,615 

do.    do,    females  -        -      5,325 


Total  whites  -        -        -         10,940 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

—        '  -       -        -  28 

-      3,110 


not  taxed 


Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 


14,078 


S  E  N 


X  E  K. 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  '{vhite  males        ...       6,672 

do.    do.  females  -        -        5,668 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites        .        -         -         .  12,340 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  39 

do.              do.      females  -  19 

Slaves,  males       ....  1,849 

do.    females             -        -        -  2,026 

Total  population  in  1820  -     16,273 

Of these ; 
Foreig-ners  not  naturalized         -  26 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         4,160 

do.       in  Manufiictures  -  347 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  142 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

A'elson,  post  village  and  NE  township  of 
Portage  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
444. 

JVelsori's  ferry,  post  office,  50  miles  N 
from  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

JYelson's  Fori,  a  British  factory  at  the 
mouth  of  Nelson's  river.  Lon.  W  G  15 
42  V/.lat.  57  12  N 

JVelson's  river,  large  river  of  North  Ame- 
rica in  Cabotia,  or  British  America.  Ac- 
cording to  all  our  maps  it  is  very  difficult 
to  determine  either  the  length  or  real 
source  of  either  the  Nelson  or  Severn  ri- 
vers; both  are  made  to  be  outlets  of  lake 
Winnipic  ;  and  consequently  the  Assini- 
boin,  and  Saskatchiwaine,  are  the  common 
sources  of  both  the  former  streams.  Ta- 
ken as  a  whole,  these  united  waters  form 
the  third  largest  river  system  of  North 
America,  draining  an  area,  of  upwards  of 
1000,  by  400  miles,  or  400,000  square 
miles. 

j^'elsonviUe,  village  of  Athens  county, 
Ohio,  on  Hockhocking  river,  14  miles  \y 
from  Athens. 

JVetneha,  name  of  two  small  rivers  of  the 
United  States,  falling  into  the  Missouri, 
between  the  Platte  and  Kanzas  rivers. 

JVeitKea,  village  of  the  Morea,  famous  for 
the  Nemsean  games  anciently  celebrated 
here. 

J^emours,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Marne  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  an  old  castle, 
between  two  hills.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Loing,  10  miles  S  of  Fountainbleau,  and 
15  SE  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  37  E,  l.,t.  48  16  N. 

JVen,  the  principal  river  of  Northampton- 
shire,  which  rises  in  the  W  part  of  the 
county.  It  is  made  navigable  at  North- 
ampton, leaves  the  County  at  Petersbo- 
rough,  and  crossing  the  isle  of  Ely,  forms 
part  of  the  W  boundary  of  Norfolk,  and 
falls  into  the  Lincolnshire  Wash.  It  like- 
wise communicates  by  several  channels, 
with  the  Great  Ouse. 


^Veii,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  empties  it- 
self into  lake  Ontario,  in  the  township  of 
Pickering  ;  it  runs  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance in  the  cotmtr}'  thro'.igh  Pickering, 
Markham,  &c,  crossing  the  Yonge-street, 
and  aijparently  rising  in  the  vicinity  of  one 
of  the  brances  of  Holland's  river,  with 
which  it  Will  probabl}^  at  some  future  pe- 
riod, be  connected  by  a  canal.  This  river 
abounds  vvith  fish  ;  at  its  embouche  are 
good  intervals  for  meadow  ground,  and  it 
is  the  back  communication  from  the  Ger- 
man settlement  in  Markham  to  lake  On- 
tario, 

j\''eocastro,  fort  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Romania,  where  the  Turks  always  keep  a 
good  garrison  It  is  seated  in  the  middle 
of  the  strait  of  Constantinople,  12  miles 
from  that  city,     Lon.  29  4  E,  lat.  41  10  N. 

JWo/'s  St.  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  vvith 
a  market  on  Thursdity.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  has  a  considerable  church,  with  a 
fine  steeple,  and  a  considerable  trade  in 
coal.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  over  which 
is  a  fine  stone  bridge,  20  miles  WSW  of 
Cambridge,  and  56  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  30  W,  lat.  52  7  N. 

J\^epanoss,  Lycoming  county  Pennsylva- 
nia.    See  A^ippeiiose. 

JVepaiil,  long  narrow  kingdom  of  north- 
ern Hindoostan,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Himaleh  mountains;  S  by  Bahar  Oude  and 
Delei  ;  and  E  by  Bootan.  Capital,  see 
J\''apant. 

JVepean  Island,  island  of  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  opposite  Pon  Hunter,  on  the  S 
coast  of  Norfolk  Island,  consisting  entirely 
of  one  mass  of  sand,  held  together  by  the 
surrounding  cliffs,  which  are  a  border  of 
hard  rocks.  The  surface  was  covered  with 
a  kind  of  coarse  grass,  and  upwards  of  200 
fine  pines  were  growing  on  it. 

JVepean,  township  in  the  eastern  district, 
is  the  eighth  township  in  ascending  the 
Ottawa  river,  and  the  first  township  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river  Rideau,  Upper  Can- 
ada. 

JSl'epissingu.     See  J\'ipissing  lake. 

jVeponset,  crtek  of  Boston  harbour  na- 
vigable 4  miles  to  Milton,  for  vessels  of  150 
tons. 

J\'eponsel,  village  on  both  sides  of  Ne- 
ponset  river,  sis  miles  S  from  Boston.  Po- 
pulation, 500. 

J\'epi,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  pfitri- 
mony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Triglia,  20  miles  N  of  Rome. 
Lon.  1134E,  lat.  42  14  N. 

J>l'erac,  town  of  Prance  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vmce  of  Gviienne.  It  is  situated  on  the  ri- 
ver Ba'se,  which  is  navigable  here,  and  is 
divided  by  that  river  into  great  .ind  little 
Nerac.  In  the  16'.h  century,  the  greatest 
pyrt  of  its  inhabitants  embraced  the  re- 
formed religion,  but  were  obliged  to  stir- 
6S7 


::i  E  .8 


X  t:  1' 


sender  to  Louis  XIII.  in  1621.  Iserac  is 
20  miles  SW  of  A^en,  ana  380  S  by  Wof 
Paris.     Lon.  0  13  E,  lat.  44  2  N. 

J^erbudda,  r.ver  of  India,  whicii  issues 
fiom  a  lake  on  the  sou:  hern  confines 
of  the  province  of  \ilahabad,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Hindoostan  Proper  and 
the  Deccan,  and  falls  into  the  guU  of 
Cambay,  below  Baroach. 

.A'ericin,  a  subdivision  of  Sweden  Pro- 
per, bounded  on  liie  N  by  Westinania,  on 
the  E  by  Sudermania,  on  the  S  by  East 
Gothland,  and  on  the  W  by  West  Goth- 
land. Orebo  is  the  capital,  and  the  most 
considerable  place  in  it. 

JVero,  island  in  the  East  Indies,  the  se- 
cond  oi  the  Baida  Islands,  where  the  Dutch 
have  a  fort  called  Fort  Nassau.  Here  are 
large  serpents,  but  not  venomous,  and  the 
mountains  are  covered  with  trr-es,  in  whicli 
are  birds  of  a  very  singular  kind.  Lon, 
129  45  E,  lat.  4  40  N. 

A''erc!unsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of 
the  Russian  government  of  Irkutzk.  Its 
capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the 
Ner;cha,  which  falls  into  the  .Schilka. 

J^hicopeck,  river  of  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvtinia,  which  rises  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county  and  flows  nearly  W  into 
the  S'usquehannah,  opposite  tl.e  town  of 
Berwick. 

J\escopeck  mountain,  on  the  north  side 
of  Nescopeck  creek,  is  a  range  nearlj'  of 
the  same  heiirht  with  those  of  Wyoming, 
and  parallel  to  them.  It  forms  a  regular 
and  almost  unbroken  ridge,  nearly  destitute 
of  timber  on  its  summit,  it  extends  from 
the  Susqaeiiannah  nearly  to   the  Lehigh 

JVescopeck,  township  of  Lvizerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  river,  above  and  be'ow  Nescopeck 
creek.     Population  1820,  1034. 

JVescopecfc,  post  tov/n  of  Luzerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsvlvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah  river  above  the  mouth  of  Nesco- 
peck creek,  and  opposite  Berw:ck. 

A'eshaminy,  river,  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  rising  with  the  Tohicon  and 
Perkiomen,  and  flowing  SE  falls  into  the 
Delaware  in  the  SE  angle  of  the  county 
four  miles  below  Bristol, 

A'eshanock,  large  creek  rising  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania, 
and  flowing  S\V,  falls  into  Big  Beaver, 
below  the  village  of  Newcastle,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Beaver  count3\ 

.A'eshanock,  township  of  Mercer  coun- 
ty, Penusylvania,  above  the  mouth  of 
Neshanock  creek.  Population  1820,  1S28. 

JVeslc,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Snmme,  and  late  province  of 
Picardy.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lingon, 
eight  miles  NE  of  Royes,  and  65  N  by 
E  of  Paris.    Lon,  2  59  E,  lat.  49  51  N. 

.A  ess.  Loch,  beautiful  lake  in  Inver- 
f^8S 


ness-shire,  22  miles  in  length,  and  for  the 
most  part,  one  in  breadth,  though  some- 
times two.  It  is  she'ten^d  on  the  NW 
by  the  high  mountains  of  Urquehart  and 
M'  alfourvnney,  and  edged  with  coppices 
of  birch  and  oak. 

J^A'rshinsk,  town  of  Siberia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  but 
sometimes  called  Daourta,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Irkutsk,  with  a  fort  The 
adjacent  country  is  mountainous,  but 
yields  excellent  pasture  for  cattle ;  and 
there  are  some  considerable  lead  and 
silver  mines.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux 
of  the  Nercha  with  the  Shilka.  440  miles 
E  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  llr  34  E,  lat.  51 
52  N. 

JVetchez,  river  of  Texas,  rises  at  lat. 
32  N,  and  lon.  W  C  \7  30  VV.  It  is  form- 
ed by  srveral  branches,  the  principal  cf 
which  are  ttie  Ayeish,  Attoyeaque,  At- 
t'lscocito,  Cariso,  Nana,  and  Angelina. 
It  flows  a  little  E  of  S,  and  falls  into  Sa- 
bine lake,  after  a  comparative  course  of 
about  170  miles  The  country  drained  by 
the  Netchez  though  generally  sterile  is 
yet  superior  to  that  watered  by  the  Sa- 
bine. This  river  is  often  called,  though 
erroneously,  Rio  Nieves,  or  Snow  Ri- 
ver. Its  name  is  derived  from  a  tribe 
of  Indians," 

JVetherlands,  or  Low  Coimtries,  coun- 
try of  Europe,  anciently  called  Gallia 
Beli^ica,  26 ;  miles  in  length,  and  from 
100  to  200  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the 
W  and  N  by  the  German  Ocean,  E  by 
Germany,  and  S  by  France.  In  the 
ninth  century,  the  sons  of  emperor  Lew- 
is the  pii'.us,  having  divided  the  doir.in- 
ions  of  tht-ir  father,  who  possessed  Ger- 
many, France,  and  Italy,  a  new  king- 
dom was  formed,  comprehending  Ger- 
many and  France,  and  a  part  of  the 
Netherlands.  It  was  called  Lothario, 
but  did  not  long  subsist;  for  it  was  soon 
divided  into  two  ;  and  that  seated  rieav 
the  Mediterranean  was  called  the  king- 
dom of  Burgundy  ;  wh.ile  the  other  to 
the  N,  had  the  name  of  Austrasia.  Nei- 
ther did  this  last  continue  long,  it  being 
divided  into  17  provinces,  under  difF'e- 
renit  names,  exclusive  of  the  territories 
of  Liege  and  Upper  Guelderland  ;  but 
they  .'-till  depended  on  the  empire  cf 
Geriniiny,  and  were  called  Lower  Ger- 
many. li\  process  of  time,  the  house  cf 
Burgundy  purcliased  many  of  them,  and 
was  llbout  to  form  tliem,  with  Burgun- 
dy, into  a  kingdom  ;  but  Charles  the 
bold,  the  last  duke  of  Bur^und}',  being 
killed  by  the  Swiss  in  1477,  his  part  r.i 
the  Netherlands  devolved  on  Mary,  his 
o.'ly  child  ;  by  whose  marriage  with 
emperor  iViaximilian,  the  Nctherlandv: 
were  an  acquisition  to  the  house  of  Aus- 


N  E  i' 

tria.  Emperor  Charles  V.  king  of  Spain, 
in  1555,  abdicated  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  soon  after,  the  Spa- 
nish crown,  in  favour  of  his  son  Philip, 
The  tyranny  of  this  cruel  bigot,  Philip 
II.  who  endeavoured  to  introduce  the  in- 
quisition into  the  Low  Countries,  with  the 
barbarities  exercised  by  the  duke  of  Al- 
va, exasperated  the  people  to  such  a 
degree,  that  they  threw  off  the  Spanish 
yoke,  and  under  the  conduct  of  William 
i.  pi'ince  of  Orange,  formed  the  famous 
league  of  Utrecht,  in  1579,  which  prov- 
ed the  foundation  of  the  Republic  of  the 
Seven  United  Provinces.  After  a  long 
war  (with  the  interval  of  a  truce  of 
twelve  years)  Philip  IV.  expressly  ac- 
knowledged the  independence  of  these 
provinces,  by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia, 
in  1648.  The  other  ten  provinces,  name- 
ly, Brabant,  Antwerp.  Malines.  Namur, 
Liraburg,  Luxemburg,  Hainault,  Flan- 
ders, Artois,  and  Cambresis,  returned 
under  the  dominion  of  Spain,  but  with 
very  favourable  stipulations  with  respect 
to  their  ancient  liberties.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon to  the  Spanish  monarchy,  it  was  sti- 
pulated, in  1714,  that  the  Spanish  Ne- 
therlands should  return  to  the  German 
branch  of  the  house  of  Austria  ;  but 
some  considerable  parts  were  obtained, 
by  conquest  or  cession,  by  the  French 
and  Dutch.  The  Dutch  had  part  of 
Brabant,  Limburg,  and  Flanders  :  the 
French  had  Artois  and  Cambresis ;  with 
part  of  Hainault,  Flanders,  and  Luxem- 
burg. Austria  held  the  rest ;  and  the 
the  provinces  of  Antwerp  and  Malines 
were  included  under  the  name  of  Aus- 
trian Brabant.  In  1788,  emperor  Joseph 
II.  having  projected  many  innovations, 
and  enforcing  them  with  violence,  a  uni- 
versal spirit  of  revolt  broke  out ;  an  army 
of  40,000  men  rose  as  if  by  magic,  to 
support  the  renunciation  of  all  allegi- 
ance, which  several  of  the  provinces 
openly  made  ;  a  congress  was  formed 
from  the  different  states,  in  whom  the 
supreme  government  was  vested ;  and  by 
the  end  of  1789  the  Austrians  v/ere  ex- 
pelled. The  new  government,  however, 
■was  not  of  long  duration ;  for  Leopold  II; 
(the  successor  of  Joseph)  was  enabled, 
partly  by  conciliatory  measures,  and  part- 
ly by  the  mediation  of  Great  Britain, 
Prussia,  and  Holland,  to  recover  the  en- 
tire possession  of  his  authority  ;  the  me- 
diating courts  having  guaranteed  the  re- 
storation of  the  ancient  Belgic  constitu- 
tion. In  1792  the  French  over-ran  the 
Austrian  Netherlands :  they  were  driven 
out  of  the  country  in  1793  ;  but  they  re- 
turned in  1794,  and  subdued  every  part 
of  it ;  and  in  1795  decreed  it,  with  the 
4  S 


territories  of  Liege  and  Upper  Guelder- 
land,  an  integral  part  of  the  French  re- 
public. To  this  country  they  gave  the 
name  of  Helgium,  and  divided  it  into 
nine  departments  ;  but  in  1814,  agreea- 
bly to  the  treaty  of  Paris,  they  evacuated 
all  that  part  which  formerly  belonged  to 
Austria  and  Holland.  The  Netherlands, 
or  Belgium,  is  170  miles  long  and  90 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Holland,  E 
by  Germany,  S\V  by  France,  and  NW  by 
the  German  Ocean.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Scheldt,  Meuse,  Dyle,  Sambre, 
and  Lis ;  and  there  are  many  fine  navi- 
gable canals.  The  air  is  temperate, 
and  the  soil  extremely  fertile  ;  but  the 
mouths  of  the  rivers  and  harbours  are 
frozen  in  winter.  Brussels  is  the  chief 
town.  See  Holland,  or  Dutch  Kether- 
lands 

Js'ethe7~lands,  kingdom  of  Europe,  form- 
ed in  1814,  and  containing  17  provinces, 
or  18,  if  the  grand  dutchy  of  Luxemburg 
is  included.  It  lies  between  lat.  49  30, 
and  53  34  N.  and  between  Ion.  2*^  30,  and 
7°  E  from  London.  It  is  bounded  NVV 
by  the  German  Sea,  SW  by  France,  and 
E  by  Germany.  Area  24,400  square 
miles,  inhabited  by  an  aggregate  popula- 
tion 5,270,000  or  215  to  the  square  mile. 
Its  provinces  are : 

Holland      -  -  -  750,000 

East  Flanders         -  -  600,000 

West  Flanders        -  -  520,000 

Hainault     -  -  -  431,000 

South  Brabant        -  -  366,000 

Liege  -  -  .  355,000 

Limburg     -  -  .  293,000 

North  Brabant       -  -  252,000 

Antwerp  -  .  250,000 

Guelderland  -  -  244,000 

Luxemburg  -  -  226,000 

Friesland    -  -  -  177,000 

Namur        -  -  -  157,000 

Overy^el      -  -  -  148,000 

Groningen  -  -  136,000 

Zealand      -  -  -  112,000 

Utrecht       -  -  -  108,000 

Drentho      -  -  -  47,000 

5,270,000 
The  government  of  the  Netherlands  is 
a  limited  monarchy,  with  great  resem- 
blance to  that  of  England  ;  but  the  prin- 
ciples of  civil  Hberty  much  more  respect- 
ed in  the  latter  than  in  the  former.  In 
one  very  important  particular  the  go- 
vernment of  the  Netherlands  approxi- 
mates more  to  that  of  the  United  States, 
than  any  other  in  Europe.  Each  pro- 
vince has  its  own  assembly  where  mu- 
nicipal concerns  are  regulated  independ- 
ent in  an  extensive  degree  of  the  general 
government.  With  all  this  specious  ap- 
pearance, however,  the  people  of  the  Nc- 
689 


N  E  A 


:s"  E  U 


therlands  have  but  little  influence  over 
the  acts  of  the  crown.  The  person  of 
the  king  is  inviolable  ;  and  all  bills  must 
emanate  from  liis  cabinet.  The  members 
of  the  upper  house  are  nomiiiaied  by  the 
king  and  hold  their  offices  for  life,  though 
their  titles  and  office  are  not  hereditary. 
The  freedom  of  the  press  is  tolerably  se- 
cured, and  no  religious  test  required  for 
office. 

The  succession  to  the  crown  fixed  in 
the  family  of  Nassau  Orange,  and  title 
of  the  monarch  "king  of  tlie  Nether- 
lands ;  prince  of  Orange  ;"  and  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  confederacy,"  grand 
duke  of  Luxemburg." 

The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  has 
six  universities,  which  are  Leyden, 
Utrecht,  Groningen,  Louvain,  Ghent, 
and  Liege.  The  four  former  were  an- 
cient, the  two  latter  instituted  by  the 
present  government.  There  exists  also, 
a  naval  school  at  Helvoetsluys,  and  a  mi- 
litary school  at  Dort. 

The  annual  revenue  and  expenditure 
of  this  kingdom  amountbtoabout7,000,000 
pounds  sterling  or  about  30,000,000  of  dol- 
lars. The  colonies  of  the  Netherlands 
ai-e  extensive  and  highly  important ; 
they  consist  of  1st,  in  Asia,  Java,  Am- 
boyna,  Ternate,  Banda,  Malacca,  and  Ma- 
eassar;  with  factories  on  the  Coroman- 
del  coast  and  in  Persia.  In  Africa,  12 
or  13  small  forts  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 
In  South  America,  Surinam.  In  the 
West  Indies,  the  islands  of  Curracoa,  St. 
Eustatius,  and  St.  Martin. 

JVetschkau,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Voigtland,  situated  on  the  Golsch,  12 
miles  SW  of  Zwickau. 

Xettiino,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  near  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Antium,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loracina, 
24  miles  S  by  E  of  Rome. 

J^^eva,  river  of  Russia,  which  issues 
from  the  lake  Ladoga,  and  flows  to  Pe- 
tersburg, where  it  divides  into  several 
branches,  and  enters  the  gulf  of  Finland 
at  Cronstadt.  It  is  formed  by  the  drain 
of  the  vast  low  country  NE  from  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, and  conveys  to  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land the  waters  of  lakes  Ladoga,  Onega, 
and  many  others.  It  is  only  called  the 
Neva  between  lake  Ladoga,  and  the  gulf 
of  Finland. 

A'evada,  Sierra  de,  chain  of  mountains 
iu  the  south  of  Spain;  Wherever  the  ad 
jective  Nevada,  is  annexed  to  Spanish 
mountains,  it  signifies  that  they  are  co- 
vered with  perpetual  snow.  The  Sierra 
de  Nevada,  of  Granada  rises  in  one  peak, 
the  Muley  Hassen,  to  11,250  feet,  and  in 
another  the  Veleta,  to  10,985  feet  above 
the  Ocean  level.  The  Mulev  Hassau  is 
690 


the  highest  mountain  in  Europe  wesi 
from  iVIount  Blanc. 

jVeuburg,  fortified  town  of  Bavaria, 
capit  il  of  the  principality  of  the  same 
name.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  on  the  Da- 
nube, and  has  two  gates,  but  the  fortifi- 
cations are  chiefly  gone  to  decay.  The 
castle  is  a  large  building,  and  contains 
a  hall  of  extraordinary  size,  embellished 
with  portraits.  It  is  32  miles  NNE  of 
Augsburg,  and  60  SW  of  Amberg.  Lon. 
11  13  E,  lat.  48  43  N. 

JYeubtirtf,  town  of  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Schwarza,  17  miles  ESE  of  Am- 
berg. 

Aleuburg,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau, 
seated  near  the  Rhine,  12  miles  S  of 
Brisach. 

Keuburg,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the  Entz, 
25  miles  W  of  Stutgard. 

Miuchaleaii,  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges  ;  seated  in  a  soil  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  good  wine,  on  the  river 
Meuse,  25  miles'SW  of  Nancy. 

NtiLchately  territory  of  Swisserland, 
which,  with  thatof  Vallengin,  forms  one 
principality,  between  the  lake  of  Ncu- 
chatel,  and  the  borders  of  France  ;  ex- 
tending 36  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  18  in 
its  gi-eatest  breadtli.  By  the  death  of  the 
duchess  of  Nemours,  in  1707,  the  sove- 
reignty of  Neuchatel  and  Vallengin  was 
claimed  by  Frederick  I.  of  Prussia,  as 
heir  to  the  prince  of  Orange ;  and  his 
right  was  acknowledged  by  the  states  of 
the  country. 

JVeuchatel,  town  of  Swisserland,  ca- 
pital of  a  principality  of  the  same  name. 
It  contains  not  more  than  3,000  souls,  and 
is  situated  partly  on  the  plain  between 
the  lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the  Jura,  and 
partly  on  the  declivity  of  that  mountain. 
The  chief  article  of  exportation  is  wine, 
which  is  much  esteemed,  and  produced 
from  the  vineyards  in  its  vicinity;  and 
there  are  here  manufactures  of  printed 
linens  and  cottons.  Among  the  many 
public  works  which  have  been  lately  exe- 
cuted here,  are  the  new  town-house,  and 
a  superb  causeway  leading  towards  the 
valley  of  St.  Imier  Neuchatel  is  govern- 
ed by  a  great  andfittle  council ;  the  first 
is  composed  of  40  persons  ;  the  second 
consists  of  24  members,  comprehending 
the  mayor,  who  is  president.  It  is  25 
miles  NE  of  Lausanne,  and  25  W  of  Bern. 
Lon.  7  0  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

JVeuchatel,  or  Yverduii,  lake  of  Swis- 
serland, which  takes  its  name  from  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  stretches  about 
20  miles  in  Length  from  the  town  of 
Yverdun  to  that  of  Neuchatel,  in  a  di- 
rection from  SW  to  NE,  at  which  ex- 
tremitv  it  has  a  communication  with  the 


X  E  \ 


N  E  U 


lake  of  Bienne  by  a  narrow  outlet,  and  is    Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  divided  from 
17  miles  long,  and  5  broad.  the  E  end  of  St.  Christophers  by  a  nar- 

A''evern,  village  in  Pembrokeshire,  row  channel.  It  has  but  one  mountain, 
near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  one  mile  which  is  in  the  middle,  very  high,  and 
NE  of  Newport.  There  are  several  mo-  covered  with  large  trees  up  to  the  top. 
numents  oi  antiquity  in  this  parish,  and  Here  are  springs  of  fresh  water  and  a 
among  the  rest  a  single  stone,  of  a  square  hot  bath,  much  of  the  same  nature  as 
form,  13  feet  high  and  two  broad,  with  a  those  of  Bith,  in  England.  It  is  a  small 
circular  top,  charged  with  a  cross,  and  island,  but  veiy  fruitful,  and  subject  to 
all  the  sides  are  neatly  carved  with  knot  the  English.  Charleston  is  the  capital, 
work  of  Various  patterns.  J\'eiunark-,  town  of  Transylvania  on  the 

A'evers,  considerable  episcopal  town  river  M.-risch,  56  miles  N  of  Clausen- 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Nievre,  burg,  Lon.  23  35  E,  lat.  47  19  N. 
and  late  province  of  Nivernois,  seated  on  A'euinark,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
the  Loire,  over  which  it  has  a  handsome  circle  uf  Bavaria,  30  miles  NNW  of  Rat- 
bridge.  The  town  is  bui!t  in  the  form  of  isbon.  I..on.  12  25  E,  lat.  49  18  N. 
anamphitheatre,  containing  many  elegant  J\'c;/.i,  river  of  North  CaroUn a,  which 
buildings,  among  which  is  the  ancient  enters  Pamiico  Sound,  bslow  Newbern 
palace,  in  which  John  Casim.er,  king  of  where  it  is  a  mile  and  a  half  broad.  It 
Poland,  expired  in  1672.  It  is  145  miles  rises  in  Person  county,  interlocking 
SE  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  14  E,  lat  46  39  N.    sources  v/ith  DdU  river  branch  of  Roa- 

.Yeufchatel,  town  of  France,  in  the  noke,  and  lowing  100  miles  SSE,  through 
department  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  pro-  Granville,  Orange,  Wake,  and  Johnson, 
vince  of  Normandy,  noted  for  excellent  enters  Wayne  county.  Here  itturnsSE 
cheese,  commodiously  seated  on  the  river  by  E  8U  through  Wayne,  Lenoir,  and 
Arques,  20  miles  SE  of  Dieppe,  and  75  Craven  counties,  opens  by  a  wide  estuary 
NVVofParis.    Lon.  1  30  E,  lat.  49  46  N.    into  Pamlico  Sound.     The  tides  ascend. 

J\''cu/c/m(eaii,  town  of  Austrian  Lux-  10  or  12  miles  above  Newbern,  and  for 
emburg,  27  miles  WN W  of  Luxemburg,  boats  this  I'iver  is  navigable  to  Raleigh. 
Lon.  5  30  E,  lat.  49  53  N.  A''eusaltz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 

JVeufchatemu  commercial  town  of  pality  of  Glogau,  12  miles  NW  of  Glogau. 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Vosges,  j\''€usidle,  town  of  Hungary,  24  miles  SW 
and  late  province  of  Lorrain.  It  is  seat-  of  Piesburg,  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
ed  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  all    name. 

the  necessaries  of  life,  on  the  river  Mou-  A^eusidler,  lake  of  Hungary,  25  miles 
zon,  25  miles  SW  of  Nanci,  and  150  Eby  long  and  six  broad.  It  is  16  miles  SSW  of 
S. of  Paris.    Lon.  5  47  E,  lat    48  24  N.      Presburg,  almost  surrounded  by  fens,  and 

JVeuhaus,  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  in  has  in  its  vicinity  the  castle  of  Esterhazy, 
the  circle  of  Bechin,  with  a  castle.  Lon.  which  is  said  to  rival  the  palace  of  Ver- 
15  30  E,  lat.  48  9  N.  saiiies  in  pomp. 

jYeuhaus,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  jVeiisol,  town  of  Uoper  Hungary,  and  a 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  bishop's  see,  with  a  'large  castl  -,  in  which 
Bremt^n.  It  was  once  a  place  of  great  ig  p  dvcircli,  covered  with  copper.  In  the 
trade,  and  had  a  commodious  harbour  at    adjacent  mountains  are  the  greatest  copper 


the  mouth  of  the  Oste,  but  a  sand  bank 
accumulating,  in  it,  at  the  issue  of  the 
Oste,  into  the  Elbe,  its  trade  was  almost 
annihilated,  and  it  is  row  of  much  less 
consequence  than  formerly.  It  is  19 
miles  NNW  of  Slade.  L<r.i.  8  27  E, 
lat-  53  52  N. 
J^'eu/iause! .  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 


mines  in  Hungary.  It  is  ocated  on  the 
Gran,  22  miles  N  by  E  of  Schemnitz. 

J\rc7!stadt,  town  of  Austria,  with  a  castle, 
and  an  ar.senal.  It  has  the  staple  right  over 
all  goods  coming  from  Italy,  and  stands  on 
the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  28  miles  S  by  W 
of  Vienna.    Lon.  16  18  E,  lat.  47  50>'. 

JVdiisiadt,  town  of  Franconia,  capital  of 


gary,  seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  on  the  the  lower  part  of  the  principahty  of  Bay- 
river  Neytracht,  15  miles  NW  of  Como-  rcuth,  with  a  castle.  The  library  belong- 
ra,  and  40  SE  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18  10  iug  to  the  chvu-ch  contains  many  curiosi- 
E,  lat.  4S  1  N-  ties.  1'  stands  on  the  river  Aisch,  32  miles 
JVevin,  or  j^l'etvin,  town  in  Carnarvon-  ESE  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  10  Ao  E,  lat.  49 
shire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.    It  is  38  N. 


seated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  20  miles  S  by  W 
of  Carnarvon,  and  249  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  4  25  W,  lat.  52  52  N. 

JKl'villxvilld,  post  village,  Clermont 
county,  Ohio,  containing  about  200  inha- 
bitants 30  miles  above  Cincinnati. 

JYevis,  one  of  the  Leeward  Caribbee 


JVeusfadt,  town  of  Franconia,inthe  prin- 
cipality of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  the  Sale, 
16  7nile.s  N  by  E  of  Schweinfurt. 

jYeutstadt,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  the  Kocher, 
12  miles  NNE  of  Hailbron. 

A^t^nstadt.toyfn  of  Upper  Saxonv,  in  Mis- 
691 


-\  E  ^^ 


X  E  "\V 


iiin,  capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name. 
It  has  a  castle,  two  cliurches,  and  a  mine 
office ;  and  on  a  mountain  near  it  is  another 
castle,  called  Arnshaug.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Orla,  46  miles  SSW  of  Leipsic.  Lon. 
11  49E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

JK'eustailt,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  mark.  Here  are  extensive  brewe- 
ries, and  manufactures  of  cloth  and  cutlery. 
It  stands  on  the  Finow  canal,  31  miles  NE 
of  Berlin. 

JKeustadt,  town  of  Rrandenburji^,  in  tlie 
mark  of  Fregnitz,  celebrated  for  its  manu- 
facture of  plate-glass ;  seated  on  the  Dosse, 
eight  miles  ENE  of  Havelberg. 

JKeustadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle,  and  a  spa- 
cious harbour  on  the  Baltic,  20  miles  N 
by  E  of  Lubec.  Lon.  10  57  E,  lat.  54 
10  N. 

JVeustadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  with  a  castle,  17 
miles  S  of  Schwerin. 

J^'eustadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick  Lunenburg,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Leina,  15  miles  NNW 
of  Hanover, 

•N'eustadt,  town  ofBavaria,  at  the  conflux 
of  the  Abenst  with  the  Danube,  16  miles 
E  by  Noflngolstadt. 

JS'eiistadt,  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle, 
on  the  river  Nab,  27  miles  NNE  of  Am- 
berg. 

JSi'eustadt,  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  cirole 
of  Olmutz,  10  miles  NW  of  Olmutz. 

JVeustadt,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Oppeln,  14  miles  SE  of  Neis-se. 

A'htsCadt,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Pilsen,  35  miles  W  by  S  of  Pilsen. 

JVeuatadty  town  of  Bohemia,  13  miles  NE 
of  Konigingratz. 

JK''eustadt,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Mark,  50  miles  ESE  of  Dussel- 
dorf. 

JVeustadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate  of  the  Rhine ;  seated  on  the  Spire- 
bach,  14  miles  W  of  Spire. 

JVeustadiel,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Glogau,  14  miles  W  of  Glogau, 
and  17  E  by  N  of  Sagan. 

JVeuville,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  11  miles  NNE  of  Or- 
leans. 

J\'euii)ied,  flourishing  commercial  city  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine, 
capital  of  the  principahty  of  Weid.  It 
contains  between  6  and  7000  inhabitants. 
Neuwied  is  10  miles  NNW  of  Coblentz. 
Lon.  7  25  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

JVetv  Albany,  handsomely  situated  town, 
and  seat  of  justice  for  Floyd  county,  Indi- 
ana. It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio 
river,  four  miles  below  Louisville  and  two 
below  Shippingport  in  Kentucky.  It  con- 
tains about  200  houses,  1000  inhabitants,  a 
fitcam,  saw  and  grist  mill,  5nd  a  ship  vard. 
692 


^\e-iy  Alexandria,  post  village  of  West- 
moreland county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Loyal- 
hanna  river,  11  miles  NE  from  Greens- 
burg. 

JVe^»  Alexandria,  small  town  of  Colum- 
biana county,  Ohio. 

JVrttf  Amsterdam,  town  and  capital  of 
Berbice,  in  South  America,  on  Berbice 
river  near  its  mouth. 

JVeiu  Antrim,  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty. New  York  ;  situated  on  the  post  and 
stage  road,  from  New  York  to  Albany,  34 
miles  N  by  W  of  the  former,  and  33  SE  of 
Goshen. 

J^eivark  upon  Trent,  borough  in  Notting- 
hamshire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Trent,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  once  had  a  handsome  caStle, 
now  in  ruins.  Newark  has  a  good  trade, 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  17  miles  NE 
of  Nottingham,  and  124  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  53  6  N. 

JVexvark,  Upper  Canada,  is  situated  on 
the  west  side,  at  the  entrance  of  Niagara 
river  opposite  to  the  fortress  at  Niagara,  on 
lake  Ontario.  This  town  was  laid  out  in 
the  year  1794.  It  now  contains  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  persons,  two  churches, 
a  jail  and  academy.  The  first  provincial 
parliament  met  at  this  place,  and  the  pub- 
lic offices  of  government  have  been  held 
pro  tempore,  here. 

J\'e-ivark,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Essex  county.  New  Jersey  ;  situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Passaic  river.  It  has  a  college, 
instituted  in  1792,  and  carries  on  the  manu- 
facture of  shoes  in  an  extensive  manner. 
Newark  stands  on  a  plain.  The  streets 
are  wide,  and  laid  generally  in  strait  lines  ; 
the  houses  are  many  of  them  spacious  and 
elegant.  It  contains  two  banks,  and  exten-> 
sive  tanneries,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. Very  fine  stone  quarries 
exist  in  the  vicinity  ;  it  is  distant  nine  miles 
W  from  New  York,  and  sis  NNE  from  Eli- 
zabethtown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...      12,212 
do.  do.    females    ...      11,885 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Ind 

not  taxed 
Slaves        -        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810, 

ians 
ans 

24,097 

758 
1,129 

25,984 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indi 

not  taxed 

2,989 
2,916 

0 

Total  whites 


5,905 


i 


X  E  W 


N  E  W 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -25 

do.             do.        females  279 

Slaves,  males           .       _        _  44 

do.    females        _       _       _  54 


Total  population  in  1820  -       6,507 

Of  these : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  108 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  229 

do.    in  Manui'actui-es        -        1,177 

do.    in  Commerce  -  104 

J\''ewark  bay,  sheet  of  water  extending 
from  Slaten  Island  Sound  to  the  mouth  of 
Passaic  and  Hackinsuck  rivers,  in  a  direction 
of  NNE,  two  miles  wide  and  six  miles  long. 

J\^ev>ark,  post  town.  New  Castie  county, 
Delaware,  14  miles  SW  from  *.Vilming.>m. 

A'e-ii'm-k;  post  \own  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Licking  county,  Ohio.  It  is  situated  near 
the  confluence  of  the  principal  branches  of 
I.icking  river,  26  miles  west  by  north  from 
Zanesville,  26  north  by  east  from  Lancas- 
ter, and  33  east  by  north  from  Columbus. 
It  contains  a  presbyterian  meeting  house 
and  a  court  house  of  brick,  eight  stores,  70 
dwelling  houses,  and  410  inhabitants.  Lat. 
40  4  N,  Ion.  5  26  W. 

JVew  Ashford,  township  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  25  miles  N  from 
Lenox.     Population  in  1820,  358. 

JVexv  Athens,  small  town  in  the  southern 
part  of  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  six  miles 
southfrom  Cadiz,  Itissituated  on  both  sides 
of  the  township  line,  dividing  Cadiz  trom 
Short  creek ;  lying,  therefore,  partly  in 
both  of  those  two  town^-hips. 

JVety  Athens,  or  Tyogatoivn,  post  town  in 
Bradford  countj^,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situa- 
ted near  the  confluence  of  the  Tyoga 
river  and  the  East  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hannah.  A  situation  very  convenient  to 
intercept  the  trade  of  both  rivers. 

JVew  Baltimore,  village  and  township  of 
Green  county.  New  York,  on  the  Hudson, 
18  miles  btlow  Albany.  Population  in 
1820,  2036. 

JV«y  Baltimore,  post  village,  Fauquier 
county,  Virginia. 

JVeiv  Bnrlmdoes,  township  of  Bergen 
county.  New  Jersey.  Population  in  1820, 
2592. 

JVe-u)  Bedford,  Bristol  county,  Massachu- 
setts. 

J\''ey>  Bedford,  post  village,  in  Mahoning 
township,  Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  16 
miles  SVV  from  Mercer. 

JVVvt)  Berlin,  post  village  and  township, 
of  Chenango  county.  New  York.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2366. 

J\'ew  Berlin,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice. Union  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Penns 
creek,  11  miles  W  from  Simbury. 

JVeiubern,  post  village,  Montgomery 
county,  Virginia. 

A^nrhem,   capital    of  Craven    coiintv. 


North  Carolina  ;  situated  on  the  S  bank  of 
the  river  Neuse,  at  its  jiuiction  with  the 
Trent,  in  the  lat.  of  35  20  N,  and  Ion.  of 
T7  5  W,  35  miles  S  of  Washington,  on 
Pamlico  river,  and  81  S  by  VV  of  Edenton, 
on  Albermarle  sound.  This  is  a  post  town 
and  port  of  entry,  the  most  populous  in 
the  state,  and  was  the  seat  of  government 
before  the  revolution.  The  quantity  of 
lumber,  Indian  corn,  tar,  pitch  and  turpen. 
tine,  exported  annually  from  this  town,  is 
very  considerable.  The  inhabitants  are 
esiimatea  at  2467,  one  moiety  at  least  being 
blacks  and  mulattoes. 

A''e-ivberry,  post  village  of  Burlington 
county.  New  Jersey. 

JVe-rjjberry,  village  of  Lycoming  county, 
Peiivisylvania,  on  the  west  bank  of  Lyco- 
ming river,  opposite  Willianisp  .rt- 

JX'ewberry,  district  of  South  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Lexington  SE  ;  Saluda  river 
or  Edgefield  SW  ;  Laurens  NW  ;  Ennoree 
river,  or  Union  N  ;  and  Broad  river,  or 
Fairfield  NE.  Length  25  ;  mean  width  20 ; 
and  area  500  square  miles.  Surface  rather 
waving  than  hilly.  Soil  productive.  Prin- 
cipal staple  cDtton     Chief  town,  Newberry. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,123 

do.    do.    females         -        -        4,725 

Total  whites  ....  9,848 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  no 

Slaves 4,006 


Total  population  in  1810 


13,964 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ...  5,163 

do.    do.    females     .         .        -  5,014 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  q 

Total  whites       -        .        .        .  10,177 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  85 

do.          do.             females  93 

Slaves,  males               -        -        -  2,881 

do.    females            -        -        -  2,868 


Total  population  In  1820 


16,104 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        6,^76 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  274 

do.        in  Commerce      -        .  76 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

JVexL'berry,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Newberry  district.  South  Carolina,  40 
miles  NW  from  Columbia. 

JVexvberry,  post  village  of  Christian  coun- 
ty, Kentucky. 

JVeivbills,  post  office,  Campbell  county, 
Virginia. 

JYa'-'bigmn,  fishing  town   of  Northum- 
693 


:\  E  ^^ 

berland,  seven  miles  E  of  Morpetli.  It  is 
situated  on  the  N  side  of  tlie  bay  ('f  Xew- 
biggin. 

JVew  Boston,  township  of  Hillsborougli 
countv,  New  Hampshire,  contai'iing  1619 
inhabitants  in  1810,  snd  in  1-820,  1686.  It 
is  situated  on  a  branch  of  tlie  Merrimack 
river,  50  miles  westward  from  Portsmouth. 

J\nu  Boston,  inconsiderable  post  town  in 
Clark  county,  Bethel  township,  (Jhi.>,  on 
the  western  side  of  Mad  river,  four  miles 
SW  from  Springfield. 

JVew  Bourbon,  village  of  Si.  Genevieve 
county,  Missouri,  containing  about  70 
houses,  and  350  Inhabitants.  It  stands  two 
miles  beluv.'  St.  Genevieve. 

JWw  Braintrec,  post  town  and  township, 
Worces'.er  county,  Massachusetts,  18  miles 
WNW  from  Worcester.  Population  in 
1820,  888. 

A'ev!  Brilain,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  cont-uninsr  1474  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  lOSO.  It  is  situated 
on  Nesbaminy  creek,  between  liiittown  and 
Doylestovvn. 

./Vew  Bror^'mrille,  new  town  in  Wayne 
county,  Ohio,  on  .Terome's  fork. 

JVew  Bru7isrdck,  post  town  and  city  in 
Middlesex  county,  New  Jersey,  on  the  S 
bank  of  the  river  Rariton,  30  milts  NE  of 
Trenton,  and  36  SW  of  the  city  of  New 
York. 

By  some  inadvertance,  the  original  arti- 
cle New  Brunswick,  in  Brook's  Gszetteer, 
was  inserted  in  this  edition.  This  article 
is  very  defective,  and  I  wish  the  reader  to 
consider  it  cancelled,  and  this  used  in  its 
place. 

This  city,  beside  the  ordinary  county 
buildings,  has  five  places  of  public  worship 
for  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Metlio- 
dists,  Buplists,  and  Dutch  reformed,  each 
one. 

Queen's  college,  was  formed  by  the 
Dutch  reformed  church,  and  intended  for 
tfee  education  of  their  clergy.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  1770,  and  since  1810,  has 
been  in  some  respects  connected  with  a 
Theological  school,  founded  in  the  same 
city. 

The  site  of  New  Brunswick,  rises  gradu- 
ally from  the  bank  of  Rariton  river.  The 
adjacent  country  is  pleasantly  diversified 
and  well  cultivated.  The  tide  rises  some 
little  distance  above  the  town,  and  steam 
boats,  when  not  prevented  by  ice,  ply 
regularly  between  that  place  and  New 
York. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        -        -        2,865 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -        2,808 


.\  E  W 

'I'otal  population  In  1810    . 


6,;"> 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -         2,981 

do.     do.    females   ...        2,973 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  Q 


Total  whites       .         .         .         - 

5,954 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

165 

do,     do.  females    ... 

195 

S!  ives,  males      . 

213 

do.     females 

237 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

6,764 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

30 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

659 

do.         in  ]\Ta)iut"acturss 

323 

do.         in  Commerce 

60 

Total  whites      -        -        -        -         5,673 
.A.11  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  206 

Slaves        .        -        .        -        .  433 

694 


jVe~vbvrg,  corporate  town  in  the  isle  of 
Anglesey,  with  a  market  on  Tuesd;ty.  It 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  seated  on  the 
river  Brant,  15  miles  SW  of  Beaumari.s, 
and  257  NW  of  London.  Lou.  4  27  W, 
kt.  53  10  N. 

J\^ewburg^  post  town  and  township  of 
Orange  countv.  New  York,  containing  4627 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  5812.  It 
is  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson  river, 
five  ikules  N  of  West  Point,  and  95  S  of 
Albany.  This  is  one  of  the  most  pleasantlj' 
situated  towns  on  the  Hudson.  The  bank 
rises  by  a  rather  bold  acclivity,  giving  a 
fine  view  of  the  river,  opposite  shore,  and 
adjacent  mountains.  Any  vessel  that  can 
pass  the  bar  at  Sandy  Hook,  can  reach 
Newburg.  Its  trade  is  active  and  increas- 
ing. 

JVeivbwg,  populous  and  wealthy  post 
township  in  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio,  immc- 
dia'ely  S  from  Cleveland,  containing  756 
inhabitants  in  1820. 

JYe^vburn,  petty  village  in  Northumber- 
land, on  the  W  side  of  Newcastle,  inhabited 
by  Colliers,  Here  a  part  of  the  army  of 
Charles  I  under  lord  Conway,  were  defeat- 
ed by  the  Scotch  in  1540. 

J^ewbitry,  corporate  town  in  Berkshire, 
with  a  market  on  Thursday,  its  poor  .ire 
chiefly  employed  in  spinning.  Two  battles 
were  fought  near  this  town  with  dubious 
success,  between  the  forces  of  Charles  I. 
and  the  parliament,  in  1643,  and  1644. 
Newbury  is  commodiouslj'^  seated  on  the 
river  Kennet,  26  miles  S  of  Oxford,  and  56 
W  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W.  lat.  51  25 
N. 

.Tfeiubjiry,  post  town,  the  capital  of  Or- 
ange county,  Vermont ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  <  \  Conieclicut  river,  40  mites  N  of 
Dartmouth  college,  and  five  NW  of  Haver- 
hill, in  New  Hampshire  ;  it  contains  1363 
inhabitants,  in  1810. 

JVi'xvbnry,    township    of   Essex    county. 


X  E  ^^ 


N  E  ^v 


Massachusetts,  opposite  Salisbury.  Popu- 
lation in  1820.  3671. 

Aew6«)'(/,  township  and  post  villa.^e  of 
York  county,  Pennsylvania.  The  township 
is  on  the  point  between  Susqiielianniih 
river  and  Conewago  crec-k,  and  the  viliag-e 
five  miles  N\V  Croni  York  Haven.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1794 

J^l'wbnrij,  township  of  Geauga  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1^37. 

j\'ewbw-ij,  NW  township  of  Miami  coun- 
ty, Oliio.     Population  in  1820,  542. 

J\'c2vbiirii-p'jrt,  considerable  port  of  entry 
and  post  town,  in  Essex  county,  Massachu- 
setts ;  situated  at  the  moutli  of  the  river 
Merrimack,  in  lat.  42  47  N,  Ion.  70  47  W, 
40  miles  N  from  Boston,  and  22  SW  from 
Portsmouth,  in  New  H.-mpshire.  Tiie  site 
of  Newberry-port  is  a  gentle  acclivity  giv- 
ing a  pleasing  aspect  to  the  place,  v/hich 
is  heightened  by  the  regularity  of  the  buil- 
dings and  streets.  It  cor.iains  two  banks, 
two  ensurance  offices,  and  six  or  seven 
phtces  of  public  worship.  In  point  of  foreign 
commerce  it  is  the  third  in  the  state.  In 
1815  its  shipping  amounted  to  near  25,000 
tons. 

J^'exobifa  cross  roads,  post  office,  Cul- 
pepper county  Virginia. 

J\'tiv:  Canaan,  post  town,  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  about  30  miles  WSW 
from  New  Haven.  Population  in  1810, 
1600,  and  in  1820,  1682.  It  contains  an 
academy. 

JVVw  Canton,  post  village,  Buckingham 
county,  Virguiia;  on  the  right  bank  of 
James  river,  55  miles  by  land  above  Rich- 
mond. 

vA'Vyw  Carlisle,  town  and  capital  of  Gaspe 
county,  Lower  Canada,  on  Chaleur  bay. 

J\'ewcastle,  county  of  Delaware ;  bounded 
by  Delaware  river  E  ;  Kent  county  in  Dela- 
ware S;  Kent  and  Cecil  counties  in  Mary- 
land SW  ;  Chester  county  in  Pennsylvania 
NW ;  and  Delaware  county  in  Pennsylvania 
NE.  Length  36 ;  mean  width  12 ;  and  area 
432  square  miles.  The  surface  of  this 
county  is  generally  decorated  with  hill  and 
dale,  though  the  northern  section  is  mi/re 
broken  than  that  of  the  south.  The  pro- 
jected canal  to  unite  the  Delaware  and 
Chesapeak  bays  is  to  pass  across  this  coun- 
ty. The  line  of  separation  between  the 
primitive  and  the  sea  sand  alluvial  forma- 
tions, enters  the  NE  angle  of  New  Castle 
near  Delaware  river,  and  ranging  SW, 
merges  into  Maryland  between  Glasgow 
and  Frenchtown.  Brandywine  river,  and 
Red,  and  White  Clay  creeks,  rise  in  Ches- 
ter county  Pennsylvania,  and  flow,  nearly  S, 
fall  over  the  primitive  ledge  into  Chris- 
tiana. The  latter  rises  also  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  crossing  the  NE  angle  of  Maryland, 
flows  nearly  S,  between  Elk  river,  and 
Whiteclay  creek,  falls  also  over  the  ledge, 
and  thence,  turns  to  NE  along  its  outer 


verge  to  Wilmington.  Tliis  range  of  falls 
reader  the  water  facility  found  in  New 
Caslie  county  for  the  propulsion  of  ma- 
chinery, equal  to  any  other  of  equal  ex- 
cent  in  the  United  States.  This  natural  ad- 
vantage has  been  extensively  improved  on 
the  Brandywine  in  particular.  The  prin- 
cipal sttiple  of  New  Castle  is  flour.  Chief 
town  Wilmington.     See  Brandywine. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  wliite  males 
do.  do.     females 


Total  whites  '    -         ... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

.  not  taxed         .... 

Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810     - 


9,945 
9,518 

19,463 

3,919 
1,047 

24,429 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -         -       H  288 

do.     do.  females  -        .       n  qj2 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        .  q 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


22,360 

2,215 

2,129 

654 

541 

27,899 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  304 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         .  4,099 

do.         in  Manufactures           -  1,861 

do.        in  Commerce       .        ■  191 

I'opulation  to  the  square  mile,  64. 

J\'dwcastle,  town  in  Carmarthenshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  a  poor  town, 
and  its  once  fine  castle  is  now  in  ruins.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Tyvy,  17  miles  NW  of  Car- 
marthen, and  219  WNW  of  London.  Lon. 
4  30  W  lat.  52  4  N. 

JVexucastle  under  Line,  borough  in  Staf- 
fordshire, with  a  miirket  on  Monday.  It 
had  four  churches,  now  reduced  to  one  j 
and  the  castle,  whence  it  took  its  name,  is 
quite  demolished.  It  has  a  manufacture  of 
hats,  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  is  a  large 
place  with  broad  paved  streets,  and  is  fa- 
mous for  more  stone-ware  being  made 
near  it  than  at  any  place  in  England.  It  is 
on  a  rivulet,  15  miles  from  Stafford,  and 
149  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  2  W,  lat.  5o 
12  N. 

A'ervcastle,  or  JX'ewcastle  upon  Tyne,  large 
borough  and  seaport  in  Northumberland, 
situated  between  the  Picts  Wall  and  the 
Tyne.  The  river  is  so  deep,  that  ships  of 
600  tons  burthen  may  come  up  to  the  town 
695 


N  E  W 


NEW 


in  ballast,  l)ut  the  colliers  wait  at  Shields 
for  their  lading  which  is  brought  down  the 
river  in  lighters,  the  great  coUieries  which 
have  for  centviries  supplied  London  and 
most  of  the  soiUhern  parts  of  the  kingdom 
with  coal.  This  is  the  staple  trade  of,  and 
has  been  the  source  of  great  wealth  to 
Newcastle,  the  coals  carried  thence  annu- 
ally are  computed  to  amount  to  IjlSr.OOO 
tons ;  it  also  manufactures  steel,  iron,  glass, 
woollen  cloth,  earthen  ware,  white  lead, 
milled  lead,  he.  to  a  great  extent,  and  here 
is  a  round  tower  for  the  manufactory  of 
patent  shot ;  it  exports  large  quantities  of 
lead,  salt,  salmon,  butter,  tallow,  and  is 
particularly  famous  for  its  grindstones,  that 
scarce  a  vessel  goes  from  thence  wiithout 
some  of  them.  Newcastle  was  made  a 
borough  by  William  I.  and  t!ie  first  charter 
for  digging  cnal  was  granted  by  Henry  III. 
in  1239.  It  is  34  miles  S  of  Almwick,  94 
N  of  York,  and  271  N  by  VV  of  London. 
Lon.  127  W,  lat.  55  3  N. 

J\'e-,vcastle,  post  town  and  the  capital  of 
Newcastle  county,  Delaware,  situated  on 
the  W  bank  of  Delaware  river,  six  miles  S 
of  Wilmington,  and  34  SW  cf  Philadelphia. 
Although  one  of  the  oldest  towns  on  the 
river,  being  planted  by  the  Swedes  in 
1627,  it  has  long  been  on  the  decline ;  the 
hundred  containing  in  1810,  2438  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1820,  2671.  It  lies  in  lat.  39 
30  N,  and  lon.  75  18  W. 

J\'e-ivcastle,  post  town  and  township,  in 
Lincoln  county,  Maine,  45  miles  NE  of 
Portland,  and  12of  Wiscasset,  in  nearly  the 
same  direction      Population  in  1820, 1243. 

jYcivcastlf:,  or  Great  Island,  island  and 
town  cf  Rockingham  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, two  miles  E  from  Portsmouth,  at  the 
mouth  of  Piscataqua  river.  Population  in 
1810,  592,  and  in  1820,932. 

J\'(rwcastle,  township  of  Wcst  Chester 
county.  New  York,  about  40  miles  NNE 
from  New  York.  Population  1810,  1291, 
and  in  1820,  1368. 

A'exvcastle,  village  on  the  southern  bor- 
der of  Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
point  above  the  junction  of  Shenango,  and 
Neshanoc  creeks,  16  miles  SS  W  from  Mer- 
cer. 

J\''exi>castle,  post  town  of  Hanover  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  Pamunkey 
river,  24  miles  NE  trom  Richmond. 

J\''ev!castle,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Henry  county,  Kentucky.  It  contains  the 
ordinary  county  buildings  and  near  200 
houses.  Population  about  1000  ;  25  miles 
NW  from  Frankfort. 

Newcastle,  Priace  Edward  county.  Up- 
per  Canada.  This  township  is  situated  on 
the  Presqu'isle  de  Quinte,  extending  into 
lake  Ont?ario,  from  the  easterly  part  of  the 
township  of  Cramahe ;  is  a  situation  well 
suited  for  commerce  and  protection,  and 
sheltered  from  all  winds. 
696 


J\'ew  Charleston,  township  of  Penobscot 
countv,  Maine  ;  22  miles  NW  from  Bangor. 
Population  1810,  210  ;  and  in  1820,  344. 

JVetw  Chester,  township  of  Grafton  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimack. 
Population  1810,  895  ;  and  in  1820,  971. 

jYewco7nersto-wn,  settlement,  in  the  SW 
quarter  of  Tuscarawas  county.  Ohio,  18 
miles  SW  by  W  from  New  Philadelphia, 
and  four  east  from  Coshocton. 

J\'e-ivdigate,  village  in  Surry,  with  a  me- 
dicinal spring  of  the  same  nature  as  that  of 
Epsom. 

.A  dw  Durham,  township  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  40  miles  NW  from 
Portsmouth.  Population  1810,  888,  and 
in  1820,  1168. 

.A'tw  Egypt,  post  village  of  Monmouth 
county.  New  Jersey,  55  miles  NE  by  E 
from  Philadelphia. 

J\'eio  England,  name  given  at  an  early 
period  to  all  the  country  that  lies  between 
Canada  and  New  York,  and  which  at  pre- 
sent comprises  New  Hampshire,  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont, 
and  Maine. 

JK'eivenham,  Cape,  rocky  point  of  con- 
siderable height,  on  the  W  coast  of  North 
America.  It  was  discovered  by  captain 
Cook  in  1778.  Lon.  162  24  W,  lat.  58  42 
N. 

J^'e-Ment,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  near 
a  branch  of  the  Severn,  114  miles  WNW 
of  London.     Lon.  2  20  W,  lat.  51  56  N. 

vVew  Fairfeld,  township  of  Fairfield 
countv,  Connecticut,  containing  772  inhabi- 
tants 'in  1810,  and  in  1820,  788.  It  is  situ- 
ated  between  Brookfield  and  the  State  of 
New^  York. 

A'ew  Fane,  township  of  Windham  coun- 
tv Vermont,  containing  1275  inhabitants  in 
I'SIO,  and  in  1820,  1400.  It  is  situated  on 
E  side  of  West  river,  eight  miles  NW  of 
Fulham. 

^'eiv  Feliciana,  parish  of  Louisiana,  boun- 
ded N  by  Mississippi ;  E  by  Amnite  river, 
or  parish  St.  Helena;  S  by  East  Baton 
Rouge  ;  and  SW  by  the  Mississippi  river. 
Area  650  square  miles,  or  672,000  acres. 
New  Feliciana  is  one  of  the  most  agreea- 
ble parts  of  Louisiana,  being  finely  diver- 
sified by  hill  and  dale.  Some  parts  are 
level  towards  the  Mississippi,  but  the  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly  and  well  watered. 
Natural  timber,  laurel  magnolia;  pine,  va- 
rious species  of  oak,  ash,  elm,  and  hickory ; 
liriodendron,  sassafras,  lynden,  dogwood, 
and  many  other  trees.  Soil  of  various 
qualities  from  river  alluvion  to  poor  pine 
woods.  Staples  cotton,  maize,  provisions, 
lumber,  common  productions  for  family 
use,  garden  vegetables  of  great  variety, 
peaches,  figs,  and  plums.  St.  Francisville 
is  the  only  town  worthy  of  notice. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  w-hite males        -        -        -        3,074 


]N   E  W 


Free  wiiite  females    -        -        -        1!,360 
All  other  persons,  except  Irfd'rans 

not  taxed       -        -        -        .  65 


Total  whites       -        .        -        .  5,499 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  37 

do.  do.        females  -  32 

Slaves,  mdes      ....  3,619 

do.    temales  -        -        -  3,545 

Total  population  in  1820  -       12,732 

Of  these; 
Fo^eigne^•s  not  naturalized  -  20 

Engaged'in  Aj^riculture       -         -         5,802 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  16 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20  nearl)'. 

JVewfield,  town  of  York  county,  Maine, 
40  miles  NW  from  York.  Population  1810, 
815;  and  in  1820,  1147. 

^Vew  Forest,  forest  in  Hampshire,  siuiated 
in  that  part  of  thecounty  which  is,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Southampton  Water,  and 
on  the  S  by  the  English  Channel. 

JVeivfoundland,  island  on  the  E  coast  of 
North  America,  between  47  and  52°  N  lat. 
It  was  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
1496 ;  and  after  many  disputes  with  tlie 
French  it  was  ceded  to  the  Engllh  in 
1713.  Its  form  is  triangular  ;  the  N  point 
is  separated  from  Labrador  by  the  strait  of 
Belleiale,  and  from  this  apex  it  is  350 
miles  in  length  to  the  base,  which  is  3D0 
in  breadth.  It  is  a  mountainous,  woody 
country,  and  very  cold,  being  covered  with 
snow  five  months  in  the  year.  It  seems  to 
have  no  inhabitants  of  its  own,  but  in  the 
summer  time  is  visited  by  the  Esquimaux 
Indians.  It  has  several  hays  and  liarbours, 
and  t^ere  are  about  500  English  f;>.milies 
who  continue  here  all  the  year,  beside  the 
garrison  of  St.  John,  Placentia  aiul  other 
forts.  In  the  fishing  season  wiiich  begins 
in  May  and  ends  in  September,  it  is  re- 
sorted to  by  ai  least  10,000  people,  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  fishing-banks  to  ihe  SE 
of  the  island  ;  -for  here  they  cure  the  cod, 
which  is  carried  not  only  to  England,  but 
to  the  Mediterranean  and  W.  Indies.  In 
winter  the  chief  einploynemt  of  the  inhabi- 
tants is  to  "Ut  wood  ;  and  tiie  smallest  kiiul, 
used  for  fuel,  is  drawn  by  their  large  dogs, 
trained  op  and  liurnessed  for  thai  purpose. 
Theic  is  great  plenty  of  game,  fish  and 
fowl,  but  very  little  corn,  fruit  or  cattle. 
St.  John  is  the  principal  settlement. 

J^'eivfoti)^d    mills,    post-office,     Hunover 
county,  "V^h'ginia. 

S.Vew  Garf/e?j,.  township  in  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvariia ;  where  tliere  is  a  post 
office,  12  miles  W  by  N  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  and  125  from  the  city  of  Yv'asi)- 
ington.  It  contained  in  1810,  1,038  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1820, 1199. 
4T 


,\   E  W 

A'cio  Garden,  post  village,  Robinson 
county,  Koith  Carolina. 

/vl'j^  Garden,  townsSiip  of  Columbia 
countvj .  Ohio.  Population  1820,  uncer- 
tain. 

AVw  Geneva,  post  village,  Fayette 
county  Pennsyjvania,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Munongahela  river,  belovr  the  mouth 
of  George's  creek,  20  miles  by  landjabove 
Brownsville. 

JVeiv  Georgia,  group  of  islands  in  the 
Frozen  Otean,  discovered  in  1819  by 
Capt  Parry.  Lon.  W  C  from  20  to  40 
W,  lat,  from  74  to  76  N.  See  Polar 
Regions, 

.Yew  Gerhinntoion,  post  village,  Hunter- 
don county,  !Nevir  Jersey,  35  miles  N  from 
Trenton. 

JV^w  Glasgotv,  post  village,  Amherst 
county,  Virginia.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  aca- 
demy for  young  ladies. 

Aevu  Glouceaier,  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maine ;  SO  rniles  N  by  W 
of  Portland,  containing  1648  inhabitants, 
in  1810;  and  in  1820,' 1653. 

vVdviJ  Granada,  formerly  a  captain  ge- 
neralship r.f  Spain,  in  South  America, 
now  an  integral  part  of  the  Reptihlic  of 
Columbia.  It  is  b(  unded  N  by  the  Ca- 
ribbean Sea  ;  NE  by  the  former  captain 
generalship  of  Caracas  SE  by  Brazil,  S 
by  Peru,  and  W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean ; 
extending  from  12  north  to  6  degrees  of 
S  lat  and  from  10  E  to  2  W  Ion.  from 
Washingion.  The  features  of  nature  are 
on  a  scale  commensurate  v;ith  the  ex- 
pansive area  of.  this  country.  It  contains 
the  higliest  mountains  yet  measured  on 
t!;e  wesiirrn  continent,  and  the  alluvial 
j)lains  near  the  mouth  of  the  Magda- 
lena. 

The  Andes  of  Peru,  gradually  separa-- 
ting  into  diffv'rent  ridges  traverse  New 
Gr..nada  from  SSVV  t;o  NNE.  A  little 
to  the  north  of  the  Ecjuator  three  very 
distinct  mountain  chains  extend ;  one 
following  the  Pacific  coast  reaches,  and 
is  continued  in  the  Isthmus  of  Darlen  ; 
the  second  or  middle  range  runs  nearly^~ 
N  and  S  separating  the  basins  of  Mag- 
dakna  and  Atrato,  merges  into  the  Ca- 
ribbe.ni  Sea.  The  third  or  eastern  chain 
rcViges  NXE  towards  the  head  of  the 
gulf  of  ?vfanc;ii  '■  md  separates  the  con- 
fluents of  t!ie  Magdalena  fsjid  Orinoco. 
At  about  8  N  lat.  the  latter  chain  again 
divides  ;  one  iiranch  tums  N  and  merges 
into  the  Caribbean  Sea,  at  Cape  Vela; 
ttie  other  gradually  curves  to  the  E,  and 
constitutes  the  mountains  of  Caracas. 

_  The  rivers  of  New  Granada,  are  nu- 
rtiercus  and  important.  Tho§p  flowing 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  generally 
short,  and  from  the  great  inclination  of 
ih?;ir  planes  of  descent  rapid  in  ther? 
697 


X  E  ^\" 


:.  E  w 


course.     See  didaqml  in  the  .Addenda.  .Vera  Hagerstoton,  small  town  in  Tus- 
A  communication  between  the  Atlantic  carawas  county,  Ohio, 
aud  Pacific  Occan   has  been  pioposed  ^^Vw  Hamfishire,  one  of  the  states  of 
through  the  St  Juan  of  the  Paciiic,  and  the  United  Slates,  bounded  by  the  At- 
Atrato  flowing  into  the   Caribbean  Sea.  lantic  Ocean  SE  ;  by  Massachusetts  S  ; 
See  Atruto  in  the  Addenda.    Btr-tween  the  by  Vermont  W  ,  Lower  Canada  N;  and 
great  northern  ridges  of  the  Andes  which  Maine  E.                                                 / 
we   have  noticed,    rises  and  fl^ws  tliK  Miles, 
Magdalena.     This  is  truly  the  river  of  It  touches,  and  is  washed  by  the  At- 
New  Granada,  havins^  its  source  at  2°,  lantic  Ocean         -        -  ,     -      ,20 
and  entering  the  Caribbean  Sea  at  11  N  It  thence  has  a  boundary  of  Maine 
lat.     It  is  formed  by  two  great  branches,  of         _        -        _        _        _        \sq 
the  Magdalena  Proper,  and  the  Caaca.  The  boundary  between  New  Hamp- 
It  is  rendered  in  a  great  degree  unnavi-  sbiie,   and   Lower  Canada  re- 
gable  from  the  rapid  descent  of  its  plane.  mains  uncertain,  but  is  about 


East  from  the  Andes,  in  all  the  length    Down  Connecticut  river,  in  common 


50 

iro 


setts     - 


Having  an  entire  outline  of 


80 
470 


i^ai ,  ...  _ 3... 

of  lSc;w  Granada,  in  Cundinimarca,  and  with  v  ermont 

Quito,  spreads  an  immense  plain  across  Along  north  boundary  ot  Massacha 
which  meanders  the  innumerable  branch- 
es of  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco.  The 
principal  confluents  of  the  former  in 
New  Granada,  are,  the  Tungaragua, 
Napo,  lea,  Japura,  and  Negro.  Those 
of  the  Orinoco,  are  the  Yninita,  Ua, 
Vichada,  Meta,  and  Apure.  These 
rivers,  though  mere  branches  of  the  two 

mighty  rivers,   Amazon,   and    Orinoco,     ,        .       ...  ,  ,  , 

flow  by  comparative  course  from  300  to   eleyat)onotits  parts  than  any  section  of  the 
700  miles,  and  are  generally  navigable.    Ln.ted  States  ;  and  of  consequence  its  cli- 


Length  from  SW  to  NE,  160  miles. 
Breadth  90  miles.  Area,  8,030  square 
miles  ;  or  5,139,200  acres. 

Extending  from  lat.  42  41  to  45  11  N. 

Tliis  state  differs  more  in  the  relative 


generally  navig 
The  country   over  which   they  flow  is 
however,  yet  a  wilderness,  or  extensive 
waste  inhabited  only  by  savages. 


mate  and  seasons  have  a  corresponding 
excess  in  their  extremes.  The  Atlan- 
tic border,  is  a  sandy  beach,  followed  by 
hills  which   increase   rather  rapidly  in 


The  chmate  of  New  Granada  par-  ^x^^^^,^^_  The  country- rises  indeed,  by 
takes  of  alt  the  -Jiversity  of  its  surface  ^^  ,.  jj  ^^  acclivity,  (hat  the  tides  do 
The  elev:it.-d  taole  land  of  tne  valleys  of   ^^^^  ^\^^  j„  ^^^  ,.^,^/j.  ^^^.^  ^j^^^  ^^^^  ^3 


the   Aiiflfs  lias  be'rn  celebrated  for  salu- 
brity, whilst  the  inhabitants  of  the  low 


to  15  mi!es  inland.  The  hilly  region  is 
,,     .  ,  ^    ,  ,         ..       ,       ,  .         quickly    fiUowed   by   the    mountainous, 

alluvial  coasts  have  been  found  sul^ject  g.tween  the  Connecticut  and  Merrimac 
to  the  ordinary  mahgnant  diseases  inci-  ^■,^„^^  ^,^^  „g^,.  ^^^  j^^y  ^^  ,g  ^f  ^^is 
dent  to  such  situations  An  tropical  ch-  .^^^^  f-,.^^^  Monadnoc  rises  amongst 
'"^  ^^"  inferior  sir^niaits  to  3254  feet  above  the 

New  Granada  has  been  justly  cele-  ocean  level  Farther  north,  Sunapee  is 
brated  for  its  vegetable  and  mineral  foilowed  by  Mooseiiillock,  the  latter  at- 
wealth.  Ill  a  country  of  sucli  'variety  of  taining  an  elevation  of  4636  feet.  Be- 
elevation  within  the  tropics,  the  range  of  tween  tht  sources  of  Connecticut,  Andro- 
vegetabte  life  must  embrace  nearly  all  scoggin.  and  Merrimac,  rise  however, 
the  most  valuable  fruits  an  i  plants  use-  the' highest  inountain  summits  yet  mea- 
ful  to  man.  Gold,  silver,  platina,  iron,  ured  In  the  Uv.ited  States.  Some  of  the 
and  emerrdds  are  enumerated  amongst  peaks  of  the  White  mountains  rise  above 
its  minei-al  productions .  Sqoo   feet    above    the    Atlantic  Ocean. 

In  the  animal  kingdom,  the  condor.  'I'ak^n  as  a  whole,  the  natural  features 
the  largest  carniv.rous  bird  yet  knowji,  of  N^  w  Hampshire  are  bold,  prominent, 
is  in  a  great  degree"  peculiar  to  this  and  in  ma  y  places  subli-ne.  If  we  turn 
country.  our  view  to  the  rugged  aspect  of  its  sce- 

Population  according  to  recent  esti-  "^^»"y^  we  would  be  led  to  expect  much 
mates  1,875.700.     See  Columbia.  ^^^^  fertility  of  sml ;  but  in  fact  few  sec- 


JVeio  GrQ72/liam,  township  of  Cheshir- 
Coiinty,  New  FIamj>s!;ire,  36  miles  NW 


tions  of  th.'  United  States  of  equal  extent 
have  more  productive  land  than  is  inclu- 
ded in  New  Hampshire.    The  most  im- 


from^Concord.  Population  1810,^864,  and  portant  vegetable  productions  are  grass, 

in  18^0,  IO08.  wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  oats,  &:c. 

JVeio  Guinea,  or  Pa/ma,  large  and  im-  The  manufacturing  establishments  of 

perfectly  known  island,  lying  to  the  N  New  Hampshire,  are  numerous  and  in- 

from  New  Holland,  from  which  it  is  se-  creasing.    More  than  30  cotton  and  wool- 

parated  by  Torres'  straits.  len  manufactures  are  in  operation  in  that 

698 


N  B  W 


N  E  W 


state,  and  many  of  them  on  a  very  en- 
largedyscale. 

Staples, 'iron,  lumber,  pot,  and  pearl 
ashes,  fish,  beet,  live  stock,  pork,  and 
flax-seed. 

For  civil  and  political  purposes  New 
Hampshire  is  subdivided  into  the  six  fol- 
lowing counties. 

Counties.  Sq.  miles.  Pol).  1820. 

Coos             -  -  1,680  5,349 

Grafton      -  -  1,540  32,989 

Chtshire  -  1,200  45,276 

Hillsborough  -  1,150      '       53,884 

Rochingham  -  1=0;J0  55,246 

Strafford     -  -  1,460  51,156 


25  ;  and  ar^a  1350  square  mil^s.  Surface 
mostly  flat,  and  part  marshy.  Beside 
Cape  Fear  river,  which  washes  the  S\V 
border  of  the  cou!)ty,  New  Hanover  is 
drained  by  Blacik  river  and  tht  NE  fork 
of  Cape  Fear  river.  Stai)les,  cotton,  and 
tobacco.    Chief  town,  "Wilmington. 


Pop'ilatlon  in  1810. 
Free  wUite  males 
do.  do.    females 


8,030 
Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.  females             -    ,     - 

244,155 

105,782 
107,608 

Tofvl  whites 

i^ll  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •       - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810        *  - 

213,390 

970 
0 

214,360^ 

i 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .         .         - 

do.   do.    females    -         -         . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -        -         -         - 

Total  whites      -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.            do.        females. 
Slaves,  males        -         .         .         - 
do.     females 

119,210 
124,026 

139 

243,375 

372 

414 

0 

0 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

244,161 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -       52,3B4 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         8,699 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  .  1,068 
Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  30. 

JV'i?TO  Hampton,  post  town  and  town- 
ship of  Strafford  county,  Ntw  Hamp- 
shii'e,  on  the  Merrimac  30  miles  above 
Concord.  Population  1810,  1293,  and  in 
1820, 

J\'ew  Hamfiton,  post  town  of  Hunter- 
don county,  New  Jersey,  21  miks'N  by 
W  of  Flemmington,  and  40  NW  of  New 
Brunswick.  \ 

JVeiv  Hanover.  .  See  Hano-ver  JVeiv, 
township  of  Montgomery  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. ^ 

Meiv  Hanover,  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina, bounded  by  the  Atlantc  Ocean 
SE  ;  Cape  Fear  river  or  Brunwick  SVV  ; 
Bladen  W  ;  Sampson  NW ;  Dauphin  N  ; 
and  Orslon  E;  length  50;  mean  width 


:,328 
2,563 


Total  whites        ....  4,891 
All   other  ptrsons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         -         -  132 

Slaves         -        -        -        -        -  6,442 


Total  popidation  in  1810 
Foptilation  in  1820. 


11,465 


Free  white  ncales       ... 

2,634 

do.     do.    females    .         -         - 

2,452 

All  othir  persons  except  Indians 

not  ta.\c-d    ,     -         - 

0 

Total  whites.'      -         -         .         - 

5,086 

Free  persons  of  color.r,  males    - 

•      102 

*            do.               do.       females 

117 

Slaves,  males       .... 

2,708 

do.    females    .        .        -        - 

2,853 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

10,866 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  25 

Engaged  in  Agricnlture      -         -  2,853 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  387 

do.        in  Commerce        •         -  159 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8|. 

.Yeiv  Hartford,  post  town  and  town- 
ship in  Litchfield  county  Connecticut,  22 
miles  W  by  N  of  the  city  of  Hartford, 
and  12  miles  NEcf  Litchfield,  the  shire 
tr.wn.  Population  1810,  1510,  and  in  1320, 
1685.  , 

A'eiv  Har'ford,  post  village  in  Oneida 
county.  New  York,  four  miles  W  from 
Utica. 

JVetv  Haven,  town  of  Sussex  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ouse,  with  a  small  harbour. 
The  entrance  of  the  river  is  defended  by 
a  battery ;  and  the  haven  is  generally 
made  the  station  of  a  slonp  of  war,  to 
ii'.tercept  the  smuggling  trade.  It  is 
seven  miles  S  by  E  of  Lewis,  and  57  of 
London. 

JVew  Havcnt  post  town  Addison  coun- 
ty, Vermont  on  Otter  creek. 

J\'e%v  Haven,  county  of  Connecticut, 
bounded  by  l..ong  Island  Sound  S ;  Housa- 
tonick  river  or  Fairfield  SW  ;  Litchfield 
NW  ;  Hartford  N  ;  and  Middlesex  NE. 
Length  27;  mean  width  22;  and  area  about 
COO  square  miles.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  pleasantly  diversified  counties  \v> 
699 


]V  E  \V  . 


X  E  W 


the  United  Sjates.  It  is  traversed  from 
SSW  to  NNE  by  a  chain  of  mountains 
of  no  considerable  e'evation,  which  rises 
in  the  vicinity  of  New  Haven  city,-  and 
is  intersected  by  Connecticut  river  at 
MiddletowA  in  Middlesex  county.  Be- 
su'e  the  Housp.tonick,  Nev/  Haven  is 
drained  by  the  Naugatuck  and  Quinipi- 
ack  rivers  With  the  e>xeption  of  sttme 
tfracts  of^smali  extent  near  the  snnnd, 
the  surface  is  hilly  or  undulating  The 
soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  ancl  pas- 
turage. Staples,  grain.  Hour,  salted  pro- 
visions, live  stock,  and  manv  other  minor 
articles  sent  to. the  New  York  market. 
Chief  town  New  Haven, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       18,141 

do.  do.    females     -        -        -      18,022 

Total  whites  ....  36,163 
All  other  p^^rsons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .....  850 

Slaves 51 


Total  population  in  1810 


-.064 


Populalion-in  1320,  , 
Free  white  males     -        -        -      13,667 

do.  do.     femsles     -         -         .       19,711 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -^  '0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
^  do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      .     -  - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


38,3ro 

585 

637 

8 

8 

39,616 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  82 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -     j  6  673 

do.        in  Manufactures        -    '    2,648 

do.        in  Commerce  -  617 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  66. 

JVew  Haven,  city,  seaport,  and  seat  of 
justice,  New  Haven  county,  Connecticut, 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  a  bay  formed 
by  the  mouth  of  the  Quinipiack  river,  and 
about  four  miles  N  from  Long  Island 
Sound. 

The  old  town  was  laid  out  in  a  large 
square  subdivided  into  nine  lesser  squares, 
each  858  feet  each  side,  separated  by 
50  feet  streets.  In  the  centre  are  two 
large  squares;  SE  of  which  stands  Yale 
college. 

The  general  aspect  of  New  H.iven,  is 
peculiarly  pleasing.  The  site  is  very 
nearly  a  plain  ;  and  the  streets  extend- 
ing at  right  angles,  with  the  general 
neatness  of  the  buildings,  and  intermix- 
700 


ture  of  trees,  affords  a  picture  which 
every  traveller  must  view  with  interest. 

Of  all  the  public,  edifices  of  this  city, 
Yale  college  decidedly  claims  the  first 
notice.  It  was  founded  in  1701.  Its  of. 
ficers  are  now,  a  president,  nine  profes- 
sors and  five  tutors.  It  is  under  the  go- 
vernment of  a  board  of  trustees,  com- 
posed of  the  governor  of  the  state,  the 
lieutenant  governor,  and  six  senior  as- 
sistants ;  together  with  the  president  and 
10  clerical  fellows.  The  college  build- 
ings, consist  of  three  large  and  spacious 
finisiied,  and  one  unfinisheJ^edifice  ;  a 
chapel  and  philosophical  chamber:  a 
lycaeum  containing  the  library  and  recita- 
tion rooms  :  a  laboratory,  of  brick,  and 
a  stone  dining  hall.  Connected  with  the 
college  is  the  medical  institution,  found- 
ed in  1813,  with  four  professors,  an  ex- 
cellent anatomical  museum  and  a  medi- 
cal library.  The  college  library  amounts 
to  between  7000,  and  8000  volumes  The 
cabinet  of  minerals  was  the  munificent 
deposit  of  Col.  George  Gibbs,  and  does 
honour  to  the  doner,  and  to  the  college. 
Its  original  Spst  amounted  to  above  17,000 
dollars. 

The  whole  number  of  students  in 
1820,  was  412 ;  and  according  to  Mr. 
Morse  the  entire  number  educated  in 
this  institution  vfrom.  its  foundation  was 
3,47s,  of  v.'hom  in  1820,  there  were  stil! 
living  1,884,  more  than  one  half. 

An  Episcopal  seminary  was  establish- 
ed in  1820,  under  the  government  of  the 
general  convention  of  the  Episcopal 
church. 

Besides  the  literary  edifices,  and  the 
ordinary  county  buildings.  New  Haven 
contains ;  two  bank.s,  a  cu^toni  iiouse, 
almsiiouse,  three  ensurance  offices,  a 
grammar  sciiool,  an  academy,  six  print- 
ing offices,  issuing  four  weekly  newspa- 
pers, a  relis^ious  monthly  magazine,  and 
Mr.  Silliman's  journal  of  Science  and 
Arts. 

The  commercial  connexions  of  this  city 
are  numerous  and  important  particular- 
ly i!i  the  coasting  trade.  The  harbour  is 
good  though  only  admitting  vessels  of  10 
or  12  Icct  draft.  Before  the  erection  of 
a  long  wharf  of  nearly  a  rnile,  which 
stretches  so  far  directly  across  the  bay, 
the  harbour  was  gradually  filling  up. 
The  amount  of  shipping  owned  in  the 
town  is  about  12,<500  tons. 

Amongst  the  burial  grounds  of  New 
Haven  one  deserves  particular  notice. 
It  is  on  an  entirely  novel  plan,  laid  out  in 
parallelograms,  which  are  again  subdi- 
vided into  family  burying  places.  It  is  a 
field  lying  N  from  the  town,  and  being 
planted  with  trees,  has  a  very"" solemn, 


K  E  W 


NEW 


and  even  awful  effect  wh^  seen  either 
;i^/jtliin  or  without.  The  monuments  re 
gtnerallyjof  marble.  In  1810.  New  Haven 
contained  5,772,  and  m  1820,  7  147. 

.Al'vv  Haven,  township  of  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut,  and  containing  New 
Haven  city.    Pojiulation  1820,  8.326. 

AVzf  Haven,  township  of  Oswego  coun- 
ty New  York,  on  Mexico  bay  of  Lake 
Ontario.    Population  1820,  898.  . 

J\''ew  Haven,  post  township,  in  the  south- 
ern borders  of  Huron  county,  Ohio.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  481. 

.M'erv  Holland     See  Holland  J^Tenu. 

J\''exD  H'llkind,  post  villisge  of  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  13  miles  NE  from 
Lancaster, 

A'dv  Hope,  post  town  of  Sclebury  town- 
ship Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Delaware  river  opposite 
Lsmbertsviile  in  New  Jersey,  16  miles 
above  Trenton.  At  this  place  a  very 
fine  bridge  has  been  constructed  over 
Delaware. 

JVew  Hope,  post  town,  Wayne  county, 
North  Carolina. 

JN'Vjw  Hope,  post  village,  Spartinsburgh 
district  South  Carolina. 

JVe-iu  Iberia,  post  town  of  Louisiana 
parish  of  St.  Martin's  on  the  right  bank 
of  Teche  48  miles  above  its  mouth  ;  con 
sisting  of  one  street  along  the  river,  or 
rather  road,  containing  .-ibout  40  houses, 
200  inhabitants.  The  bank  is  here  some- 
thing higher  than  either  above  or  below  ; 
schooners  drawing  four  or  five  feet  water 
come  up  to  New  Iberia  at  all  seasons. 
lat.  30  0  N,  Jon.  VV  C  14  56  W. 

jYetvington,  post  village  and  township 
of  Rockingham  county,  New  Hampshire, 
on  t!ie  East  side  of  Great  bay,  five  miles 
NW  from  Portsmouth:  Population  1820, 
541. 

Aexif  Inlet,  coa^of  New  Jersey.  Sec 
Little  Eg-g  HarboiiW  j 

JVe-w  Inlet,  one  of  the  mouths  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  North  Carolina. 

J\''eru)  Tpsu'ich,  post  village  and  township, 
Hillsboroug-h  co'inty,  New  Hampshire,  52 
miles  N  from  Boston,  and  containing  an 
academy  and  a  nnanber  of  mills.  'Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1278. 

JVeiv  Jerse;/,  i-ne  of  the  states  of  the 
United  States;  bounded  by  New  York  N 
E  ;  by  Hudson  river,  S;aten  Isiand  Sound, 
Itarilon  bay,  and  the  Ailantic  Ocean  E; 
Atlantic  Ocean  SE ;  Delaware  Bay  SW  ; 
and  Delaware  river,  or  Pennsylvania  W. 

[Miles. 

New  Jersey  h.as  an  exterior  li.mit  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  from  Cape  May 
to  Sandy  Hook,  of        -         -         -      120 

An  interior  boundary  opposite  New 
York,   along  Rariton    bay,    Staten 


Island  SounJ,   New  York  bay,  and 

Hudson  river  ....  60 
In  coivuTion  with  New  York,  between 

Hudson  an-1  Ddauare  rivers  -  45 
Tl\eiice  down  Delaware  river  and  bay 

to  Cape  May         -        -.        -    ,     - '    220 

445 

Extreme  length,  by  a  line  almost  due 
north  from  Cap-.-  May,  to  tlie  northern  an- 
gle on  the  Delware,  160  miles;  with  a 
mean  widtii  of  aijout  43  miles.  Between 
lat.  38  58,  and  41  21  N. 

Area  6851  sqmjre  miles,  and  4.384,640 
acres 

The  natural  geography  of  New  Jersey, 
presents  three  very  marked  subdivisions  ; 
ist,  .sea  sand  alluvion  ;  2dlv,  -the  hilly  or 
middle  section  ;  and  3d]y,  tne  mountainous 
or  northern  section. 

Tiie  sea  sand  alluvion,  embraces  near 
one  half  the  state.  A  line  drawn  from  the 
mouth  of  Shrewsbury  river  to  Bordentown, 
will  nearly  separate  the  hilly  from  the  sea 
sand  region.  Between  this  natural  limit 
and  ♦he  Sussex  mountains,  t!ie  s'ate  is 
delightfully  variegated  by  hill  and  dale,  and 
well  watered.  Some  of  the  north-west. 
parts  of  Hunterdon,  Morris,  and  Bergen 
counties,  are  broken  into  mountain  ridge.=, 
but  the  real  mountain  section  of  New  Jer- 
sey is  comprised  in  Sussex  county.  It 
'must  be  understood,  that  in  this  state,  as 
in  Pennsylvania,  the  intervening  distance 
between  ihe  respective  mountains  is  gene- 
rally an  arable  valley. 

By  reference  to  the  annexed  table  of  th^ 
counties,  it  will  be  seen,  that  nearly  on^ 
half  the  state  is  occupied  by.  the  sea  sand 
alluvion.  This  litter  region,  declines 
gradually  from  tlie  hills,  and  before  reach- 
ing the  Atlrintic  Ocean,  spreads  into  an  al- 
most unbroken  plain  The  soil  is  nearly 
divisible  by  similar  limits  with  the  great 
subdivisions  we  have  noticed.  On  the  sea 
sand  all'  vion,  it  is  generally  thin  and  sandy, 
and  in  many  places  nsar^hy.  Above  the 
se.i  sand  alluvion  where  not  mountainous, 
tlie  soil  is  generally  arable  and  productive, 
in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage. 

Compared  with  its  latitude,  extending 
two  degrees  and  23  minutes  ;  no  state  of 
the  United  States,  possesses  such  wide  ex- 
tremes of  climate.  The  level  sandy  plains 
of  its  southern  extension  approximate  to 
the  clim.ate  of  South  Virginia,  whilst  the" 
seasons  in  Sussex  county,  present  a  severity 
approaching  those  of  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire.  The  structure  of  the  state, 
renders  the  causes  of  these  meteorologi- 
cal phenomena  obvious. 

The  staples  of  New  Jersey,  are  grain, 
flour,  live   stock,  salted  provision,   iron ; 
and  near  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  an 
701 


X  E  ^Y 

indefinite  variety  of  articles  to  supply  the 
markets  of  those  cities. 

Iron  ore  is  plentifully  found  and  exten- 
sively wrought,  particularly  in  Morris 
county.  Iron  in  bars,  and  hollow  wase  are 
produced  m  great  quar.tilies,  and  of  excel- 
lent quality. 

Leather  and  boots,  shoes,  and  saddles, 
may  be  considered  as  forming  a  lai-ge  share 
of  the  manufactured  staples  of  this  state. 
Newark  is  emphatically  a  city  remarkable 
for  the  quantity  and  excellence  of  its 
shoes.  The  estimated  value  of  exports  in 
1810,  was  upwards  of  7,000,000  of  dollars. 
;No  fair  view,  however,  can  be  given  of 
either  the  exports  or  imports  of  this  state, 
as  its  two  great  marts  are  Philadelpliia  and 
New  Yo;k.  The  amount  of  shipping,  is 
abouto5,000  tons. 

Surveys  and  levels  have  been  taken  with 
so  much  accuracy,  as  to  ascertain  the  prac- 
ticability of  executing  a  navigable  canal 
over  New  Jersey,  and  a  company  lias  long 
since  been  incorporated  fur  that  purpose. 
The  points  intended  to  be  united,  are 
Trenton  on  the  Uelaware,  and  New  Bruns- 
ivick  on  the  Rariton.  The  route  was  tra- 
ced by  following  the  Assampink  to  near  its 
source,  and  thence  by  a  short  cut  into 
Stoney  brook,  a  braitch  of  Millstone  river, 
and  down  the  latter  and  Kariton  to  tide 
water.  The  very  erroneous  principle 
ndopted  of  following  the  natural  channels, 
has  tended  to  discredit  the  operations  of 
the  New  Jersey  canal  company. 

The  distance  from  Brunswick  to  Tren- 
ton is  about  26  miles,  and  the  highest  in- 
termediate summit  level  50  feet,  between 
the  AssiiTlpink  and  Stoney  brook.  It  is 
supposed,  however,  that  a  summit, level  but 
little  exceeding  40  feet  can  be  obtained,  by 
cutting  between  the  confluence  of  Assam- 
pink  and  Shippetankiu  creeks,  and  Row- 
ley's mill,  near  the  c.^nfiuence  of  Stoney 
brook  and  Milistone  river. 

An  adequate  supply  of  v/ater  can  be 
drawn  by  short  feeders  from  Phillip's 
springs,  Trenton  creek,  Sto  ''y  brook,  and 
Millstoae  river,  all  of  which  are  more  ele- 
vated than  the  route  of  the  canal,  some 
intermediate  sand  hills  excepted.  Suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  for  a  sloop  navigation 
i exists  at  the  two  intended  extremities  of 
the  intended  cafial. 

Estimated  expenses  : 
Digging  28  miles,  at  20,000  dol- 

lars  per  mile  -         -         '  8^60,000 

Lockage,  100  feet,  probablv  less, 

at  1,250  dollars  per  foot'       -     125,000 
Feeders,  purchase  of  land,  and 

water  rights  -        -        -    115,000 

^800,000* 


Gallatin's  Report. 

702 


N  E  W 

Upon  the  iqjportance  of  the  New  Jersey 
canal  but  one  opinion  can  exist,  but  as 
respects  the  expenses,  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  less  th.;n  one  million  of  dollars 
could  suffice  to  effect  such  an  object. 

If  such  an  inland  communication  did 
exist,  it  is  probable,  however,  tiiat  if  the 
intended  transmission  of  coal  from  the  Le. 
high  and  Delaware  rivers  succeeds,  and 
there  is  no  rational  doubt  of  such  success, 
that  such  a  coal  trade  alone  would,  besides 
tlie  incidental  expenses  of  repairs  and  su- 
peiintendance,  produce  a  revenue  of  more 
than  tiie  interest  of  §1.000,000. 

For  political  aad  otb.er  purposes,  New 
Jersey  is  sul)divided  ini6  13  counties.  The 
following  table  exhibits  tlie  relative  popu- 
lation with  the  respective  area. 


Counties. 

Area  Sq 

<.M.  Pop.  1S20.  to  ■ 

Sg.  M' 

Cape  May, 

Alluvion, 

310 

4,265 

14 

Cumberland,  Alluvion, 

450 

12,668 

28 

Salem, 

Alluvion, 

312 

14,022 

45 

Gloucester^ 

,    Alluvion, 

800 

23,089 

28| 

Burlington, 

,    Alluvion, 

500 

28,822 

58 

Monmouth; 

,    Alluvion, 

875 

25,038 

28^ 

Middlesex, 

C  Hills  and 
1  Alluvion, 

^362 

21,470 

60 

Hunterdon, 

,     Hilly, 

540 

28,604 

5:i 

Somerset, 

Hilly, 

360 

16,506 

45| 

Essex, 

Hilly, 

252 

30,793 

122 

Morris, 

Hilly, 

460 

21,.368 

46 

Bergen, 

Hilly, 

480 

18,178 

38 

Sussex,, 

5  Moun-  7 
i  tainoUs.  $ 

1160 

32,/^2 

20;f 

6851 

277,575 

40 

Progressive  population.  In  1790,  New 
Jersey  contained  184,139;  in  1800,  211,149; 
in  ISIO,  245,560 ;  and  in  1820,  as  above.,' 

The  aggregate  and  classified  population 
is  seen  in  the  follov/ing  table. 

\  ,    ■ 
Population  in  lfl|0. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -  .         .         j 

Slaves         -  -         .         - 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Populntion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    .    -    .    - 


115,357 
111,509 

226,866 

7,843 
10,851 


245,560 


129,619 
127,790 

149 


Total  whites             -        -       -  257,558 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  6,416 

do.           do.        fema)es,  6,044 

Slaves,  males           -       -       -  3,988 


N  E  W 


.\  E  \\ 


Slaves,  females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture  - 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


5,569 


277.575 


1,529 
40,812 
15,941 

1,830 


^Aew  Kent,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
by  James  city  SE  ;  Chickaliomina  river,  or 
Charles  city  and  Henrico  SW  ;  Hanover 
NW  ;  and  Pamunkey  river  or  King  William 
NE  ;  length  23  ;  mean  width  10 ;  and  area 
230.  Surface  moderately  liiily,  and  soil  of 
middling  quahty.  Chief  town,  Cumber- 
land. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    - 
do.    do.    females 


1,225 
1,220 


Total  whites        -         ...         -  2,445 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        -  308 

Slaves,      -       -       -       -       -  3,725 


Total  population  in  1810 


6,478 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,263 

do.  do.  females  -  -  1,274 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .         .         .  0 

Total  whites  _        .       - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.  '     females, 

Slaves,  males    -        - 
do.    females  - 

Total  populatioh  in  1820  -       6,630 

(  ■ 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,980 

do.        in  IManufactures  36 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29  nearly. 

./Vew  Lancaster,  See  Lancaster,  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio. 

J\  ew  Lebanon,  post  town,  in  Canaan  town- 
ship,  ColuTihia  coftnty,  New  York,  on  the 
road  from  Pittsfield  to  Albany,  24  miles 
from  the  latter  place.  This  town  is  re- 
markable for  a  tepid  sprif.g  wliicli  has  be- 
come a  watering  place  of  mucii  resort. 
The  water  except  its  temperatin-e  7C:>°  of 
Fahrenheit,  differs  in  no  oihur  respect  from 
pure  mountain  water;  it  is  tasteless  and 
inodorous,  and  used  for  ail  common  pur- 
poses of  cooking  and  washing. 

The  Shalsers  own  3000  apres  of  land  in 


tills  township,  and  hare  a  very  flourishing 
settl  mcnt  near  Lebanon  village.  Thti 
scenery  arcund  Lebano;;  is  peculiarly  pleas- 
ing, and  even  subhme. 

vAew  Lebanon,  post  village  of  Camden 
county,  North  Carolma. 

,\e-io  Lexington,  town  in  Richland  coun- 
ty, Ohio  ;  on  the  west  bank  of  Mohiccan 
creek,  10  miles  from  Bellville. 

./^ety  Lexington,  inconsiderable  town  of 
Knox  county,  Ohio,  thirteen  miles  E  from 
Mount  Vernon. 

J\'etu  Lexington,\\\\9ige  of  Jefferson  coun- 
ty^ Indiana,  17  miles  VV  from  Madison.  Salt 
wells  have  been  dug  here  to  the  great 
depth  of  700  feet.  It  contains  about  4Q 
houses,  200  inhabitants,  and  one  news-pa- 
per printing  office. 

J^'eiulin,  township  of  Chester  county,! 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  west  branch  of  Bran- 
dywine  creek  six  miles  SSW  from  Down- 
ingtown.     Population  in  1820,  914. 

J\'cw  Lisbon,  township  of  Otsego  county. 
New  York;  10  miles  SW  from  Cooper's 
town.     Population  in  1820,  2221. 

»Vew  Lisbon,  flourishing  post  town  and 
seat  of  Justice,  Columbiana  county,  Ohio  ; 
35  miles  S  from  Warren  in  Trumbull  coun- 
ty ;  56  NE  from  Pittsburg,  and  160  NE 
from  Columbus.  It  now  contains  an  ele- 
Infant  suit  of  county  buildings,  a  bank,  two 
brick  meeting  houses,  nine  or  ten  mercan^ 
tile  stores.  In  1820  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants were  746.  In  the  vicinity  are  a  fur- 
nace, four  merchant,  and  four  saw  mills,  a 
l^aper  mill,  an  extensive  woollen  factory,  .t 
fulling  mill,  carding  machine,  and  glass  fac- 
tory. 

jYe~M  London,  post  town,  Hillsborough 
county  New  Hampshire,  30  miles  NW  from 
Concord.  Population  in  1810,  692  ;  and  in 
1820.924. 
jYew  London,  SE  county  of  Connecticut, 
bounded  by  Rhode  Island  E ;  by  Long 
Island  sound  S  ;  by  Middlesex  county  in 
Connecticut  W  ;  Hartford  and  Tolland 
NW ;  and  Windham  N.  Length  30 ; 
mean  width  20  ;  and  area  600  square 
miles.  C'onnccticut  river  forms  part  of 
its  west  boundary ;  but  beside  this  stream 
Nfew  London  county  is  in  a  remarkable 
manner  indented  with  bays  and  rivers; . 
Quintbaug  and  Shetucket  unite  in  this 
C(;urty  and  form  the  Thames,  which  at 
Chelsea  landing  below  Norwich  re- 
ceives the  Yantic,  and  forms  a  very  fine 
and  spacious  entrance  for  vessels.  Be- 
tween the  Connecticut  and  Thames  be- 
side many  of  mjnor  importance  the  Ni- 
antic  bay  opens  to  Waterford.  Bet\yeen 
the  Thames  and  Pacatuck,  the  coast  is 
indented  by  Pequonock,  Mistick,  Qui- 
amboc,  Stonington,  and  Wickatequack, 
Pacatuck  bnu.ids  the  county  and  state  to 
the  E.  The  western,  or  rather  the 
northwestern  part  of  New  London  is 
703 


X  E  W 


N  E  W 


mountainous,  and  except  some  marshes 
near  the  sea-coast,  the  genera!  surface  is 
hilly,  but  presents  a  very  pleasing  aspect. 
The  soil  is  productive  in  fruits,  grain, 
and  pasturage.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  live 
stock,  lumber,  fish,'&c.  Chief  town  New 
London. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wliile  males   -     -         -         -       15  963 
do.    do.     females  -        -      17,088 


Total  whites       .         .         -         . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        . 

Slaves         -        f,        .        -        - 

33,051 

1,579 
17 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

34,707 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.     do.     females    ... 
All  ovher  persons  except  ludians 

not  taxed         .... 

16,397 
17,852 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     .. 

do.              do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males       .        -        -  .      - 

do.    females    .... 

34,249 

796 

887 

3 

8 

Total  population  in  1820 


35,94; 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  .  84 

Engaged  in  Agriculture-'     -         .         7,681 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         -         1,847 

do       i^i  Commerce         -        -  975 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  60  nearly. 

■^ttiv. London,  city,  seaport,  and  alter- 
nately with  Norwich,  seat  of  justice  for 
New  London  county  Connecticut  ;  is  si- 
tuated on  the  west  side  of  the  Thames, 
three  miles  above  its  mouth,  14  miles  be- 
low Norwich,  and  42  SE  from  Hartford, 
Ion.  W  C  4  0  48  E,  iat.  41  0  25  N.  Beside 
the  ordinary  county  buildings  it  contains 
two  banks,  a  marine  ensurance  office, 
two  newspaper  printing  offices,  and  five 
w  six  places  of  public  woi'ship.  The 
shipping  in  1818,  amounted  to  near  16000 
tons.  Having  a  depth  of  five  fathom's 
water,  the  harbour  is  the  best  between 
New  York,  and  Newport ;  and  is  very 
seldom  obstructed  by  ice.  It  "is  defended 
by  forts  Trurnbuil  and  Griswold,  the 
former  on  the  New  London,  and  latter  at 
Groton  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
The  narrowness  of  the  entrance  renders 
its  blockade  easy,  which  was  efficted 
during  lasit  war.  On  a  point  on  the 
west  side  of  the  harbour  is  a  light  house. 

J\'ew  London,  post  town  Campbell 
county,  Virginia,  18  miles  3VV  ?fom 
Lynchburg. 

704 


JVf  w  London^  township  in  the  SE  quar- 
ter of  Huron  county,  Ohio.    Population ' 
1820.  172. 

J^'etv  Lo7idon,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  Madison  county,  Ohio.  See  Lon- 
don, Madison  county,  Ohio. 

j\'eiv  Longueil,  seigniory  Y(jrk  county. 
Lower  Canada,  40  miles  W  from  Mon- 
treal. 

.Ve-7f  Madrid,  post  town  and  seat  cf 
justice  New  Madrid  county,  Missouri,  70 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio.  It  is 
built  on  an  alluvial  bank  somethnig 
above  the  ordinary  height  of  the  Missis- 
ippi  banks,  contains  about  50  houses  and 
from  250  to  300  inhabitants. 

.AV-w  ^[adrid,  county  of  Missouri ; 
bounded  by  Mississippi  river  SE;  Ar« 
kansaw  territory  S  ;  St  Francis  river 
NW  ;  and  C'ape  Girardeau  N.  Length 
60  ;  mean  width  25-;  and  area  1500  square 
miles.  Surface  one  general  alluvial  plain, 
arable  only  near  the  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sisippi  and  the  other  streams;  the  resi- 
due being  liable  to  annual  submersion; 
Staples,  Indian  corn,  pork,  and  cotton. 
Chief  town  New  Madrid. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...         937 

do.  do.  females        .        .        •         874 


Total  whites    ^             ...  1,811 
Ail  odier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  5 

Slaves 287 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        2,103 

r  

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ^r^,       -      .  -  1,068 

do.  do.     fe  rales      ...  933 

All  other^  persons  except  Indians  j. 

not  taxed         ....  '0 

Total  whites                -         -         -  2,001 

Fiee  persons  of  colour,  males     -  1 

do.            do.        fenlales  3 

Slaves,  males      ....  148 

do.     females           -                 -  143 

Total  population  in  1820  -         3,296 

Of  these: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Engagfil  in  Agriculture  -  538 

do.        in  Mj.mifactures  -  43 

do.        in  Commerce      -         -  28 

Populitlon  to  the  square  mile,  li. 

jYewinarkc'C,  town  in  Suffolk.  It  is  the 
most  celebrated  place  In  England  for 
horse-races  ;  and  here  Charles  II.  built 
a  house-  for  the  sake  of  this  diversion.  It 
is  13  miles  W  of  Bur_v,  and  61  N  by  E  of 
London. 

J^Teivmarkct,  post  village  and  township 


A  E  \\- 


N  E  VV 


Rockingham  county  New  Hampshire,  15 
miles  VV  from  Portsmouth.  The  village 
is  at  the  mouth  of  Lamprey  river  into 
Great  Bay.  Population  1810,  1061,  and 
in  1820,  1083. 

J^ewmarkct,  post  village  of  York  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  near  the  raoutli  of  Co- 
newag'i  creek. 

JVeivmarket,  post  town  Dorchester 
county,  Maryland,  near  the  left  bank  of 
Choptank  river,  12  miles  SSE  from  Eas- 
ton. 

JVe%vmarkety  post  village,  Spottsylva- 
nia  county,  Virginia. 

J\l'eiumarket,  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  11  miles  eastward  of 
Frederickstown. 

JSFeivmarket,  post  town  in  Shenandoah 
county,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Robinson  river,  132  miles  W  by  S  of 
Washington  and  50  SSW  from  Winches- 
ter. 

jM'exvmarket,  post  town.II  gliland  county, 
Ohio,  42  miles  Vv,  from  Chilicothe. 

JK'eiu market,  township  of  Hig')i::nd  coun- 
ty. Ohio,  inciudini^  the  foregoing;  village. 
Populaiion  1820,  747. 

j\i'e-:v  J\Iarlboro7(g}i,  post  village;  and 
township,  Berkshire  county,  Massachu- 
setts, 23  miles  SSE  from  Lenox,  Population 
1820,  1668. 

Mtr.u  Mexico,  province  of  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico  in  the  internal  provinces.  This  is 
the  most  nor;!iern  of  the  Spanis'i  settle- 
ments in  the  interior  of  North  America  ; 
its  length,  from  sonth  it)  nor'Ji,  about  500 
nniles  bVcadlii  about  200  miles.  Area  44,000 
square  miles.  Population  40,000.  Bound- 
ed S  by  N'-\v  Biscay  or  Unrango,  E  by 
Texas,  and  on  ail  other  sides  by  regions 
little  known,  inhabited  by  native  Indians. 
New  Mexico,  is  an  ancient  Spanish  con- 
quest, as  early  as  1559,  um'.er  the  Viceroy 
Velasco  el  Primcro,  Durango  was  a  mili- 
tary post.  Tov.ai'ds  the  end  of  the  16th 
centuiy,  t!ie  then  Viceroy,  count  de  Mon- 
terey, sent  Juan  de  Onate,  to  New  Mexico  ; 
tliis  general  drove  away  the  Indians  and 
peopled  tiie  banks  of  Itio  del  Norte,  Con- 
sequently the  establishment  of  that  nation, 
in  New  Mexico  hx.ve.  existed  more  than 
t'.vo  hundred  years. 

The  two  provinces  of  New  Biscay,  and 
New  Mexico,  are  separated  by  a  desart. 
This  desart  crosses  the  Rio  Grande  ')e- 
tween  ilie  Pass  del  Norte  and  Albuquer- 
que. The  ('e?art  of  the  Muerto,  is  up- 
wards of  100  miles  wide  and  destitute  of 
water.  "  Tl.e  whole  of  this  country,"  .says 
Humboldt,;"  is  in  general  of  an  alarming 
state  of  aridity,  for  the  moun'.ains  Delos 
Mansos,  situated  to  the  east  of  tiie  road 
from  Durango,  to  Santa  Fe,  do  not  give 
rise  to  a  single  brook.  Notwit';standing 
the  mildness  of  the  climate,  and  the  pvo- 

4r 


gress  .jI"  industry,  a  great  part  of  tliis  coun- 
liy  as  well  as  Old  California,  and  several 
districts  of  New  Risca}-,  and  the  Intendan- 
cy,  of  Giiadalnxara,  will  never  admit  of  any 
consi;le:ab!e  population."  This  desart  lies 
in  a  N  Band  NW  direction,  and  extends 
from  lu  Pacific  Ocean  to  within  200  miles 
SW  of  St  Louis  in  Missouri.  It  is  cover- 
ed in  Autumn  with  muriate  of  soda,  com- 
mon salt,  and  is  every  where  extremely 
cold  (or  the  climate  ;  see  the  article  Rio 
Grande. 

The  inhabitants  of  New  Mexico,  are 
exposed  to  the  hostile  Indians,  and  live 
cliiefly  in  towns.  Tiiey  are  like  those  of 
New  Biscay,  a  bold  and  daring  race  of  men, 
continually  on  horseback.  The  arid  ster- 
ility of  their  soil,  and  the  almost  inimitable 
extent  of  their  savannas,  compel  them  to 
a  pastoral  ii:e. 

New  Mexico,  is  however  with  all  its  de- 
lects a  delightrul  residence.  Tlie  purity 
of  the  uir  and  the  rich  scenery  of  the  fer- 
tile banks  of  the  rivers,  have  a  fine  effect. 
European  g-rain  and  fruits  grow  luxuriantly 
whsre  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  dryness  of 
the  seasons  is  favourable  to  the  grape, 
which  is  peculiarly  delicious  in  that  coun- 
try. Perhaps  in  the  advance  of  civilization 
the  borders  of  the  North  American  desart 
m  sy  from  its  exemption  from  rain,  become 
remarkable  for  its  rich  wines. 

See' .Mexican  Empire;  section  Rio  Grande 
del  Norte. 

J\Vw  Jlli/ford,  post  town  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, Maine,  at  the  head  of  Sheepsgut  river, 
15  miles  N  by  VV  of  Wiscasset. 

.A''-v  Jlitfuvd,  post  town  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connfctictit,  16  miles  N  of  Dan- 
bury.'and  18  SW  of  Litchfield,  on  tite  NE 
s.de  of  lloti-jalonick  river,  containing 
jbout  3537  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  4610. 

.Vtfw  JMilford,  post  village,  Susquehannah 
county,  Fennsylvan'a. 

.W.i'  Mills,  tliriving  village,  with  a  post 
office,  in  B;n-l'n,u:toM  cotuity,  New  Jersey, 
about  five  miles  E  of  Mount  Holly. 

.\\:\L'nham,  corporate  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  tiie  S  ?vern,  eight  miles  S  Vr  of  Glou- 
cester, and  1J2  WNW  of  London.  Lon, 
2  23  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

J^A'~x  Orlecms,  capital,  and  chief  town  of 
the  stale  of  Louisiana,  stands  upon  the  left 
h.ank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  ai  N  lat,  30* 
ai.d  W  lon.  W  C  12  5. 

It  h  compr  .sed  of  the  city  properly  so 
calicn,  and  several  F.iuxbourgs,  (suburbs,) 
the  principal  of  which  .are,  St.  Mary's,  An- 
ininciatinn,  and  La  Course,  above  the  city  ; 
Marign>'s  ,and  Erqniers,  below  ;  and 
Trenie,  and  St.  John's  in  the  rear  of  the 
city,  towards  Bayou  St.  John's. 

The  city  Itself  is  laid  out  wilh  the  streets 
inlcrsccling  each    other  at  right  angk-;. 
T05 


X  E  W 


N  E  W 


The  Faiixbourgs,  though  in  general  aibo 
regiikr,  deviate  in  some  places.  L'ke  all 
other  places  along-  the  banks  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  groaiitl  tipori  which  New  Or- 
leans stanJs  falls,  by  a  gentle  declivity, 
from  t!K-  mai-i;iu  of  the  livc-r,  -.intii  de- 
pressed in'i)  a  swamp,  or  overflown  fl.<t,  in 
the  rear  of  the  town.  The  city.-and  its 
Fauxbaurgs,  except  th  >se  of  th  Treme 
and  St.  John's,  staiid  upon  the  solid  borde.T 
of  land  between  tVie  river  and  swamp,  tiie 
medium  width  of  which,is  about  4U0  yards. 
The  extreme  length  of  New  Orleans  along 
the  Mississippi  is  nearly  three  miles.  Tlie 
rivers  running  opposi.e  in  the  form  of  an 
S.  It  contaii  s  a  State-house,  Prison,  Mar- 
ket-house, Ho-pital,  Princip.d,  or  Town- 
house. A  Cathedral,  or  tlie  Church  of  St. 
John's,  Ursuline  C^ivent,  an  Episcopalian, 
and  a  Calvanistic  church,  two  Theatres,  a 
Court-house,  three  Ensurance  otfices,  four 
Banks  authorized  by  the  stale,  a  braBch  of 
that  of  the  United  States,  a  Custom  iiouse. 
Navy  \ard.  Arsenal,  Barracks,  and  one 
Fort,  that  of  St.  Charles,  sit-.ia  ed  between 
the  city  proper  and  Fauxbourg  Marigny. 

New  Ork  ins  is  sitnaterl  105  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  322  by  water, 
and  156  by  land,  below  Natchez  ;  1189  be- 
low St.  Louis;  991  below  the  mouth  of 
Ohio,  and  1933  below  the  city  of  Pittsburg. 
It  is  ruled  by  a  mayor  and  city  council, 
elected  by  the  freeholders. 

This  city  is  admirably  situated  for  a  com- 
mercial depot,  h;iving  equal  facility  of  in- 
tercourse, foreign  and  domestic.  Its  mar- 
kets are  excellent,  particularly  for  garden 
vegetables,  .md  for  fruits,  both  tropical, 
and  from  the  numerous  settleniftnts  on  the 
various  confiueuTS  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
houses,  and  population  are  both  rapidly  on 
the  increase,  as  may  be  seen  by  t  e  ibllovv- 
ing  comparative  view  of  its  census  in  1810 
and  1820.  At  tiie  Former  period,  the  c^liy 
and  parish  contained  24,553,  of  whom, 
above  17,000  were  found  in  tlie  city.  In 
1820,  the  number  of  inhabitants  stood 
thus : 

Free  white  males      -        -        -        11,675 

do.  do.     feniales  ...  7,512 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  1,542 


of  Orleans,  then  Regent  of  France,  during" 
the  minority  of  Louis  the  XIV.  It  remain- 
ed in  the  h.Mids  of  the  French  until  1769, 
when  togetiier  witii  all  Louisiana  it  was 
taken  (jossession  of  by  the  Spanish  gener- 
.1',  O'li'  illy  r  was  again  given  up  by 
Spain  to  France  in  18U5,  and  on  the  20th 
of  December  of  that  year  dehvered  to  the 
Unite  )  States,  by  the  French  colonel  Pre- 
fect, Laussatt. 

In  the  utonth  of  November,  1814  a 
Bnlish  fl  et  and  arnny  appeared  off  Cat 
Island,  and  on  t!ie  16th  of  November, 
the  United  States  flotilla  of  gun  boats 
were  captured  in  the  Pass,  between 
the  JVIalheureux  islands  and  Florida 
shore.  On  the  morning  of  the  23rd  De- 
cember, part  of  the  British  army  reach- 
ed the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  at  Gene- 
ral Villaret's  plantation,  eight  miles  below 
New  Orluans-  On  the  evening  of  the 
same  day,  General  Jackson  attacked 
them  in  their  encampment,  when  a  sharp 
but  indecisive  engagement  took  place ; 
both  armies  claiming  the  victory.  On 
the  ensuing  morning,  the  United  States 
army  took  positir.n  on  Rodriguez's  canal, 
three  miles  below  the  city,  and  that  of 
thr-  British  formed  its  lines  one  mile  still 
lower  down.  Partial  engage,  mentsenter- 
vined,  on  the  SiSth  day  of  I)ecember,  and 
on  the  1st  of  January  1815.  On  Sunday 
morning,  January  8th  General  Packeh- 
ham  quit  his  lines  and  attacked  the 
United  Statirs  army  in  its  entrenchments. 
The  former  were  defeated  with  great 
siaughitr,  but  with  very  trifling  loss  on 
the  part  of  the  latttr.  The  British  lost 
aI)out  2000  men,  the  United  States  had 
only  fivv  kiUed,  and  s:-ven  wounded. 

On  the  night  of  the  18th  the  British 
army  ci  mmenced  its  retreat,  and  a  few 
davs  afterwards  evacuated  all  Louisiana. 


Total        .       .       .       - 

Slaves,  males      ... 

do.    females 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.        females 


20,793 

7,331 
7,615 
2,835 
4,326 


Total  of  Slaves  and  Free  coloured 
persons         -        -        -        -        22,p7 


Entire  population 


42,900 


New  Orle.ins  was  laid  out  in  the  spring 
of  1717.  and  named  in  honour  of  the  Buke 

ro.6 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  whiie  males       .         .        -  3,586 

do.   do.    females    -        -        -  2,745 

Total  whites      ....  6,341 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t  ixed              -        -            -  4,950 

Slaves 5,961 

Total  population  in  1810,            •  17,242 

Population  in  1820 

Free  white  males        ...  8,268 

do.    do.     females            -         -  5,318 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites      ....  13,584 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  2,432 

do.            do.       females  3,805 

Slaves,  males        ...        -  2,709 

do.    females    ,       -       -        -  4.646 


X  E  W 

Total  population  in  1820 


27.176 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -        1,500 
Engaged  in  Agr:cultu!e      -         •  0 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         2,704 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  4,574 
J\\iv  Orleans,  parish  of  Louisiana,  in- 
cluding the  city  of  New  Orleans  ;  bound- 
ed by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  S ;  the  interior 
of  Lafourche,  and  German  c>;ast  or  B  r- 
nard  W  ;  Lake  Pontchartrain  N  ;  the 
Rigol'jts,  and  Lake  Borgne  NE ;  and 
Paquemine  E.  Length  SO  ;  mean  width 
16 ;  and  area  1.300  square  miles.  Lving 
between  lat.  29  14  atid  30  12  N.  The 
surface  an  almost  undeviating  plain,  and 
mostly,  an  unwooded  grassy  morass  The 
only  arable  part  the  margins  of  the 
streams,  and  a  few  spots  on  the  sea 
coast.  Vegetable  productions,  cotton, 
sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  indign,  maize,  fii^s 
oranges,  peaches,  &c.  Chief  town  Nt  w 
Orleans. 

Fopulation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -  9i9 

do.  do.   females     -        -        -  721 

Total  whites       ....  1,67 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  777 

not  taxed          •         .        -         .  21 

Slaves                  .        -        -        -  '  4,863 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -        7,310 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        3,409 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  2,251 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 

Total  whites        .         -        -         - 

7''"ree  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.    females  .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1820  -      14,175 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      *    -  49 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -       5,438 

do.       in  Manufactures  -        1,777 

do         in  Commerce        .        -  0 

Population  to  the  squars  mile  11. 

J\'ew  Paltz,  post  village  and  township 
Ulster  county.  New  York,  15  miles 
below  Kingston  landing.  Population  1810, 
4,612. 

JVVzw  Philadelphia,  post  village  Harden 
county,  Kentucky,  35  miles  below  Louis- 
ville 

JVew  Philadelphia,  poft  town  and  seat 
of  justice,  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio.  It 
is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Mukingum,- 


N  E  W 

river,  on  an  extensive  and  beautiful 
plain,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Sugar  creek. 
it  contains  the  county  buildings,  several 
stores  and  about  300  inhabitants.  It  is 
50  miles  NE  from  Zanesville. 

A'e7vpori,  borougli  of  Hampshire,  and 
tiie  chief  town  in  the  isle  of  Wiglit,  with  a 
mu'uifacture  of  starch.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Cowes,  which  is  navigable  for  small 
vessels,  17  miles  S  by  lu  of  Soutiiamptun, 
and  91  SW  of  London.  L-n.  1  l6  W,  lat. 
50  42  N. 

JK'ewport,  borough  in  Cornwall,  three 
miles  N  ot  Launceston,  and  214  W  by  S  of 
London, 

JKewporl,  town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
handsome  freeschool,  17  m.les  Eof  Shrews- 
bury, and  139  XW  of  London. 

ji'eiuport,  town  in  Monmouthshire,  on 
the  river  U^k,  19  miles  SS  W  of  Monmouth, 
arid  118  W  by  N  ol  London. 

J\'ewport,  town  of  Wal'S,  in  Pembroke- 
shire, at  the  foot  oi'a  high  hill,  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  nam  ,  18  miles  NE  of  St.  David, 
and  250  WNW  of  London. 

.\'<?tcj:;oi7, township  of  Buckingham  coun- 
ty. Lower  Canada 

A'ewport,  post  village  and  township,  Pe- 
nobscot county,  McUie,  25  miles  W  from 
B  .ngor.     Po,)ulat!on  in  1820,  510. 

jVewpori,  tov/nship  of'Chesliire  county, 
New  Hampshire,  42  miles  NW  from  Con- 
cord ;  containing  1427  inhabitants  m  1810; 
and  in  1820, 1679. 

JK'eivpori,  SE  county,  Uhode  Island; 
bounded  by  Bristol  county  in  Massachu- 
setts E  ;  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  ;  the  south- 
ern entrance  of  Narrat^ansett  bay  W ;  and 
tlie  northern  arm  of  N^rragansett  bay,  and 
Mount  Hope  bay  NVV.  Lenth  16;  width 
12 ;  and  area  about  100  square  miles.  It 
is  composed  of  Uie  islands  of  Prudence, 
Connaiiicut,  Rhode  Island,  and  a  portion 
of  the  m.ai'i  siiore  E  from  Narragansett  bav. 
Surface  generally  waving,  and  soil,  parti- 
cularly  on  the  i'sland  highly  productive. 
Staples  grain,  flour,  fish,  live  stock,  &c. 
Chief  town  Newport. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       7,'o77 

do.  do.  females  -        -        7,969 


Totil  whites      -        -        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves         -         .         -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        . 

do.  do.    females     -        -        - 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

707 


15,346 

904 
44 

16,294 


7,126 
7,764 


IJ  E  W 


N  E  W 


40 

2.311 

778 

177 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males      ,        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  popub.llon  in  1820. 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  natiir:ilizcd 
Engageil  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures     - 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  157. 


J\'ev)port,  pnst  town,  and  alternately  witli 
Providence,  capital  of  Khocle  Island,  iive 
miles  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  ou  a 
small  but  very  co.Tsmodious  b;iy  formed  by 
a  projection  of  Illiude  Island  proper,  ar.d 
Connecticut  Island.  Lon.  W  h-om  Greeii- 
wich,  71  17  ;  and  E  from  Washington,  5  43, 
].at.  41  29  N. 

The  harbour  Is  one  of  the  best  on  all  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  opens 
before  the  town  into  a  noble  circular  basin, 
easy  of  access,  land-locked  on  all  sides,  and 
commanded  by  the  adjacent  heiglrs.  Goat 
Island,  a  small  spot  of  ground  at  its  outer 
entrance,  contauis  Fort  Woicott  and  a 
United  States'  navy  hospital.  The  harbour 
is  also  defended  by  two  other  forts — Fort 
Green,  and  Fort  Adams. 

Thongh  much  declined  from  its  former 
comparative  importance,  Newport  is  still 
a  flourishing  town.  The  site  rises  by  an 
elegant  acclivity  from  the  harbour,  and 
again  declines  gradually  in  t!ie  rear,  giving 
the  aspect  of  a  deiigkti'ul  swell  to  the 
whole  place. 

Newport  contains  a  state-house,  market- 
house,  theatre,  publick  library,  alms-house, 
five  banks,  two  ensurance  companies,  ele- 
ven places  of  public  worship,  four  Baptists, 
two  Congregationdists,  one  Episcopalean, 
one  Friends,  one  Moravian,  one  Methodist, 
and  one  Jewish  Synagogue. 

In  1819,  the  amount  of  shipping  owned 
in  this  town,  was  near  1 1,000  tons. 

The  population  of  the  town,  and  that 
part  of  its  vicinity  included  in  the  townsiiip, 
as  it  stood  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  aie  exhibit- 
ed in  the  annexed  table. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        3,440 
do.  do.    females  -        -        3,837 

Total  whites        -        -        -  7,277 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               -        -        -  630 

Slaves 0 


14,891  Population  in  1820. 

354  Free  white  males        ... 

498  do.     do.    females  .        -        - 

11  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

17  not  taxed                 ... 


15,771    Totid  whites      - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 

Slaves,  females 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,157 
3,606 

0 

6,763 

197 

342 

7 

10 

7,319 


Total  population  in  1810 

708 


7,907 


Of  these ; 
P'oreigners  not  naturalized  -  38 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  174 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  630 

d.).       in  Commerce         -         -  107 

The  manufacturing  establishments  in 
this  town  and  vicinity  are  numerous  and 
important,  consisting  of  five  or  six  Hum 
dstilleries,  one  Gin  distillery,  one  Duck 
factory,  and  numerous  grain  mills. 

JSi'nvport,  post  town  Herkimer  county, 
New  York,  20  miles  N  from  Herkimer. 
Population  in  1810,  1605,  and  in  1820, 
1746. 

JW'-iuport,  post  town  Cumberland  county. 
New  Jersey. 

jyewport,  townsiiip  ofLuzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  extending  from  Susquehan. 
nah  river  to  Nescopec  Moimtain,  between 
Nescopec  and  Hanover.  Population  in 
1820,  764. 

JVeuport,  village  of  Indiana  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  Conemaugh 
river,  18  miles  NE  from  Greensburg. 

JVcivport,  post  town  in  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  three  miles  SVV  of 
Wilmington,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance NW  cf  New  Castle.  It  h.is  about 
300  inhabitants,  and  carries  on  a  consi- 
derable trade  in  wheat  and  flour,  between 
the  adjacent  counties  and  Philadelphia. 

jVewfiorl,  post  town,  Charles  county, 
Maryland,  40  miles  SSE  from  Wash- 
ington, and  10  miles  SE  from  Port  To- 
bacco. 

Aew/iort,  small  river,  Liberty  county, 
Georgia,  opening  from  the  sea  by  two 
mouths,  St.  Catharines,  and  Sapelo  Sound. 
It  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  Riceborough. 

jYeiv/iort,  post  town  of  Cocke  county, 
Tennes.see,  on  the  left  bank  of  French 
Broad  river,  45  miles  E  from  Knox- 
ville. 

JVenv/wrts  post  village  in  Washington 
county,  Ohio,  in  a  township  of  the  same 
name.  I'he  village  is  11  miles  E  by  N 
from  Marietta. 

A''fjwfiort,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice. Licking  county,  Kentucky,  on  Ohio 
and  Licking  rivers  above  their  junction, 
and  opposite  Ciucinatti.    The  site  is  an 


A   E  W 


N  E  W 


elevated  plain.  This  town  coiilain5  the 
common  county  buildings,  a  United  States 
arsenal  and  an  academy.  The  latter 
endowed  by  the  legislature  of  Kentucky, 
with  6000  acres  of  land.  Present  popu- 
lation about  1000. 

jYe'iv/ior(iu7id,  township  and  post  vil- 
lage, Somerset  county,  Maine. 

JVejv/iori-Pagnel,  town  in  Bucking- 
hamshire. It  has  a  manufacture  of  bop.e- 
l.ice,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  over 
which  it  has  two  bridges,  14  miles  ENE 
of  Buckingham  and  51  NXW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  43'VV,  lat,  52  4N. 

JVew  Providence,  post  town  and  town- 
ship, Essex  county,  New  Jersey,  12  miles 
W  from  Newark.    Population  182U,  768. 

JVew  Ric/nnoiid,  post  town  in  Ohio 
township,  Clermont  county,  Ohio,  con- 
taining 50  houses,  and  ouO  inhabitants. 
It  slands  on  Ohio  river,  15  miles  S\V  from 
Williamsburg. 

A''eiv  river,  for  supplying  London  with 
water  This  river  has  its  rise  at  Am- 
well,  near  Ware,  in  Herts,  and  was 
formed  by  the  great  Sir  Hugh  Middle- 
ton,  who  was  obliged,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  eminences  and  valleys  in  the  way,  to 
make  it  run  a  course  of  about  .39  milts, 
and  to  carry  it  over  two  va!U  ys,  in  long 
wooden  troughs  lined  with  lead  ;  that  at 
Bushili,  being  660  feet  in  length,  and  .30 
in  height ;  under  which  is  an  arch,  capa- 
cious enough  to  admit  the  largest  wagon 
loaded  with  hay  or  straw.  In  short,  over 
and  under  this  river,  which  sometimes 
rises  thus  high,  and  at  others  is  convey- 
ed under  ground,  runs  several  consider- 
able currents  of  land  waters,  and  both 
above  and  below  it  a  great  number  r.f 
brooks,  rills,  and  water-courses  have  their 
passage. 

JVew  river,  river  of  Virginia,  the  for- 
mer name  of  Kenhawa.     See  Kenhawa. 

vV<?w  river,  small  stream  of  Onslow 
county.  North  Carolina,  entering  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  by  New  Inlet,  45  miles 
\VSW  from  Cape  Lookout. 

J^'eiu  river,  small  river  of  Beaufort  dis- 
trict South  Carolina,  falling  into  the  es- 
tuary of  Savannah  river,  18  miles  E 
from  Savannah. 

.Ycio  river,  river  of  Louisiana  drain- 
ing the  angle  between  the  Mississippi, 
and  Amite  rivers,  flows  E,  and  falls 
into  the  western  extremity  of  lake  Maii- 
rcpas. 

JVew  Pochelte,  post  town  in  West- 
Chester  county.  New  York,  planted  ori- 
ginally by  French  Hugennts.  It  hi  s  20 
miles  NE  of  the  city  of  New  York  It 
contained  996  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in 
1820,  1135, 

.A  Vw  Rumley,  post  town  in  North  town- 
ship, Harrison  county,  Ohio.    Distance, 


11  miles  northerly  from  Cadiz,  and  130 
northeasterly  from  Columbus. 

J\'etvry.  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
cqunty  of  Down,  situated  on  the  side  of 
a  iteep  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  New- 
ry-water,  having  over  it  two  stone 
bridges;  and  there  is  a  third  bridge  over 
a  navigai)le  canal,  by  which  it  has  a 
communication  with  Lough  Neath  and 
Carlingfrrd  bay.  It  is  49  iniies  N  of 
Dubrui"     Lon.  6  20  W,  lat  54  15  N. 

A'ewry,  township  of  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  25  miles  NW  from  Paris.  Pop- 
ulation 1810,  202,  and  in  1820,  304. 

JVewry-wafer,  inver  of  Ireland,  which 
separates  the  counties  of  Armagh  and 
Down,  and  watering  Newry,  enters  Car- 
lingford  bay. 

A'ew  Salem.,  post  town  of  Franklin 
county,  Massachusetts,  34  miles  NW  of 
Worcester,  and  81  in  the  same  course 
from  Boston. 

A'ew  Salejn,  post  village,  Xew  London 
county,  Connecticut,  15  miles  NW  from 
New  London. 

.Yew  Salem,  post  village,  Ontario  coun- 
ty. New  York. 

.V(?w  Salem,  post  town  near  the  west- 
ern limit  of  Jefferson  county,  Ohio,  on 
the  head  waters  of  Indian  cross  creek, 
and  14  miles  W  by  N  from  Steubenville. 
It  contains  about  100  houses  and  700  in- 
habit ants. 

JVewshaJn,  village  in  Durham  situated 
on  the  Tees,  five  miles  from  Darlington. 

A''ew  Sharon,  pnst  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine,  on  the  N  side  of  Sandy 
river,  34  miles  NW  of  Augusta  on  the 
river  Kennebec. 

J\i''t:w  Shoreham.  See  Block  Island. 
Al'w  South  WatcH,  name  given  to 
the  E  coast  of  New  Holland.  It  was 
first  explored  by  captain  C^  ok,  in  ITTO  ; 
and  a  design  was  formed  in  consequence 
of  his  recommendation,  to  settle  a  colony 
of  Convicts  at  Botany  Bay.  Captain  Phil- 
lip being  appointed  governor  of  the  in- 
tended settlement,  sailed  from  Ports- 
mouth, in  May  1787,  with  a  dftachrr.ent 
of  marines,  ami  77S  convicts,  of  which 
220  were  women.  He  arrived  at  Botany 
Bay  in  January,  1788  ;  but  finding  this 
bay  very  ineiligiljle  for  a  colony,  he  fix- 
ed upon  Port  J.ickson,  about  13  miles 
further  to  the  N  ;  and  here  a  settlement 
was  begun,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  Sidney  Cove.  With  re.^pect  to  the 
country,  a  vast  chain  of  lofty  mountains, 
about  60  miles  inland,  runs  nearly  in  a 
N  and  S  direction  further  than  the  eye 
can  reach.  The  general  face  of  the 
country  is  diversified  with  gentle  risings 
and  small  winding  valleys,  covered,  for 
the  most  part,  with  large  spreading 
trees,  which  afford  a  succession  of  leaves 
709 


NEW 


X  E  W 


in  all  seasons ;  and  a  variety  of  flower- 
ing shrubs,  almost  all  new  to  a  Europe- 
an, but  of  little  fragrance,  abound  in 
those  places  which  are  free  from  t?ees. 
The  cHmate  appears  not  to  be  disagree- 
able ;  the  heal  is  never  excessive  in 
summer,  nor  the  cold  intolerable  in  win- 
ter ;  storms  of  thunder  and  hghtning  are 
frequent.  The  quadrapeds  are  princi- 
pally of  the  oppossum  kind,  of  which 
the  most  remarkable  is  the  kangaroo. 
The  native  dogs  are  extremely  lierce, 
and  cannot  be  brought  to  the  same  de- 
gree of  familiarity  as  those  we  are  ac- 
quainted with.  There  are  also  weasels 
and  ant-eaters ;  with  that  singular  ani- 
mal the  duck  billf^d  platypus,  in  wliich 
the  jaws  of  a  quadruped  are  e!ont;ated 
into  the  complete  bill  cf  a  bird.  There 
are  many  beautiful  birds  of  various  kinds; 
among  which  the  principal  is  a  black 
swan,'  its  wings  edged  with  white,  its 
bill  tinged  with  i-ed  ;  and  the  ostrich  or 
cassowary,  which  frequently  reaches  the 
height  of  seven  feet  or  more.  Several 
kinds  of  serpents,  large  spiders,  and  sco- 
lopendras,  have  also  been  met  with  ;  and 
three  or  four  species  of  ants,  particular- 
ly green  ants,  which  build  tlieir  nests 
upon  trees  in  a  very  singular  manner. 
There  are  likewise  many  curious  fishes  ; 
though  the  finny  tribe  seem  not  to  be  so 
plentiful  liere  as  they  generally  are  in 
higher  latitudes.  Some  sharks  have  been 
seen  in  Port  Jackson,  and  in  the  rivers 
and  salt  creeks  there  are  alligators  The 
natives  of  New  South  Wales  are  i-epre- 
sented  as  perhaps,  the  most  miserable 
and  savage  race  r;f  men  existing.  Th^y 
go  entirely  naked ;  and,  though  pleased 
at  first,  with  some  ornaments  that  were 
given  them,  they  soon  threw  them  away 
as  useless.  It  does  not  appear,  however, 
that  they  are  insensible  of  the  benefits 
of  clothing,  or  of  some  of  the  conveni 
ences  of  which  their  new  ntighbmirs  ar^ 
possessed.  Some  of  them,  whom  the 
colonists  partly  clothed,  seemed  to  be 
pleased  with  the  comfortable  warmth 
they  derived  from  it ;  and  they  all  ex- 
pressed a  desire  for  iron  tools.  The  co- 
lour of  the  natives  is  rather  a  deep  cho- 
colate than  a  full  black ;  but  the  filth 
with  which  their  skin  is  covered,  pre- 
vents its  true  colour  from  appearing 
Notwithstanding  their  disregard  for  Eu- 
ropean finery,  they  are  fond  of  adorning' 
their  bodies  v/ith  scars,  so  that  some  of 
them  make  a  very  hideous  figure.  Some- 
times the  skin  is  raised  several  inches 
from  the  flesh,  and  appears  as  if  filled 
with  wind ;  and  all  these  seem  to  be 
reckoned  marks  of  honour.  Some  of 
them  perforate  the  cartilage  of  the  nose, 
and  thrust  a  bone  through  it,  as  a  kind 
730 


of  ornament.  Their  hair  is  generally 
clotted  with  a  red  gum  ;  and  they  paint 
themsL-ves  with  various  colours:  tliey 
will  also  sometimes  ornament  themselves 
with  beads  and  shells,  but  make  no  use 
of  the  beautiful  feathers  of  their  birds. 
Most  of  the  men  want  one  of  the  fore- 
t  eth  in  th.'-  upper  jaw,  which  appears 
to  be  a  badge  of  honour  among  them  ; 
and  it  is  common  for  the  women  to  cut 
off  two  joints  of  the  little  finger  The 
Ne\v  Hijllanders  appear  extremely  defi- 
cient in  the  useful  arts.  Of  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  ground  they  have  no  notion  ; 
nor  can  they  bt:  prevailed  upon  to  eat  cur 
bread  or  dressed  meat.  Hence  they  de- 
pend entirely  for  subsistence  on  the  fruits 
and  roots  they  can  gather,  and  the  ani- 
mals and  fish  they  catch. 

The  British  colony  in  1818,  amounted 
to  about  25,000  inhabitants. 

J\''e'u>  store,  post  office,  Buckingham 
county,  Virginia. 

A'cw  Switzerland,  town  of  Sv/itzer- 
land  county,  Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Ohio  river,  65  ij;iles  below  Cincinatti. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Swiss  emi- 
grants, who  have  made  some  not  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  cultivate  the  vine. 

A'etuton,  town  of  Montgomeryshire,  on 
the  Severn,  seven  miles  SW  of  Montgo- 
mery, and  169  VVNW  of  London.  I..on. 
3  12W,  lat  52  21N. 

jVavton,  town  of  England  in  Lanca- 
shire. 

A'ewton.  town  of  England  in  Cheshire. 

A'ewton  Btishel,  town  of  England  in 
Devonshire. 

J\"eivton,  borough  of  England  in  the 
Isieof  Wight. 

./Veiv/on,  township  of  York  county. 
Lower  Canada,  40  miles  W  from  Mon- 
treal. 

A^eiuton,  post  town,  Middlesex  county, 
Ma-sacinisetts,  on  Charles'  river,  nine  miles 
west  from  Boston,  and  on  Charles'  river. 
Population  in  1810,  1709;  and  in  1820, 
1850 

J\'wtQ7i,  post  town,  and  the  capital  of 
Backs  county,  Pennsylvania,  22  mili-sN  of" 
Philadelphia.  It  is  in  the  township  of 
Newtown. 

A''ewlon,  populous  township  of  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  438. 

J\''ewto7i,  township  oi'  Muskiagum  county, 
Oiiio.  Population  in  1820, 1723  ;  in  which 
is  situated  the  village  cf  Uniontown. 

jYeivton,  village  of  Hamilton  county,  Ohio, 
in  Anderson  township,  on  the  east  side  of 
Little  Miami,  six  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Ohio  river.  Population  in  1820, 
100.  .      . 

J\'e-.vtoii,  western  township  of  Miami 
county,  Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  506. 

JVewton-Bushel,  town  in  Devonshire,  on 


N  E  W 


N  E  W 


the  Teign,  15  miles  S  bv  W  of  Exeter,  and 
188  WSVV  of  London.  'Lon.  3  38  W,  lat. 
50  32  N, 

,  ^''ewtoti,  township  in  Fairfield  count}', 
Connecticut,  eiglit  miles  NE  of  Danbury, 
and  25  NW  of  New  Haven  :  the  township 
contained  3000  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in 
1820,  2879. 

A'eivto?istexmrl,  town  in  Wicftonshire, 
situated  on  the  navigable  river  Cree,  over 
■which  there  is  a  handsome  bridge,  and 
whose  mouth,  in  Wigton  bay,  ailbrds  a 
valuable  salmon-fishery.  Several  manu- 
factures have  been  commenced  witii  suc- 
cess in  this  town.  It  is  26  miles  E  by  N 
of  Port-Patrick. 

•AewZowH,  township  of  Rockingham 
county,  Nev/  Hampshire,  10  miles  NW 
from  Newburyport.  Population  in  1810, 
454  ;  and  in  1820,  477. 

A<eri'(o-u)?i,  township  of  Queen's  county, 
Long  Island,  eight  miles  E  from  New  York. 
Population  in 'l810,  2437;  and  in  1820, 
near  3000. 

J\/e7vt07V7i,  village  of  Queen's  county, 
Long  Island,  in  the  foregoing  townsiiip, 
eight  miles  E  from  New  York  on  East  river. 
The  celebrated  species  of  apple.  New' own 
pippin,  derives  its  name  from  this  village. 

JVeTotown,  post  town,  Tioga  county.  New 
York,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tioga  river,  and 
at  the  mouth  of  Newtown  creek.  The 
contemplated  canal  to  unite  tlie  Susque- 
hannah  river  with  Seneca  lake,  is  intended 
to  have  one  of  its  extremities  at  Nesvtown. 
It  is  22  miles  S  from  Salubria,  at  the  head 
of  Seneca  lake.     See  Elmira. 

j\iewt07vn,  township  of  Gloi:cester  county, 
in  New  Jersev,  five  miles  S  from  Camden. 
Population  in  1810,  1951,  and  in  1820, 
2497. 

JV*ew«ow7j,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Sussex  county,  New  .Jersey,  37  miles  NE 
from  Easton  in  Pennsylvania.  Population 
in  1810,  2082 ;  and  in  1820,  2743. 

J\le7uto-u!7i,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  including  the  borough  of 
Newton.  Population  in  1810,  982 ;  and  in 
1820,1060.  ^    • 

JSTexvtoiim,  pest  town,  Frederick  county, 
Maryland. 

JVewtown,  post  town,  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  on  Little  Miami,  six  miles  above  its 
mouth. 

JYervto-wn,  post  town  and  township,  Lick- 
ing  county,  Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  518. 

JWvrfown,  township  of  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
1144. 

JK^ewtoion  Limavady,  borough  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Londonderry,  seated  near 
the  E  coast  of  Lough  Foyle,  15  miles  ENE 
of  Londonderry, 

JVew  Trenton,  post  town,  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Indiana. 


J\''e-iv  Vernrm,  post  village,  Morris  county, 
New  Jersey. 

J^'tnuville,  post  village,  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  12  miles  nearly  W  from 
Carlisle. 

JWw  JVasldngton,  post  village,  Clark 
county,  Indiana. 

Aew  Windsor,  township  of  Orange  coun- 
ty. New  York,  containing  2331  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2425.  Situated  on 
the  W  side  of  Hudson  river,  60  miles  N  of 
New  York,  and  95  S  of  Albany. 

J\'e~M-Year^s-Harbour,  part  of  Staten 
Land,  in  South  America.  Lon.  64  11  W, 
lat.  54  48  S. 

jVew-Year''s-Islands,  small  islands  of 
South  Amtrica,  on  the  N  side  of  Staten 
Land.  Great  numbers  of  sea  lions,  seals, 
&c.  resort  to  these  islands. 

.'Vety  York,  one  ot  the  states  of  the  Uni- 
ted States;  bounded  SE  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  S  by  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  W  by  Pennsylvania,  lake  Erie,  and 
Niagara  river ;  NVV  by  lake  Ontario,  and 
St.  Lawrence  river ;  N  by  Lower  Canada  ; 
and  E  by  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut. 

Tins  state,  from  the  peculiar  position 
and  form  of  Staten  and  Long  Islands,  has  a 
very  extended  boundary : 

Miles> 
Commencing  at  the  SW  point  of  Staten 
Island,    thence   up    Sta'en    Island 
Sound,   New   York    Harbour,    and 
Hudson  river  to  the  NE  angle  of 
New  Jersey         .         .         .        _         45 
Along  tlie  NE  limit  of  New  Jersey,  to 
the  Delaware  river,  at  the  mouth  of 
Nevisiidc  river              ...        45 
Up  Delav/are  river  opposite  Pennsyl- 
vania   QS 

Thence  W,  along  N  boundary  of  Penn- 
sylvania      -         -        -     '  .        .      225 
Thence  due  N  to  lake  Erie     -         -         19 
Down  lake  Erie  to  the  head  of  Niagara 

river 66 

Down  Niagara  river  to  lake  Ontario         35 
Along  south  shore  of  lake  Ontario,  to 

the  head  of  St.  Lawrence  river  200 
Down  St.  Lawrence  river  to  lat.  45  N    100 
Upon  lat.  45  N,  to  take  Champiain  65 
Up  lake  Ch:implain  to  Whitehall,  at 
the  junction   of  Wood  creek  and 
Poultney  river    -        -        .        .      105 
U[)  Poultney  river,  along  Vermont          10 
Thence  along  W  boundary  of  Vermont    54 
Thence  E  along  S  boundary  of  Ver- 
mont          .        -        .        .        .  3 
Thence  along  W  boundary  of  Massa- 
chusetts       50 

Thence  E,  along  S  boundary  of  Mas- 
sachusetts -        -        .        .  2 
Tnence  along  W  boundary  of  Connec- 
ticut to  the  mouth  of  Eryan  river, 
on  Longlsland  Sound         -        -        81 
From  Malinicock  pomt  on  Long  Island, 
7U 


X  E  W 


K  E  W 


opposite  the  mouth  of  Byram  river 
to  Montauk  point,  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Long-  Inland  -  -  100 
Along  the  southern  shores  of  Long 
and  Staten  Island,  to  the  SW  point 
of  the  latter        -        -        -        -       130 

Having  an  entire  outline  of        1400 

This  great  state  extends  over  46,000 
square  miles,  or  29,440,0^0  acres. 

Length  from  Sta'.en  Island,  south  point, 
to  N  lat.  45°  340.  Breadth  from  south  west 
angle  of  Massachusetts,  to  the  western 
boundary  340  miles     Lat.  40  30  to  45°  N. 

This  state  extending  over  four  and  a  iialf 
degrees  of  latitude,  and  intersected  by 
several  mountain  ridges,  presents  a  great 
diversity  of  soil  and  climate.  Though  the 
western  parts  are  less  broken  than  those  of 
the  east  and  north,  yet,  the  whole  state 
with  very  partial  exceptions,  is  either  hilly 
or  mountainous. 

The  Hudson  river  flows  from  a  moun- 
tainous rei>ion,  and  is  precipitated  into  a 
deep  valley,  at  or  near  its  junction  with 
the  Mohawk.  The  Hudson  valley  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  phenomena  in  the 
hydrography  of  the  United  States.  From 
the  junction  of  the  Hudson,  and  Mohawk 
to  Sandy  Hook,  is  a  long  narrow  bay  rather 
than  a  river  of  150  miles  in  length.  In  this 
distance,  two  cha'ns  of  mountains  are 
passed.  The  banks  are  for  the  most  part 
abrupt,  rising  to  two  or  three  hundred 
feet ;  in  many  places  pr>  cipitous,  as  the 
Basaltic  rocks  along  tiie  right  bank  above 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  in  many  other 
places  above  and  below  the  High  lands. 

The  pass  known  by  the  :erm  Higli  lands, 
is  indeed  a  very  remarkable  feature  in  the 
geography  of  the  state.  E.iormous  walls 
of  pi^rpendicular  rock  rises  ^n  both  banks, 
to  the  app-ihog  elevation  of  more  than  1000 
feet.  Broken  in'o  great  variety  of  form, 
rude,  and  deep  valleys,  entervening  be- 
tween the  gigantic  jjrominencic's,  avid  the 
whole  covered  by  a  hick  ftn-est,  affords  one 
of  the  most  impressive  landscapes,  to  be 
found  in  North  America.  Here  tlie  great 
primitive  ranges  paises  the  Hudson,  and 
here  the  Ocean  tides  find  tlie  only  passage 
over  this  boundary  into  the  interior,  wiiich 
exists  in  the  United  States. 

The  Higli  lands,  are  in  fact  the  elonga- 
tion of  the  same  range  whicli  passes 
through  Penn.sylvania,  by  a  very  Iiumble 
ridge  dividing  Lancaster  and  Ciiester 
counties,  in  part ;  the  north-west  part  of 
Chester  from  Berks  ;  the  north -we^t  part 
of  Montgomery  from  Berks;  and  Bucks 
from  Lehigh ;  and  crossing  Delaware  be- 
low Easton,  passes  through  New  Jersey, 
dividing  Susst:;  county  from  t!ie  other 
parts  of  the  state,  enters  New  York,  form- 
ing the  north-western  parts  of  llockland, 
7ia 


and  the  south-eastern  parts  of  Orange 
counties,  crossing  the  Hudson  above  \Ve"st 
point,  at  tlie  noted  place  we  have  review- 
ed. Tiiis  chain  continues  into  Connecti- 
cut, M:;ssachu.-etts,  and  Verrriont,  forming 
in  Connecticut  the  rugged  hills  of  Litch- 
fi-  Id,  in  Massachusetts,  the  alpine,  but  fer- 
tile county  of  Berkshire  ;  and  in  Vermont 
the  elevaied  chain  which  gives  name  to 
that  s-ate. 

What  is  known  in  Virginia,  Maryland, 
and  Pennsylvania  by  the  name  of  Blue 
Ridge,  or  South  Mountain,  which  crosses 
the  Potomac  below  the  mouth  of  the  She- 
nandoah, the  Susquehaniiah  below  Harris- 
burg,  and  the  Delav.ure  below  tlie  extreme 
south  point  of  Wayne  county,  at  what  is 
called  the  Water  Gap,  and  following  the 
course  of  the  Delaware  river,  forms  the 
north-western  border  of  New  Jersey,  enters 
New  York,  \t  the  mouth  of  the  Nevisink 
river,  or  at  the  north-west  angle  of  New 
Jersey.  The  Shawangunk  is  the  termina- 
tion of  this  range,  west  of  the  Hudson. 

The  Kittatinny  range,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  of  all  those  v.'hich  constitute 
the  Allegany  or  Appalachian  system.  The 
Kittatinny,  though  of  so  much  importance, 
has  not  been  hitherto  correctly  drawn 
upon  .iny  of  our  maps.  It  is  the  same 
range,  which  by  several  local  names  crosses 
Virginia  and  Maryland,  from  the  sources 
of  Tennessee  and  Great  Keniiaw^a,  cro.sses 
the  Potomac  below  Hancock's  town, 
enters  Pennsylvasiia,  crosses  the  Susquc- 
hannah  five  mdes  above  Hanisburg,  runs 
north-east,  and  finally  enters  New  York,  in 
the  nort!)-west  part  of  Sullivan  county. 
The  Kruatsbergs  is  a  part  and  the  most  ele- 
vated and  proniiricnt  of  the  Kittatinny 
range. 

An  observation  upon  the  very  singular 
bend  in  the  course  of  our  mountains,  ought 
to  be  made  in  this  place,  as  this  change  of 
direction  takes  place  in  New  York. 

If  we  glance  upon  tlie  map  Ijcfore  us, 
we  find  the  range  which  forms  the  High  .. 
lands,  after  passing  the  Hudson,  clunge  its 
north  east  to  a  north  cour.ie,  in  Duchess 
county,  aifil  winding  through  Mas.sachu- 
setts  and  Vermont,  enters  Lower  Canada. 
Tlie  Shawangunk,  is  most  probably  con- 
tinued in  tlie  ridges  found  in  the  central 
parts  of  Duchess  and  Colum.bia  counties. 
Ti'e  Kitatinr.y  forming  the  north-west 
limits  oC  Siillivan  and  Ulster  counties,  in 
New  York,  pres?rves  tlie  north-east  direc- 
tion in'o  Greene  coutity,  where  the  range 
turns  rather  abruptly  to  the  north  and 
north-w-est,  attains  its  greatest  elevation  in 
the  town  of  Wyndham.  Thence  it  ranges 
along  tlie  south-west  part  of  Schoharrie, 
the  soutii-ea.st  of  Otsego,  along  the  soutii- 
^.vn  pails  of  Herkimer  and  Montgomery, 
crosses  the  Mohawk  by  the  Little  Fails, 
ranges   through   Herkimer,    where    'i    ■ 


TSr  E  w 


N  E  \\ 


known  by  the  local  name  of  the  Sacondago 
mountain.  It  thence  ranges  between  the 
Osvvegatche  and  Black  rivers,  crosses  tlie 
St.  Lawrence  by  tlie  Thousand  Islands. 

It  has  been  from  ignorance  of,  or 
inattention  to  this  fact,  of  their  true 
organization,  which  has  introduced  so 
much  confusion  in  the  delineation  of  our 
mountains.  All  the  minor  chains,  east  of 
the  Hudson,  pursue  a  course  very  nearly 
north  and  s-outh.  It  has  been  from  erro- 
neously projecting  the  mountains  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  a  north  east  direction,  which 
has  placed  mountains  between  Maine 
and  Lower  Canada,  where  none  exist.  I 
am  inclined  to  consider  the  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  extended  in  a  direction 
very  nearly  north  from  where  they  leave 
that  state,  to  be  identified  with  tlie  preci- 
pices of  Quebec,  Montmorency,  and  the 
Chandiere. 

I  have  introduced  these  remarks  in  this 
place,  in  order  to  explain  the  strong  fea- 
tures of  New  York,  and  the  connexion  be- 
tween its  natural  Geography  and  that  of 
the  adjacent  places.  We  now  proceed 
with  the  local  physi'-gnomy  of  that  state. 

We  have  examined  the  principal  moun- 
tains which  chequer  the  face  of  New  York, 
and  we  have  shown  that  the  greate.-t  part 
of  its  surface  is  uneven.  The  only  level 
tracts  are,  the  eastern  margin  of  Long 
Island,  a  narrow  strip  along  the  souli)  ^ide 
of  Lake  Ontario,  and  a  few  confined  allu- 
vial bottoms  along  some  of  the  smaller 
rivers  and  creeks.  The  most  m:<rshy  part 
of  New  York,  lies  in  the  angle  between 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
river. 

It  must  be  obvious  that  the  climate  phe- 
nomena of  New  York,  must  be  very  strongly 
marked. 

Sec  Long  Island,  and  for  detailed  desci-ip- 
tion,  the  respecli\e  counties. 

In  a;  general  view  of  New  York,  after  its 
natural  Geography  is  surveyed,  the  next 
most  prominent  object  it  presents,  is  its 
two  great  canals.  The  following  descrip- 
tions of  that  uniting  Hudson  river  with 
lake  Erie,  was  Iransmitted  to  the  editor  of 
this  Gazetteer  by  Governor  Chnton,  and 
Benjamin  Wright,  F^sq  Though  they  in- 
volve some  little  repetition,  I  a.r.  induced 
to  give  them  insertion  from  the  authenti- 
city of  their  contents,  and  from  the  prima- 
ry importance  of  the  object. 

No.  I.— Gives  a  view  in  the  narr.itive 
form  of  the  canal,  as  it  stood  in  June, 
1822. 

No.  II. — Presents  a  topographical  de- 
scription of  the  canal,  as  if  completed ; 
and 

No.  III. — Contains  a  more  detailed  de- 
scription, combined  with  a  comprehensive 
perspective  of  the  route,  and  the  imnrove- 
4X 


ma.nts,  superintended  by  the  completion  of 
i\v  qunal. 

No.  I. — The  whole  distance  from  New 
York  to  Buifalo,  by  the  route  of  the 
Canal,  is  at  least  500  miles.  After  leav- 
ing the  steam  bnatat  Albany,  I  took  the 
stage  for  Little  Falls,  where  I  arrived  in 
seas  n  to  take  a  canal  packet  for  Utica. 
I  employed  half  an  hour's  leisure  in  look- 
ing at  the  locks  and  comparing  the  new 
with  the  old  Canal  at  the  little  Falls. 
What  a  fiiscrepance  !  Weston,  who  was 
so  much  extoih  d  as  an  English  engineer, 
sinks  into  ii.signihcance  when  compared 
v/itii  the  native  engineers  now  in  the 
full  tide  of  successful  experiment.  Fronti 
what  1  can  see,  and  have  heard  of  his 
operations,  I  imagine  that  he  was  quite 
a  subordinate  engineer — of  little  experi" 
ence — less  celebrity — and  that  his  ob- 
ject was  more  to  acquire  money  than 
fame.  With  ths  view  he  adopted  a 
system  of  procrastination,  enveloped  his 
proceedings  with  the  cloak  of  mystery, 
and  infected  all  that  were  within  the 
reaci)  cf  his  influence  with  chimerical  and 
unfounded  notions  of  the  difficulties, 
which  surround  the  walks  of  the  civil 
engineer.  From  below  the  Little  Falls 
to  within  seven  miles  of  Utica,  there  are 
13  locks  of  the  most  solid  materials,  and 
of  the  most  admirable  workmanship.  I 
enabarked  on  board  of  an  elegant  packet 
boat,  called  the  Magnet,  of  six  tons,  and 
in  six  liours  airivcd  at  Utica — the  dis- 
tance by  land  is  upwards,  and  by  the 
canal  less,  than  22  miles — and  by  the 
river  28.  Our  way  was  through  a 
charming,  well  settled,  fertile  country, 
and  a  considerable  distance  through  the 
German  Flatts,  which  contain  several 
thousand  acres  of  excfUent  land,  com- 
posed of  the  alluvia  of  the  West  Canada 
Creek  and  the  Mohawk  river.  Nearly 
opposite  to  the  beautiful  village:  of  Her- 
kimer, the  Erie  ("anai  foUo'.vs  for  a  short 
distance  the  track  of  the  old  canal,  and 
in  one  place  an  old  and  a  new  lock  ap- 
proach closely  to  each  other.  This  af- 
fords an  excellent  opportunity  for  coti- 
trast,  and  the  result  is  sn  greatly  in  fa- 
vour of  the  latter,  that  it  is  perfectly 
idle  to  attempt  a  comparison.  The  pro- 
perty lying  at  this  place,  ready  for 
conveyance  to  market,  is  composed  of 
thousands  of  barrels  of  flour,  pork,  pot- 
ash, and  whiskey — and  staves,  lumber, 
glass.  -Ahr-at,  8cc.  to  the  value  of  a  quar- 
ter of  a  million  cf  dollars,  and  a  great 
deal  of  it  unhfused. 

The  ntxt  morning  we  took  boat  at 
Utica  for  Montezun.a,  and  at  10  o'clock 
A.  M.  the  next  day  we  reached  the 
place  of  destination  96  miles.  We  im- 
mediatelv  embarked  on  board  of  a  sma'l 

ri.'^ 


.N   K  \V 


x\  E   \v 


boat — entered  the  Seneca  River  by  a 
lock— passed  into  one  of  its  inlets,  called 
the  Clyde  River,  formed  from  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Canandaigua  outlet  and 
Mud  Creek  at  Lyons,  and  navigated  it 
until  ive  arrived  at  Clyde— distant  15 
miles  by  this  route  from  Montezuma,  and 
12  miles  by  the  canal  when  completed. 
The  Cayuga  marshes  lie  between  these 
places,  and  present  a  formidable  obstacle 
to  the  progress  of  the  canal — last  season 
2000  men  were  employed  in  forcing  this 
work  through  them,  one  half  of  whom 
took  sick,  and  many  died,  but  in  a  few 
weeks  this  difficult  undertaking  will  be 
accomplished.  At  Clyde  we  entered  the 
Canal  oy  a  temporary  wooden  lock,  and 
took  passage  in  the  canal  boat.  At 
Lyons,  nine  miles,  we  changed  to  the 
Myron  Holley,  a  boat  of  40  tons,  drawing 
eight  inches  water,  and  replete  with  ele 
gant  accomodations.  We  lodged  that 
night  at  Palmyra,  and  the  next  morning 
we  arrived  at  Heartwell's  Basin  in  Pitts- 
ford,  (eight  miles  from  Rochester,)  where 
the  present  navigation  of  the  canal  ter- 
minates. I  have  thus  travelled  174  miles 
by  boat— 

159  on  the  canal, 
15  on  the  river  Clyde, 

174 
In  the  course  of  the  season  the  canal 
■will  be  navigable  from  Rochester  to 
Schenectady— that  is  to  say,  59  miles  east 
of  Utica,  and  20  miles  between  the  Ge- 
nesee and  Seneca  rivers,  making  an  un- 
interrupted navigation  of  238  miles. 
There  will  then  remain  to  be  finished 
about  122  miles,  lo  wit,  28  from  Sche- 
nectady to  Hudson  River,  and  94  from 
Genesse  River  to  Buffalo ;  and  of  this 
a  great  portion  is  already  done.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Albany,  great  excavations  are 
carrying  on  at  the  Cohoes ;  the  founda- 
tion of  the  locks  are  laying  at  two  dif- 
ferent points  ;  the  aqueducts  across  the 
Mohawk  are  in  a  state  of  preparation, 
and  excavations  are  proceeding  in  the 
heart  of  Shenectady.  From  Rochester 
to  Lock  Port,  63  miles,  there  are  no  in- 
tervening locks,  and  here  as  well  as  be- 
tween i\^ontezuma  and  the  first  lock 
east  of  Utica,  there  is  an  uninterrupted 
level  of  near  70  miles,  making  only  in 
two  distances  near  140  miles  without  the 
incumbrances  of  locks ;  a  fact  without  a 
parallel  in  the  annals  of  the  world. — 
There  would  be  no  difficulty  in  finishing 
the  canal  to  Lock  Port  this  season,  but 
at  this  place  it  passes  a  mural  precipice 
of  60  feet,  and  260  feet  above  the  level 
of  Lake  Ontario,  which  is  about  15  miles 
to  the  north.  Lock  Port  is  a  prosperous 
Village   of  nearly  100  buildings,  which 

7\-h 


iias  sprung  up  with  mushroom  rapidity, 
but  whose  fl'  urlshin^;  existence  will  be 
as  enduring  as  that  of  the  canal.  Here 
are  a  double  set  of  locks,  five  for  as- 
cending and  five  for  descending  boats,  of 
12  feet  lift  each,  and  from  the  heights  of 
the  village  you  look  down  to  the  foot  of 
the  canal,  on  a  great  natural  basin  capa- 
ble of  containing  a  vast  number  of  boats, 
and  affording;  the  most  secure  as  well  as 
the  most  spacious  accomodations.  When 
the  forests  which  obstruct  the  view  of 
Ldke  Ontario  and  Lake  Erie  are  cut 
down,  you  will  have  from  this  altitude 
the  most  picturesque  and  sublime  pros- 
pects which  the  world  can  afford.  To 
the  north  you  will  see  the  canal  wind- 
ing its  way  to  the  waters  of  the  east, 
lost  in  the  distance,  and  crowded  with 
boats  bearing  the  weahh  of  the  western 
world;  100 "feet  below  this  height,  and 
on  an  average  two  miles  north  of  the 
canal,  you  s«e  the  celebr.'^ted  Ridge 
Road,  covered  with  habitations,  and  its 
borders  lined  with  fruit  trees,  green  with 
vegetation  and  teeming  with  abundance. 
Farther  still  you  behold  the  Lake  Onta- 
rio, a  great  inland  sea,  stretching  itself 
to  the  north  and  the  east ;  and  to  the 
west  you  will  behold  the  immense  basin 
of  Lake  Erie,  and  hear  the  roaring  of 
the  catar.-ict :  and  to  Avhatever  point  of 
the  compass  you  direct  yonr  view,  you 
will  perceive  the  most  fertile  regions  in 
the  world.  The  embankment  at  Iron- 
dequat  is  a  mile  long,  greatly  elevated, 
and  a  part  of  the  way  is  composed  of  a 
narrow  neck,  which  appears  as  if  it  were 
arranged  by  nature  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  maintaining  the  level  of  the 
canal.  Fi'om  it  you  will  enjoy  a  prospect 
when  passing  in  the  boats  on  the  canal 
only  to  be  exceeded  by  that  of  Lock 
Port.  From  Lock  Port  to  Buffalo,  via 
the  canal,  is  about  30  miles ;  for  one- 
third  of  this  distance  Tonewanta  Creek, 
will  occupy  the  place  of  the  canal ;  and 
to  Gentsee  River,  a  distance  of  94  miles, 
its  principal  supply  will  be  derived  from 
Lake  Erie,  which  will  be  let  in  at  Buffalo, 
and  after  a  passage  of  about  12  miks,  will 
enter  Tonewanta  Creek,  near  its  mouth, 
the  waters  of  which  will  be  forced  back 
by  a  daiii.  To  maintain  a  sufficient  de- 
scent for  this  feeder,  several  miles  of 
very  deep  cutting  will  be  required  from 
Lock  Port,  which  will  consume  much 
money  and  much  time,  as  a  considerable 
part  of  it  will  be  through  calcareous 
rocks. 

The  completion  of  the  canal  east  from 
Lock  Port  as  far  as  the  Genesee  River, 
will  be  useless  until  this  great  aperture 
for  the  waters  of  the  lake  to  feed  the 
lower  level  is  made.    The  canal  will 


have,  with  a  view  to  the  attainment  of 
this  important  object,  a  descent  of  an  inch 
a  mile  from  BufTalo  to  Genesee  river, 
which  it  is  calculated  will  produce  a 
current  of  half  a  mile  an  hour — the  dis- 
tance being  94  miles,  it  will  take  on  his 
hypothesis,  seven  <lays  before  the  waters 
of  Lake  Erie  can  mingle  with  the  Ge- 
nesee river.  You  wil!  readily  perceive 
that  much  will  be  lost  on  this  long  voy- 
age by  evaporation,  leakage,  and  wastage 
in  general  Ther«  are  no  intermediate 
streams  upon  which  great  reliance  can 
be  placed  ;  but,  thank  heaven,  there  are 
no  intervening  locks  to  produce  con- 
sumption of  wat;-r  and  tc  create  constant 
demands  for  supply.  Many  small  streams 
which  gush  from  the  foot  of  the  Moun- 
tain Ridge  can  be  put  in  requisition. 
The  Genesee  river  can  be  used  for  a 
western  as  well  as  an  eastern  feeder. 
Sandy  Creek  and  Eighteen  Mile  Creek 
can  be  pressed  into  the  service  of  the 
canal — the  best  artificial  reservoirs  and 
basins  can  be  made  and  filled  in  seasons 
cf  abundance  so  as  to  meet  seasons  of 
scarcity.  And  what  is  of  more  impor- 
tance, Tonewanta  Creek,  above  the 
place  were  the  canal  enters  it,  can  he 
forced  into  the  channel  of  Oak  Orchard 
Creek,  which  will  serve  the  doul)le  pur- 
pose of  facilitating  the  transit  of  the 
waters  of  Lake  Erie,  and  of  affording  a 
copious  supply  at  a  point  where  at  will 
be  wanted.  It  is  impossible  to  form  an 
estimate  of  the  quantity  or  of  the  value 
of  the  commodities  ascending  and  de- 
scending the  canal — perhaps  two  or  three 
millions  of  dollars  before  the  termination 
of  the  season  ;  and  400  boats  will  be  cer- 
tainly employed,  if  not  already,  before 
that  time.  Some  boats  or  scows  convey 
400  barrels  at  a  time,  and  the  revenue 
on  the  first  of  June  amounted  to  §20,000. 
One  man  owns  40  boats,  another  16  ;  and 
I  saw  on  my  voyage  16  barges  vvhich  had 
come  from  Ogdensburgh,  via  Oswego  and 
Montezuma,  for  tlie  purpose  of  carrying 
freight  on  the  canal. 

'The  progress  of  a  loaded  boat  carry- 
ing from  20  to  40  tons,  with  two  horses, 
will  be  at  the  rate  of  .30  miles  a  day — 
while  that  of  a  wagon,  witii  from  four  to 
six  horses,  and  from  two  to  four  tons, 
will  not  average  more  than  20  miles  a 
day.  The  tolls  paid  at  the  locks  will 
not  exceed  the  tolls  required  at  turnpike 
gates ;  and  the  ordinary  expense  of  a 
boat  with  its  equipmeiits  and  horses  will 

not  exceed  that  of  a  land  conveyance. 
And  the  difference  of  expense  in  the 
carriage  of  commodities  will  be  obvious 
from  the  following  statement.  The 
transportation  of  a  hundred  weight  of 
commodities  from  \h\ca  to  Montezuma, 


can  be  had  for  five  cents,  by  the  canal- 
while  the  transportation  of  the  same 
quantity  by  land  from  Utica  to  Albany, 
the  sarne  ditance,  at  least  96  miles,  will 
cost  75  cents.  A  tOii  of  goods  can  now 
be  transported  from  New  Ywrk  to  Ge- 
neva, or  to  the  head  of  the  Seneca  Lake, 
for  20  dollars.  Before  the  establishment 
of  the  canal,  it  cost  50  dollars.  The 
wear  and  tear,  or,  in  other  words,  the 
ensurance  against  damage  by  land  con- 
veyance from  Albany  to  Buffalo  is  5  per 
cent. — by  the  canal  alnrost  literally  no- 
tliing.  By  a  proper  arrangement  at  the 
locks,  by  which  one  vessel  will  ascend  a 
lock  and  the  other  descend  immediately 
after,  before  the  lock  is  <:mptied,  it  will 
not  take  more  than  six  minutes  for  a 
passage  of  a  vessel  through  a  lock ;  of 
course  240  can  pass  through  in  24  hours. 
As  the  canal  will  he  navigable  for  eight 
months  and  a  half  in  a  year,  supposing 
30  or  40  tons  conveyed  in  each  boat,  the 
aggregate  of  production  in  the  course  of 
a  season  may  approximate  two  millions 
of  tons,  which  will  produce  a  revenue 
equal  to  ten  millions  of  dollars — a  sum 
exceeding  credibility  and  almost  tran- 
scending reasonable  calculations. 

The  animating  influence  and  vivifying 
spirit  of  this  great  work  is  felt  in  all  di- 
rections. One  hundred  liouses  are  now 
building  at  Rochester.  New  villages  are 
springing  up  on  the  turnpike,  on  the  ca- 
nal, and  at  intermediate  points.  Buffalo, 
like  a  phcenix  has  risen  from  its  ashes 
with  renovated  beauty  and  increased 
prosperity.  When  I  cast  my  eyes  over 
this  delightful  village,  ai;d  saw  its  pharos, 
its  spires,  its  public  buildings,  its  piers 
stretching  out  into  the  lake,  and  braving 
the  fury  of  the  billows,  a  crowd  of  sea 
vessels  on  the  watery  expanse,  and  an  in- 
land sea  extending  beyond  tbe  reach  of 
view,  and  bearing  on  its  bosom  the  ac- 
cumulated and  accumulating  riches  of 
the  western  world.  1  must  confess  that 
I  felt  an  enthusiasm  which  I  rarely  in- 
dulge. I'he  energies  of  freedom  and 
intelligence  enlisted  on  the  side  of  great 
public  improvements,  furnish  a  spectacle 
on  which,  to  borrow  the  expression  of  a 
heathen  philosopher,  "  The  gods  may 
look  down  with  admiration." 

P.  S.  Since  writing  the  above,  the  fol- 
lowing interesting  facts  have  been  pub- 
lished in  a  i>aper  at  Utica 

"  Very  little  transportation  was  done 
upon  the  canal  this  seasoi>  before  the 
20th  of  April,  owing  to  the  deep  pene- 
tration of  tlie  frost  last  winter,  which 
rendered  it  uns-afe  to  let  in  the  water  be- 
fore the  banks  had  perfectly  settled.  On 
the  section  east  of  this,  which  is  navi- 
7)5 


N  E  \y 


,.Js   E  \V 


g&')le  22  miles,  there  have  been  repeat- 
ed interruption  to  the  navigation  for  a 
week  or  ten  days  at  a  time,  since  Apiil, 
and  one  of  four  or  five  days  on  what  is 
called  the  middle  section,  \w-  st  nf  this 
village.  These  interruptions  have  been 
caused  by  the  enibani'iments  giving  away 
where  they  were  high,  or  at  places  where 
the  canal  passed  through  the  !)eQS  of 
quicksand.  Difficulties  of  this  kind  must 
be  exptcted  to  occur  until  the  earth  has 
fully  settled 

"  Toll  has  been  collected  on  160  rniles 
of  canal,  viz  :  from  Little  Falls  to  M-^n- 
tezuma,  118  miles  ;  at  which  place  there 
is  an  interruption  of  six  miles,  the  b-ats 
pass  up  Clyde  river,  and  re-enter  the 
canal  at  Blockhouse  ;  from  which  place, 
to  Hartwell's  basin,  tliere  is  42  miles  un- 
interrupted navigation.  Allowing  the 
toll  on  the  Northern  Canal  to  have  in- 
creased since  last  year  the  same  ratio  it 
has  on  this,  and  the  amount  of  toll  on 
both  canals,  uj)  to  the  first  day  of  July, 
will  not  vary  from  §25,000.  During 
which  time,  there  has  been  at  this  place, 
712  arrivals,  24  of  which  were  rafts, 
with  the  following  articles,  viz  ; — 71,037 
barrels  of  flour, — 519  bbls.  provisions — 
5,000  bbls.  salt— 3,508  bbls.  ashes— 190 
bbls-  oil  —232  bbls.  beer— 34,050  bushels 
wheat — 38,610  do.  water  lime — 404  do. 
rye— 2,458  do.  corn— 2,668  do.  oats— 29 
do.  grass  seed — 10  tons  bar  soap — 10  tons 
meal— 275  tons  gypsum — 14  tons  mill- 
stones and  clay — 905,827  feet  boards — 
37,206  cubic  feet  timber— 604,000  shin- 
gles—19,250  staves  and  heading— 32,700 
brick— 3,777  boxes  glass— 61,09o'lb.  hams. 

— 114,671  lb.    lard 6,706  lb    wool — 

24,960  lb.  butter— 98,782  galls,  whiskey. 
Cleared  during  same  time,'2, 018  tons  mer- 
chandize— 43  tons  household  goods,  &c. 

"  There  has  been  307  boats  res^istered 
at  the  collector's  office,  the  aggregate 
tonage  being  7,675  tons. 

No.  II. — This  canal  extends  from  lake 
Erie  at  the  mouth  of  BjjflTalo  creek,  to  the 
Hudson  at  Albany,  a  distance  of  360  miles. 
It  is  40  feet  wide  on  the  surface  of  the 
water,  28  feet  at  bottom,  and  four  feet 
deep  ;  commencing  at  Bafl^lo  creek  near 
its  mouth,  it  passes  along  near  the  shore  ef 
the  lake  and  Niagara  river  to  Black  liock, 
a  distance  of  two  miles,  where  it  comes 
close  to  the  shore  of  the  river,  and  passing 
along  that  shore  for  10  miles;  it  then  inter- 
sects the  Tonewanta  creek  a  short  di.s- 
tance  above  its  confluence  with  the  Niagara 
river.  In  this  distance  it  ^>as  a  descent  of 
six  inches,  or  half  an  inch  to  the  mile.  To 
raise  the  creek  to  the  level  of  the  canal,  a 
dam  four  feet  six  inches  high  is  thiown 
across  the  creek  a  little  distance  below  the 
point  of  junction  with  the  canal.  The  chan- 
716 


no!  of  the  creek  is  then  used  as  the  canal, 
and  a  towing  path  constructed  alons;  its 
bank  for  12  miles,  (the  creek  in  its  natural 
state  having  but  one  foot  fail  ii;  that  dis- 
tance.) From  tliis  point  a  cut  across  what 
is  called  the  Mountain  Rloge,  north  eas'er- 
ly  of  seven  miles  avd  a  half  is  made  ;  and 
oiie  part  30  feet  deej),  and  including  three 
milrs  of  Rock : — In  this  deep  cut  a  descent 
of  one  inch  to  the  mile  is  given  to  the  canal 
to  the  brow  of  the  mountain  (so  called) 
joining  the  great  basin  of  Lake  Ontario, 
and  which  is  the  range  of  highlands,  called 
the  Lnvistown  or  Qiieenston  Heights,  on 
the  Niiigara  river.  Here  it  descends  60 
fe>-'t  by  me-.ins  of  Jive  combined  and  double 
locks  of  12  feet  each  ;  after  descending  it 
passes  on  easterly,  witli  a  descent  of  half 
an  inch  to  the  mile  for  63  miles  to  the  Ge- 
nesee river,  over  which  it  passes  by  a  stone 
acqiieduct  of  600  feet  in  length,  consisting 
of  nine  arches  of  50  feet  span  each,  and 
two  of  40  feet  each  to  convey  water  to  mills; 
the  arches  being  a  segment  of  a  circle 
of  11  feet  rise;  after  passing  the  Genesee 
ancf  cimtintiing  easterly  about  two  miles, 
descent  by  a  lock  of  seven  feet  forty  one- 
huiidredth's  ;  then  a  level  of  70  chains,  and 
another  lock  of  same  descent — then  a  pound 
of  15  chains  and  another  lock  of  the  same 
descent — then  a  pound  of  18  chains  and 
another  lock  of  the  same  descent— then  a 
pound  of  57  chains  and  another  lock  of  the 
same  descent — a  level  or  pound  then  com- 
mences, which  extends  eight  and  a  half 
miles,  to  one  mile  E  ofPiilsFord — then  a 
lock  of  eight  feet  descent ;  thence  over  the 
high  embankments  about  the  Irondequ^it, 
and  the  same  level  continued  for  14  miles  to 
the  west  part  of  the  town  of  Palmyra — then 
a  lock  of  10  feet  descent — thence  level  half 
a  mile,  then  a  lock  descent  10  feet — then 
easterly  over  Mud  creek,  and  passing  the 
town  or  village  of  Palmyra  a  level  of  12 
miles — then  a  descent  of  24  feet  by  three 
locks  separated  so  as  to  form  pounds  of 
200  yards  between  each,  thence  a  level  of 
six  miles  to  Mud  creek,  over  which  it 
passes  by  a  stone  acqueduct  of  three  arches 
of  oO  feet  each,  and  then  descends  by  a 
lock  oflOl'eet — then  leveloneniileaiulahalf 
to  the  village  of  Lyons,  passing  the  same, 
and  having  a  descent  by  a  lock  of  six  feet ; 
thence  level  four  miles  and  a  half  and  a 
lock  of  seven  feet  descent — thence  level 
lour  miles  to  the  village  of  Clyde,  a  lock 
of  five  feel  descent — thence  level  five  miles 
to  the  western  edge  of  the  Great  Cayuga 
Marshes,  and  then  a  lock  of  rine  feet  de- 
scent to  the  level  of  the  surface  of  Se- 
nt ca  river — this  level  continues  six  and  a 
lialf  miles,  passing  through  the  Seneca  ri- 
ver on  its  natural  level  to  the  E  side  there- 
ot — here  a  lock  of  seven  feet  rise  to  the 
village  of  Montezuma— thence  level  one 
mile  and  a  half  to  a  lock  of  nine  feet  rise 


N  E  W  N  K  -W 

—thence  level  four  miles,  and  crossing  tlie  a  quarter  to  two  locks  of  eight  feet  descent 
Ovvasco  outlet  by  an  acqueduct  of  four  — thtnce  'evel  four  miles  to  a  lock  of  eight 
arclies  of  20  f-et  ecch,  to  a  lock  of  nine  feet  feet  descent — thence  level  three  miles  to 
rise — thence  level  11^  miles  to  a  lock  of  11  a  lock  of  eight,  feet  descent — thence  a  far- 
feet  rise  (at  Jordan)  which  is  connected  ther  distance  of  three  miles  to  a  lock  of 
with  an  acqueduct  uf  three  arches  of  20  eight  feet  de-cer.t — theiice  level  half  a  mile 
feet  each— the  Jordan  summit  extends  12  to  a  lock  of  eight  feet  desceni— tiiencelevd 
miles  and  the  canal  then  descends  by  a  three  miles  to  Sclienecfady,  and  continuing- 
lock  of  11  feet  and  wliich  is  connected  with  the  same  level  four  mds  s  below  the  last 
an  acqueduct  of  two  arches  of  30-feet  each  mentinned  place  lo  an  acquediict  SoU  feet 
— tlience  a  level  seven  miles  and  a  lock  ot  long  and  21  feet  ab-ve  iow  vvaler  of  the 
six  feet  descent  which  brings  you  to  the  river,  an  i  immediately  after  crcssi  ii  the 
Salina  Level  [here  a  branch  of  one  mile  river  it  descends  12  feet  by  three  locks  of 
and  a  half  connects  tlie  canal  with  the  sait  seven  feet  each,  with  short  pounds  bctveen 
works  on  the  Oaandaga  lake]  which  crosses  —thence  level  two  miles  to  a  lock  of  seven 
the  Onandaga  creek  by  an  acqueduct  of  feel  descent —thence  a  level  of  one-  nuie 
four  arches  of  30  feet  each — Uience  level  and  a  half  to  a  lock  of  seven  feet  descent-*— 
one  mile  and  a  half  to  a  lock  of  six  feet  rise  thence  level  three  miles  and  a  iialf  to  a  lock 
— thence  level  one  mile  to  two  locks  of  10  of  seven  feel  descent — thence  level  ei^ht 
feet  rise  each  with  a  small po!jnd  berween —  miles,  and  passing  the  Mohawk  by  i.n  ac- 
thence  level  69  miles,  passing  through  the  queduct  1150  feet  long  and  16  fe  t  above 
town  of  Munlius  in  Onandaga  county — tiie  the  river  to  f  .ur  locks  descent '32  feet  wiui 
towns  of  Sullivan  and  Lennox  in  Madison  short  pounds  between — tnence  itivnl  one 
county,  the  towns  of  Verona,  Rome,  Whites-  mile  and  a  quarter  (say  a  quarter  of  ii  miie 
town  and  Utica  in  One:du  county,  and  below  Cnhoes  falls)  to  two  locks  descent  18 
through  the  greater  part  of  the  town  of  feet— thence  a  quarter  of  a  mile  levei  and 
Frinkitort  in  Herkimer  county  to  a  lock  of  Ihrse  locks  descent  26  teet — thence  level 
eight  feet  descent  nine  miles  E  of  Utica —  half  a  mile  und  seven  locKs  with  short 
then  a  level  one  mile  to  a  lock  ot  eight  pounds  between  descent  56  feel— here  a 
feet  descent — thence  level  hah'  a  mile  to  a  feeder  or  branch  oi  the  Northern  canal 
lock    of  eight  feet  descent — thence  level    connects  with  tlie    Western  cauiJ,  which 

two  and  a  half  miles  to  a  lock  of  eight  feet   soon  descends  22  feet  by  two  locks thence 

descent — thence  level  a  quarter  of  a  mile  le^el  seven  miles  to  a  lock  of  11  feet  de- 
to  a  lock  of  eight  feet  descent— thence  scent — thence  one  mile  and  a  half  level  to  a 
level  one  mile  and  a  half  to  a  lock  at  (ier-  point  nearly  east  of  tne  State  arsenal  in  the 
man  Flats,  nine  feet  descent  into  the  old  "orih  part  of  the  city  of  Albany— here  a 
canal  (constructed  by  tne  Western  Inland  lock  of  11  feet  descent  connects  the  canal 
Lock  Navigation  Company  in  1798,)  and  with  the  Hudson  river.  Opposite  the  city 
following  the  old  canal  half  a  mile,  and  then    of  Troy  a  branch  connects  with  tiie  Hudson 

leaving  it  and  continuing  the  same  level  for    by  two  locks  of  11  feet  descent  each also 

three  miles  to  a  lock  of  eight  feet  descent  at  Little  Falls  on  the  Mohawk,  a  large  ac- 
—thence  level  three  miles  and  a  half  to  the  queduct  over  the  Mohawk  with  three 
head  of  the  Little  falls  (town  of  German  arches,  one  70  feet  chord,  and  two  of  50 
Flats)  thence  descending  the  declivity  at  each  lo  connect  the  old  and  new  canal,  and 
Little  Falls  by  five  locks  of  eight  feet  de-  to  operate  as  a  feeder,  this  is  a  most  per- 
scent  each,  and  placed  so  as  to  form  pounds  manent,  solid  and  durable  work  which  can 
between,  of  sufficient  length  for  boats  to  be  conceived.and  built  of  the  best  materials, 
pass  each  other — thence  level  five  miles  to  and  the  best  workmanship. 
a  lock  of  eight  feet  descent — thence  level  No.  III. — Those  magnificent  plans  of  in- 
four  miles  to  a  lock  of  eight  feet  descent —  ternal  improvement  which  have  been  pro- 
thence  level  three  miles  and  a  quarter  to  a  jfcted,  and  are  now  rapidly  executing  by 
lock  of  eight  feet  descent — thence  level  the  State  of  New  York,  whose  extensive 
four  miles  and  three  quarters  to  a  lock  of  physical  resources  they  have  contributed 
seven  feet  descent,  near  Esquago  creek,  to  deveiope,  are  deslmed  to  form  the  corn- 
town  of  Canajoharie — thence  three  miles  mencement  of  a  new  era  m  the  history  of 
and  a  quarter  (to  Canajoharie  village)  a  this  country' — an  era  which  will  be  distin- 
lock  of  six  feet  descent — thence  level  12  guished  as  the  period  when  the  genius  and 
miles  to  a  lock  of  seven  feet  descent —  enterprse  of  a  free  and  powerhil  people 
thence  level  to  the  west  bank  of  Schoharie  are  directed  to  splendid  works  of  public 
creek  four  miles  and  a  half,  then  a  lock  of  utility,  the  efiects  of  winch  will  be  felt  to 
six  feet  descent — thence  across  the  creek  remotest  posterity.  For  grandeur  of  de- 
in  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam  (a  grand  lock  sign,  celerity  of  execution,  importance,  and 
on  E  Bank)  thence  level  three  quarters  of  extent,  the  canals  of  New  York,  will  admit 
a  mile  to  a  lock  of  four  feet  descent —  of  a  comparison  with  the  most  celebrated 
thence  level  three  miles  to  a  lock  of  eight  artificial  works  of  the  old  world.  Inde- 
feet  descent— thence  level  four  miles  and    pendent  of  the  immense  advantages  which 

717 


N  E  \V 


NEW 


New  York  will  derive  from  them,  in  the 
new  and  energetic  impulse  which  will  be 
given  to  her  agncul'.ure,  manufactures  and 
commerce,  and  as  a  coiistantl)  increasing 
source  of  revenue,  the j  have  a  still  strong- 
er claim  to  our  admiiatiou  from  ihe  iiTipor- 
tant  effects  which  they  are  calculated  to 
havt'  upon  our  internal  policy  hs  a  nation. 
The  political  benefits,  which  they  are  des- 
tined t'l  confer.,  begin  lilready  to  exhibit 
themselves  and  aflurd  conclusive  evidence 
that  the  Union,  cemented  by  tucli  bonds, 
will  be  indissoluble.  Viewed  in  this  light 
the  subjec.  becomes  peculiarly  mtercsting 
and  a  brief  descrijition  of  the  Erie  canil, 
embracirig  its  prominent  outlines,  by  ebta- 
blishingthe  fact  that  there  are  no  (;bstactes 
which  industry  and  enterprise  canno'i  over- 
come, may  have  an  influence  m  exciting 
to  similar  undertakings. 

This  canal  extends  fi  oni  Buffalo  at  the 
norlh  eastern  ex'remity  of  lake  Er.e  to 
the  Hudson  at  Albany  a  distance  of  360 
miles.  Its  dimensions  are  40  feet  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  28  feet  at  bottom, 
and  four  feet  deep.  Boats  of  50  tons  can 
navigate  its  waters.  The  expense  was  ex- 
tenuated at  five  millions  ot  dollars,  and 
will  not  much  exceed  tliat  amount.  At 
Buffalo  a  safe  and  commodious  harbour  has 
already  been  constructed  at  an  expense  of 
about  15,000  dollars.  [This  place  is  here- 
after destined  to'  become  the  great  com- 
mercial metropolis  or  mart  of  exchange  of 
all  that  extensive  tract  of  fertile  country 
which  is  here  washed  by  our  northern  in- 
land seas,  aod  their  numerous  tributaries. 
These  advantages  of  location  are  duly  ap- 
preciated, and  in  anticipation  of  its  future 
importance  it  has  already  received  the  ap- 
pellation of  the  •  New  York  of  the  lakes,' 
At  the  distance  of  two  mdes  from  Buff^^lo, 
and  on  the  Niagara  River  is  situated  the 
village  of  Black  Rock,  through  which  the 
Can.it  passes  and  where  it  is  contemplated 
to  construct  a  still  more  spacious  and  ex- 
tensive harbour,  corresponding  with  the 
magnificence  of  the  work  witii  which  it  is 
intended  to  be  connected.]  Leaving  Buf- 
falo, the  Cannl  runs  along  the  shore  of  the 
Niagara  river  for  12  miles  when  it  inter- 
sects the  Tonewanta  creek,  across  which 
a  dam  is  thrown  and  a  towing  path  con- 
structed along  its  bank  and  the  creek  is 
there  used  as  the  canal  for  a  distance  of  12 
miles.  There  it  diverges  and  pursues  u 
north-easterly  course  for  seven  miles  and 
a  half  across  the  mountain  ridge,  as  it  is 
called,  [a  chain  of  highland  w'lich  origi- 
nates in  Uppe;  Canad.i,  and  running  easter- 
ly parallel  with  lake  Ontario,  form  in  their 
course  tiie  Niagara,  Genesee  anfl  Oswego 
Falls,  and  terminates  in  Cswego  county.] 
The  passage  of  the  oonal  throug.h  tlii-. 
ridge  presented  one  of  the  most  serious 
obsticles  on  the  whole  route  and  one  which 

~]8 


from  the  geographical  formation  of  the 
country  was  unavoidable.  The  expense  of 
this  seven  miles  and  a  half,  (which  will 
average  a  depth  of  from  20  to  30  feet  and 
includes  three  miles  of  rock)  was  original- 
ly estimated  at  §500,000,  but  will  no  doubt 
require  an  expenditure  of  nearly  double 
the  amount.  At  this  point  tiie  Canal  is 
about  12  miles  south  of  lake  Ontario,  [and 
here  it  passes  through  the  vill.ge  of  Lock- 
port,  wiiich,  s  its  name  implie.-;,  has  risen 
under  its  auspices,  and  though  a  year  only 
has  elap.-ed,  now  contains  180  buildings  and 
500  mhabitants,  such  are  the  important  ef- 
f  ct.s  of  the  Canal  in  promoting  settlement 
upon  its  borders]  The  Canal  here  has  a 
descent  of  60  feet  by  means  of  five  com- 
bined and  double  locks  of  12  feet  each,  to 
what  is  termed  the  Genesee  level,  which 
from  the  favourable  declivity  of  the  coun- 
try to  the  north,  is  extended  easterly  a  dis- 
tance of  65  miles  without  the  incumbrance 
of  a  lock ;  passing  through  in  its  course 
the  fertile  and  populous  counties  of  Niaga- 
ra, Geaesee,  and  Monroe,  and  crossing  the 
Genesee  river  at  Rochester  by  a  stone 
aqaeduct  600  feet  long,  consisting  of  nine 
arches  of  50  fieet  span  each,  and  two  of 
forty  feet  each,  to  convey  water  to  mills, — 
the  arches  being  a  sigment  of  a  circle  of 
eleven  feet  :rise.  From  Buffalo  to  Ro- 
chester, a  distance  of  94  miles  the  Canal 
is  supplied  pri-  c;pal!y  with  water  from  the 
great  reservoir  lake  riiie,  and  to  facilitate 
the  passage  of  the  water  and  secure  a  con- 
stant supply  a  descent  of  lialf  an  inch  to 
the  mile  is  given  to  the  Canal  throughout 
that  distance.  And  as  the  supply  for  the 
extended  lower  level,  must  be  much  great- 
er than  the  lockage  alone  would  require,  a 
waste  basin  is  constructed  above  the  locks 
at  the  Mountain  ridge  over  which  the  sur- 
plus can  discharge  itself  and  in  its  passage 
to  the  level  below,  to  be  applied  to  hydrau- 
lic purposes.  Near  Rochester  the  Canal 
approaches  within  four  miles  of  the  lake.^ 
[This  place  affords  a  striking  instance  of 
the  astonishing  increase  of  population  and 
the  rapid  progress  of  improvement  in  the 
M'estern  parts  of  this  state.  It  first  began 
to  assume  consequence  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  late  war,  since  which  time  it  has  ad- 
vanced with  astonishing  rapidity  and  now 
contains  a  population  of  3500  souls.  Situa- 
ted in  the  heart  of  an  extensive  tract  of 
rich  and  fertile  country  which  already  con- 
tains a  dense  and  industrious  population--- 
enjoying  from  ils  position  on  lake  Ontario 
and  on  the  Canal  a  choice  of  markets  for 
its  products,  with  the  capacity  afforded  by 
the  Genesee  of  increasing  its  h\draulic 
machinery  to  an  indefinite  extent,  added  to 
the  facility  for  the  transportation  of  the 
raw  material  ot  manufacture  produced  by 
the  Canal.  Nature  and  art  appear  to  have 
combined  to  contribute  to  its  prosperity 


N  E  W 


N  E  W 


and  Rochester  possessed  of  these  advanta- 
ges is  unq'ieslionably  destined  to  become 
one  of  the  greasest  inland  manufactuiing 
and  commercial  sites  iii  the  United  States.] 
On  Uic  B  side  of  tlie  river  a  lateral  canal, 
or  navisrable  feeder  connects  the  Caii.d  with 
the  Genesee,  at  a  point  above  \vliic!\  there 
is  40  miles  of  good  navigation  through  an 
extremely  fertile  rnd  p -.pulous  district. 
The  extended  level  of  65  miles  terminates 
about  two  miles  E  of  Rochester,  wiien  the 
Canal  descends  27  feet  by  five  locks  in 
about  two  mdes  and  continues  that  level 
eight  miles  and  a  half  (passing  through  the 
village  of  Plttfurd)  when  it  again  descends 
eight  fret  by  one  lock.  It  then  crosses 
the  heavy  embarkments  in  the  valley  of 
Irondoquoit,  which  consists  of  several  stu- 
pendous mounds  of  eartli,  the  principal 
about  10  chains  long  and  70  feet  high  and 
under  which  there  is  a  semicircular  stone 
culvert  of  24  feet  chord  and  250  feet  long 
for  the  passage  of  the  Irondoquoit  creek, 
and  continuing  the  same  level  about  14 
miles  reaches  the  valley  of  Mud  creek  a 
tributsry  of  the  Canandaigua  outlet — It 
thence  follows  down  the  valley  of  t!ie  creek 
and  outlet,  descending  with  the  country 
and  in  its  route  crossing  Mud  creek  by  a 
stone  aqueduct  of  three  arches  of  30  feet 
each  and  passing  the  flourishing  villages  of 
Palmyra  and  Lyons  in  Ontario  county  and 
throiig'h  the  village  of  Clyde  and  the  Ca- 
yuga marshes  in  Seneca  county,  to  the 
Seneca  river.  This  embraces  a  distance 
of  ab  ut  39  miles  and  a  descent  of  81  feet 
by  nine  locks  which  brings  the  Canal  to  the 
level  of  the  Seneca  river,  thr'jugh  which 
it  passes  and  over  which  a  towing  path 
bridge  three  fourths  of  a  mile  long  has 
been  constructed.  By  means  of  the  Sene- 
ca river  a  communication  is  opened  with 
Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes  which  stretch  off 
at  I'ight  angles  to  the  Canal,  about  40  miles 
into  the  interior  and  embrace  a  district  of 
country  which  will  compare  for  productive- 
ness with  any  in  the  United  States.  On 
the  E  side  of  the  river,  there  is  a  lock  of 
seven  feet  rise  to  the  village  of  Montezu- 
ma, when  the  Canal  continues  its  course 
througii  Cayuga  county  a  distance  of  17 
miles  to  Jordan  in  Onandago  county,  cross- 
ing in  its  course  the  Owasco  outlet  by  an 
aqueduct  of  four  arches  of  20  feet  each, 
and  attaining  by  four  locks  an  elevation  of 
36  feet  above,  the  Seneca  river,  to  the 
summit  at  Jordan — connected  with  the 
lock  at  Jordan,  there  is  an  aqueduct  over 
the  Skeneateles  outlet  of  three  arches  o!' 
20  feet  each.  The  length  of  the  Jordan 
summit  is  12  miles,  when  the  canal  again  as- 
cends by  a  lock  of  11  feet  (and  wliich  is 
connected  with  an  aqueduct  of  two  arches 
of  30  feet  each)  and  in  a  further  distance 
of  seven  miles  by  another  lock  of  six  feet, 
to  the  Salina  level  and  crosses  the  Ononda- 


go  creek,  by  an  aqueduct  of  lour  arches  of' 
30  leet  eacli.  Here  a  branch  of  one  mile 
and  a  lialf  extends  to  the  salt  works  on  the 
Onandago  lake  with  wMch  it  is  contenipla- 
ted  to  open  a  communication  by  means  of 
locks,  and  thus  connect  the  canal  with 
hike  Ontario,  tlirough  the  Seneca  and  Oswe- 
go rivers  In  a  fartiier  distance  of  tivo  -.niles 
and  a  half  a  rise  of  26  feet  by  three  locks 
elevates  tlie  canul  >othe  Home  su.mmit,  an 
extended  level  of  69  miles  and  which  passes 
through  the  imp<)rt;!nt  agriculmral  ctjunties 
of  Onondaga,  Mav'i.son,  O'lcida,  (through 
the  villages  of  Home  and  Uilca,)  and  ex- 
tends nine  miles  E  .  Utica  into  the  town 
of  Frankfort,  in  Herkimer  county.  At 
Home  15  miles  NW  of  Utica,  the  canal 
crosses  the  ridi^e  which  divides  the  waters 
wh'ch  flow  into  lake  Ontario,  from  those 
which  empty  themselves  into  the  Hudson. 
From  Rome  westerly,  as  will  be  seen  by 
an  inspection  of  the  map,  the  general  de- 
clivity of  the  country  is  to  the  north  and  of 
oursc  extremely  favourable  for  the  loca- 
tion of  a  canal.  The  only  difliculty  there- 
fore which  presented  itself  was  tiie  selec- 
tion of  such  a  level  as  would  enable  the 
canal  to  cross  the  dividing  ridge  and  gain 
the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.  At  the  dis- 
tance of  nine  miles  E  of  Utica,  the  canal 
commences  descending  the  valley  of  the 
Mohawk.  In  the  distance  of  about  13 
miles  it  has  a  descent  of  57  feet  by  seven 
locks  to  the  head  of  the  declivity  at  the  ^ 
Little  Falls  which  it  descends  by  five  locks  ^ 
of  eight  feet  each  with  short  intervening 
pounds  and  in  the  distance  oi  about  twen-  " 
ty  miles  and  a  quarter  a  still  further  de- 
scent of  37  feet  by  five  locks  with  inter- 
vening levels  of  from  three  and  a  half  to 
five  miles  to  Canejoharie  in  Montgomery 
county.  This  level  extends  12  miles  where 
it  has  a  descent  in  four  miles  and  a  half  of 
13  feet  by  two  locks  to  the  Schoharie  creek 
which  is  crossed  by  a  dam  and  the  creek 
introduced  as  a  feeder.  From  this  point 
to  wititin  three  miles  of  Schenectady,  a 
distance  oi  about  eighteen  miles  and  a  half 
the  canal  has  a  descent  of  52  feet  by  six 
locks  of  eight,  and  one  of  four  feet  with 
intervening  pounds  of  from  a  half  to  four 
miles  and  a  half.  Foia'  miles  E  of  Schenec- 
tady the  canal  crosses  the  Mohawk  by  an 
aqueduct  850  feet  long  and  21  feel  above 
low  water  of  the  river.  Tiiis  uqueduct 
consists  of  stone  abutments  and  piers  sup- 
porting  a  wooden  trunk.  'I'here  are  seve- 
ral others  of  a  similar  construction,  but 
of  a  minor  character  at  diff"erent  pouits 
along  the  lino  where  the  distance  between 
the  bottom  of  the  canal  and  the  surface  of 
the  water  in  the  stream  crossed,  was  not 
sufiicient  to  admit  of  the  turning  of  an 
arch ;  but  they  are  considered  as  tempo- 
rary structures  and  were  preferred  from  a 
wish  to  diminish  the  immediate  expendi- 
719 


N  E  W 


NEW 


ture  as  far  as  practicable,  and  when  they 
decay  will  be  supplanted  by  permanent 
trunks  o!'  cast  iron.  Immediately  after 
crossing  the  river  ihe  canal  hj.s  a  descent 
of  21  feet  by  three,  locks  of  seven  feet 
each,  and  in  about  seven  miles  has  a  still 
further  descent  or"  21  f'*et  by  three  locks 
with  intervening  pounus  of  from  one  mile 
and  a  iialf  to  three  miles  and  a  haif.  It 
])ur.^ues  the  last  level  eight  miles  and 
crosses  the  Mohawk  from  the  N  to  the  S 
side  by  an  aqueduct  1150  feet  long  and  16 
feet  above  the  river,  when  it  ascends  32 
feet  by  four  locks  of  tight  feet  each  with 
short  intervening  pounds  It  now  rapidly 
descends  the  declivity  nf  the  Cohoes  Falls, 
halving  m  about  two  miles  a  descent  of  100 
feet  by  12  locks  with  'short  intervening 
pounds.  Here  a  branch  'Vom  the  northern 
Canal  intersects  the  Western  Canal  which 
soon  descends  22  feet  by  two  locks  and 
then  has  a  level  of  seven  mile?,  when  itagain 
descends  11  feet  by  one  lock,  and  in  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  by  another  lock  of  the 
same  descent  which  connects  it  with  the 
Hudson  at  Albany  and  opposite  to  the  city 
of  Troy  a  branch  connects  it  with  the  Hud- 
son by  two  locks  of  11  feet  each. 

This  statement  exhibits  a  descent  from 
the  Rome  summit  to  the  Hudson,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  100  mdes,  of  417  feet  by  52 
locks.  In  the  construction  of  the  canal, 
through  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk,  nu- 
merous difiicuUies,  exclusive  of  the  great 
descent,  and  a  judicious  arrangement  of  the 
lockage  presented  themselves — and  {)oints 
of  hills,  elevated  far  above  the  level  of  the 
canal,  frequently  projecting  into  the  river, 
and  requiring  the  canal  to  be  m.'.de  for 
many  miles  in  the  bed  of  the  stream.  Con- 
sequently, great  additional  expense  was 
necessarily  incurred,  in  guarding  it  from 
the  injuries  to  which  it  was  liable,  from  the 
floods  ;)f  the  river.  This  was  particuLirly 
the  case  in  the  \icinity  of  the  Little  Falls, 
and  at  the  Cohoes,  where  also  heavy  exca- 
vations of  rock  were  encotmtered.  The 
expense  of  this  section,  was  originally  esti- 
mated at  2,200^000  dollars. 

The  dimensions  of  liie  locks  are  90  feet, 
between  the  gates,  and  15  feet  \u  the  clear  ; 
they  are  all  constructed  of  the  most  solid 
.and  pcr:nane!U  mason  woik;  the  front  of 
the  walls,  consisting  of  regular  courses  of 
i*  at  least  a  foot  thick,  united  by  liie  best  hy- 
draulic  cement,  and  with  the  chamber  of 
the  lock,  handsomely  faced. 

The  Chan:ip'ain  canal  is  22  miles  long 
from  Whitehall  at  the  !i<?ad  ot  lake  Cham- 
plain,  to  Fort  Edward  on  the  Hudson. 

The  valley  of  the  Hudson  rises  by  a 
more  gradual  acclivity  than  does  that  of 
the  Mohawk.  From  the  level  of  low 
tide  in  the  Hudson  river  to  a  point  on 
that  stream  one  mile  and  a  quarter 
above  Waterford,  the  bed  of  the  river  ri. 

7':o 


ses  about  35  feet,  to  render  which  passa- 
ble, five  locks  are  designed.  Ascending 
eight  miles  and  three  quarters  higher  to 
a  point  between  the  mouth  of  Anthony's 
kill  and  Hosack  river,  another  rise  of 
nearly  53  feet  takes  place,  in  which  dis- 
tance, the  construction  of  seven  locks  are 
contemplated. 

These  12  locks  and  88  feet  attain  a  sum- 
mit, upon  which  the  canal  will  be  carried 
18  miles  on  one  level  to  the  falls,  at  fort 
Miller.  Here  a  rise  of  16  feet  is  overcome 
by  two  locks.  A  dam  above  these  locks 
and  falls  again  produces  a  slack  water  o£ 
16  miles  to  another  fall  at  fort  Edward, 
By  four  locks,  and  36  feet  ascent,  the  ele- 
vation of  140  feet,  on  the  summit  level 
between  lake  Champlain  and  Hudson's 
river,  is  att.tincd.  Along  this  summit  le- 
vel, the  canal  is  cut  12  miles,  to  cape 
Anne  upon  Wood  creek  branch  a  of  Paw- 
let  river,  flowing  into  lake  Champlain. 

At  Cape  Anne,  the  slope  commences 
towards  lake  Champlain,  and  by  a  rapid 
depression  of  26^  feet,  and  three  locks, 
reaches  another  level  12  miles  in  length, 
reaching  Whitehall  at  the  mouth  of  Paw- 
let  river.  At  the  latter  place  three  more 
locks  descend  26  feet  into  lake  Cham< 
plain. 

The  Champlain  canal  is  nearly  com- 
pleted ;  it  is  indeed  already  navigable, 
but,  contrary  to  the  opinion  of  the  com- 
missioners in  their  report  of  January  31st 
1818,*  it  is  now  found  necessary  to  in- 
trodu-ce  a  feeder  from  the  Hudson,  above 
Glen's  falls,  and  as  this  source  will  be 
above  the  summit  level,  every  section  of 
the  canal  will  be  amply  supplied.- 

By  a  resolution  of  the  boai'd  of  com- 
missioners in  181^,  the  Erie  canal  was 
extended  to  40  feet  width  at  the  surface, 
28  at  the  bottom,  and  four  deep  of  water. 
The  locks  were  to  be  made  14  feet  wide 
and  90  long  in  the  clear.  By  a  subse- 
quent order  of  the  board  similar  dimen- 
sions were  given  to  the  canal  and  locks, 
between  Albany  and  lake  Champlain. f 

It  is  now  confidently  calculated  that  a 
complete  inland  navigation  in  the  entire 
of  both  canals  will  be  efiFected  befoi'e  the 
close  of  1823. 

In  some  instances,  from  the  nature  of 
the  document,  round  numbers  have  been 
necessarily  usf:d,  but,  we  believe,  not  to 
any  extent  which  can  very  seriously  af- 
fect the  general  correctness  of  the  state- 
ment. The  importance  of  the  subject 
has  rendered  some  amplification  neces- 
sary. 

Table  of  the  area  of  those  parts  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  which 
will   most  certainly  be  opened  to   the 


*  Haipes,  p.  288.    t  Haines,  p.  364 


N   E  W 


N  E  W 


commerce  ot"  the  Hudson  by  the  comple- 
tion of  the  two  New  York  canals. 

S(|.  miles. 
Basin  of  Champlain  -        -        5,000 

United  basins  ot  Oswego  and  Sene- 
ca river      -        -        .        .        7  500 
Basin  of  Erie  -        -        -      27,000 

Basin  of  Michigan  -        .       60,000 

Basin  of  St.  Clair      -        -        -        ?',100 
Basin  of  Huron  and  Nipising  40,0^0 

Basin  of  Sunerior      -        -        •      90,000 


236,300 
From  wliich  deduct  for  water. 
Lake  Champlain  -  -  -  1,100 
Small  lakes  in  the  basins  of  Gene- 
see and  Oswego  -  •  240 
Lake  Erie  .  -  .  .  15,750 
Lake  St.  Clair  -  -  -  75iJ 
Lake  Huron  .  -  -  -  -  13,000 
Lake  Michigan  -  -  -  13,500 
Lake  Nipising  -  -  -  500 
Lake  Superior  -  -  -  So.ODO 
Smaller  lakes  and  rivers          -        2,000 


70,140 


Remains  for  land  -  -  ■  -  166,160 
Amounting  to  111,129,600  acres. 

This  expanse  nearly  equals  four  tinus 
the  superficies  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
Thou.t;h  more  than  one-third  of  the  space 
we  are  surveying  is  in  Canada  it  may  be 
here  coructly  incindcxh  as  the  course  of 
commerce  ^viil  be  but  little  influenced  by 
national  bnundarits. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  gen- 
eral, detailed,  and  progressive  popislation 
of  New  Yf.i'k 

For  political  and  civil  j)urprscs,  New 
York  is  subdivided  into  counties,  as  foU 


lows : 

Cuitnties, 

P'i/>.  1810, 

IS20, 

Albanv 

34,661 

38,116 

Alleghany 

S.942 

9,330 

Broome 

8,130 

14,394 

Cattaraugus 

4,090 

Cayuga 

29,843 

38,897 

Chataque 

12,568 

Chenango 

21,704 

31,215 

Clinton 

8,002 

12.070 

Columbia 

31.390 

38  330 

Cortland 

8,868 

16.507 

Delaware 

20  303 

26,587 

Duchess 

51.431 

46,615 

Erie,  erected  sir 

ice  1820. 

Essex 

9,477 

12,811 

Franklin 

2,717 

4,159 

Genesee 

12,588 

58,093 

Green 

19,536 

22,996 

Hamilton 

1,251 

Herkimer 

22,046 

31,017 

Jefferson 

15,140 

32,952 

King's 

8,303 

11,187 

Lewis 

6,433 

9,227 

Li\  ingstou,  erected  since  1820. 

Madison  -  25,141  32,208 

Monroe,  erected  since  1820- 

Montgomery 

New  York 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Oiiondaro 

Ontario 

Orange 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queen's 

Rensallaer 

Richmond 

Rockland 

S  .ratoga 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Seneca 

St.  Lawrence 

Steuben 

Suilblk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Washington 

\Varren 

\^'est  Chester 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

'|-of:a  whites  -  -        :       918,699 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -         -         -        -         ^^''l^t 
Slaves       ...        -        -        15,0ir 


41,214 

37,569 

96,573 

123,706 

8,971 

22,990 

33,792 

50,997 

25,987 

41,467 

42.032 

88,267 

34,347 

41,213 

12,374 

38,803 

44,8.i6 

11,268 

19,336 

21,519 

36,309 

40,153 

7,758 

8,837 

5,347 

6,135 

33.147 

36,052 

10,201 

13,081 

18,945 

23,164 

16,609 

26,619 

7,885 

16,037 

7,246 

21,189 

21,113 

24,272 

6,103 

8,900 

7,899 

16,971 

20,681 

26,576 

30,934 

44,289 

38,831 

9,453 

30,272 

32,638 

959,219 

1,372,812 

474,281 

- 

444,418 

Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whilG  males 

do.  do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

nut  taxed      .         -         -         - 

Total  whites     -         -         -         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     ■ 
do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males     -        -         - 
do.  females 


959,049 


679,551 

653,193 

701 

1,333,445 

13,458 

15,821 

5,088 

5,000 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


-   1,372,812 


4T 


15,101 

247,648 

60,038 

9,113 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30  nearly. 
Summary  of  the  census  taken  undev 
721 


\  E  W 


N  E  W 


the  act  of  the  legislature  of  New  York, 
passed  March  26,  1821,  as  reported  bj'- 
the  secretary  of  state  to  the  legislature. 

Freeholders,  owning  freeholds 
to  the  amount  of  8-50  and  up- 
wards, -  -  -  100,490 

Freeholders,  owning  freeholds 
to  the  value  of  ^50  and  upwards,     8,9S5 

Persons  not  owning  freeholds, 
but  renting  tenements  to  the  year- 
ly value  of  g5,         -  -  9,3,035 

Persons  ni;t  owning  freeholds 
nor  renting  tenements,  but  who 
pay  taxes  or  serve  in  the  militia, 
or  work  on  the  highways,  or  are 
exempt  from  militia  duty  or  from 
taxation        ...  56,877 


Grand  Tntal, 


258,387 


Number  of  acres  of  improved 
land,  occupied  in  this  state,       5,717,494 
Number  of  neat  cattle,  1,215,049 

hoi'ses,  -  -  262,623 

sheep,  -  .       2,147,351 

Yards  of  fulled  cloth,  manufac- 
tured in  the  domestic  way,  in  the 
year  immediately  preceding       1,958,712 

Yards  of  flannel  and  other  v/ool- 
len  cloths  not  fu'led,  manufactur- 
ed in  thedomestic  way  during  the 
same  year,  -  -         2,451,107 

Yards  of  hnen,  cotton,  or  other 
thin  clotii,  manufactured  in  the 
domestic  way,  during  the  same 
year,  ...         5,635  895 

Grist  mills,  -  -  2,132 

Saw  nrii'ls,  -  -  4,304 

Oil  mills,  -  -  159 

Fulling  mills,      -  -  991 

Carding  machines,        -  1,233 

Cotton  and  woollen  factories,  184 

Iron  works,         -  -  107 

Triphammers,  -  172 

Distilleries,         -  -  1,057 

Asheries,  -  -  1,226 

A'eiu  York,  city  and  county  of  New 
York,  situated  on  Manhattan  island,  be- 
tween Hudson  river.  East  rivor.  New 
York  bay,  and  Haerlem  river.  Lat.  40 
42  N,  and  Ion.  74°  W  from  London,  and 
3  0  E  from  Washington,  143  miles  below 
Albany,  90  NE  from  Philadelphia,  and 
210  SW  from  Boston. 

The  city  and  county  of  New  York  are 
commensiirate,  and  occupy  the  whole  of 
Manhattan  island,  which  is  about  12  miles 
long,  and  averages  one  and  a  half  wide, 
v/ith  an  area  of  18  square  miles 

The  city  of  New  York,  is  composed  of 
the  city  proper  and  Grernwicb.  The  com- 
pactly built  part  commences  at  the  battery, 
or  point  of  confluence  between  the  Hudson 
and  East  rivers,  and  gradually  becoming 
more  scattered,  the  buildings  extend  bc= 
''22 


tween  three  and  four  miles  up  each  river. 
Ti>e  streets  in  the  lower,  or  ancient  part 
are  generally  irregular  ;  but  the  more  mo- 
dern streets  are  generally  straight,  and  in- 
tersecting each  other  at  right  angles.  The 
boast  of  New  Yiirk,  and  perhaps  the  United 
States  is  Broadway,  extending  eighty  feet 
wide,  upwards  of  three  milts.  No  style  of 
building  can  be  noticed  as  charactei-istical 
of  New  Y,)rk.  The  private  buildings  vary, 
from  the  old,  heavy  Dutch  mode,  to  the 
utmost  rehnement,  and  convenience  of 
modern  taste. 

The  city  Hall  claims  the  first  notice 
amoiig-st  the  public  edifices  of  this  city.  5t 
.  is  216  t;  et  by  105  ;  and  65  feet  high.  The 
frmt  and  ends  are  constructed  of  white 
marble,  as  are  'he  columns  in  the  inside  and 
front.  The  expense  of  the  entire  structure 
upwards  of  §500,000.  It  is  occupied  by 
tlie  courts  of  law,  and  the  city  council. 
The  governor  of  the  state  for  the  time  be- 
ing, has  also,  a  room  of  audience  in  the  se- 
cond story.  This  room  is  decorated  with 
portraits  of  distinguished  Americans. 

The  New  York,  general  Hospiial,  com- 
prises a  hospital  for  sick  and  disabled  per- 
sons ;  as  also  a  lunatic,  and  lyinir  in  Hospi^ 
tal.  A  medical  library,  contaming  between 
three  and  four  thousand  volumes  is  attached 
to  this  institution.  The  alms-house  is  situ- 
ated on  East  river,  above  C'-rlaers  Hook. 
It  is  a  spacious  but  plain  edifice,  three  sto- 
ries high,  320  by  50  feet.  It  comprises  a 
work-house,  penitentiary  &c.  and  cost 
about  g420,000.  The  state  prison,  is  on 
the  Hud>on,  in  Greenwich. 

In  the  rear  oi  the  city  hall  stands  the  in- 
stitu'.ion,  a  long  range  of  brick  buildings 
containing  the  Museum,  Lyceum  of  Natu- 
ral History  ;  halls  of  the  Philosophical,  and 
Historical  Societies ;  t'^e  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Asylum  ;  and  the  American  Academy  of 
tlie  Fine  Arts.  The  H  stor  cal  Society  has 
<ds()  a  room  for  its  truly  valuable  library,  of 
upwards  of" 5000  volumes.  The  Museum  is 
in  the  end  room  fronting  Broadway. 

Columbia  college.  King's  college  before 
the  revolution,  wa-  founded  in  1754 ;  it  has 
a  president,  five  professors,  and  at  present, 
1822,  about  130  students. 

The  college  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
was  founded  in  1807  ;  and  in  1814,  the  Fa- 
culty of  Medicine,  was  detached  from  Co- 
lumbia college,  and  annexed  to  it.  Thus 
united,  the  college  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons has  become  one  of  the  most  respec- 
table foundations  in  the  United  States,  with 
seven  professors.  The  Elgin  Botanic  gar- 
den has  been  attached  also  to  this  institu- 
tion. 

The  Theological  Seminary  formed  in 
1805,  in  this  city,  by  the  general  Synod  of 
the  Associate  K<  formed  church,  has  been 
rsmoyed  to  Princston,  and  connected  vvitlfe 


N  E  W 


N  G  A 


the  Tiieologlcal  Seminary  at  the  latter 
place. 

New  York  possesses  a  theatre,  custom- 
house, eight  or  nine  market-houses,  11 
banks,  and  11  ensurance  companies.  A  so- 
ciety library  containing  upwards  of  15,000 
volumes.  The  nuniber  of  daily,  semi- 
weekly,  and  weekly  newspapers,  literarj' 
journals,  magazines  &c  are  very  consider- 
able 'I'he  places  of  public  wtrsiiip  amount 
to  near  60.  Many  of  the  ch.irches  are  spa- 
cious and  elegant  structures. 

In  its  exterior  New  York  has  tlie  most 
imposing  appearance  of  any  city  in  tlie 
United  States  The  view  from  the  Buttery 
of  the  harbour,  Sta'en  Island,  and  the  ad- 
jacent shores  of  Long  Island  and  New  Jer- 
sey has  been  very  justly  admired  by  almost 
every  visitant.  The  harbour,  or  more  cor- 
rectl}'  harbours  of  New  York,  are  suffi- 
ciently extensive  to  admit  the  most  n.ime- 
rous  assemblage  ofshippi  g,  and  of  suffi- 
cient depth  to  admit  vessels  of  nearly  the 
largest  class.  Being  open  to  tlie  tides  it  is 
only  in  very  severe  winters  rendsred  inac- 
cessible by  ice.  The  principi/l  mercantile 
harbour  is  that  of  Kast  river  ;  but  ihe  whole 
shore  around  from  Corkers  Hook  to  Green- 
wich is  generally  accoiTimodatcd  witii  docks, 
for  vessels  of  various  ctescripM.  ns.  Beside 
packe's,  numerous  'earn,  And  S'eain  b'  als, 
ply  across  the  resp.^ctive  ferries  from  New 
York,  to  Long  Island,  Sta'e  i  Island  and 
New  Jersey.  Regular  lines  of  steam  pack- 
ets, run  from  tliat  city  to  New  IJiunswick, 
the  various  towns  on  the  Hudson,  as  liigh 
•IS  Albany,  and  to  Providence  in  Riicde 
Island. 

It  is  in  fine  a  city  combining  perhnps  as 
many  natural  advantages  as  any  other  on 
the  Globe.  Its  position  is  admirably  adapt- 
ed to  connect  the  forei.s^n  commerce  and 
inland  trade  of  the  United  States.  The 
two  great  canals  uniting  llic  basin  of  tlie 
Hutlsun  to  that  of  St.  Lwrence,  by  two 
very  important  points  of  contact,  will  add 
incalculably  to  tlie  already  vast  advantages 
of  this  great  emporium.  It  is  an  astonish- 
ing fact  that  New  Y'ork  is  now  tiie  second 
city  in  the  world  in  point  of  shipping,  ton- 
nage, possessing  more  th:in  one  haif  as 
much  as  the  city  of  London.  In  1816,  it 
amounted  to  near  300,000  tons.  The  an- 
nual custom-house  receipts  of  this  citj' 
amount  to  about  one  fourth  part  of  the 
entire  revenue  of  the  United  States.  Tlic 
revenue  of  the  city  itself,  amounts  to  near 
S500,000  aniiiially. 

The  following  tables  present  tlie  aggre- 
c;ate  and  progressive  population  of  New 
York. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -         -         •     43,448 

do.  do.    female's       -        -        -     43,103 


Total  whites         -         -         -         ■ 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        -        .        . 

Slaves  .        .        _        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810      - 


86,550 

8,137 
1,686 

— ^V 
96,^73 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliites,  males  -        -      55,312 

do.      do.    females  -        -      57,508 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 0 


Total  whites      -        -  _      -        -  112,82a 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  4,194 

do.            do,        females  6,174 

Slav^es,  males           ....  177 

do.     females        -        .        -  341 


Total  population  in  1820 


123,706 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners -not  naturalized  -         5,390 

I'.ngaged  in  Agriculture      -  -            '86 

do.        in  Vlanufactures  -         9,523 

do.        in  Commerce       -  -         3,142 

Pojjulation  to  the  square  mile,  6872, 

III  1697  the  population  was  -           4,302 

1756               -             -  -         13,040 

179'j              -            -  -        33,131 

1800               -             -  -  f    60,489 

1805               -            -  -     '    75,770 

vVfw  Yoi-k,  small  post  town  of  Albe- 
marle cointy,  Virgmia,  23  miles  W  from 
Charlotte. 

A'eu)  Fork,  small  post  town  of  Cham- 
paif^si  county,  Oiiio 

Srew  Zealand.,  t-vo  large  islands,  in  ne 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  divided  from  each 
other  by  a  strait  of  about  12  miles  wde. 
They  are  each  about  600  miles  long,  and 
with  a  mean  width  of  100.  Lon.  from  181 
to  194,  lat.  34  to  38  S.  The  Aborigines 
are  Savages.  The  British  government 
lias  formed  one  or  two  settlements,  ,  in 
which  attempts  are  makmg  to  introduce 
the  arts  of  civdized  life  among  the  nat  ves. 

JW'yUmd,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Fnday,  and  a  manufacture  of  aays,  and 
b;^ys.  It  is  seated  on  the  Srt>ur,  over 
which  is  a  brirlge,  16  miles  SW  of  Ipswich, 
and  57  NE  of  London.  Lon,  1  5  E,  iat,  52 
1  N. 

JYei/tracht,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neytra, 
40  miles  NE  of  Presburj.  Lon.  17  49  E, 
lat.  48  28  N. 

J\'ezpigue,  river  of  Louisiana,  the  west 
branch  of  the  .Mermentau.  It  rises  about 
40  miles  NW  from  ihe  town  of  St.  Land;  c, 
in  Opek-usas,  flows  S  and  joias  the  Pla- 
quemme  Brule,  to  form  the  Mermentau. 

JVgan-King-Jmt,  the  capital  of  the  wes- 
tern  nart  of  tlic,  pronnce  of  lsia:5g-nan  In 


3^"  I  A 


X  1  A 


eliina  ;  Its  sUualion  is  delig'iUuil.  All  the 
countr}'  belonging^  to  it  is  level,  pleasant, 
and  fertile.  It  has  under  its  jurisdiction 
o:ily  six  cities  of  the  third  class.  Lou.  116 
4i  E,  lat.  30  S3  N. 

J^'ganlo-fou,  rich  and  populous  citj'  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Hou-qunng,  con 
taining  in  its  district,  two  cities  oFihe  se- 
cond, and  five  of  the  tliird  class.     It  is  425 
miles  W  by  S  of  Nanlcing-. 

Niagara,  river  of  North  America,  be- 
tween lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  It  is,  strict- 
ly speaking,  a  strait  uniting  the  two  lakes. 

It  commences  by  a  rapid,  two  miles  NN 
"\V  from  the  town  of  Buffalo.  The  raj^id 
terminates  at  or  a  little  below  Black  Kock, 
and  assuming  a  placid  current,  witli  a 
width  from  half  to  one  and  a  half  mile 
•wide,  the  river  flows  from  Black  Rock  to 
tiie  head  of  Grand  Isle,  seven  miles,  witli  a 
course  nearly  NW.  Here  it  divides  i-^to 
two  large  branches,  which,  encircling 
Grand  Isle,  again  re-unite  three  miles  abo^  e 
the  falls.  Now  upwards  ot  a  mile  wide, 
and  gradually  contracting  in  breadth,  and 
increasing  in  velocity,  the  whole  m  iss  ap- 
proaches the  great  ledge,  which  farms  tiie 
tremendous  cataract  of  Niagara. 

This  ledge  is  itself  a  part  of  the  vas? 
floe'z  strata,  which  stretches  along  the 
southern  shores  of  lake  OUario,  crosses 
Niagara  river,  and  reaches  to  an  imknowu 
distance  into  Canada. 

Below  Grand  Isle,  the  river  turns  to  a 
course  of  nearly  west,  which  it  conunues 
to  the  falls,  where  it  abruptly  curves  t)  N 
E,  which  it  continues  about  a  mile,  from 
whence  it  assumes  a  northern  direction, 
which  with  some  par'ial  bends  it  continues 
to  lake  Ontario.  See  the  succeeding  arti- 
cle, J^'iagaru  Falls. 

JViagara  Falls,  is  a  cataract  in  Niagara 
river,  formed  by  the  intersection  wi;h  that 
stream  of  the  great  ledge,  noticed  in  the 
article  Niagara  river. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  entire 
length  of  Niagara  river,  and  the  respective 
fall  from  Erie  to  Ontario. 

.JFdes.  Fall. 
Trom  lake  Erie  to  the  head  of 

the  rapids,  -  -  -  20  15  ft. 
From  the  rapids  to  the  head  of 

the  fall,     .         -         -         .         U     51 
Great  fall,    ....  *  i(V2 

Prom  Falls  to  Lewlstown,     -         7     104 
From  Lewistown  to  lake  Onta- 
rio, -        -        .        -7        2 

Entire  distance  and  fall,        -     oSh  3.34 

Standing  on  either  side  of  Niagara  river 
above  the  Falls,  the  aspect  of  the  adjacent 
country  is  that  of  a  general  level.  Nothing 
announces  an  approach  to  the  cataract, 
except  the  spray  and  cloud  of  vapour, 
which  rises  from  the  surge  below. 
724 


The  wafer  is  precipitated  over  an  im- 
men'-e  mass  of  limestone  rock,  which  forms 
the  bed  of  ti.e  river.  The  widtli  of  the 
river  in  a  straight  line,  at  tlie  falls,  is  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile.  But  as  its  principal 
force  is  exerted  in  the  centre,  the  brow  of 
the  precipice  l:as  b.^en  worn  in  the  shape 
of  a  horse-shne,  and  its  whole  winding 
width  is  not  less  than  a  mile  and  a  half. 
This  distance  is  divided  by  a  smdl  woody 
islaul,  called  Goat  island,  near  the  Ameri- 
can side,  which  divides  the  cataract  into 
two.  The  cleva'ion  of  this  island  abuve 
the  surface  o.'the  s'ream  is  not  very  great, 
but  it  pr  scnts  towards  the  nordi-west,  a 
bold  perpendicular  front  ot  bae  solid  rock, 
the  whole  height  of  the  cataract.  The 
width  of  the  fail  between  Goat  Island  and 
the  America  i  side  is  aboi;t  one-fifih  of  the 
whole,  and  that  of  the  island  itself  another 
fiftii  ;  aithougli  the  quantity  of  water  on 
tile  British  side  is  probably  ten  times  as 
great  .is  on  fiie  other.  A  bridge  now  con- 
nects the  New  York  shore  to  Goat  Island. 

The  Table  Rock  is  a  part  of  the  Canada 
bank,  which  is  on  the  margin  of  the  great 
sheet  ot  failing  water.  It  furnishes  alto- 
gether the  most  mteresling  view  of  the 
<all<.  The  eye,  looking  up  the  river,  be- 
holds it  tumbling  with  wild  magnificence 
over  llie  ledges  of  rocks,  which,  seen  from 
tiiis  place,  seem  close  together,  and  ap- 
pear to  constitute  a  single  broken  cataract. 
The  immense  mass  oi  waters,  greatly  in- 
creased in  i;s  rapidity  by  this  descent,  and 
perhaps  still  more  by  the  contraction  of 
tlie  nver,  rolls  with  an  apjiarcntly  instan- 
taneous motion  to  the  brow  of  the  preci- 
pice,  a:id  shoots  over  it  into  the  abjss  be- 
low. The  depth  of  the  precipice,  tlie  roar 
of  the  I  ataract,  the  mass  of  the  waters,  and, 
above  all,  the  inconceivable  exertion  of 
power,  "verwhelm  the  mind  with  emotions 
of  sublimity  and  grandeur  ;  and  fill  it  with 
new  and  clearer  views  of  the  weakness  and 
littleness  of  man. 

From  tlic  surface  of  the  stream  beneath, 
on  the  Car.ada  side,  there  arises  a  thick 
and  constant  cloud  of  vapour,  which  mounts 
a!iove  the  jirecijiice  to  the  height  of  morc^ 
tlian  100  feet.  In  clear  we.ither,  three 
primary  rainbows  are  frequently  visible  at 
once  in  various  par's  of  thiscloud.  These, 
when  the  sun  is  near  the  horizon,  appear 
c  mplete  semicircles,  and  are  often  of  sin- 
gular lustre  and  beauty.  Beneath  the  fall 
lies  a  thick  mass  of  foam,  which,  for  a 
great  extent,  covers  the  surfcce  of  the 
water.  The  banks  of  the  river  below  are 
on  both  sides  perpentlicidar,  of  solid  rock, 
and  of  the  same  height  with  tiiose  above  the 
fall.  They  continue  of  th  s  height  seven 
miles  to  Queen.stowii.  Here  the  cataract 
is  Mipposed  to  have  commenced  after  the 
deluge,  and  from  this  place  to  have  worn 
its  way  backward  to  its-present  spot.     No 


NIC 


NIC 


one  wlio  examines  the  ground  will  doubt 
for  a  moment  that  this  has  been  the  case  ; 
and  those  who  have  lived  i'ov  20  \ears  on 
tlie  bank  nil  attest  this  retrograde  motion. 
These  falls  are  in  lat.  43  05  N. 

.Yi(t£-ara,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Niagara  river  \V  ;  lake  Ontario  N  ;  Ge- 
nesee county  E  ;  and  T'.mewa'Ua  or  Erie  S. 
Length  33  ;  mean  widiii  20;  and  area  660 
square  miles.  Surface  generally  hilly, 
llwugh  some  tracts  of  ivvel,  and  even 
marshy  bnd  skirt  lake  Ontario  and  Tone- 
wanta  river.  The  ndgp,  whicii  forms  the 
cataract  of  Niagara,  occupies  liie  middle 
part  of  this  county  from  west  to  ea-^t.  Soil 
jM'oductive  in  grain  and  pasuirage.  The 
Erie  canal  ])asses  through  its  SE  angle. 
Chief  town,  Lewistown.  In  the  census  of 
1820,  vviiat  is  now  Erie,  was  included  in 
Niagara  county,  consequently  the  annexed 
table  embraces  both,  or  an  area  of  1610 
square  miles. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  white  males        ...         5,049 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -        3,883 


Total  whites       ...         -  8^32 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ....  31 

Slaves        -        .        .        .        .  8 


1'otal  population  in  1810 


8,971 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -         -         -  12,199 

do.    do.    females     -         -         -  10,709 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...         -  0 

Total  whites       ....  22,908 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  36 

do.        '      do.      females  31 

Slaves,  mules      ....  3 

do,    females    -         ...         -  12 


Total  population  in  1820       -         -     22,990 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  63 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         4,015 

do.         in  ]\Iaiu:factures  -  340 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  90 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  14,  inclu- 
ding Erie.  See  F.rie  couuii;.  New  York. 
'  A'ta^arn,  town  and  iovx,  Niagara  county. 
Mew  York,  at  the  disciiarge  nf  Niagara 
river  into  lake  Ontario.  Lo'n.  W  C  2  6  W , 
lat.  43  14  N.     Population  in  182U,  484. 

J\'ias,  small  island,  in  the  East  Indies,  at 
the  VV  end  of  Sumatra.  Lon.  97  0  E,  lat. 
1  10  N. 

.yibano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ducliv  of 
Parma,  57  miles  W  nf  Parma.  Lon.  i0»0 
E,  lat.  45  5  N. 

A'caftvr-r^  city  of  Persia,  and  the  largest 
•and  richest  in  Korasun,  himnus  fur  a  mine 


of  turquois-stones  in  its  neighbourhood. 
It  IS  37  miles  S  of  Mesched.  Lon.  57  48 
E,  lai.  36  SON. 

J\''icarus;^na,  province  of  North  America, 
in  Guatimala;  boimded  on  the  N  by  Hon- 
duras ;  on  the  E  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  on 
ihe  SE  by  Ccsta  Kica ;  and  on  the  SVV  by 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  being  about  400 
milcj  from  E  to  W,  and  120  from  N  to  S. 
It  IS  one  of  the  most  fruittul  provinces  of 
Mexico,  and  is  well  watered  by  lakes  and 
nvers.  The  air  is  lemptrate  and  whole- 
some ;  and  the  country  produces  plenty  of 
sugar,  cochineal,  and  fine  chocolate.  Leon 
de  Nicaragua  is  the  capital. 

A''tTaragiia,  lake  of  North  America,  be- 
tween a  province  of  the  same  name  and 
Costa  Rica.  It  is  200  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, has  some  islands  in  it,  and  stretching 
from  the  city  (  f  Leon  NW  to  SE,  commu- 
mciites  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the 
river  St.  Juan. 

j\'icaria,  island  of  tlie  Archipelago,  be- 
tween Samos  and  Tina,  anciently  called 
Icaria,  50  miles  in  circumference.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  the  Gr-ek  religion,  about 
3000  in  number,  and  apply  themselves  to 
swimming  and  divmg  for  sponges,  and  for 
goods  lost  bv  shipwreck.  Lon.  26  30  E, 
iat.  37  40  N.' 

A'icastro,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ulteriore,  17  miles  S  of  Cosenza. 
Lon.  16  21  E,  lat.  .39  3N 

J\''tce,  county  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  the  river  Y-dv  and  the  Maritime  Alps, 
which  divide  it  from  France ;  on  the  N  by 
Pit- dmont ;  on  the  E  by  the  territories  of 
Genoa  ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  Mediterranean. 
It  was  anciently  an  appendage  of  Pi'ovence, 
in  France,  but  iiiis  fir  many  years,  belong- 
ed to  the  king  of  Sardinia  Th.e  inhabi- 
tants supply  Genoa  with  timber  for  ship 
building,  and  carry  on  a  tr.ule  in  paper  and 
other  articles.  It  is  80  mdes  long  and  30 
l)road,  and  contains  about  125,000  inhabi- 
tants. • 

jyfice,  ancient  and  considerable  city  of 
Italy,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  of  a  trianguhir  form,  and  confined  in 
its  situation,  having  a  high  rock  on  the  E, 
the  river  Paglio'^.  on  the  \V,  and  the  Medi- 
terranean on  tlie  S  ;  fiom  vvliich  last  it  is 
separated  by  a  beautiful  and  extensive  ter- 
race, used  as  a  p'lhlic  waik.  The  harbour 
is  o.)  the  E  side  oi  the  rock,  and  called 
Limpia,  i'rom  a  small  river  that  falls  into  it. 
The  exports  are  silk,  sweet  oil,  wine,  cor- 
dials, nee,  oranges,  demons,  and  all  sorts  of 
dried  frtiits.  It  is  four  mils  E  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Var,  and  83  S  by  W  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  23  E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

JVice,  city  nf  Asia.     See  Isiiic. 

J\'iC'>Uir.,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
p;a*tment  of  Meurthc,  and  l;;te  province  of 
Lorrain,  with  a  handsome  church,  dedica- 
ed  to  St.  Nicholas,  to  whirh  nilgrims  for- 


N  I  Q 


N  I  C 


merly  resorted,  from  all  quarters.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Meurthe,  five  miles  SE  of 
Nanci,  and  265  E  of  Paris. 

JVicholas,  St.  seaport  in  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Archangel,  seated  at  the 
inouth  of  the  Dwina,  on  the  White  Sea,  six 
miles  S  of  Arcliangel. 

JVicholas,  St.  or  Mole  St,  J^icholas,  town, 
harbour,  and  cape  of  the  West  Indii  s,  at 
the  NW  extremity  of  St.  Domingo,  com- 
manding the  strait  called  the  Windward 
Passage.  The  harbour  is  very  capacious 
at  the  entrance  ;  and  ships  of  any  burden 
may  ride  at  anchor  in  the  b;isiii,  during  the 
greatest  storm.  It  was  taken  by  the  En- 
glish, aided  by  the  French  royalists,  in 
1793.     Lon.  73  20  W,  lat.  19  15  N. 

JVicholas,  county  of  Virginia;  bounded 
by  Bath  NE  and  E  ;  Monr.*  SE  and  S ;  and 
by  GreenDriar  W  and  NW.  Greenbriar 
river  passes  through  this  -coun'y  from  NE 
to  SW,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal 
sections.  Surface  very  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous. Chief  town,  Lewisburg.  Length 
40 ;  mean  width  20 ;  and  area  800  square 
miles. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -       -  923 

do,    do.    females         -        -  882 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -         .        -  0 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        -        - 


Total  whites    .       -       - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males       .        -        .        . 

do.    females  -        -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,805 

25 

23 

0 

0 

1.853 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        •        -         407 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -  4 

do.        in  Commerce  -         -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

JVicholas,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Bath  SE  ;  Bourbon  SW;  Harrist.n  W; 
Bracken  NW;  Mason  NE;  and  Fleming 
E.  Length  30  ;  mean  width  12  ;  and  area 
360  square  miles.  Chief  towns,  Ellisvide, 
Millersbuig and  Carlisle. 

Population  m  1810, 
Free  white  males        •        -        -        2,257 

do  do.    females      -        -        -       2,111 


Total  whites       -        -        -        -  4,368 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .....  21 

Slaves,     '          ....  509 

Total  population  in  1810     -        .  4,898 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  3,492 

do.    dn.  females               -         -  3,529 


Total  whites        .... 

7,021 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

21 

do.             do.      females  - 

12 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        . 

457 

do.    females             ... 

462 

Total  population  in  1820 


7,973 


Of these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  2 

Engaged  m  Agriculture  -        2,041 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  188 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  26. 

JVicholasville,  post  town  and  capital,  Jes- 
simine  county,  Kentucky,  15  miles  SSW 
from  Lexington,  and  30  SSE  from  Frank- 
fort 

J\'ichol's  Inn,  post  office.  Dearborn  coun- 
ty, Indiana. 

JVicholson's  House,  post  office,  Warren 
couniy,  North  Carolina. 

JVicklesburg,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Moravia,  with  a  castle,  27  miles  N  of 
Vienna. 

Micobar  Islands,  several  islands  at  the 
entrance  of  the  guU  of  Bmgal.  They 
arc  almost  entirely  uncultivate(;  ;  but  the 
cocoa  nut,  the  meliori  or  Kruni  (a  kind 
of  bread-fnnt)  and  other  tropical  fruits, 
gi'ow  spontaneously  to  the  greatest  per- 
fection The  largest  of  these  islands  is 
abi'Ut  40  miles  long,  15  broad,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  said  to  be  a  harmless  sort 
of  people,  low  in  stature,  but  very  well 
made,  and  surprisingly  active  and  strong, 
'i'hey  are  naturally  gf;od  humoured  and 
gay,  and  are  very  fond  of  sitting  at  table 
with  Europeans,  and  eat  most  enormous- 
ly. There  subsists  among  them  a  per- 
fect equality,  A  few  aged  people,  iiave 
a  little  more  respect  paid  them,  but  there 
is  no  appearance  of  authority  ovtr  one 
another.  These  islands  extend  north- 
ward, from  the  N  point  of  Sumatra.  The 
largest  of  them,  which  gives  name  to  the 
rest,  is  10  miles  in  length,  and  15  in 
breadth  Its  S  extremity  in  lon.  94  23 
E,  lat.  SON. 

JVicojacfc,  remarkable  cave,  or  cav- 
ern of  the  Lor.kout  mountain  in  the  Che- 
rokee country,  out  of  which  flows  an 
immense  stream  of  water.  It  is  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  from  Tennessee 
river,  and  near  where  the  boundaries  of 
Georgia  and  Alabama  reach  that  stream. 

A''icolaytf,  city  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment (if  Catherinenslaf,  founded  by 
CathariBe  II.  on  the  S  side  of  the  Ingul, 
at  its  conflux  with  the  Bog.  Tha,pub- 
lic  buildings  and  a  number  of  private 
houses  are  constructed  of  a  white  caica- 


X  I  I 


.N  1  E 


reous  stone,  but  the  rest  of  the  houses 
are  of  wood.  This  place  being  of  easier 
access  by  water  for  vessels  than  Chtrson, 
it  is  now  the  capital  of  the  naval  esta- 
blishment of  the  Black  Sea.  The  admi- 
ralty, with  a  long  line  of  magazines, 
workshops,  wet  and  dry  docks,  and 
every  necessary  department  for  shipping, 
are  placed  along  the  bank  of  the  Ir.gul. 
It  is  30  miles  NNE  of  Oczakow,  and  45 
NW  of  Cherson.  Lon.  30  46  E,  lat.  46 
58  N. 

JVicolas,  St.  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  between  St  Lu- 
cia and  St.  Jago.  It  is  75  miles  in 
length  ;  and  the  land  is  stony,  mountain- 
ous, and  barren.  Lon.  14  10  W,  lat,  16 
32  N 

JsTicolet,  river  of  Lower  Canaria,  risf  s 
in  Buckingham  county,  by  two  sources, 
which  flow  NW  bttween  Becancour 
and  St.  Francis  rivers,  unite  about  6u 
miles,  unite  and  fall  into  the  lower  end 
of  Lake  St.  Peter,  10  miles  above  Three 
Rivers. 

JVicolet,  seignidry,  Buckingham  coun- 
ty. Lower  Canada,  on  Lake  St.  Peter 
and  on  both  sides  of  Nicolet  river. 

A''icoio,  St.  the  most  considerable  and 
most  populous  town  of  the  isle  of  Tre- 
meti,  in  the  guif  of  Venice.  It  has  a  har- 
bour, defended  by  a  fortress,  in  which  is 
an  abbey  and  a  church.  Lon.  15  37  E, 
lat.  42  10  N. 

J^icomedia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Natolia,  now  called  Ischmich,  or 
Schmit.  It  was  formerly  a  large  place, 
as  appears  by  the  fine  ruins  ;  and  now 
contains  30,000  inhabitants,  who  consist 
of  Greeks,  Armenians,  and  Turks.  It  is 
still  a  place  of  consequence,  and  carries 
on  a  trade  in  silk,  cotton,  glass  and 
earthen  ware.  It  is  the  s^e  of  a  Greek 
archbishop,  and  is  50  miles  SW  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  29  30  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Mkofioli,  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Bulgaria,  famous  for  a  battle  fought 
between  the  Tui'ks  and  the  Christians 
in  1396,  when  emperor  Sigismund  was 
defeated,  and  had  20,000  men  killed.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of 
^theOsma,  60  miles  SSW  of  Buchorest, 
and  150  NNW  of  Adrianople-  Lon.  25 
43  E,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Micofioliy  ancient  town  of  Armenia, 
built  by  Pompey  the  Great,  in  memory 
of  a  victory  gained  over  Milhridates.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Cerauna,  165  iviiles  SW 
of  Erzerum.    Lon.  37  55  E,  lat.  38  15  N. 

JVicosia,  strong  town,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  and  the  residence  of  a 
Turkish  bashaw,  delightfully  seated  be- 
tween the  mountain  Olympus  and  a  chain 
of  other  mountains.  It  was  formerly  well 
fortified  by  the  Venetians,  bi?t  notv  the 


works  are  in  ruins.  It  is  three  miles  in 
circumference ;  and  there  are  planta- 
tions of  olives,  almonds,  lemons,  oranges, 
mulberries,  and  cyprus-trees,  interspersed 
among  the  houses,  which  give  the  town 
a  delightful  appeai-ance.  The  church  of 
St.  Sophia  is  an  old  Gothic  structure, 
which,  the  Turks  have  turned  into  a 
mosque,  and  destroyed  the  ornaments.  It 
is  luO  miles  W  of  Tripoli,  and  160  SW 
of  Aleppo.    Lon.  54  45  E,  lat.  34  54  N. 

Alcosia,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  De- 
mona,  12  miles  S  of  Cefaln. 

J\'ico(era,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  near  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, 35  miles  NNE  of  Reggio,  and, 
185  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  38 
34  N. 

JYlcoya,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Costa, 
Rica,  situate  on  the  Dispensa,  which 
runs  into  the  bay  of  Salinas,  where  there 
is  a  pearl  fishery.  It  is  98  miles  WN W 
of  Cartago.  Lon.  85  40  W,  lat.  10 
40N 

Mcsara,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Caramania,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  10 
miles  N  of  Tocat.  Lon.  36  9  E,  lat.  39 
25  N. 

JVidau,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
a  bailiwic  in  the  canton  of  Bern  with  a 
castle ;  situate  on  the  lake  of  Biel,  15 
miles  NW  of  Bern. 

Xidda^  town  of  Germany,  in  Wettera- 
via,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
20  miles  NE  of  Frankfort. 

jV:deckan,  town  of  (iermany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  dutchy  of  Ju- 
liers.  It  is  situated  on,  and  surrounded 
by  rocks,  and  is  13  miles  SSE  of  Juliers. 
Lon.  616  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

.N'ijibubad,  small  town  of  Hindoostan, 
Proper,  80  miles  NNE  of  Delhi.  Lon. 
78  41  E,  lat.  29  25  N. 

N'u'bla^  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  on  the  Rio  Tinto,  40  miles  W 
of  Seville.    Lon.  5  56  W,  lat.  37  26  N. 

Jifiederbieber,  village  of  Germany,  in 
the  principality  of  Wied,  three  miles 
from  Neuwied.  Many  valuable  antiqui- 
ties, and  tile  traces  of  a  Roman  city, 
were  discovered  here  in  1791. 

JViemecz,  strong  town  of  Moldavia, 
between  Soczoway  and  Brassaw,  being 
25  miles  from  each.  Lon.  26  16  E,  lat. 
48  58  N. 

Alemen,  large  river  cf  Poland,  which 
rises  in  Lithuania,  and  passes  by  Bielica, 
and  Gndna  ;  it  afterward  runs  through 
part  of  Samogitia,  and  Eastern  Prussia, 
v^here  it  falls  into  the  arm  of  the  sea, 
called  theCurisch-haff  by  several  mouths, 
of  which  the  most  northern  is  called  the 
Russ,  being  the  name  of  the  town  it  pas- 
ses by.  It  is  united  to  the  Dnieper  by 
the  canal  of  Qginski.    See  Osrinsku  Be- 


X  1  K 


X  I  .M 


low  the  junction  of  the  Niemen,  and  \  i- 
lia,  the  united  stream  is  generally  known 
astheMemel. 

Nitnburg,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick-Lunenburg,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle. It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn  and  wood,  and  is  a  rich  andstrong 
town,  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30  miles 
NW  of  Hanover,  and  37  SE  of  Bremen. 
Lon.  9  26  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Xien  Closter,  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Schwerin,  three  miles 
Eof  Wismar. 

J\'ie?ihuis,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia  and  bishopric  of 
Paderborn,  seated  ontheLippc-,  20  miles 
E  of  Liepstadt.  Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  51 
50  N. 

JViefier.     See  Dniefier. 
•     J^iestadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony^  in  the  dutchy  of  Mecklf-nburg, 
15  miles  S  of  Schwfrin.     Lon.  11  46  E, 
lat.  52,  59  N. 

jXiestadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Middle  Marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated 
on  the  Fuyhre,  25  mil-s  NE  of  Berlin. 
Lon.  14 1  E,  lat  52  49  N 

A'iester.     See  Dniester. 

JVeufwrty  seaport  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  German  Octan,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yperlee.  It  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  in  various  wars,  the 
last  time  by  the  French  in  1794  It  is 
nine  miles  SW  of  Ostend,  and  16  NE  of 
Dunkirk.     Lon.  2  45  E.  lat  51  7  N. 

.Viger,  large  river  of  Africa,  foriner- 
ly  very  little  ku'iwn.  In  ordt-r  to  ascer- 
tain the  rise,  course,  and  termination  of 
the  Niger,  Mr  Parke  was  sent  out  by 
the  African  association,  in  1795.  The 
course  of  the  river  which  was  ft  rmt  rly 
supposed  to  be  from  E  to  W,  but  has 
been  determined  by  Mr.  Parke  to  flow  N 
through  the  country  of  Man. lingo,  and  then 
take  an  easterly  course  through  the  king- 
doms of  Bambara,  Tombuctoo,  Tmcur. 
and  Ghana,  to  Wangara,  where  it  di- 
vides into  several  branches.  The  Moors 
and  Arabs  call  it  Neel  il  Abced,  or  Ri- 
ver of  Slaves,  and  Nel  Kibeer,  nr  Great 
River.  In  the  rainy  season  it  swells  above 
its  banks,  and  floods  the  adjacent  lands. 
Since  the  expeditions  of  Mr.  Park"  se- 
veral subsequent  ones  have  been  fitted 
out  by  the  British  government  t"  exjjlore 
this  stream,  and  to  determine  its  course 
and  point  of  discharge.  All  those  ex- 
peditions have  proved  unfortunate  and 
abortive,  as  the  to  main  cbjectr.f  n  search. 
It  is,  however,  a  subject  of  no  reasonable 
doubt,  but  that  it  flows  into  th^-  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Its  connexion  with  the  Nile  is 
rejected  by  the  best  geographers. 

-yigrittia.    See  Aegrola?id. 
728 


A'ikophig,  town  of  Denmark,  capita; 
of  the  island  of  Falster,  or  Hulster,  in 
the  Baltic,  with  a  strong  fort,  55  miles 
SW  of  Copenhagen.  L  n.  12  7  E,  lat.  54 
50  N 

^V/ko/iinff  town  of  Sweden  in  Suder- 
mania.  60  miles  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
16  40  E,  1st.  53  40  N. 

J^'He,  great  river  of  Africa,  wliich., 
according  to  Mr.  Bruce,  rises  in  Abys- 
sinia, near  the  village  of  Geesh,  in  lon. 
36  55  E,  lat,  1059  N.'  It  runs  first  througli 
the  lake  D  mbea,  tiien  makes  a  circuit 
towards  its  source,  which  it  leaves  25 
miles  to  the  E,  and  enters  into  Nubia, 
through  which  country  it  makes  a  cir- 
cuitous course,  and  forms  some  conside- 
rable cataracts-  It  then  fl.ows  almost  di- 
rectly S  through  Egypt,  till  it  arrives  at 
Cairo;  and  a  httle  below  that  city  it  di- 
vides into  two  great  branches,  which, 
with  the  Mediterranean  sea  form  the 
island  called  Delta.  The  ancients  reck- 
or-ed  eleven  mouths  of  the  Nile,  of  which 
seven  were  considerable  ;  but  now  there 
are  only  two  that  are  navigable  at  all 
times ;  and  these  ar  at  Rosetta  and 
Damietta.  In  the  middle  of  this  river, 
between  Old  Cairo  and  Gizeh.  is  seated 
the  island  of  Rodda,  which  is  almost 
as  long  as  Old  Cairo,  and  500  paces  in 
breadth  in  the  middle  ;  and  the  front  of 
the  Mekias  t-kes  up  all  the  breadth  of 
tlie  southern  part  This  is  the  work  of 
the  Saracins,  and  derives  its  name  from 
its  use.  for  it  sigi.ifies  measure.  In  real- 
ity they  observe  there  every  day,  by 
means  of  a  graduated  column,  the  in- 
crease or  decrease  of  the  waters  of  the 
Nile.  This  rive;-  overflows  regularly 
every  year,  from  the  15tli  of  June  to  the 
17lh  of  Septemi)er,  when  it  begins  to  de- 
crease The  fertility  of  Egypt  depends 
upon  the  overflowing  of  the  Nile  ;  and 
thev  reckon  it  will  be  a  bad  year  when 
it  is  less  than  14  cubits  or  above  18  ;  but 
16  cubits  is  the  proper  height.  During 
the  iimndation,  the  little  towns,  standing 
upon  eminences,  look  like  so  many  isl- 
ands, and  they  go  from  one  to  the  other 
by  boats.  In  Cain^  there  is  a  canal  cal- 
led Khalis,  which  is  opened  when  the 
water  is  high  enough  ;  thence  it  is  con- 
veyed into  veservdrs  and  cisterns,  and 
is  afterwards,  distributed  into  the  fields 
and  gardcp.s,  as  occasion  requires.  This 
inundation  of  the  Nile  is  caused  by  the 
periodical  rains  which  fall  every  year 
between  the  tropics,  and  more  particu- 
larly in  Abyssinia,  which  is  full  of  high 
mountains, 

.Vile,  SW  township  of  Sciota  county, 
Ohio      Population  1820,  524. 

JVimeguen,  city  of  Holland,  capital  of 
Geldcrhnd,  with  a  citadel,  an  ancient  na- 


NIP 

lace,  and  several  forts.  It  is  also  tlie  capi- 
tal of  a  country  of  its  name,  or  of  tlie  is- 
land of  Bettiwe,  the  ancient  Batavia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Waal,  35  miles  SE  of  Utrecht, 
and  70  NE  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  5  45  E. 
lat.  51  55  N. 

J\'imes.     See  J^'ismes. 

JVimishillen  creek,  considerable  stream, 
rising  in  the  northern  part  of  Stark  county, 
Ohio,  and  runwhig-  from  thence  a  S  direc- 
tion above  40  mites  into  the  NE  quarter 
of  Tuscarawas  county,  where  it  unites  with 
Sandy  creek,  when  tlie  joint  stream  flows 
W  five  miles  into  the  east  side  of  Tuscara- 
was river. 

JVimishillen,  township  of  Stark  county, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  abovb  described  creek 
north-easterly  from  Canton.  Population 
1820,  630. 

j\'ing-Koue-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-nan,  noted  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  paper,  made  of  a  species  of  reed  ; 
and  containing  in  its  district  six  cities  of 
the  third  class. 

JVing-fo-fou.  called  by  the  Europeans 
Liampo,  an  excellent  seaport  of  China,  on 
the  E  coast,  opposite  to  Japan,  in  the  pro- 
vince' of  Tche-kiang.  This  city  has  four 
others  under  its  jurisdiction,  besides  a 
great  number  of  fortresses.  It  is  850  miles 
SE  of  Peking.  Lon.  120  18  E,  lat.  29  57  E. 

Mingouta,  city  of  Eastern  Chinese  Tar- 
tary,  in  the  department  of  Kirin.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wooden  wall,  composed  of 
plain  stakes  driven  into  the  earlh.  With- 
out this  palisado,  tliere  is  another  of  the 
saiqe  kind,  a  league  in  circumference, 
which  has  four  gates,  corresponding  to  the 
four  cardinal  points. 

JVinove,  town  of  the  Netherlands  on 
the  river  Dander,  with  an  abbey,  13  miles 
W  of  Brussels.     Lnn.  4  5  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

.-V/o,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the 
S  of  Naxia,  anciently  called  los.  It  is  55 
miles  in  circumference,  and  fertile  in  corn, 
but  lias  very  little  wood  or  oil.  It  has 
sev;?ral  commodious  harbours,  and  is  re- 
markable for  nothing  but  Homer's  tomb, 
who  is  said  to  be  buried  here.  Lon.  25 
35  W,  lat  36  43  N. 

JViort,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Two  Sevres,  and  late  province  of 
Poitou.  Its  dry  sweetmeats  arc  much  es- 
teemed, and  it  is  noted  for  manufactures  of 
coarse  woollen  goods.  It  is  28  miles  NE 
of  Rochelle.     Lon.  0  33  W,  lat.  46  20  N. 

JVipeffoii  ia^e,  Upper  Canada,  lies  to  the 
northward  of  lake  Superior,  about  half 
way  between  it  and  Albany  river,  James' 
bay. 

JViphon,  largest    island  of   Japan,    600 

miles  long,  and  150  broad,  containing  55 

provinces.     It  was  discovered,  ui  1542,  by 

the  Portuguese,  who  were  cast  on  siiore  bv 

4Z 


N  I  V 

a  tempest.  The  chief  town  is  Jetlo.  It 
is  134  miles  E  of  China. 

J\i'epissi7i£;  Lake,  lies  NE  of  lake  Huron, 
and  is  connected  with  it  by  the  river  Fran- 
cois. 

Mshnei-J\'ovogorod^  town  of  Russia-,  in  a 
government  of  the  same  name.  See  JVovo- 
gorod  JViznei. 

'  JWsiben,  or  J\'lsbi)i,  ancient  JVisibis,  very 
ancient  and  celebrated  town  of  Diarbeck, 
now  only  tlie  shadovv  of  what  is  was,  and 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  70  miles  SW  of 
Diarbekar.     Lon.  38  26  E,  lat,  36  10  N. 

J\'isita,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Na- 
ples, very  fertile,  and  would  be  more  so, 
but  for  "the  great  number  of  rabbits.  It 
has  a  harbour,  called  Porto  Pavone. 

.Yismes  flourishing  city  of  France,  In 
the  department  of  Gard,  and  late  province 
of  L^.nguedoc,  with  a  bishop's  see._  Here 
are  several  monuments  of  antiquity,  of 
which  the  amphitheatre  built  by  the  Ro- 
mans, is  the  principal.  The  Maison  Quaree, 
or  the  square  house,  is  a  piece  of  archi. 
tecture  of  the  Corinthian  order,  and  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  v/orld.  The  temple 
of  Diana  is,  in  part,  gone  to  ruin.  Nis- 
mes  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1417, 
The  population  of  Nismes  is  composed  at 
near  50,000,  It  is  seated  in  a  plain.,  abound- 
ing in  wine  and  oil,  12  miles  N  W  of  Aries, 
and  75  NE  of  Narbonne,  Lon,  4  26  E, 
lat.  43  51  N. 

jViskayima,  village  and  township  of 
Schnectady  county.  New  York.  The  vil- 
lage is  owned  and  inhabited  principidly  by 
the  sect  called  Shakers.  It  is  12  miles  NW 
from  Albany.     Population  1820,  516. 

A^tssa,  or  JVessava,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Servia,  seated  on  the  Moravia. 
It  was  burnt  by  the  Imperialists  in  1689, 
and  is  20  miles  E  of  Precop,  and  120  SE 
of  Belgrade.     Lon.  22  32  E,  lat.  43  32  N. 

jYith,  river  in  Dumfriesshire,^  which  is- 
sues  from  a  lake  in  the  mountains  to  the 
NW,  and  passing  the  towns  of  Sanquhar, 
Morton,  and  Drumlanrig,  joins  the  Cairn, 
a  little  above  Dumiries,  and  their  united 
streams  form  a  fine  eslu.ory  in  Soiway 
Frith. 

J\7shsdale,  divlsicm  of  Dumfriesshire, 
Scotland,  lying  to  tlie  W  of  Annandale. 
It  is  a  large  aiid  mountainous  country  and 
derives  its  name  fiom  the  river  Nith.  It 
was  formerly  shaded  with  noble  forests, 
which  are  now  ahnnst  destroyed.  It  yields 
lead,  and  the  mountains  are  covered  with 
sheep  and  black  cattle. 

A'itria,  famous  desert  of  Egypt,  37  miles 
in  length,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterrean 
Sea.  ''it  had  formerly  a  great  number  of 
monasteries,  which  are  now  reduced  to 
four  :  and  it  takes  its  name  from  a  salt 
lake,  out  of  wliich  is  got  the  natrum  of 
the  ancients. 

XivrUa,  town  of  Austrian  r.vab.ant5  re- 
729    ) 


IV  0  G 


N  0  N 


mai'kable  foi*  its  abbey  of  noble  canon- 
seses,  whose  abbess  is  st)!ecl  princess  of 
Nivelle.  Here  also  is  Jolin  of  Nivelle,  so 
much  admired  by  the  common  people  ; 
which  is  the  figure  of  a  man  in  iron,  stand- 
ing oil  the  top  of  a  tower  near  tlie  clock, 
wiio  strikes  the  hours  with  a  hsm'Tier. 
The  place  enjoys  great  privileges,  and  las 
a  manufacture  of  cambrics.  It  is  15  miles 
SE  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  36  E,  lat.  50  35 
N. 

A'tvernois,  late  province  of  France,  be- 
tween Burgundy,  I3ourbonno)s,  and  Berry. 
It  now  forms  the  department  of  Nievre. 

AYxndonr,  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan, 
§0  miles  SE  of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  32  E, 
lat.  35  40  N. 

JS'ixapa,  considerable  town  of  New 
Spain,  with  a  rich  Dominican  convent. 
The  country  near  it  produces  a  great  deal 
of  indigo,  cochineal,  and  sug-ar.  It  is  30 
miles  SE  of  Antequiera.  Lon.  97  15  W, 
lat.  16  42  N. 

J\''ixon's,  post  office,  Marion  county,  Jlis- 
sissippi. 

J^'ixonton,  viliaf^'e  of  Pasquotank  county, 
Korth  Carolina,  28  miles  N  from  Edonton. 

..Alxowiort,  post  town  in  Pasquotank  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Little  river,  35  miles  NE  of  Edonvon, 
and  13  SW  of  Jonesbure^  on  Pasquotank 
river.  This  is  the  capital  of  the  county, 
and  principal  seat  of  justice. 

J\'izza-della-PagUa,  town  of  Italy,  in 
Montferrat  seated  on  the  Belbo,  15  miles 
SW  of- Alessandria.  Lon.  8  36  E,  lat.  45 
15  N. 

JVbanagur,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
situated  on  the  S  coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Cutch.  It  is  capital  of  a  district  inha- 
bited by  a  piratical  tribe,  called  Sanga- 
rians.    It  is  300  miles  NW  of  Bombay. 

JVoble,  NE  township  of  Morgan  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Populavion  1820,  368. 

A^'ohleborough,  township  of  Lincoln 
county,  Maine,  containing  1,206  inhabi- 
taots  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1,513.  Situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  Kennebec  river. 

J\''ock-a?nixon,  township  of  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  1,207  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  Population  1820,  1,650, 
It  is  situated  on  the  SW  side  of  the  river 
Delaware,  between  Tinicutn  and  Dur- 
ham, and  opposite  Alexandria  in  New 
Jersey. 

jYocera,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Spoletto,  witli  a  bishop's  see  ; 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  18 
miles  NE  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  12  49  E, 
lat.  43  1  N. 

JVacera-di-Pagani,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  15  miles  S  cf  Naples. 
Lon,  14  20  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

jVogarcoi,  loyvn  of  Hindoostan,  Proper, 
noted  for  a  celebrated  pagoda.    It  lies  in 
730 


the  province  of  Napoul,  and  is  50  milea 
NE  of  Catmandu.  Lon.  85  12  E,  lat. 
28  40  N. 

JVogayans,  name  of  a  Tartar  nation 
which  occupy  the  deserts  on  the  north- 
ern side  of  the  Euxine  and  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  on  the  northern  side  of  Mount 
Caucasus ;  besides  several  settlements  to 
the  VV  and  NW  of  the  Euxine  ;  in  such 
a  manner  that  they  occupy  the  lower 
part  of  Volga,  the  rivers  Terek,  Kouma, 
and  Koub.m,  the  environs  of  the  Palus 
Moeotis,  the  borders  of  the  Tanais  in  the 
penin.sula  of  the  Crimea,  and  the  banks 
of  the  Borysthcnes  and  the  Dniester,  to 
the  other  side  of  the  Danube. 

JS/'ogent- sicr- Seine,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aude,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  Seine, 

25  miles  NW  of  Troyes,  Lon.  3  40  E, 
lat.  48  30  N. 

Mogentle-Rotrou,  pretty  populous 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eure  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Beauce,  seated  on  the  Huisne,  35  miles 
NE  of, Mans.     Lon.    0   50  E,  lat.  48 

26  N. 

JStoir^  Cafie,  promontory  of  South 
America,  at  the  S  extremity  of  Terra 
del  Fuego.     Lon.  73  3  W,  lat  54  32  S. 

JVoirmotier,  island  of  France,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Loire.  It  is  17  miles 
in  length,  and  eight  in  breadth,  full  of 
bogs,  and  yet  there  are  good  pastures. 
The  English  attacked  it  without  success 
in  1795.  The  principal  town  is  of  the 
same  name.    Lon.  2  10  W,  lat  47  0  N. 

J\''ola,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  10 
miles  NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  28  E,  lat. 
40  56  N. 

JVolachucky ,  river  of  Tennessee,  and 
North  Carolina,  rises  in  the  northern  part 
of  Bunccmb  county  of  the  latter,  and 
flowing  W,  enters  Carter  county  in  the 
former,  and  crossing  Carter,  Washington, 
and  Greene  joins  the  French  Broad,  40 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Hol- 
ston  at  Knoxville. 

J\^oli,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good 
harbour.  It  is  five  miles  NE  of  Final 
and  30  SW  cf  Genoa,  Lon.  8  41  E,  lat. 
44  18  N. 

J\''9vibr£.-ds- Dios,  town  cf  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  in  the  province  of  Darien,  a  little  E 
of  Porto  Beilo,  to  which  its  once  flour- 
jshini;  trade  is  now  transferred.  Lon.  7& 
35  W,  lat.  9  40  N. 

JVomeny,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Selle,  15  miles 
N  of  Nanci.     Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  48  56  N. 

A'on,  Cc/?e,  promontory  of  Africa,  op- 


N  O  II 


X   O  It 


posite  the  Canary  Islands.  It  was  long 
considered  by  the  Portuguese,  in  their 
attempts  to  explore  Africa,  as  an  inapas- 
sable  boundary,  denoted  by  its  name.  But 
they  doubled  it  at  last,  in  1412.  Lon.  10 
3o  VV,  lat.  28  30  N. 

J\''ona,  small  but  strong  town  of  Hun- 
garian Dalmatia,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  seated  near  the  sea,  seven  miles  N  by 
Wof  Zara.     Lon.  16  10  E.  lat.  44  35  N. 

JVontron,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  and  late  province 
of  Perigord,  21  miles  N  of  Perigneux, 
and  30  SSW  of  Limoges.  Lon.  0  33  E, 
lat.  45  32  N 

J^Toofiour,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Guzerat,  55  miles  E 
of  Surar,  and  142  W  of  Burhampour. 
Lon.  73  50  E,  lat.  21  11  N 

J\'oorden,  considerable  town  of  West- 
phalia, 12  miles  N  of  Embdcn,  Lon.  7 
5  E.  lat.  53  38  N. 

A'ootfca.    Ste  King  Gecrge's   Sound. 

J^oquet^s,  bay  of  Michigan  territory, 
on  its  SW  coast.  It  .  sets  inland,  45 
miles 

jVorberg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West- 
manland,  34  miles  N  of  Stroemsholm. 
In  its  vicinity  are  the  best  iron  mines 
in  the  province.  Lon.  16  12  E,  lat.  62 
2  N. 

J^Torcia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Spoleto,  seated  among  the  mountains, 
on  the  river  Fredara,  20  miles  SE  of 
Spoleto 

J\o7-d.  department  of  France,  so  named 
from  being  the  most  northern  in  situation. 
It  includes  the  late  French  provinces  of 
Hainault,  Flanders,  and  Chambresis. 
Douay  is  the  capital. 

JVordbwg,  town  of  Denmark,  at  the 
N  extremity  of  the  isle  of  Alsen,  with 
a  castle,  nine  miles  NNW  of  Sunder- 
burg. 

A'orden,  seaport  of  Westphalia,  in 
East  Friesland,  and  a  considerable  place 
of  trade,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is 
four  miles  from  the  German  Ocean,  and 
14.  N  of  Emden.  Lon.  7  13  E,  lat.  53 
32  N. 

JVordgau.    See  Bavaria,  Palatiriate  of. 

JVordfiausen,  town  of  LFpper  Saxony, 
in  Thuringia,  with  seven  Lutheran 
churches,  and  a  well-built  orphan-hcuse. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  corn, 
brandy,  and  rape,  and  linseed  oil,  with 
manufactures  of  marble  and  alabaster. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Zorge,  35  miles 
NNE  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  lo'56  E,  lat.  51 
SON. 

Kordheim,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  situate  on  the 
Rhurne,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Leina 
10  mites  N  of  Gottingen. 

JVordkofiing,  seaport  of  Sweden,  ca- 


pital of  East  Gothland.  It  is  10  miles  ia 
circumference,  but  the  houses  are  scat- 
tered, and  the  inhabitants  do  not  exceed 
12,00.  The  river  Motala  flows  through 
the  town,  forms  a  scries  of  cataracts, 
and  is  divided  into  four  principal  streams, 
which  encircle  several  rocky  islands,  co- 
vered with  buildings  ;  but  at  the  extre- 
mity of  the  town  it  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  Here  are  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloth,  paper,  and  fire  arms ;  some 
sugar-houses,  and  a  brass  foundery. 
corn  is  exported  hence  in  great  quan- 
tities ;  and  a  salmon  fishery  gives  em- 
ployment ai  d  riches  to  many  of  the  in- 
habitants. It  is  110  miles  SW  of  Stock- 
holm.    Lon.  15  50  E,  lat.  58  35  N. 

A'ordland,  one  of  the  five  gi'and  divisions 
of  Swe'en,  bounded  on  the  X  by  L^ipland, 
E  by  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  S  by  Sweden 
Proper,  and  W  by  the  same  and  Norway. 
It  contains  six  provinces. 

J^ordlijigeTi,  town  of  Suabia,  fortified  in 
the  ancient  manner.  Here  the  league  of 
the  five  western  circles  of  the  empire  was 
concluded  in  1702.  In  1796,  it  was  taken 
by  the  French.  It  is  a  commei'cial  place, 
seated  on  the  Eger,  38  miles  NNW  of 
Augsburg.     Lon   10  34  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

J\''ordmulingy  town  of  Sweden,  in  Anger- 
mania,  nciT  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
24  miles  SW  of  Uma,  r.nd  70  NE  of  Her- 
mosand. 

JK'ordslrand,  island  of  Denmark,  on  the 
W  coast  of  S  Jutland,  12  miles  long  and 
five  broad.  It  has  a  town  called  Hams 
28  miles  W  of  Sle^v.-ick.  Lon.  9  0  R,  lat. 
5440  N. 

JSTorfolh,  county  of  *',ngland,  77  miles 
long  ;»nd  45  broail ;  bounded  on  the  N  and 
E  by  tlie  German  Ocean,  SE  and  S  by  Suf- 
folk, and  W  by  C  imbridgeshire  and  Lia- 
cohisliire.  It  contains  1,694,400  acres ;  is 
divided  into  32  hundreds,  and  660  parislies  ; 
has  one  city  and  32  market  lowns;  and 
sends  12  members  to  parliament.  Popula- 
tion in  1801,  273,371;  in  1811,  29L999 ; 
and  in  1821,  344,368.  The  products  vary 
according  to  the  soil  and  situation.  The 
lighter  arable  innds  produce  barley  in  great 
p^nty  ;  wheat  is  cultivated  in  the  strongest 
soils  ;  and  turnips  are  grown  here  in  great 
quantities  :  much  buck-wheat  is  also  grown 
in  tlie  light  soils,  and  used  for  feeding 
swine  and  poultry.  The  fenny  parts  yield 
great  quantities  of  butter  ;  which  is  sent  to 
London  under  the  name  of  Cambridge  but- 
ter. The  sheep  are  a  hardy  small  breed, 
much  valued  for  their  mutton.  Turkeys 
are  reared  here  to  a  larger  size  than  else- 
where ;  rabbits  are  extremely  numerous  on 
the  sandy  heaths  ;  and  there  is  abundance 
of  game  especially  of  pheasants.  The  man- 
ufactures of  Norfolk  are  worsted,  woollen, 
and  .jilks.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
731 


:\  u  n 


N  O  11 


Great  Ouse,  Nen,  Litile  Ouse,  Waveiiey, 
Yare,  and  Bure.  Norwich  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

JVorfolk  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  E  of  New  South  Wales,  and 
settled-by  a  colony  of  convicts,  subordinate 
to  thai  government.  It  was  discovered  in 
1774:,  by  cap  ain  Cook,  who  found  it  unin- 
habited, except  by  birds.  It  is  very  hilly, 
but  some  of  the  valleys  are  tolerably  large, 
ilount  Pitt,  the  only  remarkable  hill  12,000 
feet  high.  The  whole  island  is  covered  by 
a  thick  forest,  but  has  not  much  under- 
wood ;  and  the  principal  timber  tree  is  the 
pine,  which  is  very  useful  in  building,  and 
seems  to  be  durable.  The  soil,  when  clear- 
ed,  may  be  I'endered  very  productive.  The 
spring  is  perceptible  in  August;  but  tlie 
trees  are  \n  a  constant  succession  of  flower- 
ing and  fruiting  the  year  round.  In  sum- 
mer the  heat  is  excessive;  and  from  Febru- 
ary to  August  may  be  called  the  rainy  sea- 
son ;  and  the  winter,  from  April  to  July,  is 
very  pleasant.  The  island  is  supplied  with 
many  streams  of  good  water,  which  abound 
with  very  fine  eels.  The  clifis  round  the 
coast  are  240  feet  high,  quite  perpendicu- 
lar ;  and  anchorage  is  safe  all  round  the 
island,  on  taking  tlie  lee  side  ;  but  there  is 
no  harbour.  The  settlement  was  made  by 
a  detachment  from  Port  .Tackson,  1788,  in 
Sydney  bay,  on  the  S  side  of  the  island. 
Lon.  168  12  E,  lat.  29  4  S. 

JVorfolk,  county  of  Massachusetts,  bound- 
ed by  Rhode  Island  SW;  Worcester  in 
Massachusetts  W  ;  Middlesex  NW  and  N  ; 
and  Suffolk  county,  Boston  harbour,  and 
Hull  bay,  NE.  Lengtli  30,  mean  widlii  13, 
and  area  about  400  square  miles.  Surface 
uneven  rather  than  hilly.  Soil  productive 
in  grain;  fruits,  and  pasturage.  Chief  town, 
Dedham. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


Total  population  in  1820  -      36,459 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  340 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -  6,039 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  5,415 

do.        in  Commerce             -  47  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  91. 

J^'orfolk,  county  of  Virginia;  bounded  by 
Hampton  Roads  and  Lynhaven  bay  N  ;  by 
Nansemond  county  of  Virginia  W,  by  Pas- 
quotank and  Currituck  counties,  in  North 
Carolina  S,  and  by  Princess  Anne  county 
of  Virginia  E„  Length  30,  mean  width  20, 
and  area  600  square  miles.  Sui-face  level, 
and  in  part  marshy.  Soil  generally  thin, 
sandy,  or  wet  and  sterile. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 


15.177 
15,812 

30,989 


Total  whites      .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .  256 

Slaves         -  ...  0 


Total  population  In  1810 


31,245 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  v        .      17,451 

do.    do.    females  -        -      18,754 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females. 

Slaves,  males  .       .        - 

do.    females        ... 

733 


Total  whites         .         .        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .         -         .         . 
Slaves       .        -        -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 


3,680 
3,765 

7,445 

587 
5,647 

13,679 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,550 

do.    do.  females  -        -        4,092 

All  other  persons  except  ladians 

not  taxed        ....  7 


Total  whites         ....  8,649 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  417 

do.            do.        females  -  475 

Slaves,  males       ....  3,227 

do.    females     ....  2,697 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -    15,465 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  Naturalized         -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  2,807 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  261 

do.        in  Commerce        -        «  61 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25^. 

JVorfolk,  post  town,  borough,  and  port  of 
entry,  Norfolk  county,  Virginia,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Elizabeth  river,  immediately 
below  the  junction  of  its  two  branches,  and 
eight  miles  above  Hampton  roads.  Lon. 
from  the  Royal  Observatory  at  Greenwich, 
76  23  W,  and  from  W  C,  0  37  E. 

It  is  the  most  commercial  town  of  Virgi- 
nia ;  and  in  1815,  the  tonnage  exceeded 
34,700,  and  stood  next  to  Charleston  of 
any  of  the  United  States,  south  from  Balti- 
more. It  is  defended  by  several  forts,  the 
most  important  of  which  is  on  Craney  isl- 
and, near  the  mouth  of  Elizabeth  river, 
about  five  miles  below  the  town.  The 
United  states  Commissioners,  who  were  ap- 


^"  O  R 


N  O  R 


pointed  in  1818  to  survey  the  lower  part  of  Gestrikeland,  Ilelsingland,  Medelpadia, 

of  the  Cliesapeak  bay,  reported,  that  Uamp-  Hiemtland,  Herjedalia,   Ongermanla,  and 

ton  Roads,  though  extensive,  were  capable  West  Bothnia. 

of  adr-quate  defence,  so  as  to  prevent  the  jYorman,  Mais,  Upper  Canada,   in  the 

entrance  of  an  enemy's  fleet.  township   of  Newark,   empties  its  waters 

Norfolk  is  connected  with  the  commerce  into  lake  Ontario,  about  the  centre  of  the 

of  North  Carohna  by  the  Dismal  Swamp  township  W  of  Niagara  Fort,  called  the 

canal.     This  inland  communication  opens  Four  M  le  Pond. 

from  Elizabeth  river,  nine  miles  above  Nor  J^Tormandy,  late  province  of  France, 
folk,  and  extends  through  the  Dismal  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Atlantic,  N  by 
Swamp,  inio  Albemarl  sound.  By  means  the  English  channel,  E  by  Ficardy  and  the 
of  this  canal  the  produce  of  an  extensive  isle  of  France,  and  S  by  Perche,  Maine,  and 
section  of  North  Carolina  finds  a  market  at  Bretagne.  The  Normans,  a  people  of  Den- 
Norfolk,  mark  and  Norway,  having  entered  France 

This  town  contains  a  theatre,  two  state  under  RoUo,  Charles  the  Simple  ceded  this 

banks,  a  branch  of  the  bank  of  the  United  country  to  them  in  912,  which  from  that 

Siates,  a  marine  hospital,  orphan  asyhim,  time,  was  called  NttJ-mandy.  Rollo  was  tlie 

an  academy,  Lancasteiian  school,  Athenx-  first  duke,  and  held  it  as  a  fief  o:  the  crown 

um,  and  six  or  seven  places  of  public  wor-  of  France,  and  several  of  his  successors 

ship.     The  site  is  level,  and  so  low  in  some  after  him,  till  William,  the  seventh  duke, 

places  as  to  be  marshy;  but  the  streets  are  conquered  England,  in   1066,  from  which 


commodious,  being  well  paved. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        .        - 

do.    do.   females 

Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .       -       -       - 
Slaves  -        .        -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820.    , 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.  females     .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        -        » 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturali-zed 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


2,501 
2.275 


time  it  became  a  province  of  England,  till 
it  was  lost  in  the  reign  of  king  John,  and 
re-united  to  the  crown  of  France.  The 
English,  however,  still  keep  possession  ot 
the  islands  on  the  coast,  of  which  Jersey 
and  Guernsey  are  the  principal.  It  is  one 
ot  the  most  fertile  provinces  m  France,  and 
abounds  in  all  things  exc^^pt  wine,  but  that 
defect  is  supplied  by  cider  and  perry.  It 
contains  iron,  copper,  and  a  great  number 
of  rivers  and  harb ,  urs.  This  province  now 
forms  the  departments  of  Calvados,  Eure, 
Manche,  Orne,  and  Lower  Seine. 

jYori'idgciuock,  post  town  and  township, 
Somerset  county,  Maine,  lying  on  the  S  side 
of  Kennebec  river,  35  miles  NW  of  Augus- 
ta, wiih  880  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1820, 1454. 

JVorridgewock,  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Somerset  county,  Maine,  in  the  foregouig 
township,  35  miles  W  by  N  from  Hallo- 
well. 

J^orristo-wiif  capital  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  NE  side 
of  the  Schuylkill  river,  17  miles  above  Phi- 
ladelphia.  It  contains,  the  county  build- 
ings, a  bank,  and  an  academy.  Population 
in  1820,  827. 

JVorriston,    township     of     Montgomery 

county,  Pennsylvania,  around  the  borough 

of  Norristown.  Population,  in  1820,  1098. 

JM'orfolk  County,  Upper  Canada,  is  boicnd-        JK'orielga,  or  j\'ov  Telge,  maritime  town 

ed  on  the  N  and  E  by  the  county  of  Lincoln    of  Sweden,  in  the  p'ovince  o*  Upland,  near 

and  the  river  Thames;  on  the  S  by  lake    which  is  a  forge  for  makini^  fire  aims.     It 

Erie,  until  it  meets  the  Orwell  rivei-;  thence    was  much  injured  by  the  Russians  in  1719, 

by  a  line  running  N  16  degrees  W,  until  it    who  ravaged  the  town.     It  is  30  miles  NE 


4,776 

592 
.3,825 

9,193 


2,187 
2.431 

0 

4,618 

229 

370 

1,453 

1,808 

8,478 


23 
0 
5 

147 


intersects  the  river  Tname?,  and  tiience  up 
the  said  river,  until  it  meets  the  NW  boun- 
dary of  the  county  of  York.  It  sends,  in 
conjunction  witti  the  fnu'tb  riding;  <;f  the 
CO  :nty  of  LiRroln,  one  representative  to  the 
provincial  parliament. 

JVorland,  one  of  trie  five  general  div-s-ons 
of  Sweden,  comprehending  the  provinces 


of  Stockholm.     Lon.  10  32  E,  lat  50  44  N. 

JVorth^  township  of  rfarrison  county, 
Ohio,  in  wliich  i-  situated  the  village  or 
*ovv  -.  ot  New  Rumley.  Population  in  1820, 
1118.  '* 

Mrth  Adams  post  village  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massjicltusetts. 

JVo'rth  America,  post  village  of  Duchess 
733 


ZSI  O  R 


NOR 


county,  New  York,  25  miles  E  from  Rhi- 
nebeck. 

A'orth,  or  J^'ord,  department  of  France, 
which  comprehends  tlie  late  French  Pro- 
vinces of  Hainault,  Flanders,  and  the  Cam- 
bresis. 

JK'orth  Cape,  most  northern  promontory 
of  Europe,  on  the  coast  of  Norway.  Lon. 
25  57  E,  !at.  71  20  N. 

JK'orth  Coas;,  department  of  France.  See 
Cotes  ilu  jVbrd. 

JVorlh  Ferry,  small  town  at  tlie  N  side  of 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  Queen's  ferry 
passage.  It  formerly  had  a  chapel  endow- 
ed by  Robert  I. 

JK'orthallerton,  borough  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorksltire,  with  a  market  on  Wednesday. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
IS  seated  on  a  small  brook,  which,  a  mile 
below,  runs  into  the  river  Wisk.  It  is  a 
well  built  trading  place,  30  miles  NNW  of 
York,  and  223  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon. 
1  20  W,  hit.  54  23'N. 

JVorihampion,  borough  and  the  capital  of 
Northamptonshire,  governed  by  a  mayor, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Nen,  which  is  navigable  to  Lynn, 
and  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  wall, 
and  had  a  castle.  It  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1675,  but  was  soon  re- 
built. It  has  four  churches,  a  spacious 
market-place,  a  good  free-school,  and  a 
county  infirmary  and  jail.  The  principal 
manufacture  is  boots  and  shoes,  of  which 
many  are  made  for  exportation.  In  the 
meadows  below  the  town,  a  battle  was 
fought  in  1460,  between  Henry  YI.  and  the 
Yorkists,  in  whicli  the  former  was  defeated 
and  made  prisonei-.  Two  miles  to  the  S  is 
an  ancient  structure,  called  Queen's  Cross, 
erected  by  Edward  I.  in  memory  of  his 
queen  Eleanor.  This  town  is  30  miles  SE 
of  Coventry,  and  66  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  11  W;  la't.  52  11  N. 

JVorthampton,  county  of  England,  60  miles 
long  and  22  where  broadest ;  bounded  on 
the  S  by  Buckinghamshire  and  Oxfordshire, 
W  by  the  latter  county  and  Warwickshire, 
NW  by  Leicestershire  and  Rutlandsliire,  N 
by  Lincolnshire,  and  E  by  the  counties  of 
Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  and  Bedford.  It 
coritains  617,000  acres  ;  is  divided  into  20 
hundreds,  and  336  parishes  ;  has  one  city 
and  11  market  towns ;  and  send?  nine  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  In  the  north-east 
part,  near  Pelerborough,  commences  a 
fenny  tract,  extending  to  the  Lincolnshire 
Wash.  With  this  single  exception,  North- 
amptonshire is  said  to  contain  less  waste 
ground,  and  more  seats  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  than  any  other  county.  Its  great- 
est  defect  is  a  scarcity  of  fuel,  which  is  but 
scantily  supplied  by  its  woods  ;  and  though 
coal  is  brought  by  the  river  Nen,  it  is  at  a 
very  dear  rate.  This  countv,  however, 
?34 


possesses  some  considerable  i-emains  of  its 
old  forests,  particularly  those  of  Rocking- 
ham on  the  NW,  and  of  Salcey  and  Whit- 
tlebury  on  the  S.  Its  products  are,  in 
general,  the  same  with  those  of  other 
farming  counties  ;  but  it  is  peculiarly  cele- 
brated for  grazing  land.  Horned  cattle, 
and  other  animals,  are  fed  to  extraordinary 
size ;  and  many  horses  of  the  large  black 
breed  are  reared.  Woad  for  the  dyers  is 
cultivated  here  ;  but  the  county  is  not  dv- 
tinguished  for  manufactures.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Nen  and  Welland ;  be- 
side which  it  is  partly  watered  by  the 
Ouse,  Learn,  Chorvvell,  and  Avon.  Popu- 
lation in  1801,  131.757;  in  1811,  241,353  ; 
and  in  1821,  163,433. 

J\"orthampion,  town  of  York  county,  New 
Brunswick. 

JWrthampton,  township  of  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Allaniic 
Ocean,  seven  miles  SW  from  Portsmouth. 
Population  in  1820,  764. 

J\'orlhampto7i,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  in  a 
delightful  country,  18  miles  above  Spring- 
field, and  42  above  Hartford.  The  aspect 
of  the  adjacent  country  is  not  only  pleasant, 
but  highly  romantic.  The  neighbouring 
mountains,  particularly  Mount  Uolyoke, 
afford  sorre  of  the  finest  landscapes  in 
New  England.  It  contains  the  county 
buildings,  one  bank,  one  ensurance  office, 
a  weekly  news-paper,  and  several  manu- 
factories. Population  in  1810,  in  the  town- 
ship 2631 ;  and  in  1820,  2854. 

A'ortfiampton,  township  of  Montgomery 
countv.  New  York,  containing  1474  inhabi- 
tants m  1810;  and  in  1820,  1291.  About 
60  miles  NW  of  Albany. 

JVorthampton,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1176  inhabitants 
in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  1411.  It  is  situated 
on  the  SW  of  Neshaminy  creek,  eight 
miles  SE  from  Doylestown. 

JVorthampton,  township  of  Burlington 
county,  New  Jersey,  seven  miles  SE  from 
Burhngton.  Population  in  1810,  4171; 
and  in  1820,  4833,  including  Mount  Holly. 

jVorthampton,  or  JlUentoim,  post  town 
and  seat  of  justice,  Lehigh  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  point  above  the  conflu- 
ence, between  Lehigh  river  and  Little  Le- 
high creek  above  their  junction,  si.x  miles 
SSW  from  Bethlehem,  18  miles  SW  from 
Easton,  and  .55  NNW  from  Philadelphia. 
It  is  situated  in  a  wqII  cultivated  and  fertile 
settlement.  The  site  is  elevated  and  plea- 
sant. It  contains,  beside  the  county  build- 
ings, a  bank;  printing  office,  several  dry 
good  stores,  and  a  number  of  merchant 
mills.  The  principle  staple,  flour.  An 
elegant  wooden  bridge,  resting  on  stone 
arches,  has  been  erected  over  the  Lehigh, 
on  the  road  to  Easton  and  Bethlehem.    A 


N  0  li 


NOR 


direct 


The. 
South 


substantial  bridge  also  crosses  Little  Le-  passes  through  the  coimty  ,n  a  diiec 

high,  on  the. Philadelphia  road.    The  Le-  line.     Those  in  the  north-west  are  scat 

hifh'is  here  turned  at'  nearly  righ^  angles  tered.  disunited,  and  lie  rather  m  groups 

by  tl,e  South  Mountain.  than  extend  to  collate.^',   ''dges^     A  1, 

Xonhamhton,  county  of    Pennsylva-  however,  have  a  general  noith  east  and 

nia,  bounded  by  the  Delaware  river,  or  south-west  arrangennent.  and  leave  inter 

c?  ■'.     •t.T        -w  T-.     T»     1  ■.,t.-.\-^„  <7oiic}<rc  .^f  ninvf.  nr  ipss  width  anc 

bussex  coi 

county  SE 

ties,  SW;   ^^,^^..,^  ^...^..., .  ^...  ,   —    ,         •  -      ,rr-       ..     i       ^ 

Pike  county,  N;  length  37;  mean  width,   local  names  m   different  places. 
3Q;  and  area  l.Oao  square  miles.  principal    ones   are,    beside    the 

This  is  one  of  the  most  diversified  Mountain,  or  Lehigh  hills,  and  Kittatin- 
counties.  not  alone  of  Pennsylvania,  but  ny,  the  Pokono,  or  second  Mountain,  Broaa 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  traversed  Mountain,  Mauchchunk  mountain,  and 
from  NE  to  SW  by  the  Kittatinny  moun-  some  others.  The  soil  m  the  valleys 
tains,  or,  as  it  is  locally  called  in  the  above  Kittatinny,  even  where  arable,  is 
country,  Blue  Ridge.  This  chain  divides  much  inferior  to  that  ot  the  lower  sec- 
it  into  two  very  unequal  sections.  That  tions  already  noticed.  The  genera^  cha- 
SE  from  the  Kittatinnv  lies  in  the  form  racter  of  the  latter  is  warm  andproduc- 
of  a  triangle,  the  base  along  the  moun-  tive.  Above  the  kittatinny  the  soil  is 
tains,  and  perpendicular  on  Lehigh  coun-  principally  composed  of  gravel  and  clay, 
ty,  and  contains  within  a  trifle  of  400   and  still  farther  above  the  Pokono,  par- 


ty 

square  miles.  It  contains  also  the  town 
ships  of  Lower  Saucon,  Williams,  Beth- 
lehem, Forks,  borough  of  Easton,  Han- 
over, Nazareth,  upper  and  lower,  Allen, 
Lehigh,  Moore,  Bushkill,  Plainfield,  and 


takes  so  much  of  the  clay  as  to  become 
very  cold  and  unproductive.  The  tim- 
ber, hemlock,  and  small  pines.  The  rude 
character  of  this  part  of  Northampton 
is  seen  by  reference  to  its  comparative 


upper  and  lower  Mount  Bethel ;  with'an  population.     Though  embracing  above 
aggregate  population   of  22,030.     This   8U0  square  miles,  the  aggregate  number 


part  of  Northampton  county,  with  the 
exception  of  the  townsh-ips  of  lower  Sau 
con  and  Williams,  lies  between  the  Kit- 
tatinny and  South  Mountain.  The  sur- 
face, though  generally  hilly,  is  as  gene- 
rally arable    The  very  remarkable  slate 


f  inhabitants  is  only  9735,  or  within  a 
trifling  fraction  of  10  to  the  square  mile, 
whilst,  as  vre  have  seen,  the  south-east 
section  contains  a  condensed  population 
of  near  57  to  the  square  mile. 
The  rivers  of  Northampton,  are  the 


and  lime-stone  formation  which  extends  Lehigh  and  Delaware  Creeks  below 
so  distinctively  from  the  Delaware  to  Kittatinny,  and  advancing  south-west  from 
the  Susquehannah,  in  the  Kittatinny  val-  the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  are  Cosby  s, 
ley,  is  peculiarly  striking  in  the  lower  Kichmond,  Martin  s,  Muddy  creek^  Bush- 
part  of  Northampton,  the  lime  stone  ki'*'  Monocacy,  Calesoque.  and  Hocken- 
tracts  skirts  the  south  mountain,  and  the  docque  ;  the  three  latter  tab ing  into  the 
argiiaceous  slate  the  Kittatinny,  each  ex-  Lehigh,  the  residue  into  the  Del  ware, 
tending  from  its  respective  base  about  Above  the  Kitattinny,  the  Delaware  re- 
half  way  across  the  valley.  Though  both  ceives,  immediately  above  the  Water 
are  highly  productive,  in  grain,  fruits,  Gap,  Broadhead's  creek,  partly  from  Pike 
and  pasturage,  the  limestone  soil  is  ra-  and  partly  from  Northampton.  Toemoun- 
ther  stronger  than  that  of  the  slate,  and  tain  section  ot  this  county  is,  hc^wever, 
the  features  of  nature  less  bold  on  the  "^^re  particularly  drained  by  the  conilu- 
former  than  on  the  latter  formation.  ents  ef  the  Lehigh  ;  these  are,  from  the 

The  townships  of  lower  Saucon  and  left,  Tobyhanna,  Dreek,  Muddy,  Big 
Williams  are  separated  from  the  other  creek,  and  Aquanshicola  ;  from  the  right, 
parts  of  the  county  by  Lehigh,  and  tra-  Quacake,  Nesquehoning,  Mahoning,  and 
versed  by  a  ridge  pa-ssing  by  Bethlehem,   Lizard  creeks. 

and  interrupted  by  the  Delaware,  two  Delaware  Avashes  the  eastern  border 
miles  beiow  Easton.  From  many  of  the  of  Northampton,  following  its  windings 
highest  eminences  of  this  range,  tile  highly  about  25,  but  in  a  direct  line  20  miles  ; 
cultivated  section  we  have  been  review  its  course  generally  nearly  north  and 
ing  spreads  before  the  eye  like  a  vast  south.  Though  obstructed  with  some 
garden,  terminated  by  the  distant  Kita-  shoals  below  that  place,  the  Delaware  is 
tinny  mountains.  navir,able  for  large  boats  to  Easton,  and 

That  part  of  Northampton  north-west   for  smaller  vi'ssels,  and  with  more  diffi- 
from  thy  Kittatinny  mountains,  extends  culty  to  above  that  borough  beyond  the 
over  810  square  miles,  and  is  remarka-    limits  of  Pennsylvania, 
bly  broken  into  mountain  ridges      Of      The  Lehigh  is  emphatically  the  river 
these  the  Kittatinnv  is  the  only  one  which   of  Northampton,  having  most  of  the  sour- 

"^5 


NOR 


NOR 


ces,  and  the  greatest  part  of  its  course, 
in  that  county.  This  stream  demands 
particular  notice,  as  it  has  now  become 
the  channel  of  transportation  for  the  im- 
mense masses  of  anthracite  coal  found  in 
the  Mauchchiink  mountain.  The  Le- 
high, in  fact,  rises  in  Wayne,  Pike,  and 
Luzerne  counties;  but  its  various  conflu- 
ents unite  near  Stoddartsville,  on  the 
north-west  border  of  Northampton,  and 
again  augmented  by  many  mountain 
creeks,  flows  by  comparative  courses  25 
miies  to  the  mouth  of  Wright's  mill  creek. 
It  thence  turns  to  nearly  south,  and  by  a 
very  serpentine  course,  but  in  a  direct 
line  of  about  20  miies,  passes  Mauch- 
chunk,  and  reaches  Lehighton.  Here  it 
inflects  to  south-east,  and  continues  in  that 
direction  25  miles  to  AUentown,  or  town 
of  Northampton.  At  AUentown  the  Le- 
high is  again  turned  to  the  South  Moun- 
tain at  nearly  right  angles,  and  assuming 
a  north-east  course  down  the  foot  of  the 
mountain,  flows  past  Bethlehem,  and 
reaches  the  Delaware  at  Easton,  25  miles 
below  AUentown.  The  entire  compara- 
tive course  of  this  stream  is  85  miles. 
From  near  its  extreme  course  to  Trout 
creek,  it  separates  Pike  and  Luzerne  coun- 
ties. From  Trout  creek  to  Rock  Eddy 
falls  it  separates  Northumberland  from 
Luzerne.  Below  Rock  Eddy  falls  to  its 
passage  through  the  Blue  or  Kittatinny 
mountain,  its  course  is  within  Northamp- 
ton county  Between  its  passage  through 
the  mountain  and  the  mouth  of  the  Hock- 
endocque  creek,  its  course  forms  the  li- 
mit betwee.i  Northampton  and  Lehigh 
counties  Below  Hockendoque  to  Bethle- 
hc  m,  it  flows  througii  Lehigh,  and  below 
Bethlehem  to  Easton  through  Northamp. 
ton. 

The  Lehigh  is  truly  a  mountain  tor- 
rent, and  mt^anders  through  a  series  of 
natural  scenes,  not  excelled,  if  equalled 
in  the  United  States.  The  following  ta- 
ble will  exhibit  its  descent  from  Stod- 
dartsviSie  to  Easton 
Stoddartsville-  to  the  mouth  of  the 

N'rquetioning  creek   about  two Fallin 
miles  above  Lausanne,  and  tc^vi-e.  feet. 
abive    the   village    of   Mauch- 
chunk.  -  -  -  845 

From  Nesquehoning,  to  the  Le- 
high Water  Gap,      -  -  260 
From  the  Gap  to  Easton,       -  205 

1,210 


From  Easton,  to  tide  -water  in  Dela- 
ware riv  r,  at  Trenton,  according  to  the 
last  informati'm,  that  stream  falls  about 
100  feet.  The  Lehigh  at  Stoddartsville 
is,  therefore,  elevated  1310  feet,  and  at 
Mauchchunk,  within  a  trifle  of  460  feet, 
736 


above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  Oceatr, 
According  to  the  manuscript  notes  of 
Isaac  A.  Chapman,  Esq.  the  average 
height  of  Kittatinny  mountains,  in  North- 
ampton, is  1186  feet  above  the  Lehigh, 
and  Delaware  rivers,  at  its  base,  conse- 
quently, 1491  feet  above  the  Atlantic  le- 
vel. Mr.  Chapman  estimates  the  height 
of  Pokono  mountain  above  its  base,  at 
850  feet ;  which,  when  compared  with 
the  foregoing  elements,  yield  1305  feet, 
for  the  elevation  of  that  ridge,  above  the 
ocean. 

Mauchchunk  mountain,  at  the  coal- 
mine, is  1006  feet  above  the  Lehigh  at 
Mauchchunk  village.  We  have  seen, 
that  the  village  stands  460  feet  above  the 
Atlantic  level ;  therefore  the  justly  cele- 
brated coal  mine  is  1456  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  Atlantic.  I  may,  how- 
ever, remark,  that  some  of  the  peaks  of 
Mauchchunk  mountain,  between  the 
mine  and  the  village,  must  rise  several 
hundrsd  feet  higher  than  the  coal  mine, 
and  higher  than  the  general  elevation  of 
the  Kittatinny.  as  I  have  myself  stood  on 
two  eminences  of  the  Mauchchunk,  and 
saw  distinctly,  the  South  mountain  over 
the  intervening  Kittatinny. 

We  may  safely  assume,  the  general 
elevation  of  the  cultivated  part  of  North- 
ampton, in  the  Kittatinny  valley,  from 
250  to  350  feet ;  and  for  that  section 
above  the  Kittatinny,  a  general  elevation 
of  from  500  to  600  feet.  Mr.  Chapman 
observes,  that  there  is  a  difference  in 
the  seasons  and  vegetation  of  two  weeks 
between  the  respective  sections.  The 
difference  of  elevation  and  exposure,  ex- 
hibits the  cause  of  this  rapid  change  of 
temperature. 

We  will  close  this  rather  lengthy  view 
of  Northampton  with  a  notice  of  its  prin- 
cipal roads  and  towns. 

A  main  turnpike  road  leaves  Philadel- 
phia, passes  through  Philadelphia.  Mont- 
gomery, Bucks,  and  part  of  Lehigh  coun- 
ties ;  enters  Northampton  in  the  township 
of  Lower  Saucon,  and  cresses  the  Lehigh 
at  Bethlehem  H*^re  it  branches  into  two 
routes  One  turns  NW  up  the  Lehigh, 
and  passing  by  Kreiderviile,  through  the 
Lehigh  Water  Gap,  by  Lehighton, 
Mauchchunk,  and  Lausanne,  continues 
on  to  the  banks  of  the  :-  usquehannah,  at 
Nf  scopec  From  Bethlehem,  the  other, 
or  northern  branch,  proceed  towards 
Easton,  but  breaks  into  numerous  coun- 
try roads,  one  of  which  leads  on  to  Naza- 
reth, and  to  the  Delaware  Wind  Gap. 
The  lower  Philadelphia  road  reaches 
Easton,  between  the  foregoing  and  Dela- 
ware river.  Above  Easton,  a  main  road 
extends  a  little  W  -if  N,  to  the  Wind 
Gap.    Here  it  branches  into  two  routes  r, 


N   O  It 

one  ebntinuing  NW*  to  \VilkesbaTre,  ar.d 
the  other  N,  into  Pike  county.  From 
Easton,  another  road  leads  up  the  Dela- 
ware to  the  Water  Gap.  Beside  these, 
numerous  cross  roads  chequer  the  lower 
part  of  Northampton  county,  and  ren- 
der coinmunication  easy  and  convenient. 

Northampton  contains  the  Ijorough  of 
Easton  :  and  the  villages  of  Bethlehem, 
Hellerstcwn,  Stroudsburg,  Burlinville, 
Mauchchunk,  and  Lehighton.  See  thtse 
articles  under  their  respective  heads, 
either  in  the  Text,  or  Addenda.  Staples 
of  Northampton  county,  grain,  flour, 
cyder,  whiskey,  salted  provision,  live 
stock,  lumber,  and  mineral  coal. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.     females 


NOR 


Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

^o-  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females    .... 

Total  population  in  1820     . 


.■>'• 
3,350 

r,4r4 


1,629 
1,740 

0 

3,369 

MO 

573 

1,695 

1,628 

7,705 


Total  whiles       -         -         -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do,     do.     females     .        :■        - 
All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         .        .        .        - 

Total  whites        .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do,        females  - 

Shaves,  miiles       .        .        -        - 

do.    females     -         -         -         . 

Total  population  in  1320     - 


19,475 
18,481 

37,956 

189 

1,579 

0 

38,145 


13 

1,876 

103 

121 


16,245 
15^320 

0 

31,565 

109 

91 

0 

0 

31,765 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture      - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

JVorthamfiton,  county  of  North  Caro- 
hna,  bounded  by  Virginia,  N  ;  Hartford 
county,  in  North  Carolina.  E;  Bertie, 
S ;  and  Roanoke  river,  or  Halifax,  SW  ; 
length  40  ;  mean  width  12  ;  and  area^^SO 
square  miles.  There  is  a  post  office  at 
the  court-house. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    - 
do.    do.    females 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  nainraiized  -  198 

Engaged  in  Agricultiu'e      -         -         5,787 

do.       in  Manuf act  1  ires     .         -         2,398 

do.       in  C.nunercu  -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile  29  nearly 

Xorthamfuon,  county  of  the  Eastern 
Shore  nl  Virginia  ;  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  E  ;  Chesapeak  bay,  S  and 
W ;  and  Accomack,  N  ;  length  30, 
mean  v/idth  o;  and  area  240  square 
mile.s.  Surface  level,  and  soil  sxndy.  It 
occupies  the  extreme  part  of  the  penin- 
sula, on  the  E  side  of  Chesapeak  bay, 
from  Cape  Charles  to  the  mouth  of  Po- 
comoke  river.  There  is  a  post  office  at 
the  court-house. 

Pop-ilation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...         1,615 
do.  do.    females  -        -        1,601 


Total  Whites       -         .        .         . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -  •     - 
Slaves,      .       .       -       -       . 

Total  population  in  ISlO 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 


2,600 
2,644 

5,244 

580 

7,258 

13,082 


2,558 
2,716 


Total  whites           -        -       - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do.       females, 
Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females         -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1820 

5,254 

363 

362 

3,766 

3,497 

13,242 

Total  whites       .        .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
rsot  taxed        -        - 
6  A 


3,216 

908 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture           -  1,444 

do.       in  Maimfactures  111 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  27|. 

Xorthamfiton,  post  town  in  the  west= 
ern  borders  of  Portage  cpuntv,  Ohio,  15 

737   ■ 


X  O  R 

milei;  VV  from  Ravenn-i,  containing  2S7 
inhabhanls.  in  1820. 

•A'dr?/;  bend,  nanne  of  a  settlement  on 
the  nortmrn  bfnd  of  Oi:in  river,  15 
milr-  below  Cincinnati,  and  four  north- 
eriBU-r!y  from  the  SVV  corner  of  the  state 
of  Ohio. 

Jy'orth  borough,  township  and  post 
town,  Worcester  county,  Massachusetts, 
11  miles  from  Worcester.  P -/pulation 
1810,  71:5  ;  and  in  1820,  905. 

Xorlh  brookfield,  township  of  Worces- 
ter county,  Massachusetts.  Pcpuldtion 
1820   109.5. 

jVortfi  Castle,  township  of  West  Ches- 
ter county.  New  York,  containing  1,366 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1,480. 
It  is  a  post  town,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Hudson  river,  about  16  miles  from 
King's  bridge. 

jVorth  Channel,  Bay  of  Quinte,  Upper 
Canada,  leads  from  John's  Island,  south- 
erly, between  the  townships  of  Soy)hias- 
burgh,  Fredericksburgh,  and  Adi^lphus 
town. 

JVorthcurry,  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a  market  on  Tutsday  and  Saturday 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tone,  20  miles  SW  of 
Wells,  and  13 1  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  0  W,  lat.  51  0  N. 

JVorth  Mast,  township  of  Duchess  coun- 
ty. New  York,  containing  3  441  inhabi- 
tants ill  1810,  and  in.  1820,  2,037.  Situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  about 
90  miles  N  of  N<-w  York, 

JVorJificld,  township  in  Staten  Island, 
New  Yoi-k  state,  containin??  1,595  inha- 
bitants in  181U,  and  in  1820,  1,980. 

J\'orihfield,  post  town  of  Franklin  county, 
MassachuseUs,  on  the  E  bank  of  Connecti- 
cut river,  nearly  opposite  to  (Greenfield, 
and  80  miles  W  by  N  of  Boston.  It  con- 
tained 1213  inhabitants,  in  1810;  and  in 
1820,  1584. 

JVorthJidd,  township  ofWashing'ton  coun- 
ty, Verm  nt.     Population  450. 

j\'oithfteld,\.oyii\i\n\>  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, New  ll.unpshire,  on  the  Merrimac,  14 
miles  above  Concord.  Population  1820, 
1304. 

J\i'o'-thJiHd,  town  of  Essex  county,  New 
Jer-i^ey,  NW  from  Newark.  Population 
1820,  uncertain. 

A''orthfifld%  NW  township  of  Portage 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820,  178. 

JVort'ifieet,  village  i"  Kent,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  one  mile  W  of  Giavesend,  and 
21  from  London.  The  church  is  very 
large,  and  contains  fragments  of  monu- 
men'.s,  as  anci;nt  as  the  foirieenth  cen- 
tury. Vast  qtiaiitlties  ol'  lime  are  made, 
and  great  numb  -rs  of  extraneous  fossils 
have  been  liug  up  here. 

JVorthford,  post  town,  New  Haven,  coun- 
tv,  Connecticiib 


s  G  n 

Xortk  Hasen,  township  of  New  Haven 
county,  Connecticut;  seven  miles  N  from 
New  i\■xv^n^.     Population  1820,  1298. 

J\''orth  Hemps:ead.  post  town,  and  scat  oi 
ju-tice,  Queen's  county.  New  York,  on 
Lohg  Is.and,  20  mdes  E  from  New  York. 
Harboiirhili  in  thi  t>  vvn  is  the  highest 
la.id  on  Lon?  Island.     Population,  3000_. 

JVortA  Hero,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Grand  Isle  county,  Vermont,  on  Grand 
Isle.     P.pulaiion,  600. 

Morth  Kiilingivorth,  post  village,  Middle- 
sex county,  Connecticut,  15  miles  SSE 
from  Middletown,  and  20  miles  NE  by  E 
from  New  Haven. 

J\rorth  Kingston,  township  of  Washing- 
ton county,  Rhode  Island,  containing  2,957 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  3007.  It 
is  situated  on  tiie  W  side  of  Narraganselt 
bay,  between  East  Greenwich  and  South 
Kingston. 

JVorthUch,  corporate  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, With  a  market  on  Wednesday,  several 
almshouses,  and  a  tree  grammar-school.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Lech,  25  miles  E  of  Glou- 
cester, and  80  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 
1  43  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

JK'orth  jyiouniain,  local  name  for  that 
part  of  the  Kittatinny  range  which  passes 
between  Cumberland  and  Perry  counties, 
and  through  Franklin  county,  Pennsylvania. 

J\'orth  Portland,  township  of  Somerset 
county,  Maine,  25  miles  NW  from  Nor- 
ridgewock.     Population  1820,  uncertain. 

A'orth  Providence,  township  of  Provi- 
dence county,  Rhode  Island,  commencing 
four  miles  N  from  Providence.  It  includes 
the  manufacturing  village  of  Patucket,  three 
churches,  two  academies,  and  a  bank.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  2420. 

J\'orthri7igton,  post  village,  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connei  licut,  on  Farmington,  river, 
seven  miles  NW  by  W  from  Hartford. 

jVorth  River,  of  Massachusetts  rising  in 
Pembroke,  Plymouth  county  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  Marchfield  and 
Scituate.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  300 
tons  18  miles  to  Pembroke. 

JVorth  Salem,  township  of  West  Chester 
county.  New  York.  Population  1810,  1204, 
and  in  1820,  1165.  It  contains  an  aca- 
demy. 

Jv'ovth  Stoniiig-ton,  township.  New  Lon- 
don county,  Connecticut,  nine  miles  E 
from  New  London.  Population  1810, 
2524  ;  in  1320,  2624. 

JVorth  Vineyard,  township,  Somerset 
county,  Mainii,  15  miles  W  from  Norridge. 
wock. 

JVorthumberlavd,  county  of  England, 
which  received  its  name  from  being  situated 
N  of  the  Humber,  In  thefSaxon  Heptarchy 
it  was  a  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  North- 
umbrians, which  contained  also  the  coun- 
ties of  York,  Lancaster,  Durham,  Cumber- 
land, and  Westmoreland.    It  forms  the  N 


X  O  R 

extremity  of  Enj^land,  and  is  bounded  on 
the  R  hy  the  German  Ocean,  and  on  the 
S  by  the  bishopric  of  Durham,  on  tlie  SW 
and  W  by  Cumberland,  and  on  the  N\V 
and  X  by  Scotland,  fi'om  v\hich  it  is  separa- 
ted by  the  Tweed,  [t  extent's  70  miles 
from  N  to  S,  and  50  from  E  to  VV.  It 
lies  in  the  diocess  of  Durham  ;  contains 
12  market-towns,  and  460  parishes;  and 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  Po. 
pulation  1801,  157, 101;  in  1811,  172,161; 
and  in  1821,  198,965.  The  air  of  this 
county  is  not  so  cold  as  might  be  ima- 
gined from  the  lat.  in  which  it  lies  ;  for  its 
situation  between  two  sr-as,  in  th.e  nar- 
rowest part  of  England,  gives  it  the  ad- 
vantage of  having  the  cold  moderated  by 
the  vapours  of  e.icli ;  and,  for  this  reason, 
the  snow  seldom  lies  long  in  this  county, 
except  on  the  tops  of  high  hills.  The  air 
is  very  healthful,  and  the  people  wiio  ge- 
nerally live  to  a  great  age,  are  seldom  af- 
flicted with  sickness.  The  soil  is  various, 
the  eastern  part,  wiiich  is  fruiiful,  having 
very  goud  wheat,  and  most  sorts  of  corn, 
and  has  rich  meadows  on  the  banks  of  liie 
rivers  ;  but  the  western  part  is  generally 
barren,  it  being  mosily  heathy  and  mnun- 
tainous.  The  SF,  part  abounds  with  pit 
coal,  of  which  658,858  chaldrons  are  com- 
puted to  be  annu.dly  shipped  from  tlience 
to  London.  There  are  also  large  quanti- 
ties of  lead  and  timber.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Tyne,  the  Tweed,  and  the 
Cocket.  Alnwick  is  tlie  county  town,  but 
the  largest  is  ^fewcastle. 

jyorthumberlnnd,  NE  county  of  Lower 
Canada,  on  the  left  side  of  St  Lawrence 
river,  extending  from  Hampshire  indefi- 
nitely towards  l.,abrador. 

JVorthumberhmd,  county  of  Upper  Cana- 
da, W  from  Prince  I'dvvard  and  Hastings 
counties ;  and  extending  from  lake  Onta- 
rio to  Rice  lake. 

JSi'ortJnimberland,  post  village,  and  town- 
ship, of  Saratoga  county.  New,  York,  on 
the  right  side  of  Hudson  river,  15  miles 
NE  from  Ballston  Spa.  Population  1810, 
2041  ;  and  in  1820,  1279.  Wilton  was  out 
oft"  from  Northumberland  since  1810. 

JVovtfiumberland,  county  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
bounded  by  Schuylkill,  "SE ;  Dauphin,  S  ; 
Susquehannah  river,  or  Union,  W  ;  Ly- 
coming N  ;  and  Columbia  NE.  Len;^th 
35  i  mean  width  13  ;  and  area  455  square 
miles.  This  is  one  of  the  mountain  coun- 
ties of  Pennsylvania,  and  very  much  di- 
versified in  surface.  Having  so  nfiuch  ri- 
ver, it  possesses,  notwithstanding  its  gen- 
eral mountainous  aspect,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  good,  and  considerable  first-rate 
soil.  Washed  by  the  main  Susqiiehsnnah, 
20  miles  below  and  by  the  W  branch,  20 
miles  above  Sunbury  and  Northumber- 
land, produces  a  range  of  river  soil   of  40 


NOR 

miles  in  length.  To  this  may  be  added 
10  miles  of  the  E  branch,  between  Sun- 
bury  and  Dinville ;  the  whole,  including 
both  banks  of  the  latter  section,  yielding 
a  river  hue  of  60  miles.  This  alluvial 
range  contains  the  mass  of  the  population. 
Contrary  to  tlie  ordinary  cours:-  of  the  Ap- 
palachian r;dges,  tlie  moun  ains  of  North- 
umberland extend  nearly  east  and  west. 
The  principal  ridges  are,  advancing  from 
south  to  north.  Line  Mountdn,  Little  Ma- 
hanoy.Mahanoy,  and  Shaniokin,  below  the 
junction  of  the  two  great  branches  of  Sus- 
quehannah  :  above  their  confluence,  Mon- 
tours  Mountain,  and  ibe  Limestone  Ridge. 

Beside  the  two  fine  rivers  we  hi»ve  no- 
ticed. Northumberland  is  drained  by  some 
large  creeks,  the  principal  of  which,  are, 
Mahantango,  Mahanoy,  and  Shamokin,  en- 
■ering  Susquehannah,  below  Sunbury  ; 
and  Chilisquaqu^-,  Limestone,  and  Warrior 
creeks,  above  Northumberland,  Some  oC 
those  creeks  meander  througli  narrow  val- 
leys,  with  much  ^ood  soil. 

The  staple  productions  of  Northum- 
berland, are  grain,  flour,  salted  provisions, 
lumber,  whi-key,  and  many  other  articles. 

Its  principal  towns  are,  Sunbury,  North- 
umberland, Mdton,  and  Watsonburg. 

Sunbury,  a  nost  town,  borough  and  seat  of 
Jtistice,  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah river,  immediately  below  the  main 
fork,  and  above  the  mouth  of  Shamokin 
creek 

Northumberland,  post  town,  stands  on 
the  point  above,  the  junction  of  the  two 
main  branches  of  Susquehannah,  and  op- 
posite to  Sunbury. 

Milton,  post  town  and  borough,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  west  branch  of  S\isquehannah, 
12  miles  above  Northumberland. 

There  are  some  other  villages  in  the 
county,  bu'  undeserving  particular  notice. 
The  two  follow'.ng  tables  exhibit  the  ag- 
gregate, and  relative  population  of  tliis 
county. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...     18,673 

do.  do.  females         ...     17,457 


Total  whites                  -        -        -  36,130 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        -  194 

Slaves         3 

Total  population  in  1810     -         -  36,327 

Popid.ation  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         .         -         .  7,773 

do.  do.     females      -        -        -  7,537 
Ad  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  0 

Total  whites                -        -         -  15,310 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  59 

do.             do.         females  5A 

739 


N  o  n 


\  O  K 


Slaves,  males 

do.    females 
Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these: 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.       in  Commerce 


1 

15,424 


52 

1,350 

29 

665 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  34  nearly. 

J^Torthumberland,  county  of  Virginia ; 
bounded  by  Potomac  river  NE  ;  Chesapeak 
bay  SE ;  Lancaster  and  Richmond  SW; 
and  Westmoreland  NW.  Length  30 ; 
mean  width  8  ;  and  are.a  240  square  miles. 
Surface  rather  waving  than  hilly.  Soil  of 
middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Bridge- 
town. 

Peculation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -       -       -        2,005 
do.    do.  females  -        -        2,157 

Total  whites        -        .                -  4,162 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  299 

Slaves 3,84r 

Total  population  in  1810  .        8,308 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,087 

do.  do.  females  ...  2,047 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites      .... 

4,134 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

320 

do.            do.        females. 

294 

Slaves,  males     -        .        -        - 

1,651 

do.    females 

1,617 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

8,016 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

2,426 

do.        in  Manufactures 

108 

do.         in  Commerce 

18 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

JVorthiimbevland,  post  town,  in  Point 
township,  Northumberland  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. This  village  is  situated  on  the 
point  above  the  confluence  of  the  two 
great  branches  of  Susquehannah  river,  and 
opposite  Sunbury.  Population  of  the 
township  in  1820,  1373. 

JVorth-west  River  Bridge,  post  office, 
Norfolk  county,  Virginia. 

JVorthivest  Territory.  See  jyticMgan 
territory. 

JSTorthvood,    township    of   Rockingham 

740 


county,  New  Hampshire,  20  miles  E  ftom 
Concord.  Population  in  1810,  1095  ;  and 
in  1820,  1260. 

A'orth  Yarmouch,  post  village  and  town- 
ship, Cumberland  county,  Maine,  on  Casco 
Buy,  12  miles  N  fnjm  Portland.  Popula- 
lion  in  1810,  3295  ;  and  in  1820,  3679. 

j\i'orthivicli.,  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weaver,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Dane, 
and  is  noted  for  its  salt-works.  The  stra- 
ttmi  of  salt  lies  about  40  yards  deep,  and 
some  of  them  are  hollowed  i.-.to  the  form 
of  a  temple.  Vast  jiits  of  solid  rock  salt 
have  been  dug  here  to  a  great  depth,  from 
whicli  immense  quani.iiies  are  raised  ;  and 
mucii  of  it,  in  its  crude  state,  goes  to  Liv- 
erpool by  the  river  Wearer,  to  be  export- 
ed. Northwich  is  20  miles  NE  of  Chester, 
and  173  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  36  W, 
lat.  5o  16  N. 

J^y''orto7i,  village  of  Essex  county,  Ver- 
mont. 

JK'orton,  township  of  Bristol  coimty,  Mas- 
sachusetts, containing  1598  inhabitants  in 
181Q ;  and  in  1820,  1600  Situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Wading  river,  seven  miles  NW 
of  Tau:.ton. 

J\'orio7i,  post  village,  Delaware  county, 
Ohio,  nine  miles  N  from  Delaware,  and  34 
in  the  same  direction  from  Columbus. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

JYorton,  SE  township  of  Medina  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  344. 

JVortnii,  or  Chipping  J\rorton,  corporate 
town  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a  market  on 
Wednesday.  Roman  coins  have  been  fre- 
quently found  here.  It  is  12  miles  SW'  of 
Banbury,  and  74  NW  of  London,  Lon.  1 
17  W   iat.  51  55  N. 

JVorton  Sound,  inlet  of  the  sea.on  the  W 
coast  of  North  America,  discovered  by 
Captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage.  There 
is  no  good  harbour  in  all  the  sound,  nor 
even  a  tolerable  stafion  for  ships.  Lon. 
162  47  W,  lat.  64  55  N. 

jVoi~walk,  post  town  in  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  12  miles  SW  of  Fairfield,  and  50 
NE  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  contained 
2983  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
3004.  It  contains  a  news-paper  printing 
office,  an  academy,  and  three  churches. 

jVortBulk,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Huron  county,  Ohio,  14  miles  from  Lake 
Erie,  and  100  NE  from  Columbus.  Lon. 
W  C  5  33  E,  lat.  41  16  N.  Population  in 
1820,  579. 

JVorway,  kingdom  in  the  N  of  Europe, 
the  most  westerly  part  of  the  ancient 
Scandinavia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W  and 
N  by  the  Northern  Ocean ;  E  by  Swedish 
Lapland  and  Sweden  ;  and  S  by  the  Cate- 
gat ;  extending  from  the  Naze  in  lat.  57 
30,  to  the  North  Gape  in  lat.  71  10.    Its 


X  O  K 


:ir  0  K 


breadth,  which  is  very  unequal,  is  from  40 
to  280  miles.  It  is  naturally-,  formed  into 
two  divisions,  na'tiely,  Northern,  and 
Southern,  or  proper  Norway,  separated 
from  each  other  by  the  sni  dl  Swedish  pro- 
vince of  Herndahl.  It  is  divided  into  the 
governments  of  Aggerhuys,  Christiana,  or 
Christiansand,  Beighen,  Drontheim,  and 
Finmark  The  whole  embracing'  an  area 
of  161,000  square  miles  ;  and  witli  an  ag- 
gregate population  of  930,000. 

By  the  in!quito:isand  infamous  treaty  of 
Kiel,  January  1814,  Norway,  agamst  tlie 
free  opniion  of  i^s  people,  was  tr.insferred 
from  Denmark  to  Sweden.  Denmark  re- 
ceiving in  return,  Swedish  Pomerania,  und 
the  island  of  Rugen.  From  ils  rockv  soil, 
and  northern  position,  Norway  is  not 
populous  in  proportion  to  its  extent.  The 
inliabitants  like  the  Swiss  mountaineers, 
are  exceedingly  attached  to  their  country. 
In  Norway,  they  have  a  particular  code, 
called  the  Norway  Law,  compiled  by 
Grieftelfeld,  at  the  command  of  Christian 
V.  the  great  legislator  ot  this  country.  By 
this  law,  the  palladium  of  Norway,  the  pea- 
sants are  free,  except  in  some  aristocratic 
estates  near  Frederickstadt  ;  and  the  bene- 
fi'sof this  code  were  visible  in  the  great 
difference  in  their  appe;(rance,  between  the 
free  peasants  in  Norway  and  the  enslaved 
vassals  of  Denmark,  though  both  were 
living  under  the  same  government.  The 
inviolability  of  their  laws,  and  the  integrity 
of  the  kingdom  were  stipulated  in  the  treaty 
of  Kiel.  The  Norwegian  peas;ints  possess 
much  spirit  and  fire  in  tlieir  manner;  are 
frank,  open,  and  undaunted,  yet  not  inso- 
lent ;  never  fawning,  yet  paying  proper  r:-- 
spect.  Their  principal  mode  of  salute  h 
by  offering  their  hand  ;  and  when  they  are 
given  or  paid  any  trifle,  the  peasants,  in- 
stead of  returning  thanks  by  words,  or  by 
a  bow,  shake  iiands  vvitii  great  frankness 
and  cordiality.  The  same  causes  which 
affect  the  population  of  Norway,  operate 
likewise  on  the  state  of  tillage  ;  for,  al- 
though in  some  places  veget.'ition  is  so 
quick,  that  the  corn  is  sown  and  cut  in  six 
or  seven  weeks,  yet  the  country  does  not 
produce  sufiicient  corn  for  its  own  con- 
sumption. It  is,  however,  exceedingly 
rich  in  pasture,  and  consequently  produ- 
ces much  cattle.  The  horses  are  small, 
but  strong,  very  active,  and  hardy.  The 
fisheries,  particularly  on  the  W  coast,  find 
employment  and  wealth  for  the  natives, 
and  supphed  the  finest  sailors  for  the  Da- 
nish fleet.  The  princip.il  fish  are  salmon, 
cod,  ling,  and  whiting ;  their  livers  also 
yield  train-oil ;  and  the  smallest  are  given 
as  winter  fodder  to  the  cattle. — The  ex- 
tensive forests  of  oak  and  pine  produce 
timber,  spars,  beams,  and  planks,  beside 
charco:il,  turpentine,  bark,  fuel,  and  even 


manure  ;  and  the  bircii  (the  bark  of  which 
is  used  as  a  covering  for  ihe  roofs  of 
houses)  not  only  supplies  fuel,  hut  also  a 
kmd  of  wu\e.  The  general  exports  are 
tallow,  bntter,  sail,  dried  fish,  timbe-., 
plvinks,  horses,  horned  cattle,  sdver,  cobalt, 
alum,  Prussian  blue,  copper  and  iron.  It 
abounds  in  lakes  and  rivers  ;  Uie  former  so 
large  that  they  appear  like  inlets  of  the 
sea ;  bui  the  riveis  are  in  general  of  a 
short  course,  except  the  Glommen.  The 
mountains  are  numerous,  and  generally 
clothed  v.'ith  pints  and  firs  ;  the  grand 
Scandinavian  chain,  which  runs  from  S  to 
N,  dividing  this  kingdom  from  Sweden,  is 
known  by  distinct  appellations  ;  the  chief 
are  <iie  ridges  of  Eangfial,  Dofrafial,  Kolen, 
and  Severnoi.  The  wild  animais  are  the 
bear,  lynx,  wolf,  fox,  and  hare ;  but  the 
most  singular  creature  is  the  lemming,  or 
Norwes^ian  mouse,  of  a  reddish  colour,  and 
about  five  inches  long.  These  animals 
proceed  in  vast  numbers  from  the  ridge  of 
Kolen  to  the  sea,  devouring  eve  ry  product 
of  the  sod  in  tlieir  course,  and  at  last  seem 
to  devour  each  other. 

The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable 
ti'ade  with  foreign  nations.  Their  exports 
are  copper,  wrought  and  unwrought ;  iron 
cast  into  cannon,  stoves,  and  pots,  or 
forged  into  bars ;  masts,  timber,  deal- 
boards,  planks,  marble,  mill-stones,  herring, 
codling,  flounders,  cow-hides,  goat-skins, 
seal-skins,  the  furs  of  bears,  &c.  down, 
feathers,  butter,  tallow,  train-oil,  tar,  juni- 
per and  other  sorts  of  berries  and  nuts. 
They  have  inexhaustible  quarries  of  excel- 
lent marble,  black,  white,  blue,  grey  and 
variegated.  Gold  lias  likewise  been  found 
in  a  small  quantity,  and  a  considerable  sil- 
ver mine  is  at  present  wrought  at  Konings- 
berg  at  the  risk  of  his  Danish  majesty. 
These  were  visited  by  Mr.  Coxe,  who 
says  tliat  they  formerly  produced  70,0001.  ; 
but  they  now  produce  only  50,000^.  The 
mines  of  cobalt  and  the  preparation  of 
Prussian  blue  is  much  more  productive.  It 
abounds  in  lakes  and  rivers  ;  the  former  so 
large,  that  they  appear  like  inlets  of  the 
sea. 

JK'or-vich,  ancient  and  populous  ci  ty,  the 
capital  of  Norfolk,  with  a  market  on  Wed- 
nesday, Friday,  and  Saturday.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  now  much  decayed,  and 
seated  on  the  Yare,  wdiich  runs  througii  it, 
and  is  navigable  to  Yarmouth  without 
locks.  Though,  as  it  has  been  said,  it  is  a 
populous  city,  yet  there  is  void  enough  in 
it  for  another  colony  ;  and,  from  the  inter- 
mixture of  its  houses  with  trees,  it  is  called 
a  city  in  an  oi'chard.  Its  manufactures  are 
generally  sent  to  London,  though  con- 
siderable (juantities  are  exported  from 
Yarmouth  to  Holland,  Germany,  Sweden, 
and  Norwav,  Sec.  By  a  late  cn.lcnlation 
741 


NOT 


NOT 


frftm  the  number  of  looms  at  work  in  the 
city  only,  it  appeared  there  were  no  less 
tlian  120,000  people  employed  in  their 
nianufaclures  of  wool,  s.ik,  &c.  in  a'.id 
about  the  :o\vn,  including  those  employed 
in  spinning  the  y;irn  used  for  such  goods 
as  are  all  made  in  thi.^  city.  There  is  a 
stocking  manufactory  also  here,  which  hus 
been  c. imputed  at  60,000/.  a  year.  It  is  43 
miles  N  of  Ipswich,  and  109  NE  of  Lon- 
don. Lon  1  20  E,  lat.  52  40  N.  Popula- 
tion in  1811,  37,256. 

JVor~Mch,  township  of  Upper  Canada,  in 
Oxford  county,  on  ihe  river  Thames. 

Js'ondch,  post  town  and  township,  Wind- 
sor county,  Vermont,  opposite  Hanover,  on 
Connecticut  river,  21  miles  above  Windsor. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  military  academy.  Po- 
pulation 2000. 

JVor-zvich,  township  of  Hampshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  15  miles  W  from  North- 
ampton.    Population  in  1820,  849. 

JVonvich,  city  of  New  London  county, 
Connecticut. 

JVovwich,  township  of  Chenango  county, 
New  York,  containing  2550  inhabitants  in 
1810;  and  in  1820,  3257.  It  lies  about 
100  miles  W  of  Albany, 

JVoitvicIi,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Ohio,  on  Sciota  river,  eight  miles  above 
Columbus.     Population  in  1820  257. 

JVossen,  town  ot  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Muldau, 
18  miles  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  0  E,  lat. 
51  2  N. 

A'otchengong,  town  of  the  Deccan  in  the 
province  of  Berar,  75  miles  SSW  of  Ellich- 
pour.     Lon.  79  17  E,  lat  20  32  N. 

J\i'oieburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Petersburg,  seated  on  an  island  in 
the  lake  Ladoga,  at  the  place  v.here  the 
river  Neva  proceeds  from  this  lake.  It  !ias 
a  good  citadel,  and  was  capital  of  Ingria, 
before  Petersburg  was  built.  It  is  25  miles 
E  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  31  9  E,  lat.  59 
56  N. 

J\''oio,  ancient,  large  and  handsome  town 
of  Sicily,  and  capital  of  Val-di-Noto.  It 
was  ruined  l)y  an  earthquake  in  1693,  but 
another  town  was  built  at  some  distance 
from  it,  called  Nota  Nuovo.  It  is  22  miles 
SW  of  Syracuse.  Lon.  15  19  E,  1st.  36 
50  N. 

J^Totre  Dame  cles  Anges,  signiory,  Que- 
bec county.  Lower  Canada,  opposite  Que- 
bec. 

j\i'oUav)aii,  river,  rises  in  Prince  Edward, 
Nottaway,  and  Lunenburg,  counties  Virgi- 
nia, and  flowing  nearly  E,  between  Dinwid- 
dle, and  Brunswick,  and  Greenville  into 
Sussex  ;  there  turns  to  SE  through  Sussex 
and  Southampton,  joins  Blackwater  just 
within  the  limits  of  North  Carolina.  En- 
tire comparative  course  /20  miles.  Below 
the  iunf  tion  of  the  Nottawr.v  and  Black- 
742 


water,  the  united  streams  flows  S  about  IS 
miles,  and  uniting  with  the  Meh6rin,  forms 
tlie  Cliijwa'.v  river. 

.Xottaivay,  coimty  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
by  D:nwiddit  SE ;  Brrnswick  S;  Lunen- 
burg SW  ;  Prince  Edward  NW  ;  and  Ame- 
lia NE.  Leng'h  22  ;  mean  width  12  ;  and 
area,  264  square  miles.  It  is  washed  in  all 
the  SW  borders  by  the  Nottaway.and  About 
h-dfthe  cooiity  drained  by  the  creeks  of 
tiiat  river.  Its  NE  moiety  is  drained  by  Flat 
creek,  Deep  creek,  Winticomock,  and 
otliers  flowing  into  Appomattox  river. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -        1,380 
do.  do.  females  -        -        1,350 

Total  whites  -  -  -  -  2,730 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        .  180 

Slaves 6,368 

Total  population  in  1810  -        9,278 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -        1.396 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,419 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  2 

To'sl  whites         .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females    - 

Slaves,  males       .        -        -        - 

do.     females  ... 


Total  population  in  1820.  -        9,658 

Of  these ; 

F>ireigners  not  naturalized            -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         -  3,170 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         -  238 

do.       in  Commerce         -         -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  062. 

J\''ottelen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishoprick  ot  Mun- 
ster,  seven  miles  W  of  Munster. 

JN'ottinghum,  East  and  West,  the  two  SW 
and  contiguous  townships  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pc-nnsylv.'-nia,  containing  together,  2051 
inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1960. 
They  are  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Oc- 
torara  creek,  and  joiit  the  state  of  Mary- 
land. 

J\'ottingham,  county  town  of  Nottingham- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  emi- 
nence, crowned  by  its  custle  ;  a  magnificent 
modern  structure,  belonging  to  the  duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  bud'  on  the  site  of  an 
ancient  fortress,  celebrated  in  English  his- 
tory. It  is  a  populous  and  handsome  tov.n, 
distinguished  by  its  spacious  marketplace, 


.\  o  \ 


N   O   \ 


and  noted  tor  its  excellent  aie.  It  is  one  of 
tlie  pri!!cipal  seats  "t'the  stocking  manufac- 
tiire,  [>-i-i  ciiiariv  ot'llie  finer  kinds  as  iliose 
of  silk  a  id  coitoii,  and  iias  also  a  inanufac- 
ture  of  c-arre  eart'^^en  svar  .  It  lias  three 
parish  c'luiches,  and  scv  ral  meetings  for 
the  d'.Siien'.ers.  It  is  rtiDnrkabie  foi  its 
vaults,  or  ceU^rs  cut  into  the  rock  ;  and  in 
the  neifflibuurh-  od  are  many  coal  pits, 
which  afford  plenty  of  fuel,  ac  liitle  ex- 
pense. Not'ingham  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  seated  on  a  river  which  communi- 
cates \vitl»  the  Trent,  oRe  mile  \.o  tlie  S. 
It  is  IG  miles  E  of  D^rbv,  and  123  N  by  VV 
of  London.     Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  52  58  N. 

J\'uttingham,  post  town  in  Rockingiiam 
county,  New  Mampshire,  24  n^des  \W  of 
Portsmoutii.  witii  964  iniiabitants  in  1810; 
andinlS20,  1120. 

JWumgluim,  West,  town  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E  side  -'f 
Merrimack  river,  45  miles  N  by  W  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  a  post  office  and  1267  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1227. 

JVotting/iain,  township  of  Burling:!  on  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  3633. 

JVottingham,  NE  townsidp  of  Washing- 
ton county,  PennsyWana,  on  Mononguhela 
river,  18  miles  from  Washington.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  2100. 

Nottingham,  post  town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of  Patux- 
ent  river,  27  miles  SE  of  Wasliington. 

JK'oitlngham,  a  hilly  township  of  Harrison 
county,  Ohio,  seven  miles  W  from  Cadiz. 
This  township  contains  the  viiLige  of  Moor- 
field.     Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

JVotiiiig/uunsIiire,  county  of  England,  48 
miles  long,  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Ycrk-.hire  and  Lincolnslnre,  on  the  E 
by  the  latter  county,  on  the  S  by  Leices- 
tershire, and  on  the  W  by  Derbyshire.  It 
lies  in  tiiC  diocess  of  York  :  contains  95,000 
inhabitants,  and  s'jnds  eight  members  to 
parliament.  No  county  in  England  enjoys 
a  pleasanter  and  healthier  air.  As  for  tlie 
soil,  it  differs  widely  in  various  parts  of  the 
county.  Towards  the  W  where  lies  the 
forest  of  Sherwood,  v/hich  takes  up  the 
greatest  part  of  it,  it  is  sandy,  but  the  S 
and  E  parts,  watered  by  the  Trent,  and 
rivers  tlrat  fall  into  it,  are  fruitful  botli  in 
corn  and  pasture  ;  but  the  former  produces 
little,  except,  wood,  coal,  and  some  lead. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent,  and 
Idle  ;  the  former  inferior  only  to  the  Se- 
vern, Thames,  and  Humber.  Population 
in  1801,140,350;  m  1811,  162,000;  and  in 
1821,  186,873. 

A'ovalle,  small,  but  populous  town  of 
Italy,  10  miles  NE  of  Padua,  and  12  SW  of 
Treviso.     Lon.  12  10  E,  Int.  45  29  N. 

.A'ovarn,    ancient  and    strong   town  of 


itaiy,  \n  the  duchy  of  Milan,  capital  of  tiie 
Novarese,  with  a  bisiiop's  see.  It  is  sei- 
ed  on  afi  emin'-nce,  12  miles  NE  of  VerceJ, 
and  25  W  by  S  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  35  E,  laf. 
45  25  N.      '  1 

jYova  Scotia,  or  JxaiUa,  province  of  Bil- 
tish  North  America,  bounded  on  the  W  hf 
the  United  States,  on  the  N  by  the  river  S  . 
Lawrence,  on  tlie  E  by  tlie  gulf  of  tb^t 
name,  and  on  the  S  by  the  Atlantic  and  ba^' 
of  Fundy  ;  being  so  indented  by  the  latter, 
tiiat  its  eastern  part  forms  a  peninsula.  It 
extends  irom  cape  Subie,  its  most  southeiji 
poini,  in  lat.  43  23  to  49  30  N,  and  from  fiO 
15  to  67  0  W  lon.  In  1784,  part  of  ths 
country  was  formed  into  a  new  province. 
Sec  J\''ew  Brvnsxvich.  The  most  part  of  tlje 
country  is  one  continued  tract  of  forest,  aiil 
the  soil,  except  on  the  rivers'  banks,  is  thin 
and  barren.     Halifax  is  the  capital.  \ 

JSi'uva  Zemlia,  or  J^ova  Zembla,  large  an^ 
dr-solate  island,  lying  off  tlie  northern  coast 
of  Asia,  and  NE  of  Europe,  extending  front 
lat.  69  to  76  N.  It.  is  about  500  by  24(] 
miles.  It  is  uninhabited,  and  only  visited 
by  fishermen  in  .summer.  j 

J\,'o7Jelluru,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  smalj 
district  of  the  same  name,  vvith  a  castlei 
where  the  sovereign  resides.  It  is  17  mile? 
E  by  N  of  Farma,'and  20  S  by  W  of  ManJ 
tua.     Lon.  11  4  E,  lat.  44  48  N.  [ 

jYovi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  22  miles  N  W  of  Genoa.  Lon^  8  2S 
E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

,\ovi  Bazar,  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Servia,  seated  near  the  Oresco,  72  miles 
W  of  Nissn,  and  103  S  of  Belgrade.  Lon. 
21  1  E,  iat.  43  35  N. 

J\'ovigrad,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital ot  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle  ;  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Da- 
nube, 25  miles  N  o.^  Buda. 

JVovigrad,  town  of  Dilmatia,  with  a  cas- 
tle ;  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  17  miles  E  of  No- 
na, .and  25  N  W  of  Zara. 

A''ovlgrail,  strong  place  of  Eviropean  Tur- 
key, in  Servia,  seated  near  the  Danube,  35 
miles  N  of  Nissa. 

jK'ovogorod,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  and  formerly 
called  Great  Novogorod,  to  distinguish  it 
from  other  towns  of  tlie  same  appellation. 
It  was  for  a  long  time,  governed  by  its  own 
dukes  ;  and  Vv'as  in  fact,  a  republic,  under 
tlie  jurisdiction  fflf  a  nominal  sovereign.  Its 
territory  extended  to  the  N  as  far  as  the 
Irontiers  of  Livonia  and  Finland;  compo- 
sing great  part  of  the  province  of  Archan- 
gel, and  a  large  district  beyond  the  NW 
limits  of  Siberia.  It  was  the  great  mart  of 
trade  between  Ku.ssia  and  the  hanseatic 
c  tie.<:,  and  made  the  most  r.apid  advances 
in  mtilence,  and  population.  Its  powtr 
743 


-\    U    i 


vas  30  great,  and  its  sliiiaUon  so  impregna- 
He,  as  to  give  rise  to  a  proverb,  Who  can 
lesist  the  gods  and  great  Novogorod  r  But 
ii  tile  15Ui  century,  ihis  independent  re- 
public was  obliged  to  submit  to  Ivan  Busi- 
bwitz  1.  grand  duke  ot  Russia.  It  cotitin- 
led,  nevertheless,  the  largest  and  most 
iommercial  city  in  Russia,  and  contained  at 
feast  400,000  souls.  It  v.as  lirst  desolated, 
in  a  manner,  by  the  cruelties  of"  Ivan  Basi- 
bwitz  il ;  but  its  splendour  was  not  totally 
(clipsed  until  Peter  the  great  built  Peters- 
lurg,  to  which  he  transferred  all  the  com- 
nerce  of  the  Baltic  that  had  before  center- 
«d  here.  It  now  contains  scarcely  7000 
souls  ;  and  a  vast  number  of  churches  and 
convents  stand  melancholy  monuments  of 
its  former  magnificence.  The  town  stretch- 
«s  on  both  sides  of  the  VoikofF,  a  river  o: 
considerable  depth  and  rapidity,  which  se- 
parates it  into  two  divisions  ;  namely,  tiie 
Trading  Part  and  the  quarter  of  St.  So- 
phia :  in  the  latter  is  a  cathe<lral  of  the 
same  name,  in  which  several  princes  of  the 
ducal  family  of  Russia  are  interred.  Novo- 
gorod is  situate  near  the  N  end  of  the  lalce 
llmen,  125  miles  SSE  of  Petersburg.  Lon. 
31  45  E,  lat.  58  25  N. 

J\rovogorod,  JViznei,  city  of  Russia,  capitrd 
of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  castle,  surround- 
ed by  stone  walls  ;  also  tv.'o  cathedrals,  28 
parish  churches,  and  five  convents.  Tiie 
trade  is  considerable,  and  the  shops  richly 
fui'nished  with  all  kinds  of  foreign  ana 
home  goods.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Occa  witli  the  Volga,  280  miles  E  by  N 
of  Moscow.     Lon.  46  30  E,  lat.  56  34  N. 

J^'ovogorod,  Sevefskoi,  town  of  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  governnrient  of  the  same 
nanae,  seated  on  the  Desna,  340  niiles 
SW  of  Moscow.  Lon.  32  40  E,  lat-  52 
20  N. 

A'ovogrodek,  town  of  Lithuania,  ca- 
pital of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  a  hill  in  a  vast  plain,  80  miles 
S  by  E  of  Wilna.  Lon.  26  8  E,  lat.  53 
25  N. 

JS'ovomirgorod,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Catherinenslaf,  136  miles 
WNVV  of  Catherinenslaf.  IjOH.  31  44 
E,  lat.  48  40  N. 

j\i'outra,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Cracow,  near  which  are  mines 
of  gold  and  silver.  It  is  30  miles  S  of 
Cracow. 

A'oxonton,  post  village  Nev.-castle 
county,  Delaware,  22  miles  SSW  from 
Wilmington. 

A''oya,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia  The 
chief  trade  is  in  shipbuilding.  It  stands  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Tambro,  15  miles  VV  of 
Compostella. 

.Xouers,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 

~M 


ment  of  Yonr.:',  seated  on  the  Serin,  \9 
miles  ESE  of  Auxerre. 

A^oyoii,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise.  It  gave  birth  to  tli%  fa- 
mous Calvin  ;  and  was  lately  an  episco- 
pal see.  It  is  seated  near  the  Oise  22 
miles  NVV  of  Soissons,  and  60  N  by  Eof 
I'aris. 

J\'ozeroy,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura,  with  a  castle,  seated  en 
a  mountain,  20  miles  SE  of  Sahns. 

.A  iibia,  country  of  Africa,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Egypt,  E  by  the  Red  Sea,  S 
by  Abyssinia  and  Darfoor,  and  V/  by 
Bornou.  It  is  about  600  miles  in  length, 
and  450  in  breadth.  The  Nile  runs 
through  it ;  on  the  banks  of  \yhich  it  is 
fruitful,  but  in  other  places  barren,  sandy, 
and  destitute  of  water.  The  productions 
of  the  country  are  gold,  e'ephants'  teeth, 
civet,  and  sandal -wood  ;  and  a  great 
many  slaves  are  sent  into  Egypt.  The 
principal  towns  known  to  the  Europeans 
are  Dangola,  and  Sennar. 

.Veustra  Seiioka- de-la- Paz ^  town  of 
South  America,  in  Peru,  and  in  the  au- 
dience of  Los  Ciiarcas,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, in  a  valley  abounding  with  vines 
and  fruits,  which  begin  to  be  ripe  in  Ja- 
nuary.    Lon.  64  5  VV,  lat.  16  50  S. 

JK'eustra  SeJioradela  Vittoria,  town  of 
North  America,  in  the  province  of  Mex- 
ico, on  the  coast  of  the  bay  of  Campeachy, 
and  in  the  province  of  Tobasco.  Lon.  92 
o5  W,  lat.  18  0  N. 

J\'eu-ua  iSi'govia,  town  of  the  East  In- 
dies, in  the  Isle  of  Luzon,  and  one  of  the 
Philippines,  with  a  bishop's  see.  The 
Portuguese  alcaied,  major  of  the  pro- 
vince, resides  at  this  place.  It  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cagayan. 
Lon.  120  30  E,  lat.  18  59  N. 

j\'uilz,  town  ( f  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  famous  for  its  excellent 
wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, 15  miles  SW  of  Dijon,  and  130  SE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

.N'umancia.  anciently  a  considerable 
town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  celebrated 
for  a  siege  of  14  years  maintained  against 
the  Romans,  who  finally  subdued  and  de- 
stroyed it,  in  the  year  133  B  C.  The 
ruins  of  it  are  still  to  be  seen,  near  the 
head  of  the  river  Dnuero.  four  miles 
above  the  town  of  Soria. 

jYun,  or  .Xedde  A''un,  province  of  Af- 
rica, separated  on  the  S  from  the  king- 
dom of  Sus,  by  a  sandy  desert.  The  em- 
peror i.i  Morocco  pretends  to  be  sove- 
reign of  this  country,  but  his  authority 
is  only  nominal.  This  vast,  but  desert 
pro'.iace,  is  inhabited  bv  different  tribes 


N  U  R 

of  Arabs,  who  are  scattered  over  every 
part  capable  of  cultivation, 

A^'undydi'oog;  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  district,  in  the 
Mysore  country.  Its  fortress  is  built  on 
the  summit  of  an  almost  inaccessible 
mountain,  ITOO  feet  in  height,  but  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  the  LnRlish  under 
lord  Cornwallis,  in  1792.  It  is  70  miles 
N  of  Seringapatam. 

Nuneaton,  town  in  Warwickshire, 
■svith  a  market  on  Saturday,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  woollen  cloth.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  nunnery,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Anker,  eight  miles  N  by  E  of 
Coventry,  and  99  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  25  w;  lat.  52  36  N. 

Xuneham^  village,  live  miles  E  by  S 
of  Oxford ;  remarkable  for  its  Spinning 
Feast,  an  annual  festival,  instituted  by 
loid  and  lady  Harcourt,  for  the  encour- 
agement of  virtue  and  industry. 

JVunny,  village  in  Somersetshire,  two 
miles  S\V  of  Frome,  with  a  fair  in  No- 
vember. It  is  remarkable  for  an  old  cas- 
tle taken  by  the  parliament's  forces  in 
1645,  the  shell  of  which  is  still  entire, 
and  a  fine  piece  of  antiquity. 

Nuremburg,  or  A'uremh^rg,  free  im- 
perial city  of  Germany,  caiJ.taV  of  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  with  a  university.  It 
is  six  miles  in  circumference,  surround- 
ed by  high  walls,  flanked  with  365  tow- 
ers ;  and  the  river  Pegnitz,  over  which 
are  12  stone  bridges,  runs  through  the 
middle,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts. 
The  government  is  aristocratical ;  and 
the  townsmen  are  divided  into  eight 
quarters,  each  of  which  has  a  captain. 
I'he  burgesses  are  very  industrious,  and 
the  best  workmen  in  arts ;  their  maps 
and  prints  are  in  high  esteem,  as  well  as 
their  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments; nor  are  they  less  curious  in  clock 
work,  and  in  the  several  manufactures 
of  iron,  steel,  ivory,  wood,  and  alabaster. 
The  best  toys  are  made  here,  which  are 
commonly  known  in  England  by  the  name 
of  Dutch  toys.  Here  is  a  famous  acade- 
my for  painting,  an  anatomical  theatre, 
and  a  public  library.  The  ancient  and 
supurb  castle  or  palace,  which  the  inha- 
bitants bought  of  the  burgaves,  is  still 
standing  at  the  extremity  of  the  city  ; 
and  the  arsenal  is  one  of  the  best  in  Ger- 
many. The  houses  are  built  of  free-stone, 
and  are  four  or  five  stories  high.  No 
Jews  are  suffered  to  lodge  a  single  night 
here  ;  nor  can  they  enter  the  city  at  all 
without  paying  a  certain  tax.  Nurem- 
burg,  in  process  of  time,  has  obtained  a 
considerable  territory,  100  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, in  which  are  two  lar^e  fo- 
rests. It  is  55  miles  NW  of  RaUshoD, 
5B 


N'  V  S 

62  N  of  AOgsburg,  and  250  W  by  N  of* 
Vienna.    Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  49  27  l^'. 

Nurtingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg.  It  is  situated  on  the  Neckar,  14 
miles  SE  of  Stutgard,  and  60  E  of  Stras- 
barg.    Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  48  33  N. 

JSFusserfiour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  ca- 
pital of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  80 
miles  NE  of  Tatta.  Lon.  68  20  E,  lat. 
2  20  N. 

JWiys,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec^ 
torate  of  Cologne.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794:  and  is  seated  on  the 
ErfTt,  five  miles  SW  of  Dusseldorf,  and 

20  N\V  of  Cologne.    Lon.  6  52  E,  lat. 
51  11  N: 

A'yborg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  Funen,  seated  in  a  commodious  bay« 
It  has  the  remains  of  an  old  palace,  in 
which  Christian  II.  was  born,  and  is  10 
miles  E  of  Odensee.    Lon.  10  40  E,  lat. 

55  30  N. 

Nyland,  province  of  Sweden,  in  Fin- 
land, lying  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  to  the 
W  of  Carelia. 

J\'y77iburg,  strong  town  of  Bohemia^ 
seated  on  the  river  Elbe.  The  Saxons 
took  i'c  by  assault  in  1634.  Lon.  13  2& 
E.  lat.  50  8  N, 

jVyon,  commercial  town  of  Swisser- 
land  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle. 
Here  are  a  great  many  Roman  inscrip- 
tions, and  it  is  a  trading  place.  It  is 
seated  near  the  lake  of  Geneva,  10  miles 
NNE  of  that  city.    Lon.  6  12  E,  lat.  46 

21  N. 

A^yiins,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drcome,  Rnd  late  jirovince  of 
Daupliiny,  seated  on  the  river  Aigufes, 
over  which  it  has  a  lofty  bridge  of  one 
arch,  the  work  of  the  Romans,  and  a  mi- 
neral spring  named  Pcntias,  and  some 
manufactures  of  soap  and  woollen  stuffs. 
It  is  eight  miles  NW  of  Bliis.  Lon.  5  15 
E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

A'yslot,  strong  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
goveniment  of  Livonia,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Narova,  among  large 
marshes,  20  miles  SW  of  Narva,  and  69 
N  of  Wiburg.    Lon.  29    10  E,   lat.  61 

56  N. 

JWj&tadt,  tewn  of  Sweden,  in  Finland, 
noted  for  a  peace  concluded  here,  in 
1721,  betv»reen  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
and  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  it  is  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  55  miles 
NW  of  Abo.    Lon.  31  1  E,  lat.  61  10  N. 

Jyysttdy  or  JVyested,  town  of  Denmark, 
in  the  island  of  Jjaland,  with  a  conside- 
rable trade  to  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg 
and  other  places  of  Germany.  Lpn»  11 
4'  E,  lat.  54  43  R 

745 


O  A  K 


o 


Oakfuskee,  river  of  the  United  States, 
sometimes  called  the  Tallapoose.  It  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  and  after 
running  through  the  state  in  a  SW  course, 
it  enters  Alabama.  Thence  it  passes 
nearly  due  S,  till  it  joins  the  Coosa,  and 
forms  the  Alabama.  The  united  streams 
are  afterwards  joined  by  the  Tombigbee, 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Mexico,  near 
Mobile. 

Oak  Grove,  post  office  Lunenburg 
county,  Virginia. 

Oak  Hall,  post  office  Greenville  dis- 
trict South  Carolina. 

Oakham,  or  Okeliam,  county  town  of 
Rutlandshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. Near  the  church  remain  the  decay- 
ing walls  of  an  old  castle  ;  and  four  sil- 
ver pennies  of  the  later  Mercian  kings 
were  found  here  in  1749.  It  is  seated  in 
the  centi'e  of  a  fertile  valley,  called  the 
Vale  of  Catmose,  28  miles  S  by  E  of  Not- 
tingham, and  98  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  46  W,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Oakham,  post  village  and  township, 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  19 
miles  NVV  from  Worcester.  Population 
1810,  848,  and  in  1820,  986. 

Oakhampton,  or  Ockhamfiton,  borough 
in  Devonshire,  with  a  market  on  Satur- 
day. It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  has 
large  remains  of  a  castle,  dismantled  by 
Henry  VIII.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ock,  24  miles  W  of  Exeter,  and  195  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  5  W,  lat.  50 
48  N. 

Oakhill,  post  office  Green  county.  New 
YoFk. 

Oakhill,  post  office  Fauquier  county, 
Virginia. 

Oakhill,  post  office,  Mecklenburg  coun- 
ty, Virginia, 

Oakhill,  post  office,  Laurens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Oakland,  county  of  Michigan  territory, 
on  Huron  of  lake  St  Clair,  lying  N\V 
from  Wayne  and  W  from  Macomb  coun- 
ty, and  about  40  miles  N W  from  Deti'oi't. 
The  land  of  this  county  is  excellent,' and 
since  1818,  when  the  United  States  lands 
were  sold,  settlements  have  very  rapidly 
progressed. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -  199 

do.  do.    females  -        -  122 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

^46 


Total  whites 

Fiee  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do,     females 

Slaves,  males 
do,    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


321 
6 

o 
0 
0 

330 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  117 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  2 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  f27 

Oakmulgee,  river  of  Georgia.  It  is  a 
considerable  stream  which  rises  in  the 
Creek  country,  and  when  joined  by  the 
Oconee,  forms  the  Altamaha;  the  latter 
falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between 
M'Intosh  and  Glynn  counties, 

Oakor chard,  creek  of  New  York,  in 
Gennessee  county,  rises  near  the  Tonne- 
wanto,  and  flows  north  into  lake  Ontario. 
It  is  one  of  the  intended  feeders  of  the 
Erie  canal. 

Oak,  post .  ffice,  Hanover  county,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Oarom,  river  of  South  America,  in 
Guiana,  the  SE  branch  of  the  Paraguay 
of  Orinoco. 

Oaxaca,  intendancy  of  Mexico,  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  ;  the  intend- 
ancy of  Puebla  W  and  NW  ;  Vera  Cruz 
N  and  NE  ;  and  Guatimala  E.  Length 
from  E  to  W  240 ;  mean  width  180  ;  and 
area  about  34,000  square  miles.  Between 
lat.  15  40,  and  18^*  N. 

This  intendancy  is  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful countries  on  this  part  of  the  globe. 
The  beauty  and  salubrity  of  the  climate, 
the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  richness 
and  variety  of  its  productions,  all  com- 
bine to  minister  to  the  prosperity  of  its 
inhabitants ;  therefore,  this  province  has 
accordingly  from  the  remotest  periods, 
been  the  centre  of  an  advanced  civiliza- 
tion. In  Puebla,  Mexico,  and  Valladolid, 
the  substrata  are  composed  of  basaltes, 
amygdaloid,  and  porphyry  ;  but  in  the 
Mixtecan  and  Zapotecan  ranges  of  Oaxa- 
ca, granite  and  kneiss  are  the  prevaihng 
rocks.  The  mountain  summits  of  Oaxaca 
have  not  been  scientifically  determined, 
but  from  the  circumstance,  that  from 
some  of  the  peaks,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  Pacific  Ocean  are  visible,  the  eleva- 
tion must  exceed  7000  feet. 

The  surface  of  this  region  though 
mountainous,  may  be  considered  in  gene- 
ral as  an  inclined  plane,  sloping  from 


O  li  E 


ii  U   C 


rooo  feet  to  the  level  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Some  very  remarkable  Aztec  ruins  are 
found  in  Oaxaca.  See  Pijramids,  Ame- 
rican. 

The  list  of  vegetable  productions  of 
Oaxaca,  are  commensurate  with  nearly 
all  plants  cultivated  by  civilized  man  in 
the  temperate  zones,  and  tropical  regions. 
Its  principal  rivers  are,  the  Chimalapa, 
falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Tehuantepec, 
and  the  CUicometepec  entering  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  in  the  SW  part  of  the  in- 
tend an  cy. 

Its  most  productive  mines  are,  those 
of  Villalta,  Zolaga,  Yxtepexi,  and  Tc- 
tomostla. 

The  cities  of  Oaxaca,  are  Oaxaca,  San 
Antonio  de  los  Cues,  and  Tehuantepec 

The  family  of  Hernando  Cortez,  are 
styled  Marquises  of  the  valley  of  Oaxaca. 
Their  property  is  composed  of  the  four 
villas  del  Marquesado,  and  49  villages, 
which  contain  18,000  inhabitants. 

Oaxaca,  city  of  Mexico,  and  capital  of 
the  intendancy,  by  the  same  name  stands 
on  one  of  the  confluents  of  the  Chicomete- 
pec  rivers,  240  miles  SSE  from  the  citv 
of  Mexico.  Lon.  W  C  20  2  W,  lat.  16  55 
N.  It  is  the  ancient  Huaxyacac,  called 
by  the  early  Spanish  writers  on  Mexico, 
Antequera.  It  enjoys  an  atmosphere  of 
peculiar  serenity,  but  the  country  is  sub- 
ject to  eai-thquakes.  Population  25,000. 
Oban,  village  iri  Argyleshire,  seated 
on  the  seaccast,  where  there  is  an  ex- 
cellent fishing  station  and  a  custom- 
house. 

Obdach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Stiria,  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  tlie  rivers  Achza  and  Traun,  three 
miles  below  the  lake  Chienzee,  and  35  VV 
of  Gratz.     Lon.  14  43  E,  lat.  47  3  N. 

Oberkirch,  town  and  castle  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and 
late  province  of  Alsace,  lately  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Scrasburg,  from 
which  place  it  is  three  miles  distant.  Lon. 
7  SO  E,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Oberndorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  Black  Forest, 
subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Town, 
and  seated  on  the  Neckar,  14  miles  N 
of  Roth  well.  Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  48  22  N, 
Ober7ifierg,  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Inn,  15  miles  S  of 
Passau,  to  whose  bishop  it  belongs.  Lon. 
13  36  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Oberstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
inver  Nahe,  30  miles  E  by  S  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  26  E,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Oberivesel,  formerly  an  imperial  town 


uf  (iermany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  and  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  40  miles  ENE  of  Treves. 
L  n.  7  48  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 
Obi.    See  Oby. 

Obian,  NW  river  of  Tentiessee,  rises 
in  Henry  and  CaroU  counties,  flows  SW 
by  W,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  at  N 
lat.  35  56. 

Obidos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadu- 
ra,  with  r.  strong  castle  on  a  rock,  13  miles 
E  of  Peniche,  and  38  NNE  of  Lisbon. 

Obollah,  strong  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agemi,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Tigris, 
near  Bassora. 

Obskaia,  gulf  or  bay  of  Siberia,  in  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  about  360  miles  from  N  to 
S,  and  from  45  to  60  in  breadth.  Near  the 
nr.iddle  of  its  E  side  brandies  out  the  gulf 
of  Tazov/skaia,  about  140  miles  long  and 
30  broad.  The  SW  extremity  of  the  gidf 
of  Obskaia,  where  the  river  Oby  enters  it, 
is  in  lon.  69  15  E,  lat.  66  55  X. 

Gbvinsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
irent  of  Perm,  .siUlate  on  the  Kama,  60 
miles  N  of  Perm.  Lon.  56  0  E,  lat.  58 
41  N. 

Obij,  or  Ob,  largest  river  of  Siberia,  and 
of  the  Russian  empire.  It  issues  from  the 
lake  Altyn,  in  the  desert  of  Iscliimska,  and 
runs  NW  and  ^\^  by  Kolivan,  Narim,  and 
Surgut,  till  it  receives  the  Iriysh  from  To- 
bolsk, when  i„  flows  N  andNE  till  it  enters 
the  gulf  of  Obskaia,  after  a  course  of  1900 
miles.  It  is  navigable  almost  to  its  source, 
and  is  a  large  smooth  stream,  abounding  in 
fish.  Ill  its  course,  especially  after  the 
influx  of  the  Irtysh,  it  forms  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands. 

Ocarfa,  town  of  Colombia,  in  New  Gra- 
nada, on  an  eastern  branch  of  the  Magda- 
lenu.     Lon.  VV  C  3  56  E,  lat.  8  10  N. 

Ocano,  tov/n  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
seated  on  a  plain,  abounding  in  all  the  ne- 
cessaries of  life,  18  iniles  E  of  Toledo. 
Lon.  2  50  W,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Ocntahoola,  parish  of  Louisiana ;  bounded 
by  Concordia  E  and  SE;  Rapides  S  and 
SW;  and  Wasliitiin  NW  .ind  N.  Length 
70  ;  mean  widt.i  29  ;  and  area  2000  .square 
miles.     See   Catukoola. 

Ocatahoola  river.     See  Catalioola  rivei^ 
Ocatahoo'.a  lake.     See  Catcihoola  lake. 
Occa,  large  river  of  Russia,  which  falls 
Into  the  Vcilga,  near  Nishnei  Novogorod, 
See  Olca. 

Occoqiilian,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Fauquier,  and  flowing  E,  across  that  coun- 
ty, and  thence  between  Prince  William 
and  Fairfax,  f^lls  into  tlie  Potomac  about 
20  miles  heloiur  Washinglon  City._  It  is 
navigable  for  small  vessels  15  miles  to 
Colchester. 

Occoqulian,  post  office.  Prince  William 
county,  Virginia,  20  miles  SSW  from 
Washinsrton  Citv. 

74T 


O  D  E 


O  E  D 


Qchrida,  town  of  Eiiropenn  Turkey,  in 
Albania,  100  miles  N  from  Joanina,  on  Like 
Ochrida,  from  which  issues  the  river  Diuro. 
See  Locrida. 

Ochseiifurt,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  and  in  the  bishopric  of 
Wurtzbii :•£!;•,  on  the  Maine,  10  miles  SE  of 
Wurtzburg.     Lon.  10  10  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Ochsenhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  14  miles  S  of  Ulmi,  and  40 
WSW  of  Augsburg-.  Lon.  10  11  E,  lat.  48 
ION. 

Ocker,  river  of  Eower  Saxony,  which 
rises  in  the  S  part  of  the  dncliy  of  Bruns- 
wick,  runs  by  Goslar,  Woifenbuttle,  and 
Brunswick,  and  falls  into  the  Aller,  W  of 
Gythorn. 

Oconee,  river  of  Georgia,  NE  branch  of 
the  Alatamaha.  It  rises  in  Hall  county, 
Georgia,  and  flowing  SSE  about  170  miles, 
by  comparative,  courses  joins  the  (!)akmul- 
^e  to  form  the  Alatamaha.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  of  considerable  size  to  Mil- 
ledgevilie. 

Ocrncoke  Inlet,  unites  Albemarle  to 
Pamlico  Sound,  on  the  coast  of  Tyrrell 
county.  North  Carolina.  It  has  a  depth  of 
14  feet  upon  its  most  shallow  bar. 

Ocrida.     See  I,oochnda. 

Octarnro,  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  rises 
in  Lancaster  and  Chester  counties,  and 
flowing  SSW,  enters  Cecil  county,  Mary- 
land, and  falls  into  Susquehannah  river, 
about  10  miles  above  Havre  de  Grace. 
Prom  about  three  miles  S  of  tlie  Gap 
tavern  on  the  Lancaster  mad,  to  the  line 
between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  it 
separates  Lancaster  and  Cliestcr  counties. 

Octtmara,  bay  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela, 
about  15  miles  E  from  Porto  Cavaflo. 

Oczakow,  OP  Otchalwf,  seaport  and  fop- 
tress  of  Russia,  in  the  governnunt  of  Catha- 
sinenslaf.  It  war.  taken  by  storm  by  the 
Russians,  in  1788,  and  was  confirmed  to 
Russia  by  the  sub.seqiient  peace.  This 
important  place  is  the  bey  to  both  the  Mog 
and  the  Dnieper,  rivers  of  great  conse- 
quence to  tliis  part  of  the  empire.  It  is 
Seated  near  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  K  side 
of  the  estuary  of  the  Dneiper,  opposite 
Kinburn,  50  miles  W  of  Cherson,  and  190 
N  by  E  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  30  30  E, 
lat.  46  35  N. 

Oddena,  town  of  Guinea.  See  George 
dd  JUina. 

Odenbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  DeiiK  Ponts,  on  the  Glan,  34 
miles  SWofMentz. 

Odmis-ee,  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the 
isle  of  Funen.  It  supplies  the  greatest 
part  of  the  army  with  ail  "Iheir  leather  ac- 
coutrements, and  is  particularly  famous  for 
gloves.  Here  are  also  m&nufactures  of 
cloth,  sugar,  and  soap.  It  is  situated  on  a 
riverj  six  miles  from  the  bay  erf  Stegestrand, 
T4fi       " 


and  90  W  bv  S  of  Copenhagen.    Lon.  10 
17  E,  lat.  55  30  X. 

Oder,  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  moimtains  of  Moravia,  and 
flows  N  to  Oderberg  ;  then  passes  by  Rati- 
bor,  Oppeln,  Breslau,  and  Glogau,  in  Sile- 
sia ;  Crossen,  Frankfort,  Lebus,  Custrin, 
and  FrJnwalt,  in  Brandenburg  ;  and  Gartz, 
Stettin,  Camin,  Wollin,  Usedom,  and  Wol- 
gast,  in  Pomerania.  Below  Ste'.tin  it  forms 
a  large  lake  or  bay,  called  Gross  Haff",  and 
then  enters  the  Baltic  Sea  by  three  chan- 
nels, called  Peene,  Swin,  and  Diwenow  ; 
between  which  lie  the  islands  of  Usedom 
and  Wollin. 

Oderberg,  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Silesia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Oder,  at  the  influx  of  the  Elsa,  18  miles  N 
NW  of  Teschen. 

Oderberg,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  situate  on  the  Oder,  25  miles 
NW  of  Custrin. 

Odernheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine ;  seated  on  the  Seltz, 
14  miles  S  of  Mentz. 

Odernheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux  Ponts ;  seated  on  the  Glao, 
near  its  conflux  with  the  Nahe,  28  miles  S 
W  of  Mentz. 

Odessa,  fortified  seaport  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Catherlnenslaf,  seated  on  a 
gulf  of  the  Black  Ses,  44  miles  W  by  S  of 
Oczakow.  Lon.  30  24  E,  lat.  46  28  N. 
This  place,  formerly  an  obscure  village, 
wa"5  chosen  by  Catherine  II,  in  1792,  as  a 
suitable  place  to  form  a  Russian  emporium 
on  the  Black  sea.  The  bay  is  spacious, 
deep,  and  bottomed  with  fine  sand  or 
gravel.  The  adjacent  regions  on  the 
Dnieper,  Bog,  and  Dniester,  are  in  a  high 
degree  productive.  Its  advance  has  been 
extremely  rapid  in  1804,  it  contained 
15,000 ;  "in  1820,  36,0U0,  and  at  present, 
(November  1822,)  it  is  probable  above 
40,rK)0  inhabitants.  Its  chirf  export  staple 
is  grain.  Tallow,  Ivdes,  &c.  are  also  ex- 
ported in  small  quantities.  The  prospect 
is  fair,  that  Odessa  will  become  one  of  the 
greatest  marts  of  the  eastern  continent. 

Odeypour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
Jushpour,  in  the  province  of  Orissa.  It  is 
60  miles  NE  of  liuttenpour,  and  220  NW 
of  Cattack.     Lon.  83  22  E,  lat.  22  37  N. 

Odihani,  town  in  Hampshire,  on  the  Ba- 
singstoke canal,  24  miles  NE  of  Winches- 
ter, and  42  W  by  S  of  London. 

Oebifeld,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
<luc!iy  of  Magdeburg,  seated  on  the  Aller, 
22  miles  NE  of  Brunswick. 

Oedenburg,  or  Soprony-JVorivegye,  pa- 
latinate of  West  Hungary,  commencing 
about  40  miles  SSE  from  "Vienna. 

Oederan,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  sitiiate  near  the  Flobe,  nine  miles  ENE 
of  Chemnir?:. 


O  (i  ]) 


O  G  I, 


OeUziul,  island  of  Sweden,  in  Uie  BaUlc,  town  is  high,  bold,  and  pleasing;  and  the 
separaced  froiT»  tl-.e  coast  of  Gothland,  by  mouth  of  the  Oswegatclie  affords  an  ex- 
a  strait  12  miles  broad  v\  the  narrowest  cellent  harbour.  It  is  the  lowest  point  of 
part.  It  is  80  miles  long-,  but  not  more  ship  navigation,  on  St.  Lawrence  from  lake 
than  nine  broad.  Tiie  N  part  has  fine  fo-  Ontario.  The  Gallop  rapid s  commence 
rests,  quarries  of  excellent  freestone  ;  but  abf)ut  five  miles  below.  Ii  is  the  seat  of 
the  S  part  is  more  level ;  and  very  fertile,  some  mdls,  and  manufactures  ,  and  stands 
Both  parts  abound  in  alum  mines.  Bork-  opposite  to  I'rescott,  in  Upper  Canada,  65 
holm  is  the  chief  town,  seated  on  the  strait,  miles  by  land  NE  from  Sackett's  Harbour, 
22  miles  ENE  of  Calmar.  Lon.  16  50  E,  and  about  120  miles  above  Montreal.  Po- 
lat.  56  48  N.  pulation  about  300. 

Oelfeltytown  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  Ogeechee,  river  of  Georgia,  rising  in 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Alier,  25  Greene  coimty,  and  flowing  SE,  between 
miles  E  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  11  20  E,  lat  the  confluents  of  the  Alatamaha,  and  Savan- 
52  27  N.  nah  rivers,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by 

Dels,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  pvinci-  Ossabow  Sound,  20  miles  S  from  Savannah, 
pality  of  tile  same  name.  It  passes  by  Georgetown  in  Warren,  and 

Oels,  principality  of  Silesia,  forming  part    Louisville  in  .Jefferson  county, 
of  the  goverment  of  Breslau.  Oginski  canal,  between  the  governments 

Oelsnitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony  in  the  of  Bielsk,  and  Minsk,  in  Bussian  Poland, 
territory  of  Voiglland,  seated  on  the  El-  It  commences  in  the  lasiolda,  which  falls 
ster.     Lon.  12  10  E,  lat-  50  19  N.  into  the  Prypiez,  and  thence  into  tiie  Dnie- 

Oesel,  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast  per,  and  terminates  near  Slonim,  in  the 
of  Livonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Schara,  a  branch  of  the  Niemen.  It  was 
Riga.  It  is  74  miles  long  and  50  broad  made  navigable  in  1784,  and  completed  in 
and  defended  by  two  forts.    It  formerly  be-    1802.     By  this  canal,  and  by  the  Dnieper, 

~      '       "       and   Niemen,   a    water  communicalion    is 
open  between  tlie  Baltic  and  Black  seas. 

Oglethorpe,  county,  Georgia ;  bounded  by 
Washington  E ;  Greene  S  ;  Ciark  VV  ;  Ma- 


longed  to  Denmark,  bat  now  to  Russia.    Its 
capital  is  Arensburg. 

Oeting,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria.    It  is 
divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Town 


and  is  seated  on  the  Inn,  eight  miles  NW  dis&n  NW  ;  and  Broad  river,  or  Elbert  NE 

of  Burkhausen.    Lon.  1244  E,  lat.  48  14  N.  Length  22  ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  440 

Oeting,  or  Oetingen,  town  of  Suabia,  cap-  square  miles.     It  lies  between  Oconee. and 

ital  of  a  county  of  the  same   name.     It  is  Broad  river  and  is  drained  by  their  con» 

sea'ed  on  the  river  Wivnitz,  12  mdes  NNW  fluen's.      The    .surface    moderately  hilly, 

of  Don.iwert,  and  35  WNW  of  Ingolstadt.  and  sod  productive.    Staples,  cotton,  grain, 

Lon.  10  40  E,  l.at.  48  58  N.  &c.    Chief  town,  Lexington. 

Offa's   Dike,  entrenchment  cast  up  by  Population  in  1810. 

Offa,   a   Saxon    king,  to   defend  England  Free  white  males       -        -        .        3,506 

against  the   incursions  of  the  Welsh.    It  do.  do.    females    -        .        -        3,351 

runs    through    Herefordshire,   Shropshire,  

Montgomeryshire,  Denbighshire,  and  Flint-  Total  whites       ....        6,857 

shire.  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

OffaiUo,  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  not  taxed        ....               5 

which  rises  in  the  Appennincs ;  passes  by  Slaves 
Conza  and  Monte  Verde ;  separates  Capi 


tanta  from  Bassilicata  and  Terra-di-Bari ; 
and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  Bar- 
letta.     It  is  the  ancient  Aufidius. 

Offenbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  on  tlie  Maine,  five  miles 
E  of  Francfort.    Lon.  8  45  E,  lat,  49  54  N. 

Offeiiburgi  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Kint- 
zig,  12  miles  SE  of  Strasburg,  and  28  S  of 
Baden.     Lon.  8  1  E,  lat.  48  31  N. 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.     females 
K\\  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites 


5,435 
12,297 


Offida,  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  marquisate   Free  persons  of  colour,  males 


Lon. 


do. 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


do.       females 


of  Ancona,   26  miles  S  of  Loretto. 
13  46  E,  lat.  42  5Z  N. 

Offutt's,  post  oflice,  Hampshire  county. 
Virginia. 

Ogclen,  township    of   Genesee  county, 
New  York.     Population  1820,  1435. 

Ogdenshurg,  post  town,  and  seat   of  jus- 
tice, St.  Lawrence  county,  New  York,  on   Foreigners  not  naturalized 
St.  Lawrence  river,  on  the  point  below  the    Engaged  in  Agriculture 
month  of  Oswegatche,    The  site  of  this  do.    in  Manufactures 

749 


Total  population  in  1820 
Of  these : 


14,046 


10 

5,989 

19? 


O  11  I 


O  H  I 


Engaged  in  Commerce  -  ^0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32  nearly. 

0/do,  NW  township  of  Alleghany  coun- 
ty, Pennylvania,  on  Ohio  river.  Population 
1820,  1477. 

Ohio,  one  of  the  western  townships  of 
Beaver  county,  Pennsylvania,  on,  and  N 
from  Ohio  river.     Population  1820,  1075. 

Ohio,  county,  of  Virginia,  bounded  by 
Washinjjton  and  Greene  couniies  in  Penn- 
sylvania"  K ;  Tyler  county  in  Virginia  S ; 
the  Ohio  river  W  ;  and  Brooke  county  in 
Virginia  N.  Length  32  ;  mean  width  10; 
and  area  320  square  miles.  The  SDrface  of 
tliis  county  is  excessively  broken  by  hills, 
and  yet  the  soil  is  almost  uniformly  pro- 
ductive. Baside  the  0!iio  river,  which 
washes  its  western  border,  it  is  watered  by 
Short  creek,  Wheel  ng  creek.  Grave  creek, 
Fish  creek,  and  Fishing  creek.  The  allu- 
vial bottoms  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  above 
creeks  are  exuberantly  fertile.  Staples, 
grain,  flour,  pork,  beef,  live  stock,  5cc. 
Chief  town,  AVheeling, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,957 

do.    do.    females         -        -        3,724 

Total  whites       ....  7,681 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        .  54 

Slaves 440 

Total  population  in  1810         -       8,175 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        .        .        4,525 

do.  do.  females  .  .  -  4,195 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .  o 

Total  whites       ....  8,720 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  30 

do.          do.             females  13 

•Slaves,  males               .        -        -  221 

do,     females            -        -        -  198 


9.182 


93 

1,494 

463 

93 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.         in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  28A. 

0/no,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded  by 
Butler  SB  ;  Green  river,  or  Muhlenburg 
S;  andSW;  Davies  NW;  Brackenridg'e 
N  ;  and  Grayson  NE.  Length  32 ;  mean 
•width  20 ;  and  area  640  square  miles. 
Chief  town,  Hartford. 

Population  in  1810 
Free  white  males     -        -        .        1,722 

do.  do.    females  -        .        1,523 

"50 


Total  whites        •        -        -  3,245 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  14 

Slaves 533 

Total  population  in  1810  -        3,792 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,789 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,603 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 

Total  whites      -        .        .        .  3,392 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  11 

do.            do.      females  -  8 

Slaves,  males      ....  246 

do.     females            -        -        .  222 

Total  population  in  1820  -        3,879 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture                -  695 

do.        in  Manufactures             -  45 

do.       in  Commerce         -         .  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Ohio,  state  of  the  United  States ; 
bounded  by  Ohio  river  or  Virgmia,  south- 
east ;  Ohio  river  or  Kentucky,  south ; 
Indiana  west ;  Michigan  territory  and 
Lake  Erie,  N  ;  and  Pennsylvania,  NE. 

miles. 
Ohio  has  an  interior  boundary,    on 
Ohio    river,   from  the    mouth  of 
Little  Beaver,  to  that  of  the  Great 

Miama, 440 

Due  north  from  the  mouth  of  Great 
Miama,   north  latitude  59  07,  to 
north  latitude  41  35,        .        -        170 
Thence  due  east  to  Lake  Erie,  -         SO 
Thence  along  tiie  southeast  shore 

of  Erie,  ...        -        150 

Thence  aiong  the  western  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania,       -        -        -  93 

Having  an  outline  of  953 

Area  40,000  =  25,600,000  acres.  N 
latitude  38  29  41  59. 

The  longest  line  in  the  State  of  Ohio, 
north-east  and  south-west,  is  300  miles. 
Its  width  between  Pensacola  ai^.d  Indiana 
227  miles. 

Though  not  marked  by  any  of  those 
bold  and  sublime  features  which  are  pe- 
culiar only  to  mountainous  countries, 
Ohio  presents  some  very  remarkable 
traits,  which  call  forth  the  utmost  atten- 
tion of  the  statist  and  philosopher. 

For  the  general  features  of  Ohio.  See 
article  Mississippi  basin,  section  Ohio 
river. 

When  it  is  known  that  the  vale  in 


O  H  I 


O  II    L 


which  the  Ohio  flows  is  from  SOU  to  409 
feet  below  the  common  level  of  the  ad- 
jacent country,  and  when  it  is  also  known, 
that  an  immense  table  land  extends 
through  the  state  in  nearly  a  north-east, 
and  south-west  direction,  the  origin  of 
the  phenomena,  which  serve  to  form 
its  physiognomy,  is  easily  traced.  The 
rugged  appearance  of  the  Ohio  banks  in 
all  their  extent  give  an  idea  of  uneven- 
ness  to  the  state,  which  an  examination 
of  its  interior  must  correct. 

Like  all  other  sections  of  the  United 
States,  Ohio  cannot  be  designated  by  any 
general  character ;  and  similar  to  every 
newly  settled  part  of  our  country,  from 
the  attention  of  early  emigrants  being 
naturally  turned  towards  the  bestsoil,  the 
river  alluvion  and  rich  prairie  margins 
have  contributed  to  give  too  high  colour- 
ing to  descriptions  of  its  lands. 

As  far  as  a  general  view  can  be  adopt- 
ed, the  toUowing  may  exhibit  the  great 
out'ines  of  the  state. 

Fifty  or  sixty  miies  from  the  Ohio 
river  hilly,  and  in  part  very  rugged ; 
formed  by  abrasion  of  water. 

The  region  in  the  rear  of  the  hilly  is 
not  level,  though  not  rising  into  hills  of 
any  considerable  elevation ;  it  is  rolling 
land,  and  presents  features  in  exact  ac- 
cordance with  what  must  rise  from  the 
theory  we  have  adopted.  The  country 
becoming  more  level  approaching  the  in- 
terior land ;  until  finally  smoothing  into 
the  elevated  plain  from  which  the  rivers 
flow  into  Lake  Erie,  or  into  Ohio  river. 

The  third  variety  is  that  of  the  plains, 
or  table  land.  This  natural  section  con- 
tains very  various  species  of  soil,  from 
rich  river  alluvion  and  prairie  to  sterile 
oak  barrens  and  marshes  :  the  latter  to 
considerable  extent. 

Another  remarkable  natural  section 
of  Ohio  lies  along  Lake  Erie.  The  slops 
of  the  country  rises  gradually  from  Ohio 
river  towards  the  sources  of  Muskingum, 
and  Cuyahoga.  On  the  latter,  a  sudden 
and  much  more  incHned  depression  falls 
towards  the  lake.  This  dividing  line,  for 
ridge  it  cannot  be  called,  does  not  con- 
form to  the  bearings  of  Erie.  At  the 
north-east  angle  of  the  state  its  appex  is 
within  three  miles,  whilst  towards  the 
sources  of  Maumee,  it  has  receded 
above  100  miles  from  the  lake. 

A  series  of  falls  interrupts  every  river 
of  Ohio,  flowing  into  Erie.  Those' which 
flow  into  Ohio  river,  except  Muskingum, 
though  all  are  rapid  in  their  descent, 
none  have  falls.  The  small  cataract  at 
Muskingum,  at  Zanesville,  is  the  last 
water-fall  in  any  stream  of  magnitude 
worthy  notice,  on  the  north-western  slope 
nf  the  Ohio  basin.    It  mav  not  be  irrele- 


vant to  remark,  that  on  all  the  vast  ex- 
tent west  from  Zanesville  to  the  sources 
of  the  Plate  and  Kansas  rivers,  and 
north-west  to  the  sources  of  Yellow 
Stone  and  Missouri  rivers,  no  cataract 
worthy  notice  has  been  discovered.  Be- 
low the  Great  Kenhawa,  on  the  south- 
eastern slope,  their  occurrence  is  equally 
rare.  The  rapids  of  Ohio  and  Muscle 
shoals,  in  Tennessee,  are  only  approaches 
to  falls,  and  br>lh  are  merely  strong  ra- 
pids, th.  'h.t  '  only  obstructing  up;  trcm, 
both  admitting  down-stream  navigation. 
Indeed  exemption  from  impediments  to 
commercial  interccurse  maybe  constantly 
kept  in  view,  as  one  of  the  most  feici 
tous  features  of  the  whole  Mi>L,'^.^sippi 
basin.  An  ;  xempiion  touiid  to -in  qual 
extent  no  where  else  on  the  g!'  be,  ex- 
cept in  the  basins  of  the  Plate,  Amazon, 
and  Oroiioco  rivers,  m  South  Anicvica 

It  would  be  a  very  interesting  s'  luticn 
to  determine  the  relative  extent  of  the 
various  liatur^il  sections  of  Ohio.  Such 
an  estimate  v/ouid  be  so  vague,  upo'i  the 
uncertain  data  we  possess,  that  p.o  satis- 
factory result  can  be  obtained.  It  may 
be  observed  thar.  the  three  sectiohs,  hiliy. 
rolling,  and  level,  are  neai'ly  of  equal  ex- 
tent, or  about  13,300  square  miles  each  ; 
and  that  the  whole  state  is,  though  une- 
qually so,  habitable.  The  result  of  the 
settlement  of  this  state  proves  its  general 
productiveness. 

1  have  been  myself  over  a  large  part 
of  the  southern  and  northern  frontiers  of 
Ohio,  and  have  every  where  found  the 
soil  favourable  to  the  purpose  of  agricul- 
ture. No  part  of  what  is  called  barrens, 
or  swamp  in  Ohio,  are  so  irreclaimable 
as  the  sandy  shores  of  the  Carolinas  and 
Florida,  the  sea  marshes  of  Louisiana  and 
Texas  ;  or  so  unproductive  as  the  inter- 
minable pine  tracts  which  reach  from 
the  Roanoice  to  Red  river. 

In  point  of  position,  its  local  is  in  many 
respects  favourable  ;  but  its  advantages 
are  more  appropriate  to  an  interior  than 
exterior  communication.  The  quantity 
of  its  arable  soil  will,  no  doubt,  combi- 
ned as  it  is  by  many  moral  causes,  su- 
perinduce a  very  dense  population  in 
Ohio ;  circumstances,  however,  coromon 
to  all  will  produce  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Il- 
linois, and  Michigan,  a  mass  of  popula- 
tion by  fav  exceeding  that  of  any  other 
equal  continuous  extent  in  the  United 
States. 

The  most  common  mineral  productions 
of  Ohio  are,  c  al  and  iron  Coal  is  found 
along  the  Ohio  and  Muskingum  rivers, 
and  iron  ore  in  various  parts  of  the 
state.  Water  impregnated  with  muriate 
of  soda,  common  salt,  has  been  found,  but 
not  in  anv  quantity  to  render  the  manu- 


O  H  I 


O  H  I 


facture  of  salt  an  object  of  any  considera- 
ble value. 

The  staples  of  this  state  are  numerous 
and  important,  consisting  of  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  Indian  corn,  whiskey,  apples,  cider, 
live  stock,  and  salted  provisions.  The 
most  frequented  commercial  outlets  are, 
by  the  (3hio,  and  Mississippi  rivei",  to 
New  Orleans  ;  by  lake  Erie  and  Detroit 
river,  to  Detroit ;  by  lakes  Erie  and  On- 
tario, and  St.  Lawrence  river  to  Mon- 
treal ;  and  by  land,  to  Pittsburg,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore. 

The  seat  of  government  is  at  Colum- 
bus, but  by  far  the  largest  town  in  che 
state,  is  the  city  of  Cincinatti,  contain- 
ing, at  present,  above  10,000  inhabitants. 
Steubenville,  Zanesville,  Cleaveland,  and 
several  others,  are  flourishing  places, 
containing  a  population  of  from  500  to 
3000. 

The  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of 
Ohio  are  the  following,  with  the  result 
of  the  census  of  1820  annexed. 


Counties. 

Adams 

Allen 

Ashtabula 

Athens 

B-lmont 

Brown 

Butler 

Cliampaign 

Clark 

Clermont 

Clinton 

Columbiana 

Coshockton 

Crawford 

Cuyahoga 

Darke 

Delaware 

Fairfield 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Gallia 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey 

Hatnilton 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland 

Hardin 

Hocking 

Huron 

Jackson 

JfiFerson 

Knox 

Lawrence 

Licking 

Logan 

Madison 

Marion 


Inhabitants^ 
10,406 

7,382 

6.338 

20,329 

13,356 

21,746 

8,479 

9,533 

15.820 

8,085 

22,033 

7,086 

6,328 
3,717 
7,639 

16,633 
6,616 

10.292 
7,098 
7,791 

10,529 
9,292 

31,764 

14,345 

12,308 

2,130 
6,675 
3,746 

18,531 
8,326 
3,499 

11,861 
3,181 
4,799 

752 


Sij,  miles.  To  Sq.  mile. 


400 

700 
750 
500 
470 
480 
460 
400 
416 
360 
864 
900 
540 
468 
672 
650 
540 
450 
520 
500 
600 
400 
470 
400 
578 
450 
630 
420 
570 
432 
900 
490 
500 
600 
430 
700 
500 
400 
530 


26 

10 

8 
40 
60 
45 
18 
24 
38 
22 
25 

6 

9 

5i 
12 
30 
14 

m 

14 
13 
26 
19 
79 

31 

30 

5 

7 

7J,- 
37^ 
14 

8 
19 

6 
12 


Medina 

Meigs 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muskingum 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky 

Sciota 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Starke 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas 

Vanwert 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne, 

Williams 

Wood 


3,082 
4,480 
8,851 
4,645 

15,999 
5,297 

17,824 

8,429 
13,149 

4,253 
10,095 
10,237 

9,169 

20,619 

852 

S,750 

2,106 
12,406 
15,546 

8,328 

1,996 
17,837 
10,425 
11,933 


760 
400 
410 
518 
480 
500 
660 
432 
400 
470 
4^0 
750 
430 
575 
?00 
650 
600 
575 
540 
418 
800 
870 
680 
432 
500 
400 
600 
720 
600 
750 


581,434       38,260 


4 
11 
21 

9 
33 
lOh 
27 

21 
30 
10 
13 

23^ 

10 
31 
6^ 
10 

5 

151 

m 

12 

34 
44i 
17" 
16| 


15 


Ohio  is  calculated  by  Mr.  Kilbourn,  in 
his  Gazetteer,  to  contain  40,000  square 
miles  That  calculation  is,  no  doubt, 
nearly  correct :  therefore,  allowing  for 
surface,  irreclaimable  swamps,  and  other 
uncultivated  tracts,  the  aggregate  of  the 
counties  will  approach  very  closely  to  the 
real  arable  land  of  Ohio. 

The  counties  of  Crawford,  Hancock, 
Harden,  Heniy,  Marion,  Paulding,  Put- 
nam, Seneca,  Vanwert,  and  Williams, 
have  been  formed  subsequent  to  the  last 
census,  and,  being  mostly  in  the  new  pur- 
chase, remain  in  great  part  uninhabited. 
These  counties,  taken  together,  amount 
to  5427  square  miles.  The  aggregate  of 
the  census  of  1820  was  but  little  influen- 
ced in  its  amount  by  the  few  inhabitants 
then  upon  this  surface ;  an  area  approach- 
ing one- seventh  part  of  the  superficies  of 
the  state.  Deducting  5427  square  miles 
from  38,260,  leaves  32,833,  as  the  really 
inhabited  surface  of  Ohio.  The  latter 
area  has,  therefore,  at  present,  if  we 
make  but  a  moderate  allowance  for  the 
augmentation  since  the  census  was  closed, 
upwards  of  eighteen  to  the  square  mile. 
I'he  uninhabited,  or  thinly  peopled  coun- 
ties, more  than  equal,  in  point  of  fertility 
of  soil,  the  general  aggregate  surface  of 
the  state,  and  will  consequently  admit,  at 
least,  an  equal  density  of  population,  or 


OKA 


9  h  U 


permit  the  addition  of  nearly  100,000  in-  SW  bmnch  of  tiie  Volga.    It  rises  ia  the 

habitants  to  the  state.  governments  of  Smolensk,  Kalouga,  and 

Tlie  progressive  population  of  Ohio  is  Orel,  flows  NE  by  E  and  falls  into  the  Vol- 

an  unmatched  phenomenon  in  the  history  ga  at  Nishnei-Novogorod,  after  acompara- 

of  colonization.    In  1783,  the  ground  now  live  course   of  600  miles.    It  passes  by 


embraced  within  its  limits,  was  one  wide 
waste.  In  1790,  3000  civilized  inhabitants 
were  only  found  on  its  surface.  In  1800, 
they  had  increased  to  42,156.  In  1810, 
the  census  presented  an  abstract  contain 


Orel,  Kalonga,  Kolomna,  lliazane,  Spaak, 
Kissiiiov,  and  Murom.  Mosqua,  on  which 
stands  Moscow,  is  one  of  its  northern 
branches.  It  is  one  of  the  best  navigable 
secondary  rivers  in  Europe,  being  passable 


iag  227,843.     In  1820,  the  state  possessed    ^^'''h  boats  to  Orel  near  its  source 


581,434  inhabitants.  It  demands  a  very 
limited  knowledge  of  the  relation  of  Ohio, 
its  admirable  position,  its  exuberant  soil, 
and  above  all,  the  effects  which  must  en- 
sue from  opening  the  western  canal  of 
New  York,  to  foresee  an  augmentation  of 
people  on  Ohio  more  rapid  in  the  next 
ten  years  than  in  any  equal  antecedent 
period. 

Ohio,  in  1820,  contained  576,572  white 
inhabitants,  and  4723  free  coloured  per- 
sons. In  point  of  classification,  the  inha- 
bitants were  comf)osed  of : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3495 
Engaged  in  agriculture  •    110,921 

Do        in  manufactures,  -     18,956 

Do        in  commerce      -        -        1,459 

Ohio  became  a  state  of  the  United 
States  in  1803. 

Ohio,  river  of  the  United  States,  the 
great  NE  branch  of  Mississippi.  See 
Mississippi,  section  Ohio. 

0/do,  southern  township  of  Gallia  coun- 
ty Ohio.    Poi)ulation  1820,  483. 

Ohio,  SW  township  of  Clermont  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  2791 


Ok-lock-one,  river  of  the  United  States, 
rises  in  Georgia,  and  flowing  SSW  falls 
into  St.  George's  Saund  40  miles  K  from 
the  mouth  of  die  Apj)alachicola  river. 
Okeham.  See  Oakham. 
Okin^ham,  or  IVokingham,  town  In  Berk- 
shire, v.ith  a  market  on  Tuesday,  eight 
miles  SE  of  Reading,  and  32  W  of  Lon- 
don.   I.on.  0  59  W,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Okotzk,  province  of  the  government  of 
Irkutzk,  in  Russia.  Its  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Okota,  in  a  bay  of  the  Eastern  Ocean. 

Oliktiburq^,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a  countpy  of  the  same  name,  The 
church  of  St.  Lambert  contains  the  tombs 
of  the  last  counts  of  Oldenburg,  which 
are  very  curious.  It  is  noted  for  its  horses ; 
and  is  seated  on  llie  Hunta,  22  miles  W  of 
Bremen,  and  45  SE  of  Embdem.  Lon. 
8  8  E,  lat.  5'o  7  N. 

Oldenburg,  Grand  duchy  of  NW  Ger- 
many ;  consisting  of,  Oldenburg,  Delmen- 
horst,  Vasel,  Jever,  and  Kniphausgn,  2250 
square  miles,  and  180,000  inhabitants ; 
principality  of  Eutin  or  Lubec  ;  200  square 
miles,  and  20,000  inhabitants  ;  and  Birken- 


Ohiofiyk  falls,  in  Youghiogheny  river,  field  170  square  miles,  and  20,000  inhabi- 

They  are  in  Fayette  county,   11  or  12  tants.      Oldenburg  was   created  a  grand 

miles  NE  from  Uniontown.  duchy,  and  its  duke  received  into  the  Ger- 

Oil  creek,  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  ri-  monic  confederation,  1815. 

sing  in  the  NE  part  of  Crawford,  and  OUlenburg,  town  of  Lower   Saxony,  Irt 

SVV  of  Warren  county,  flows  S,  and  falls  the  duchy  of  Ilolstein,  seated  near  the  Bal- 

into  the  Alleghany  river,  10  miles  above  tic,  30  mdes  N  of  Lubec.    Lon.  10  47  E, 

Franklin.    On  it  is  a  remarkable  spring,  lat,  54  22  N. 

on  the  waters  of  which,  a  mineral  oil  is  Oldendnrf,  town  of  Ldwer  Saxony,  in  the 

found  to  float.  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated  on  the  We- 


Oil  creek,  SE  townsbJp  of  Crawford 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  1820, 
495. 


naw 

N. 


and  Esca.    Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  53  16 


Oldendorf,  town  of  Westphalia,  in   the 


Oil  spring,  post  office,  Catharaugus  cQua-  territory  of  Schavenburg,  seated   on  tl;e 

ty.  New  York.  Weser,  28  miles  SW  of  Hanover]    Lon, 

Oisans,  town  of  France  in  the  depart-  9  31  E,  lat  52  16  N. 
ment  of  Isere   and  late  province  of  Dau-        Oldenzecl,  town  id  the  United  Provinces 

phiny,  28  miles  SE  of  Grenoble.     Beau-  of  Overyssel,  30  miles  E  of  Deventer.  Lon, 

vais  is  the  capital    Lon.  6  25  E,  lat.  45  0  6  57  E,  lat  52  .20  N. 
N.  OUkrh,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 

Oise,  department  of  France,  including  ditcby  of  Ilolstein,  seated  on  the  Trave,  17" 

part  of  the  late  province   of  the  Isle  of  miles  W  of  Lubec,  and  25  NE  of  Ham<> 

France.  _  burg.    Lon.  10  18  E,  lat.  s:i  52  N. 

Oise,  river  which  has  its  source  in  tire        OW  i/amwV/e,  town  of  Rockcastle  county, 

Ardennes,  and  falls  into  the  Seine,  near  Kentucky,  on  Rockcastle  river. 
Pontoise.    It  gives  name  to  the  above  de-        Old  head  of  Kinsale,  cape  on  the  south 

partment.  coast  of  Ireland,  about  six  miles  S  from 

Oka,  river  of  European  Kussla.  gjc^it  Kinsale,    It  is  a  higli  rocky  promontory ; 
5C                             '  TSj 


i}  L  I 


O  L  \ 


which  has  been  vecently  rftndered  distress- 
fully remarkable  by  the  wreck  of  the  Al- 
bion, 1822. 

Oilman's  creek,  small  stream  of  New  Jer- 
sey, separating  Salem  and  Gloucester  coun- 
ties, and  falling  into  the  Delaware  about 
three  miles  below  Marcus  Hook. 

Old  Town,  or  Indian  Old  Toivn,  island  in 
Penobscot  river,  Penobscot  county  Maine. 
It  is  an  Indian  settlement,  containing  about 
200  acres ;  and  300  persons. 

Old  Town,  post  town  in  Allegany  coun- 
ty, Maryland;  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Potomac  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  SW 
branch,  14  miles  SE  of  Cumberland,  and 
134  NW  of  Washington, 

Olean,  township  of  Cattaraugus  county, 
New  York,  on  Allegany  river,  at  the  mouth 
of  Olean  creek,  containing  Hamilton,  which 
see.    Population  in  1820,  1047. 

Olean,  creek,  of  Cattaraugus  county.  New 
York,  flows  S.  and  falls  into  Allegany  river 
at  Hamilton. 

OleroTt,  isle  of  France,  five  miles  from 
tlie  coasts  of  Aunis  and  Saintonge.  It  is  12 
miles  long  and  five  broad ;  is  populous  and 
fertile,  producing  corn  and  wine,  and  is 
defended  by  a  castle.  It  contains  about  10 
or  12,000  inhabitants,  and  on  a  headland  is 
a  light-house,  and  on  its  E  side  stands  a 
strong  castle.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
this  island  was  part  of  the  possession  of  the 
crown  of  England  ;  and  here  that  monarch 
compiled  the  code  of  maritime  laws,  called 
the  Laws  of  Oleron,  which  are  received  by 
all  nations  in  Europe,  as  the  ground  of  all 
their  marine  constitutions.  Lon.  1  20  W, 
lat.  46  3  N. 

Oleron,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late  province 
of  Beam,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Gave,  10  miles  SW  of  Pau.  Lon.  0 
14  W,  lat.  43  7  N. 

Olesko,  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia, 
36  miles  ENE  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  25  10  E, 
lat.  50  23  N. 

Oley,  township  of  Berks  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, containing  1284  inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  1400.  It  is  situated  eight 
miles  E  of  Beading  and  12  NW  of  Potts- 
grove  ;  and  is  watered  by  Mannatawny 
creek. 

Olika,  town  of  Poland  in  Volhinia,  with 
a  citadel,  20  miles  E  of  Lucko.  Lon.  26  8 
E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Olinda,  town  of  Brasll,  seated  on  the 
Atlantic  with  a  very  good  harbour.  It  was 
faken  by  the  Dutch  in  163C,  but  the  Por- 
tuguese have  since  retaken  it.  Lon.  o5  0 
W,  lat.  8  13  S. 

OlitOt  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  where 
their^ings  formerly  resided.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  20  miles  N  of  Tudela. 
Lon.  1  46  W,  lat.  42  22  N. 

Oliva,  celebrated  monastery  of  Western 
Prossfe,  three  miles  W  of  Dantzjc.    It  con- 


tains  several  tombs  of  the  dukes  ot  Po- 
merania,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  peace 
concluded  in  1660,  between  the  emperor 
of  Germany  and  the  kings  of  Sweden  and 
Poland. 

Olivenza,  strong  town  of  Portugal  in 
Alentejo,  seated  near  the  Guadiana,  13 
miles  S  of  Elvas,  and  40  E  of  Evora.  Lon. 
7  4  W,  lat.  38  30  N. 

Olive,  township  of  Morgan  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  520. 

Olive,  township  of  Meigs  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  485. 

Olive  Gree«,  township  of  Morgan  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  300. 

Olmedo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Adaja,  30  miles  S  of  Vallado- 
lid.    Lon.  4  29  W,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Olmutz,  commercial  town  of  Moravia,  on 
the  Morava,  80  miles  N  by  E  of  Vienna, 
and  97  S  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  35  E,  lat. 
49  26  N. 

Olneij,  town  in  Bucks,  with  a  market  on 
Monday,  and  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  bonelace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse, 
12  miles  SE  of  Northampton,  and  56 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  54  W,  lat.  52 
5  N. 

Olone,  island,  town,  castle,  and  harboa?- 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Vendee  and 
late  province  of  Poitou  30  miles  NW  of 
Rochelle,  and  258  S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  43 
W,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Olonetz,  government  of  Russia,  included 
formerly  in  the  government  of  Novogorod. 
In  this  district  are  some  considerable  iron 
works. 

Olonetz,  town  of  Russia,  in  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  famous  for  its 
mines  of  iron,  and  its  mineral  water.  It  is 
situated  on  the  river  Olonza,  which  falls 
into  the  lake  Ladoga.  Lon.  34  20  E,  lat. 
61  26  N. 

Olse,  or  Oehe,  strong  and  considerable 
town  of  Silesia,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
duke  generally  resides.  It  is  17  miles 
NE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  26  E,  lat.  51 
19  N. 

Olsonitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
territory  of  Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Elster, 
60  miles  SW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  27  E, 
lat.  50  40  N. 

Oltsn,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a 
baliwic,  in  the  canton  of  Soleure.  It  is 
dependent  on  the  bishop  of  Basle,  and  is 
seated  a  little  to  the  N  of  the  Aar,  between 
Arberg  and  Araw.  Lon.  7  45  E,  lat.  47 
16  N. 

Olympus,  mountain  of  Natolla,  one  of 
the  highest  and  most  considerable  in  all 
Asia.  The  ancients  supposed  its  top  reach- 
ed the  heavens  :  and,  from  that  circum- 
stance, placed  the  residence  of  the  pods 
there,  and  made  it  the  court  of  Jupiter. 
There  are  several  mountains  of  the  same 
name. 


0  N  K 


N    tr 


Omhrone,  river  of  Italy  vvhicii  rises  in 
the  Siennese,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Ombrone,  town  of  Italy  in  the  Sien- 
nese, between  t!ie  river  Ombrone  and  the 
lake  Castigliano,  three  miles  S  of  Gros- 
setto. 

Omeffna,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Milan,  in 
the  Novarese,  with  a  castle,  five  miles  N  of 
Orta. 

Omer  St.  fortified,  large,  and  populons 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  rtf  tlie 
straits  of  Calais  and  late  province  of  Artois, 
on  the  Aa,  on  the  side  of  a  lull,  eight  miles 
NW  of  Aire,  and  135  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
20  E,  lat.  54  45N. 

Ommen,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Overyssel,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  17  miles 
NE  of  Deventer.  Lon.  6  10  E,  lat.  52 
32  N. 

Ommenburg,  strong  town  of  Germany  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the 
Dthern,  nine  miles  SE  of  Marpurg,  and 
45  NE  and  francfort.  Lon.  9  13  E,  lat.  50 
SON. 

Omndrabih,  river  of  Africa,  which  rises 
in  mount  Atlas,  separates  the  kingdom  of 
M)rocco  from  that  of  Fez,  .and  entering  the 
Atlantic,  forms  a  capacious  bay  on  the  E 
side  of  Azamor. 

Omova,  sea  port  of  Mexico  in  Honduras, 
near  the  bottom  of  the  bay  of  Honduras, 
Lon.  W  C  10  40  W,  lat.  15  53  N. 

Omrapoora.     See  Ummerapoora. 

Omsk,  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Tobolsk,  situate  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Om  v/ith  the  Irtysh,  350 
miles  SE  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  74  54  E,  lat. 
54  14  N. 

Onecote,  village  in  StaflTordshire,  eight 
miles  N  by  E  of  Cheadle,  noted  for  the  rich 
copper  mines  in  its  vicinity. 

Oneeheoiy,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands 
in  the  Pacific  ocean,  five  leagues  W  of 
Atooi.  JLts  eastern  coast  is  high,  and  rises 
abruptly  from  the  sea,  but  the  other  parts 
consist  of  low  ground,  except  a  round  bluff' 
hea,d  on  the  SE  point.  It  produces  plenty 
of  yams,  and  of  a  sweet  root  called  Tee. 
Lon.  161  0  W,  lat.  21  54  N. 

Onej,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Archangel,  on  the  river  Onega,  near  the 
White  sea,  80  miles  SSW  of  Archangel. 
Lon.  37  24  E,  lot.  63  35  N. 

Onega,  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Olnnetz.  The  lake  is  100  miles  long, 
and  40  broad,  and  has  a  communication 
with  the  lake  Lodoga,  by  the  Svir  river. 

Onega,  r.ver  of  Russia,  rising  in  the 
government  of  Olonetz,  and  flowing  NNE 
into  the  SW  extremity  of  the  Wiiite  Sea. 

Onega,  town  of  Russia,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Onega  river. 

Oneglia,  principality  of  Italy,  surrounded 
by  the  tereitory  of  Genoa,  but  subject  to 


the  king  of  Sardinia.    It  abounds  in  tjive- 
trees,  fruits  and  wine. 

Oneglia,  sea  port  of  Italy,  in  a  principali- 
ty of  the  same  name,  on  a  small  river,  30 
miles  SE  of  Cogni,  and  50  W  by  S  of  Ge- 
noa.    Lon.  7  31  E,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Oneida,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Lewis  county  N  ;  Herkimer  E,  Madison 
SW  ;  and  Oswego  W.  Length  40  ;  mean 
width  30 ;  and  area  1200  square  miles. 
Surface  much  diversified  by  hill  and  dale. 
Soil  generally  productive.  The  local  posi- 
tion of  this  county  is  very  remarkable  ;  as  it 
occupies  the  summit  level  between  the 
waters  of  Hudson,  and  St.  Lawrence  basins. 
The  ISIohawk  rises  in  its  centre;  the  sources 
of  Black  river  flow  from  its  NE  angle  into 
lake  Erie  at  Sacket's  Harbour  ;  its  western 
sections  are  drained  by  Fish  creek,  AVood 
creek,  and  Oneida  creek  flowing  into  lake 
Oneida;  and  from  its  extensive  southern 
limit  flows  the  UnudlUa  branch  of  Susque- 
hannn.h.  Chief  tovtns  Utica,  Rome,  and 
Wliitesborough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      17,421 

do.  do.    females     •        -        -      16,160 


Total  whites      -        -        .        .  33,581 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  130 

Slaves        - fil 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -       -       - 

do.  do.    females    -        -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        . 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males     .... 
do.    females         -       -       . 

Total  population  in  1820 


33,792 


25,711 
24,909 


50,997 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  945 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -      10,111 

do.        in  Manu/acturcs        -        2,575 

do.        in  Commerce  -  184 

Population  to  tiie  square  mile,  42J. 

Oneida,  or  Onondaga,  lake  of  New  York. 
It  is  20  miles  W  of  Rome,  and  extends 
westward  about  25  miles,  where  its  outlet, 
the  Oswego  river,  runs  into  Lake  Ontario, 
at  Oswego.  The  grand  Erie  canal,  passes 
through  Oneida,  to  the  SE,  and  Madison, 
and  dnondago  to  the  S  of  the  Oneidi  lake. 

One  Leg,  a  ridiculous  name  of  an  eastern 
township  of  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  823. 

bit^ar,  ov  Chipping  Onfiar,  \pvin  ia  F-»- 


O  N  O 


O  N  T 


s£X,  vvith  a  markeJt  on  Saturday,  X2  miles 
W  of  Chelnraford,  and  21  EXE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Ongole,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  seated  on  a  river  which  fells  into  the 
15ay  of  Bengal,  not  far  from  its  mouth,  and 
is  829  miles  SW  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  80  5 
E,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Onion,  river  of  Vermont,  which  Rises  in 
Galedonia  county,  and  running  nearly  in  a 
NW  course,  fiovvs  into  lake  Champlain, 
near  Colchester. 

Onondaga,  lake  and  river^  in  the  state  of 
New  York.  The  river  flows  W  from  the 
lake,  till  it  meets  the  Senecu,  when  its 
course  turns  N  to  Osyyego,  where  it  enters 
Lake  Ontario.  It  is  bo.ituble  from  its  mouth 
to  the  head  cf  the  hJce,  except  one  faH 
•which  causes  a  portage  of  20  yards.  To- 
wards the  head  waters  of  tliis  river,  salmon 
are  eaught  in  great  qiiantities. 

Onondaga,  county  ;  f  New  Ycrk  ;  bound- 
ed by  Madison  E  ;  Ct)uriland  S ;  Cayuga 
SW;  Oswego  N;  and  Oneida  lake  NE. 
It  is  about  30  miles  square,  and  with  an 
area  of  900  square  miles.  It  i-ncludes  Ske- 
neatales,  Owasco,  ani  Salt  lakes,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  Seneca,  and  Oswego  rivers,  and 
some  of  their  conflaents.  The  soil  rs  gen- 
erally fertile.  Staples  grain,  flour,  Salt, 
and  gypsum.     Chief  town,  Oiiondago. 

■population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        •     13,653 
do.  do.   females       -        -        -    12,170 


'f  otal  whites        .        -        .        . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        .        .        . 

Slaves  .        -        -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810 


25,823 


114 

50 


grcAteit  salt  work  in  the  United  Slates.  It 
abounds  also  in  gypsum.  See  Salina.  Po- 
pulation of  the  township  1810,  3745  ;  and 
in  1820,  5552. 

Onondaga,  small  lake  of  Onondago  coun- 
ty, New  York,  above  six  miles  long  by  one 
wide.    The  Saline  is  on  its  borders. 

Onslonu,  township,  Halifax  county,  Nova 
Scotia. 

Onslavx,  county  of  North  Carolina;  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  SE  ;  New  Han- 
over and  Duplin  counties  W ;  Jones  N, 
and  NE  ;  and  Carteret  E.  Length  o5  ; 
mean  width  20  ;  and  area  700  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  New  river,  and  is  general- 
ly tiat,  wi'.h  a  sterile  soil.  Chief  town, 
Swansborough.  There  is  a  post  office  at 
the  court  house. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,143 

do.    do.  females    -        -        -        2,186 

Total  whites  ....  4,329 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed    ...        -  41 

Slaves 2,299 

Total  popuktiou  in  1810    -        -        6,669 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,095 

do.  do.  females  ...  2,084 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  Whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.    females   .        .        -        - 


25,987    ^0^^]  population  in  1820 


7,018 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males  -        .       21,107 

do.      do.    females  -        -      20,106 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed       ......  0 


Total  whites 

_ 

41,213 

Free 

persons  of  tolour. 

males 

96 

do.           do.       1 

females 

99 

Slaves,  males 

_ 

25 

do. 

females 

- 

34 

Total 

population  ift  1820 

- 

41,467 

Of  these:  ; 
foreigners  not  naturalized         -  99 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        .        6,968 

do.        in  Manufactures  •         1,640 

io.       in  Commerce       .        -  120 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  46. 

Ono7idago,  post  t6wn,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Onondago  county,  New  York,  50  miles  \V 
from  Utica.    The  to\vrish"p  0001,1103  ihe 
75^ 


Of  these ; 
t'oreigners  not  naturalized  •  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         2,217 

do.        in  Manufactures  .         1,365 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Oatanagun,  river  of  the  territory  of  Mich- 
igan, rising  with  the  Onisconsin,  and  Ulack 
fiver  branches  of  the  Mississippi.  It  flows 
N,  and  falls  into  the  hke  Superior,  about 
90  miles  SW  from  Point  Keeweena.  A 
large  mass  of  native  copper,  has  been 
found  imbedded  in  a  rock  near  the  bank  of 
this  strear»  ;  estimated  lecenily,  from  ac- 
tual inspection  by  Mr.  II.  Schoolcraft  at 
2200  pouiids. 

Ontario  Lake,  one  of  that  grand  chain  of 
lakes  which  divide  the  United  States  from 
tpper  Canada.  It  is  situated  between  lat. 
43  15  and 44  0  N,  and  lon.  76  0  and  79  0 
W.  Its  form  is  nearly  elliptical ;  its  great- 
est length  is  from  SW  to  NE,  .and  its  cir- 
curoftrence  about  600  miles.    The  division 


o  :si  1 


O  F  E 


iine  between  the  state  of  New  York  And 
Canada,  on  the  north  passes  through  this 
lake,  and  leaves  within  the  United  States, 
2,390,000  acres  of  the  water  of  lake  On- 
tario, according  to  the  calculation  of  Mr. 
llutchins.  It  abounds  with  fish  of  an  ex- 
cellent flavour,  among  which  are  the  Os- 
wego bass,  weighing  three  or  four  pounds. 
Its  banks  in  many  places  are  steep,  and  the 
southern  shore  is  covered  prnicipally  with 
beach  trees,  and  the  lands  appear  good. 
It  communicates  with  lake  Erie  by  the  ri- 
ver Niagara.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Genesee  river  from  t!ie  south ;  and  of 
Onondago,  at  I'ort  Oswego,  from  the  south- 
east, by  v/hich  it  communicates,  tiirough 
Oneida  Lake  and  Wood  Creek,  with  the 
Mohawk  River.  On  the  north-east  this 
lake  discharges  itself  into  the  river  Cata- 
raqtii,  which  at  Montreal  takes  the  name 
of  St.  Lawrence,  which  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  The  islands  are  all  at  the 
eastern  end,  the  chief  of  which,  are  Wolfe, 
Amherst,  Gage,  and  Howe  Islands. 

Ontario,  county  in  Upper  Canada,  con- 
sists of  the  following  islands ;  Amherst 
Island,  Wolfe  Isbnd,  Gage  Island,  and  all 
the  islands  between  the  mouth  of  the  Ga- 
nanoqui,  to  the  easternmost  extremity  of 
the  late  township  of  Marysburg,  called 
Point  Pleasant. 

Ontario,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  lake  Ontario,  N ;  Seneca  county  E  ; 
Seneca  lake  SB  ;  Steuben  S  ;  and  Livings- 
ton and  Monroe  W,  Length  50 ;  mean 
widtli  24  ;  and  area  1200  square  miles. 
Soil  fertile.  It  is  in  great  part  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Seneca  river,  and  contains 
all  Canandaigua,  and  some  smaller  lakes 
with  part  of  Crooked  lake  ;  and  is  bounded 
by  Seneca  lake  on  the  SE.  Though  gen- 
erally hilly,  some  extensive  flats  exist  in 
tiiis  county,  near  lake  Ontario,  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Seneca  river.  The  grand 
Erie  canal  crosses  its  northern  section  fol- 
lowing the  valley  of  Seneca.  In  the  cen- 
sus of  1820  this  county  contained  all  those 
parts  of  Livingston  and  Monroe  ;  E  from 
Genesee  river,  and  then  contained  about 
1750  square  miles  ;  and  upon  the  latter 
area  the  annexed  tabular  aggregate  is  foun- 
ded. Chief  towns,  Canandaigua,  Geneva, 
and  Lyons. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wiiite  males         -        -        -     21,838 

do.  do.    females      ...     19,683 

Total  wiiltes  ....  41,521 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  299 

Slaves 212 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -      42,032 

Population  in  1820, 
'Free  whito  males  -       -      44,936 


Free  white  females  -        .      42,604 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed     .       .       -        .  o 


Total  whites       ....  87,540 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  353 

do              do.      females  374 

Slaves,  males            ...  Q 

,do.    females        -          .        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        .      88,267 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  214 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     .         .       19,703 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        2,117 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  169 

I'opulation  to  the  square  mile,  50A,  for 
1750  square  miles  in  the  former  county. 

Ontario,  township  of  Ontario  county,  on 
lake  Ontario,  20  miles  N  from  Canandai- 
gua.    Population  in  1820,  2233. 

OodooarmHahf  Xown  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  Bengal,  seated  on  the  W  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of  hills. 
Here  is  an  elegant  bridge  over  the  Ganges, 
buiit  by  the  Sultan  Sujah.  Oodooanullah  is 
82  miles  N  by  W  of  Moorshedabad.  Lou. 
87  35  E,  lat.  24  58  N. 

Oonalaska,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Nor- 
thern Archipelago,  visited  by  captain  Cook 
in  his  last  voyage.  It  is  the  largest  of  the 
Aleutian  or  Fox  islands.  Lon.  165  0  W, 
lat.  53  5N. 

Oonemak,  or  Uniak,  one  of  the  Aleutian 
or  Fox  islands,  between  Oonelaska  and 
Alaska. 

Oostenalak,  river  of  Georgia,  which 
joins  the  Etowah  and  forms  the  Coosa. 

Ooronp  and  Oosheshaer.     See  Kiirilcs. 

Oostborch,  town  and  fort  of  Flanders, 
in  tlie  isle  of  Cadsand,  four  miles  NE 
of  Sluys.     Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Ooatenlni,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  isle  of 
Oeland,  27  miles  S  of  Borkholm. 

Opclousas,  county  of  Louisiana  ;  bounded 
by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  SW;  Sabine  river, 
or  the  province  of  Texas  W  ;  the  parishes 
of  Natchitoches,  and  Rapides  N  ;  parish  of 
Avoyells  ami  Atchafalaya  river  NE ;  anil 
Altacapas  SE.  Length  110  miles;  mean 
width  70;  and  area  7700  square  miles. 
All  the  southern,  south-eastern,  and  eas- 
tern part  of  Opelousas  is  one  vast  plain. 
The  north-west  and  northern  sections, 
swells  into  hills  of  moderate  size.  In  point 
of  soil,  it  is  divisible  into  three  distinct 
regions.  Towards  the  gulf  of  Mexico  it 
is  marshy,  but  rising  gradually  into  arable 
prairies  witli  a  thin  sterile  soil.  This  cha- 
racter of  country  is  followed,  advancing* 
north,  by  an  immense  pine  forest,  out  of 
which  flow  numerous  creeks  falling  into 
Sabine  ;  the  Calcassiu  river,  and  the  Nez- 
pique  river,  or  north-western  brancli  of 
Merimentai!.  The  soil  of  the  nine  tract  is 
757 


0  P  o 


Q  R  A 


also  sterile.  Advancint?  to  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county  watered  by  the  Teche,  Boeuf, 
and  Coiirtablean,  a  total  change  takes 
place,  the  soil  is  exuberantly  productive, 
and  in  part  excessively  heavy  timbered. 
The  northern  and  eastern  parts  of  Opelou- 
sas  are  covered  by  a  dense  forest ;  the  resi- 
due open  prairies.  It  is  emphatically  the 
pastoral  section  of  Louisiana,  and  conta'ms 
the  most  numerous  individual  flocks  of  cat- 
tic  in  the  United  States.  Farming  is,  how- 
ever, extensively  pursued  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county.  Staples,  cotton,  beef, 
tallow,  hides,  live  stock,  such  as  horses, 
mules,  horned  cattle,  and  some  sheep.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Siibine,  Calcassiu,  and 
Upper  Teche,  flowing  into  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  A  low  uninhabitable,  and  annu- 
ally overflown  tract,  indeed  extends  from 
the  arable  boi-der  of  the  Teche  to  the  At- 
chafalaya.  See  Cowtablean,  Louisiana, 
Jlississippi,  &c.  For  the  ordinarj'  munici- 
pal regulations  of  that  part  of  Louisiana, 
it  is  designated  the  parish  of  St,  Landre. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        .        -        1,696 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -        1,293 

Total  whites  -  -  -  -  2,989 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  389 

Slaves 1,670 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  5.048 

PopuLation  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       •        -        -  2,929 

do.     do.    females   ...  2,4-39 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed            ...  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males 

do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 


10,085 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  83 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -        3,796 

do.    in  Manufactures  •  244 

do.     in  Commerce      -        -  83 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1  1-3. 

Oporto,  or  Porto,  city  and  seaport  of 
Portugal,  in  Entre  Douero  e  Minho,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  by  nature  almost  im- 
pregnable ;  and  is  noted  for  its  strong 
wines,  of  which  large  quantities  are  ex- 
ported to  England  ;  whence  all  red  wines 
from  Spain  or  Portugal  are  called  Port 
wines.  The  other  chief  exports  are  oran- 
ges, lemons,  &c.  and  linen  cloth  to  Brasil. 
Its  commerce  greatly  increased  after  the 
earthquake  at  Lisbon,  in  1755  ;  before  that 
75« 


time  the  population  was  estimated  at  20,000, 
and  it  is  now  said  to  be  60,000,  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Douero,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbour, 
147  miles  N  by  E  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  22 
W,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Oppeln,  strong  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
catholic  collegiate  church.  It  has  a  great 
trade  of  wool,  and  stands  on  the  Oder,  150 
miles  SE  of  Breslau.  Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  50 
39  N. 

Oppenheiin,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine.  The  vicinity  produ- 
ces excellent  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  12  miles  SSE  of  Mcntz. 

Oppenheim,  west  township  of  Montgome- 
ry county,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  N  .side  of 
the  Mohawk.  Population  in  1810,  2693  ; 
and  in  1820,  3045. 

Oppido,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 
teriore,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  25 
miles  NE  of  lieggio. 

Oppido,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
five  miies  SSE  of  Acerenza. 

Oppur^,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  with  a  castle,  lour  miles  WSW  of 
Neustad  t. 

Orach,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bosnia,  near  the  river  Drino,  60  miles  SW 
of  Belgrade. 

Ornn,  city  and  seaport  of  Algiers,  in  the 
province  of  Mascara,  with  an  excellent  liar, 
hour,  almost  opposite  Carthagena,  in 
Spain.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1509,  and  re-taken  in  1703.  In  1732,  the 
Spaniards  became  masters  of  it  again,  and 
have  kept  it  ever  since. 

Oran,  post  village,  Onondago  county, 
New  York. 

Orange,  city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  lately  a  bishop's  see.  It 
was  an  important  place  in  the  time  of  the 
Romans.  A  triumphal  arch  200  paces 
from  the  town,  was  formerly  within  its 
limits  ;  and  here  are  also  the  remains  of  a 
fine  amphitheatre,  some  aqueducts.  The 
city  is  sc-ited  in  a  fine  plain,  on  the  river 
Aigues,  12  miles  N  of  Avignon,  and  57  S 
of  Valence.    Lon,  4  49  E,  lat.  44  9  N. 

Orange,  formerly  Cardigan,  township  of 
Grafton  county.  New  Hampshire,  14  miles 
SW  from  Plymouth.  Population  in  1810, 
230  ;  and  in  1820,  298. 

Orange,  county  of  Vermont ;  bounded  by 
Connecticut  river  E  ;  Windham  county  in 
Vermont  SW  ;  Rutland  SW  ;  Washington 
NW  ;  and  Caledonia  N.  Length  33  ;  mean 
width  18  ;  and  area  about  600  square  miles. 
Its  western  part  is  mountainous,  but  the 
surface  becomes  less  rugged  approiiching 
the  Connecticut  river.  The  soil  is  produc- 
tive in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns, 
Newberry  and  Randolph. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -      12,75!i 


O  U  A 


<>  it  A 


Free  white  females    -        -        -      12,444    Shves 


Total  whites      .        .        .        • 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        - 

Slaves        .        .        _        ,        . 

Total  population  in  1810, 


25,196  Total  population  in  1810    - 

51  Population  in  1820. 

0  Free  white  males    -        .       - 

do.    do.    females 

25,247  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

— — —  not  taxed        .        -        .        - 


Population  in  1820 
Free  wliite  males       -        -        -       12,267 

do.    do.    females  -        -       12,366 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 


Total  whites      .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males        ... 
do.    females    .        -        - 


Total  whites     .       -       -       - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        - 

do.     females  -        -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820 


966 
34,347 


19,952 
19,167 

Q 

39,119 
480 
489 
507 
618 

41,213 


Total  population  in  1820    -        ■      24.681 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      •        -  5,830 

do.       in  Manufactures           -  741 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  82 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  41 . 

Orange,  township  of  Orange  county,  Ver- 
mont, 15  miles  SE  from  Montpelier.  Popu- 
lation 700. 

Orange,  county  of  New  York ;  bounded 
by  Hudson  river  E;  llockland  county  in 
New  York  SE  ;  Bergen  and  Sussex  coun- 
ties in  New  Jersey  SW ;  Delaware  river 
W ;  Sullivan  county  in  New  York  NW ; 
and  Ulster  N.  Length  40  ;  mean  width  20  ; 
and  area  800  square  miles.  This  is  a  very 
greatly  diversified  county.  Towards  the 
Hudson,  it  is  either  mountainous  or  hilly, 
in  th& centre  flat,  and  again,  mountainous 
or  excessively  hilly.  The  Walkill  river 
rises  in  Sussex  county,  New  Jerse}',  and 
flowing  NE,  crosses  Orange  into  Ulster. 
Near  this  stream  is  a  high  but  swampy  sec- 
tion, called  the  Drowned  Lands.  Inter- 
locking with  the  VValkiil,  but  flowing  to 
the  SE  are  the  sources  of  Passaic  river,  also 
in  Orange  ;  and  at  the  western  extremity 
the  Nevesink  crosses  this  county  in  its  pas- 
sage into  the  Delaware  Notwithstanding 
the  rugged  features  of  Orange,  the  soil  is 
generally  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and 
particularly  pasturage.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  whiskey,  beef,  butter,  cheese,  ap- 
ples, cider,  hay,  and  live  stock.  Chief 
towns,  Newburg,  Goshen,  and  West  point. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.  do.    females    .        .        - 

Total  whites      .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        -         175 
Engaged  in  Agriculture        -        -      6,689 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -      2,362 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  294 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  olh. 

Orange.  See  Half  Moon  township,  Sara- 
toga county,  New  York,  in  the  Addenda, 

Oraiige,  post  village  and  township,  Es- 
sex county.  New  Jersey,  near  Newark.  It 
is  the  seat  of  an  academy.  Population  in 
1810,  2266  ;  and  in  1820,  2830. 

Orange,  eastern  township,  Cuyahoga 
county,  Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  143. 

Orange,  NE  township  of  Richland  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  440. 

Orange,  also  a  township,  the  north-eas- 
ternmost  in  liichland  county. 

Orange,  township  of  Shelby  county. 

Orange,  post  township  on  Shade  river, 
in  Meigs  county. 

Orange,  pleasant  township  in  the  southern 
borders  of  Delaware  county,  Ohio.  Along 
the  borders  of  Alum  creek,  wkich  passes 
through  the  eastern  parts  of  the  township, 
the  land  is  peculiarly  fertile  and  handsotne= 
ly  situated. 

Orange,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded  by 
Spotsylvania  SE  ;  by  North  Anna  river  or 
Louisa  S  ;  Albemarle  SVV  ;  Blue  Ridge  or 
Rockingham  NW  ;  Rapid  Ann  river,  or 
Madison  and  Culpepper  counties  N, 
Length  from  west  to  east,  60  miles ;  mean 
width  10  ;  and  area  600  square  miles.  This 
county  is  drained  by  the  Rivanna,  North 
Anna,  and  Rapid  Ann  rivers.  The  surface 
is  generally  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
Soil  various ;  but  much  really  excellent  soil 
skirts  the  various  streams,  and  several 
other  places.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  to- 
bacco. Chief  towns,  Cordoiisville,  and  Sta- 
nardsville.  The  court-house,  with  a  post- 
16,734  office  is  near  the  head  of  the  North  Anna 
15,720    river,  45  miles  S  W  by  W  from  Fredericks- 

burg. 

32,454        Popuhation  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        -        -        =        2,869 
927     do  do.    females      -        <        -       2,842 
759 


OKA 


O  11  A 


Total  whites      ....  6,711 
All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ...        -  96 

Slaves,               ....  6,516 

Total  population  in  1810     .        .  12,323 

Population  in  1820. 

Tree  r.hite  males        ...  2,637 

do.    do.  females              -        -  2,582 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        •         .        .        -  32 


Orange,  county  of  Indiana;  bounded 
by  Crawford  S  ;  Dubois  SW  ;  Owen  W  ; 
Lawrence  N  ;  and  Washington  E.  Length 
22  :  mean  width  18 ;  and  area  about  400 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  SE 
branches  of  East  Fork  of  White  river. 
Chief  town  Paoli. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        .        2,733 

do.    do.    femalesr  -        -         2,539 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  -        _       . 


Total  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  57 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              .  4,267 

do.       in  Manufactures            -  278 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  13 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21^. 

Orange,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Chatham  S  ;  Guilford  W ;  Cas- 
well and  Person  N ;  and  Granville  and 
Wake  E.  Length  36 ;  mean  width  25  ;  and 
area  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  head  branches  of  tiie  Neuse  and  Haw 
rivers.     Chief  town,  Hillsborough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        7^707 
do.  do.  females     ...        7,39S 


5,252  Total  whites      .        .        .        . 

^  Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

"  091  ^°'            ^°'       females 

"    or  ^^*^^8,  males       ... 

^)^9'  do.    females 


^-'^^^    Total  population  in  1820 


5,368 


15,102 


Total  whites       .        .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •        .        .        -  332 

Slaves  ....       4,701 


Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.   do.     females    -        -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed 

Total  whites       .        .        -        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  26.. 
r6Q 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,438 

Do.       in  Manufactures  -  76 

Do.       in  Commerce      •        -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9  nearly. 

Orange,  largest  river  of  Southern  Af- 
rica, rises  in  the  district  of  Graaf  lieynet ; 
and  flowing  first  to  the  NW,  winds  to 
the  W  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lat.  28  30  S,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  600  miles. 

Orange,  or  Gum  Sprmgs.  See  Gwn 
S firings. 

Orangcbiirgh,  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  bounded  by  Charleston,  and  Col- 
leton SE;  South  Edisto  river,  or  Barn- 
well SVV  ;  Edgefield  NW  ;  Lexington 
district,  and  Congaree  river  N ;  and 
Santee  river,  or  Sumpter  district  NE. 
Length  70  ;  mean  width  25 ;  and  1,750 
square  miles.  Surface  generally  level, 
and  soil  rather  sterile.  Staples  cotton, 
and  tobacco.    Chief  town  Orangeburgh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  .        -  3,416 

do.    do.    females  -        -  3,223 

Total  wliites           -          -        •  6,639 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  26 

Slaves       -        .        -        -        -  6,564 

TotalpopulationinlSlO,  .        13,229 


Population  in  1820. 
23,492    Free  white  males      -        .        .  4,551 

do.  do.  females  -        -  3,209 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
8        not  taxed      ....  Q 


20,135 


8,483 
8,294 


7,353 

483 

43 


Total  whites    ....  7,762 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■>  30 

do.  do,      fenniles  ■?4 


ORB 

Slaves,  males    - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  A.griculture 
do.        m  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


■3.6§5 
4,144 

15,653 


0 

7,046 

16 

30 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Orangeburg,  post  town  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, capital  of  the  district  of  its  name. 
It  stands  on  the  N  branch  of  the  Edisto, 
75  miles  NW  of  Charleston.  Lon.  80 
42  w,  lat.  33  23  N.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy. 

Orangetoiun,  township  of  Washington 
County,  Maine,  20  miles  E  from  Machias. 
Orangetown,  township  Rockland  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson, 
28  miles  N  of  New  York.  Population 
1820,2257.  It  is  remarkable  for  a  number 
of  mills,  and  contains  an  academy,  and 
two  churches. 

Oranienbaum,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Anhalt- Dessau,  six  miles 
SE  of  Dessau. 

Oranienbaum,  town  of  Russia,  in  In- 
gria.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
20  miles  W  nf  Petersburg.  The  unfor- 
tunate Peter  III.  emperor  of  Russia,  was 
residing  at  this  village,  when  his  wife, 
afterwards  Catharine  II.  excited  that 
revolt,  which  placed  in  her  hands  the 
sceptre  of  Russia,  and  hurled  her  wretch- 
ed husband  from  his  throne  to  the  grave, 
May,  1762. 

Oranienburg,  town  of  Brandenbur?,  in 
the  middle  mark,  ancieatly  called  Kret- 
zow.  It  is  situate  on  the  Havel,  18  miles 
K  of  Berlin. 

Orarava,  town  on  the  W  side  of  the 
island  of  TenerifF,  and  the  diief  place  of 
trade.  It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  an 
amphitheatre  of  mountains,  outcf  which 
rises  the  Pike  of  TenerifF.  Its  port  is  at 
three  miles  distance.  Lon.  16  24  W,  lat. 
28  23  N. 

Orbas.ian,  to-.vn  of  Piedmont,  six  miles 
SW  of  Tin-:n. 

Or  be,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  32  miles  WSW  of  Bern. 

Orbe,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  late 
electorate  of  Mentz,  celebrated  for  its 
extensive  salt  works.  It  now  belongs  to 
Bavaria  :  96  miles  E  from  Frankfort  on 
the  Maine. 

Orbitello,  strong  seaport  of  Tuscany, 
in  the  Siennese,  defended  by  several  forts, 
and  seated  near  the  Atbegna,  5^  miles  S 
by  VV  of  Sienne,  and  85  S  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  42  18  N. 
'Orbrc,  river  of  Frrujce,  which  rises  in 

5  1) 


()  R  P 

the  CevenneS;^ and  after  v-atering  Baziers, 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Lyons,  five  miles 
below  that  town, 

Orcades.    See  Orkneys. 

Ore/lies,  ancient  town  of  France  in 
the  department  of  the  North,  and  late 
province  of  French  Flanders,  14  miles 
SE  of  Lisle.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  50 
28  N. 

Orchilla.  island  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
80  milts  N  of  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma, 
and  160  E  by  S  of  Curracao.  Lon.  65  20 
W,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Orcheviont,  tovnj  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luxemburg,  situated  on  the 
river  Semio,  18  miles  N  of  Sedan. 

Ordingen,  or  Urdingeit,  town  of  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  in  Germany,  H 
miles  N  of  Dusseldorf,  and  32  NNVV  ot 
Cologne. 

Ordxnnta,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Biscay , 
seated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  high 
mountains,  20  miles  SW  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
3  26  VV.  lat.  43  11. 

Orebro,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Nericia,  in  Sweden  Proper,  well  known 
in  history,  and  is  seated  near  the  W  ex- 
tremity of  the  Lake  Hielmar.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  fire  arms,  cloths,  and 
tapestry  ;  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade 
with  Stockholm,  across  the  lakes  Hiel- 
mar and  Maeler,  by  means  of  the  canal 
of  Arboga ;  sending  iron,  vitriol,  and  red 
paint  in  particular.  Orebro  is  95  miles 
SW  of  Stockholm.    Lon.  15  12  E»  lat. 

59  12  N. 

Oregnmd,  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the 
coast  of  Upland,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
Opposite  the  small  island  of  Ginson,  60 
miles  N  of  Stockholm.    Lon.  18 15  E,  lat* 

60  20  N. 

Orel,  government  of  Russia,  once  a 
province  of  the  government  of  Bielgo- 
rod. 

Orel,  capital  of  the  above  government, 
is  seated  on  the  Occa  and  Orel,  207 
mi'es  SSW  of  Moscow.  Lon.  j5  20  E^ 
lat.  53  0  N. 

Orellana.    See  Amazon. 

Orenburgh,  one  of  the  two  provinces  of 
the  government  of  Ufa,  in  Russia.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  commerce,  and  ex- 
ercise stveral  trades,  and  have  even 
some  manufactories.  Its  capital  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Urel  for- 
merly called  the  Yaik.  480  miles  NE  of 
Astracan.    I>on   55  0  E,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Orense,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Ga- 
lacia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  famous 
for  its  hots  baths.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Minho,  over 
whicii  is  a  bridge  of  one  arch,  47  miles 
SE  of  Compostella.  Lon.  7  36  W,  lat. 
42  19  N. 
Orfa,  considerable  town  of  Asia,  m 
761 


O  11  1 


O  K  I 


Diarbeck.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Per- 
sia, but  is  now  in  the  Turkish  dominions, 
and  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in  car- 
pets of  several  sorts,  some  of  v/hich  art- 
made  here.  Is  has  a  stately  castle  on  a 
hill,  and  is  seated  on  the  Euphrates.  83 
miles  NE  of  Aleppo,  and  100  SW  of 
Diarbekar.  L^n.  38  20  E.  lat.  36  50  N. 
Orford,  seaport  and  borough  in  buf- 
folk,  on  the  Gerreian  Ocean,  between 
two  channels,  18  miles  E  by  N  of  Ips- 
wich, and  88  NE  of  London.  Lon.  1  40 
E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Orjord,  post  town  on  the  E  bank  of 
Connecticut  river,  in  Grafton  county. 
New  Hampshire,  at  the  distance  of  18 
miles  N  by  E  of  Dartmouth  college,  and 
17  S  of  Haverhill.  In  1810  the  township 
contained  1265  inhabitants,  and  in  1820, 
1568. 

Orford,  township  of  Kent  county,  Up- 
per Canada, 

Orford  To-L-mhip,  in  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk, Upper  Canada,  distmj^uished  some- 
times by  Orford  North  and  S^mth,  is  the 
residence  of  the  Moravians  ;  it  is  bounded 
on  the  S  by  lake  Erie,  and  watered  by  the 
Tham  s  to  the  northward, 

Oxford  ^^"685,  cape  of  England,  on  the 
SE  coa?t  of  Sussex,  vhich  is  a  shelter  for 
seamen  when  a  NB  wind  blows  hard  upon 
the  shore.  Here  is  a  lightliouse  erected 
for  the  direction  of  ships.  Lon.  1  6  E, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Organford,  village  near  Poule,  in  Dorset- 
shire, noted  for  the  quantity  of  pennyroyal 
produced  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Orgaz,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  15  miles  S  of  Toledo.  Lon. 
3  22  W,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Orgelet,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of  Franche- 
Compte,  seated  at  the  foot  of  ihe  Valoiise, 
30  miks  N  by  E  of  Bourg.  Lon.  5  39  E, 
lat.  46  36  N. 

Orgivah,  ioww  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Granada,  25  miles  S  of  Granada.  Lon. 
3  50  W,  lat.  36  43  N. 

Ona,  decayed  town  of  Nsples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  40 
miles  NW  of  Oiranto.  Lon.  17  48  E,  lat. 
40  39  N. 

Orient,  or  Port  V  Orient,  regular  and 
handsome  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbiiian,  .and  late  province  of 
Bretagne,  built  in  1720,  by  the  French 
East  In'iia  Company,  who  made  it  the  ex- 
clusi\  e  mprt  of  their  conimerce.  It  is  five 
miles  S  W  of'  Hennebon.  Lon.  3  20  W,  lat. 
47  46  NT. 

Origitela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with 
a  bishop's  se  ■,  a  univcrsii.y,  and  a  citadel 
built  on  a  rock.  It  is  sea'ed  on  the  Segu- 
iM,  33  miles  N  of  Carthygena.  Lon.  1  3 
W,  lat.  38  10  N. 


Orinoco,  river  of  the  first  rank  in  South 
America.  It  risRS  in  the  mountains  of  Gui- 
ana, and  flows,  about  300  miles  to  the  S  ; 
it  thence  turns  W  150  miles,  and  receives 
the  Cassiquiari  from  the  SW,  The  latter 
commuiiicates  with  the  Rio  Negro,  branch 
of  the  Am  zen.  Below  the  mouth  of  the 
Cassiquiari,  the  Orinoco,  turns  to  NW  to  St. 
Fernand.o,  where  it  unites  with  Guaviari, 
an  immense  stream,  little  if  any  inferior  to 
the  Orinoco.  The  united  streams  assume 
a  N  course  to  'he  mouth  of  the  Vichada, 
another  large  vkfestet  n  tributary.  Immedi- 
ately below  its  junction  with  the  Vichada, 
the  Orinoco,  pours  its  waters  down  the  ca- 
taract of  Atures  760  miles  below  its  source, 
and  740  above  its  discharge  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean.  The  cataracts  are  in  lon.  W  C 
8  55  E,  and  lat.  5  15  N.  About  100  miles 
below  the  cataracts  the  volume  of  the  Ori- 
noco is  enlarged  by  the  Meta,  a  large  river 
flowing  from  the  Andes  500  by  compara- 
tive courses  Below  its  junction  with  the 
Meta  150  miles,  the  Orinoco,  is  again  swel- 
led by  the  Apure,  a  very  considerable 
branch  flowing  from  the  NW,  and  W  about 
500  miles,  and  drawing  its  sources  from 
the  mountains  of  Varinas,  and  Venezuela. 
From  the  cataracts,  the  Orinoco  gradually 
turns  more  to  the  E,  and  below  the  dis- 
charge of  the  Apure,  assumes  a  course  a 
little  N  of  E,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  a  wide  delta, between  14°  and  17° 
E  from  Washington,  and  from  lat.  8  30  to 
10°  N.  The  entire  comparative  course  of 
the  Orinoco  is  about  1500  miles  ;  and  the 
area  of  the  basin  it  drains  400,000  square 
miles,  .\bout  100  miles  above  its  mouth 
it  receives  the  Paraguay,  or  Oarom,  the 
only  large  tributary  which  augments  its  vo- 
lume from  the  S.  See  Oar-om,  and  Para- 
gvai/,  of  Orinoco. 

Only  the  S,  or  main  channel  of  Orinoco 
is  navigable  for  large  vessels.  For  boats 
few  rivers  of  the  world  afford  a  more  ex- 
tended  and  less  interrupted  navigation. 
The  entire  basin  of  this  great  river  is  in 
the  republic  of  Colombia. 

Oriskany,  post  village  of  Whitestown, 
Oneida  county.  New  York,  at  the  mouth  of 
Oniskany  creek.  It  contains  extensive 
manufactories  of  cotioti  and  woollen  cloth; 
seven  miles  above  Utica. 

Orio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa,  at  the 
month  of  the  Orio,  eight  mles  SW  of  St. 
Sebastian.     Lon.  2  19  W,  lat.  43  23  N, 

Ormfl,  province  of  the  peninsula  ofHin- 
doostan,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Bahar  and 
Bengal,  on  the  W  by  Berar,  on  the  S  by 
Golconda,  and  on  the  E  by  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal.  In  Orissa,  the  district  of  Midniupour 
only,  is  subject  to  the  English  ;  the  rest 
being  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Mabrat- 
tas,  and  thfir  tributaries. 

Oristngni,  ancient  town  of  Sardinia,  with 
a  good  harbour,  and  an  archbishop's  see. 


O  R  I. 


0  R  I. 


It  is  large,  and  well  fortified,  but  thinly  in- 
habited, on  account  of  the  unhealthy  air. 
It  is  seated  on  tiie  W  coast,  on  a  ba>  of  the 
same  name,  42  nules  NW  ofCaghari.  Lon. 
8  51  E,  lat.  40  2  N. 

Orizaba,   volcanic  mountain  of  Mexico, 


Or'e<inois,  late  province  of  France,  divi. 
ded  by  the  river  Loire  into  the  Upper  and 
Lower.  It  is  a  very  plentiful  coup.try,  and 
n^iw  forms  the  department  of  Loiret. 

Orleans,  city  of  Fi-ance,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  and  a  bisiiop's  see.     It 


rismg  17,371   feet  above  the  Ica  el  of  the  is  seated  on   the  Loire,  avid  has   a  canal 

gull  of  Mexico.     Lon.  W  C  20  13  W,  lat.  thence  to  the  Lomg,  near  Monlargis.  Under 

19  2  N.     It  is  in  the   intendancy  of  Vera  the  sons  of  Clovis,  it  v.  as  the  capital  of  a 

Cruz,  and  distant  about  70  miles  from  the  kingdom.     In  1428,  it  stood  a  memorable 

city  of  Vera  Cruz.     This  colossal  peak  is  siege  against  the  Enghsh,  which  was  raised 

the  land  mark  first  seen  when  approaching  by  the  celebrated  Jf>an  of  Arc,  called  the 

that  part  of  the   Mexican  coast  from  the  Maid  of  Orleans.     It  is  now  considered  as 

gulf  of  Mexico.     It  is  the  Citlaltepetl  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  pleasant  cities 

the  Aztecs.  in  France  ;    and  its  cr>mmerce  consists  in 

Orkened,  town  of  Schonen,  in  Sweden,  stockings,  sheep-skins,  wine,  braiuly,  corn, 

24  miles  N  of  Christianstadt.     Lon.   14  9  groceries,  and  particularly  sugar,  v/hich  is 

E,  lat.  56  48  N.  brought    raw    from  Nantes  and  Rochelle. 

Orkney  Islands,  or  Orkneys,  ancient  Or-  The  fauxbourg  of  Paris  is  of  a  prodigious 

cades,  a  cluster  of  islands  to  the  N  of  Scot-  length,  and  that  of  Olivet,  on  the  left  side 

land,   from  which   they  are  separated   by  of  the  Loire,  has  a  communication  with  the 

Pentland  F'ith.     They  lie  between  57  35  ciiy  by  a  bridge  of  nine  arches.     Near  the 

and  49  16  N  lat.  and  are  26  in  number,  of  city  is  a  forest,  containing  94,000   acr&s, 

which  one  greatly  exceeds    the  otht-r  in  planted  with  ouk  and  otlier  valuable  trees. 

extent.     This,  like  the    principal    one  of  Orleans  is  30  miles  NE  of  Blois,  and  60  SSW 


Shetland,  is  sometimes  dignified  with  the 
appellation  of  Mainland,  but  is  more  fre- 
quently called  Pomona.  Beyond  this  isl- 
and, to  the  NE  are  seen,  among  oiliers, 
Rowsa,  Eglisha,  and  Westra,  Shappinsha, 
and  Eda,  Stronsa,  Sanda,  and  N.  Ronaldsha; 
and  to  the  S  appear  Hoy,  and  S  Ronaldsha, 


of  Paris.     Lon.  1  54  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Orleans,  island  and  town  of  Lower  Cana- 
da, in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  a  little  to 
the  E  ot  Quebec.  Lon.  69  50  W,  lat.  47 
0  N. 

Orleans,  island  of,  that  p^^rt  of  Louisiana, 
enclosed  by  the  Mississippi  ri\er,  beyond 


with  others  of  inferior  note  The  currents  Iberville,  Amite  river,  lake  Maurt-pas,  Pass 
and  tides  which  flow  between  these  islands  of  Mauchac,  lake  Pontchartrain,  the  Rigo- 
are  rapid  and  da-^gerous;  and  near  the  small  Jets,  lake  Borgue,  Pass  of  Marianne,  Chan- 
isle  of  Swinna  are  two  whirlpools,  very  deleiir  bay,  and  gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  about 
dangerous  to  mariners  especially  m  cidm*  170  miles  long,  with  a  width  of  from  10  to 
Springs  of  pure  water  are  found  in  all  the  25  miles;  and  contains  part  of  the  parishes 
mountainous  parts  of  these  islands;and  there  of  Ibervdle,  Ascension,  St.  .Tames,  St.  John 
are  numerous  lakes  and  rivulets  aboundmg  Buptiste,  St  Charles,  St  Bernard,  Orleans, 
in  fish.  The  climate  of  the. e  islards  in  sum-  and  Plaquemine.  The  surface  an  unbro- 
mer  is  moist  and  cold  ;  but  in  winter  there  ken  plain,  and  except  near  the  Misiissippi, 
is  never  much  snow,  and  that  lies  only  a  and  a  tew  of  the  other  streams,  morass ;  or 
short  time.  Preceding  ti,e  autumnal  equi-  ^^  igjs'  liable  to  annual  submersion. 
nox,  they  are  visited  by  dreadful  storms  of  Orleans,  middlemost  of  the  three  north- 
wind,  rain,  and  thunder.  The  coast  afford  gp^  countiis  of  Vermont,  bounded  N 
numerous  bays  and  harbours  for  the  fishe-  \^y  Lower  Canada  ;  E  by  Essex  county, 
ries.  The  chief  exports  are  linen  and  wool-  -,„  Vermont;  SE  by  Caledonia;  SW 
len  yarn,  stockings,  butter,  dried  fish,  her-  ^^  Washington  ;  and  W  by  Franklin, 
rings,  oil,  feathers,  and  skins  of  various  Length  40  •  mean  width  20;  and  area 
kinds,  and  kelp.  The  English  language  gQQ  square  miles.  Surface  mountainous 
prevails  in  all  these  islands,  althougli  tliere  ^^  ^^j.y  broken  by  hills.  Soil  rocky,^  and 
are  many  words  in  the  Norse,  or  Norwe-  gxcept  in  a  few  places  sterile.  Chief 
gian,  still  in  use.     The  inhabitants  have  the  ^Q^yjjs,  Craftsburv  and  Brownington. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 

Toial  whites 


general  character  of  being  frugal,  sagacious, 
circumspect,  rehgiou<^,  and  hospitable. 

Orlamunda,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Saale,  opposite 
the  influx  of  the  Orla,  40  miles  WSW  of 
Altenbuig.  -  .  ,    ,• 

Orland,  township,  Hancock  county.  All  other  persons  except  Indians 
Maine,  20  miles  N  from  Castine.  Popula-  not  taxed  .... 
tion  in  1820, 610.  _  Slaves         -  .        .        . 

Orlando,  cape  on  the  N  coast  of  Sicily, 
15  miles  W  by  N  of  Patti.     Lon.  15  4  E,    Total  population  m  1810    - 

iat.  38  14N. 

/  63 


3,088 
2,715 

5,803 

27 
0 

5,830 


O  U  M 


O  R  S 


Populatisn  in  1820. 
Eree  white  laales  -        -        o,,'>9o 

do.    do.    females  -        -        3,oi7 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -         -         -  0 

Total  whites             -        -       -  6,940 

Free  persons  of  eolour,  jnales  IS 

do.            do.        females,  18 

Slaves,  males           ...  0 

do.    females        _       .       -  o 

Tofalpopalation  ill  1820  -        6,976 

©;  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  5 

Engaged  in  Agricalture  -        -        1,536 

do,        in  Manufactures       -  101 

do.        in  Commerce  -  H 

37opulation  to  the  square  ralle,  ?:}. 

Qrleanst  post  village  and  tnwnsliip, 
Barnstable  county,  Massachusetts,  20 
^i!es  "E  from  Barnstable.  Population 
1820, 13i3. 

Orleans,  parish  of  Louisiaoa.  See  Fa- 
visli  ofNcai  Orlean/>. 

Orleans,  Canal  of,  which  is  about  48 
miles  long,  commences  at  the  river  Loire, 
two  miles  above  the  city,  crosses  the  fo- 
rest of  Orleans,  and  terminates  in  the 
Ijoing,  which  falls  into  the  Seine.  It  was 
linished  in  1682,  and  has  30  locks  in  its 
course. 

Orleiiga,  small  town  of  Russia.  It  is 
situated  in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on 
the  Lena,  232  miles  N  of  Irkutsk.  Lon. 
105  40  E,  lat?.  56  0  N. 

Ormea,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county 
of  Asti,  taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  It 
is  situatifd  on  the  Tanaro,  10  miles  S  of 
Cevar.    Lon.  8  9  E,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Ormond,  northern  division  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Tipperary  in  Ireland. 

Ormskirk,  town  of  Lancashire,  with  a 
markeb  on  Tuseday,  seated  near  the  ri- 
vep  Douglas,  30  miles  S  of  Lancaster, 
and  206  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3  3  W, 
lat,  53  37  K. 

Ormus,  small  island  of  Asia,  in  a 
strait  of  the  same  name,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  nine  railes  S  of 
Gorabreon.  It  was  taken  in  1507  by  the 
Portuguese,  who  fortified  it ;  and  it  was 
afterv/ard  frequented  by  a  number  of  rich 
mepehants.  In  1622,  the  Persians,  by 
the  assistance  of  the  English,  conquered 
this  place,  and  demolished  the  houses, 
■which  were  4000  in  number,  containing 
40,000  inhabitants.  Some  time  after,  the 
Persians  rebuilt  the  fort,  and  placed  a 
garrison  in  it ;  but  they  could  never 
bring  it  to  be  a  place  of  trade  as  before  ; 
however,  it  is  the  key  of  the  gulf  of  Per- 
sia, on  account  of  the  eommodiousness 
of  the  harboyr.  It  is  almost  dfserled ; 
764- 


for  it  pcoduces  nothing  but  salt,  which 
sometimes  is  two  inches  deep  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  Lon.  26  25  E,  lat. 
27  20  N. 

Ormyah,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Per- 
sia, seated  in  the  province  of  Tauris,  120 
miles  SW  of  Tauris. 

Ornans,  town  of  France  io  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Compte.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  well, 
the  same  as  that  of  Vesoul,  which,  du- 
ring the  time  of  great  rains,  overHows 
in  such  a  tuanner  as  to  inundate  the  ad- 
jacent country  ;  and  fishes  that  it  dis- 
gorges are  called  umbres.  Ornans  is  Bead- 
ed on  the  Louvre,  eight  miles  SE  of  Be- 
sancon. 

Orne,  river  of  France,  in  the  late 
province  of  Normandy,  which  has  its 
source  at  the  village  Aunon,  and  falls  into 
the  sea  eight  miles  below  Caen. 

Or7ie,  department  of  France,  which, 
includes  the  late  province  of  Percl^e  and 
part  ef  that  of  Normandy.  It  takes  il^ 
name  from  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
English  channel  eight  miles  below  Caen^ 
The  capital  is  Alengon. 

Oronolfo,  river  of  South  America. 
See  Orinoco. 

Oronsa,  small  fertile  island  of  Scot- 
land, one  of  the  Hebrides,  seven  miles 
W  of  Jura.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ab- 
bey, with  many  sepulchral  statues,  and 
some  curious  ancient  sculpture. 

07-0,  Ca/ie  d',  ancient  Caphareum,  SE 
cape  of  Negropont,  ancient  Euboea. 

Oro7ttes,  river  of  Syria,  rising  in  mount 
Libanus,  near  Damascus,  heading  with 
the  Jordan,  flowing  N,  falls  into  the  Me- 
diterranean, lat.  36  N. 

Orofiesa,  town  of  Spain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 22  miles  E  of  Placenlia,  and  50  W 
of  Toledo.    Lon.  4  36  W,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Orofiesa,  town  of  Peru,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains,  150  miles  NE  of 
Potosi.    Lon.  63  30  VV,  lat.  18  0  S. 

Orr,  river  in  Kircudbrightshire,  Scot- 
land, which  rises  near  New  Galloway, 
waters  the  town  of  Orr,  and  enters  the 
Solway  Frith. 

Orrijigton^  town  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Penobscot  river,  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine.  It  had  1341  inhabitants  in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  2000,  30  miles  N  of  Castine. 

Orrsville,  post  village,  Pendleton  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Orsova,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  bannat  of  Tameswar.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N  side  of  the  Danube,  almost  oppo- 
site Belgrade,  and  is  subject  to  the 
Turks.    Lon.  22  3  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Orsova,  J^ew,  fortress  of  European 
Turkey,  on  an  island  in  the  Danube, 
about  100  miles  below  Belgrade. 

Ovaoi/,  town  pf  Germany,  in  the  circle 


O  II  w 


OSS 


of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
belonging  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is 
9.0  mi'les  SE  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  43  E,  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Orta,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Ti- 
ber, 10  miles  E  of  Viterbo,  and  30  N  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  57  W,  lat.  42  22  N. 

Orta,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  and  in  the  province  of  Capita- 
nata,  11  miles  NNE  of  Ascoli. 

Orte^al,  cape  and  castle  on  the  N 
coast  of  (iailicia,  in  Spain,  30  miles  NNE 
of  Ferrol.    Lon.  7  39  W,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Orcenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Austria,  seated  on  the  S  bank 
of  the  Drave,  opposite  its  confluence  with 
the  Liser.    Lon.  13  38  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Orthez,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Beam,  seated  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Gave  de  Pau, 
17  miles  SVV  of  Pau.  Lon.  0  24  W,  lat. 
43  5  l<i. 

Orton,  town  of  Westmoreland,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  SW  of 
Appleby,  and  271 NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  40  W,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Ortza,  town  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Witepsk.  It  is  de- 
fefided  by  a  castle,  and  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Oresa  and  Dnieper,  50 
(niles  W  of  Smolensko.  Lon.  31  5  E,  lat. 
54  45  N. 

Orvieto,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  mag- 
nificent palace,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name.  In  this  place  is  a  deep 
well^  into  which  mules  descend,  by  one 
pair  of  stairs,  to  fetch  up  water,  and  as- 
cend by  another.  It  is  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock,  near  the  confluence  of  the  ri- 
vers Paglia  and  Chiuna,  20  miles  NW  of 
Viterbo,  and  50  N  by  W  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  20  E,  lat.  42  42  N. 

Orville,  post  village  of  Onondago  coun- 
ty. New  York. 

Onveil,  river  of  Suffolk,  which  runs 
SE  by  Ipswichi  and  uniting  with  ihe 
Stour,  forms  the  fine  harbour  of  Har- 
wich. Abo\'e  Ipswich  it  is  called  the 
Gipping. 

Orwell,  small  river  of  Upper  Canada, 
falling  into  Lake  Erie,  between  Land- 
guard,  and  North  Foreland. 

Orwell,  post  tov/n  in  Rutland  county, 
Vermont,  lying  on  the  E  side  of  lake 
Champlain,  35  miles  NW  of  Rutland. 

Orwell,  township  of  Oswego  county. 
New  York.     Population  1820,  488, 

Or\uiclcsburg,  post  town,  borough,  and 
seat  of  justice,  Schuylkill  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  near  a 
small  creek  flowing  into  the  south  branch 
of  Schuylkill,  seven  miles  above  the  Schuyl- 


kill water  gap,  and  10  miles  E  fi-om  the 
coal  mines,  26  miles  NW  from  Reading. 
It  contained  about  120  houses  and  600  in- 
habitanis  in  1820,  with  a  court-house,  jail, 
several  dry  good  stores,  and  an  academy. 
Though  broken  by  mountain  and  hill,  the 
adjacent  country  is  ver}'  pleasant  and  well 
cultivated. 

Osacn,  large,  populous,  and  commercial 
town  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  in  Japan, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  and  a  fine  popu- 
lous harbour.  Tiie  hours  of  the  night  are 
proclaimed  by  the  sound  of  different  in- 
struments of  music.  Lon.  133  45  E,  lat. 
35  20  N. 

Osage,  river  of  the  United  Stales,  rising 
in  the  Great  Western  territory,  between 
Arkansaw  and  Kanses  rivers,  and  flowing 
NE,  enters  Missouri  and  falls  into  the  Mis- 
souri river,  a  short  distance  below  Jeffer- 
son, and  133  miles  above  St.  Louis.  The 
Osage  is  a  very  winding  stream,  but  its 
comparative  course  does  not  exceed '300 
miles.  The  Osage  Indians  reside  upon  its 
banks  west  of  the  limits  of  Missouri. 

OserOf  or  Osoro,  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, having  that  of  Cherso  to  the  N,  to 
whicli  it  is  joined  by  a  bridge.  The  capi- 
tal is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  15  30  E,  lat. 
45  ON. 

Osetj,  Island  in  Blackwater  Bay,  near 
Maiden,  in  Essex ;  where  the  coal  ships 
for  Maiden  unload  their  cargoes. 

Osimo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate 
of  Ancona,  with  a  rich  bishop's  see,  and  a 
magnificent  episcopal  palace.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Miisone,  10  miles  S  of  Ancona,  and 
110  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  34  E,  lat.  43 
29  N. 

Osma,  episcopal  town  of  Spain  in  Old 
Castile,  with  a  university.  It  is  almost 
gone  to  ruin,  and  is  seated  on  the  Douero, 
80  miles  N  by  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  12  W, 
lat.  41  30  N. 

Osnaburg,  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  40  miles  long  and  30 
broad.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  bishopric 
is  possessed  by  Roman  Catholics,  and  protes- 
tants  alternately,  ."iccording  to  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia.  The  protestant  bishop  is  al- 
ways chosen  by  the  house  of  Brunswick 
Lunenburg.  The  present  bishop  is  Frede- 
ric duke  of  York,  brother  of  the  kiag  of 
Great  Britain. 

Osnaburg;  rich  city  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
university  and  a  castle.  It  is  remarkable 
for  a  treaty  of  peace,  concluded  between 
Germany  and  Sweden,  in  1648,  in  favour  of 
the  prote.stant  religion. 

Osnaburg,  sm.iU  post  town,  situated  in  a 
township  of  the  same  name,  in  Stark  coun- 
ty, five  miles  east  from  Canton,  on  the 
road  leading  to  New  Lisbon. 

Ossa,  mountain  of  Greece  In  Thessaly. 
It  is  the  SE>  part  of  a  chain  extending  from 
^P!5 


O  S  T 


o  s  w 


Macedonia  SE,  nearly  parallel  to  the  Ac- 
geaii  sea,  and  terminstins^  oppnsite  the  N 
part  of  the  island  oS  Ne.£;rop!}nt.  It  is 
separated  from  m^'Wiit  Olympus  by  the  wall 
of  Tempe.     See  Tempe. 

Ossabmv  Sound,  on  the  coast  of  Georgia, 
between  Great  Warsaw  and  Ossaban 
islands,  is  in  reality  the  mouth  •  f  Ogeecliee 
river. 

Ossetia,  country  of  the  Ossia,  or  Os- 
seti,  one  of  the  seven  Caucasan  na- 
tions, between  the  Black  sea  and  the  Cas- 
pisn ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Great  Cabarda, 
E  by  the  Lesguis  Tartars,  and  S  and  W  by 
Itneritia.  It  contains  19  districts,  of  which 
one  is  subject  to  Imeritia,  and  the  others 
to  Georgia.  These  districts  are  of  very 
unequal  size  ;  some  con'ainln,^  only  five, 
and  others  50,  villages,  eacli  of  which  com- 
prise from  20  to  100  families.  Their  lan- 
guage has  some  analogy  with  that  of  the 
Persian.  Their  history  is  entirely  un- 
known.  The  Circassians  and  Tartars  call 
them  K'isha. 

Ossipee  gore,  township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Strafford  county.  Population  in 
1820.  195. 

Ossippee,  township  of  Strafford  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1205  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1793. 

Ostend,  Ibrtified  seaport  of  the  'Nether 
lands,  in  Flanders,  seated  amouij  a  number 
of  canals,  and  almost  surrounded  by  two  of 
the  largest  of  them,  into  which  ships  of 
great  burden  may  enter  with  the  tide.  It 
is  10  miles  W  of  Bruges,  22  NK  of  Dun- 
kirk, and  60  NW  of  Brussels.  Lou.  3  1  E, 
lat.  51  14  N. 

OsiV'-ot/c,  town  of  Lowep  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen,  noted  for  a 
manufiicture  of  woollen  stuffs.  It  has  like- 
wise a  magazine  of  corn  for  the  miners  of 
Hartz  forest,  to  whom  it  is  delivered  at  a 
fixed  price.  It  is  16  miles  SW  of  Goslar. 
Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Osterrode.,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Oberland,  situated  on  the  Dri- 
bentz.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  is  65 
miles  SE  of  Dantzic,  and  70  SSW  of  Ko- 
ningsberg. 

Osterwieck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principality  of 
Halberstadt.  It  carries  on  considerable 
manufactures  in  woollen  sUiffs,  and  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Use,  13  miles  W  of  Halberstadt, 
and  15  miles  NE  of  Goslar.  Lon.  10  52  E, 
lat.  52  10  N. 

OsUa,  once  celebrated  but  decayed  sea- 
port of  Italy,  in  Cliampagna  di  Roma,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouti)  of  the  Tiber,  with  a  bish- 
op's see  :  the  harbour  is  choaked  up.  It  is 
12  miles  SW  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24  E,  lat. 
41  44  N. 

Ostiglio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mantua,  seated  on  the  Po,  15  miles  E  of 
Mantua.    Lon.  11  8  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

7r>6 


Osihi^hausen,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Wesphalia,  situated  on  the  Alst, 
eight  miles  W  of  I-ipstadt. 

Ostrogothia,  eastern  part  of  Gothland,  in 
Sweden. 

Ostunt,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otran- 
to,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  16  miles 
NW  of  Brindici,  and  24  NE  of  Tarento. 
Lon.  17  59  E.  lat.  40  51  N. 

Osiuald,  St.  village  in  Northumberland, 
on  the  Pic -i'  Wail  N  of  Hexham.  Here 
Oswald,  who  was  afterwards  sainted,  set 
up  the  first  cross  in  the  kingdom  of  North- 
umberland. 

Osioegaichie,  river  of  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, New  York,  risps  in  the  southern  parts 
of  the  county,  and  flows  NW  into  St.  Law- 
rence it  Ogdensburg.  It  communicates 
witl)  Grass  river  by  a  natural  channel.  Its 
comparative  course  about  60  miles. 

Oswegatchie,  township  of  St.  Lawrence 
county,  New  York,  on  the  Sn  Lawrence, 
and  including  the  village  of  Ogdensburg. 
Population  in  1820,  1661. 

Oswego,  river  of  New  York,  formed  by 
the  outlet  of  Oneida  lake  and  Seneca  river. 
Its  comparative  length  about  30  miles,  it 
falls  into  lake  Ontario  about  80  miles  NW 
from  Utica,  and  has  been  made  navigable 
from  Oneida  lake  to  its  mouth,  by  locks  and 
side  cuts. 

Oswego,  post  town  and  post  of  entry? 
Oswego  county,  New  York,  on  both  banks 
of  Oswego  river  at  its  mouth.  It  is  an  in- 
creasing town,  and  place  of  considerable 
comm  rce.  In  time  of  war,  it  is  also  a  mili- 
tary post  of  much  consequence.  It  is  partly 
in  the  township  of  Scriba  and  partly  in 
Hanibal. 

Oswego,  county  of  New  York  j  bounded 
by  lake  Ontario  NW  ;  by  Jefferson  N  ; 
Lewis  and  Oneida  E  ;  Oneida  lake  and  Os- 
wego river  or  Onondago  county  S  ;  and 
Cayuga  SW.  Length  45  ;  mean  width  22; 
and  area  about  1000  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  broken,  and  soil  of  middling, 
quality.  Besides  the  Oswego,  it^B  drained 
by  Salmon  river  and  some  of  lesser  note 
ail  falling  into  lake  Ontario.  Chief  towns 
Oswego. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        6,535 
do.  do.     females    -        -        -        5,837 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ...        -  0 


Total  v/hites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      -        -      /. 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1820 


12,342 

17 

15 

0 

0 

12,374 

O  T  O 


O  T  S 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  131 

Engajjed  in  Agriculture      -        -        3,402 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  488 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  227 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Opnhtt,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in  the 
S  Pacific  Ocean.  It  lies  N  of  Ulitea;  and 
is  divided  from  it  by  a  strait,  which  in  the 
narrowest  part,  is  not  more  than  Uvo  miles 
broad.  This  island  is  smaller  and  more 
barren  than  Ulitea.  but  has  two  very  good 
harbours. 

OsTveiczsn,  town  of  Poland,  in  tiie  palati- 
nate of  C.-acovia.  It  has  a  great  trade  in 
salt,  and  is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  15  miles 
SW  of  Cracow.     Lon.  19  44  E,  lat.  59  ON. 

Os^uestry,  corporate  town  in  Shropshire 
with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  had  a 
wall,  and  a  castle  long  ago  demoHshed  ; 
and  has  some  trade  with  Wal  s  in  flannels- 
It  is  18  mil'js  NVV  of  Shrewsb».rv,  and  174 
of  London.     Lon.  3  3  W,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Osyth,  St.  village  in  Essex  ;  here  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  monastery,  now  the 
seat  of  the  earl  ofRochford.  It  is  situated 
near  the  sea,  nine  miles  SE  of  Colchester. 

Otaheite,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  in  18  deg, 
S  lat.  and  150  deg.  W  lon.  and  first  disco- 
vered by  captain  Wallis  in  1767,  who  call- 
ed it  George  the  Third's  Island.  M.  di 
Bougainville  next  arrived  at  in  April  1763, 
and  staid  ten  days.  Captain  Cook  came 
hither  in  1769,  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus  :  sailed  round  the  whole  island  in  a 
boat,  and  staid  three  months.  It  has  since 
been  visited  twice  by  that  celebrated  navi- 
gator. It  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  great 
part  of  which  is  coveied  with  woods,  con- 
sisting partly  of  bread-fruit  trees,  palms, 
cocoa  nut  trees,  plantains,  bananas,  mul- 
berries, sugar  canps  and  others  peculiar  to 
the  climate,  particularly  a  kind  of  pine  ap- 
ple and  the  dragon  tree.  The  people  have 
mild  features,  and  a  pleasing  countenance. 
They  are  about  the  ordinary  size  of  Eu- 
ropeansj^^f  a  pale  mahogany  brown,  with 
fine  bla^Riair  and  eyes. 

Otis,  post  village  and  township,  Berk- 
shire county,  Massachusetts.  20  miles  SE 
from  Lenox.     Population  1820,  981. 

Otisco,  small  lake,  and  township,  in  the 
SW  part  of  Onondago  county,  N/w  York. 
Population  of  the  township  1820,  1726. 

Otisjtehl,  township  of  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Maine,  43  miles  N  from  Portland.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1107. 

Otletf,  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Wharf,  under  a  high  craggy 
cliff,  25  miles  W  of  York,  and  302  NNW 
of  London,     Lon.  1  48  W,  lat.  53  54  X. 

Otoque,  island  of  South  America,  in  the 
bay  of  Panama.  Lon.  81  10  W,  lat.  7  50 
N. 


Otranto,  or  Terra  D'Otranio,  province  of 
Naples,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Terra-di- 
Bari  and  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  E  by 
the  same  gulf,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  a 
great  bay,  between  that  and  Basihcata.  It 
is  a  mountainous  country,  abounding  in 
olives,  figs,  and  wine.  Here  is  a  kind  of 
spider,  called  a  tara-itula,  whose  bite  is  ve- 
nomous ;  and  the  country  is  oflen  visited 
by  locusts. 

Otranto,  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Terra 
d'Oirauto,  with  a  commodious  harbour,  an 
archbishop's  see,  and  a  strong  citadel,  where 
the  archbishops  reside.  It  was  taken,  in 
1480  by  the  Turks,  who  did  a  great  deal 
of  mischief,  but  it  has  since  been  restored. 
It  has  also  suffered  greatly  by  the  Algerine 
pirates.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 37  miles  SE  of  Brindici,  and  60  SE 
of  Tarento.     Lon.  18  35  E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Oiricoli,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duohy  of 
Spoletto,  seated  on  a  hill,  two  miles  fronri 
the  Tiber,  nd  32  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  23 
E.  lai.  42  26  N. 

Otsego,  narrow  lake  of  North  America, 
ill  the  state  of  New  York,  in  Otsego  coun- 
ty. It  is  nine  miles  long,  and  lies  at  the 
head  of  the  river  Susquehannah. 

Otsego,  county  of  New  York ;  bounded 
by  Schoharie  E;  De,iwareSE;  Unadilla 
river  or  Chenango  county  W  ;  Madson  and 
Oneida  NW  ;  Herkimer  N;  and  Montgo- 
mery NE.  Length  40 ;  mean  width  25 ; 
and  area  1000  square  mdes.  Surface  gen- 
erally hilly  ;  but  soil  generally  produc- 
tive. Staples,  grain,  flovr,  live  stock,  and 
salted  provision.  Cliief  towns.  Cooper's 
town,  and  Ciieriy  Valley. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 


Tot.il  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves       .        .        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  ISIO    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        - 

do.    do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  ladians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        " 

Total  whites         -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males       .        .        -        - 

do."^  females     .        .        -        - 

Total  population  injl820      - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 

767 


19,718 
18,877 

38,595 

133 
74 

38,802 


22.303 
22,302 

0 

44,605 
119 
116 

4 
12 

44,856 

f 
331 


O  U  D 


O  V  E 


Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -       12,588 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -        2,466 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  126 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  44J. 

OtseUc,  small  river  of  New  York  in  Cha- 
nango  county,  falling  into  the  Tioughioga 
branch  of  Susquehannah. 

Otselic,  township  of  Chenango  county, 
New  York.    Population  1820,  526. 

Oeia-wa,  large  river  of  British  America, 
rises  north  from  lake  Huron,  and  flowing 
SE  falls  into  St.  Lawrence,  25  miles  NW 
from  Montreal,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  500  miles.  It  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Upper  and  Lower  Ca- 
nada. Its  volume  of  water  is  very  large 
for  its  length  of  course.  Settlements  are 
scattered  along  its  banks  about  150  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Though  much  obstructed 
by  rapids,  it  is  one  of  the  channels  of  in- 
land trade  from  Montreal  to  the  NW. 

Ottentlorf,  town  of  German}',  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Saxe 
Lauenberg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meden,  24 
miles  N  of  Stade.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  53  53  N. 
Ottensheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
archduchy  of  Austria.  It  lies  on  the  N 
side  of  the  Danube,  16  miles  SW  of  Frey. 
stadt. 

Otter,  river  of  Vermont,  which  rises  in 
the  Green  Mountains,  Bennington  county, 
and  after  running  a  NW  course  through  the 
country  for  70  miles,  flows  into  lake  Cham- 
plaine,  about  15  miles  above  Crown  Point. 

Ottet'-bridge,  post  office,  Bedford  county, 
Virginia. 

Otterberg.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  five  miles  N  of  Kay- 
serslautern, 

Otterbwn,  village  in  Northumberland,  on 
the  river  Reed,  22  miles  W  by  N  Morpeth. 
It  is  celebrated  for  a  battle  in  1388,  on 
which  is  founded  the  ballad  of  Chevy  ChaCe, 

Ottersberg,  town  cf  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  with  a  fort,  17  miles 
NE  of  Bremen. 

Ottery,  St.  Mainj,  town  in  Devonshire. 
It  has  a  large  church  with  two  square  tow- 
ers, and  manufactures  of  flannels,  serges, 
8sc.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Otter,  10 
miles  E  of  Exeter,  and  161  W  by  S  of 
London. 

Ottmuchau,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Niesse,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on 
the  river  Niesse,  seven  miles  W  by  S  of 
Niesse. 

Oltona,  or  Ortona,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
10  miles  N  of  Lanciano,  and  43  E  of 
Aquilcia.     Lon.  14  59  E,  lat.  42  28  N.    / 

Ott-aeiler,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  castle, 
40  miles  SE  of  Treves. 

Ouachitau.    See  JFnshitau. 

Oude,  province  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
■Bubiect  to  a  nabob,  whose  dominions  lie  on 
768     ' 


both  sides  of  the  Ganges,  occupying  (with 
the  exception  of  the  district  of  Rompour) 
all  the  flat  country  between  that  river  and 
the  northern  mountains,  as  well  as  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  that  fertile  tract,  lying  be- 
tween the  Ganges  and  Jumna,  known  by 
the  name  of  Dooab,  to  witliin  40  miles  of 
the  city  of  Delhi.  Oude  and  Its  dependen- 
cies are  estimated  at  360  miles  in  length 
from  E  to  W,  and  in  breadth  from  150  to 
180. 

Oude,  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Oude,  the  remains  of 
which  are  seated  on  the  Gogra.  nearly  ad- 
joining Fitabad.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  imperial  city  of  Hindoostan,  and 
to  have  been  the  capital  of  a  kingdom, 
1200  years  before  the  Christian  era ;  and 
it  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Mchabe- 
ret,  a  famous  Hindoo  work  in  Sanscrit, 
under  the  name  of  Adjudiah,  But  what- 
ever may  have  been  its  former  magnifi- 
cence, no  traces  of  it  are  left.  It  is  con- 
sidered as  a  place  of  sanctity  ;  and  the 
Hindoos  frequently  come  hither,  on  pil- 
grimage, from  all  parts  of  India. 

Oudenaed,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  middle  of  which  is  a  fort ;  it  is  12  miles 
S  of  Ghent,  15  NE  of  Tournay.  and  27  W 
of  Brussels.     Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Oudenbjtrg,  town  of  Flanders,  eight 
miles  SE  of  Ostend,  and  10  W  of  Bruges. 
Lon.  3  0  E,  lat  51  9  N. 

Oudipovr.     See  Cheitore. 

Overflackee,  island  of  Holland  between 
the  mouths  of  the  Maese.  Melisand  is  tlie 
principal  town. 

Overton,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bound- 
ed by  Cumberland  county  in  Kentucky 
N ;  Morgan  county  in  Tennessee  E  ; 
Bledsoe  S  ;  White  SW  ;  and  Jackson  W. 
Length  40 ;  mean  v/idth  15 ;  and  area 
600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Obed's  ?.nd  Roaring  river,  branches  of 
Teimessee.    Chief  town  Monroe. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -      ^    2,634 
do.    do.   females  -      tB    2,648 


Total  whites  -        -        -  5,282 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
---    -'  -       -       -  6 

S55 


not  taxed 
Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810 


5,64S 


Popidation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -         3,255 

do.    do.  females    ...        3,176 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

nottuxed  ...  o 


Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  coIo\ir,  males    - 
dp.  do.        females 


U  l:    S 


O  L  S 


Siaves,  mules 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


342 
7,128 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigneis  cot  na*ural/zecl  -  0 

Eii;;asjcd  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,950 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  40 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  11 

Population  to  t!ie  square  ir.ile,  12  nearlj'. 

Overijsclic,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
seared  oti  the  Ysche,  six  miles  NE  of 
Brussels,  and  nin?  SW  of  Louvain.  Lon. 
4  30  E,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Overysnel,  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands ;  biiunded  on  the  E  by  the  bishop- 
ric of  Munster,  on  the  N  Ijy  Friesland 
and  Gro'iinj^en,  on  the  VV  by  die  Yssel, 
and  on  the  S  by  the  country  of  Zutphen 
and  bishopric  of  Monster.  It  is  divided 
into  three  districts,  called  Drcnte,  TweMt, 
and  Saliand.  There  are  many  morasses 
in  this  province,  and  but  few  inhabitants, 
in  comparison  with  the  rest.  It  i^reattst 
riches  consist  in  turf,  which  is  dug  up 
here,  and  sent  to  the  neighbouring  pro- 
vinces, particularly  Holiand. 

Ougien,  town  of  Hn.doostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Malwa,  capital  of  one  of 
the  Western  Mahratta  chiefs.  It  is  a 
place  •■■•f  great  antiquitv,  452  miles  SW  of 
Poonah.     Lon.  75  56  E,  lat  23  26  N. 

Oviedo,  town  of  Spain,  cajjital  of  As- 
turia  d'Oiicdn,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  university.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
encf  of  the  Ove  and  Devn,  wiiich  forms 
the  Astra,  50  miles  NW  of  Leon,  and 
208  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  44  W,  lat.  43 
25  N. 

Ouia(G7i,  or  Ouitanon,  village  of  In- 
diana, on  the  Wabash,  150  miles  above 
Vinciennes.  ^ 

Ovid,  township  and  post  vlHag^eiieca 
county,  New  York,  between  Seneca,  and 
Cayuga  iake.s.^  The  principal  village  is 
near  the  former  22  miles  above  Geneva. 
Population  1810,4535.  and  in  1820,  2654. 
Oulsconsin,  river  of  the  United  States 
the  NW  territory  rises  at  lat.  46°  N,  and 
between  12  and  "lo"^-  W  from  Was'.iington, 
interlocking  witii  the  *Menomonie  of 
Green  bny  and  with  the  southern  rivers 
of  Lake  Superior.  It  thence  flows  S  to 
about  lat.  4v  45,  where  it  approaches  so 
very  near  Fox  river  of  Green  bay,  as  to 
leave  only  a  p'l'tatce  of  one  mile  and  a 
half,  Sf.e  Fosc  rivr  of  Michigan.  Be- 
low the  portage  the  Oa;scnnsin.  turns  to 
SW  by  W,  and  falls  into  Mississippi 
about  fivf:  miles  below  Prairie  du  Clii  n 
at  lat.  43^  N.  Tliis  streams  forms  one 
of  the  great  natural  cliannelsof  commu- 
nicaticn  between  the  St  Lawrence  and 
Mississippi  basins.  Though  generallv 
A  K 


rapid  in  its  current,  it  is  unimpeded  Ijy 
cataracts,  or,  even  dangerous  shoals. 
The  entire  length  by  comparative  courses 
350  miles,  nearly  one  half  of  which  dis- 
tance is  below  the  portage. 

Ou'.z,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  in  a 
valley,  12  miles  SW  of  Susa. 

Oundk;  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on 
the  N.-'u,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  26 
miles  NE  of  Northampton,  and  78  N  by 
W  of  London. 

Oural.    See  Und  inountains. 

Oiirem,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  seated  on  a  mountain,  12  miles  W 
of  Tomar. 

Otirfa.     See  C'rfa. 

Ourifjue,  townof  PortUijal,  in  Alente- 
jo,  celebrated  for  a  victory,  obtained  by 
Alphons;),  king  of  Portugal,  over  five 
Moorish  kings,  in  1139.  The  heads  of 
these  five  kings  are  the  arms  of  Portugal. 
It  is  £6  miles  SW  of  Beja. 

0?.i5c,  river  in  Yorkshi;'e,  formed  of 
th-.'  Ureand  Swale,  which  rises  near  each 
other  in  the  romantic  tract  called  Kich- 
mondshire,  and  unite  at  AUlbtirough.  It 
thence  takes  the  name  of  Ouse,  and 
flows  through  York,  where  it  is  naviga- 
ble for  consi'ierable  vessels;  and  after- 
ward receiving  the  Wiiarf,  Derwent, 
Aire,  and  D  -n,  it  meets  the  'I'rent  on 
the  borders  of  Lincolnshire,  where  tlieii' 
united  streans  form  the  Humbcr. 

Ouse,  river  in  Sussex,  formed  of  two 
branches,  one  of  v/hicli  rises  in  St.  Leo- 
nard forest,  the  ether  in  the  forest  of 
V.'cirth,  and  they  unite  above  Lewes.  It 
flows  by  that  town  to  N- w  Haven,  below 
which  it  forms  a  consider  ible  haven,  and 
enters  the  E'lg'ish  chani;el. 

Ouse.  (ivcat.  river  which  rises  in 
Norihamptt)n.>,hire,  near  Brackley,  aiid 
flows  to  Buo.k;ngham,  Stoney,  Sratf  jrd, 
Newport  Pagnel,  Obuy,  and  Bedford, 
where  it  is  nav  gable.  Thence  it  pro-' 
ceeds  to  St.  Nei.t,  Huntingdon.  St.  Ives, 
Ely,  raid  Lynn,  btlovv  which  it  enters 
the  Lincoliis  lire  wash. 

Oufie,  Little,  river  which  rises  in  the 
S  part  of  x\;jrf>!k.  and  dividing  that 
county  from  Suffolk,  as  it  flows  west- 
ward, becomes  navigable  at  Thetfcrd; 
and  afterwards  joins  :he  Great  Ouse. 

OuHC,  or  Grand  river,  .stream  of  Up- 
p  r  Canada,  rising  in  the  interior  coun- 
try, which  sources  interlocking  with 
those  of  the  Thames.  It  thence  flows  a 
little  E  of  vS  into  Lake  Erie,  which  it 
enters  about  half  way  from  Fort  Erie  to 
the  North  Foreland  The  bar  at  it* 
month,  has  about  seven  feetw^iecr. 

Oussore.  town  and  fort  of  Hi:>doostan, 
in  Mvsore.  taken  bv  the  English  in  17'^'!. 
'  76<' 


O  W  £ 


O  X  1 


It  is  19  miles  SE  of  Bangalore,  and  60 
ENE  of  Seringapatam. 

Outeiro,  town  and  fortress  of  Portugal, 
in  Tra  los  Monies,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
nine  miles  SE  of  Braganza,  and  21  NW 
of  Miranda 

(hoasco,  lake  of  Cayuga  county,  New- 
York  ;  its  waters  is  discharged  into  Se- 
neca river. 

Owasco,  township  and  post  village 
Cayuga  county,  New  York,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  Owasco  lake  three  miles  SE  from 
Auburn.  Population  1810,  496;  and  in 
1820,  1290. 

Onvego,  town  of  New  York,  in  Broome 
comity  on  the  E  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hannah,  20  miles  W  of  Union,  and  30 
miles  SSE  from  Ithaca.  It  is  a  place  of 
much  trade  in  salt  and  Gypsum  from 
Ofliondaga  county.  Population  1820, 1741. 

Otvego,  small  river  of  Xew  York  rising 
in  Courtland  and  Tompkins,  and  flowing 
S  between  Broome,  and  Tioga  counties 
falls  into  the  Susquehannah  river  at  the 
village  of  Owego. 

Owen,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
by  Kentucky  river  or  Henry  county  W  ; 
Gallatin  NW;  Garret  N  ;  Harrison  E  ; 
and  Scott,  and  Franklin  S.  Length  20  ; 
mean  width  12  ;  and  area  240  square 
miles.    Chief  town  Owentown. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males,  -        -        -        944 

do.  do.    females  .        -        -  879 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ...        -        -        0 


Total  whites      ....  1,823 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  ^1 

do.        do.        females     -  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  96 

do.  females          _       -       .  m 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        2,031 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  528 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8^. 

Owen,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded  by 
Dubois  S  ;  Daviess  W  ;  Martin  N ;  and 
Lawrence  and  Orange  E.  Length  24 ; 
width  18  ;  and  area  432  square  miles. 
The  East  branch  of  White  river  ira- 
versss  this  county  obliquelv  from  NE,  to 
SW.    Chief  town  Greenwich. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  457 

do.    do.    ft^males         -        -  370 

-VJl  other  persons  except  Indians 

"t-t  taxed        ....  0 


838 


1 

170 
0 
2 


Total  wh'itfcs 


827 


Tro 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males    .... 
do.    females         -       .       . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalize^ 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Ma!.\ifactures 

do,        in  Commerce     - 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

Owen's,  tavern,  post  office,  Middlesex 
county,  ^  irginia. 

Otventon,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Ov.'en  county,  Kentucky,  on  a  branch 
of  Eagle  creek,  20  miles  NNE  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Oioyhee,  largest  and  most  eastern  of 
the  Sandwich  islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Its  length  from  N  to  S  is  84 
miles,  and  its  breadih  70.  It  is  divided 
into  six  districts,  two  of  which,  on  the 
NE  side,  are  separated  by  a  mountain, 
that  rises  in  three  peaks,  perpetually  co- 
vered with  snow,  and  may  be  seen  at  40 
leagues  distance.  To  the  N  of  this 
mountain,  the  coast  consists  of  high  and 
ybrupt  cliff's,  down  which  fall  many 
beautiful  cascades ;  and  the  whole  coun- 
try is  covered  with  cocoa-nut  and  bread- 
fruit trees.  The  peaks  of  this  moun- 
tain on  the  NE  bide  appear  to  be  about 
half  a  mile  high.  To  the  S  of  this  moun- 
tain, the  ground  is  covei'ed  with  cinders, 
and  in  many  places  has  black  streaks, 
which  seem  to  mark  the  course  of  a  la- 
va, that  has  flowed  from  the  mountain 
to  the  shore.  The  southern  promonto- 
ry looks  like  the  mere  dregs  of  a  volca- 
no. The  projecting  headland  is  com- 
posed of  broken  and  craggy  rocks  piled 
irregularly  on  one  another,  and  termi- 
nating in  sharp  points  ;  yet,  amid  these 
ruins,  are  many  patches  of  rich  soil, 
carefully  laid  out  in  plantations.  The 
fields  are  enclosed  by  stone  fences,  and 
are  interspersed  with  groves  of  cocoa- 
nut  trees.  Here  captain  Cook,  in  1779, 
fell  a  victim  to  the  sudden  resentment  of 
the  natives,  with  whom  he  unfortunate- 
ly had  a  dispute*.  Lon.  156  0  W,  lat.  19 
28  N. 

Oxford,  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux 
of  tlie  CherwcU  with  the  Thames,  and 
has  a  canal  to  Brunston,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. The  citj'-,  with  the  suburbs,  is 
of  a  circular  form,  three  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  was  anciently  surround- 
ed by  walls,  of  which  con.siderable  re- 
mains are  yet  to  be  seen  ;  as  also  of  its 
extensive  castle,  the  tower  of  which  now 
serves  for  a  country  jail.  In  1811,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  12,931.  It  has. 


O  X  F 


O  X  F 


beside  tlie  cathedral,  13  parish-church- 
es, a  famous  university,  a  noble  market 
place,  and  a  mat^nificent  bridge.  The 
university  is  gfneral'y  supposed  to  have 
bttn  a  Seminary  for  learning  before  the 
time  of  Alfred,  although  it  owed  its  re- 
vival and  consi  quence  to  his  liberal  pa- 
tronage. Here  are  20  coleges,  and  five 
halls,  several  of  which,  stand  in  the 
streets,  and  givK  tht-  city  an  air  of  mag 
niticence.  The  colleges  are  provided 
with  sufficient  revenues  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  master,  fellow,  and  students. 
In  the  halls  the  students  live,  either 
wiiolly,  or  in  part  at  their  own  expense. 
The  colleges  are,  Uidversity,  Baliol, 
Merton,  Exeter,  Oriel,  Qu-en's.  New, 
Lincoln,  All  Souls,  Magdalen,  Brazirn 
Nose,  Clorpus  Chrifeli,  Christ  Church, 
Trinity,  St,  Juhn  Baptist's.  Jesus,  Wad 
ham,  P -mbroke,  Worcester,  and  Hert- 
ford. Of  these  the  most  ancient  is  Uni- 
versity College,  founded  before  the  year 
872 ;  and  to  Christ  Church  College,  be- 
gun by  cardinal  Wolsey,  and  finished 
by  Henry  VIII.  belongs  the  cathedral. 
The  halfs  are  Alban,  Edmur.d,  St.  Ma- 
ry's, New  Ifin,  and  St.  Mary  Magdalene. 
Among  the  libraries  in  the  uni'  ersity, 
the  most  distinguished  is  the  Bodleian, 
founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley  ;  those 
of  All  Souls  College,  Christ  Church, 
Queen's,  New,  St.  John's,  Exeter,  and 
Corpus  Christi.  Among  other  pubUc 
buildings  are  the  Ashmolean  Museum, 
the  Clarendon  Printing-house,  Radcliff 
Infirmary,  and  an  Observatory.  Magda- 
len Bridge,  besides  the  beauty  of  its  ar- 
chitecture, has  this  singularity  that  more 
than  half  of  it  is  on  dry  ground,  and  the 
rest  covers  two  small  stripes  of  the  Cher- 
wel ;  this  bridge  is  526  feet  long.  The 
Theatre,  more  magnificent  of  any  thing 
of  the  kind  hi  the  world.  The  physic- 
garden  of  above  five  acres,  walled  rouinl 
with  fine  gates  one  of  which  cost  600/. 

Oxfordshire,  county  of  England,  bound- 
ed on  the  E  by  Buckinghamshire,  W 
by  Gloucestershire,  S  by  Berkshire,  and 
N  by  Warwickshire  and  Northampton- 
shire. The  extreme  length  is  48  miles, 
and  breadth  26,  but  its  form  is  very  irre- 
gular. It  contains  450,000  acres  ;  is  di- 
vided into  14  hundreds,  and  207  parisii- 
es  ;  has  one  city  and  12  market  towns  ; 
and  sends  nine  members  to  parliament. 
The  soil,  though  various,  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  grass.  The  S  part,  especially 
on  the  borders  of  Buckinghamshire,  is 
hilly  and  woody,  having  a  continuation  of 
Chiltern  hills  running  through  it.  The 
NW  part  is  also  elevated  and  stony.  The 
middle  is,  in  general,  a  rich  country,  wa- 
tered by  numerous  streams  running  from 
i?  to  S,  and  terminating  in  the  Thames. 


Of  these,  the  most  considerable  are  the 
Windrush,  Evenlode,  Cherwell,  and 
Thames  ;  the  latter,  although  an  inconsi- 
derable rivulet,  has  obtained  some  im- 
portance from  having  been  supposed  to 
give  name  to  the  Thames.  The  pro- 
ducts  of  Oxfordshire  are  chiefly  those 
common  to  the  midland  farming  coun- 
ties Its  hills  yield  ochre,  pipe -clay,  and 
other  earths,  useful  for  various  purpo- 
ses. Corn  and  malt  are  conveyed  from 
it,  by  the  Thames,  to  the  metrcpolis. 
Population  1801, 109,620,  in  1811, 119,191, 
and  in  1821,  134,327. 

Oxford,  township  of  Granville  coQnty, 
Upper  Canada,  on  the  Rideau. 

Oxjord  county  of  Upper  Canada,  wa- 
tered by  the  sources  of  the  Thames,  and 
Grand  rivers. 

Oxford,  county  of  Maine,  bounded 
NW  by  Lower  Canada ;  W  by  New 
Hampshire ;  S  by  Cumberland,  and  York, 
?ind  E  by  Kennebec  and  Somerset  coun- 
ties. It  extends  indefinitely  along  the 
western  side  of  the  state  from  York  and 
Cumberland  counties.  Area  of  the  set- 
tled parts,  about  2000  square  miles.  The 
Androscoggin,  has  its  principal  sources 
in,  and  flows  obliquely  across  this  county. 
Chief  town  Paris. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.  do.  females 


9,028 
8,589 

17,617 


Total  whites  ... 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .  13 

Slaves         0 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -       17,630 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...     13,714 

do.  do.    females      -        -        -     13,37^ 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  o 

Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        - 
do.     females 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these: 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.       in  Commerce 


27,104 


SO 
6,809 
571 
13 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  2%\. 

Oxford,  township  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  containing  1277  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1562,  situa- 
ted on  the  E  side  of  French  river,  about 
14  miles  to  the  S  of  Worcester. 
Oxford,  township  of  New  Haven  coun-. 
,    771 


V  A 


i»  A  (; 


ty,  Connecticut,  containing  14j3  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1683,  situated 
on  the  VV  of  the  Naiigaheck  river,  12 
miles  NW  of  New  Haven, 

Oxford,  township  of  Chenango  coun- 
ty. New  York,  containing  2988  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  231",  situated 
on  the  W  side  of  Chenango  river,  110 
miles  W  of  Albany.  In  this  town  an 
academy  has  been  incorporated. 

Oxford,  township  c.f  Sussex  cnunty, 
Nevy'jersey,  containing  2470  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  3039,  situated  on  the 
E  side  o£  the  river  Delaware,  between 
Hardwick  and  Mansfiekl 

Oxford,  township  of  Philadelphia  ccun- 
tv,  Pennsylvatiia,  containing  97.1  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820.  1315,  situated 
on  the  NW  side  of  Delaware  river,  abnut 
tight  miles  N  of  Philadelphia. 

Oxford,  Lower,  township  of  Chester 
crunty,  Pennsylvania,  between  Elk,  and 
Octcrara  creeks,  25  miles  SW  from  Ches- 
ter.   Population  1820,  914. 

Oxford,  Ujifier,  townslnp  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  adjoining  the  pre- 
ceding to  the  N.    Population  1820,  710. 

Oxfork,  post  village  of  Adams  county, 
Pc  nnsylvania,  nine  miles  NE  by  E  from 
Gettysburg. 

Oxford,  post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
on  the  E  side  of  Tread  Haven  bay,  Tal- 
bot county,  Maryland,  50  miles  SE  from 
Baltimore.  It  is  one  of  the  most  trading 
places  E  of  Chesapeak  bay.  The  shipping 
owned  here  in  1816,  exceeded  13,000  tons. 

Oxford,  post  village,  Car(;lina  county, 
Virginia. 


Oxford,  post  town,  Granviiie  county. 
North  Carolina,  30  miles  N  by  W  frorn 
Raleigh.    It  is  the  scat  of  two  academies. 

Oxford,  one  of  the  western  townsliips  of 
Huron  connty,  Ohio,  containing  the  village 
of  Bloomfieid.     Population  in  1820,  422, 

Oxford,  northern  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Ohio.     Population,  in  1820,  205. 

Oxford,  NW  township  of  Uutler  county, 
Ohio.  Population  in  1820,  1658.  Distant 
35  miles  NW  from  Cincinnati.  Miami 
University,  a  literary  institution,  located  in 
this  township  in  1809, is  on  the  land  granted 
for  that  purpose  by  congress.  The  neces- 
sary bullflings  have  been  commenced,  and 
the  revenues  already  amount  to  more  than 
400  dollars  annually.  Greek,  and  Latin  are 
already  tauglit,  and  the  funds  and  prospects 
of  the  college  augmenting. 

Oxford,  township  of  Tuscarawas  county, 
Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Wilmington. 
Population  in  1820,  193.  ' 

Oxford,  post  village,  of  Coshocton  coun- 
ty,  Ohio. 

Oxford,  township  of  Guernsey  countv, 
Ohio.     Popula-,ioninl820,915. 

Oijster  Bav,  or  more  correctly  Oester, 
{West  Bay,)  township  of  Queen's  county. 
Long  Island  and  slate  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 4725  inhabitants  in  1810.  It  ex- 
tends quite  across  the  island  from  the  ocean 
to  Long  Isl.and  Sound. 

Oz7oie:i/i,  town  of  Little  Poland;  seated 
on  the  AVeitchssfl.  The  houses  are  built 
of  wood;  and  the  town  is  covered  on  one 
side  by  a  great  morass,  and  on  the  other 
defended  by  a  castle,  whose  walls  are  of 
wood.  It  is  34  miles  W  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
19  10  E,  hit.  50  ION. 


Pacem,  town  in  the  N  part  rf  Stunatra,  in 
the  East  Indies,    Lon.  97  15  E,  hit.  5  0  N. 

Pacham(}e,\Ci\\ey  in  Peru,  celebrated  for 
its  pleasantness  and  fertility,  but  more  for 
u  magnificent  temple,  budi  by  the  Incas  to 
ti-e  honourof  their  god.  The  Spaniards, 
when  they  conquered  Peru,  found  immense 
richea  in  it.     ll  is  10  miles  S  of  Lin^a. 

Pachica,  town  of  Mexico,  famous  for  its 
silver  mines.  Some  .tuthors  say,  that  in  the 
space  of  six  leagues  there  fire  not  less  ihwu 
fi  thousand.  One  cf  which  called  Trinity, 
is  supposed  '.o  be  as  rich  as  any  in  the  Spa- 
n'sh  dominions.  F*  rly  millions  of  .silver 
having  been  taken  from  it  in  10  years.  It 
is  45  miles  NNE  of  Me.xico.  Lon.  100  4 
W,  lat.  20  32  N. 

Pachsu,  small  Island  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, near  the  coast  ot  Epirus,  S  of  Corfu, 
and  W  ot  the  gulf  of  Arta.  It  is  subject 
to  Venice. 

Pacific  Ocean,  that  vast  ocean  which  se- 
772 


paratcs  Asia  from  America.  It  is  called 
Pacific,  from  the  moderate  weather  the 
first  mariners  who  sailed  in  it  met  with 
between  tlie  tropics:  and  it  was  called 
South  Sea,  because  the  Spaniards  crossed 
the  isthmus  of  Darien  from  N  to  S  when 
they  first  discovered  it ;  though  it  is  pro- 
perly  the  Western  Ocean  with  regaid  to 
America.  Geographers  call  the  South  Sea 
Marc  Pacificum,  "•  The  Pacific  Ocean,"  as 
being  less  infested  with  storms  than  the 
Atlantic;  but  M.  Frezicr  affirms  it  does 
rot  deserve  that  appellation,  and  that  he 
has  seen  as  violent  storms  therein  as  in  any 
other  sea  :  but  Magellan  happened  to  have 
a  very  favoiirabl.f;  wind,  and  not  meeting 
with  any  thing  to  ruffle  him  when  he  first 
traversed  this  vast  ocean  in  1520,  gave  it 
the  name  which  it  has  retained  ever  since. 
Maty,  however,  adds,  that  the  wind  is  so 
regular  there,  that  the  vessels  would  fre- 
quently g«  from  Acapuico  to  the  Philippine; 


]>  A  i) 


P  A  1 


Islands  without  shifting  a  sail.  All  tiie  pre- 
ceding characters  of  the  Pacil'ic  Ocean  are 
correct  wiien  iipplied  to  dilierent  parts  ot" 
that  immense  basin.  Within  and  lor  some, 
distancii  above  t!ie  tropics,  it  is  truly  Paci- 
fie,  whilst  in  high  latitudes,  and  particular- 
ly near  land,  it  is  liable  to  all  the  meteoro- 
logical changes  arisir.g  from  difference  of 
t.'.nperature. 

I'ackersfieUlf  now  J\'clson,  township  of 
Cheshire  county,  New  Hampshire,  contain- 
ing 1076  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820, 
907.  Situated  on  the  head  branches  of 
the  Ashuelot  river,  about  20  miles  E  of 
Connecticut  river. 

Pacoiet  river,  rises  in  liutheiford  county 
North  Carolina,  and  flowing  S  enters  Spar- 
tanbury  district  South  Cai-olina,  and  con- 
tinuing SE,  crosses  Spartanburg, ;.nd  Uriion, 
and  falls  into  Broad  river,  opposite  the  S\V 
angle  of  York  district. 

Pcicij,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, seated  on  the  Eure,  eight  miles 
S  by  E  of  Vernon.  Lon.  1  41  E,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Padung,st&\iort  on  the  W  coast  of  Su- 
matra, in  the  East  Indies,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  ihe  Dutch.  Lon.  99  46  E,  lat.  0 
50  S. 

Paddington^  village  in  Middlesex,  W  by 
N  of  London,  wiih  a  handsome  new  church, 
erected  in  1790,  in  a  singularly  pleasing 
style. 

Paderboni,  blshoprick  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Westphaii.a,  32  miles  long  and 
20  broad.  In  the  middle  of  it  are  high 
mountains,  andiron  rnmes;  but  the  rest 
of  the  country  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pas- 
tures. However  it  is  most  remarkable  for 
its  bacon  and  venison.  It  was  secularized 
in  1802,  and  now  belongs  to  Prussia.  Po- 
pulation in  1820, 120,000. 

Paderboru,  ancient  and  populous  town  of 
Germany  in  Westphalia,  cap'tal  of  the  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name.  It  takers  its  name 
from  the  rivulet  I'adtr,  which  rises  under 
the  high  altar  of  the  cathedral.  It  has  a 
celebrated  university,  and  is  37  mdes  SW 
of  Minden,  and  43  ESE  of  Munster.  Lon. 
8  55E,  lat.  51  46N. 

Padron,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated 
on  the  river  Ulia,  12  miles  S  of  Compostel- 
la.     Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Padstow,  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  on  ti.e  P)ris- 
tol  Channel,  and  has  some  trade  to  Ireland, 
from  which  place  it  is  dislant  240  miles. 
It  is  30  miles  W  of  Lauceston,  and  243 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  45  W,  iat.  50 
42  N. 

Padjia,  ancient,  large,  and  celebrated  city 
of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Paduano,  with  a 
university  and  a  bi.shop's  see.  It  is  seven 
miles  in  circumference,  and  much  less  con- 
siderable than  formerly  ;  for  it  now  contains 
^jnly  30,000,  whereas  ft  formerly  contained 


100,000  inhabitants.  The  university  was 
new  modeled  in  1814,  and  consists  of  the 
faculties  of  mathematics  and  philosophy, 
medicine  and  law.  Students  about  300.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Brenta  and  Bachiglione, 
in  a  fire  plain,  20  miles  SE  of  Vicenza,  and 
225  N  of  Home.  Lon.  12  1  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Paihunio,  formerly  a  prcvince  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  cf  Venice,  :iow  part  of  Aus- 
trian Itrtiy,  40  mdes  long,  and  25  broad  ; 
bounded  on  tlie  K  by  the  i)ogado,  on  tlie  S 
by  Polesino  di  llovigo,  on  the  W  by  the 
Veronese,  and  on  ;he  N  by  the  Vincenluio. 
Iti  soil  is  well  watered,  and  is  one  or'  the 
most  fertile  in  Italy.     Padua  is  the  capital. 

PaduJa,  town  of  Italy,  m  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore.  Lon.  15 
41  E,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Paefenhoffen,  town  oiVvaxxce,  in  ll'e  de- 
partment of  Lov\er  Rhine  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  MoUeir,eigl"it  miles 
W  ofH:ig>;enaii.  Um.  7  38  K,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Pugliano,  town  of  Italy,  in  Ahbruzzo  Ul- 
teriore.     Lon.  13  4G  K,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Pagn,  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  sepa- 
rated from  Venetian  Daiamatia  by  a  narrow 
strait.  The  air  is  cold,  and  the  soil  barren; 
but  it  is  well  peopled,  and  contains  salt- 
works. 

Pahang.     See  Pan. 

Paimbccvfi  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire  and  late  province 
ofBretagne,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loire. 
Wliat  makes  it  of  consequence  is,  that  all 
s'lips  belonging  to  Nantes,  take  their  de- 
parture hence,  and  here  they  anchor  on 
their  arrivrd.  It  is  20  miles  W  of  Nantes. 
Lon.  1  5o  W,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Pahisville,  fine  commercial  post  village 
of  Geauga  county,  Ohio,  on  Grand  river, 
about  three  miles  above  its  mouth,  at  Fair- 
port.  A  bridge  constructed  of  wiiod  of  400 
feet  has  been  erected  over  Grand  river  at 
this^  place,  and  toll  free.  Population  in 
1820,  1257. 

I'aiiiesvil/e,  post  village,  Amelia  county, 
Virginia,  45  miles  W  horn  Petersburg. 

Paint,  SE  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in' 18:20,  o90. 

Paint,  township  in  the  western  i)orders 
of  Ross  county,  Ohio.  Population  m  1820, 
946.  It  is  watered,  on  the  W  and  8  by 
Paint  creek,  and  near  the  middle,  by  Buck- 
skin creek,  which  runs  across  It  from  NW 
to  SE. 

Paint,  township  in  the  northern  borders 
of  Fayette  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  767., 

Paint,  township  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Highland  county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
1895. 

Paint  c)'eeA-,western  branch  of  tlu-  Sclota 
river,  rising  in  the  SW  corner  ot  Madison 
county,  Ohio ;  near  the  source  of  Little  Mi- 
ami, from  whence  it  runs  35  miles  SW 


P  A  L 


P  A  L 


across  Fayeltc  co  inl\  by  VVnshington,  and 
along  the  SW  borders  ofKoss  county,  wlien 
it  turns  and  runs  i:;  a  somewhat  NE  direc- 
tion,  in'.o  Ro;^s  county  15  mdes,  thence  E 
1:;  miles  tanner,  wliere  it  joins  the  Scicta 
river  five  miles  below  Chilico'.he. 

Painsivick;  town  in  Gloucestershire.  It 
has  a  manutacmre  of  white  cloths  for  the 
army,  and  for  ihe  India  and  Turkey  trade  ; 
and  henc:^  is  br  >ught  a  stone  remarkable 
for  its  beauty  and  neatness,  for  the  pave- 
ment of  fl')0rs.  It  iS  seven  n^.iles  SE  of 
Gloucest  r,  and  101  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  11  W,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Painted  Post,  post  town  in  Stuben  coun- 
ty, New  Y'jrk;  situated  on  the  NVV  bank 
of  Tioga  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Cochoc- 
ton  creek,  43  mi'es  N\V  of  Athenf,  and 
about  60  miles  S  of  Jerusalem.  Population 
in  1801,  954;  and  in  1820,  2088. 

Painter  Creek,  western  brook  of  Still- 
water rivulet,  emptying  into  said  rivulet  in 
Miami  county.     It  r>ses  in  Dark  county. 

Painter's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Dela- 
ware county,  Pennsylvania,  22  miles  SSW 
from  Phdadelphia. 

Paintville,  recently  laid  off  town,  in 
Wayne  county,  Oliio,  15  mile.-,  from  W  oos 
ter,  on  the  road  leading  from  that  town  to 
New  Philadelpliia.  Population  in  1820, 
uncertain, 

Paishaivur,  city  of  Candahar,  capital  of  a 
district  in  the  country  of  Cabul.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Kameh,  125  miles  SE  of 
Cabul,  and  170  N  of  Moultan.  -  Lon.  70  36 
E,  lat.  33  18  N. 

Paisley,  town  of  Scotland,  the  largest  in 
Reiifrewshire.  It  h.as  considerable  manu- 
factures of  .silk  and  linen  gauze,  lawn,  mus- 
lin, cambric,  thread,  he.  also  e.xtensivc 
soap,  candle,  and  cotton  works ;  and  is 
deemed  the  first  manufacturing  town  in 
Scotland.  The  river  While  Cart  divides  it 
into  the  old  and  new  town,  which  commu- 
nicate by  three  bridges.  The  latter  stands 
on  the  E  side  of  the  river,  and  consists  of 
many  handsome  buildings.  By  means  of 
the  rivt-r,  and  a  canal,  vessels  of  40  tons  can 
.come  up  and  unload  at  the  qyay.  In  1811 
tile  number  of  inhabitaiats  was  32,000  in 
the  old  town,  and  14,153  in  the  abbey 
parish.  It  is  10  miles  W  of  Glasgow. 
Lon.  4  26  W,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Paita,  seaport  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Quito,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  It 
has  frequently  been  plundered  by  the  buc- 
caneers ;  and,  in  1741,  it  was  plundered 
and  burnt,  by  commodore  Anson,  because 
the  governor  refused  to  ransom  it.  The 
bay  is  defended  by  a  fort.  Lon.  80  94  W, 
lat.  5  12  S. 

Palachy,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Coimbetore.  Lon.  77  08  E,  lat.  11 
47  N. 

Palacios,  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  %2 
774 


miles  S  of  Seville.    Lon.  5  24  W,  lat.  57 

20  N. 

Palais,  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 

island  of  Beileisle,  off  the  coast  of  Bretag- 
ne.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  which  stood  a 
long  siege  against  the  English,  in  1761, 
and  then  -unvndered  on  lionourablettrms. 
Lon.  3  2  W,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Palais,  iSV.  town  and  d. strict  fPranc", 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees, 
which.  With  the  town  and  district  of  St. 
John  Pied-de-Po!t,  ibrms  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  late  province  of  Lower  Navarre,  a 
mountainous  country,  which  produces 
scarcely  any  thing  but  millet,  oats,  and 
fruits  of  which  they  make  cider.  St.  Pa- 
lais is  seated  on  the  river  Hibouse,  15  miles 
SE   of  Bavonne.       Lon.    1  4  W,  lat.    43 

21  N. 

Palambang,  town,  river,  and  district  of 
Sumatra,  on  the  NE  co.^st  of  the  island. 
The  town  is  situated  at  lon.  104  54  E,  and 
lat.  2  59  N. 

Palamcotta,  or  Tinevelly,  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  HindoO',taii,  in  the  Carnatic, 
410  miies  SW  of  Madras.  Lon.  77  54  E, 
lat.  8  43  N. 

Palamos,  strong  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, witli  a  good  harbour,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  47  miles  NE  of  Barcelona. 
Lon.  2  58  E,  lat.  41  58  N. 

Palamo'tv,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Bahar,  210  miles  SSW  of 
Patna.     Lon.  84  10  E.  lat.  23  40  N. 

Pa'.anka,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Novigrad,  seated  on  the 
Ibola,  37  miles  N  of  Buda,  Lon.  18  23  E, 
lat.  48  9  N. 

Palaos  Tshmds.     See  Philippines,  J\'e7ir. 

Palatinate  Lower,  formerly  a  province  of 
Germany  W  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  now  divi- 
ded between  Bavaria  and  Hesse  Homberg. 

Palatinate  Upper,  province  of  Bavaria, 
bordering  on  Bohemia,  and  subdivided  into 
the  circles  of  Regen  and  Upper  Maine. 

Palatine,  Lower,  post  village  of  Mont- 
gomery county,  New  York,  o-n  the  Mo- 
hawk, 41  miles  above  Schenectady. 

Palatine,  Middle,  village  of  Montgomery 
county.  New  York,  on  the  Mohawk,  four 
miles  above  the  preceding. 

Palatine,  Upper,  or  Palatine  Church, 
post  village  of  Montgomery  county.  New 
York,  six  miles  above  Middle  Palatine. 

Palatine,  township  of  New  York,  in 
Montgomery  county,  on  the  Mohawk,  from 
41  to  57  miles  above  Schenectady.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  .3936. 

Palembang.     See  Palambang. 

Palencia,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Carion,  40  miles  SW  of  Burgos,  and  110 
N  by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  42  W,  lat.  42 
10  N. 

Paleno,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abbruzzo  Ci- 
teriore,  nine  miles  £  of  Solmona. 


PAL 


PAL 


Palenzuela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
25  miles  SW  of  Burgos.  Lon.  3  15  W, 
lat.  42  5  N. 

Palermo,  fortifietl  city  of  Sicily,  in  Val 
di  Mazara,  ci'pital  of  the  island,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  N  coast,  near  the 
extremity  of  a  kind  of  natural  amphitheatre, 
formed  by  high  and  rocky  mountains.  The 
country  between  the  city  and  the  moun- 
tains is  one  of  the  richest  plains  in  the 
world  ;  the  whole  appear'ng  a  maj^nificent 
garden,  filled  with  frui'ful  trees,  and  water 
ed  by  founvains  and  rivuleJs.  Tiie  inhabi- 
tants of  Palermo  are  estimated  at  130,000. 
Two  great  streets  intersect  each  other  in 
the  centre  of  the  city,  where  they  form  a 
handsome  square,  called  the  Otlaigolo^ 
frim  the  ceiitre  of  which  is  seen  the  whole 
of  these  noble  street;;,  and  llie  four  elegant 
gates  which  terminate  them,  eacli  at  the 
distance  of  half  a  mile.  The  Porto  Felice 
opens  to  (he  Marino,  a  delitriitful  walk, 
whicli  has  on  one  s:de  the.  wall  of  ;he  city, 
and  on  the  other  the  sea  ;  and  '.n  the  centre 
is  an  elegant  kind  oT  ten'ple,  frtquently 
made  use  of  as  an  orchestra  The  churches 
of  Palermo  are  upwards  of  300,  and  many 
of  them  very  ncli  and  magnificent.  This 
city  has  suffered  greatly  at  differerit  peri- 
ods, by  earthquakes  or  inundations.  The 
harbour,  ciefeuded  by  two  c  sties,  is  dan- 
gerously open  to  the  sea  from  the  NE ; 
and,  even  at  the  anchoring  place,  sliips  are 
in  danger  when  a  westerly  wind  rushes 
through  tiie  valley  of  Colli  between  the 
mountains  It  stands  in  a  pleasant  fruitful 
country,  on  the  NE  end  of  the  island,  and 
at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  13  23  E,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Palermo,  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria  Ci- 
teriore,  six  miles  SSW  of  Cosenza. 

Palicandcherry,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of  Calicut,  20 
miles  S  of  Coimbeltore,  and  66  SE  of  Cali- 
cut. 

Palestine,  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  so 
called  from  the  Phili.stines  who  inhabited 
its  sea  coasts  ;  it  is  called  also  Judaea,  from 
the  patriarch  Judah,  and  the  Holy  L';nd, 
from  its  having  been  the  residence  and 
scene  of  our  Saviour's  passion,  and  in 
Scripture  Canaan,  and  the  Promised  L.'nd. 
It  is  bounded  by  Mount  Libanus,  which 
divides  it  from  Syria  on  the  N,  by  Mount 
Hermon,  which  separates  it  from  .-Arabia 
Deserta  on  the  E,  by  '.he  mountains  of  Seir 
and  the  deserts  of  Arabia  Peir?ea  on  the  S, 
and  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W  It 
is  in  general  a  fruitful  country,  abounding 
in  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  where  cultivated, 
and  might  supply  the  neighbouring  coun- 
tries with  all  these,  as  it  anciently  did, 
were  its  present  inhabitants  equally  indus- 
trious. The  parts  about  .Jerusalem,  its 
once  famous  capital,  are  the  most  moun^ 


tainous  and  rocky,  but  they  feed  numerous 
herds  and  flocks,  andyiehl  plenty  of  honey^ 
excellent  wine  ai>d  od ;  and  the  valleys 
larj^e  crops  of  corn. 

Palestine  i&  formed  by  a  ridge  of  lime- 
stone hilis,  or  low  mouniams,  extending 
nearly  N  ai.n  S,  and  two  slopes ;  one  tow- 
ards the  Meilitei lanean,  and  tiie  otlicr  de- 
clining towards  the  i/ivtr  Jordan  and  IJcad 
Sea.  Like  ail  limeatone  regions,  its  aspect 
when  uncultiv^ited  is  m:;re  des  iiate,  and 
the  soil  in  a[ipearance  more  sterile  than  it 
is  in  fact. 

Palestine,  post  town  Lawrence  county, 
Indiana. 

Faiestrina,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  cipitai  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  thf  same  name.  It  was  fa- 
mous for  the  Temple  of  Fortune,  being 
then  called  Prensste,  the  rums  of  »vi,ich 
may  yet  bi-  seen.  It  is  36  rniles  E  of 
Rome.     Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  41  52  N. 

Palestrina,  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
islands  called  thi  Lagunes,  n<  ar  Venice, 
where  the  most  considi-rabit  of  the  no- 
bility have  couiitry  ticusss.  The  princi- 
pal harbour  has  the  same  name 

Palicata,  seaport  of  the  Eist  Indies, 
on  the  coast  ot  Coromandel,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  factory.  It  is  25  miles  N 
of  Madras,     Lon.  81  33  E,  lat.  13  30  N. 

Palimbum,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  island  tl  Suma- 
tra seated  on  the  E  coast,  120  miles  NE 
of  Bencoolen,  and  subject  to  the  Dutch, 
Lcn.  103  31  E,  lat.  3  0  S. 

Pallisner's  Islands,  group  of  Islands  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  146  30  VV, 
lat.  15  30  S. 

Pabna,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Aientejo,  seated  on  the  river 
Cadoan,  20  milcs  E  of  St.  Ubes.  Lon.  8 
40  W",  lat.  38  27  N. 

Pabna,  town  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  Firma,  in  New  Granada,  50  miles 
NW  of  St  Fe-de  Bogota  Lon.  "3  40 
W,  lat.  4  30  N 

Pabna,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
lying  to  the  N  of  Ferro.  Lon.  \7  50  W, 
lat.  28  37  N. 

Palma,  or  Pabna  iN'uova,  strong  town 
of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  seated  in  a  most  agree- 
able vallev,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10 
miles  SE  of  Udina.  and  5^  NE  of  Venice^ 
Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  46  2  N, 

Palmaria,  small  island  lying  in  the 
Mediterranean,  15  leagues  from  the 
coast  of  Italy.  Lon.  12  45  E,  lat.  40 
58  N. 

Palmaria,  small  island,  seated  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of  Italy  ; 
at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Spezzia. 
Lon.  9  46  E,  lat.  41  1  N. 
775 


V  A  L 


1'  A  L 


Palmas,  capital  of  the  island  of  Cana- 
naria.    See  Canary. 

Palmas,  one  <f  the  Philippine  Islands 
in  the  East  Indies,  16  leagues  SE  of  Min- 
danao.   Lon.  127  0  E,  lat.  5  33  N. 

Palmas,  Cape,  promontory  of  Africa, 
on  the  Ivory  Cnasl  cf  Guinea.  Lon.  5  54 
W,  lat.  4  26  N. 

Falmela,  town  of  Portugal  in  Estra- 
madura,  with  a  cabtle  on  a  rock,  seated 
on  the  river  Gadaon,  19  miles  SE  vt 
Lisbon.     Lon.  8  56  VV,  lat.  38  29  N. 

Falmcrston's  Inland,  situated  in  tlie 
South  Seas,  and  visited  by  captain  Cook 
in  his  second  and  Ust  voyages.  It  con- 
sists of  a  group  of  small  islands,  about 
nine  or  ten  in  number,  connected  by  a 
reef  of  coral  rocks,  and  lying  in  a  circu- 
lar direction.  This  jih-ice  adniils  of  no 
anchorage,  nov  are  there  any  inhabitants 
on  it,  thuugli  it  abounds  witn  cocou-nuts, 
scurvy-grass,  and  the  whaira  tree.  Tins 
island  does  not  exceed  a  mile  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  not  elevated  above  t'.ree 
feet  beyond  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lon. 
102  57  \V,  lat.  18  0  S. 

Palme}',  post  village  Hampden  county, 
Massaclmsetts,  14  miles  E  from  Spring- 
field.    Population  1820,  1,197. 

Palmyra,  formerly  a  magnificent  city 
of  Asia,  in  tlie  deserts  of  Arabia,  of 
■which  Zennbia  was  que'-n,  who  held  it 
out  a  long  time  against  the  Romans,  but 
was  at  lenf^th  taken  captive,  and  led  in 
triumph  through  the  streets  of  Rome. 
The  stupendous  ruins  of  this  city  were 
visittd  by  Messieurs  Wood  andDawkins, 
in  1754;  and  Mr.  Wood  published  a 
splendid  account  of  them,  illustrated  by 
plates,  in  1755.  This  place  is  likewise 
called  Tednior  in  the  Desert.  The  pre- 
sent inhabitants,  consisting  of  oO  or  40 
families,  have  erected  their  mud  cot- 
tages within  the  spacious  court  of  a  mag- 
nihcent  temple  of  the  sun.  Palmvra  is 
200  miles  SE  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  38  50  E. 
lat.  33  20  N. 

Palmyra,  port  of  entiy  and  post  town 
in  Montgomery  county,  Tennessee,  si- 
tUktied  on  the  S  s'dc  of  CuTiberlan( 
river,  o5  miles  NW  -l  Nasrivilie,  along 
the  post  road,  bui  about  35  in  a  direct 
line. 

Palmyra,  post  town,  and  township, 
Somei  s.'t  c  nnty,  Maine,  28  miles  E  irom 
Norndgewock.     P-ipulation  1820/366. 

Palmyra,  populous  and  fioanshing 
post  towi.ship  in  the  eastern  borders  of 
Portage  county,  Ohio,  containing  531  in- 
habitants in  1820, 

Palmyra,  post  village  of  Ontario  coun- ' 
tyj  New  York,  near  Mud  creek,  and  ou 
776 


the  Erie  canal,  12  miles  nearly  N  from 
Canandaij',ua,    Population  1820.  3,724 

Palmyra,  tov^nship  of  Wayne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  six  miles  SE  from  Betha- 
ny. Population  1810,  336 ;  and  in  1820, 
215. 

Palmyra,  post  village  of  Lebanon 
cuuuiy,  Pt:!nsylivania,  15  miles  E  from 
Hairistjurg. 

Palmyra,  post  town  Martin  county, 
Nona  Carolina. 

Palmyra,  post  village  at  Palmyra 
bend,  VVarren  county,  Mississippi,  25 
miles  below  Walnut-hili. 

Palmyra,  post  town  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Tennessee,  on  the  Cumberland  40 
miles  below  Nashville,  and  10  miles  below 
Clarksville. 

Palmyra,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice Edwards  county,  Illinois,  on  the 
Wabash  4L»  miles  by  water  beloA  Vin- 
cennts. 

Paios,  town  of  Spai;;  in  Andalusia, 
witii  a  pretty  good  harb.  ur;  remarkable 
for  bemg  the  palace  whence  Christopher 
Coiumbus  sailed  to  discuver  the  New 
World,  ill  14y2.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Tinto,  4o  miies  NW  of 
Sevillt.    Lon.  6  39  SM,  iat.  o7  34  N. 

Paios,  Cape,  promontory  of  Spain,  in 
Murcia,  to  J.ie  S  of  a  t>wn  of  the  same 
name,  ■whicli  separates  the  bay  of  Car- 
thagena  from  that  of  Alicaiit.  Lon.  6  39 
W,  lat.  37  i7  N. 

Palourde,  Grassy,  Jean,  and  Verret 
form  a  chain  of  small  lakes  between 
Teche  and  the  Fourche  river  Lousiana. 
It  is  through  this  chain  of  lakes  that  a  fer- 
ry has  been  established  from  the  mouth  of 
'ieche  to  the  Fourche,  and  Mississippi 
rivers.  The  intermediate  ground  is  so 
low  and  marshy,  as  to  render  the  forma- 
tion of  a  road  at  any  season  impractica- 
I)ie.  A  small  canal  and  creek  unites  the 
Fourche  16  miles  from  its  efflux  from 
the  Mississippi  with  Lake  Veret,  from 
which  the  lakes  mentioned  in  this  arti- 
cle, and  their  connecting  channels  com- 
plete the  communication  between  the 
easterji  and  w --stern  parts  of  the  state. 
See  Verret. 

Palota,  town  of  Luwer  Hungary,  in  the 
count)  of  Alba  Rcgalis,  taken  from  ilie 
Tuivs  in  1687.  It  is  40  miies  SW  of  Buda. 
L:n.  18  0  B,  lat.  47  ON. 

Palotza,  small  low;:  of  Hungary,  seated 
on  the  river  Poprai,  54  milf's  N  of  Casso- 
via.     Lon.  21  20  E,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Pake,  faiiiovis  iake  of"  Thibet,  lying  to 
the  S  ';f  Lassi,  about  three  days  journey, 
and  12  mdes  S  uf  ihc  r.ve;  Sar.poo  or  Bur- 
rampooter  It  is  150  mile?  in  crcumfer- 
enr.e ;  and  in  the  middle  of  it  is  one  large 
island.  Ou  the  W  sliore  of  this  island,  or 
congeries  of  islands,  is  a  monastery,  and 


P  A  N 

the  seat  of  the  Lamissa  Turccpamo,  or  the 
Great  Uegenerate,  ia  whom  the  Thibetians 
think  that  a  divine  spirit  is  regenerated,  as 
it  is  ill  the  Great  Lama.  'I'lie  word  Liunu 
signifies  a  priest  or  minister  of  rejig  on, 
and  Lamissa  is  tlie  feminine  of  Lama. 

Paltz,  J^'eiv,  tmvnsiiip  of  Ulster  county, 
New  York,  containing  3999  inliabitants  in 
1810  ;  and  in  1820,  4612.  Situated  on  the 
W  side  of  Hudson  river,  40  miles  S  of 
Hudson  and  83  S  of  Albany. 

Palmelia,  township  of  JefFerson  county, 
New  York.     Population  hi  1820,  1342. 

Pamiers,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  depart- 
ment of  Arriege  and  late  territory  of  Foix, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  not  so  considera- 
ble  as  formerly,  nor  peopled  in  proportion 
to  its  extent.  Near  it  is  a  mineral  spring, 
said  to  cure  the  gout  and  obstructions. 
Pamiers  is  seated  t)n  the  Arriege,  eight 
miles  N  of  Foix,  and  30  S  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  1  32  E,  Lit.  43  8  N. 

Pamlico  Sound,  inland  sea  of  yovth  Caro- 
lina, 100  miles  long  and  from  10  to  20 
broad.  It  is  separated  in  iti,  whole  length 
from  the  sea,  by  a  beach  of  sand,  hardly  a 
mile  wide,  generally  covered  by  small 
trees  or  bushes.  Througli  this  bank  it  has 
several  inlets  ;  but  tiiut  of  Ocrecock  is  the 
onlv  one  that  will  admit  vessels  of  burden. 
Th'is  inlet  is  in  lon.  76  20  W,  lat.  35  10  N. 
Pampas,  name  given  in  South  America 
to  extensive  grassy  plains.  The  Pampas 
extend  over  an  immense  surface  southward 
of  the  Plate  river,  and  even  stretch  into 
Patagonia 

The  Pampas  del  Sacramento,  spread  be- 
tween the  Amazon  and  Ucayale  from  5  to  6 
S  lat. 

Pampeloiine,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn  and  late  province  of 
I^anguedoc,  15  miles  N  by  E  of  Alby. 
Lon.  2  17  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Pampeluna,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Up- 
per Navarie,  witli  a  very  strong  citadel, 
and  a  rich  bishopric.  Its  squares  are 
handsome,  and  adorned  with  shops  full  of 
rich  merchandise.  It  is  seated  in  a  very 
fertile  plain,  on  the  Arga,  42  miles  S  of 
l?ft\onne,  and  167  NE  of  ZVladrid.  Lon.  1 
35  W,  lat.  42  47  X. 

Pumpehina  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Gr  j'lada,  famous  for  its  mines  of  gohl, 
and  numerous  flocks  of  sheep.  It  is  150 
miles  N  bv  E  of  St.  Fe-de-Bagota.  Lon.  71 
30  W,  hit.  6  30  N. 

Pamplie^n,  town  of  Spain  in  the  province 
of  Old  C;istile,  12  miles  £  of  Burgos.  Lon. 
3  37  W,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Paimtnhy,  navigable  river  of  Virginia, 
which  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  North 
and  South  Anna,  and  other  lesser  streams, 
and  falls  into  York  river  near  Delaware. 

Pa7},  or  Pahaug,  town  of  Asia,  on  the  E 
coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.  It  is 
the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  namp. 


PAN 

remarkable  for  the  great  number  of  ele- 
pliants,  and  for  tiie  plenty  of  pepper  it 
produces.  Pan  is  140  miles  NE  of  Malac- 
ca.    Lon.  103  20  E,  kt.  3  55  N. 

Panagia,  handsome  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  the  province  of  Romania.  Lon. 
27  2  E,  lit.  40  40  N. 

Panama,  city  of  South  America,  the 
capital  of  Terra  Firma  Proper.  It  was 
built  in  J517,  and  was  sacked  and  burnt  by 
the  English  buccaneers  in  1670.  The 
Spaniards  of  ChiU  and  Peru,  used  to  bring 
the  products  and  manufactures  of  Europe 
to  Panama ;  but  the  commercial  intercourse 
is  now  carried  on  by  register  ships  which 
sail  around  Cape  Horn,  and  convey  directly 
to  the  ports  of  Chili  and  Peru,  the  mer- 
cliandise,  v;hich  was  formerly  conveyed 
across  the  isthmus  of  Darien  to  Panama, 
In  the  harbour  of  Panama,  is  a  fine  pearly 
fishery.  This  city  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  70  miles  S  of  Porto  Bello. 
Lon.  80  35  W,  lat.  8  48  N. 

Panaii,  one  of  tlic  Lipari  islands,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  between  Lipari  and  Strom- 
bolo.  .  It  is  a  barren  inconsiderable  island, 
and  only  five  miles  in  circumference.  Lon. 
15  41  E,  lat.  38  38  N. 

Panay,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  be- 
tween those  of  Paragoa  and  Negro.  It  is 
250  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  most 
populous  and  fertile  of  them  all.  It  is 
watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers  and 
brooks,  and  produces  a  great  quantity  of 
rice.      Uoila  is  the  capital. 

Paneras,  St.  village  in  Middlesex,  a  little 
to  the  NW  of  London,  At  a  public  house 
near  the  church  is  a  medicinal  spring. 
Here  is  a  hospital  for  inoculation,  and  the 
Veterinary  College,  estabhshed  in  1791, 
under  the  putronagc  of  people  of  the  first 
rank  and  fortune,  for  tb.e  improvement  of 
farriery,  and  the  treatment  of  cattle  in 
general. 

Panga,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Congo,  capital  of  the  province  of  Bamba. 
Lon.  14-  25  E,  lat.  6  30  S. 

Parisian^,  town  of  Pegu,  in  the  Birman 
empire,  situated  on   the  river    Rangoon.        .^ 
Lon.  17  4  E,  lat.  95  54  S.  M 

Pnniput,  town  of  Hindoostan  in  Delhi,  " 
remarkable  for  a  sanguinary  battle  fought 
in  1761,  between  the  combined  armies  of 
tlie  Seiks  and  Mahometans  of  Hindoostan, 
and  the  Mahrattas,  in  which  the  latter  were 
defeated,  with,  it  is  said,  a  loss  of  150,000 
men.  Lon.  76  80  E,  lat.  29  23  N,  72  mile3 
NW  from  Delhi. 

Panjab,  country  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
being' that  watered  by  the  five  eastern 
branches  of  the  Indus.  It  was  the  scene  of 
Alexander's  last  campaign,  and  the  ne  plus 
ultra  of  his  conquests.  It  forms  n.  square  of 
250  miles,  and  includes  the  whole  of  La- 
hore, and  a  great  part  of  Moultaii  Proper. 
To  the  l<?wer  part  of  Moulton  it  is  flat  an3 
-77 


P  A  1' 


PAR 


marshy,  and  inundated  by  the  periodical 
rains  which  fall  between  May  and  Octo- 
ber. 

Pannanach  TVells,  \illage  in  Aberdeen, 
shire,  noted  for  the  miner^il  waters  discov- 
ered in  1756  ;  and  a  lodge  has  been  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  company  that 
frequent  them  ui  sunimsr. 

Pa?inipnf,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
situated  on  an  extensive  plain  between  the 
cities  of  Delhi  and  Sirhind.  This  plain  is 
celebrated  for  an  obs  inate  battle  f  night  in 
1761,  between  an  army  o:  200,000  .Mahrat- 
tas,  and  Abdallah,  king  of  Caridahar,  at  the 
head  of  150,000  Mp.hometa:is,  when  the 
former  were  totally  dettated.  Panniput  is 
72  miles  NW  of  Delhi.  Lon.  76  45  E,  lat. 
29  15  N. 

Paiioini,  village  of  Turkey  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Macedonia,  16  miles  S  ofSaloni.hi. 
Lon.  23  10  E,  lat.  40  25  N. 

Pcmormo,  small  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  situated  in  the  province  of 
Albania,  on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediierraiiean, 
opposite  the  island  of  Corfu,  45  miles  SSE 
of  Valona.     Lon.  20  2  E,  lar,  40  0  N. 

Pantalaria,  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
between  Sicily  and  the  coast  of  Tunis, 
about  17  miles  in  circumference.  It 
abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  wine,  and  corn, 
and  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Naples.  Lon. 
12  31  E,  Lit.  36  55  N. 

Paiitika,  town  of  Turkey  in  the  Asiatic 
province  of  Natolia,  situated  on  the  NH 
coast  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  12  miles  SE  of 
Constantinople. 

Paniico,  province  of  Mexico,  The  capi- 
tal of  the  same  name,  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  is  situated  on  the  river  Panuco,  near 
the  gtilf  of  Mexico,  and  170  miles  N  by 
E  of  the  eity  of  Mexico,  Lon.  9S  5  E, 
lat.  23  0  N. 

Pa-oom,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  S  of  Mali- 
coUo.     Lon.  168  28  W,  lat.  16  30  S. 

Pao-tingfou,  town  of  Ciiina,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Pe-tcheli,  where  the  viceroy  re- 
sides, and  the  most  considerable  city  in 
the  province,  next  to  Peking.  It  has 
twenty  others  under  its  jurisdiction  ;  three  of 
the  second,  and  17  of  the  third  class.  The 
country  around  it  is  pleasant,  and  inferior 
in  fertility  to  no  part  of  China. 

Papa,  small  but  strong  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Esperin.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Turks  in  1683,  after  the 
raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Marchaltz, 
45  miles  VV  of  Buda.  Lon  18  20  E,  lat.  47 
26  N. 

Papagayo,  gulf  of,  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  North  America,  and  between  Costa  Kica, 
and  Nicaragua.  Lon.  W  C  8  30  W,  lat  11 
ION.  The  distance  from  the  eastern  extre- 
mity of  Papagayo  gulf  to  lake  Nicaragua,  is 
only  about  22  miles. 
77?? 


Papantia,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  mteu.' 
dancy  of  Puebla,  about  130  miles  NE  from 
the  city  of  Mexico.  Lon.  W  C  20  40  W, 
lat.  20  30  N.  This  place  is  very  remarka- 
ble for  the  magnitude  and  extent  of  an- 
tiquities found  within  its  vicinity.  See 
Pyramids  of  America. 

Papoui,  St.  late  episcopal  town  of  France, 
in  the  depart  sent  of  Aude  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Lang  edoc,  seated  on  the  Lembe, 
eight  miles  E  of  Castlenaudary,  and  35  SE 
of  Toulouse.    Lon.  2  10  E,  lat,  43  21  N. 

Pappenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
count  resides.  It  is  seated  near  the  Alt- 
m:il,  17  miles  NW  of  Neuburg,  and  32  S 
of  Nuremburg.   Lon.  10  51  E,  lat  48  58  N. 

Para,  r.ver,  or  rather  straight,  separa- 
ting the  island  of  Joannes  from  the  conti- 
nent of  South  America.  It  extends  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  to  that  of  To- 
cantinas. 

Para,  Gran,  one  of  the  Captain-general- 
ships of  the  I5razils,  bounded  N  by  the 
Amazon  river  ;  NE  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
SE  by  Maranham,  and  Goias  •.  S  by  Matta- 
grosso  ;  SW  by  Peru  ;  and  NW  by  Colom- 
bia. It  is  an  immense  country,  extending 
from  E  to  W  1600  miles,  with  a  mean  width 
of  about  400;  with  an  area  of  640,000 
squ:ire  miles.  Lying  between  the  Equator 
and  lat.  12  0  S  It  is  perhaps  that  extent 
of  the  whole  habitable  world,  which  in  a 
continuous  body  presents  the  greatest  fa- 
cility of  inland  navigation.  Washed,  for 
nearly  200  miies  by  the  Amazon,  and  tra- 
versed by  innumerable  other  streams  of 
great  magnitiidF,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  Jutay  Madeira,  Tapajcz,  Xingu,  and 
Tocaniinas      Chief  t;iwn,  Gran  Para. 

Para  Gran,  city  of  Hrazil,  and  capital  of 
the  captain-generalship  of  Gran  Para,  si- 
tuated on  the  Tocantin.iS,  60  miles  above 
its  m-  uth  Lon.  W  C  28  27  E,  lat.  1  30  S. 
Population  about  10,000. 

Paradise,  p;  st  village,  and  township  of 
York  county,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  SSW 
from  York.     Population  1820, 1837. 

Paracels,  vast  number  of  small  islands 
and  rocks,  lying  in  the  China  Sea,  and 
forming  a  Icinsz  cluster,  near  400  miles  in 
length,  off  the  coast  rf  Cochin  China. 

Paradella,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Beira.     Lon.  7  23  W,  lat,  41  4  N. 

Parogoaiia,  peninsula  of  Colombia,  m 
Venezuela,  containing  the  city  of  Boro. 
It  forms  the  eastern  side  of  the  entrance 
into  the  gulf  of  Maracaibo,  and  is  termi- 
nated by  a  cape  of  the  same  name,  lat. 
11  52  N. 

Parago,  or  Palawan,  large  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  between  the  Philippine  and 
Bornea,  v/hich  has  a  king,  tributary  to 
Borneo.     The  Spaniards  have  a  fort  here. 

Paragjta,  the  most  westerly  of  the  phf- 


P  A  R 


V  A  M 


iipplne  Islands,  extending  about  180  miles  In  1767,  the  court  expelled  the  iTesuits, 

in  length  and  20  in  breadth.    Lon.  117  44  and  the  natives  were  put  upon  the  same 

E,  lat.  10  0  N.  footing  with  the  other  Indians  ot  the  Spa- 

Paragxwy  river,  large  branch  of  Oiinoco,  nish  part  of  South  America, 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana,  its  source  Paraguay,  river  of  South  America,  rises 
interlocking  with  those  ot"  Esseqiiibo,  the  in  Mattagrosso  in  Bri.zi!,  and  flowing  near- 
Rio  Branco,  branch  ot  Rio  Negro,  and  ly  South,  enters  the  United  Provinces  of 
those  of  the  Orinoco.  The  entire  course  La  Plava,  receives  the  Pitcomayo,  and  Ven- 
of  the  Paraguay  is  about  300  miles  from  nejo  from  the  W,  and  atter  a  compai-alive 
south  to  north.  It  falls  into  the  Orinoco  course  of  1000  miles  joins  the  Parana.  It 
about  80  miies  below  St.  Toni6,  and  An-  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  large  size  to  the 
gostura.     See  Oaroni  m  the  Addenda.  city  of  Assumption. 

Parag-iiay,  large  country  of  South  Ame-        Paramaribo,  the  capit.il  of  Surinam,  in 

rica,   bounded  on  the  N  by  Amazonia,  on  Gtiiana,    and  the  cisief  place  of  tlic  Dutch 

the  E  by  Brasil,  on  the  N  by  Paiagonia,  and  colonies  in  South  America.   It  has  a  strong 

on  the  W  by  Chili  and  Peru.     It  contains  citadel ;    and   a  noble  road  for  shipping, 

six   provinces;  namely,  Paraguay  Piopei*,  where   there  are  seldom  less  than  80  ves- 

Parana;   Guaria,   Uraguay,  Tucaman,    and  sels  loading  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  and  indi- 

La  Plata,  from  which  the  whole  country  is  go  for  Europe.     The  streets  are  perfectly 

also   cahed  La   Plata.      It   has    numerous  .straight,  and  lined  with  orange,  shaddock, 

lakes  and  rivers ;  of  the  latter,  the  three  tamarind,  and  lemon   trees  in  everlasting 

principal  are   the    Paraguay,   Uiagua,  and  bloom.     It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the 

Parana;  the  united  streams  of  which  form  river  Surinam,  16  miles  from   its  mouth, 

the  celebrated  K  o-de-!a-Plaia.     These   n-  Lon.  55  25  VV,  lat.  5  48  N. 
vers  ann'.ially  overflow  their  banks,  and,  on        Parana,  which  rises  in  Minas  Gerses  and 


their  recess,  leave  them  enriched  by  a  slime, 
that  renders  the  soil  extremely  fertile. 
This  vast  country  is  far  from  being  wholly 


Goias  in  Brazil,  and  flowing  W  upwards  of 
500  miles,  turns  SW,  and  continuing  in  that 
direction  about  500  miles  enters  the  Uni- 


subdued  or  planted  by  the  Spaniards;  m^uiy  ted   Provmces  of  l.;i  Plat;i,  and  receiving 

parts  being  siill  unknown.     The  principal  the  Far.iguay,  turns  to  SSW,  and  flows  in 

province  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge  that  direction  again  about  500  'niles,  curves 

is  that  called  La  Plata  towards  the  m  uth  to  SE,  100  miles  unites  with  the  Uruguay, 

of  the  Rio-de-la-Plata.    This  province,  with  and  iocs  its  name  in  that  of  Plata  river, 
all   the  adjacent  parts,  is  one  continued        Parana,  p-.ovince  of  Paraguay,  so  called 


plain  for  several  liundred  miles  ;  extreme- 
ly fertile,  and  producing  cotton  in  great 
abundance,  tobacco,  and  the  valuable  herb 
called  Paraguay,  which  is  peculiar  to  this 


from  a  large  river,  which  uniting  with  the 
Paraguay,  and  afterward  v.'ith  tiie  Uruguay, 
ibrms  the  Rio-de-la-Plata. 

Parachim,  tov/n   of  Lower   Saxony,    in 


country,  and  the  infusion  of  which  is  drank  the  duchy  of    Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a 

in  all  the  Spanish  provinces  of  Souih  Ame  small  river  which   f.,l!s  into   the  Eibc     It 

rica,   instead  of  tea.     They  have  also  a  va-  is   20   miles  SE  of  Schwerin.     Lon.  12  0 

riety  of  iruits,  and  very  rich  pastures  ;   but  E,  lat.  53  34  N. 

the  country  is  destitute   of  woods.      The  Paramovsic,  one  of  the  Kurile  Islands, 

air  is  remarkably  sweet  and  serene.     The  lying  S  of  tlnit  of  Slioomska.     See  Kuriles. 

Spaniards  discovered  this  country,  by  sail-  Parclnvitz,  town  «f  Germany  in  Sdesia, 

up  the  Kio-de-la-Piata,   in   1515,  an;'  \i\    the  principality  of  Lignitz,  subject  to 


founded  the  town  of  Buenos  Ayres.  In 
1580,  the  Jesuits  were  admitted  into  ihc-e 
fertile  regions,  and   in  the   next  century 


the  king  of  Prussia.  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  12  miles  W  of 
Wohlau,  and   10  NE  of  I-ignitz.     Lon.  16 


founded  the  famous  missions  of  Paraguay ;  42  E,  lat.  51  17  N 
which  were  a  number  of  colonies,  each  go-        Pardiba^  town  of  South  America  in  Bra- 

verned  by  two  Jesuits,  one  of  wiiom  was  sil,  at  the   m.outh   of  a  river  of  the  sarne 

rector,   and  the   other  his   curate.     They  name.     The  Dutch  got  pos.session  of  it  in 

had  long  resisted  the  Spaniards  and  Portu-  1635,  and  fortified  it  with  a  slight  rampart ; 

^uesc  ;  but  the  Jesuits  by  learning  tlieir  but   the   Portuguese  retook   it  soon  after 


language.  Conforming  to  their  manners,  &c. 
soon  acquired  great  authority  among  them  ; 
till  at  last,  by  steadily  pursuing  the  same 
artful  measures,  they  arrived  at  the  highest 
degree   of  power  and  influence,  beine: 


rhe  i;oii  is  pretty  fertile,  and  produces  su- 
rar  canes,  and  a  great  number  of  trees  of 
Brasil  wood.     Lon.  49  53  V/,  lat.  6  50  S. 

Pardobliz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Clirudim,   subject  to  the   house  of 


a  manner  the  absolute  sovereigns  of  a  great  Austria,  with  a  manufacture  of  knives  and 

part  of  this  extensive  country  ;  fir  above  swo"d  blades.     It  ii  a  fortified  town,  and 

350,000  families   are   said    to    have    been  is   55  miles  E  of  Prague.     Lon.  15  45  E, 

subject  to  them,  living  in  obedience  and  lat.  49  55  N. 

awe  bordering  on  adoration,  yet  produced        Parelbi,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont  in  tho 

without  the  least  -"iolence  or  constraint,  cotintv  of  Canavez,  20  .miles  N  of  Ttirin, 

779 


y  A  R 


V  A  K 


Parenio,  strong  town  of  Jstria,  witlj 
a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good  harbour,  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  65  miles  E  of  \e- 
nice."    Lon.  13  56  E,  lat.  45  24  N. 

Parga,  seaport  of  Albania,  opposite  the 
northern  extremity  of  the  isK<nd  of  Corfu. 
In  1819,  i'  was  most  shame'ully  abandoned 
to  Ali  Pacha,  whose  sanguinary  Character 
caused  the  .nhabitants  to  abandon  their 
homes  to  save  their  lives. 

Paria,  or  JVew  Andalusia,  province  of 
Terra  Firma,  on  the  banks  of  the  Orinoco, 
near  its  mouth. 

Paria,  gulf  of,  in  South  America,  be- 
tween the  province  of  Cumana,  the  is- 
land of  Trinidad  and  the  estuury  of  the 
Orinoco.  It  is  about  75  miles  long  and  45 
wide  with  a  depth  of  from  eight  to  thirty 
fathoms,  with  good  anchorag-e  over  its  en- 
tire extent. 

Paria,  Cape,  eastern  extremity  of  the 
province  of  Cumana.  Lon.  W  C  15  0  E, 
lat.  9  12  N. 

Parilla,  or  ^S';.  Parilla,  town  of  Peru,  in 
the  audience  of  Lima,  seated  at  the  montli 
of  the  river  Santa,  50  miles  SE  of  Trwxilla, 
and  230  NW  of  Lima.  Lon.  77  50  W, 
lat.  8  36  S. 

Parimn,  or  Branco,  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, a  branch  of  the  Rio  Negro,  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Guiana,  its  sources  interlock- 
ing with  those  of  Essequebo,  and  Paraguay 
of  Orinoco.  It  flows  nearly  S,  and  enters 
the  Rio  Negro. 

Parina  Cochas,  province  of  Peru,  hing 
N  from  Arequipo. 

Parima,  lake  of  South  America,  near 
the  borders  of  Amazonia,  and  Guiana,  of  a 
square  form,  80  miles  long  and  40  broad. 
It  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  inundation 
formed  by  the  Orinoco ;  for  that  river 
enters  on  the  N  and  issues  on  the  W  side 
of  the  lake,  near  its  NW  angle.  From 
the  SE  of  this  lake  issues  the  White 
river,  called  also  the  Parima,  which 
flows  S  to  the  Black  River,  and  thence 
S  to  the  Rio  Negro.  To  the  W  of  this 
lake,  before  the  main  stream  of  the  Ori- 
noco turns  to  the  N,  there  are  two  other 
branches  that  flow  from  it  to  the  Black 
River.  Hence  there  are  three  commu- 
nications between  those  two  great  rivers, 
the  Orinoco  and  the  Amazon. 

Paris,  capital  of  France,  one  of  the 
largest,  finest,  and  most  populous  cities 
in  Europe.  The  river  Seine,  which  cros- 
ses it,  forms  two  small  isl.-^nds,  called 
Isle  du  Palais,  and  Isle  Notre  Dame  ; 
the  first  is  the  ancient  city  of  Paris,  and 
had  its  name  from  a  building  which  was 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  kings,  and 
afterward  resigned  to  the  parliament, 
Paris  has  16  gates,  and  is  15  miles  in 
circumference,  including  the  suburbs. 
That  part  of  it  which  is  culled  the  ville 
780 


is  situate  to  the  north,  the  univeisity  to 
the  south,  and  the  city  in  the  centre. — 
The  streets  are  narrow,  and  generally 
without  good  accommodations  for  foot 
passengers.  The  houses  are  built  of  free- 
ston;%  many  of  them  seven  stories  high, 
and  often  contain  a  different  family  on 
every  floor.  The  number  of  inhabitants, 
by  a  late  officiai  statement,  is  715,000. 
There  are  nine  principal  bridges  in 
Paris,  but  only  three  of  them  occupy 
the  whole  breadth  of  the  Stine.  There 
are  a  great  i-.umber  of  public  foun- 
tains, and  some  triumphal  arches.  Of 
the  squares,  the  finest  is  the  Place  de 
Louis  Quinze,  of  an  octagon  form,  in 
which  was  an  equestrian  statue,  in 
bronze,  of  that  monarch.  This  square 
was  the  fatal  scene  of  the  execution  of 
Louis  XVI.  of  his  consort  Marie  Antoi- 
nette, and  his  sister  the  princess  Elisa- 
beth. Beside  the  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame,  one  of  the  largest  in  Europe, 
and  Avhich  contains  15  chaples,  Paris 
has  many  fine  churches.  The  abbey  of  St. 
Genevieve,  was  founded  by  king  Clovis, 
whose  monument  is  still  to  be  seen  in  the 
church ;  it  has  a  library  of  24,000  print- 
ed books,  and  2000  manuscripts,  also  a 
valuable  cabinet  of  antiquities  and  natu- 
curiosities.  The  new  church  of  St.  Ge- 
nevieve (now  called  the  Pantheon)  was 
destined  by  the  national  assembly,  in 
1791,  to  receive  the  remains  of  such 
great  men  as  had  merited  well  their 
country.  The  university,  founded  by 
Charles  the  fat,  consists  of  four  fa  ul- 
ties ;  namely,  divinity,  civd  and  canon 
law,  physic,  and  the  sciences:  its  head 
is  the  rectnr,  who  is  always  chosen  from 
the  faculty  of  the  sciences.  The  finest 
college  in  Paris  it  that  of  the  Four  Na- 
tions, called  also  Mazarin,  from  the  car- 
dinal, its  founder.  Among  the  public 
libraries,  that  called  the  Royal,  holds 
the  first  rank,  in  respect  both  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  buildings,  and  the  number  of 
volumes.  The  royal  observatory  is  built 
of  freestone,  and  neither  iron  nor  wood 
has  betn  employed  in  the  erection.  The 
botanical  garden  is  v/orthy  of  its  appel- 
lation of  royal.  The  four  principal  pa- 
laces are  the  Louvre,  the  Tuilleries,  the 
Palais  Royal,  and  the  Luxemburg.  In 
the  Louvre  is  deposited  the  finest  col- 
lection of  paintings  and  statues  in  the 
world ;  the  principal  of  them  lately 
brought  from  various  parts  of  Italy. — 
The  gard-^n  of  the  Tuilleries,  in  front  of 
the  palace  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Seine,  is  the  finest  public  walk  in  Paris. 
The  Luxemburg  is  famous  for  its  galle- 
ry, in  which  are  twenty  exquisite  paint- 
ings by  Reubens.  The  Hospital-general, 
which  also  goes  by  the  name  of  la  Salpa- 


J'  A  li 


P  A  li 


treria  (saltpetre  being  formerly  made 
here)  is  a  most  noble  foundation  for  the 
female  sex ;  near  7000  of  whom  are 
here  provided  for,  and  live  under  the 
inspection  of  sixty  sist<  rs.  To  this  in- 
comparable foundation  bflongs  the  castle 
of  Bicestre,  defended  on  all  sides  by  a 
wall,  of  considerable  circuit,  wiiirh  con- 
tains within  it  many  large  buildings  and 
several  open  places ;  and  here  near  4000 
persons  of  the  otiier  sex  are  maintained. 
The  Hospital  de  la  Pie  tie,  where  poor 
children  are  brougiit  up,  constitutes  also 
a  part  of  the  Hospital-general  These 
three  foundations,  with  the  Hotel  Dieu, 
have  one  common  fund,  amounting  to  full 
two  millions  of  livres  a  year.  The  Hotel 
des  Invalides,  for  the  wounded  and  su- 
pernatural soldiery,  built  by  Louis  XVI. 
is  a  magnificent  structure  ;  as  is  the  mi- 
litary school  in  the  Champ  de  Mars, 
founded  by  Louis  XV.  The  two  prin- 
cipal theatres  are  the  Theatre  de  la  Na- 
tion and  the  Italian  theatre  ;  which,  in 
point  of  elegance  and  convenience  are 
worthy  the  capital  of  a  gn-at  nation. 
The  Monni,  or  mint,  is  also  a  noble 
building,  situate  on  that  side  of  the  S^ine, 
opposite  the  Louvre.  The  Samaritan  is 
a  beautiful  edifice  at  the  end  of  the 
bridge  leading  to  the  Louvre,  and  con- 
tains an  engine  for  conveying  the  v/ater 
of  the  Seine  to  all  parts  of  the  villa. 
The  Hotel  de  Viile  is  an  ancient  struc- 
ture ;  this  tribunal  stands  in  the  Place 
de  Greve,  where  all  public  rejoicings 
ate  celebrated,  and  common  malefactors 
executed.  The  most  interesting  of  the 
manufactures  of  Paris  is  plate-glass,  and 
tapestries  made  after  the  pictures  of  the 
greatest  masters.  In  the  enviicns  are 
excellent  freestone  and  abundance  of 
gypsum.  Paris  now  forms,  with  a  small 
district  round  it,  one  of  the  departments 
of  France.  It  is  210  miles  SSE  of  Lon- 
don, 265  W  of  Vienna,  and  630  NNE  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  2  20  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Paris,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Oxford  county,  Maine,  46  miles  NW 
from  Portland.  Population  1810,  1330, 
and  in  1820,  1-344. 

Paris,  post  village  and  township  of 
Oneida  countv,  New  York.  Population 
1810,  5418,  and  in  1820,  6707.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  Oriskany  creek,  nine  miles 
SW  from  Utica.  This  township  contains 
the  village  of  Clinton,  and  Hamilton  col- 
lege. It  is  one  of  the  best  bodies  of  pro- 
ductive soil  in  the  state  of  New  York. 

Paris,  post  town,  Fauquier  county, 
Virginia. 

Paris,  or  Bourbo?ito?i,  post  town  and 
seat  of  justice,  Bourbon  county,  Ken- 
tucky, on  a  small  branch  of  Licking  ri- 
ver.   It  is  a  place  of  very  considerable 


trade,  and  contains  the  county  buildings, 
two  churches,  a  printing  office,  and  a 
considerable  number  of  mercantile  stores, 
25  miles  NE  from  Lexington.  Pijpulation 
about  lUJO. 

Palis :  central  township  of  Union  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Pojjulation  1820,  uncertain. 

Paris,  small  villajje  f  Jefferson  town- 
ship, Prebble  cou!;ty,  Or.io. 

Paris,  township  of  Portage  county, 
Ohio     R.puiation  1820,  88. 

Paris  eastf-rn  township  of  Stark  coun- 
ty, Ohio      Popu  ation  1820,  553. 

Paris,  post  village  of  Jefferson  county, 
Indiana,  about  60  miles  W  from  Cinci- 
natti. 

Parker,  one  of  the  eastern  townships 
of  Butler  county,  Pennsylvania,  11  miles 
NNE  from  Butler.  Population  1820,  659. 

Purktrsburg,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice.  Wood  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Little  Kenhawa 
river,  12  miles  below  Marietta. 

Parkcrstoivn,  township  of  Rutland 
county,  Vermont,  25  miles  VVNW  from 
Windsor.     Population  120. 

Parkinsori's  ferry.  See  Williams}iort, 
Washington  county,  Pennsylvania- 

Parkgate,  village  in  Cheshire,  12 
miles  NW  of  Chester,  situated  on  the 
NE  coast  of  the  river  Dee  It  is  a  station 
for  packet  boats  that  frequently  sail  to 
Ireland. 

Parkman,  township  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty, Maine,  38  miles  NE  from  Norridge- 
wock.     Population  1820,  255. 

Parkman,  post  village  and  SE  town- 
ship of  Geauga  county,  Ohio,  on  the  head 
brandies  of  Grand  river.  The  village 
is  17  miles  SE  from  Chardcn  the  seat  of 
justice  for  the  county.  Population  1820, 
512. 

Parkstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  and  psincipality  of 
Saltzbach,  16  miles  N  of  Naburg.  Lon. 
12  14  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Parjiia,  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  en 
the  N  by  the  river  Po,  on  tlie  NEby  the 
Manluan,  on  the  E  by  tlie  duchy  of  Mo- 
dena,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany,  and  on  the 
W  by  Placentia. 

Parma,  ancient,  rich,  and  po])ulous 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  40  miles  NW  of  IVIndena, 
and  60  SE  of  Milan.  Lon.  10  30  E,  lat. 
44  50  N.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris  this 
city,  and  the  duchy,  consisting  of  Parma, 
Placenza,  Gnastala,  and  Borgo  San 
Domino,  was  given  to  Maria  Louisa, 
wife  of  Napoleon  ;  and  at  her  death  to 
devolve  to  Austria,  and  Sardinia;  but 
subsequent  conventions  1818,  vested  its 
reverson  in  Spain. 

Parma,  post  village,  and  township  of 
INlonroe  countv.  New  York,  22  miles 
781 


PAR 


P  k  S 


NE  from  Batavia,  and  12  miles  N  from 
Rochester.     Population  1820,  1.342. 

Parnassus,  now  called  Pai-nasso,  a 
mountain  of  Turkey,  in  Livadia  It  is 
the  highest  in  Greece,  and  from  the  top 
is  a  prospect  as  far  as  Corinth  ;  the 
Turks  call  it  Licaoura. 

Paros,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  one 
of  the  Cyclades,  about  ten  miles  long  and 
eight  broad  The  soil  is  well  cultivated, 
and  the  pastures  feed  a  great  number 
of  cattle.  The  trade  consists  in  wheat, 
barley,  wine,  pulse,  and  calicoes.  Those 
excellent  statuaries,  Phidias  and  Praxi- 
teles, were  natives  of  this  island  ;  and  the 
famous  Arundelian  marbles,  at  Oxford, 
were  brought  from  this  place.  It  lies  to 
the  W  of  Naxia. 

Paros,  town  of  the  Archipelago,  capi- 
tal of  the  isle  of  Paros,  which  was  an- 
ciently the  largest  and  most  powerful 
town  of  the  Cyclades.  Paros  is  a  bish 
op's  see,  and  situated  on  the  VV  coast  of 
the  island.     Lon.  25  44  E,  lat.  37  8  N. 

Parrei,  small  river  in  Somersetshire, 
whose  source  is  in  the  S  part  of  the  coun- 
ty. It  receives  the  Ivel  and  Thone,  and 
falls  into  the  Bristol  channel,  at  Bridge- 
water  bay 

Parramatta,  town  or  settlement  of 
English  convicts,  in  New  South  Wales. 
It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  the  harbour  of 
Port  Jackson,  11  miles  VV  of  Sydney 
Cove,  between  Rose  Hill  and  the  landing 
place  in  the  creek  which  forms  the  head. 
In  1791,  near  1000  acres  of  land  were 
either  in  cultivation,  or  cleared  for  that 
purpose.  The  soil  in  most  places,  is  re- 
markably good,  and  only  wants  i  ultiva- 
tion  to  be  fit  for  any  use.  Lon.  151  39 
E,  lat.  23  50  S, 

Parrishville,  post  village  St.  Lawrence 
county.  New  York,  35  miles  SE  by  E 
from  Ogdensburgh.  Population  1820, 
594, 

Parsberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, and  principality  of  Newburg,  18 
miles  NW  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  11  55  E, 
lat.  49  8  N. 

Parschvjilz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  and  principality  of 
Lignitz.  It  is  subject  to  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Lig- 
nitz. 

Parson's,  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts.  Population  1820,  uncer- 
tain 

Parson,  or  Parsonjield,  post  town 
and  township  in  York  county,  Maine,  45 
miles  W  by  N  of  Portland,  containing 
1763  inhabitants,  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820, 
2355. 

Parthenaij,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Two  Sevres,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitru.    It  carries  on  a  eonside- 
78'} 


rable  trade  in  cattle  and  corn,  and  is- 
seated  on  the  Thoue.  17  miles  S  of 
Thouars.    Lon.  0  19  W,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Partenkirk,  town  of  France,  in  Bava- 
ria, 40  miles  SW  of  Munich.  Lon  11  0 
E,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Parthia,  ancieiit  name  of  that  part  of 
Asia  SE  from  the  Caspian  Sea,  lying  be- 
tween the  Caspian,  Ariana,  Hyrcania, 
Caramania,  and  Media. 

Parys,  mountain  in  the  isle  of  An- 
glesey, famous  for  a  copper  mine,  pro- 
bably the  largest  bed  of  ore  of  that  me- 
tal hitherto  discovered  in  the  world.  "  It 
is  not  wrought  (says  Dr.  Aikin)  in  the 
common  manner  of  subterraneous  mines, 
but,  like  a  stone  quarry,  open  to  day ;  and 
the  quantities  of  ore  raised  are  prodi- 
gious. The  ore  is  poor  in  quality,  and 
very  abutidant  in  sulpher.  The  purest 
part  is  exported  raw  to  the  smelting 
works  at  Swansea  and  other  places,  the 
more  impure  is  first  calcined  and  depri- 
ved of  most  of  its  sulphur  on  the  spot. 
Quantities  of  nearly  pure  copper  are  ob- 
tained from  the  waters  lodged  beneath 
the  bed  of  ore,  by  the  intervention  of 
iron.  A  lead  ore,  rich  in  silver,  is  also 
found  in  this  mountain.  The  wealth  and 
population  of  Anglesey  have  received  a 
great  increase  from  the  discovery  of  this 
copper  mine. 

Pascagoula,  river  of  Mississippi  about 
N  lat.  32  40,  and  flowing  nearly  S  falls 
into  the  Sound  between  Horn  Island,  and 
the  main  shore  at  N  lat.  30  20,  conse- 
quently this  stream  fitnvs  through  2  20 
of  lat.  or  upwards  of  130  miles.  A  bar 
at  the  mouth  prevents  the  entrance  of 
vessels  drawing  more  than  five  feet  wa- 
ter, but  any  vessel  which  can  enter,  can 
go  as  high  as  the  mouth  of  Leaf  river. 
The  name  of  Pascagoula  is  more  correct- 
ly applied  to  the  united  streams  of  Leaf 
and  Chickasaw  hay,  which  see. 

The  barren  pine  forests  out  of  which 
t!ie  Chickasaw  hay  and  Leaf  river  flow, 
is  continued  down  the  Pascagoula  to  the 
mouth,  and  reaches  on  both  sides  of  the 
()ay  to  the  very  margin  of  the  Sound 

Puscuaro,  city  of  Mexico,  in  Vallodo- 
lid,  on  Lake  Pascuuro  It  is  elevated 
7217  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  135  miles  W  from  Mexico.  Lon. 
W  C  24  21  W,  lat.  19  30  N. 

Pas,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late 
province  of  Artois,  12  miles  SAV  of  Ar- 
ras.    Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Pas  de  Calais,  or  Straits  of  Calais,  a 
department  of  France,  containing  the  late 
province  of  Artois  and  Boulonnois.  Ar- 
ris is  the  capital. 

Paseivalk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Po- 


I''  A  S 


P  A  T 


merania.  It  is  situated  near  some  iron 
works,  on  the  Ucker,  21  miles  W  of  Stet- 
tin, and  66  SSE  of  Stralsur.d,  Lon.  13 
57  E,  lat.  53  27  N. 

Paso,  del  J\'orte,  town  of  Mexico,  in 
New  Mexico,  on  the  Roi  Grande  de- 
Norte.    Lon.  W  C  26  3  W,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Pasquiaro,  town  of  Mexico  in  Duran- 
go,  near  the  Rio  Nasos. 

Pasquotank,  county  of  North  Carolina, 
having  Nansemond  county  in  Virginia 
NW ;  Gates  and  Rutherford  counties  in 
North  Carolina  SW  ;  Albemarle  Sound 
SE ;  and  Pasquotank  river,  Camden 
county  and  the  Dismal  swamp  canal 
NE.  Length  36 ;  mean  width  eight ; 
and  area  288  square  miles,  Surface 
level  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief 
town,  Elizabeth  city. 

Population  in  1810. 


Free  while  males 
do.    do.     females 

2,377 
2,452 

Total  whites       .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Slaves         

4,829 

550 
2,295 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.     females     .         -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        .        .        .     . 

7,674 

2,444 
2,416 

0 

Total  whites        .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -. 

do.            do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males       .... 

do.    females     -         . 

4,860 

305 

227 

1,445 

1,171 

8,008 


12 

1,940 

72 

31 


Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.      in  Manufactures    - 

do.      in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  26. 

Passaicky  river  of  New  Jersey,  which 
rises  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  after 
running  in  the  SE  direction,  through 
Bergen  and  Essex  counties,  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Newark,  a  little  eastward  of  the 
town  of  Newark. 

Passamaquody  Bay,  It  is  in  reality, 
the  estuary  of  St.  Croix  river,  and  forms 
the  NE  boundary  of  the  United  States  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  12  miles  long 
and  six  wide,  and  contains  a  number  of 
small  islands,  the  principal  of  which  are. 
Deer,  iVloose,  Dudley,  &c. 

Passaroivitz,  tpwn  of  Turkev,  in  Ser- 


via.  Here  tiie  emperor  Charles  VI.  and 
Achmet  II.  concluded  a  peace  in  1694. 
It  is  situated  near  the  rivtr  Morava,  33 
miles  ESE  of  Belgrade,  and  44  W  of 
Orsnva     Lon.  21  16  E,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Passo,  cape  of  Peru,  lying  under  the 
equator,  in  lon.  78  58  W. 

Passage,  seaport  in  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
60  miles  E  of  Bilboa.  It  is  a  station  for 
the  Spanish  men  of  war.  Lon.  2  4  W, 
lat.  43  21  N. 

Passaro,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Janna, 
in  Greece,  between  the  gulfs  of  Armiro 
and  Zieton. 

Passarvan,  town  in  the  island  of  Ja- 
va, in  the  East  Indies.  Lon.  114  15  E, 
lat.  7  0S. 

Passau,  city  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  divided  into  fom*  partS;, 
namely  the  town  of  Passau,  Instadt,  Iltz- 
stadt,  and  the  quarter  in  which  the  epis- 
copal palace  is  built.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Inn  and  Iltz,  62  miles 
E  of  Ratisbon,  and  135  W  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  13  3r  E,  lat  48  28  N. 

Passenheim,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Ober- 
land,  70  miles  S  of  Koningberg.  Lon.  20 
50  E,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Passaro  Cafie,  ancient  Pachynum,  re- 
markable cape  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val-di-Noto,  to  the  E  of  the  town  of 
that  name,  and  joins  the  eastern  coast  of 
this  island  to  the  southern.  It  has  a  fort 
to  protect  the  country  from  the  incursions 
of  the  Barbary  corsairs,  who  are  often 
very  troublesome  on  the  coast.  Lon.  15 
22  N,  lat.  36  35  N". 

Passigniaiio,  town  of  Italy,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  the  church,  en  the  lake 
Perugia.  17  miles  NW  of  Perugia.  Lon. 
12  5  E,  lat.  43  16  N. 

Passyunk,  township  of  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  992  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  i638.  It 
joins  the  southern  boundary  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  ;  extending  thence  to  the 
river  Schuylkill  on  the  W,  and  Delaware 
on  the  S. 

Passy,  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Paris,  near  the  town  of  St. 
Dcnys.  Here  is  a  considerable  manu- 
facture for  speedily  bleaching  cotton  and 
linen  cloth. 

Pasto,  or  St,  Juan  de  Pasto,  town  of 
New  Granada,  in  Popayan,  seated  in  a 
valley,  120  miles  N  by  E  of  Quito.  Lon. 
76  55  VV,  lat.  1  50  N. 

Pastrana,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 32  miles  E  of  Madrid. 

Patagonia,  country  in  the  most  south- 
ern part  of  S  America,  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Paraguay  and  Chili,  and  extending 
1100  miles  on  the  eastern  coast,  from 
Rio-de-la-Plata  to  the  straits  of  Ma?el 

rB3 


P  A  T 


I'  A  r 


Ian.  This  country  has  no  tinnber  in  the 
S  parts,  though  the  N  conlains  an  im- 
mense quantity,  and  numerous  flocks  of 
cattle.  The  E  coast  is  generally  low. 
The  principal  harbour  is  that  of  port  St. 
Julian. 

Patak,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  La- 
toreza,  25  miles  SSE  of  Cassovia. 

Patana,  city  and  district  of  Mysore. 
See  Seringafiatam. 

Patani,  town  on  the  NE  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Maylaya,  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  with  a  well  de- 
fended harbour.  The  inhabitants  have 
some  trade  with  the  Chinese.  It  is  300 
miles  N  by  W  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  50 
E,  lat.  7  5  N. 

Patafisco,  river  of  Maryland,  rising  in 
the  NW  part  of  Baltimore  county,  and 
flowing  SE,  the  various  creeks  unite  ab'mt 
15  miles  west  from  Baltimore ;  and 
thence  separating  Anne-  Arundel  from 
Baltimore  county,  continues  15  miles  to 
the  bridge  on  the  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington road.  Htre  it  turi^s  to  NE  and 
flowing  in  that  direction  about  six  miles 
joins  the  lower  part  of  Baltimore  har- 
bour, below  the  lazzaretto,  where  spread- 
ing into  a  wide  bay,  and  turning  SE  10 
or  12  miles,  opens  into  Chesapeak  bay 
between  North  Point,  and  Bodkin  Point. 
It  is  navigable  to  its  junction  with  Balti- 
more harbour  for  the  largest  class  of 
merchant  vessels. 

Patay,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  late  prr.vince  of  ()r- 
leanois.  It  is  '25  miles  NW  of  Orleans. 
liOn.  1  49  E,  lat  48  5  N. 

Patehucut  or  Paiioca,  town  of  Mexico. 
Near  which  is  a  silver  mine.  It  is  70 
miles  N  of  Mexico.  Lon.  99  S5  W,  lat. 
21  ON. 

Pateli     See  Putala. 

Paterno,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  De- 
mona,  built  on  the  site  of  Hybla,  once  so 
famous  for  its  delicious  honey,  and  is  15 
miles  W  of  Catania.  Lon.  15  14  E,  lat. 
37  35  N. 

PatheacU  village  of  vScotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  two  miles  W  of  Dysart ;  long  fa- 
mous for  its  manufacture  of  nails,  and  now 
including  diiftrent  branches  of  weaving 
woollen  and  linen. 

Patmos,  or  Patino,  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, lying  26  miles  S  of  the  isle  of 
Samos.  It  is  20  miles  in  circumference, 
and  one  of  the  most  barren  in  tlie  Archi- 
pelago. Ttie  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Greek  Christians,  sailors  or  ship  build- 
ers ;  and  have  some  trade  in  cotton  and 
stockings  of  their  own  manufacture. 
The  woman  are  generally  pretty,  but 
they  disfigure  themselves  by  the  exces- 
sive use  of  paint.  Lcn,  26  24  E,  lat.  57 
24  X. 

rS4 


Pa(?2a,  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
Bahar,  seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Gun- 
duck.  The  buildings  are  high,  but  the 
arrets  are  narrov.-.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
sir-erable  trade,  400  miles  NW  from  Cal- 
cutta    Lcn.  85"  E,  lat.  25  25  N. 

Potomac.    See  Pocowmac. 

Patrana-     See  Pastrana. 

Patras,  ancient  and  flourishing  town  in 
the  Morea.  The  Jews,  who  are  one 
third  of  the  inhabitants,  have  four  syna- 
gogues, and  there  are  several  handsome 
mosques  and  Greek  churches  The  Jews 
carry  on  a  great  trade  in  silk,  leather, 
honey,  wax,  and  clieese.  It  is  seated  on 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the  sea,  20 
miles  SW  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  21  45  E, 
lat.  38  17  N. 

Patria,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Terri  di  Lavoro,  so  named  from 
a  lake  near  which  it  is  situated,  13  miles 
NW  of  Najjles. 

Patrica,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  the  church  and  Campagna,  di  Roma, 
eight  miles  E  of  Ostia.  About  a  mile 
from  this  place  is  a  hill,  called  Monte 
di  Livano,  which  some  have  thought  to 
be  the  ancient  Lavinum, 

Patrick,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  North  Carolina  S  ;  the  Blue  Ridge,  or 
Grayson  and  Montgomery  S  ;  Franklin 
N  ;  and  Henry  E.  Length  along  North 
Carolina  48;  mean  width  15;  and  area 
600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Irwin, 
Mayo,  and  Dan  rivers.  The  surface  plea- 
santly diversified,  and  soil  of  middling 
quality. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         .        -         1,866 
do.     do.    females  -        -        1,830 


Total  whites       -        -        -        -  3,696 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  275 

Slaves 724 


Total  population  in  1810 


4.695 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  ni.ilcs        -         -         -  1,800 

do.     do.    females    -         -         -  1,976 
All  oth>^r  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  uiiiles       ....  3,776 

Free  persons  of  cnloisr,  males    -  51 

do.              do.      females  49 

Slaves,  males       ....  593 

do.    females    ...        -  620 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -  5,089 

Of  these  ; 

Foreig-ners  iiot  nafuwiHzed          -  0 


PAT 


P  A  U 


Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        1,382 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  60 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  4 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  8^  nearly. 

Patricks -mills,  post  office,  Craven  coun- 
ty, North  Carolina. 

Patricksville,  post  village,  Craven 
county,  North  Carolina,  near  Newbern. 

Patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  province  of 
Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical  State.  It  is 
o5  nniles  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Orvieto,  on  the  E 
by  Umbria  and  Sabina,  on  the  S  by  Cam- 
pagna-di-Roma,  and  on  the  SW  by  the 
sea.     Viterbo  is  the  capital. 

Patringlon,  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber, 
50  miles  SE  of  York,  and  191  N  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  8  E,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Pattensen,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Caleniberg,  formerly  a  fortified  town. 
It  is  six  miles  S  of  Hanover. 

Patterson,  post  village  and  township, 
Putnam  county.  New  York.  Population 
1820,  1578. 

Patterson,  post  town,  Essex  county, 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  river,  at  its 
lowest  and  greatest  falls,  15  miles  N 
from  Newark,  and  18  miles  NW  from 
New  York.  It  is  one  of  the  most  advan- 
tageously situated  places  in  the  United 
States  for  manufacturing  establishments 
several  of  which  are  in  operation.  It 
contains  also  a  bank,  and  a  printing 
office. 

Patti,  episcopal  town  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di-Deroona,  28  miles  W  of  Messina. 
Lon.  15  22  B,  kt.  38  11  N. 

Palucket  falls,  in  Merrimack  river,  be- 
tween Clielmsford  and  Dracut,  a  short  dis- 
tance above  the  mouth  of  Concoi^ river. 
The  descent  of  these  fails  is  28  fee^^ich 
is  obviated  by  a  side  canal  of  one  nffllRwid 
a  half.  The  village  of  Patucket  contains 
several  manufacturing  establishments,  and 
a  post  office.  The  Middlesex  canal  leaves 
Merrimack  river  about  two  miles  above 
Patucket. 

Pattwi,  or  Puttan,  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  country  of  Guzerat,  and  ca- 
pital of  a  circar  of  the  same  name,  132  miles 
SW  of  Oudipour.  Lon.  72  30  E,  lat.  23 
45  N. 

Patuxent,  river  of  Maryland  rising  in  t-He 
northern  part  of  Montgomery,  imd  the  NW 
of  Baltimore  counties,  and  flowing  SE  by 
comparative  courses  40  miles,  separates 
Anne  Arundel,  from  Montgomery,  and 
Prince  Georges  counties.  It  has  now 
reached  within  10  miles  of  the  Chesapeak 
at  Anapolis,  and  turning  to  nearly  H  fol- 
lows very  nearly  the  geupral  curve  of  the 
Chesapeak,  about  60  miles  falls  into  'hat 
bav  bv  a  wide  estuary,  about  20  miles  N 
5G 


from  that  of  the  Potomac.  It  admits  vessels 
of  250  tons  to  Nottingham,  46  miles,  fol- 
lowing tlie  inflexions  of  the  river  above  its 
mouth. 

Pan,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Lower  Pyi-enees  and  late  province 
of  Beam,  with  a  castle  where  Henry  IV. 
was  boTn,  It  is  seattd  on  an  eminence, 
at  the  foot  of  v,hich  runs  the  river  Gave, 
97  miles  S  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0  4  W,  lat. 
43  15  N. 

Pavia,  ancient  and  fortified  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  with  a  cele- 
brated university,  on  theTesino  over  which 
is  a  bridge,  15  miles  S  of  Milan.  Lon,  9 
15  E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Paul,  St.  parish  of  Charleston  district. 
South  Caroluia. 

Paul,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Artois,  16  miles  WNW  of  Airas. 
Lon.  2  30  E,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Paul,  St.  town  of  South  America  in  Bra- 
sil,  and  province  of  St.  Vincent,  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  mountains  and  thick  forests. 
Lon.  45  52  W,  lat.  23  25  S. 

Puul-cle-FemioidUedes,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  ofGurd  and  lace  province 
of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  river  Egli, 
among  mountains,  30  miles  N  of  J.iontpel- 
Ifer.     Lon.  3  58  E,  lat.  44  7  N. 

Paul-les-Vence,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Var  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  five  miles  W  of  Nice,  and  450 
SE  of  Paris.     Lon.  7  13  E,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Paul-trois-  Chatemtx,  St.  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Drome  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  declivity 
of  ft  hill,  16  miles  S  of  Monlelimar.  Lon. 
4  57  E,  lat.  44  21  N.  * 

Paula,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Clte- 
riore,  seated  near  the  sea,  in  a  fertile  and 
well  cvdtivated  country,  12  miles  W  of  Co- 
senza.     Lon.  16  9  E,  lat.  39  24  N". 

Paulding,  coun'y  of  Ohio?  bounded  by 
Indiana  W;  Wiili:»ms  N;  Henry  and  Put- 
nam E  ;  and  VanwertS.  Length  24  ;  mean 
width  18;  and  are;*  432  square  miles.  This 
county  was  forn^^d  in  1820  out  of  the  New 
purchase.  M^-^iniee  river  crosses  its  north- 
ern side. 

Pauli^^  kill,  river  of  Sussex  county.  New 
Jersp/j  rises  near  Frankford,  and  flowing 
S^» ,  falls  into  the  Delaware  between  the 
villages  of  Columbia,  and  Knowltott)  18 
miles  by  land  above  Ea.ton. 

Paulograd,  small  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Cartharinensl&f,  32  miles  B 
of  that  place.  Lon.  03  54  E,  lat.  47  10 
N 

Pavoasan,  episcopal  seaport  of  Africa  in 
the  isle  of  St.  Thomas,  with  a  fort  and  a 
good  harbour.  It  belongs  to  P:,rtuga1,  and 
liey  under  the  eq-iator,  in  lon.  8  30  W. 

PausiUppo,  mo\in;ain  of  Italy,  five  miles 
from  Puzzoli,  celebrated  for  a  grotto,  which 
785 


P  A  X 

is  a  subterraneous  passage  through  the 
mountain,  near  a  mile  in  length,  about  20 
feet  in  breadth,  and  30  to  40  in  height. 

Patukey  town  of  Western  Prussia,  in  Po- 
merellia,  25  miles  NVV  of  Dantzic.  Lon. 
18  41  E,  lat.  54  44  N. 

FauUngs,  township  of  Duchess  county. 
New  York,  containing  1756  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  and  in  1820, 1804.  It  is  on  the  Hud- 
son. 

Paxvcatuck,  small  river  of  Connecticut, 
and  Rhode  Island,  forming  for  about  10 
miles,  the  limit  between  the  two  states.  It 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  13  miles  E 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 

Paivtucket,  river,  rather  creek,  rising  in 
the  NW  part  of  Bristol  county,  Massachu- 
setts, and  flowing  nearly  S,  falls  into  Seek- 
honk  rirer  four  miles  NE  from  Providence. 
This  stream  gains  its  only  consequence  by 
its  falls  at  Pawtucket. 

Pawtuckety  post  village,  at  the  falls  of 
Pawtucket  river,  four  miles  NE  from  Provi- 
dfince.  It  is  partly  in  the  township  of  North 
Providence,  and  partly  in  that  pare  of  Seek- 
honk  in  Massachusetts.  The  fall  of  water 
here  is  about  50  feet ;  presenting  one  of 
the  finest  manufacturing  establishments  in 
the  United  States.  The  natural  advantages 
have  been  extensively  improven.  There 
are  in  Pawtucket,  and  vicinity,  besides  a 
number  of  other  manufactories;  10  cotton 
mills,  two  casting  furnaces ;  six  shops  for 
constructing  machinery,  two  anchor  shops, 
a  nail  factory,  two  slitting  mills,  two  screw 
factories,  three  or  four  grain  mills,  and 
blacksmith  shops,  taylors,  &;c.  Population 
of  the  township  in  1820,  2420. 

Pawtjixet,  river  of  Rhode  Island,  risiug 
in  Providence  and  Kent  counties,  and  flow- 
ing E,  enters  Narragansett  bay,  five  miles 
below  Providence.  From  its  numerous  falls, 
this  stream  affords  great  facility  of  water 
power.  Upwards  of  40  cotton  factories 
are  on  it  and  its  branches. 

Pawliixet,  post  village  and  port  of  entry 
on  both  sides  of  Paw^uxet  river  at  its 
mouth,  and  partly  in  ProvVience  and  partly 
in  Kent  counties.  It  eontaJns  numerous 
factories,  a  bank,  and  aa  acadei^y  with  usu- 
ally 70  students.    Population  abojt  1000. 

Paxton,  township,  Worcester  ojunty, 
Massachusetts,  nin«  miles  NW  from  Vr^r- 
cester.  Population  in  1810,  619;  and  ih. 
1820,  613. 

Paxton,  Lower,  township  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  five  miles  E  from 
Harrisburg.    Population  in  1820,  1283. 

Paxton,  Middle,  township  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehan- 
nah  river,  10  miles  above  Harrisbui^.  Po- 
pulation  1820,  973. 

Paxton,  Upper,  NW  township  of  Dauphin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susqiiehao- 
nab,  25  miles  above  Harrisburg.  Population 
?-n  1S20.  1097. 

786 


P  E  D 

Paxton,  SW  township  of  Ross  county^ 
Ohio.  Population  in  1820,  388.  It  con- 
tains the  village  of  Bainbridge. 

Paz,  La,  city  of  the  united  provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  in  Peru,  near  the  SE  part  of 
lake  Titiaca.  Lon.  8  35  E,  lat.  17  15  S. 
Pojjulation  20,000 

Peace  River.     See  .Miakenzies'  River. 

Peacham,  post  village  and  township, 
Caledonia  county,  Vermont,  19  miles  SE 
from  Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy.     Population  1350. 

Peach  bottom,  post  village,  in  the  SE  part 
of  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  30  miles  SE 
from  Y^ork. 

Peach  bottom,  SE  township  of  York 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  in  1820, 
928. 

Peach  to-wn,  village  of  Tompkins  county. 
New  York. 

Peaki  of  Otter,  part  of  the  Blue  ridge  In 
Bedford  county,  Virginia,  rising  to  upwards 
of  4000  feet.  They  are  the  most  elevated 
ground  in  the  United  States,  SW  from  the 
Catskill  mountains. 

Pearl  Islands,  islands  lying  in  the  bay  of 
Panama,  in  South  America. 

Peai'l  river,  of  Louisiana  and  Mississippi, 
rises  in  the  latter  as  high  as  N  lat.  33  0, 
from  whence  it  flows  SW  about  80  miles 
and  soutli  80,  where  it  turns  to  SSE,  flow- 
ing in  that  direction  40  miles,  crosses  the 
31°  N  lat.  and  enters  Louisiana,  having  an 
entire  course  in  Mississippi  of  200  miles. 
In  Louisiana,  it  continues  SSE  70  miles,  to 
its  junction  with  the  Rigolets,  after  an  en- 
tire comparative  course  of  270  miles.  Be- 
low N  lat.  31  0.  Pearl  river  is  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Mississippi  and  Louisi- 
ana. The  general  character  of  the  country, 
watered  by  the  Pearl  river,  is  unfavourable 
to  agriculture  or  navigation.  With  partial 
exceptjAs,  pine  covers  the  surface,  with  as 
usu^^ifnin  sterile  soil.  Schooners  cannot 
enter  tbe  Pearl  in  consequence  of  a  raft  of 
timber. 

Pease,  NE  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio,     Population  in  1820,  2019. 

Pecquencour,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
Hainault,  seated  on  the  Scarpe,  five  miles 
E  of  Douay,  Lon.  3  16  E,  lat.  50  23  N. 
Pedee,  river  which  rises  in  North  Caro- 
lina, and  is  here  called  the  Yadkin  river, 
i-nd  entering  South  Carolina,  it  takes  the 
nartue  of  Pedee,  and  flow.s  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  12  miles  below  George  Town.  The 
naouth  "«  called  Winyaw  bay.  The  Pedee 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  60  or  70  tons, 
upwards  of  200  miles. 

Pedena,  town  of  Italy,  in  Istria,  25  miles 
SE  of  Capo  d'Istria.  Lon.  14  30  E,  lat.  45 
34  N. 

Pederneira,  seaport  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Estramadura,  18  miles  NE 
of  Peniche.    Lon.  8  6  W,  lat,  39  51  N. 


r  E  G 


V  E  L 


Peciic,  town  of  Sumatra,  40  miles  E  of 
Achen.    Lon.  96  36  E,  lat,  5  22  N. 

Pedro,  Point,  the  most  northern  point  of 
the  island  of  Ceylon,  opposite  Point  Caly- 
jmere,  on  tlie  continent  of  India.  Lon.  80 
27  E,  lat.  9  52  N. 

Pedro,  St.  one  of  the  islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  called  Marquesas.  Lon. 
138  51  W,  lat.  9  58  S 

Pee  Pee,  township  of  Pike  county,  Ohio, 
20  miles  below  Chilicothe.  Population  in 
1820.  654. 

Peebles,  capital  of  Peebleshire,  on  the 
Tweed,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  It  has 
manulactures  of  carpets  and  serges.  It  is 
22  miles  S  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  7  W, 
lat.  55  36  N. 

Peebleshire  T-ioeeddale,  county  of  Scot- 
land ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Selkirkshire ; 
on  the  N  by  Edinbnrgshire  ;  W  by  Lanerk- 
shire  j  and  S  by  Dumfriesshire  ;  and  con- 
tains 308  square  miles,  is  28  miles  lon.^, 
and  18  where  broadest.  The  climate  is 
temperate  and  the  air  clear.  This  county 
.yields  limestone,  &c.  witii  every  necessary 
of  life.  The  chief  manufactures  are  shoes 
an.l  thread.  Popuialion  in  1801,  8735; 
in  1811,  9935;  and  in  1821,  10,046. 

Peekskill,  post  town  in  West  Chester 
county,  New; York;  lying  on  the  E  side  of 
Hudson  river,  50  miles  N  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  about  10  below  the  fort  at 
West  Point. 

Peel,  town  of  the  Isle  oi"  Man.  It  is 
situated  on  a  spacious  bay,  at  the  S  extre- 
mity of  which  is  Peel  Isle,  a  rock  of  great 
magnitude  and  height.  Lon.  4  40  W,  lat. 
54  13  N. 

Peeling,  township  of  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire.     Population  in  1820,  224. 

Peer,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
bisliopric  of  Lieg^,  24  miles  NNW  of  Ma- 
estricht.     Lon.  5  20  E,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Pesee.     See  Peaths. 

Pegau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  river  Ulster,  58  miles  W  of 
Dresden.     Lon.  12  22  E,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Pegnajiel,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
on  the  Deuero,  20  miles  SE  of  Valiadolid. 
Lon.  4  0  W,  lat.  41  41  N. 

Pegna-Macor,  town  of  Portugal,  in  tiie 
province  of  Beira,  with  a  castle,  40  miles 
NW  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  32  W,  lat.  39 
SON. 

Pegnaranda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  Sime 
name,  30  miles  SW  of  Olmedo.  Loii.  4  8 
W,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Pegu,  kmgdom  of  Asia,  now  a  part  of 
the  Birman  empire,  lying  to  the  SE  oi' 
Bengal.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Rur- 
mah,  on  the  W  and  S  by  the  Ocean,  and  on 
the  E  by  Laos  and  Slam.  Its  products 
are  timber  for  building,  elephants,  ele- 
phants' teeth,  bees'  wax,  lac,  s.altpetre, 
iron,  lead,  tin,  petroleum,  very  fine  rubies, 


small  diamonds,  and  plenty  of  lead,  oi 
which  they  make  their  money.  It  is  very 
fruitful  in  corn,  roots,  pulse,  and  fruits. 
Pegu  was  an  independent  kingdom,  till 
1751,  when  it  was  reduced,  by  the  king  of 
Burmah,  to  the  state  of  a  dependant  pro« 
vince. 

Pegii,  town  in  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  in  Asia,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
520  miles  S  of  Ava.    Lon.  96  30  E,  lat.  18 

10  N. 

Pegunnock,  small  river  of  New  Jersey. 
See  Pegnaiioc. 

Pejepscot,  township  and  post  village,  af 
Cumberland  county,  Maine,  30  miles  N 
from  Portland.  Population  in  1810,  805; 
and  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Peine,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick.  It  is  17  miles  W  of 
Brunswick.     Lon.  10  19  E,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Peipus,  large  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Livonia.  From  which  issues 
the  river  Narova,  by  which  it  has  a  com- 
munication at  Narva,  with  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land. 

Poishore,  or  Pishour,  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Cabul.  It  is 
subject  to  the  king  of  Candahar,  and  is  50 
miles  NW  of  Attock.  Lon.  69  54  E,  lat. 
32  44  N. 

Peitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, and  marche  of  Brandenburg.  In  the 
vicinity  of  which  iron  mines  are  wrought  to 
advantage,  and  manufactures  of  pitch  and 
turpentine  are  carried  on  to  great  extent. 
It  is  30  miles  SSW  of  Franckfort  on  the 
Oder.     Lon.  8  c,5  E,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Peking,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Pe-tche-li.  Its 
name  signifies  the  Northern  Court,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Nanking,  the  Southern 
Court,  where  the  emperor  formerly  resided. 
This  capital  forms  an  oblong  square,  and 
is  divided  into  two  cities  ;  one  inhabited  by 
Chinese,  the  other  by  Tartars.  These  two 
cities,  exclusive  of  the  suburbs  are  nearly 

11  miles  in  circumference.  A  Russian 
churcli  is  established  here  with  a  seminary 
in  which  the  students  are  permitted  to  re- 
side for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  chi- 
nese  language.  Since  this  establishment, 
many  interesting  publications  have  appear- 
ed at  Petersburg,  relative  to  the  laws,  his- 
tory, and  geography  of  China,  translated 
from  the  original ;  published  at  Peking.  This 
city  is  500  miles  N  by  W  of  Nanking, 
Lon.  116  14  E,  lat.  39  54  N. 

Pelagiiisi,  island  of  the  Archipelago  in 
the  Mediterranean  sea,  eight  miles  in  cir- 
cumference.    Lon.  24  12  E,  hit.  39  30  N. 

Pelegrino,  J)fount,  promontory  on  the 
N  coast  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  nearly  two 
miles  W  of  Palermo  The  prospect  from 
this  mount  is  beautiful  and  extensive  :  most 
of  the  Lipari  Islands  are  discovered  in  a 
clcsur  day,  aud  also  a  large  portion  of  Mount 

7i?r 


P  E  M 


i*  E  N 


Etna,  although  at  tlie  distance  oF  almost 
the  wliole  length  of  Sicil;'. 

Felet!}  Islands,  were  in  all  probability, 
first  discovered  by  tlie  Spaniards  of  the 
Philippines,  and  by  them  called  the  Paloo 
Islands  from  the  t3»  pslm  trees  that  grow 
there  in  great  numbers,  and  whicii  at  a 
distance  have  the  appearance  of  masts  of 
ships  ;  the  word  palos,  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
gusge,  sometimes  sitfiiifying  a  mast. 

Felham,  township  in  the  county  of  Lin- 
coln, Upper  Canada,  lies  to  the  south  of 
Louth,  and  is  watered  by  the  Chippawa, 
or  Wellaiid. 

Felham,  township  of  West  Chester  coun- 
ty,  New  York,  on  the  East  river,  20  miles 
from  New  York.     Population  1820,  283. 

Pelham,  township  c  f  Hampshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1185  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820, 1278,  situuled  on  the 
E  side  of  Coniiecticu'.  river,  about  80  miles 
W  of  Boston. 

Fe'ham,  small  township,  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Rockingham  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, 35  miles  W  by  S  of  Ncwburyport, 
and  36  NW  of  Boston.  Population  1820, 
1040. 

Pelissa,  town  of  Lower  Hungarj^,  capi- 
tal of  a  country  of  the  samt  name,  seated 
near  the  Danube,  15  miles  north  of  Buda. 
Lon.  IS  20  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Pelissane,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  15  miles 
%VNW  of  Aix.     Lon.  5  21  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Pel'a,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Janna,  50  miles  W  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  21 
53  E,  lat,  40  41  N. 

Pellerin,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart, 
ment  of  Lower  Loire,  situated  on  the  Loire, 
with  a  harbour  for  sniali  vessels,  ten  miles 
N  of  Nantes,  and  13  SE  of  Painbanif.  Lon. 
1  44  W,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Pcloso,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  35 
miles  W  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  20  E,  lal.  41  26 
N. 

Pemaquid  bay  and  jioint,  Lincoln  count)", 
IVlaine.  The  point  is  at  lo:i.  W  C  7  30  E, 
!at.  43  37  N. 

Pemby,  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  Lon.  IS  25  E, 
lat.  7.30  S. 

Peinba,  or  Penda,  island  in  the  East  In- 
dian Ocean,  lying  near  the  coast  of  Africa, 
and  extending  about  100  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  governed  by  a  king  tribu- 
taiy  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  40  0  E,  lat. 
5  20  S. 

Pembridge,  town  in  Herefords!;lre,  on  the 
Arrow,  12  miles  NW  of  Hereford,  and  145 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat.  52 
14  N. 

Pembroke,  capital  of  Pembrokeshire.  It 
is  seated  on  the  innermost  creek  of  Mil- 
ford  Haven,  over  which  are  two  bridges, 
but  the  navigation  to  it  is  become  mjured 
by  the  rubbish  of  the  limestone  quarries 
788 


near  it,  237  miles  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon. 

4  55  W, lat.  5145  N. 

Petnbruke  cormty,  SW  extremity  of  Wales, 
derives  its  name  from  Pembroke,  the  coun- 
ty town,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
Carmarthenshire,  on  the  NK  by  Cardigan- 
shire, and  on  all  other  sides  by  the  Irish 
Sea.  It  extends  in  length  from  N  to  S  35 
miles,  and  frc.m  E  to  W  29,  and  is  about 
140  in  circumference.  Population  in  1801, 
56,280  ;  in  1811,  60,615,  and  in  1821, 
74,009. 

Pembroke,  township  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, New    Hampshire;  containing  1153  in- 
habitants in   1810  ;  and  in  1820, ;  si- 
tuated on   the  E  side  of  Merrimack  river,  , 
about  40  miles  W  of  Portsmouth. 

Pembroke,  township  of  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  2051  inhabitants 

in  1810  ;  and  in  1820, ;  situated  about 

four  miles   E  of  Hanover,  and   10  NW  of 
Plymouth. 

'Pembroke,  post  village  and  township  of 
Genessee  county  New  Y'ork,  in  Ellicott's 
25  miles  E  from  Buffalo.  Population  1820, 
2576. 

Pemis^eraasset,  river  of  New  Hampshire, 
the  main  source  or  branch  of  Merrimac 
river  It  joins  tke  Winnipisseogee,  at  San- 
bornton.  * 

Peua  Garcia,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  six  miles  E  of  Idanha 
Velha,     Lon.  6  6  W,  lat.  59  40  N, 

Penalva,  town  of  Poitugal,  in  Beira, 
seated  on   a  hill  with  a  castle,  eight  miles 

5  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  8  17  W,  lat.  40  4  N. 
Penajitier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  four  miies  N  of  Carcassone. 
Lon*.  2  25  E,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Pendennis,  castle  in  Cornwall,  on  a  hill 
of  the  same  name,  on  Falmouth  Bay.  It 
lies  a  little  to  the  SE  of  Falmouth.  Lon. 
5  30  W,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Pendleton,  county  of  Virginia,  bounded 
by  Rockingham  and  Augusta  SE ;  Bath 
SW ;  Randolph  NW  ;  and  Hardy  NE. 
Length  50;  mean  width  22;  and  area  1100 
square  miles.  Its  surface  is  very  moun- 
tainous. From  the  NW  angle  Green  Briar 
river  flows  SW  into  the  Great  Kenhawa  ; 
in  its  SW  angle  rise  Jackson's  and  Cow- 
pasture  branches  of  James  river.  The  far 
greater  jiart  however,  of  its  superfices  is 
drained  by  the  head  branches  of  the  south 
branch  of  Potomac.  Soil  generally  rocky 
and  l)arren.     Chief  town,  Fincastle. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -         -         2,017 

do.  do.    females    ...        1,735 

Total  whites       -        -        .        .  3,752 
All  other  ])ersons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  25 

Slaves 262 


PEN 


PEN 


Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males  _        -        - 

do.    females         _        _        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,039  South  Carolina,  on  a  branch  of  the  Savati- 

dah  river,  lOU  miles  NW  from  Columbia. 

PendletGU,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  boand- 

2,258  ed  by  Harrison  S  ;  Grant  W  ;  Campbell 

2,186  N ;   Ohio  river  NE ;  and  Bracken  E. 

LeuKih  20 ;   and   mean  width  17 ;  and 

0  area  340  square  miles.     Surface  very 

— —  much  broken,  and  soil  sterile.    The  two 

4,444  main  forks  of  Licking  river  unite  in  this 

5  county  at  Falmouth  the  seat  of  justice. 

6  Population  in  1810. 

177  Free  white  males         -         -        •        1,399 
204       do.  do.  females  -        -        1 .275 


Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  9 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,080 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  88 

do.     in  Commerce  -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4  1-3, 

Pendleton,  NW  district  of  Soith  Caro- 
lina ;  bounded  by  Tiigaloo  river  or  Geor- 
gia SW ;  by  Cliatuga  river  or  Geortria 
NW  ;  by  North  Carolina  N ;  Saliiia  river 
or  Greenfield  district  NE;  and  Abbeville 
SE.  Length  55  ;  mean  vvidtii  39  ;  and 
area  1630  square  miles.  Surface  very 
mountainous ;  but.  soil  generally  ])roduc- 
tive.  It  is  principally  drained  oy  the  Sene- 
ca branch  of  Saluda  river.  Chief  towns, 
Pendleton,  and  Anderson's  ville. 


4,836    Total  whites       .         .         .        - 
■  All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 
Slaves        -         .        .        -        . 


2,674 


1 
386 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males        -        -         . 

do.  do.     females     -         -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites         ... 
Free  per-sons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        . 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820. 


3,061 


1.417 
1,341 


2,758 

237 

91 

0 

0 

3,086 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        . 
Slaves        -        -        .        _        . 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         .        . 

do.    do.    females     .        .        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites       -         .  .         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 

do.          do.  females 

Slaves,  males               -  -        . 

do.     females            -  -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do         in  Manufactures  - 
do.        m  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mi  e,  16^. 

Pendleton,   town  of  Pendleton"  district 
789 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -  517 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -  0 

do.      in  Commerce        -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Pennjield,  post  town  and  township  of 
Monroe  county,  New  York,  on  Genunde- 
22  897^^"^  ^^y   ^"^  miles  E  from    Rochester. 
'  Population  1820,  3^44 

Pejinfield,  township  of  New  Bruns- 
wick on  the  bay  of  Fundy,  Charlotte 
county. 

Pentmunder,  fortress  of  Germany,  in 
Prussian  Pomerania,  seated  "m  the  isle  of 
Usedom,  at  the  mouths  of  the  Pene  and 
Oder,  in  the  Baltic  Sea.  Lon.  14  16  E, 
lat.  54  16  N. 

Penguin  Island,  and  Bay,  lie  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  182  mil^s  N  of  Port 
St.  Julian.     Lat.  47  48  S. 

Peniche,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estramadura.  with  a  good  harbour  and  a 
citadel,  34  mii^s  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  5 
E,  lat.  39  16  N. 

Penick,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  It  is  seated  on  the  Muite,  eight 
miles  E  of  Altenberg.  Lon.  12  44  E, 
lat.  50  .5y  N. 

Peniscola,  to\r^jfoi  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, seated  on  a  high  point  of  land,  on 


10,002 
9,362 

19,364 

48 
3;485 


11,031 
11,109 

0 

22,140 

94 

73 

2,375 

2,340 

27,022 


12 

8,216 

466 

85 


P  E  N 


P  E  N 


£he  Mediterranean,  60  miles  N  of  Valen-  Pennsboroiigh  West,  township  of  Cum  = 

cia.    Lon.  1  0  E,  lat.  40  29  N.  berland   county,  Pennsylvania,  lying  on 

Feni&hehr,   town  of  Hindoostan  Pro-  the  Connedogwinet  creek,  commencing 

per,  and  capital  of  a  district,  in  the  coun-  three  miles  VV  from  Carlisle,  and  extend- 

try  of  Cabul,  46  miles  N  of  Cabul.    Lon.  ing  10  miles  up  the  creek.    Pouulation 

«s  ^A  -p    io»   Qc  lA  XT  1820,  1553. 


68  14  E.  lat.  2,5  16  N, 
Penkridge-  town  in  Staffordshire,  prin- 


Pennsboroueh,   village  of  Lycoming 


cipally  noted  for  its  horse  fairs.  It  is  six  rniintv  pVnn«XJ,,ia  ^^  fhl  «  c  .Xl^ 
w,;i=o  «  ^f  v;»off„^^  ^^A  100  \!.\-Ki  s  ^'Ounty,  rennsvlvania,  on  the  Susquehan- 
miles  S  of  Stafford,    and  129  NW   of  ^^h  river   below  the  mouth  of  Muncy 

creek. 


London.     Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  32  54  N. 

PenkuTtiy  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pomerania,  15  miles 
SW  of  Stetin 


Pennaburg,  township  of  Chester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  VV  side  of  Bran- 


Penmaenmhar,  once  tremendous  pre-  ,^yw'"«^  ^reek,  adjoining  the  state  of  De- 

cipice    in  Carnarvonshire,   overhanging  1090'" 70^"^  Delaware  county.  Population 

the  sea ;  but  now    safely  crossed  by  a  ' 

good  road.    It  is  four  miles  SW  of  Aber-  Pennon,   fort  of  Africa,  seated   on  a 

conway.  small  island  before  the  harbour  of  Al- 

Peunaflor,  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  gi^rs. 

seated  on  the  Astra,   14  miles  SW  of  Pennon  de  Velez,  very  important  sea- 

Oviedo.    Lon.  5  56  VV.  lat.  43  15  N.  Port  of  Barbary,  seated  on  a  rock  in  the 

Pennqflor,  town  of  Spain,    in  Andalu-  Mediterranean,  near  the  town  of  Velez. 

sia,  seatf  d  near  the  Xenil  10  miles  N  of  I^  was  built  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1508, 

Ecjia.    Lon.  4  12  W,  lat.  37  44  N  taken  by  the  Moors  in  1522,  and  retaken 

Penn,  township  of  Philadelphia  county,  i"  1^64.    It  is  75  miles  E  of  Ceuta.    Lon. 

Pennsylvania,  adjoining  the  city  of  Phi-  ^  'J  W.  lat.  S5  25  N. 

ladelphia,  tlie  Northern  Liberties,  Spring  Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  states  of  the 

Garden,  and  extending  up  the  Schuyl-  United  States  ;  bounded  by  Maryland  S  ; 

kill  to    Roxborough.     Population    1810,  Virginia  SW ;    Ohio  W ;    Lake    Erie 

3,79-i ;  and  in  1820,  3.105.                        .  NW  ;    New  York  N,    and    NE ;    and 

Penn  East,  township  of  Northampton  New  Jersey   and   Delaware  SE.    The 

county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  outlines  of  this  state  are ; 

of   Lehigh   river,   adjoining  Schuylkill,  I"  common  with  Maryland,  from 

and  Lehigh  counties.    Population   1820,  the  NE  to  the  NVV  angle  of  the 


I 


latter 

From  the  NW  angle  of  Maryland 
to  the  SW  angle  of  Pennsylva- 
nia -       _       _       _       _ 

From  the  NW  angle  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, due  N  along  Virginia  to  the 
Ohio  river       -        -        - 


1,882. 

Penn  West,  NE  township  of  Schuyl- 
ccunty,  Pennsylvania,  adjoining  North- 
ampton, and  Lehigh  counties.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1,152. 

Penn,    township  of   Chester   county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  Elk  and  White 
C'.ag  creeks,   40  miles  5W  by  N  from   Continuing     the    preceding    line 
Philadelpiiia.     Population  1820,  481.  along  Ohio  to  Lake  Erie 

Penn,  southern  township  of  Morgan   Along  Lake  Erie  to  the  extreme 
county,  Ohio.     P(;pulation  1820,  241.  northern  angle  of  Erie  county 

jPenwar,  river  which  has  its  rise  in  the       on  the  western   limit  of   New 
kingdom  of  Mysore,  in  the  peninsula  of      York        -        .        -        -        . 
Hindoostan,  and  watering  Gooty,  Gandi-   Thence   due  S  along  Chatauque 
cotta,  Cuddapah,  and  Vellore,  enters  the       county  to  the  SW  angle  of  New 
Bay  of  Bengal,  at  Gangapatnam.  York       ----- 

Penn's  creek,  river  of  Pennsylvania,   Thence    East   to   the   Delaware 


500 


53 


64 


91 


which  rises  in  the  SE  part  of  Centre 
county  flows  E  through  Centre  and 
Union,  passes  by  New  Berlin  and  falls 
into  the  Susquehannah  at  Seling  grove, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  50  miles. 

Penn's  Valley,  in  the  SE  part  of  Cen- 
tre county,  between  the  Brush,  and 
Path  valley  mountain. 

Pennaborough  East,  township  of  Cum- 
berland county,  Pennsylvania,  on  both 
sides  of  Connedogwinet  creek,  extending  Thence  along  that  semicircle  to 
from  the  Susc^uehannah  river  to  within  its  point  of  intersection  with  the 
three  miles  trom  Carlisle.  Population  eastern  boundary  of  Cecil  county 
1810, 2365 ;  and  in  1^8, 3513.  in  Maryland  .,       -       - 

790 


river,  in  common  with  New 
York 

Thence  down  Delaware  river  to 
the  Northern  angle  of  New  Jer- 
sey _       -        .        .       _ 

Thence  continuing  down  the  De- 
laware river,  to  the  intersection 
with  that  stream  of  the  semicir- 
cle of  12  miles  around  New  Cas- 
tle -        .        -        .        - 


19 


226 


70 


160 


26 


PEN 


P  E  N 


Thence  due  N  to  the  NE  angle  of  Tranklln 

Marvland       _       -       _       -  2 

Having  an  entire  outline  o^"  950 

Between  lat.  39  43  and  42  16  N.  Lon. 
W  C  2  17  E,  to  3  31  W. 

Length  from  opposite  Bordentown,  to 
the  W  boundary  211  miles.  Greatest 
width  176,  and  mean  width  157  miles. 

Area  43,950  square  miles;  equal  to 
28,128.000. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  Pennsylvania  is  di- 
visible into  three  great  sections,  of  very 
unequal  extent.  The  smallest  but  much 
best  peopled  section  lies  SE  from  the 
Kittatinny  mountain  or  Blue  Mountain  ; 
and  contains  about  one  third  of  North- 
ampton., all  Lehigh,  Bucks,  Berk.  Mont- 
gomery, Philadelphia,  Delaware,  Ches- 
tei',  Lancaster  Lebanon,  nearly  one 
half  of  Dauphin ;  all  York,  Adams, 
Cumberland,  and  nearly  all  Franklin 
counties.  The  mountainous  or  Middle 
section,  extends  over  the  counties  of 
Wayne,  Pike,  two  thirds  of  Northampton, 
all  Susquehannah,  Bradford,  Luzerne, 
Tioga,  Potter,  Lycoming,  Columbia, 
Northumberland,  Union,  Centre,  Clear- 
field, Cambria,  Huntingdon,  Mifflin, 
Perry,  one  half  of  Dauphin,  all  Schuyl- 
kill, Bedford,  and  Somerset,  with  the 
eastern  part  of  Westmoreland  and  Fay- 
ette. 

The  western  hilly  section  includes  the 
counties  of  McKeauj  Warren,  Jefferson, 
Indiana,  Armstrong,  Crawford,  Venango, 
Erie,  Mercer,  Beaver,  Butler,  Alleghany, 
Washington,  Green,  and  the  western  parts 
of  Fayette  and  Westmoreland. 

Before  proceeding  to  give  the  geogra- 
phical detail  of  the  state  in  general,  the 
reader  is  presented  with  the  following 
tables  exhibiting  the  relative  extent  and 
population  of  each  of  the  foregoing  sec- 
tions. 

Sq.mites.  Populatim>  tosq-m. 

22,030       27 


756       31,892      42 


7869      569,355      77 
The  mountainous  or  middle   section 
contains. 


Wayne 

Pike 

Near  two  thirds  of  < 

Northampton     ^ 
Susquehannah 
Bradford 
Luzerne 
Tioga 
Potter 
Lycoming 
Columbia 
Northumberland 
Part  of  Dauphin 
Schuylkill 
Union 
Mifflin 
Perry 
Centre 
Clearfield 
Hunterdon 
iledford 
Somerset 
Cambria 
Part  of  Indiana 
Part    of  West- 7 

mcreland        5 
Part  of  Fayette 


720 
772 

710 

800 

1174 

1784 

1100 

1100 

2290 

574 

457 

300 

745 

551 

826 

540 

1370 

1425 

1185 

1520 

1066 

670 

300 

250 


22565      260,506 


Western  section  contains. 


Counties, 
Part  of  Northamp 

ton  county  E  of 

Kittatinny 
Lehigh 
Bucks 
Philadelphia  city? 


'i 


400 

335 
600 


and  county 
Montgomery 
Berks 
Chester 
Delaware 
Lancaster 
Lebanon 
Lower  part 

Dauphin 
York 
Adams 
Cumberland 


5 


18,895   56 
37,842   62 

120  137,097  1142 


of; 


450 
874 
738 
177 
928 
288 

230 

900 
528 

545 


35,793 
46,275 
44,451 
14,810 
68,336 
16,988 

13,211 

38,759 
19,370 
23,606 


80 
53 
60 
84 
73 
59 

57 

43 
35 
43 


McKean 

Warren 

Erie 

Crawford 

Venango 

Jefferson 

Western  part  of  > 

Indiana  5 

Western  part  of  > 

Westmoreland  3 
Western  part  of 

Fayette 
Armstrong 
Allegany 
Butler 
Mercer 
Beaver 
Green 
Washington 


1442 

832 

720 

974 

1114 

1200 

470 
814 

488 

941 
754 
785 
830 
646 
600 


10,324 
34,921 
10,193 
11,681 
15,340 
15,555 
40,038 


13,398      219,597 


Summary. 

Eastern  section         7869  569,355 

Middle        do.         22565  200,506 

Western     do,         13942  219,597 


4,127        6 

2,894        4 

9,735      16J 


9,960 
11,554 

20,027 

4,021 

186 

13,517 

17,621 

15,424 

8,442 

1L339 

18,619 

16.618 

11,342 

13,796 

2,342 

20,142 

20,248 

13,973 

3,287 

3,627 

4,216 

3,448 


13 
10 
11 

4 

i 
6 

30 
34 
28 
15 
34 
20 
21 
10 

1^ 
17 
13 
15 

5 
12 

I6i- 

10 


2 
12 
10 


728 
1,976 
8,5.53 
9,397 
4,915 

561  i 

5,255      11 
26,344   32 

23,937   30 

11 
45 
IS 

14 
24 
26 

45 


77 
12 
16* 


43932  1,049,458 
791 


P  E  N 


P  E  N 


The  relative  density  'of  population  in 
Pennsylvania  has  followed  the  quality  of 
soil  perhaps  less  than  in  any  state  of  the 
United  States.  The  above  table  exhibits 
a  singular  inequality  in  the  different  coun- 
ties, independent  of  either  soil  or  com- 
mercial facility.  It  is  seen  that  more  than 
one  half  of  the  population  exists  on  a  small 
fraction  above  one  sixth  part  of  the  entire 
area. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  classifi- 
ed  population  of  this  state,  agreeable  to 
the  census  of  1810,  and  1820. 


■2-  S3 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females 


-  401,566 

-  385,238 


Total  whites        -         •                 -  786,804 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  22.492 

Slaves 795 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        .        . 

do.   do.    females     .         .        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 


810,091 


516,618 
500,476 

1,951 


Total  whites     .        -        -        -  1,019,045 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -      14,804 

do.  do.        females,       15,398 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  85 

do.    females  -        -        -  126 


Total  population  in  1820  . 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.         in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  squai 


1,049,458 


10.728 

140,801 

60,215 

7,083 


1ICH..C  •  -  /  ,uo 

square  mile,  23J  nearly 


JVwnber  oftaxabks  by  the  state  census. 


1st  in  1793,  .... 

2d      1800,  .... 

3d      1807,  .... 

4th     1814,  .... 

5th     1821,  .... 

Free  coloured  persons  in  1821, 
Western  District, 

Slaves, 

Eastern  District,        ... 
Slaves,      .        .        .        .        - 

Total  petaons  of.  colour, 
792 


91,117 

138,285 
163,780 
208,512 


4,298 


Counties' 

1  Philad.  county 

2  Lancaster 

3  Philad.  city 

4  Chester 

5  Berks 

6  Bucks 

7  York 

8  Montgomery 

9  Washington 

10  Allegheny 

11  Westmoreland 

12  Franklin 

13  Northampton 

14  Fayette 

15  Cumberland* 

16  Huntingdon 
\7  Dauphin 

18  Bedford 

19  Adams 

20  Lehigh 

21  Miffl'in 

22  Union 

23  Luzerne 

24  Columbia 

25  Lebanon 
25  Beaver 

27  Northumberland 

28  Somerset 

29  Delaware 
o^  Lycoming 

31  Centref 

32  Green 

33  Mercer 

34  Perry 

35  Bradford 
o&  Armstrong 

37  Schiiylkili 

38  Butler 

39  Crawford 

40  Erie 

41  Stisquehannah 

42  Indiana 

43  Venangot 

44  U'aynt§ 

45  Tioga 

46  Cambria 

47  Pike 

48  Warren 

49  Clearfield 

50  Warren :t: 

51  M'Kean§ 

52  Jefferson 

53  Potter 


Taxahles 

Tax-nhlti 

l;i 

1314. 

1821. 

10,486 

15,196 

-i| 

11,346 

13,560 

39  14 

9,383 

12,696 

38    7 

8,072 

9,171 

14    6 

7,390 

8,896 

24    4 

7,066 

8,300 

17    6 

6.772 

7,983 

26  12 

6,221 

7,437 

17    2 

6,780 

7,345 

29    4 

5,518 

6,969 

10  10 

5,370 

6,176 

24    7 

4,331 

5,841 

8  10 

4,523 

5,646 

3    0 

4,579 

5,372 

9  31 

5,971 

5,048 

22  25 

3,502 

4,281 

13     2 

3,348 

4,235 

6  11 

3,351 

4,045 

14    2 

2,979 

3,852 

11  24 

2.902 

3,763 

18    0 

3,063 

3,656 

7    2 

2,772 

3,620 

0    0 

2,379 

3,540 

11     0 

3,349 

3,459 

10     1 

2,696 

3,228 

4    3 

2,398 

3,120 

0     1 

1,687 

3.037 

10     1 

2,191 

2,925 

13    4 

2,661 

2,856 

3    2 

1,858 

2,836 

6    3 

1,765 

2,820 

11     1 

2,412 

2,612 

9    0 

1,734 

2,440 

3    0 

2,430 

6    4 

1,493 

2,277 

6    4 

1,454  » 

•  2,089 

5     0 

1,614 

2,045 

7    0 

1,491 

2,022 

8    4 

1.184 

2,000 

0    0 

858 

1,973 

14     2 

1,242 

1.929 

1     0 

1,363 

1,923 

0    0 

656 

1,050 

1     0 

551 

979 

0     0 

199 

810 

3     2 

521 

757 

1    0 

473 

690 

1     3 

679 

0 

0    0 

264 

584 

0    0 

— 

524 

3    0 

_ 

211, 

0    0 

35 

137 

0    0 

— 

50 

0    0 

163,780  208,512  484  224 


81  •  Perry  taken  from  Cumberland  in  1820. 

25,904  t  Centre  and  M'Kean  in  1814,  was  1765. 

130  Centre  in  1821  was  2820,  and  M'Kean  211. 

■  T  Venango  and  Warren  in  1814,  was  656. 

30,413  Venango  in  1821,  was  1050,  and  Warren  524. 

— —•  ^  Pike  taken  from  Wayne  in  1814. 


PEN 


PEN 


Number  of  i»ihabitants  in  the  14 
wards  of  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia, bv  tile  United  States  cen- 
sus of  "1820,  -        -        -        63,802 

Taxables  in    the    samp   by  state 

census  of  1821,     -         -         -         12,696 

Inhabitants  in  the  city  of  Lancas- 
ter, 1820       ...        -  6,633 

Taxables,  1821,         -         -        -  1,620 

Inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burg, 1820,  -         -         -  7,248 

Taxables,  1821,         -        .        -  1,393 

Pennsylvania  contains  three  cities,  Phila- 
delphia, Lancaster,  and  PittsbuVii-,  and 
about  40  boroug'h  t.)\v,s  ;  the  prin'^ipal  ot 
which  are,  Reading',  Harrisburg',  Easton, 
and  west  of  'he  moun'ains  Greenburg', 
Brownsville,   Washington,  and  Meadville. 

The  advance  of  p<"pulation  in  this  sta'e, 
has  been  generally  slealy  ;  about  the  mid- 
dle of  last  centuiy,  i'  contuned  nbout 
220,000;  at  the  commencement  O)  the 
revolutionary  war,  :!ie  oopi.'laiion  had  risen 
to  upwards  of  350,000  ;  in  1790,  434,373  ; 
in  1800,  602,545 ;  and  in  1810,  and  1830, 
as  shown  in  the  table  al^nvc. 

The  follovvino-  table  ex'racte  1  from  the 
files  of  the  jo'irnal  •  f  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  Pen  sylvania  in  1821 — 22,  ex- 
hibits the  then  state  oftiie  arms  and  mililia 
of  the  state. 

PUBLICK  ARMS. 
Field  pieces  in  the  Ar  enals 

do.  in  the  B'. cades 


19 
21 


Muskets  in  the  Arsenals 
do.        in  the  Brigades 


40 


Rifles  in  the  Arsenals 
do.  ill  the  Brigades 


1 4,920 
t:.652 

23,572 

1,397 
616 

2,013 

Repeating  swivels         ...  23 

do.  muskeis       •         -        -        .500 

Muskets  reported  as  private  properly     432 
Rifles,  do.  do.  2,448 

16  Divi.slons,  32  Brigades,  120  Regi- 
ments. 
Governor  and  commander  in  chief  1 

Major  Generals       ...         -         16 
Brigadier  Generals  and  staff  -       108 

Adjutant  G<;neral  -         .        '.  1 

Infantry,  (incliiiling  officers)  128,095 

Volunteer  Cavalry  ...    1,292 

Ai-tillery         -         -         -    1,123 

Infantry  -         -        -   7  556 

Riflemen         ...   5,931 


Grand  total        143,923 

There  is  no  other  section  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  v.'here  the  elements  of  popu- 
lation are  so  various  as  Pennsylvania. 
Taken  relatively,  as  to  national  descent, 
this  population  is  composed  of  English, 
IriaJi,  Germans,  Scotch,  Dutch,  &c.  and 
5H 


the  descendants  of  these  nations.  The 
Engish  language  is  general,  bat  entire 
nughbi'urhoods  of  Germans  have  retain- 
ed the  German  language.  This  is  par- 
ticularly the  case  in  many  of  the  southeast- 
ern counties  Th'^re^igiousdenominations 
are  also  numtnius.  c<;nsisting  of  almost 
evf-ry  sect  of  Christians  known  in  the 
Unittd  States.  The  most  numer  us  de- 
nominations are,  hcwv  ver.  Pr-sbyti  rianS, 
Rooian  catholics  German  Ca  vinists  Ger- 
man Lutherans,  Friends.  Ba]>tists.  Epis- 
copalians, M  'thodists,  &c.  The  unitas 
fratrnm,  or  Moravians  have  some  small 
but  very  respectable  congregations  in  dif- 
erent  parts  ot  th.  state. 

The  literary  institutions  of  Ft  nnsylva- 
nia,  are,  thf  university  cf  Pennsylvania. 
See  PliHadelfihki  City  ;  Dickinsiiii  ci.'llege 
at  Carlisle  J  fie r  on  college  at  Canons- 
bur^,  Wasbingion  college  at  Washington, 
Alleghany  coU-ge  at  Meadville,  and 
M  u  t  Airy  college  in  Germaiilown. 

Respectable  acadtinies  exist  in  most 
of  the  county  towns  and  ample  donations 
have  b'  en  m..<l':  by  the  legislature  to  fos- 
ter the  interests  of  education.  The  va- 
rious libraries  an;l  other  literary  esta- 
bHshmi  ncs  in  P'i,iladel|)hia  are  noticed 
under  th;it  article  which  see 

Th'.-  Moravian  brethren,  have  excel- 
1  nt  sch' nlj  n  Btthlehem,  Nazareth, 
Litiz,  and  oth-  r  places  in  die  state.  For 
Pennsylvania  asyluns  for  deaf  iuv  dumb 
persons      See  articlr  PhUadelfi/ua. 

Perhaps  the  mi.st  exttrsivf-  and  best 
finished  st  te  road  in  the  Utdted  States 
is  that  from  Phi  ade'phia.  thr  ugh  Lan- 
tastr,  York,  Cha.nDeisburp.  Bedford, 
anfl  Gremsbi'.rg.  to  Pittsburg  The  south- 
eastern section  and  the  southern  aiid 
weitcrn  sides  rf  the  state  are  generally 
well  supplied  with  good  roads  but  great 
part  of  ihr  northern  side  of  the  stat;-  re- 
mains in  that,  as  in  every  other  rtspect 
uniaiproven  A  diagonal  state  roari  has 
been  designed,  and  in  part  exf  cuted  from 
Philadelphia  to  Erie.  So  much  in  this 
tn  atis-  is  givt  n  under  the  head  of  the  re- 
spective counties  as  to  preclude  the  neces- 
sity of  detail  in  this  article.  I  have 
to  regret  not  being  able  to  procure  a 
statement  of  the  present  inaimfacturing 
establishments  of  this  state.  In  1810, 
the  value  of  manufactuif  d  articles 
amounted  to  nearly  34,000,000  of  dr.llars, 
and  from  comparing  the  .-iumber  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  manuf.iCtui>'S  in  th:  IJni- 
ted  States,  P.-nnsylvania  is;  after  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island  conn  pa  rati  ve- 
ly,  the  most  manufacturing  state  in  the 
IJnited  States. 

In  mineral  wealth  Pnnsylvania  stands 
far  before  any  other  sectien  of  the  Uni- 
oc.    The  apparently  inexhaustible  stores 
793 


PEN 


PEN 


of  mineral  coal  existing  in  the  eastern, 
middlr,  and  western  afford  with,  an  im- 
mense facility  of  water  power  in  evf-rj' 
quarter,  means  of  caryi'ig  machinery  to 
any  extt-nt,  which  an  du:^menting  pupu 
lation  may  demand.  For  a  particular 
notice  of  the  different  n^positori'TS  of  cnal, 
see  J\''orthampton,  Schwjlkill,  Luzerne,  Alle- 
ghany, and  some  other  c<.uiities. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  a  view  of 
the  roads  canals,  bridges,  and  navig  ition 
companies  of  Pennsylvania  at  th*  b'gin- 
ning  of  the  year  1823,  are  extracted 
from  Vol.  VIII.  Laws  of  Pennsylvania. 

On  the  15th  January.  1817  the  audi- 
tor general  was  requested,  by  a  vote  of 
the  house  of  representatives  to  furnish  a 
statement  of  the  incorporated  companies 
to  the  st-vck  of  which  the  state  had  sub- 
scribed. From  his  report  of  the  17ih 
(journals  of  the  senate  1816—17,  p.  286) 
the  following  is  taken. 

TURNPIKES. 
Erie  to  Ifaterfo'^d,  act  authorising 
its  incorporation,  (vol.  4  p.  12i  ) 
The  states  subscription  by  act, 
(ib.  348,)  is  100  shares,  at  50 
dollars.  g5,000 

Easton  and  Wilkesbarre,  act  author- 
ising its  incorporation  (vol  4,  p. 
7.)  the  state  subscription  by  act, 
(ib  495.)  of  250  shares,  at  50 
dollars,  12,500 

Snsqnehaiinah  and  Lehigh,  act  autho- 
rizing its  incorporation,  (vol.  4. 
C.  1A5  )  The  state  subscription 
y  tl'.e  same,  100  shares,  at  100 
dollars,  10,000 

Centre,  act  authorizing  its  incorpo- 
ration, (vol.4,  p.  227  )  The  state 
subscription  by  the  act  (ib  495 
and  vol.  5,  p  367.)  900  shares,  at 
50  d' liars  45,000 

Susqiiehaivmh  and  Tioga,  act  autho- 
rizing its  incorpriration  (vol.4,  p. 
340  )  The  state  subscription  hy 
act,  (ib.  495.)  of  200  shares  at 
100  dollars.  20,000 

Harrisbar^,  Bedford,  and  Pittabtirg, 
act  authorizing  its  incorporati  ^n, 
(vol.  4.  p.  279.)  The  state  sub- 
scription thereto  by  act  (vol.  5. 
p.  270.)  350,000 

■  Ifarrisbi/rg,  Ije;sistown,  Ilitntingdon, 
an  I  Pittsbuyg,  act  autht.Tizinfi;  its 
incorporation,  (vol.  4.  p.  iv^J.) 
State  subscription  by  act,  (ib. 
495.)  100  000  but  by  act,  (vol  5, 
p  351.)  inci-eased  to,  200,000 

Lancaster.  Elizabeth,  and  Middle- 
town,  act  authorizing  its  incorpo- 
ration, (vol.  4.  p  134.)  State 
subscription  by  act,  (ib.  4S5,)  100 
shares  at  100  dollars,  10,000 


Susquehannah  and  York,  act  autho- 
rizing its  incorporation,  (vol.  4. 
p.  161)  State  subscription  by 
the  same  50  shares,  at  100  dol- 
lars, 5,000 

Gap  and  JVewport,  act  authorizing 
its  incorporation,  (vol.  4.  p.  395.) 
State  subscription  by  the  same 
100  shares,  at  50  dollars,  5,000 

Do~iUmngtown,  Ephrata,  and  Harris- 
burg,  act  author'  zing  its  incorpo- 
ration, (vol.  4  p.  31  )  State  sub- 
scription of  i;50  shares,  by  act, 
(vol.  5  p  60,  270,)  at  100  dol- 
lars, 25,000 

Siisqjiehavnak  and  IVaterford,  act~\ 
authorizing  its  incorporation, 
vol.  5.  p  294  ) 

J^Torthumberland,    and    Anderson's  ^200,000 
creek     (by    same    act)   state 
subscription    to    both     these 
roads, 

J\£l/ord  and  Oivego,  act  authorizing 
its  incorporation,  (vol.  4.  p  359.) 
State  subscription  by  the  act, 
vol.  5.  p,  270)  40a  shares,  at  25 
dollars,  10,000 

Perkiomen  and  Reading,  act  autho- 
rizing its  incorporation  (vol.  5. 
p.  146,  197.)  State  subscription 
300  shares,  50  dollars,  ib.  374.     15,000 

Middletoim  and  Hurrisburg,  act  au- 
thorizing its  incorporation,  (vol. 
5.  p.  116.)  State  subscription 
of  200  shares  by  act,  (vol.  6.  p. 
o27,)  at  50  dollars,  10,000 

York  and  Gettysburg,  act  incorpo- 
rating, vol.  6.  p.  276.)  State 
subscription  by  the  act  (ib.  339,) 
of  150  shares,  at  100  dollars,        15,000 

Little  Conestogo.  act  authorizing  its 
inci'rporali"n,  (vol.  5.  p.  29.) 
State  subscription  by  act,  (vol. 
6  p.  335,)  of  lOU  shares  at  50 
dollars,  5,000 

Clifford  and  Wdkesbarre,  act  autho- 
rizing its  incorporation,  (vol.  5. 
p.  256  )  State  subscription  by 
the  act,  (vol.  6.  p.  341,  of  100 
sl^ares  at  50  d'  liars.  2,500 

Bridgevialer  and  IVilkesharre,  act 
authorizing  its  iiicnrporation, 
(vol.  5.  p.  246.)  State  subscrip- 
tion by  the  same  100  shares  at 
50  dollars,  5,000 

Springhouse  Tavern  to  Bethlehem,  act 
author!  ziug  its  incorporation, 
(v!  1.  4.  p.  251.)  State  subscrip- 
tion of  200  shares,  at  100  dol- 
lars, 20,000 

§970,000 


794 


PEN 


P  E  N 


An  alphabetical  list  of  the  Incorporated  Tcrnpike  companies,  to  which  the  common- 
ivealth  has  subscribed,  showing  the  contemplated  length  of  each,  the  number  of  miles 
completed  (1822)  and  the  amount  of  sttte  and  Individual  subscriptions,  cKtr-acled 
from  a  report  made  to  the  House  of  Itepresentatives  on  the  23d  of  March,  1822. 


-§ 


^63 


NAMES 

Anderson's  ferry,  Waterford  and  New  Haven 

Armstrong  and  Indiana 

Bedford  and  Stoystown        .         .         .         .         . 

Bellefont  and  Phdipsburg 

Bellmont  and  Ochquaga 

Bellmont  and  Easton 

Berks  and  Dauphin 

Bethany  and  Dnigman's  choice    -        -         -        . 
Bridge  water  and  Wilkesbarre      .        .        -        . 

Butler  and  Mercer 

*Cayuga  and  Susquehannah  (rest  in  New  York) 

Centre 

Centre  and  Kishacoquillas    -         -         -        -         - 
Chambersburg  and  Bedford         -         .        -        . 

Clifford  and  Wilkesbarre 

Downingstown,  Euphrata  and  Harrisburg     - 
Easton  and  Wilkesbarre      .         -         .         -         . 

Erie  and  Waterford 

Gap  and  Newport 

Greensburg  and  Pittsburg  .        -         -         -         • 

Hanover  and  Carlisle 

Harrisburg,  Carlisle  and  Chambersburg 
Harrisburg  and  Miilersiown         .        .         .         , 
Huntingdon,  Cambria  and  Indiana 

Indiana  and  Ebensburg 

Lancaster,  Elizabeth  and  Middletown 
Lewistown  and  Huntingdon         -         -        - 
Little  Conestogo  .         -         -        .        - 

Mercer  and  Meadville  .        -         .        .         . 

Middleton  and  Harrisburg  -        .         -         -         • 
Milford  and  Oswego    ...        -         - 
Millerstown  and  Lewistown         .         .         .         , 
Morgantown,  Churchtown  and  Blue  Ball 

New  Alexandria  and  Conema'ugii 

New  Holland 

Perkiomen  and  Reading  .         .         .         . 

Philadelphia,  Brandywine  and  New  London 

Philadelphia  and  Great  Bend       ... 

Philipsburg  and  Susquehannah 

Pittsburg  and  Butler  .... 

Pittsburg  and  New  Alexandria    ... 

Pittsburg  and  Stubenville  ... 

Ridge  -....-.. 

Robstown  and  Mount  Pleasant     ... 

Somerset  and  Bedford         .        .         -         - 

Somerset  and  Mount  Pleasant     ... 

Sprlngliouse,  Northampton  and  Bethlehem 

Sioystown  and  Greensburg 

Susquehannah  and  Lehigh 

Susquehannah  and  Tioga,  ... 

Susquehannah  and  Waterford     - 

Susquehannah  and  York  ... 

Washington  and  Pittsburg  ... 

Vvasbington  and  Williamport       -.        -         - 

Waynesburg,  Gteencastle  and  Mercerburg  - 

York  and  Gettysburg  -        -        -        .        . 


"?= 


"S's" 


Miles.       . 

Miles. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

13 

13 

3y.60O 

10,000 

24 

0 

12500 

9,000 

28* 

28* 

40,400 

10*,000 

28^ 

20' 

12,500 

20.000 

18 

0 

7,000 

5  000 

63i 

6^ 

a4,200 

17,500 

41 

34 

63,905 

29  000 

50 

32* 

20,400 

8,000 

64 

36 

13.500 

25,000 

31i 

6 

8,750 

19,'<65 

o 

3 

6,000 

75 

75 

65,000 

SO  (iOO 

23 

0 

15,000 

20,OJ0 

55 

55 

113,850 

1(37,500 

43 

12 

6.950 

6,500 

67| 

671 

1 16,500 

60,000 

60 

4'i 

60,000 

12,500 

14 

14 

20,502 

5,000 

30 

30 

91,000 

20,000 

30  J- 

50^ 

62,000 

89,000 

30' 

20 

70,000 

10,000 

48* 

48* 

75,000 

85,000 

26' 

0 

25,000 

40,000 

80 

80 

55,950 

171,850 

26 

0 

14,325 

12,000 

26 

26 

67,400 

10,000 

32 

0 

30.5d0 

50,000 

21 

21 

26,375 

10,000 

29 

29 

18,025 

19  666 

n 

H 

51000 

14,000 

.89 

67 

62.250 

31,000 

'.6 

5 

70,000 

39,500 

10 

10 

10000 

9,000 

9i 

9i 

10,925 

16,100 

15 

10 

23  000 

10.000 

28.| 

28^ 

133.000 

53,000 

40 

9 

33,000 

15,000 

63 

0 

15=0U0 

I2,0u0 

m 

18i 

6,500 

16u00 

30 

20 

11,500 

19,000 

27i 

27i 

22,900 

48,360 

28 

5 

30,000 

12,u00 

23^ 

23i 

90  000 

25,000 

21 

5 

40,800 

10,U00 

S3 

15 

40,000 

I2..1OO 

2H 

17 

53,050 

12,500 

42 

5 

19,440 

10  000 

37 

37 

71000 

112,000 

30 

30 

22.000 

lu.UOO 

80 

64 

41400 

39,400 

126 

117^ 

50,000 

140,000 

Mi 

IJA 

3:-,,7-jQ 

5,O0J 

25 

10 

50,'/0u 

12.-J00 

19 

5 

10,.>00 

10,'jjO 

42 

24 

103,000 

15,000 

28i 

28^ 

90,00j 

40,000 

Incorporated  by  the  state  of  New  York. 


795 


V  E  N 


r.  ^ 


The  number  of  miles  of  turnpike 
ROADS  con tt'iTti plated  hv  tlie  chartt-rs  of 
the  incotpuralti!  c-i.inpanies  is  2521.  Of 
which  thfre  havr  'xen  c  iiiplcted  1807, 
of  tlicse  1253  are  of  srcjsir,  having  on 
their  surface  no  angle  grcntcr  than  4,2 
or  5  degrees. 

The  amount  of  capital  sub- 
scribed Ijy  individuah. 
By  the  commonwealth, 
Add  half  of  the  debts  which  it 
is  ,  prohabic  the  roads  cost 
more  than  the  amount  sub- 
scribed       .        _        -        . 
Total  amount  of  subscriptions 
and  appropriations  to  turn- 
pikes,       -        .        , 


D-dls. 
4,158,347 
1,861,542 


581,585 


6.401,474 


When  the  works  now  in  progress 
shall  be  completed  tticre  wih  be  tvvo 
complete  stone  roads  fror^i  Phjadelphia 
to  Pittsburg,  300  miit^s  each  in  lengtii, 
one  of  which  is  already  finished. 

One  continu' d  r  .ad  from  Piiilade'phia 
to  the  town  ot  Erie,  through  "-unbury, 
Bellefonte,  Philipsburg,  Frankhn  and 
Meadville. 

Two  roads  having  but  a  few  miles  of 
turnpike  deficient,  from  Philadelphia  : 
one  to  the  New  York  state  line,  ii'  Brad- 
ford county,  passing  through  Berwick, 
and  one  to  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
in  vSusqu^-hunnah  county  passing  through 
Bt'thlehen). 

One  continued  road  from  Pittsburg  to 
Erie  passing  through  Butler,  Meicer, 
Meadvilie  and  Waterford. 


Pdor  to  the  session  of  1821—22,  14G 
companies  have  been  authorized,  of  which 
84  have  been  incoporatcd. 

BRIDCiES. 

Extract  from  the  Auditor    Generals   report 
before  referred  to. 

Harrisbiirgf  act  authorizing  in- 
corporation (vol.  5,  p,  57,) 
states  subscription,  {ib.  272,)      90,000 

Columbia,  act  authorizing  incor- 
poration, (voi.  5,  p  4.1,)  states 
subscription,  {ib.  272,)  90,000 

JVovllnimberland,  act  authoriz- 
ing inc :<rpoiation,  (vol.  5,  p 
41,)  state  subscription  !)y  same,     50,000 

.HV  Culls,  act  autiKjrizii'.g  incor- 
poration, (vol.  5,  p  222,)  .state 
subscription,  (ib  '272,) 

JMonoiigahela,  at  Pittsburg,  act 
authorizing  incorporation  (vol. 

5,  p    114.)  states  subscription, 

1600  shares,  (vol.  6.  p  327.)  40,000 
.Tdegimy  at  Pittsburg,  act  autho- 
rizing ir,cori)oration,  (vi  1.  5, 
p,  159)  states  subsciiption, 
(vol.  6,  p.  3  7,) 
Susquehmuiuh  at  Lewisburg,  act 
authorizing  incorp;  ration  (vrl. 

6,  p  204,)  states  subscription, 
400  shares,  ib.  353,) 

Jtniinta  at  Huntingdon,  act  autho- 
rizing incorporation,  (vol.  6,  p. 
346,)  states  subscription,  by 
same,  20  shares, 


20,000 


40,000 


20,000 


1000 


An  a'phabeticiii  lis',  of  bridges,  for  which  companies  hare  been   'ncorporat 
wliich  the  commonwealth  has  .subscribed,  the  Icngih   ;tnd  the  amount  of 


and  State  subscrii>tion 


RIVERS. 


Allegany  at  Pittsbn-g       ... 

Coneir.augh,  on  Northern  route 

French  creek  vS  Friiiikl  n 

Monon£V!ihe!a  ^.f  Pi.tsaurg 

Schuylkiil  at  PottsTDwn     • 

3usquehiinnan,  >! 'Call's  Ftrry 
do.  Coiv;iT>bi;i 

do.  Ilarrisburg 

do.  Northumi>er':£i!d 

do.  Lewisburg  or  D  rr's  town 

do.  Xcicopeck 

do.  Wilkesbarre 

Subscribed  by  Individuals 
Bv  the  State 


Feet. 
1122 

29."; 

300 
1500 

340 

600 
5690 
2876 
1825 
1120 
1256 

700 


■  ^.  •  S. 

45,435 
10,000 
7,000 
57,450 
10,850 
29,500 
419,400 
65,000 
40,000 
40,000 
23,000 
27,4  >  5 


Add  half  the  amount  of  the  debts  as  in  cnse  of  turnpikes 
Total  expendi  ure  on  bridges       ... 

do.         do.  turnpikes     .... 

do.         do.'  navigation 

Total        - 

7d& 


1,629,200 

382,000 

2,011.200 

4.0,595 

2,051,795 

6,401,474 

1,916,510 

10,369,779 


1,321,000 

ed,  and  to 
Individual 


40,000 

5,000 

3,000 

40,000 

3,000 

20,000 

90,000 

90,000 

50,000 

20,000 

8,000 

13,000 

382,000 


P  E  N 


P  EN 


The  number  of  bridges,  exciusive  of 
those  which  individuals  wei'e  authorized 
to  erect,  was,  prior  to  the  scsbion  1S21- 
22,  49,  of  which  30  have  been  incorpo- 
rated. 

NAVIGATION  COMPANIES. 
Jhithonzed  by  the  Ijegislature. 
Vol.  3,  ch.  157^,  .Schuylkiin 

and  Susquehannah  canal,  I  companiel  uin- 
Vol.  3.  ch.  1636,  Delaware  (  tt<i.  see  union 

and^ Schuylkill  canal        J '"Z''^- 
Vol.  3,  p.  112,  Conewago. 

ih.  114,  Brandywine  Navigation. 

Vol.  G,  p.  180,  Lehigh  navie,ation 
Vol.  3,  p.  462,  Chesapeak  and  Delaware 

Canal. 
Vol.  4,  p.  6,  Conococheague  Navigation. 

lb.      p.  299,  Concstogo  Navigation. 
Vol.  5.  p.  266,  Union  Canal. 
Vol.  6,  p.  148,  Harriobnrg. 

lb.     p.  194,  Neshaminy  Navigation. 
Jb.     p.  257,  Schuylkill 
lb.      p.  474,  Monongaheia. 
Vol.  7,  p.    86,  Lehi^,h  i>y  White,  &c. 
^    lb.     p.  220,  Schuylkill  West  Branch, 
Vol.  7.  p.  222.  Octorara. 
Vol    7,  p  304,  Conestogo. 
Vol.  6,  p.    83,  Conewago  Canal. 
A  Hst  of  the  Canal  and  L'.ck  Navigation 
Companies  whic'v  l\ave  been  drganizcd, 
and  to  the  Stock  of  whicii  tht  Statf  has 
subscribed,     tht     extent    ui    the    im- 
provements   Contemplated,    and    the 
amount  of  individual  and   State  sub- 
scriptions. 

Name.  Kxtentof       Individual       State 

iniprovement  Subscription    subsc. 

Union  Canal,  71  4ou,0J0  50,u00 
Schuylkill  nav.  117  948,000  50,000 
Monongaheia,      90  18,360     30,oo0 


1,416,510  130,000 
To  which  add  the  cost  of  tne  Cone- 
wago Canal  private  props  it)  estimated 
at  220,000,  .and  the  j)robdLk  amount  ex- 
pended by  White  and  company  on  the 
Lehigh  of  150,000  dollars,  together 
170,000  dollars  exclusive  of  the  expendi- 
ture on  tile  Schuylkill,  and  i^nsquthan- 
nali,  and  Delaware  and  Schuylkill.  The 
amount  of  >.  xpenditures  on  this  branch  of 
internal  improvement  will  bt  1,916,510 
dollars.  If  all  these  subscriptions,  appro- 
priations, and,  individual  expenditures 
for  roads,  brid^;ts,  c;»nals,  Sec.  are  ad- 
ded, the  amount  will  be  10,369,779  dol- 
lars. 

The  number  of  Canal,  and  Lock  Na- 
vigation companies  which  have  been  au- 
thorized is  18,  of  which  nine  have  made 
progress  in  the  works. 

Strenu'^us  exertions  are  now  making 
to  improve  the  navigation  of  the  Lehigh, 
Schuylkill,  and  Susquehannah  rivers. 
See  those  articles.    The  Union  canal  in- 


tended to  unite  the  navigation  of  Sus- 
quehannah  with  the  Delawaie  is  in  pro- 
gress In  brief  the  general  aspect  oi 
the  state  IS  improving  steadily,  if  not 
rapidly.  The  number  of  machines,  in- 
cluding saw  and  grist  mills,  now  in  ope- 
ration in  the  state  must  exceed  6000. 

A  fair  view  of  the  commercial  opera- 
tions of  Pennsylvania,  cannot  be  given  as 
from  its  local  position  it  possesses  no 
point  of  general  concentration.  Balti- 
more and  New  Orleans  are  as  much 
ports  in  this  slate  as  is  Philadelphia, 
With  all  thi  se  points  of  diversion  the 
amount  (;f  national  revenue  raised  in  Pen- 
sylvania,  stands  in  ordinary  years  next  to 
New  York.  Estimaces  of  either  imports 
or  exports  to  and  from  this  state  are  also 
liable  to  tlie  fo-f-egoing  difficulties;  and 
arc  consequently  in  all  instances  too  con - 
fined  in  vaiue.  In  1820  the  value  of  ex- 
ports was  valut  d  at  5,743^549. 

The  partial  vi-:  ws  taken  of  the  com- 
mercial r^iatinns  of  this  state  even  by  its 
legislature,  may  be  seen  from  the  sub- 
joined table  being  confined  to  Philadel- 
phia. 

By  resolution  16th  March,  1820  and  1st 
February  1821,  reciting  in  the  preamble 
the  imp(  rtance  of  developing  tlie  resour- 
ces of  the  state,  and  that  as  by  tlic  con- 
stitution of  tht  United  States  it  is  d(  dared 
tliat  no  state  shali  without  tiie  consent 
of  c  tigress,  lay  any  imports  or  duties  on 
imports  or  exports,  except  what  may 
be  necessary  for  executing  'ts  inspection 
laws,  and  that  there  was  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  charges  of  inspection  are 
more  than  necessary  for  the  purpose 
aforesaid,  the  inspectors  in  Philadelphia 
were  required  annually  under  oath  to 
report  to  the  auditor  general  the  quan- 
tity and  value  of  the  articles  inspected, 
&c.  The  following  is  an  extract  from 
the  last  annual  report. 
Wheat  ttour,  barrels, 

do.      do.    half  barrels 
Rye  flour,  b.'irrels. 
Corn  meal   hogsheads, 

do.     do.        barrels, 
M!ddlin)4S.        do. 
Receipts, 
Expenditures. 


Inspcdor  of  black  oak  bark;  from  22(1  March. 

Hogsheads       -  -  •  3,846 

Tierces  -  .  -  220 

Barrels  -  •  873 

Tons.  1984  T2(r.i-t  Sgr.  21  lbs. 

Receipts,  S5^92  35 

Expenditures,  1275  62 


. 

301,000 

i, 

31.665 

. 

17,892 

6,879 

. 

22,149 

. 

2,489 

S3005 

72 

1245 

35 

SI  760 

37 

797 


§271 6  63 


i*  E  JS 


P  E  N 


Inspector  of  salted  provisions  from  2\st 

March. 

Beef,  barrels,  -  -         4,562 

do.    halt;  do,  -  -  660 

Pork,  barrels,  -  -  8,281 

do.    half,  do.  -  -  286 

Shad,  barrels,  -  -  22 

Herrings,  barrels,         -  -  602 

Receipts,  g  1158  39 

Expenditures,  453  75 

S7u4  64 
Inspectors  of  domestic  distilled  spirits  one  from 

the  5th  and  oUier  from  the  20th  Jllarc/i. 
Whiskey,  hogsheads,  -  8,9>.8 

do.      tierces,  -  157 

do.     barrels,  -  17,791 

Receipts  §1,578  00  &  glOSl  50  §2,609  50 
Expendit's    943  418c      227  25     1,170  66 

§634  59       S8U4  25  §1,438  84 


Gallons  estimated  at  120  per  hhd,  6U  per 

tierce,  and  33  per  barrel,  1,614,  510. 

Inspector  of  lumber,  from  2\at  JMarch. 

Pine,  yellow,  feet,  -  44,997 

do.  white     do.  -  127,080 

Cherry  and  maple,  do.       -  32,028 

Oak,  feet,  -  oO,B32 

Red  cedar,     do.  -  1,593 

Ash,  do.  -  3,025 

Hemlock,       do.  -  9.277 


For  exportation,  feet, 

Mahogany,  feet, 
Red  cedar,  do. 
Sawed  lumber,  do. 

Imported  feet. 

Total  receipts, 
Expenditures. 


248,883 

46,305 
17,851 

2,562,487 


2,626,543 


g49'2  84 
3175 

S4()l  09 


Journals  senate  1821-22  p.  374. 

Wheat  is  by  far  the  most  valuable  of 
the  vegetable  staples  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
but  large  quantities  of  wrought  articles 
and  also  rye,  oats,  salted  provisions, 
fruits,  whiskey,  live  stock,  iron  in  all 
forms  of  bar  iron  a»^d  hollow  ware  i 
flax-seed,  &c.  are  exported.  For  the 
mountains  and  rivers  of  Pennsyl  ania, 
see  the  respective  counties,  and  the  ar- 
ticle United  States. 

Pennyto-wn,  post  village,  of  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  10  miles  NNW  from 
Trenton. 

Perio,  town  of  Pike  county,  Missouri. 

Penobscot  river,  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
Gee  in  fifiy  miles  north-east  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec.  The  basin  of  the  Penob- 
798 


scot  is  150  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  > 
width  of  55  miles.  Ttie  sources  of  this 
river  remain  imperfectly  known,  but 
reach  above  north  lat.  46  0,  and  interlock 
with  the  sources  of  Cliaudiere  branch  of 
St.  Lawrence,  those  of  St.  John's  river  of 
New  Brunswick  and  Maine,  and  those  of 
Kennebec.  This  basin  extends  over  an 
area  of  8000  square  mil  s.  The  tide  as- 
cends to  the  town  of  Bangor,  50  miles 
above  the  entrance  of  the  bay.  Though 
draining  less  surface  than  the  Kennebec 
and  Androscoggin,  the  Penobscot  is  more 
navig^bie  than  either,  and  is  considered  as 
the  principal  stream  of  Maine.  Fails  do 
not  immediately  occur  in  the  Penobscot  at 
the  head  of  the  tide.  Boat  navigation  re- 
mains uninterrupted  20  miles  farther  in- 
land. Timber  and  fish  are  the  chief  staples 
exported  from  this  fine  river,  the  former  in 
immense  quantities. 

From  Penobscot  bay  to  that  of  Passama- 
quoddy,  in  a  distance  of  about  100  miles, 
a  number  of  small  rivers  enter  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  principal  of  whicn  are.  Union 
river,  Narraguagus  river.  Pleasant  river, 
Ciiandier's  river,  Machias,  and  East  rivers. 

Union  river  falls  into  the  Blackhill  bay, 
the  Naraguagus  into  Pigeonhill,  or  Narra- 
guagus bay;  Pleasant  river  into  the  bay  of  the 
same  name  ;  Chandler's  river  into  English 
bay  i  and  Machias  and  East  rivers  into  Ma- 
chius  bay.  None  of  those  streams  have 
sources  sixty  miles  inland,  and  though  in 
a  very  remarkable  manner  supplied  with 
convenient  harbours,  the  inland  commerce 
o!  the  country  is  very  confine<l. 

Penobscot  countif,  Maine ;  bounded  by 
Washington  E ;  Hancock  S  ;  Kennebec 
SW  ;  Somerset  VV  ;  and  Lower  Canada  N. 
This  county  embraces  the  central  [jarts  of 
the  state  on  Penobscot  and  St.  John's 
rivers.  Its  extent  cannot  be  very  accu- 
rately determined.  Most  of  its  area  re- 
mains an  unsettled  wilderness.  Siaples 
lumber.     Chief  town,  Bangor. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        7,160 

do.  do,  females  ...  6,694 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Tola!  whiles 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do,  do.       females 


30,854 


13,870 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 

Penobscot,  bay  of  Maine,  at  tlie  mouth  of 
the  river  Penobscot.  It  is  long  and  capa- 
cious ;  and  its  E  side  is  lined  with  a  cluster 
of  small  islands. 


P  E  V 


P  E  Jt 


Penobscot,  seaport  and  post  town,  Han- 
cock county,  Maine,  on  the  right  side  of 
Penobscot  bav,  U)  miles  above  Castine  and 
30  beiow  Bangor.  It  is  a  place  ot  con- 
siiieiable  conimerce — and  in  1818,  ihe 
shipping  owned  there  exceeded  24,000 
tons. 

Penrise,  seaport  in  Glamorganshire,  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  20  miles  SE  of  Car- 
martlien,  and  219  W  of  London.  Lon.  4 
12  W,  la*.  51  37  N. 

Penrith,  town  in  Cumberland,  near  the 
rivers  Eymot  and  Lowther,  18  miles  S  of 
Carlisle,  and  280  NNW  of  London.  Lon. 
2  52  W,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Penrtjii,  borough  in  Cornwall,  on  a  creek 
of  Falmouth  Flaven,  has  a  great  trade  in 
the  pilchard  and  Newfoundland  fisheries, 
three  miles  NW  of  Falm;uth,  and  266  \V 
by  S  of  Lond.n  Lon.  4  59  W.  lat.  50 
ION. 

Pensa.     See  Penza 

Pensacola,  capital  of  West  Florida,  seat- 
ed on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  which 
forms  a  very  commodious  liarbour,  w  here 
vessels  may  ride  secure  fiom  every  vvind. 
See  article  Mis&issippi  river,  stcXion  Pensa- 
cola, page  614. 

The  town  of  Pensacola  is  built  along  the 
north  side  of  tne  bay  on  a  sandy  plain.  It 
contains  about  2000  inhabitants.  Lon.  W 
C  95  50  W,  lat.  30  25  N 

Pensance,  or  Penzance,  seaport  in  Corn- 
wall, on  a  creek  ot  Mountsbay,  carries  on  a 
considerable  traffic  in  shipping.  It  is  one 
of  the  tin-coinage  towns,  12  miles  E  of  the 
Land's  End,  and  281  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  5  35  W,  lat.  50  UN. 

Pcnsford,  town  in  Somersetshire,  no'ed 
for  its  hats  and  bread,  and  seated  on  the 
Chew,  seven  miles  W  of  Bath,  and  117  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W,  lat.  51 
23  N. 

Penza,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a 
province  of  Kasun.  Its  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  on  the  Sura,  wjiere  it  receives  the 
rivulet  Penza,  220  miles  SW  of  Kasaii. 

Penzlein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony, in  the  principality  of  Alecklenburg, 
5o  miles  E  of  Stettin.  Lon.  15  36  E,  lat. 
53  30  N. 

Pentland  Frith,  dangerous  strait,  which 
divides  the  Orkney  Islands  from  Caithness- 
shire,  in  Scotland.  It  is  24  miles  long  and 
12  broad,  and  the  sea  runs  with  such  im- 
petuous force,  that  no  v/ind  can  force  a 
ship  against  the  current. 

Pentland  Hills,  ridge  of  monntains,  a  few 
miies  to  the  SW  of  Edinburgh,  which  af- 
ford good  pasture  for  sheep,  and  extend 
about  ten  mil;  s  from  SW  to  \E. 

Pepin,  lake  of  the  NW  lerritory  of  the 
United  States.     It  is  in  reahty  i.nly  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  Mississippi  river     Lat.  43 
50  N. 
Pepperel!,  township  of  Middlesex  co.un- 


ty,  Massachusetts,  40  miles  NW  from  Bos- 
ton. Population  in  1810,  1333 ;  and  in 
1820,  i439 

Per/uanoch,  small  river.  New  Jersey,  in 
Bergen  i.nd  Morris  counties.  It  joins 
Long  Pond  and  Ramapougli  rivers  at 
Panipton,  to  form  Pompton  river. 

Pi^quigmj,  town  of  Fra:ice,  in  »he  depart- 
ment  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy  on  the  nvcr  Somme,  15  n^iies  SE  of 
Abbeville.     Lon  2  5  E,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Pera,  suburb  of  Constantinople,  where 
the  foreign  ambassadors  usually  reside. 

Peray,  St.  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  and  lute  province  of 
Dauphiny.  Noted  for  its  wines,  and  is  41 
miles  NW  of  Privas. 

Percdslaii),  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Kir.f.  44  miles  SE  of  Kiof, 
Lon  31  50  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Perche,  late  province  of  France,  in  Or= 
leanoi.s,  o5  miles  long,  and  30  broad ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Normaady,  on  the 
W  and  S  bv  Maine,  and  on  the  E  by  Beauce. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  forest,  and  is  pretty 
fertile.  It  is  now  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne. 

Perches  and  Cave,  Rapids  de,  on  the 
south-westerly  branch  of  the  Ottawa  river, 
immediately  above  le  Portages  des  Parres- 
seux. 

Percy,  town  of  Northumberland  county. 
Lower  Canada. 

Percy  township,  in  the  county  of  North- 
umberland, in  the  rear  and  north  of  Cra- 
mahe,  Upper  Canada. 

Perdido,  small  bay  and  river,  forming 
part  of  the  bountlary  between  Alabama  and 
Florida.  'I'lie  Perdido  rises  in  the  pine 
woods  north  west  of  Pei.s;xCola,  flows  south 
iO  or  15  miles,  opens  into  a  narrow  and 
winding  bay,  which  con.n-iunicates  with  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  narrow  outlet,  nearly 
parallel  to  the  sliores  of  the  Gulf.  From 
the  foregoing  circumstance,  and  the  flat- 
ness of  the  coast,  the  entrance  into  the 
Perdido  bay  s  imperceptible  at  a  very  short 
distancCj  hence  its  naiTie. 

Perekop      See  Prscop. 

Pereczas,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  50  miles 
E  bv  N  of  Tockay.  Lon.  22  26  E,  lat.  48 
30  N. 

Pcrga,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Albania,  opposite  the  island  of  Corfu. 
Lon.  20  19  E,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Perjama,  town  of  Turkey,  Romania,  60 
miles  SW  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  25  55  E, 
lat.  41  10  N. 

Pergamo.  town  of  Natolia.  H're  parch- 
ment was  invented  It  is  seated  on  the 
Germasti,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  37 
N  of  Smyrna.     Lon.  27  27  E,  lat.  39  5  N. 

Peria,  town  of  Irac  Agemi  in  Persia,  90 
miles  W  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51  26  E,  lat.  32 
10  N. 

799 


1'  E  R 


PER 


Periac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc.  It  is  cele^-rated  f  >r  i's  sait-works, 
and  is  six  mdes  SW  of  Narbonne. 

Periapatam,  '.own  of  Hindoostan,  24 
miles  SW  of  Serinjfapatam.  Lon.  76  31 
E,  lat.  12  15  N. 

Perigord,  late  province  of  France,  83 
miles  lorig  and  60  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Anyoiimois  and  Marche,  on  the  E  by 
Querci  and  Limosin,  on  the  S  by  Age- 
nois  and  Bazodois,  and  on  the  W  by  Bour- 
delois,  Ar.grumois,  and  Saintonj^e.  It 
abounds  in  iron  mines,  and  the  air  is  pure 
and  healthy.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne. 

Pengueux,  ancient  town  of  France,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Dordogne,  and  lute 
province  of  Perigord,  wi;h  a  bi^'.iop's  see,, 
the  ruins  of  a  temple  o.  Venus,  a-id  an  am- 
phitheatre. It  is  s.-aied  on  the  river  Isle, 
.50  miles  SW  of  Limoges.  Lo:;.  O  48  E, 
lat.  4.5  UN. 

Perkins,  township  of  Huron  county, 
Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the  town  cal- 
led Sandusky  city. 

Perkinsonville,  village  of  Amelia  county, 
Virginia,  40  miles  W  from  Petersburg. 

Perkiomen,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  rises 
in  the  eastern  angle  of  Berks,  the  southern 
of  Lehigh,  and  western  of  Bucks.  It  Hows 
nearly  soutli  through  Montgonr.^'ry  county 
into  Schuylkill,  which  it  enters  six  miiCs 
by  land  abov^-  Norri^town. 

Perkiomen  and  Ski/ifiack,  central  town- 
ship of  Montgomery  county,  Pcimsylva- 
nia,  25  miles  NW  froai  Philadelphia. 
Population  1820,  1146 

Perm,  government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly a  provmce  of  Kasan,  It  is  divided 
into  two  provinces  of  Perm  and  Catha- 
rinburgh.  The  government  of  Perm 
includes  great  part  of  the  E  of  European 
Russia,  extending  from  Viatka  to  Tobolsk . 

Per 711.  capital  of  the  Russian  govern 
raent  of  Perm,  on  the  Kama.     Lon.  56 
26  E,  lat.  58  0  N.     Upwards  of  900  miles 
E  by  S  from  St.  Pftf rsburg. 

Perindu,  town  or  the  Deccan,  in  the 
province  of  Dowlat-ibad,  183  miles  NW 
of  Hydrabad.  Lon.  75  50  E,  iat.  18 
33  N. 

Perleberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  the 
capital  of  the  marche  of  Prigniez,  62 
miles  NW  cf  Berlin.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat. 
23  25  N. 

Pernalla,  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the 
province  of  Guzerat,  20.miles  W  cf  Du- 
rampour.    Lon.  72  53  E*  lat    20  35  N 

Pernambuco,  province  of  Braz'l,  200 
miles  long  and  150  broad  :  bound.-d  on 
the  N  by  Tamara,  on  the  E  by  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  S  by  Seregippe,  and  on  the 
V/  by  Tapuyers.  It  produces  a  great 
quantity  ot  sugar,  cotton  and  Brazil  WQcd. 

soo 


Pernambuco,  city  of  Brazil,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  composed  of  three  towns,  Rec  fe, 
St.  Antonis,  and  Boa  Vista,  united  by 
bridge  s  P.,pulation  about  35,000.  Lon. 
W  C  37  10  E.  lat.  7  20  S. 

Perne,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone  and 
late  province  of  Provence.  It  is  the 
birth-place  of  the  celebrated  orator  Fle- 
chier,  bishop  of  Nismes,  and  a  little  to 
the  W  of  Apt. 

Perneau,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  near  the  mouth  ftf 
a  river  of  the  bame  name,  35  miles  N  of 
Riga.    Lon.  23  37  E,  lat.  58  27  N. 

Pernes,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Arto'.s,  on  the  Clarence,  17 
miles  NW  of  Arras.  Lon  2  31  E,  lat. 
58  26  N. 

Ptrno,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Nyiand,  on  the  coast  of  the  Bal- 
tic, 36  miles  E  of  Helsingfors.  Lon.  25 
40  E,  lat.  60  30  N. 

Pernov.  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Riga  It  is  defended 
by  a  castle,  and  is  92  miles  N  of  Riga. 
Lon.  24  ;.0  E,  lat.  58  30  N. 

Peronne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  and  late  pnninceof 
Picardy,  on  the  S(;mme,  27  miles  SW  of 
Caml)ray,  and  80  E  by  N  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  2  E,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Perot e,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  of  Vera  Cruz,  about  75  miles  NW 
from  Vera  Cruz,  and  HO  nearly  E  frwm 
Mexico  Lon.  AV  C  97  10  W.  lat-  19  50 
N.  N^ar  this  ciiy,  rises  the  vast  m'^un- 
tain  called  by  the  Spaniards  CofFre  de 
Perote,  the  Nangl^cartspatepetl,  of  the 
Aztecs ;  13,414  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  distant  from  the 
Peak  d'Orizaba  32  miles. 

Perousa,  town  of  Piedmont,  the  chief 
place  of  a  valley  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Cluson.  18  miles  SW  of 
Turin.     Lon.  7  13  E,  lat.  44  .59  N. 

P erp.igncm ,^cx?i\CT\\  an  i-pisc  pal  town 
of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees  and  late  province 
of  Roussillon,  v/ith  a  university.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tet,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
100  iriks  SF,  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  3  0  E, 
lat.  42  41  N 

Perc/uufian.f,  county  of  North  Caro- 
lina;  bouned*  r)y  Albemarle  Sound  S; 
Chowan  county  W  ;  Gates  NVV  ;  and 
Pasquotank  NE,  and  E.  Length  20; 
mean  width  10  ;  and  area  200  square 
miles.  Surface  generally  level,  and  part 
marshv.  Soli  toler.'ibly  productive.  Chief 
town  Hartford. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  femalen;       -        -        -  1,9.3S 


P  E  li 


PER 


Free  white  females 


1,9/8 


Total  whites 

All  oilier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .       -       -       . 
Slaves          .        .        •        .        - 

3,916 

119 

2,017 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.  females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.            do.        females 
Slaves,  males    ...        - 
do.  females 

6,052 

2,048 
2,131 

0 

4,179 

100 

113 

1,276 

1.191 

Total  population  in  1820 

6,859 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  2,188 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  90 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34. 

Perry,  town  of  Washington  county, 
Maine,  25  miles  NE  from  Machias.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  407. 

Perry,  post  village  and  township  of 
Genesee  county,  New  York.  Population 
1820,  2317. 

Perry,  county  of  Pennsylvania ;  bound- 
ed by  Cumberland  S;  Franklin  SW; 
Mifflin  NW ;  and  the  Susquehannah 
river,  or  Dauphin  NE,  Length  38 ; 
mean  width  l-t;  and  area  540  square 
miles.  This  county  was  taken  from 
Cumberland  in  1850,  and  comprises  Sher- 
mans and  Tuscarora  valleys,  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  peninsula  between  the 
Susquehannah  and  Juniata  rivers,  ex- 
tending from  the  Blue  or  Kittatinny,  to 
the  Tuscarora  mountain.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Susquehannah,  and  Juniata  rivers, 
and  by  Sherman's,  p.nd  other  creeks.  The 
soil  is  generally  productive,  in  grain, 
fruit,  and  pasturage.  Chief  town  Land- 
isburg. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  while  males        -        -        -        4,418 

do  do.     females       -         -        -        4,192 


Free  white  females  -        .  5,527 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

riOt  taxed        -         .         .         .  5g 

Total  wliites        .        -        .        .  11,274 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  37 

do.              do.      females  -  30 

Slaves,  males       ....  o 

do.    females             -        -        -  a 

Total  population  in  1820  -     11,342 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  34 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         1,489 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  645 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 

Perry,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded 
by  Havlan  S;  Clay  W;  Estille  NW; 
Pike  N ;  and  Floyd  E.  Length  50 ; 
mean  width  20 ;  and  area  1000  square 
miles.  Surface  hilly  and  broken  gene- 
rally, and  in  part  mountainous.  Ken- 
tucky river  rises  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  county.  By  the  census  of  1820,  tjie 
l)opulation  of  Perry  was  given  in  Clay 
and  Floyd  counties. 

Perry,  interior  county  of  Ohio,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Licking  countj^  E  by  Muskin- 
gum and  Mc.rgan,  S  by  Athens  and  Hock- 
ing, on  the  VV  by  Fairfield  county.  It  is 
2i  miles  long  by  18  broad,  containing 
400  square  miles.  A  considerable  part 
of  Perry  county  is  hilly  and  somewhat 
hard  of  tillage.  It  is,  however,  found  to 
be  excellent  for  the  production  of  wheat. 
Stoiie  coal  is  found  in  several  places.  It 
contains  the  post  town  of  Somerset  the 
seat  of  justice,  and  Thornville  ;  beside 
New  Reading,  Lexington  and  Burling- 
ton, of  less  importance.  It  has  no  con- 
sidei'able  stream  of  water,  within  its  li- 
mits; some  of  the  ti-ibutary  branches, 
however,  of  the  Muskingum  and  Hock- 
hocking,  rivers  rises  in  this  county. 

Population  ii-i  1820. 
Free  white  males  .        -        4,410 

do.    do.    females  .        -        4,001 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -         .  Q 


Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        .        .        . 

Slaves,  .        .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810    . 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  females 
V  I 


Total  whites             -        -       -  8,411 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  6 

do.            do.        females,  12 

Slaves,  males           ...  o 

8,610       do.    females         ...  0 

36  Total  popvilation  in  1820           -  8,429 

17       Of  these ;  

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  60 

8,663   Engaged  in  Agricwlture   -        -  1,704 

clo.         in  Manufactures       -  226 

do.        in  Commerce             -  6 
5,689   Population  to  the  square  mile,  21. 
801 


P  E   ft 


PER 


Perry,  towrisliip  of  Geaug^i  county, 
Ohio,  i-ituated  between  Painesville  and 
Madison,  on  the  sontliern  shore  of  Lake 
Erie.     Population  1820.  614 

Perry,  township  of  Stark  county, 
Ohio,  containing  605  inhabitants,  and  in 
which  is  sitaated  the  town  of  Kendall. 
Population  1820,  607. 

Perry,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio.     Population  T820,  558. 

Perry,  township  of  Shelby  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820.  uncertain. 

Perry ;  township  in  the  southei-n  bor- 
ders of  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio,  in 
which  is  situated  the  village  of  Westches- 
ter.   Population  1820.  256 

Perry,  township  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, Ohio     Population  1820,  543. 

Perry,  township  of  Gallia  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  455. 

Perry,  northern  township  of  Brown 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820,  666. 

Perry,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  426. 

Perry,  NE  township  ot  Licking  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  297. 

Perry.  S  township,  Fairfield  county, 
Ohio.    Population  in  1820,  612. 

Perr-y,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  400, 

Perry,  county  of  Iiidiana ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  River  SE  and  S  ;  Spencer  W  ;  Dubois 
NW ;  and  Crawford  N  and  NE.  Len.::;tl» 
28  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and  area  about  400 
square  miles.  Surface  broken ;  and  soil 
fertile. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -  1,221 

do.  da.   females  -        -         1,093 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 


Totril  whites               ■        -        -  2.314 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  4 

do.            do.    females   -  11 

Slaves,  males             ...  0 

do,    females          _        -        .  1 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,330 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  nol  naturalized         -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  614 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  20 

do.        in  Commerce  -  -  Q 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5^. 

Perry,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bounded 
by  Wayne  S  ;  Hardii)  S  W;  Henderson  W  ; 
Caroll  NW  ;  HMmpln-ies  N  ;  and  Hickman 
E.  Len"5tli  33  ;  mean  wiflth  25  ;  a'ld  area 
SL25  square  miles.  Tennessee  river  flows 
N  through  the  western  part  of  tlsis  county. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -       -        1,141 

do.   do.    females  -         1,020 

802 


.\U  oUier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        .        -       -  o 

Total  whites      ....  2,161 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

do.            do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males       ....  Ill 

do.     females           ...  112 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,384 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  0 

Eng-aged  in  Agriculture      -        -  652 

Do.        in  Manufactures            -  0 

Do.        in  Commerce       •         -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

PetTu,  central  county  of  Alabama;  bound- 
ed by'^Dallas  S;  Green  W;  Tuscaloosa 
NW  ;  Bibb  NE  ;  and  Autauga  BE.  Caha- 
ba  river  flows  across  this  county  from  N  to 
S  dividing  it  into  almost  equal  sections. 

Perry,  county  of  Mississippi ;  boimded 
by  Jackson  and  Hancock  S  ;  Marion  W  ; 
Covington  N ;  and  Green  E.  Length  30  ; 
breadth  30 ;  and  area  900  square  miles. 
Surface  moderately  hilly  ;  soil  except  to  a 
very -mall  extent  near  the  streams  is  sterile, 
and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Leaf  river, 
the  great  NW  co'ifluent  of  the  P;iscagoula, 
flows  through  tiiis  county.    Staple  cotton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .        »        .  804 

do.     do.    females   ...  735 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  o 


Total  whites       ....  1,539 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  4 

do.     do.  females    ...  3 

Slaves,  males      ....  240 

do.     females           ...  251 

Total  population  in  1820  -        .,        2,03r 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  179 

do.    in  Manufactures          .  5 

do.     in  Commerce      -        .  7 

Poptdation  to  the  square  mile,  2. 

PervyopoUs,  post  village  of  Fajette  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  Youghiogany  river, 
eight  miles  NE  trom  Brownsville. 

Perrysbnrg,  town  of  Wood  county,  Ohio, 
at  the  lower  ;  apids  of  Maumee  river,  and 
on  the  right  bank  of  that  stream,  135  miles 
NNW  from  Columbus,  80  miles  SW  from 
Detroit,  and  about  50  miles  SW  by  W  from 
the  Bass  islands  in  lake  Erie,  the  scene  of 
the  splendid  naval  victory  gained  by  the 
hero  for  whom  it  is  named. 

Perrysville,  post  village,  Hunterdon 
county,  New  .Jersey. 


P  E  II 


V  E  It 


PerrysviUe^  post  village,  Allegany  couu-        Population  in  1819, 

ty,  Pennsylvania,  seven  miles  nearly  N  !rom  Free  white  males 
Pittsburg,  on  the  road   from  that  city  to        do.  do.  females 
Harnitmy. 

l^crrysville,  post  village  of  Mercer  coun-  Total  whites 


ty,  Kentucky,  40  miles   S\V  from   Lexing- 
ton. 

Perrysville,  post  town,  Bond  county, 
Illinois,  on  Kaskaskias  river,  15  miles  be- 
low Vandala 

Peraain,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Pe- 
gu, near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  132 
miles  SW  of  Pegu.  Lon.  94  55  W,  lat. 
16  45  N. 

Persepolis,  one  of  the  ancient  capi- 
tals, city  of  Persia,  properly  so  called.  Its 
magnificent  ruins  are  50  miles  NE  of 
Schiras,  and  20'  SE  of  Ispahan.  Lon. 
56  20  E,  lat.  30  10  N. 

Persepolis,  (the  Persian  city)  is  a  name 
purely  Greek,  and  unknown  to  either  the 
ancient  nr  modern  Persians  The  latter 
call  the  ruins  of  that  city,  "  Tacht  a 
Jeinsheed,"  or  the  Palace  of  Jemsheed, 
and  "  Tchehil  Minar,"  The  Forty  Tow- 
ers. 

Pershore,  town  in  Worcestershire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  stockings ;  on  the 
Avon,  nine  miles  ESE  of  Worcester,  and 
106  WNW  of  London. 

Persia,  large  kingdom  of  Asia,  ccn 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         •        .        -        - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 

do.   do.     females    .         .        - 

All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites       .         .        -         . 
Free  persons  or  colour,  males 


do. 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


ilo.      females 


Total  population  In  1820 


2,085 
1,902 

3,98r 

82 
2,573 

6,642 


2,660 
2,615 

0 

5,275 

36 

44 

1,890 

1,784 

9,029 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  1 

Enga;^ed  in  Agriculture               -  2,512 

do.       in  .Manufactures             -  171 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  13 

Population  to  the  square  mile  22^. 

r       -,-.              ...               Perth,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital 

sisung  of  several  provinces,  which,  at    ^f  Perthshire,   on  the  SW  side  of  the 


different  times,  have  had  their  particular 
kings.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Geor- 
gia, the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Usbec  Tartary, 
W  by  I'urkey  and  Arabia,  S  by  the  gulfs 
of  Persia  and  Ormus,  and  the  Arabian 
Sea,  and  E  by  Hindoostan  Proper.  It  is 
about  1225  miles  in  length  from  E  to  W 
and  900  in  breadth  from  N  to  S.    Their 


fay,  which  is  navigable  for  small  vessels, 
but  the  largest  vessels  are  obliged  to  un- 
load at  Newberg.  The  salmon  fishery 
is  a  great  article  of  trade ;  and  it  has 
considerable  manufacture  of  linen  and 
cotton  goods,  leather,  boots,  shoes,  and 
gloves.  In  1811,  the  number  of  inhabitants 
was  17,000.    It  is  35  miles  N  by  W  of 


principal   manufactures  are  silks,  silks    g^jinburg     Lon.  3  '^'0  W    lat.  56  24  N 
mixed   with  cotton,  or  with  camel's  or    Population  1801, 126~336,  in  1811, 135.093, 
goat's  hair,  brocades,   gold  tissues,  gold    ^^[^  in  1821,  139,050. 
velvet,  carpets,   calicoes,   camlets,   &c.         ,,      ,    ^    ,  •    -vr       -i 

The  Persians  are  generally  Mohamme-  ^  ^'^^^'  •^'«^''2/«  se^Po"  '"^^*  l^P^Y' 
dans  of  the  sect  of  Ali.  Ispahan  is  the  Essex  county,  seated  on  a  neck  of  land, 
-„--:._i  ^  between  the  river  Raritan  and  btaten 

^  Island  Sound.     Population  1620,  798  ;  its 

situation  is  high  and  healthy.  It  lies 
open  to  Sandy  Hook,  and  ii>  one  of  the 
best  harbours  on  the  continent.  It  is  25 
miles  SW  of  New  York.     Lon.  75  0  W, 


Persia,  Gulf  of,  sea  or  inland  lake 
between  Persia  and  Arabia.  The  en- 
trance near  Ormus  is  not  above  30  miles 
over :  but  within  it  is  from  120  to  250  in 


breadth,  and  the  length  from  Ormus  to    ,  ^    ^q  35  j^ 


the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates  is  500  miles. 
The  southern  side  is  particularly  celebra- 
ted for  its  pearl  fishery. 

Person,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Virginia  N  ;  Granville  E  ; 
Orange  S ;  and  Caswell  W.  It  is  a  square 
of  20  miles  each  side,  area  400  square 
miles.  The  extreme  NW  sources  of 
Neuse  and  Pamlico  rivers  rise  in  the  SE 
angle  of  this  county,  whilst  its  NW  part 


Perthes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  six  miles 
SSW  of  Melun. 

Perthes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne,  six  miles  NW 
of  St.  Dizier. 

Pertigi,  town  of  the  island  of  Sardi- 
nia, 19  miles  SE  of  Castel  Aragonese. 

Pertuis,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


is  drained  by  the  SE  confluents  of  Dan    partment  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone 
river.  and  late  province  of  Proven«e,  10  miles 

SOS 


N  of  Aix,  and  27  of  Marseilles.    Lon.  5 
36  E,  lat.  43  44  N, 

Peru,  late  a  province  of  Spain  in  S 
America.  It  lies  between  lat.  1  30  N 
and  25  10  S,  being  nearly  2000  miles  long 
from  N  to  S,  and  350  in  breadth.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Popayan  ;  on  the  E 
by  the  country  of  the  Amazons  and  Pa- 
raguay ;  on  the  S  by  Chili  and  La  Plata  ; 
and  on  the  \V  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
land  next  the  sea  is  mostly  barren,  some 
valleys  excepted,  into  which  the  streams 
from  the  hills  turn.  Between  the  hills 
are  very  extensive  valleys,  yiekling  all 
manner  of  grain  and  fnii't,  and  the  wea- 
ther temperate.  The  Andes  are  covered 
with  snow  the  greatest  part  of  the  year, 
and  consequently  cold.  The  weather  on 
this  coast,  from  4  deg.  to  25  deg.  S  being 
generally  serene.  No  vain  fells  in  this 
tract  unless  within  four  or  five  degrees 
of  the  Equator.  On  the  Cordileras  or 
high  mouritains,  it  rciins  cv  snows  two 
thirds  of  the  year.  Peru  was  until  the  re- 
cent revolutions  in  Spanish  America  divi- 
ded into  three  great  audiencesjwhich  were 
Quito,  Lima,  or  Los  Reyes,  and  Los 
Charcos.  The  first  were  fixed  at  St. 
Fede  Bogota,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Granada,  and  extended  over  the  whole 
of  Terra  Firma,  and  the  audience  of 
Quito.  In  the  jurisdiction  of  the  second, 
established  in  1776,  were  the  provinces 
of  Plata,  Buenos  Ayres,  Paraguay.  Tu- 
cuman,  Potosi,  St.  Cruz  de  la  Sierra, 
and  the  towns  of  Mendcza  and  St.  Juan. 
Lima  is  the  capital. 

Peru  is  now  in  a  revolutionary  state. 
That  part  formerly  included  in  the  au- 
dience of  Charcos  has  been  united  to,  and 
forms  a  part  of  the  vast  regions  included 
:n  the  United  Provinces  "^of  La  Plata. 
The  northern  sections  are  still  nominally 
held  by  Spain. 

The  staple  commodities  of  this  great 
country  include  nearly  all  that  is  valua- 
ble in  the  vegetable  and  mineral  king, 
doms. 

Peru,  town  of  Bennington  comity,  Aver- 
ment, 30  miles  NE  from'Hennington. 

Peru,  post  village  and  township  of  Berk- 
shire  county,  Massachusetts.  Population 
in  1820,  748. 

Peru  tovjnship,  Clinton  county,  New  York 
on  lake  Champlain,  nearly  opposite  Bur- 
lington.    Population  in  1820,  2710. 

Pervgia,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Perugino, 
with  a  university,  on  a  hill  75  miles  N  of 
Kome.    Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  43  6  N. 

Perugia,  lake  of  Italy,  of  a  circular  form, 
almost  five  miles  in  diameter.  It  is  eight 
miles  from  the  city  of  that  name,  in  the 
province  of  Perugino. 

Perugino,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecele- 
Biastical  State  ;  bounded  on  th«  W  bv  fas- 
804 


P  E    1' 

cany;  on  the  S  by  Orvietano ;  on  the 
W  by  the  duchies  of  Spoleto  and  Urbino, 
and  on  the  N  by  the  county  of  Citta  Cas- 
tellana.  It  is  25  miles  in  length,  and  near 
as  much  in  breadth.  The  air  is  pure,  and 
the  soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine. 
The  capital  is  Perugia. 

Pesaro,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Urbino.  The  harbour  is  excellent  ;  the 
environs  are  remarkable  for  producing 
good  figs,  of  which  large  quantities  are  sent 
to  Venice.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Foglia.  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  17  miles  ENE  of  Urbino,  and  130 
of  Rome.     Lon.  13  2  E,  lat  43  52  N. 

Pescura,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  CI- 
teriore,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  eight  miles  R 
by  S  of  Civita-di-Penna,  and  100  NE  of 
Naples.     Lon.  15  2  E,  lat.  42  27  N. 

Peschiera,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese, 
on  the  Mincio,  which  proceeds  from  the 
Garda,  16  miles  W  of  Verona.  Lon.  11  4 
E,  lat  45  26  N. 

Pescia,  town  of  Tuscany,  noted  for  the 
excellent  oil  it  produces.  It  is  10  miles 
SW  of  Pistoia.  Lon.  11  22  E,  lat.  43  47  N. 
Pesenas,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Heraulf,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  delightfully  seated  on  the  river 
Pein,  12  miles  NE  of  Beziers.  Lon.  3  34 
E,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Pest,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  oh  the  Danube, 
opposite  Buda,  o5  miles  SE  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  18  25  E,  hit.  47  24  N. 

Pcta-d',  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Stiria,  on  the  Drave,  100  mdes  S  of  Vi- 
enna.   Lon.  15  36  E,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Pe-tcheli,  Tcheli,  or  Lipa-fo7i,  the  princi- 
pal province  of  China  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  great  Wall  and  part  orTartary ;  on 
the  E  by  the  Yellow  Sea ;  on  the  S  by 
Chang-tong  and  Ilonan,  and  on  the  VV  by 
the  mountains  of  Chan-si.  It  contains  nine 
cities  of  the  first  class,  which  have  several 
others  under  their  jurisdiction.  The  tem- 
perature of  the  air  in  this  province  does 
not  seem  to  agree  with  its  latitude ;  for 
although  Pe-tcheli  extends  no  further  than 
the  42d  degree  N,  yet  all  its  rivers  are  so 
much  frozen  during  four  months  in  the 
year,  that  wagons  with  the  heaviest  loads 
may  safely  pass  them.  The  soil  is  sandy, 
and  produces  verj-  little  rice ;  but  it  abounds 
with  all  other  kinds  of  grain,  and  with  the 
greater  part  of  the  fruit  trees  we  have  in 
Europe.     Peking  is  the  capital. 

Peter  and  Paul,  St.  or  Petropaivloskoi, 
seaport  of  Kamtscatka,  in  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  Irkutzk.  The  town  consists 
of  some  miserable  log-hou.ses  and  a  few 
conical  huts.  Lon.  158  43"E,  lat.  53  0  N. 
Peterborough,  city  of  Northamptonshire, 
on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into 
HunlingdoTishire.    It  carries  on  a  trade  in 


P  E  T 


PET 


corn,  coal,  and  timber.  It  is  42  miles  NE  superlour  to  common  cottages,  are  blended 
of  Northampton,  and  81  N  of  London,  with  the  public  buildings  The  brick 
Lon.  0  10  W,  hit.  52  30  N.  houses  are  ornamented  witli  a  white  stucco, 

Peterborough,  posi  village,  Madison  which  has  led  several  travellers  to  say.  that 
county,  New^York,  on  Oneida  creek,  30  they  are  budi  of  stone.  The  mansions  of 
miles  SW  from  Utica.  In  this  place,  is  a  tlie  nobles  are  vast  piles  of  building,  fur- 
printing  office,  a  state  arsenal,  and  factories  nished  with  great  cost,  in  the  same  elegant 
of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  and  glass  style  as  at  Paris  or  Lond(jn,  and  situated 
ware.  chiefly  on  the  S  side  of  the  Neva,  either  in 

Peter,  St.  parish  of  Beaufort  district,  the  admiralty  quarter,  or  in  the  suburbs  of 
South  Carolina.  Livonia  and  Moscow,  which  are  the  finest 

Peterhead,  town  in  Aberdeenshire,  near  parts  of  the  city.  The  views  upon  the 
the  mouth  of  the  Ugie.on  the  most  easier-  banks  of  the  Neva  exhibit  the  grandest  and 
ly  point  of  Scotland.  It  has  an  excellent  most  lively  scenes  imaginable.  That  river 
harbour,  defended  by  a  new  pier;  which  is  in  many  places  as  broad  as  the  Thames 
can  contain  40  or  50  vessels  in  perfect  at"  London  ;  it  is  also  deep,  rapid,  and  as 
safety  A  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  transparent  as  crystal ;  and  its  banks  are 
directly  to  the  Baltic,  for  iron,  hemp,  t;n",  liiied  on  each  side  with  a  continued  range 
and  other  articles.  It  has  likewise  a  manu-  ofgrand  buddings.  On  the  N  tlie  fortress, 
facture  of  sewing  thread.  It  is  a  little  to  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  the  academy 
the  W  of  Buchanness,  and  34  miies  NE  of  of  arts,  are  the  most  striking  objects.  On 
Aberdeen.     Lon.  1  28  W,  lat.  57  28  N.         ^he  opposite  side  arc  the  imperial  palace, 

Peterhoff,  in  Russia,  is  situated  about  20  t!ie  admiralty,  the  mansions  of  many  Rus- 
milesfrom  Petersburg,  and  is  distinguished  sian  nobles,  and  the  English  line,  so  called 
for  its  palace  and  gardens.  because  it  is  mostly  occupied  by  English 

Peters,  township  of  Franklin  county,  merchants.  In  the  front  of  these  buildings, 
Pennsylvania;  containing  1762  inhabitants  on  the  S  side,  is  the  quay,  which  extends 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2776  Situated  be-  three  miles,  except  where  it  is  interrupted 
tween  the  E  branch  of  Conegocheague  by  the  admiralty;  and  the  Neva,  during 
creek  and  the  North  mountain,  10  miles  S  the  whole  of  thai  space,  has  been  embank- 
W  of  Chambersburg.  ed,  by  order  of  the  late  empress,  by  a  wall, 

Petersboro'  post  town  in  Hillsboro'  coun-  parapet,  and  pavement  of  hewn  granite, 
ty,  New  Hampshire  ;  18  miles  W  of  Am-  Petersburgh,  though  more  compact  than 
herst,  74  W  by  Nof  Newburyport,  andthe  the  other  Russian  cities,  still  bears  a  re- 
same  distance  from  Boston.  It  is  a  place  semblance  to  the  towns  of  that  country, 
of  very  extensive  manufactures  ;  amongst  being  built  in  a  very  straggling  manner.  It 
which  are,  five  cotton,  and  one  woollen  has  been  lately  enclosed  within  a  rampart, 
factory.     Population  in  1820,1500.  the  circumference  of  which  is  14  miles.    In 

Petersburgh,  metropolis  of  the  Russian  it  there  are  no  fewer  than  35  great  church- 
empire,  in  the  government  of  the  same  es,  (almost  every  sect  of  Cliristians  being 
name,  is  situated  on  the  river  Neva,  near  the  tolerated,)  and  the  number  of  inhabitants 
gulf  of  Pinland,and  is  built  partly  upon  some  is  supposed  to  be  about  300,000.  It  is  said 
islands  in  the  mouth  of  that  river,  and  part-  that  3000  one  horse  sledges  are  employed 
ly  upon  the  continent.  So  late  as  the  be-  for  passengers  in  the  streets,  in  winter. 
ginning  of  the  last  century,  the  ground  on  From  its  low  and  marshy  situation,  it  is  sub- 
vvhich  Petersburgh  now  stands  was  only  a  jeci  to  inundations,  which  have  sometimes 
vast  morass,  occupied  by  a  few  fishermen's*  risen  so  high,  as  to  threaten  the  town  with 
huts.  Peter  the  Great  first  began  this  city,  a  total  submersion.  The  opposite  divisions 
in  1703.  He  built  a  small  hut  for  himself,  of  Petersburg,  situated  on  each  side  of  the 
and  some  wretched  wooden  hovels.  In  Neva,  are  connected  by  a  bridge  on  pon- 
1710,  the  Count  Golovkin  built  the  first  toons,  which,  on  account  of  the  large  masses 
house  of  brick,  and  the  next  year,  the  em-  of  ice  driven  down  tlie  stream  from  lake 
peror  with  his  own  hand,  laid  the  founda-  Ladoga,  is  usually  removed  v^ihen  they  first 
tion  of  a  house  of  the  same  materials.  P'rom  make  their  appearance;  and,  for  a  few 
these  small  beginnings  rose  the  imperial  days,  till  the  river  is  frozen  hard  enough 
city  of  Petersburg;  and,  in  less  than  nine  to  bear  carriages,  there  is  no  commimica- 
years  after  the  wooden  hovels  were  erect-  tion  between  the  opposite  parts  of  the 
ed,  the  seat  of  empire  was  transferred  from  town.  Among  the  noblest  ornaments  of 
Moscow  to  this  place.  The  streets,  in  Petersburg,  is  an  equestrian  statue  of  Peter 
general,  are  broad  and  spacious;  and  three  the  great,  in  bronze,  erected  by  Catherine 
of  the  principal  ones,  which  meet  in  a  II.  in  1782.  It  is  of  colossal  size,  and  stands 
point  at  the  admiralty,  are  at  least  two  on  a  huge  pedestal  of  rock,  brought  there 
miles  in  length.  Most  of  them  are  paved  ;  at  great  expense.  Within  the  walls  of  the 
but  a  few  are  still  suffered  to  remain  floor-  fortress,  is  the  cat'.iedral  of  St.  Peter  and 
ed  with  planks ;  and,  in  several  parts  of  St.  Paul,  in  which  are  deposited  the  re- 
this  metropolis,  wooden  hotxses,  scarcely   mains  of  Peter  the  great,  and  of  the  succes,- 

805 


P  E  T 


E  T 


sive  sovereigns,  except  Peter  H.  who  was 
buned  ut  Moscow,  Petersbiugh  is  355 
miles  NW  of  Moscow,  750  NE  of  Vienna, 
535  NE  of  Copenhag-  n,  ai.d  3U0  NE  of 
Stockhol-xi.     Li.n  30  25  E,  lut  69  60  N. 

Petersburg,  port  ot  entry  and  pos  town 
in  Dmwiddie  comUy,  Virginia  ;  situated  on 
the  S  side  of  i^ppoinatox  nvt-r,  in  lat.  37 
12  N,  and  ion.  78  8  VV.  It  is  25  miles  S 
of  Richmond,  and  79  W  of  the  borough  of 
Norfolk.  This  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade  in  cotton,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco  ; 
the  exports  of  one  year  having  amoanted 
to  I,o90,u00  Collars.  Being  in  the  centre 
of  one  i)X  the  earliest  settled  parts  of  the 
State,  it  is  surrounded  by  a  wealthy  and 
populous  country. 

The  situation  of  Petersburg,  is  peculiarly 
well  adapted  to  both  commerce  and  manu- 
factures. The  falls  in  Appomattox,  pre- 
sent excellent  sites  for  machinery;  whii.st 
a  canal  cut  around  thtm  obviates  their 
natural  impediment  to  navigation.  The 
town  now  contains,  two  banks  and  an  en.su- 
rance  office.  It  occupies  part  of  three 
counties.  The  body  of  the  place  is  in 
Dinwiddie,  but  it  also  comprises  the  village 
of  Blandford  in  Prince  George  county,  and 
Powhatan  in  Chesterfield  county. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  mates         -        -        •       1,375 

do.  do.    females       -        -        -       1,029 


Total  whites        .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed          .        .        -        . 
Slaves          -        -        -    '     - 

Total  population  in  1810 

2,404 

1,089 
2,173 

5,666 

Population  in  1820. 
ipree  whites,  males 
do.      do.    females 

Total  whites      -        .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.           do.       females 

Slaves,  males            ... 

do,     females        _       _       - 

1,725 
1,372 

3,097 
513 
652 

1,195 

1,233 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,690 


orthe.se  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  70 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  -   8 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  267 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  196 

Fstersbyrg,  township  of  Rensallaer  coun- 
ty, new  York,  25  miles  NE  from  Albany. 
Population  in  1820,  2248. 

Petersburg,  post  village,  eight  miles  SE 
from  Gettysburg,  Adams  counly,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Petersburg,  post  village  of  Perry  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  river,  15  miles  above  Harrisburg. 


Petersburg,  post  town  of  Elbert  county, 
Georgia,  on  the  rigiit  bank  of  Savannali 
river,  an  ttie  point  at  thejunction  of  Broad 
and  Savannah  rivers,  35  miles  above  Au- 
gusta. 

Petersburg,  village  of  Woodward  county, 
Kentucky,  on  Kentucky  river,  15  miles 
above  Frankfo."'^. 

Petersburg,  small  village,  on  the  eastern 
border  of  Columbiana  county,  Ohio. 

Petersdorf,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Samland,  24  miles  Ei  of  Konings- 
berg 

Petersjield,  borough  in  Hampshire,  on  the 
Loddon,  18  miles  NE  of  Portsmouth,  and 
53  SW  of  London.  Lon.  0  58  W,  lat.  51 
2  N. 

Petershagen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Minden,  seated  on  the  We- 
ser,  three  mdes  from  Minden.  and  '37  VV  of 
Hantiver,     Lon.  9  6  E.  lat.  52  25  N. 

Petersham,  post  town  in  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  25  mihs  NW  of  Wor- 
cester, and  66  W  of  Boston :  a  branch  of 
Chickapee  river  passes  by  tliis  town.  The 
inhabitants  were  1490  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820, 
1623. 

Peterstoivn,  post  village  Monroe  county, 
Virginia. 

Petenville,  post  village,  Frederick  coun- 
ty  Maryland,  20  miles  NE  from  Frederick. 

Pelerxvaradin,  town  of  Sclavcnia,  on  the 
Danube,  between  the  Save  and  Drave,  35 
miles  NW  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  20  30  E, 
lat  45  26  N. 

Peiherton,  town  of  Somersetshire,  on  the 
Parvet,  18  miles  S  bv  W  of  Wells  and  133 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.2  41  E,lat.  50  56  N. 

Petigliano,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Sien- 
nese,  45  mdes  SE  of  Sienna,  Lon.  11  42 
E,  lat.  42  23  N. 

Petit  Guave,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo,  on 
a  bay  at  the  W  end  of  the  island.  Lon. 
72  53  W,  lat.  28  27  N. 

Petoune,  city  of  Eastern  Chinese  Tartary, 

^in   the   department  of  Kirin,  on   the  Son- 

gari,   112  miles  N  by  E  of  Kirin,  and  500 

NE  of  Peking.     Lon.  124  55  E,  lat.  45  3 

N. 

Petrikoxv,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Siradia,  80  miles  SW  of  War- 
saw.    Lon.  19  46  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Petrina,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  on  the 
Petrina,  27miles  E  of  Carlstadt.  Lon,  16 
0  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Pettaiu,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Stiria,  on  the  Drave,  28  miles  S  by  E  of 
Gratz.     Lon.  15  37  E,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Pettapolly,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  Coromandel.  Lon.  80  46  E,  lat. 
15  49  N. 

Pettycur,  harbour  In  Fifeshire,  one  mile 
from  Kinghorn,  in  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Pet-worth,  town  of  Sussex,  near  the  Arun, 
12  miles  NE  of  Chichester,  and  49  SW  of 
London.     Lon.  0  34  W,  lat.  50  58  N. 


PHI 

■Pevenseif,  village  in  Sussex,  on  a  small 
river  which  runs  into  a  bay  of  the  En- 
glish Channel,  called  Pevi  nsey  Harbour, 
14  miles  WSW  of  Hastings. 

Peyt07isburg,  small  village  "f  Pilsylvania 
county,  Virginia,  45  miles  S  from  Lunch- 
burg. 

Pfafenhoffen^  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  on  the  11m,  19  miles  NW  of  Ratis- 
boi).     Lon.  12  3  E,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Pfalgel,  town  of  Gei-mimy,  in  the  electo- 
rate ot  Treves,  with  a  convent,  formerly  a 
palace  of  the  kings  o*'  the  Franks.  It  is 
three  miles  NE  of  Treves. 

PJirt  or  Forette,  town  of  France,  in  the 
depart  rent  of  Uppr r  Rliine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  ten  m.les  W  of  Basil.  Lon. 
720E,  lat.  47  37  N. 

Pfortshiem,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  v.-f  Baden-D  irlach,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Entz,  15  rniles  SE  of  Dur- 
lach.     Lon,  9  46  E,  iat.  48  57  N. 

Pfriemb,  t^iwn  n*  Germany,  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  with  a  cas  le,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Ffrien  and  N  ib,  10  miles 
NE  of  Ainberg.  Lon.  12  21  E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

PfuUendorf,  imperial  town  of  Snabiaj 
seated  on  the  Vndaispatc!.,  37  miles  SW 
of  Uim.     Lon.  9  27  VV.  l.t.  48  8  N. 

P/ianaeroria,  small  »nd  beautiful  island  of 
Asii,  on  the  E  side  of  ilie  strait  of  CifFa. 

Pharos,  small  island  in  ihe  Mediterra- 
nean  Sea,  opposne  Alexandria,  in  Egypt, 
the  space  between  which  and  the  conti- 
nent forms  an  extei.sive  harbour.  It  has  a 
communication  with  the  continent  by  a 
stone  causeway  and  bridge.  It  formerly 
had  an  exceedingly  high  tower  upon  it,  call- 
ed the  Ph:!ros,  and  on  the  top  of  it  were 
lights  for  the  direction  of  ships.  Lon,  31 
11  E,  lat.  30  24  X. 

PharsaUa,  now  Pharzn,  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  in  .Janna,  in  the  plains  of  which 
some  suppose  the  decisive  battle  was  fought 
between  Cxsar  asid  Pompey,  in  4S  B  C. 
Seated  on  the  Enipens,  10  miles  S  of  La- 
rissa. 

Phnsis,  river  of  Asia,  which  crosses  Min- 
grelia,  and  falls  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Phelps,  township  of  Ontario  county,  New 
York,  containing  3408  inhabitants  in  1810  ; 
and  in  1820,  5688.  Situated  about  200 
miles  W  of  Albany. 

Philadelphia,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Natolia,  seated  on  the  foot  ot  the  mountain. 
Timolus,  in  an  extensive  plain.  The  Greeks 
retain  its  ancient  name,  but  the  Turks  cuIl 
it  Allahijah.  It  contains  11,000  inhabitants. 
among  whom  are  2000  Christians,  It  is  40 
miles  ESE  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  28  15  E,  lat. 
38  28  N. 

Philadelphia,  county  of  Pennsylvania ; 
bounded  by  Delaware  river  SE  ;  Delaware 
county  SW;  Montgomery  county  NW ; 
and  Bucks  county  NE.  Length  18  ;  mean 
widtli  7  :  and  area  about  120  square  miles. 


P  H  I 

exclusive  of  the  space  occupied  by  Phila* 
delpliia  and  its  suburbs. 

The  distinction  made  in  the  returns  of  the 
census  of  1820,  between  the  city  and  coun- 
ty of  Philadeiph'.a  gives  a  veiy  inadequate 
represen'.atioii  of  tlie  respfctive  population 
of  each.  The  tablci  annexed  to  those  ar- 
ticles were  constructed  from  the  census, 
but  it  is  necessary  to  enable  the  reader  to 
correct  the  defect  of  the  return.  In  the 
first  instance,  there  is  a  material  distinction, 
between  the  Incorporated  Northern  Liber- 
lies,  and  Nortlifrn  Liberties  township.  To 
ali  commercial,  and  mcrai  purposes,  Phila- 
del;<hia  einbruccs  the  city,  properly  so  call- 
ed, Souihwaik,  Spring  Garden,  the  incor- 
porated Northern  Libtrties  and  Kensington. 
Willi  the  agi^regale  populntion  of  tliK.-e 
sections,  theci'y  con  ained  in  1820, 108,809 
inhabitants,  and  the  county  proper,  sepa- 
rate from  the  city,  28,288 

Wiih  all  ihis  deduction  Philadelphia 
county  is  ine  of  the  most  densely  popula- 
ted counties  in  the  Unitt  d  States,  Besides 
the  oity  of  Philadelphia  and  its  suburbs, 
'he  coui'ty  contains  the  borough  of  Frank- 
lord,  and  village  of  Darby,  Hamilton,  Man- 
tua, G;rmantown,  Holm;-sburg,  Bustletown, 
and  sime  others  of  lesser  note. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...     26,392 

do.  do.     females      -        -        -     26,928 

Total  whites        ....  53,320 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        -  4,162 

Slaves         .....  6 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      57,488 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  .        -       33,081 

do.     do.  females  -         .       35,648 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       .       -        .  257 

Total  whites       ....  68,986 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  2,061 

do              do.      females  2,244; 

Slaves,  males            ...  3 

do.    females        -          .        -  1 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      73,295 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        1,433 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    .        -        3,279 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        4,732 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  749 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  235|. 

The  real  population  of  Philadelphia 
county,  separate  from  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia and  adjacent  corporations,  is  28,288. 
The  above  comparative  result  is  founded 
on  that  reduction. 

Philadelfihia,  the  second  largest  city 
In  the  United  States,   in  Philadelphia 
807 


I'  U  1 


r  ij  1 


county,  Pennsylvania,  between  the  Dela- 
ware, and  Schuylkill  rivers,  five  miles 
above  their  junction.  The  original  city 
was  a  parallelogram  extending  west  from 
the  Delaware  to  a  little  west  of  Schuyl- 
kill about  12,000  feet  or  a  small  fraction 
above  two  miles,  and  north  and  south 
5,700  feet,  or  a  little  more  than  a  mile. 
In  the  advance  of  commerce  and  other 
business  the  buildings  were  naturally  ex- 
tended along  the  main  stream,  the  Dela- 
ware, and  now  reach,  from  the  lower 
part  of  south wark  to  Gunner's  run,  the 
upper  part  of  Kensington  near  four  miles, 
and  along  Market  sn-eet,  from  one  river 
to  the  other.  The  north  and  south  streets 
amount  to  23,  thoie  from  east  to  west 
14,  in  the  city  proper.  Except  Dock 
street,  those  of  the  city  cross  at  right  an- 
gles. That  regularity  is  not,  however, 
extended  to  the  Liberties.  In  the  latter 
the  streets  intersect  in  most  instances 
with  more  or  less  obliquity.  Bpside  the 
main  or  principal  streets,  the  city  and 
liberties  are  diversified  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  minor  streets,  lanes,  and  alleys. 
The  streets  varj'  much  in  width.  Broad 
street  is  113,  High  or  Market  100,  Mul- 
berry, or  Arch  street  60  feet;  and  the 
others  of  various  widths. 

The  site  of  Philadelphia  was  origi- 
nally but  little  diversified  by  elevations. 
The  lower  part  was  level,  and  the  upper 
waving.  The  whole  composed  of  an  al- 
luvial deposit  of  sand  and  gravel,  over- 
laid by  a  thin  stratum  of  vegetable 
earth.  Common  sewers  have  been  form- 
ed under  most  of  the  main  streets  which 
carry  the  filth  into  the  Delaware,  and 
preserve  the  health,  and  contribute  to 
the  convenience  of  the  inhabitants  No 
city  of  the  United  States  is  so  well  sup- 
plied with  excellent  water.  The  works 
erected  on  the  Schuylkill  to  elevate  the 
water  into  a  reservoir,  and  that  reser- 
voir itself  are  works  which  would  do  ho- 
nour to  any  city.  An  enormous  dam  has 
been  erected  in  the  river,  by  which  wheels 
are  set  in  motion  which  raise  the  water 
into  a  reservoir.  This  depository  of  fluid 
is  placed  on  an  eminence,  above  every 
other  part  of  the  site  of  the  city.  Pipes 
are  thence  continued,  v;hich  convey  the 
water  to  every  part  of  the  city  proper ; 
the  Liberties  have  not  yet  procured  that 
invaluable  advantage.  For  the  eleva- 
tion, length,  depth,  and  solid  contents 
of  the  reservoir,  see  article  Waterworks. 
Philadelphia  now  contains  upwards  of 
60  places  of  public  worship,  of  which 
are  : 

Episcopalians       .  .  .  g 

Roman  Catholics  _  .  4 

Friends  ...  5 

Free  Quakers      -  -  -  1 

Swedes  L'ltheran  -  -  1 


German  Lutheran 

1 

German  Refor.'tied 

_ 

2 

German  Baptist  do. 

. 

Evangelical  Lutheran  church 

Presbyterians 

_ 

Associate  Reformed 

. 

Scotch  Presbyterians 

- 

Baptists 

. 

Methodists  Episcopal 

- 

do.   Union 

_ 

Moravian 

. 

Universalist 

. 

Unitarians 

. 

New  Jerusalem    - 

. 

Christian  ^ 

. 

African  Episcopal 

- 

do.        Presbyterian 

- 

do.        Baptist 

- 

do.        Methodist 

- 

do.        Union  do. 

- 

Hebrew  Synagogue 

- 

Swedenborgians 

- 

Few  of  the  churches  of  Philadelphia 
have  any  distinguishing  character  of  ar- 
chitecture or  extent,  to  entitle  them  to 
particular  notice.  To  this  observation, 
the  exceptions  are,  Christ  church  in  Se- 
cond street,  the  new  and  elegant  Pres- 
byterian church  at  the  corner  of  Seventh 
and  Washington  streets,  and  the  church 
now  erecting  in  Tenth  between  Chesnut 
and  Market. 

The  other  public  buildings  are,  the 
State  House  on  the  south  side  of  Ches- 
nut, between  Fifth  and  Sixth  streets ;  the 
new  Theatre,  on  the  north  side  of  Ches- 
nut, second  house  above  Sixth.  This 
elegant  building  does  credit  to  the  city, 
and  to  Strictland  the  architect.  The 
National  Bank,  on  tht  south  side  of  Ches- 
nut strept,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth 
streets,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  and 
one  of  the  few  in  the  United  States  con- 
structed entirely  of  marble,  architect  also 
Strickland.  The  Philadelphia  bank  on 
Fourth  and  Chesnut,  presents  to  the  eye 
of  a  traveller  nothing  in  particular,  but 
the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  on  Second  be- 
tween Chesnut  and  Walnut,  is  a  chaste 
marble  structure,  architect  Latrobe.  It 
may  excite  just  astonishment  that  a  city 
sn  commercial  as  Philadelphia,  has  no 
Exchange 

The  buildings  however,  which  contri- 
bute most  to  distinguish  Philadelphia, 
are  those  appropriated  to  literary  and 
humane  purposes.  Of  these  the  City 
Library  claims  the  first  notice.  It  stands 
on  Fifth  and  Library  streets,  between 
Chesnut  and  Walnut.  It  is  a  plain,  though 
spacious  brick  building,  decorated  with 
the  statue  of  its  founder  Franklin,  in  a 
niche  in  front.  The  statue  is  formed  of 
a  block  of  white  marble  executed  in  Ita- 
ly. The  Library  was  incorporated  in 
174?;  and  now  con«-ains  above  20,000  vn 


1'  H  I 

lumes.  It  is  composefl  of  two  connected 
libraries ;  that  ot  the  city,  properly  so 
called,  and  the  Lcganian,  the  latter,  a 
donation  from  Dr  Logan.  The  library  is 
open  the  afternoon  of  each  day  of  the 
week,  Sunday  excepted  ;  and  books  read 
by  visitants  in  the  library-room  free  of 
expense.  Nearly  opposite  the  Library 
stands  the  hall  of  the  American  Philoso- 
phical Society,  containing  the  Hall  of 
the  Society,  and  the  Athenarum.  The 
Athenseum  was  incorporated  in  18 15, 
and  now  contains  a  valuable  library,  and 
the  periodical  works  of  greatest  celebrity 
published  in  the  United  States,  and 
Great  Britain,  The  Philosophical  society 
possesses  also  in  the  sam=-  building,  a 
very  valuable  library,  and  cabinet  of 
minerals.  This  society  was  incorpora- 
ted in  1769. 

Peale's  Must^um,  the  most  extensive 
collection  of  objects  of  Natural  History 
in  America,  occupies  several  rooms  in 
the  State  House. 

The  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  is  situated 
on  the  N  side  of  Chesnut,  between  Tonth 
and  Eleventh  streets.  A  view  of  the  col- 
lection of  Paintings,  Prints,  Statues,  and 
Busts  in  this  establishment  would  alone 
reward  a  distant  and  extended  visit  to 
Philadelphia. 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  in- 
corporated in  1817,  stands  on  the  S  side  of 
Arch,  between  Front  and  Second  streets. 
It  has  a  very  valuable,  and  tolerably  ex- 
tensive collection  of  objects  of  Natural 
History,  and  a  library  exceeding  2000  vo- 
lumes. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania,  occu- 
pies a  spacious  edifice  on  the  west  side 
of  Ninth,  between  Chesnut  and  Market 
streets.  The  University  as  a  literary  in- 
stitution was  firmed,  from  the  old  Univer- 
sity, the  College  and  cliaritable  Schools  of 
Philadelphia,  and  was  incorporated  in  1791- 
It  embraces  natural  science  and  law,  but 
is  known  chiefly  as  a  medical  sciiool,  in 
which  latter  capacity,  it  deservedly  holds  a 
high  rank ;  not  only  among  the  seminaries 
of  the  United  States,  but  of  the  world. 
The  number  of  students  vary  from  four  to 
five  hundred  annually.  In  the  medical  de- 
partment there  arc  seven  professors. 

There  are  at  this  period,  (December, 
1822,)  in  all,  public  and  private,  43  lectur- 
ers, actually  delivering  lectures  on  various 
subjects  in  Philadelphia. 

The  Pennsylvatna  Hospital  deserves  spe- 
cial notice.  The  buildings  are  between 
Spruce,  and  Pine  streets,  and  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth  streets.  This  establish- 
ment was  formed  in  1751,  and  it  must  be 
pardonable  to  say  stands  at  the  bead  of 
.^ucji  ioslitutions  in  the  TTnited  Slates.  It 
5K 


<P  H  I 

cm}*races  the  two  great  objects  of  national 
charity ;  first,  the  protection  and  care  of 
those  whose  maladies  disable  them  from 
personal  exertion,  and  whose  poverty  de- 
nies them  the  means  of  procuring  other 
aid  ; — and  a  Lunatic  Asylum.  In  the  Hos- 
pital are  an  extensive  Anatomical  Mu- 
seum,  and  the  second  largest  library  in 
the  city,  consisting  of  upwards  of  5000 
volumes. 

Tne  celebrated  Painting  of  "  Christ  heal- 
ing the  sick,"  the  present  of  its  author,  Mr. 
West,  is  deposited  for  public  exhibition  in 
a  building  erected  for  that  purpose,  in  front 
of  t  e  Hospital,  on  Spruce  street. 

Tiie  Almshouse,  to  which  is  attached  an 
extensive  Infirmary,  under  the  superinten- 
dence of  many  of  the  most  respectable  phy- 
sicians in  the  city,  is  also  situated  between 
Spruce  and  Pine  streets,  but  between 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  streets. 

Besides  these  extensive  public,  there  are. 
many  private  charitable  institutions  in  the 
city. 

The  Widows',  and  Orphans'  Asylum  is 
one  of  tiiose  private  establishments,  the 
fruits  of  the  active  benevolence  of  a  num- 
ber of  Philadtlphia  ladies.  If  the  eye  of 
an  angel  can  view  with  complacency  any 
hum.tn  work,  it  must  be  one,  where  be- 
reaved old  age  IS  protected,  and  where 
helpless  orphan  innocence  is  sheltered, 
protected,  clohed  and  educated.  This 
ti  idy  sublime  institution  is  in  Cherry  and 
Schuylkill  Fifth  street. 

In  an  unusually  inclement  night,  Januarv 
23-24th,  between  one  and  two  A.  M.  1822 
a  most  distressful  calamity  befel  the  Or- 
phai  s'  Asylum,  by  which  the  building  ap- 
propriated to  the  Orphans,  and  23  of  those 
interesting  children  were  consumed  by  fire. 
The  charitable  feelings  of  tde  citizens  in 
general,  and  the  munificence  of  the  legis- 
lature of  Pennsylvmia,  have  repaired  the 
loss,  as  far  .is  human  means  could  effect 
such  a  work.  The  house  is  now  rebuilding 
with  renev/ed  convenience,  extent  and  safe- 
ty ;  and  the  funds  of  the  institution  greatly- 
augmented. 

By  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  the  state, 
a  particular  system  of  public  instruction  has 
been  framed  and  put  in  operation  in  the 
city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  and  as  far 
as  practicable  conducted  on  the  Lancaste- 
rian  plan. 

During  the  three  years  since  the  Lan- 
casterian  system  of  education  was  organ- 
ized in  the  city  and  county  of  Pliiladelphia, 
7809  children  have  partaken  of  its  benefits. 
The  number  attending  the  schools  in  Feb- 
ruary 1822,  were 


City 

Northern  Liberties 

Kensincrton 


809 


1059 
•37Cy 
391. 


P  H  I 


p  H  r 


Spring  Garden 

Soutluvark 

I^Ioyamensing 


lo3 
652 
358 

2969 


COMMERCE  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


The  expense  of  tUe  sections  not  under 
the  care  of  liie  controllers  amounted  to 
g2657  42  cents. 

The  whole  amount  expended  for  the 
support  of  schools  in  the  year  1821,  \va.s 
Sll,7'14  83  cenls,  which  keeps  the  cost  of 
education  within  the  maximum  limit  of 
four  doUiirs  per  annum  for  each  child. 

The  number  of  children  in  the  sections 
where  Lancaster's  system  is  not  establish- 
ed does  not  appear  by  the  controller's  last 
report. 

Those  parts  of  the  county  not  particular- 
ly mentioned,  ar-;  the  sections  intended  by 
the  first  and  last  paragriiph  of  this  extract. 

As  a  commercial  port,  Philadelphia,  from 
the  peculiar  reatiires  of  the  Delaware 
river,  is  more  liable  to  be  impede  i  by  ce, 
than  is  either  New  York  or  Baltimore ;  t<ui 
independent  of  that  circun. stance  the  for- 
mer pos-esif  s  perhaps  as  many  natural  ad- 
vantaijes  as  eituer  i;f  die  others.  Ir,  1816, 
the  tonnat^e  of  te  shipping  owned  in  Phi- 
ladelphia, amounted  to  101,830  tons  At 
present  1822,  llie  lonnage  amounts  to  up- 
wards of  120,000  tons.  The  Delaware  is 
not  navigable  to  this  city  lor  ships  of  the 
line  of  '  he  first  class. 

The  subjoined  prefatory  remarks  and 
table  are  extracted  from  the  Democratic 
Press  of  Novemi)er  29th,  1822. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  niim- 
ber  o'  ves-iels  and  passengers,  which  arri- 
ved at  the  port  of  Philaaelpiiia  during  the 
months  of  June,  J  ilv,  August  and  Septem- 
ber, for  llie  years  1819,  '20,  '21.  and  '22. 
Its  correctness,  as  far  as  vessels  from  <br- 
eign  ports  are  ci>ncerned,  may  be  implicitly 
relied  on  ;  and  also  the  coasting  trade,  as 
far  as  it  goes.  If  about  thirty  vessels  a 
month,  principally  schooners  and  si  ops 
from  N"rth  Carolina,  with  naval  stores  and 
lumber,  and  from  other  ports  in  the  United 
States  are  added,  die  account  will  be  near 
ly  perfect  for  the  time  specified.  It  should 
be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  summer  is  not 
the  most  active  commercial  season  ot  the 
year.  The  spring  and  fall  present  a  great 
many  more  iirrivals,  especially  from  foreign 
ports. 

It  wili  be  seen  by  the  table  that  there 
has  been  a  gradu-.l  increase  of  the  com- 
merce of  Piiiladelp'iia  for  the  la>t  three 
years,  witli  the  exception  of  1820,  which 
was  owing  in  all  probability,  to  the  exag- 
gerated stories  which  wer.t  abroad,  respect- 
ing ihe  partiwl  prevalence  of  epidemic  fe- 
ver in  the  cilv. 


JS  o 


en  ^ 


S.       T)3 


1819. 

June  -  14  22  39  20  95  56  1101 

July  .  19  27    39  13  98  59 

August   14  21  38  8  81  52 

Sept.    17  30  26  4  77    59  2007 

64  100  142  45  351  226  6760 


1811 

1841 


1820. 

June  -  10  17  39  9  75  39 

Jidy   .  11  26  31  6  75  41 

August  16  19  33  10  78  44 

Sept.  18  19  27  5  69  55 


675 
572 
583 
575 


55    81  130  '  31  297  179  2405 


13  17  42  10  82 
18  27  36   7  83 


35 
45 


8  24  60  14  103  56 
17  28  32   4  81  54 


606 
681 
606 
603 


56    96  170  32  354  190  2496 


12  30  50  12  104  52 
10  27  53  5  75  43 
21  25  35  17  118  63  1175 


S50 
624 


9  31  44 

12  96  54   581 

52  113  182 

46  393  213  3230 

1821. 
June  - 
July  - 
August 
Sept. 


1822. 
June  - 
July  - 
Aiigust 
Sept. 


As  a  manufacturing  city,  Philadelphia 
is  first  in  the  Union.  It  would  be  use- 
less to  specifiy  the  number  or  value  of 
each  article  it  may  suffice  to  say,  that  in 
the  City,  Liberties,  aud  environs  almost 
every  object  of  nee-,  ssity,  and  some  of 
ornament  and  luxury  are  produced. 
Accorflini';  to  Coxe's  View,  the  value  of 
manufactured  articles  produced  here  in 
1810.  exceeded  16,000,000  of  dollars. 
Printing  is  very  extensively  carried  into 
operation  ;  both  in  the  production  of 
books,  and  public  prints. 

Tht  ill i and  trade  of  Pennsylvania  is 
vei-y  extensive  This  citv  coiTipetes 
with  New  York,  New  Orleans  and  Bal- 
timore in  the  supply  of  the  inhabitants 
in  the  basin  of  Mississippi.  Under  the 
articles  Lf-high,  Delaware,  Schuylkill, 
and  Susquehannah,  may  be  seen  tiie  va- 
rious natural  facilities  of  external  and 
internal  water  communication  open  to 
Philadelphia  ;  and  under  the  same,  and 
other  articles,  are  noticed  the  artificial 
operations,  either  performed  in  progress, 
or  desieoed,  to  aid  the  natural  facilities. 


?  H  I 


PHI 


or  remove  impediments  to  intercommu- 
nication. 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard  at 
Philadelphia  composes  a  part  of  South- 
wark.  The  depth  of  water  is  sufficient 
for  launching  vessels  of  the  first  class, 
but  not  of  floating  them  with  their  guns, 
crews,  and  uther  necessary  lading  Be- 
fore being  prepared  for  sea,  ships  of  the 
line  have  to  be  removed  lower  down  the 
Delaware. 

The  environs  of  Philadelphia  have 
been  justly  admired  f)r  soft,  and  yet  va- 
ried scenery.  The  banks  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, are  much  more  picturesque,  than 
those  of  the  Delaware  ;  and  the  former, 
also,  much  more  extensively  and  taste- 
fully improven.  Pratt's  gardens  above, 
and  Bartram's  below  the  city  are  indeed 
elegant  and  rich  additions  to  a  picture 
rendered  more  seductive  by  contrast 
with  the  two  fine  villages  of  Hamilton 
and  Mantua,  and  two  beautiful  and  noble 
bridges  which  connect  those  villages  to 
the  city.  The  whole  i?iterminged  with 
numerous  detached  seats,  and  crowned 
by  the  artificial  cascade,  locks,  water 
works,  and  reservoir  at  Fair  Mount. 

Taken  together,  if  we  engroup  its  ad- 
vantages and  disadvantages ;  if  we  con- 
sider the  order  of  its  citizens,  the  clean- 
ness, and  regularity  of  its  streets,  and  its 
•well  cultivated  and  abundant  neighbour- 
hood it  may  be  doubted  whether  more  is 
concentrated  in  any  other  place  to  minis- 
ter to  human  comfort  and  prosperity. 

Population  ia  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        -    23,240 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -    24.128 


Total  whites                 -        -        -  47,368 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -         -  6^352 

Slaves 2 


Total  population  in  1810 


53.722 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         .         -         . 

do.  do.     t'e  .''ales      -         .         - 
AU  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

25,785 
29,232 

1,203 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.            do.         females 
Slaves,  males      .... 
do.     females 

56,220 

3,156 

4,423 

0 

o 

Total  population  in  l82o'  -  63,802 

Of  these:  

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  777 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  156 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  6,100 

do.       ia  Commerce     -  -  2,984 


The  preceding  table  includes  only  the 
population  of  Philadelphia,  from  the 
S'-uth  side  of  Vine,  to  the  north  side  of 
Cedar,  or  South  street  inclusive.  See 
Philadelphia  county.  The  incorporated 
suburbs  of  Philadelphia  cont.iined  in 
1820,  45,007  inhabitants,  thus  classed. 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  672 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  63 

do.         in  Manufactures        -       3,475 

do.         in  Commerce  -  481 

Combining  these   separate  elements, 
the  productive  p.-pulation  of  the  city  and 
suburbs  will  stand  as  follows. 
Ei.'gaged  in  Agriculture  -         219 

do.  Manufactures  -      9,575 

do.  Commerce  -      3  465 

The  governm  nt  of   Philadelphia  is 
vested  in  a   Mayor,  Aldermen,  Recor- 
der, and  Select  and  Common  Ci  uncils. 
Progressive  population 
In  1790,  43,527 

1800, 

1810,  92,247 . 

1820,  108,809 

The  old  and  new  state  prisons,  as  they 
b  long  to  the  state,  and  not  to  the  city 
will  be  notic  d  under  the  artici.:  Penn- 
sylvania, vi-hich  see. 

Philadelphia,  post  town  Monroe  coun- 
ty, A  abama. 

Pkilipsburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  seated  on 
the  R'tine,  seven  miles  S  of  Spire,  and 
40  NE  of  Strasburg  Lon  8  Zo  E,  lat. 
49  12  N. 

Philips- Kort on  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, seven  miles  S  of  Bath.  Lon.  2  16 
W,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Philipatadt,  town  of  Sweden  in  Wer- 
meland,  seated  in  a  hilly  and  rocky 
country,  abounding  in  iron  mines,  be- 
tween two  lakes,  and  watered  by  a  ri- 
vulet. It  is  2u  miles  NE  of  Carlstadt, 
and  140  NW  of  Stockholm.  Lon  14  10 
E,  lat  59  30  N. 

Philipstoivn,  borough  of  Ireland,  capi- 
tal ot  King's  County,  40  miles  W  of  Dub- 
lin.   Lon.  7  3  W,  lat  5?,  18  N. 

Phllipville,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  Hair.ault,  on  an  eminenc,  35  miles 
SE  of  Mons,  and  125  N  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  24  E,  lat  50  7  N. 

PhiUppi,  ancient  town  of  Macedonia. 
It  was  near  this  plac",  commonly  called 
the  plains  of  Philippi,  where  Cassius  and 
Brutus,  two  of  the  assassinators  of  Cxsar, 
were  tlefeated  by  Augustus  and  Mark 
Antony,  in  42  B.  C  It  is  67  miles  E  of 
Salonichi.  Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  40  0  N. 
I'hilippina.     See  Samar. 

Philippine,  town  of  Flanders,  on  an 
arm  of  the  Scheidt,  12  mili  s  SK  oi'  Flush- 
ing.   Lon.  3  51  E,  lat.  51  16  N. 
811 


I*  I  A 


1*  J  C 


.Philippine  Islands,  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Magellan,  in  1521. 
They  are  said  to  be  about  1200  in  num- 
ber, of  which  400  are  c  nsidcrabie.  The 
principal  are  Luconia,  Mindanao,  Samar, 
Matsbate,  Mindoro  Lubao,  Panay,  Lf y te, 
Bohol,  Ztbu,  Negro's  St  John's  Xolo.  and 
Abyo.  The  air  is  very  hot  and  moist, 
and  the  soil  fertile  in  rice  and  many  other 
useful  vegetables  and  fruits.  Lon.  117  13 
to  120  50  E,  lat  6  30  to  18  15. 

Philippines  J\''e7L\  otherwise  called  Pa- 
laos  and  CaroUnas,  islands  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  E  of  the  most 
southern  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  There 
are  about  32  in  all,  between  the  equator 
and  the  Ladrones  ;  but  they  are  very 
little  known  to  the  Europeans. 

FMlippoH,  town  of  Rorsiana,  on  the  Ma- 
riza,  82  miles  NW  of  Adrianople.  Lon. 
24  50  E,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Philips,  post  town  and  township,  So- 
merset county,  Maine,  40  miles  N  from 
Norridgewock     Population  1820,  634 

Philips,  township  of  Putnam  county, 
New  York,  on  Huds<in  river,  W  from 
Carmel     Population  1820,  3733. 

Philips,  county  of  Arkansa  ;  lying  along 
the  Mississippi  and  St.  Francis  rivers 
Chief  town  St.  Helena,  on  the  Miss-issippi. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -       -  403 

do.    do.    females         -        -  449 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  4 

Total  whites     .       -        -        .       1,056 

Slaves,  males       ....  71 

do.    females  ....  74 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -      1,201 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  ■        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture         •         -  361 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  9 

do.        in  Commerce  -         -  4 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain 

Philipsburg,  post  village  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York. 

Philipsburg,  post  village  of  Sussex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Delaware  opposite  Eastcn,  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Philipsburg;  village  in  JeflFt  rson  county, 
Ohio,  on  Ohio  river,  seven  miles  below 
Stubenville. 

Philip's,  Fort  St.  Strong  citadel  of  Mi- 
norca, which  defends  the  harbour  of 
Port  Mahon.    Ldn.  3  48  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Philipsville,  village  of  the  parish  of  Nev.' 
Feliciana  Lousiana. 

Piauezu,  town  and  castle  of  Piedmont, 
seated  pn  the  Dora,  eight  miles  from 
Turin. 

S12 


Piaiwza,  island  of  Italy,  off  the  coast 
of  Tuscany,  six  miles  S  of  that  of  Elba. 
It  is  level  and  low  as  the  name  imports. 
Lon.  10  34  E,  lat.  42  46  N. 

Piuva.  nver  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Tirol,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  by  two  mouths,  a  little  N  of  Ve- 
nice. 

Pieardy,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Hainault,  Artois, 
and  the  straits  of  Ddver ;  on  the  E  by 
Champagne  ;  on  the  S  by  the  isle  of 
France  ;  and  on  the  W  by  Normandy  and 
the  English  Channel.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  Somme. 

Piehincha,  volcanic  mountain  of  South 
America,  near  Quito  ;  only  11  minutes 
south  of  the  Equator,  rising  15,939  feet 
above  the  ocean. 

Picighitone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  with  a  castle,  in  which  Francis  I. 
ot  Fiance  was  imprisoned.  Ii  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1733,  and  in  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Serio,  10  miles  NW  of  Cre- 
mona, and  36  SE  of  Milan.  Lon.  10  4  E, 
lat.  45  16  N. 

Pickaway,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  by 
Ross  S  ;  Fayette  W ;  Madison  NW  ;  De- 
laware N ;  Fairfield  E ;  and  Hocking  SE. 
Lengtli  22 :  width  21 ;  and  area  about  470 
square  miles.  A  considerable  portion  of 
the  land,  especially  on  the  eastern  side  of 
Sciota  river,  is  of  a  very  superior  quality, 
and  produces  immense  quantities  of  the 
different  kinds  of  grain.  It  was  estimated 
that  10,000  barrels  of  flour  were  exported 
from  this  county  in  the  spring  of  1817,  for 
the  New  Orleans  market.  "  It  has  the 
four  varieties  of  woodland,  barren,  plain  and 
prairie.  Tiie  plain  land  equals,  and  per- 
haps,  excels  any  other  land  in  the  western 
country,  for  the  production  of  wheat ;  gen- 
erally producing  from  forty  to  forty-five 
bushels  per  acre  of  the  first  quality. — The 
prairies  are  best  for  corn  and  grass,  and  the 
barrens  produce  excellent  pastures.  These 
three  kinds  of  land  probably  compose  one 
filth  part  of  the  land  of  the  county  :  the 
other  four  fifths  being  now,  or  not  long 
since,  heavily  timbered."  Sciota  river  runs 
from  north  to  south  through  nearly  the 
middle  of  the  county  The  other  princi- 
pal streams  are  Lower  Walnut,  Darby  and 
Deer  creeks. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 


Total  whites        ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         .        .         .,       . 
Slaves       -        -        .        _        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 


3,726 
3,329 

7,055 

69 

0 

7,124 


PIE 


P  I  K 


Ifopulatioii  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        .        . 
do.    do.  females 

Total  whiles 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Total  population  in  1820 


13,011 
65 
73 


JPieyra  la  Moutier,  St.  town  of  France, 
6,748  in  the  department  of  Nirvenois,  and  late 
6,263  province  of  Nivernois.  It  is  seated  in  a  bot- 
.  torn,   surrounde  ;    by  mountains,  and  near 

a  lake,  whicti  renders  the  air  unwholetiome, 
15  miles  NW  of  Vloidins,  and  150  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  13  E,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Piercy,  township  ot  Coos  county,  New 

13,149  Hampshire.  Population  1820,  218. 
— —  Piermont,  post  village  and  township  Graf- 
ton county,  New  Hampshire.  Population 
33  1820,  1017. 
3,105  Pierponi,  township  in  the  eastern  border 
209  of  Ashtabula  county,  adjoining  the  Penn- 
16  sylvania  state  line.  It  is  10  miles  long,  and 
five  broad.     P  'pulation  1820,  213. 

Piei're,  St.  small  desert  island  near  New- 
foundland.    Lon.  56  0  W,  lat.  46  39  N. 

Pierre,  St.  the  capital  of  Martinico,  on 
the  W  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  61  21  W, 
lat.  14  1  N. 

Pierre,  St.  small  island  of  Swissci'land, 
in  the  lake  of  Neufchatel. 

Pietro,  St.  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  Sardinia. 

Pigeon  Island,  small  island,  eight  miles 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  28. 

Pickaivay,  townsiiip  of  the  county,  just 
described.     Population  1820,  1908. 

Pickaivay  plains,  remarkable  level  and  fer- 
tile body  of  I'.nd  in  Pickaway  county,  Ohio 
three  miles  below  Circleville.  These 
plains  lie  a  litUe  E  from  Sciota  river,  in 
somewhat  a  circular  or  rather  an  eUiptical 
fjrm,  with  the  longi^st  diameter  from  NE 
.to  SW,  being  about  seven  miles  in  that  di- 
rection by  three  and  a  half  from  NW  to 

SE.  These  are  natural  plams,  without  a  from  the  coast  of  Malabar,  and  15  from  the 
tree  or  shrub  within  reach  of  the  eye,  ex-  town  of  Onore.  Lon.  74  5  E,  lat.  14  1  N, 
cepting  along  the  distant  borders  in  the  Pignerol,  town  of  Piedmont,  at  the  en- 
surrounding  horizon.  trance  of  the  valley  of  Pesura.  It  is  seat- 
Pickensville,  Pendleton  district,  South  on  the^Cluson,  15  miles  SW  of  Turin. 
Carohna,  on  Saluda  river  135  miles  above  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 
Columbia.  Pigney,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
Pickering,  town  in  the  North  Riding  of  ment  of  Aube  and  late  province  of  Cham- 
Yorkshire,  26  miles  NE  of  Nork.  Lon.  0  Pagn<^»  ^^.o^onlr  ^  "^  Troyes.  Lon.  4 
38  W  lat   54  15  N                                            25  E,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Pickering,  town  of  York  county;  Upper  ,.  -P'^^^,  township,  Allegany  county.  New 
Canada,  o.f lake  Ontario  E  from  York.*^         ^"^k     Population  1820,  1622. 

Pico,  the  largest  and  most  populous  of  ^^^'^'''J'T^^^  Pennsylvania ;  bounded 
the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  so  called  ^E  by  Sullivan  county,  New  York  ;  SE  by 
irom  a  lofty  mountain  on  it,  rising  to  up-  Essex  county  in  New  Jersey  ;  SW  by 
wards  of  7000  feet.  It  produces  a  great  ^ortbampton  ;  and  ^W  by  Luzerne  and 
quantity  of  wine.  Lon.  28  21  W,  lat.  38  Wayne.  Length  ol  ;  width  25  ;  and  area 
29  j^  772.     Surface  hilly,  or  rather  mountainous, 

Picto7i,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Nova  ^"^  ^^'^  ''^^'^y  ^"'^  ^^"^"  generally.  Chief 
Scotia.     Lat.  45  46  N.  town,  Miltord. 

Piedmont,  principality  of  Italy,  175  miles       Population  in  1820. 
long,  and  40  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by    Free  white  males        -         -        -         1,509 
Vallais,   on  the  E  by  the  duchies  of  Milan        do.  do.     females     -        -        -         1,330 
and  Montferrat,  on  the  S  by  the  county  of   All  other  persons,  except  Indians 
Nice  and  the   territory  of  Genoa,  and  on        not  taxed       -         -        .        .  4 

the  W   by  France  and  Savoy.    It  w.is  for-  ■ 

merly  a  purt  of  Lombardy,  but  now  belongs   Total  whites       ... 
to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  lies  at  the  foot   Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
of  the  Alps,     it  contains  many  high  moun.  do.  do.        female 

tains,  among  which  are  rich  and  fruitful    Slaves,  males 


valleys,  as  populous  as  any  part  of  Italy, 
In  the  mountains  are  mines  of  several  kinds. 
This  country  has  a  great  trade  in  raw  silk  ; 
and  it  produces  also  corn,  rice,  wine,  fruits, 
hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  Turin  is  the  capi- 
tal. 


do.    females 
Total  population  in  1820 


2,843 

29 

21 

1 

0 


3,894 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Pienza,  populous  town  of  Tuscany,    in    Engaged  in  Agriculture 
the   Siennese,  with  a  bishop's  see.    It  is       do.        in  Manufactures 
25  miles  SE  of  Sienno,  and  56  S  of  Flo-       do.        in  Commerce 
fence.    Lon,  11  42  E,  lat,  43  0  N.  Population  to  the  square  mile,  3, 

813 


18 

1,534 

382 

ST 


r  1  K 


1*  1 


JPike,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  S  by 
Sciota  ;  SW  by  Adams ;  W  by  Highland  ; 
N  by  Ross  ;  and  E  by  Hocking-  and  Jack- 
son. Length  32 ;  breadth  15  ;  and  area 
400  square  miles.  Some  fertile  tracts  exist 
and  mucli  second  rate  soil,  tliough  ihe 
largest  share  of  its  surface  is  rough,  and 
hilly.  Sciota  river  passes  through  near  tlie 
middle  of  the  county.   Chief  town,  Piketon. 

Population  in  1820 
Free  white  males        ...         2,068 

do.    do.     females  -        -        2,603 


Total  whites       .         -         .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.       females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


4,131 
63 
59 

4,253 


8 

746 

92 

6 


Pike,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded  by 
Warrick  S;  Gibson  W;  White  river  or 
Knox  and  Daviess  N,  and  Dubois  E. 
Length  24 ;  breadth  17 ;  area  410  square 
miles.  Patoka,  branch  of  W  ibash  passes 
through  the  middle  of  tuis  county. 

Population  in  1820. 
Fret  white  males  -        -  784 

do.    do.    fenfjales         -       -  681 

Total  whites           .        -       -  1,465 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  2 

do.             do.       females,  2 

Slaves,  males    .        -        -        -  2 

do.    females         ...  i 


Total  wliites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.         do.         females 
Slaves,  males      .        -        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

?A4 


3,747 


20 
1,073 


Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  21 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  6 

Pike,  county  of  Mississippi  j  bounded  by 
Louisiana  S  ;  Amite  W ;  Lawrence  N,  and 
Marion  E.  Length  27;  width  30;  and 
area  about  800  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  uneven  rather  than  hilly ;  and 
soil  except  aiong  the  streams  sterile,  and 
timbered  with  pine.  Staple  cotton.  Chief 
town,  Holmsville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.     do.    females  .        -         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 


1,845 
1,598 


Total  whites      -        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males      -  -        - 

do.    females  -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


3,443 

0 

1 

461 

533 

4,438 


Total  population  in  1820       .    -        1,472    gg' 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34. 

Pike,  county  of  Missouri,  exteading  from 
Missouri  river,  opposite  Osage  nver,  to- 
wards the  N  boundary  ot  the  state  ;  with 
Howard  W,  and  Lincoln  and  Montgomery. 
Chief  town,  Jefl'erson. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wiiite  males,       -        -        -         1,749 

do.  do.    females   -        -        -         1,322 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  -  0 

Engaged  ui  Agriculture               -  1,442 

do.       in  Manufactures            -  43 

do.       in  Commerce         -         -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5J. 

Pike,  township  Knox  county,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  376. 

Pike,  township  nf  Perry  county,  Ohio. 
Pojiulation  in  1820,  647. 

Pike,  NW  township  of  Madison  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  344. 

Pike,  township  of  Wayne  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  514. 

Pike,  township  in  the  souihern  part  of 
Stark  county,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820, 


Pike,  NW  township  of  Clark  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  536, 

Pikdand,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1001  inhabitants 
in  1810  Situated  on  the  SW  side  of 
Schuylkill,  between  Charleston  and  Vin- 
cent townships,  20  miles  NW  from  Phila- 
delphia.    Population  in  1820.  1221. 

Pike  Run,  township  of  \A  asJiington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Monongahela 
river,  commencing  nearly  opposite  Browns- 
ville, and  extending  to  the  N  W  ;  containing 
1693  inhabitants  'in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
1967. 

Pikesville,  post  village,  Baltimore  coun- 
ty, Maryland. 

Piketon,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice. 
Pike  county,  Ohio,  19  miles  S  from  Chili- 
cothc. 

Pikeville,  post  village,  Rhea  county,  Ten- 
nessee. 

Pilcomayo,  river  of  South  America,  in 
the  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  rising  in 
the  Andes  near  Potosi,  and  flowing  SE, 


p  I  K 


P  I  s 


joins  the  Paraguay  belosv  Assumption,  af- 
ter a  comparative  course  of  about  800 
miles. 

Pilesgrove,  township  of  Salem  county, 
New  Jersey.  Population  in  1810,  1756; 
and  in  1820,  2012. 

Pillau,  strong  seaport  of  Prussia,  on  the 
Bailie,  20  miles  \V  by  S  of  Koningsberg,  of 
which  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  20*20  E,  lat.  54 
38  N. 

PUsen,  strong  towa  of  Bohemia,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Misa  and  Watto,  47  miles 
W  by  S  of  Prague.  Lon.  13  5S  E,  lat.  49 
46  N. 

Pilsna,  Pilsno,  or  Pihzow,  town  of  Little 
Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Sandomir, 
seated  on  the  Wilfate,  50  miles  E  of  Cra- 
cow.    Lon.  21  10  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Pilten,  town  of  Courland,  capital  of  a 
fertile  territory  of  tlie  same  name,  seated 
on  the  river  Windaw,  between  G  )ldingen 
and  Windaw,     Lon.  22  10  E,  lat.  57  15  N. 

Pinckney,  township  of  Lewis  county, 
New  York.     Population  in  1820.  507. 

Pinckneyville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice. Union  district.  South  Carolina,  on 
Broad  river,  75  miles  above  Columbia. 

Pinckneyville,  post  village,  Wilkinson 
county,  Mississippi,  about  50  miles  south 
from  Natchez 

Pine,  township  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Pine  creek,  six  mdes  N 
from  Pittsburg.     Population  in  1820,  795. 

Pine  Creek,  river  of  Pt-nnsylvania,  rising 
in  Potter  and  Tioga  counties,  interlocking 
sources  with  Allegany,  Genessee,  and  Tio- 
ga rivers,  flows  souih,  enters  Lycoming 
county  and  falls  into  tiie  west  branch  of 
Susquehannah  river,  13  miles  by  land 
above  Williamspnrt,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  60  miles. 

Pine,  township  of  Lycoming  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  west  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah,  abo»e  the  mouth  of  Pine  creek. 
Population  in  1820,  428. 

Pine  Grove  .Mills,  post  office.  Centre 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Pine  Grove,  southern  township  of  Schuyl- 
kill county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  of 
Swatara  river.     Population  in  1820,  1868. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  considerable  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  to  the  S  of 
Nev?  Caledonia,  discovered  by  captain 
Cook  in  1774.  Lon.  167  38  E,  lat.  22 
38  S. 

Ping-leang-fou,  one  of  the  most  consid- 
erable cities  of  the  western  part  of  the 
province  Chen-si  in  China.  Lon.  106  25 
E,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Pinnel,  strong  town  of  Porluc^al,  in  Tra- 
los-Montes,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Colia  and  Pinnel,  25  miles  N  of 
Guarda,  Lon.  6  40  W,  lat.  40  46  N. 
Pinnenburg-,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 


the  duchy  of  Holstein,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  [t  is  seated  on  the  Owe, 
15  miles  NW  oi  Hamburg.  Lon.  9  40  E, 
lat.  53  46  N. 

Pinos,  uninhabited  island  in  the  W  In- 
dies, on  the  S  side  of  Cuba,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a  deep  strait.  It  is  25 
miles  long  and  15  broad,  and  has  excellent 
pastures.     Lon.  «2  33  W,  lat.  22  2  N, 

Pinsko,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a 
territory  and  sealed  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.     Lon.  26  20  E,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Piombino,  st^aport  of  Italy  in  Tuscany, 
capital  of  the  principality  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay,  40  miles  S 
of  Legliorn,  and  60  SW  of  Florence.  Lon. 
10  23  E,  lat.  42  57  N. 

Piombino,  princip.ality  of  Tuscany,  lying 
on  the  Mediterranean.  The  island  of 
Elba  depends  upon  it,  and  has  its  own 
prince,  under  the  protection  of  the  king  of 
the  Two  Sicilies. 

Piperno,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di 
Roma,  50  miles  SE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  36 
E,  lat,  41  39  N. 

Pipley,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
Bengal,  which  formerly  had  English  and 
Dutch  factories,  hut  is  now  only  inhabited 
by  fi-hermen  It  is  seated  on  a  river,  15 
milts  W  of  Balasore.  Lon.  86  31  E,  lat. 
21  20  N. 

Piqua  post  town  of  Miami  county,  Ohio, 
70  W  by  N  from  Urbana.  It  is  the  seat  of 
theNW  Land  Office  of  Ohio. 

Pique  JMontallier,  highest  mountain  of  the 
Pyrenees.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  pike. 
Lon  0  22  W,  lat.  42  51  N. 

Pirano,  seaport  of  Istria,  on  a  peninsula, 
formed  by  the  bay  of  Largone  10  miles  S 
of  Capo  deTstria.  Lon.  14  1  E,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Piriiz,  town  of  Further  Pomerania,  seat- 
ed near  the  lake  Maldui,  12  miles  S  by  W 
of  New  Stargard. 

Pirmasens,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Deux  Ponts.  It  is  13  miles  E  of 
Deux  Ponts. 

Pima,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  celebrated  for  a  battle  having  been 
fought  in  its  neighbourhood,  between  the 
allies  and  French,  in  1813.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  12 
miles  SE  of  Dresden. 

Pisa,  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  the  Pi- 
sano,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  uni- 
versity.  The  river  Arno  runs  through 
Pisa,  and  over  it  are  three  bridges,  one  of 
which  is  constructed  of  marble  ;  and  there 
is  a  canal  hence  to  Leghorn.  It  is' seated 
in  a  fertile  plain,  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  Mediterranean,  11  miles  NNE  of  Leg- 
horn, and  42  W  by  S  of  Florence.  Lon. 
10  23  E,  lat.  43  43  N. 

Pinano,  territory  of  Tuscany,  lying  W  of 
the  Florentino,  on  the  Mediterranean.     It 
is  47  miles  long  and  25  broad ;  abotinds  in 
«15 


V  I  1 


PIT 


corn,  oil,   wine,   and  is  well   cultivated. 
Pisa  is  the  capital, 

Pisca,  town  of  Peru,  witli  a  good  road 
for  ships,  140  miles  SSE  of  Lima.  Lon.  76 
15  W,  lat.  13  36  S. 

Piscadores.     See  Pong-hou. 

Plscataqua,  river  of  New  Hampshire, 
the  mouth  of  'vhich  forms  the  only  port  in 
that  state,  and  is  60  miles  N  of  Boston. 
Lon.  70  30  W,  lat  43  25  N. 

Piscataivay,  township  of  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  containing  2.475  inhabi 
tants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2648.     Situated 
about  12  miles  NE  of  P  inceton. 

Piscataway,  post  town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  nine  miles  N  of  Port 
Tobacco,  and  35  SW  of  Annapolis,  and  18 
S  of  the  city  of  Washington. 

Pisello,  the  most  nor' hern  cape  of  Nato- 
lia,  which  projects  into  the  Black  Sea,  op- 
posite the  Crimea. 

Pishour.     See  Peishore. 

Pistoia,  iiandsomeand  considerable  town 
of  Italy,  in  Tuscany.  It  is  seated  on  a  fer- 
tile plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  and 
near  the  river  Stella,  20  miles  NW  of  Flo- 
rence, and  30  NE  of  Pisa.  Lon.  11  29  E, 
lat.  43  55  N. 

Pitcaitly  Wells,  some  remarkable  saline 
springs  near  Perth,  in   Scotland,  deemed ' 
beneficial  in  scorbutic  cases. 

Pithea,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  W  Bothnia, 
seated  on  a  small  island,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Pithea,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is 
joined  to  tlv'  continent  by  a  wooden  bridge, 
and  is  80  miles  SW  of  Tornea.  Lon.  22 
40  E,  lat  65  UN. 

Pitt,  county  of  North  Carolina,  on  both 
sides  of  Tar  river;  bounded  by  Beauford 
SE;  Craven  S;  Greene  SW;  Edgecomb 
NW  ;  and  Martin  NE  Length  28 ;  mean 
width  23  ;  and  area  about  640  square  miles. 
Surface  level.    Chief  town,  Greenville^ 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,744 

do.    do.     females  -        •        2,836 


Total  population  in  1829    - 


IQ.QQl 


Total  whites       -         -         -        -  5,580 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Slaves 3,589 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -  9,169 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       -        -        -  2,864 

do.     do.     females     -         -        .  2,867 
All  o'her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        .        -        .  0 

Total  whites       ....  5,731 

Fi'ee  persons  of  colour,  males     -  18 

do.            do.        females  -  11 

Slaves,  males       .        -        -        -  2,213 

do.   femfiles     -        -        ~        -  2,028 


SI: 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturjlized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        3,205 

do.       in  Manufactures    .        -  61 

do.       in  C;):nmerce  -         .  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile  15J 

Pittemueen,  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  23  miles 
NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  49  W,  lat.  56 
12TS\ 

Pittsburg;  town  of  North  Carolina,  seat 
of"  justice,  Chatham  county.  It  is  famous 
for  pure  air  and  water,  and  stands  on  a 
rising  ground,  in  a  rich  and  well  cultivated 
country,  16  miles  W  of  Raleigh.  It  con- 
tains an  academy,  and  about  300  inhabi. 
tants. 

Pittsburg,  city  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
seat  of  justice  for  Alleghany  county,  on 
the  point  above  the  confluence  of  Mon- 
ongahela,  and  Alleghany  rivers ;  230 
nniles  from  Baltimore,  282  from  Phila- 
delphia, and  1935  miles  by  water  above 
New  Orleans. 

Pittsburg  occupies  an  alluvial  plain, 
and  part  of  the  adjacent  hill,  and  lies  in 
form  of  a  triangle.  It  is  admirably  situ- 
ated for  trade  and  manufactures.  The 
two  fine  streams  which  unite  before  its 
salient  point,  open  to  its  citizens  an  im- 
mense surface  comprising  part  of  West 
New  York,  and  Virginia,  and  all  West 
Pennsylvania  ;  whilst  the  Ohio  connects 
it  with  the  wide  basin  below.  The  ad- 
jacent hills  abound  with  mineral  coal, 
lymg  upwards  of  300  feet  above  the 
streets  of  the  city.  It  has  already  become 
the  theatre  of  great  maHufacturing  esta- 
blishments. In  Pittsburg,  andthe  adjacent 
villages  of  Alleghany  and  Birmingham, 
there  are  in  operation  eight  or  10  sti  am 
mills,  five  glasshouses,  fdur  air  furnaces, 
three  or  four  breweries,  a  number  of  dis- 
tilleries, with  an  indefinite  number  of 
blackmiths'  shops,  slitting  mills,  woollen 
and  cotton  cloth  factories,  rolling  and 
slitting  mills,  fulling  mills,  potteries,  blast 
furnaces,  flour  mills,  boat  yards,  &c. 
Glass  of  every  description  is  made  in 
this  place,  from  window  glass  and  por- 
ter bottles,  to  the  fiv.est  cut  crystal  glass. 

In  a  conr.mercial  point  of  view,  this 
city  is  composed  of  Pittsburg  properly 
so  called ;  the  Northern  Libr-rties,  ex- 
tending from  the  city  up  the  Alleghany, 
the  village  oi  Alleghany,  en  the  opposite 
side  of  Alleghany  river,  a  street  extend- 
ing up  Monongahela  from  the  city,  and 
anotiier  directly  opposite  on  the  west 
side  of  that  stream,  and  lastly  Birming- 
ham also,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela, about  half  a  mile  above  the 
citv.     The  various  manufactories  and 


V  I  T 


P  L  A 


workshops  are  scattered  promiscuously 
through  these  several  places. 

The  progressive  population  of  this 
city  and  suburbs  has  been  rapid  and  to- 
lerably regular.  At  present  1822,  there 
exists  within  one  mile  of  the  centre  of 
the  city  near  10,000  persons  classed  as 
follows : 
Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  600 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         1,200 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  150 

Two  fine  bridges  connect  Pittsburg 
with  the  adjacent  country,  one  over  each 
river.  Except  in  very  clear  and  mode- 
rately windy  weather,  the  view  of  Pitts- 
burg is  far  from  pleasing,  as  the  atmos- 
phere is  generally  surcharged  with  a 
heavy  load  of  smoke  ;  but  when  the  air 
is  rendered  clear  by  wind,  few  places 
can  present  a  series  of  views  more  inte- 
resting. The  two  rivers,  their  bridges, 
numerous  manufactories,  the  varied  hills, 
and  other  objects,  are  engrouped  with 
great  variety  of  effect. 

Pittsjield:,  post  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  29  miles  W  by 
N  of  Northampton,  on  the  Connecticut 
river,  and  33  S  of  Bennington  in  Vermont, 
it  contained  2665  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820,  2768. 

Pittsjield,  township  of  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  15  miles  NW 
from  Concord.     Population  1«0,  1178. 

Pittsjield,  post  village  and  township, 
Rutland  county,  Vermont.  Population 
350. 

Putsfidd,  post  town,  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  40  miles  W  from  North- 
ampton. This  place  contains  a  bank,  a 
printing  office,  three  houses  of  public 
worsliip,  an  academy,  and  a  number  of 
manufactories. 

Pittsfiehl,  post  village  and  township, 
Otsego  county.  New  York,  15  miles  SW 
from  Cooperstown.   Population  1820,  830. 

Pitisford,  post  village  and  township, 
Rutland  county,  Vermont,  on  Otter  river, 
35  miles  VV  from  Windsor. 

Pimford,  post  village  and  township  of 
Monroe  county,  20  miles  NW  from  Can- 
andaigua     Population  1820,  1582. 

Pittsgrove,  pwst  village  and  township, 
Salem  county.  New  Jersey,  30  miles  S 
from  Philadelphia.  Population  1820, 
2040. 

Pittston,  post  town  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Kenne- 
bec river,  18  miles  N  of  Wiscasset,  and 
opposite  to  Gardner,  with  1408  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1337. 

Pittston,  post  town  in  Hunterdon  county, 

New  Jersey,   nine   miles  NW  of  Fle- 

mington,  and  36  from  Trenton  in  the 

same  direction. 

Pittaton,  fyast  town  in  Liizeme  cjtuntv, 

5  I. 


Pennsylvania,  lying  at  the  junction  oi' 
Lackawannock  with  the  E  branch  of 
Susquehannah  river,  nine  miles  NE  of 
Wilkesbarre,  and  eight  NEof  Northum- 
berland.   Population  1820,  825. 

Pittstoiun,  post  town  and  township, 
Rensallaer  county,  New  York,  18  miles 
NE  from  Albany.  Population  1820,  3772. 
Pittsylvania,  county  of  Virginia, 
bounded  by  North  Carolina  S ;  Henry  and 
Franklin  counties  in  Virginia  W ;  Roan- 
oke river,  or  Bedford  and  Campbell  N  ; 
and  Halifax  E  Length  36;  mean  width 
28;  and  area  1000  square  miles.  Be- 
side Roanoke,  this  area  is  watered  by 
Bannister  and  Dan  rivers.  Surface  mode- 
rately hilly ;  soil  generally  productive 
near  the  water  courses.  Chief  town 
Danville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        5,498 

do.    do.  females    -        -     '  •        5,212 

Total  whites  ....  10,710 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  150 

Slaves 6,313 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -      17,172 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        6,278 

do.  do.  females  ...  6,348 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites       ....  12,626 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  114 

do.             do.      females  89 

Slaves,  males      ....  4,127 

do.    females   ....  4,357 

Total  population  in  1820     -         -      21,313 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  n:itur.illzed  -  6 

Engag-ed  in  Agriculture  -         6,898 

do.        in  JManufacturcs  -  382 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  35 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21^. 

Piura,  city  and  province  of  Peru, 
The  city  stands  25  miles  SSE  from 
Payata.  Lon.  W  C  3  36  VV,  lat.  5  11 
S.    Population  7000. 

Placentia,  spacious  bay  en  the  E  coast 
of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  W  C  from  22, 
to  23"  E,  Central  lat.  47  25  N. 

Plain,  township  of  Stark  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  899 

Plain,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio,  VV  from  Wooster.  Population 
1820,  506 

Plain,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  373. 
PlatnXeld,   pest  town   and  township 
817 


e  L  K 

Chesline  county.  New  Hampshire,  42 
miles  NW  from  Concord.  An  academy, 
for  the  education  of  indigent  young  men, 
designed  for  the  clerical  profession,  was 
established  here  in  1813.  Population 
1820.  1460. 

Plainjidd,  post  villae;e  and  township, 
Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  21 
miles  W  from  Northampton. 

Plainfield,  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Connecticut,  15  NE  from  Nor- 
wich,  and  29  of  New  London,  contain- 
ing 1619  inhabitants,  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1820,  2097.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  acade- 
my. 

Plainfield,  township  of  Otsego  county. 
New  York,  containing  2113  inhabitants  in 
1310,  and  in  1820,  1611.  Situated  89 
miles  W  of  Albany. 

Plainfield,  township  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1439  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1127.  Si- 
tuateji  between  More  and  Lower  Bethel 
townships,  on  the  W  side  of  Delaware. 

Plainfield,  post  village  Essex  county. 
New  Jersey,  13  miles  SW  from  Newark. 
Population  1820,  uncertain, 

Plaguemine,  outlet  of  the  Mississippi, 
117  miles  above  New  Orleans ,-  36  above 
the  efflux  of  Lafourche,  and  96  below 
that  of  Atchafaiaya.  This  is  the  princi- 
pal channel  of  water  communication  be- 
tween Attacapas  and  Opelousas,  and  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  tsowever, 
only  at  seasons  of  high  Hood,  that  water 
is  discharged  into  the  Plaquemine.  It 
joins  Atchafaiaya  after  a  winding  course 
of  15  miles. 

Plassey,  Plains  of,  in  Bengal,  about  30 
miles  from  Moorshedabad,  and  70  from 
Calcutta.  This  spot  is  memorable  for  the 
great  victory  gained  by  Colonel  Clive,  in 
1757,  over  the  nabob  Surajah  Dowlah  ; 
by  whicli  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
present  extensive  British  empire  in  Hin- 
doostan. 

Plaquemine  Brule,  small  river  of 
Lousiana,  in  Opelousas.  It  is  the  east- 
ern branch  of  Mermentau  river,  and  the 
dratn  of  the  central  prairies  of  Opelou- 
sas. 

Plaquemine  Bend,  remarkable  bend 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  70  miles  below 
New  Orleans.  Fort  St.  Philip  stands 
on  this  bend,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
rFver. 

Plaquemine,  SE  parish  of  Louisiana  ; 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  NE; 
and  S;  and  by  the  parish  of  Orleans  W 
and  NW.  Length  from  the  English 
Turn  to  the  mouth  of  the  .Mississippi  75 
miles  ;  mean  width  13  ;  and  area  about 
^';355  square  miles.    Excent  alcng  the 


r  L  A 

margin  of  the  Mississippi  river  above  the 
Plaquemine  bend  ;  along  Bayou  Tcrre 
au  Boeut,  and  a  few  other  confined  slips, 
the  surface  of  this  parish  is  an  im- 
mense grassy  morass  naked  of  timber, 
and  utterly  unfit  for  cultivation.  The 
soil,  where  arable  exuberantly  fertile. 
Staples,  sugar,  coiton,  and  rice.  The 
orange  tree  flourishes  better  here  than 
in  any  other  part  of  Louisiana.  Below 
the  Plaquemine  bend,  the  arable  margin 
of  the  Mississippi  terminates.  The 
Mississippi  meanders  through  it  from 
NW  to  SE. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .... 
Slaves       -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1810, 


327 
230 

557 

239 
753 


1,549 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  w hits  males      ...  384 

do.  do.  females  -        -  253 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  Q 


637 
81 
70 

874 
692 

2,354 


15 

1,066 

292 

0 


Total  \vhitq|p  .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  1. 

Plata,  island  of  Peru,  on  the  coast  of 
Quito,  surrounded  by  inaccessible  rocks, 
and  about  five  miles  long,  and  four 
broad. 

Plata,  rich  and  populous  town  of  Peru, 
capital  of  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos, 
with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Chimao,  500  miles  SE  of  Cusco. 
Lon.  63  40  W,  lat.  19  16  S. 

Plata,  or  Rio-dela- Plata,  large  river 
of  South  America,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  three  great  rivers  Paraguay, 
Uraguay,  and  Pavana.  It  crosses  Para- 
guay, and  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in 
lat.  35°  S.  It  is  150  miles  broad  at  its 
mouth  ;  at  Mont  Video,  a  fort,  above 
100  miles  up  the  river,  the  land  is  not  to 
be  discerned  on  either  shore,  when  a 
vessel  is  in  the  raiildle  of  the  channel: 


P  L  E 

and  at  Buenos  Ayres,  200  miles  higher, 
the  opposite  shore  is  not  to  be  discerned 
from  that  town. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la,  province  of  South 
America,  in  Paraguay,  on  the  SW  ot  a 
river  of  the  same  name. 

Platte^  La,  river  of  the  United  States, 
rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  about  29 
degrees  W  from  Washington,  between 
lat.  39  and  42°  N.  Its  general  course 
nearly  due  E,  and  comparative  length 
600  miles.  It  falls  into  the  Missouri,  at 
Ion.  W  C  IS  50;  lat.  41  N  and  about  600 
miles  by  water  above  the  junction  of 
Missouri  and  Mississippi. 

Plattek-ill,  township  of  Ulster  county, 
New  York,  on  Hudson  river  22  miles 
below  Kingston. 

riattsburg,  post  town  and  capital  of 
Clinton  county.  New  York,  on  the  W 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  63  miles  S  from 
Montreal,  and  112  N  from  Whitehall. 
It  is  a  flourishing  village,  containing  the 
ordinary  county  buildings,  several  manu- 
factories, and  me^ca.uile  stores.  This 
town  has  been  consecrated  in  the  history 
of  the  United  States  by  the  splendid  and 
decisive  nav^l  victory  gained  before  it, 
Sept.  11th  1814,  by  the  American  fleet 
commanded  by  Commodore  Macdo- 
nough,  over  a  British  squadron  com- 
manded by  Commodore  Downie. 

Plaiuen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a  small  river 
•which  falls  into  the  Elbe,  near  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  17  miles  S  of  Gustrow. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  53  40  N.        ^  • 

Plaiven,  handsom?  town  of  CJermany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Voigt- 
land,  seated  on  the  Eister,  67  miles  SW 
of  Dresden.    Lon.  12  17  E,  lat,  50  32  N. 

Pleasant y  post  town  in  the  SW  cor- 
ner of  Franklin  county,  containing  600 
inhabitants. 

Pleasant,  township  in  the  SE  corner 
of  Madison  county,  Ohio.  Population 
1820,  555. 

Pleasant,  township  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Clark  county,  Ohio,  containing 
757  inhabitants  in  1820,  759. 

Pleasant,  township  of  Brown  county. 
in  which  is  situated  the  town  of  Ripley, 
Population  1820,  uncertain. 

Pleasant  Grove,  post  villager  of  Lunen- 
burg  county,  Virginia,  50  miles  SW  by 
W  from  Petersburg. 

Pleasant  Grove,  post  village  Orange 
county,  North  Carolina,  about  40  miles 
NW  from  Raleigh. 

Pleasant  Level,  post  village  Monroe 
county,  Alabama. 

Pleasant  Valley,  post  village  Duchess 
■^onntv,  New  York,  seven  miles  SEfrom 


1'  L  \ 

Poughkeepsie.  It  it  the  seat  of  ab  ex 
tensive  cotton,  and  some  other  manufac- 
tures. 

Pkusant  Valley,  village  of  Putnam  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  Hudson  river,  nearly 
opposite  West  Point. 

Pleasant  Valley,  post  town  Fairfax  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Pleibwff^  town  of  Germany,  in  Carin- 
thia,  seated  on  the  river  Feistez,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  25  miles  E  by  S  of 
Clagenfurt. 

Plum  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Massachu- 
setts between  Ipswich  and  Newburyport, 
nine  miles  long  and  one  wide. 

Plumb,  E  tovvnsliip  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of  Allegany 
river,  eight  miles  above  Pittsburg.  I'opu- 
lation  in  1820,  1639. 

Plumpstead,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware,  30  mileS 
nearly  due  N  from  Pialadelphia.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  1790. 

Plymouth,  seaport  in  Devonshire,  wilh  a 
market  on  Monday,  Thursday,  and  Satur- 
day, It  is  seated  between  the  mouths  of 
the  rlym  and  Tamar  ;  and  next  to  Ports- 
mouth, is  the  most  considerable  harbour  in 
England  for  men  of  war.  There  are,  pro- 
perly  speaking,  three  harbours,  called  Cat- 
water,  Sutton'  Pool,  and  Ilamouze.  The 
first  is  the  mouth  of  the  Plym,  and  affords 
a  safe  and  commodious  harbour  for  mor- 
chant  ships,  but  is  seldom  entered  by  ships 
of  war.  The  second  is  frequented  by 
merchant  ships  only,  is  almost  surrounded 
by  the  houses  of  the  town,  and  has  lately 
been  further  secured  by  an  extensive  pier. 
The  third  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar, 
and  is  the  harbour  for  the  reception  of_the 
British  navy,  being  fitted  with  moorings 
for  about  100  sail,  and  having  good  anchor- 
age for  a  much  greater  number.  Adjoin- 
ing to  it,  are  docks,  arsenals,  and  other  con- 
veniences for  the  building  and  fitting  out 
of  ships  of  war.  It  carries  on  a  considera^- 
ble  foreign  and  domestic  trade,  and  is  43 
miles  S W  of  Exeter,  and  216  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  4  10  W,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Plymouth,  county  of  Massachusetts; 
bounded  by  Cape  Cod  and  Boston  Bays  N 
E ;  Barnstable  county  and  Blizzard's  bay  S 
E;  Bristol  county  in  Massachusetts  SW; 
and  Norfolk  NW.  Length  30;  mean 
width  20 ;  and  area  600  square  miles. 
Taunton  river  rises  in  this  county,  and 
flows  SW  towards  Narragansett  bay.  It 
is  the  original  seat  of  the  colonization  of 
New  England.    Cliief  town,  Plymouth. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females 


Total  whites 


Sf9 


16,785 
17,964 

34,749 


F  L  V 


P  ©  1 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxetl        ....  420 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      35,169 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...       18,131 

do.  do.  females  ...  19,587 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  tai.ed        .... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females    .... 

Total  population  in  1820     •        .      38,136 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           ■.  54 

Engaged  in  Agriculture           -  4,558 

do.        in  Maimfactures        -  2  627 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  1,208 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  63^. 

Plymouth,  capital  of  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts  ;  42  miles  S  by  E  of  B.)Ston, 
and  23  NW  of  Barnstable,  in  lal.  41  58  N, 
and  ion.  70  30  W.  This  is  a  post  town,  and 
port  of  entry,  and  was  the  first  town  plant- 
ed by  English  emigrants  in  New  England ; 
and  as  such  it  is  respected  by  the  present 
inhabitants,  the  rock  on  which  their  fathers 
landed,  having  been  removed  to  the  centre 
of  the  town.    Population  in  1820,  4348. 

I'lymoiith,  post  town  and  township,  in 
Grafton  count}'.  New  Hampshire,  33  miles 
SE  of  Haverhill,  and  79  NVV  of  Ports- 
mouth.    Population  in  1820,  983. 

Plymouth,  township  of  Connecticut,  in 
Litchfield  county,  containing  1882  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1758. 

Plymouth,  post  town  and  township,  Che- 
nango county.  New  York,  eiglit  miles  NW 
from  Norwich.     Population  in  1820,  1496. 

Plymouth,  township  of  Luiseriie  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, opposite  Wilkesburre.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  912. 

Plymouth,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Schuylkill,  immediately  below  Norristown. 
Population  in  1820,  928. 

Plymouth,  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  North  Carohna ;  siuialed  on  the  S 
side  of  Roanoke  river,  near  Albemarle 
sound,  18  miles  S  of  Edenton. 

Plymouth,  township  in  the  northern 
limits  of  Richland  county,  Ohio.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  580. 

Plymton,  borough  in  Devonshire,  seven 
miles  E  of  Plymouth,  and  218  W  by  S  of 
London.     Lon.  4  0  W.  lat.  50  22  N. 

Plymton,  township  of  Plymouth  couittv, 
S20 


Massachusetts,  containing  900  inhabitants  in 
1810,  and  in  1820,  930. 

PlyriHmmon  Hills,  vast  and  lofty  moun- 
tains of  Wales,  partly  in  Montgomeryshire, 
and  partly  in  Cardiganshire.  The  Severn, 
the  Wye,  and  other  rivers,  have  their  source 
in  this  mountain. 

Po,  celebrated  river  of  Italy,  which  has 
its  source  at  mount  Viso,  in  Piedmont.  It 
runs  through  Montferrat,  the  Milanese,  and 
the  Mantuan  ;  thence  on  the  borders  of  the 
Parmesan,  and  a  part  of  the  Modenese ; 
and  having  entered  the  Ferrarese,  it  divides 
at  Eicherulolo,  and  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Venice  by  four  principal  mouths.  In  its 
course  it  receives  several  rivers,  and  often 
overflows  its  banks,  as  most  of  those  rivers 
descend  fi-om  the  Alps,  and  are  increased 
by  the  melting  of  the  snow. 

Po,  river  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-si,  which  emptiesi'self  into  the  lake 
Poyang-hou,  a  small  distance  from  Joa- 
tclieou-fou. 

Pocklington,  town  in  the  E  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  a  stream  that  falls  into  the 
Derwent,  14  miles  E  of  York,  and  196  N  by 
W  of  London.     Lon.  0  49  W,  lat.  53  58  N. 

Pocomoke,  river  of  Maryland.  It  rises  in 
Worcester  county,  and  runs  through  the 
county  in  a  SW  direction  into  Pocomoke 
bay. 

PodoUa,  province  in  the  SE  part  of  Po- 
land, wrested  from  that  country  by  Russia, 
in  1793.  The  Dneister  separates  it  from 
Moldavia  on  the  SW,  and  the  Bog  crosses 
it  from  W  to  E.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Upper  and  Lower.  Kamiiiieck  is  the 
capital  of  the  former,  and  Brecklaw  of  the 
latter. 

Poictiers,  town  of  France,  capitaliof  Vi- 
enne,  120  miles  N  by  E  from  Bordeaux, 

Peictou,  late  province  of  France,  boimd- 
ed  on  the  N  by  Bretagne,  Anjou,  and 
Touraine,  E  by  Touraine,  Berry,  and 
Marche,  S  by  Angoumois,  Saintonge,  and 
Aunis,  and  W  by  the  bay  of  Biscay.  It  is 
fertile  in  corn  and  wine.  It  now  forms  the 
three  departments  of  Vendee,  Vienne,  and 
Two  Serves. 

Point,  township  of  Northumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  including  the  village 
of  Northumberland,  on  the  point  between 
the  two  great  branches  of  Susquehannah 
river  above  their  junction.  Population  in 
1820, 1375. 

Point  C/iicot,  town  of  Arkansaw  territory, 
on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Arkansaw  river. 

Point  Coitpei',  parish  of  Louisiana;  botjnd- 
ed  by  ihe  Mississippi  river  NE  ;  the  parish 
of  West  Baton  Rouge  S  ;  and  Atcliafalaya 
river  S.  Length  34  ;  mean  width  18 ;  and 
area  about  COO  square  miles.  It  presents 
one  undeviaiing  plain,  washed  on  one  side 
by  the  Mississippi  river  and  on  another  by 
*he  A.tchafalaya ;  the  intermediate  space 


P  O  1 


P  O  J, 


cut  by  numerous  intei'locking  bayous,  are 
generally  liable  to  annual  submersion. 
The  banks  of  the  Atchafalaya,  are  equally 
subject  to  inundation  with  the  other  parts 
of  the  country.  The  only  arable  surface 
being  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Fausse  Riviere.     See  Faiisse  Riviere. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  682 

do.     do.    females         -        -  566 

Total  whites  ....  1,248 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  104 

Slaves        ....        -  3,187 


Total  population  in  1810  -        4,539 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        .  595 

do.    do.    females     .        -        -  497 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  . 

do.  do.  females 

Slaves,  males  -        -        . 

do.    females 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agricidture 
do.        in  Manufactures  - 
do.        in  Commerce 


4,912 


23 

4,499 

10 

7 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

■Point  Harmar,  that  part  of  M:irielta, 
on  the  S  bank  of  the  Mu--kingut:'.  river, 
Ohio.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  con. 
tains  above  tliiriy  dwelling  houses,  a  post 
office  and  steam  mill,  tlie  building  for 
which  is  erected  of  stone,  and  four  stories 
high. 

Point  Pleasant,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Mason  county,  Ohio,  on  tlie  point, 
above  the  confluence  of  Ohio,  and  Great 
Kenhawa  rivers. 

Poitit  Pleasant,  town,  Clermont  county, 
Ohio,  on  tlie  N  hank  of  the  Ohio  river.  It 
contains  about  25  iiouses,  immediately  be- 
low the  moulh  of  Indian  creek,  21  miles 
southwesterly  from  Williamsburg. 

Poissy,  ancient  town  of  Fi-ance,  in  the 
Isle  of  France ;  seated  near  the  forest  of 
St.  Germain,  15  miles  NW  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  12  E,  lat.  48  56  X. 

Poitiers,  town  o!  F.^ance,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Vienne,  and  late  province 
of  Poitnu,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Its  popu- 
lation is  not  in  proportion  to  its  extent; 
for  it  includes  a  number  of  gardens  and 
fields  within  its  circuit ;  and  the  inhabi- 
tants are  not  estimated  at  more  than  16,000. 


This  town  is  seated  on  a  liill,  on  tlie  r'.vcr 
Clain,  52  miles  SW  of  Tours,  and  120  N 
by  K  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  25  E,  lat.  45 
o5  X. 

Poitou,\^\.e.  province  of  France  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Bretagne,  Anjou,  and  part 
of  Touraine  ;  on  the  E  by  Touraine,  Berry, 
and  Marche  ;  on  the  S  by  Angoumois,  Sain- 
tonge,  and  Aunis ;  and  en  the  W  by  the 
bay  of  Bisc^iy.  It  is  fertile  in  corn  and 
wine,  and  feeds  a  gre.it  number  of  cattle, 
pariicularly  mules.  It  now  forms  tiie 
three  departments  of  Vendee,  Vienne,  and 
the  Two  Sevres. 

Pohnul,  large  country  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Prussia,  Courland,  Livonia, 
and  Russia,  W  by  the  Baltic,  Brandenburg, 
and  Silesi.i,  S  by  Hungary  and  Moldavia, 
and  E  by  Russia  and  the  territories  wrested 
by  that  power  from  the  Turks.  It  is  di- 
vided into  four  principal  parts.  Great  Po- 
land, Little  Pol.ind,  Red  Rus-iiia,  and  Lithu- 
ania ;  each  of  which  is  subivided  into  pala- 
tinates, or  provinces.  I'oland  has  not  had 
any  palitical  existence  as  a  nation  since 
17 J3.  Fornierlj',  the  government  was 
monarchical  and  aristocratical ;  all  the  acts 
of  state  being  in  the  name  ot  the  king  and 
republic  of  Poland.  The  king  was  the  only 
elective  sovereign  in  Europe ;  being  chosen 
by  a  general  diet  summoned  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  Gnesna,  as  chief  of  the  republic 
during  the  interregnum.  In  1772,  a  parti- 
tion  ot  this  country,  projected  by  the  king 
of  Prussia,  was  effected  by  that  monarch, 
in  conjunction  with  the  empress  of  Russia 
and  the  emperor  of  Germany.  By  this 
partition,  one  third  of  the  country  was 
wrested  from  the  republic,  the  diet  being 
compelled,  by  a  foreign  force,  to  make 
and  to  ratify  this  important  cession.  The 
three  panitjoiiing  j)ower>  moreover,  for- 
cibly efliscted  a  threat  change  in  the  consti- 
tutiori.  In  1791,  however,  the  king  and 
the  nation,  in  concurrence,  almost  unani- 
mou.siy,  and  without  any  foreign  interven- 
tion, Cbtablished  another  constitution  ;  and 
one  so  unexceptionable  every  way,  that  it 
was  celebrated  by  Mf.  Burke,  as  a  revolu- 
tion, whereby  the  condition  of  all  were 
made  belter,  and  the  rigii's  of  ?jo;ie  infringed. 
By  it  the  broils  of  an  elective  monarchy, 
by  which  Poland,  on  almcst  eveiy  vacancy 
of  the  throne,  had  been  involved  in  the 
calamities  of  v  ar,  wei  e  avridcd,  the  throne 
being  declared  hereditary  in  the  house  of 
Saxony.  A  few  of  the  nobiiity,  however, 
discontented  at  the  gtiieious  sacrifice  of 
some  of  their  privileges,  repaired  to  the 
court  of" Russia;  and  th;-ir  representations 
conc'.'.rrir.g  witli  the  Amb;tiou.>  views  of 
the  empress,  she  sent  an  arv.!}'  into  Poland, 
under  pretext  of  beng  g'-arantee  o*  the 
constitTi'Kn  of  1772.  lier  interference 
was  too  powerful  to  be  resisted  ;  and  this 
new  constitution  was  overthrown.  But  the 
«2l 


P  O  L 


F  O  I. 


principal  object  for  whicii  Uie  Russian 
army  entered  Poland  was  not  yet  attained. 
The'  empress  had  planned;  in  conjunction 
with  the  king  of  Prussia,  a  second  partition 
of  this  country,  which  took  place  in  1793. 
Such  multiplied  oppressions  at  last  roused 
the  spirit  of  the  nation.  General  Koscusko 
appeared  i::  1794,  at  tlie  head  of  a  Polish 
army,  vo  assert  the  independency  of  his 
country,  and  to  recover  -he  provinces 
wrested  from  it.  He  was  successful  at 
first,  against  the  king  of  Prussia;  but  was 
at  length  overi'owcred  bynsmbs'rs;  the 
country  was  in  diflferent  parts  desolated, 
the  house-,  bnrnt,  au'i  the  i^ihabitsnts  mas- 
sacred in  crowds.  The  brave  Kosciusko 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  sent  with  a  num- 
ber of  other  patriots  into  confinement  at 
Petersburgii,  tor  iiaving  dared  to  defend 
their  native  connlry  against  foreign  ag- 
gression. The  king  formally  resigned  his 
crown  at  Grodno,  in  1796,  and  was  after- 
ward removed  to  Petersburgii,  where  he 
remained  a  kind  of  state  prisoner,  till 
his  death,  in  1798.  Wilh  hiin  ended  the 
kingdom  of  Poland,  subdued  and  dismrm- 
bered  by  powes  which  were  either  former- 
ly its  vassals,  or  indebted  to  it  for  their 
very  existence.  But  the  sr.me  horrors  and 
aggressions  which  had  marked  the  conduct 
of  the  dismerabeiing  powers,  with  regard 
to  this  unhappy  kingdom,  have  since  been 
but  too  justly  retor'.ed  on  themselves.  The 
whole  of  the  country  w:iS  divided  among 
the  three  p;trlitior.ing  powers.  Austria 
had  Little  Poland,  and  the  greatest  part  of 
Red  Russia  and  Podolia,  which  is  now  cal- 
led the  kingdom  of  Galacia ;  Prussia  had 
Great  Poland,  Poiish  Prussia,  a  small  part 
of  Lithuania,  and  Polachia ;  and  Russia 
had  Samngitia.  the  remainder  of  Lithuania, 
Volhinia,  and  Podolia.  In  the  war  with 
Prussia,  in  1806,  the  French  penetrated 
into  Poland,  and  proclaimed  their  desire 
to  restore  its  ancient  independence,  when 
treaties  of  peace  having  bteu  adjusted 
with  Russia  and  Prussia,  the  project  was 
for  the  most  purt  abandoned.  By  the  peace 
of  Tilsit,  the  king  of  Prussia  renounced  Uie 
possession  of  the  greater  part  of  his  Polish 
provinces,  when  they  were  erected  into 
the  dukedom  of  Warsaw,  in  f..vour  of  the 
knig  of  Saxony.  See  Warsm'.  Rut  on 
the  retreat  of  the  French  army  out  of  Po- 
land, in  1813,  the  Russians  took  possessicni 
of  the  duchy  of  Wi^rsaw,  in  whose  hands  it 
at  present  remains.  It  is  now  expected, 
however,  tluil  the  kingdom  ot  Poland  v.'ill 
shortly  be  re-established  under  a  Russian 
prince.  The  towns  of  Poland  are  for  the 
most  part  built  of  wood  ;  and  the  villages 
consist  of  mean  cott.ages,  or  huts.  The 
country  is  so  fertile  in  corn  in  many  places 
that  it  supplies  Sweden  and  Holland  with 
large  quantities,  and  it  has  extensive  pas- 
tures. Peat,  ochi-e,  chalk,  beleranites, 
«53 


agate,  chalcedony,  cornelian?^  onyxes,  jas- 
per, rock  crystal,  amethysts,  garnets,  to- 
pazes, sapphires,  and  even  rabies  .ind  dia- 
monds are  found  in  Poland  ;  also  talc,  spar, 
lapis  calaminaris,  coal,  iron,  lead,  and'quick- 
silver.  Here  i-  much  teai::er,  fur,  hemp, 
fl.tx,  saltpetre,  alum,  manna,  honey,  and 
wax ;  and  there  are  miies  of  salt,  of  a 
great  depth,  out  of  v/hich  is  dug  rocksalt. 
Horses  are  numerous,  very  strong,  swift, 
and  beautiful ;  and  horned  catile  are  bred 
in  such  numbers,  that  above  80,000  are 
driven  every  year  out  of  the  country.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Daieder,  Vistula, 
Bug,  Niemen,  Dniester,  and  B  ig. 

Poland^  kingdom  of  Kurope  Tlie  cen- 
tral provinces  of  Poland  have  been  recent- 
ly formed  into  a  kingd  nn  of  which  the 
emperor  of  Rv!s:^ia  is  king.  Some  con- 
siderable bhare  of  the  ancient  liberties  of 
Poland  are  preserved.  Though  subject  to 
the  same  monarch  with  Russia,  Poland  en- 
joys a  much  more  liberal  form  of  govern- 
ment than  the  former  empire.  The  king 
is  represented  by  a  vice  roy,  and  chamber 
of  miniiiters.  The  latter  accountable  to 
the  senate.  This  body  con-ists  of  30  mem- 
bers. The  chamber  of  deputies,  are  form- 
ep  from  the  nobility,  gentry  and  members 
of  the  cabinet  Very  liberal  principles  of 
rehgious  tslcation  a'so  prevails.  This 
state  iS  subdivided  into  the  palatinates  of 
Cracow,  Sendomir,  Kalish,  Lublin,  Plock, 
Masovia,  Podlachia,  and  Augustow,  Area 
47,060  square  miles.  Poptdation  2,800,000. 
See  GaUicia.  Pimssia,  &c. 

Poland,  or  Mhiot,  post  town  in  Cumber- 
land county,  Maine,  on  the  W  side  of  And- 
roscoggin river,  40  miles  N  of  Portland; 
the  township  had  2125  inhabitants  in  1810; 
and  in  1820,  1353. 

Poland,  SE  town  and  township  of  Trum- 
bull county,  Ohio,  on  Mahoning  river,  and 
upon  the  road  from  Pittsburg  to  Warren. 
Distance,  from  the  latter  place  13  miles, 
65  from  tlie  for.nier,  and  175  NE  from  Co- 
lumbus     Population  1820,  990. 

Polar  Regions.  From  the  discoveries 
made  by  Captain  Perry  in  1819,  it  is  now 
determined  that  the  Polar  sea  to  the  N  from 
America,  is  filled  with  islands  and  inlets. 
That  really  great  Navigator  wintered  1819 
— 20,  at  longitude  114  W  from  London  ; 
37  W  from  Washington,  and  at  lat,  74  0  N. 
He  is.now  out  on  a  similar  voyage, 

Poleron.     See  Pooloroon 

Poleda,  name  given  to  the  palatinate  of 
Pirzescia,  in  Lithuania. 

Polesino-di-Rovigo,  province  of  Italy ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Paduan,  on  the 
S  by  the  Farrarese,  on  the  E  by  the  Doga- 
do,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Verone.  It  is  42 
tniles  long  and  17  broad,  and  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  pastures.     Rovigo  is  the  capital. 

Pol,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  pro- 


1'  O  M 


P  O  N 


'xnnce  of  Artols,  noted  for  its  fine  mineral 
waters,  and  is  16  miles  N\V  of  Arras. 

Policandro,  an  island  io  the  Archipelago, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference. Here  are  a  few  villages,  a  custle, 
and  a  harbour ;  but  it  consists  in  general, 
of  nothing  but  barren  rocks  raid  moimtains. 
It  lies  between  Miio  and  Paros.  Lon.  25 
31  E,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Policustro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Prlncipato 
Citeriore,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  68 
miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  40  E,  lat. 
40  15  N. 

Polignano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  sea,  16 
miles  E  of  Bari. '  Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Polina,  town  of  Albania.  12  miles  S  of 
Durazzo.     Lon.  19  20  K,  lat.  42  42  N. 

Poligni,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of  Francae 
Compte,  seated  on  a  rivulet,  52  miles  SW 
of  Besancor,.     Lon.  5  55  E,  Lt.  46  50  N. 

Polito,  or  Polizzi,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Val-di  Demona,  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
lain  Madonia,  50  miles  SE  of  Palermo. 
Lon.  13  53  E,  lat.  38  4  N. 

Pollockshmvs,  considerable  mannfactiiring 
town  of  Renfrewshire,  seated  on  the  river 
Wiiite  Cart. 

Polotsk,  government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, formed  of  part  of  a  palatinate  of  Lith- 
uania, dismembered  from  Poland  by  the 
treaty  of  partition  in  1772,  Its  products 
are  chiefly  grain,  hemp,  flax,  and  pasture  ; 
and  tiie  forests  furnish  great  abundance  of 
masts,  planks,  oak  for  ship-building,  pitch, 
tar,  8ic.  which  are  chiefly  sent  down  the 
Dwina  to  Riga. 

Polotsk,  strong  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  of  the  same  name,  sealed  on 
the  Dwina,  .at  the  mouth  of  the  small  river 
Polota,  50  miles  SW  of  Vitepsh.  Lon.  27 
50  E,  lat.  55  43  N. 

PoUeii,  St.  town  of  Lower  Austria,  seated 
on  the  Drasam,  which  falls  into  the  Danube, 
near  Holmsburgh,  eight  miles  from  Vienna. 

Polynesia,  distinctive  name  given  to  the 
numerous  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  E 
from  Austral  Asia. 

Pome^tie,  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  Marseilles. 

Pomerania,(^Vic\\y  of  Germany,  i:\  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  the  Baltic,  on  the  E  by  V/estern  Prussia 
and  Poland,  on  tlie  S  by  Brandenburg,  and 
on  the  W  by  Mecklenberg.  It  is  watered 
by  several  rivers,  of  which  tiie  Oder,  Reck- 
enitz,  Pene,  Uckcr,  Rega,  Persanet,  Wip- 
per,  Ihna,  Stolpen,  and  Lebo,  are  the  most 
considerable.  The  air  is  pretty  cold,  but 
compensated  by  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
which  abounds  in  pastiu-es  and  corn,  of 
which  a  great  quantity  is  exported.  It  is 
a  flat  country,  containing  many  lakes, 
woods,  and  forests,  and  has  several  good 
harbours,  particularly  Stetin  and  Stralsund. 


It  is  250  miles  long  and  75  broad,  and  di- 
vided into  Hither  and  Further  Pomerania, 
both  with  the  island  of  Rugu  belong  lo  the 
king  of  Pruss  a.     Stetin  is  the  Ctiptal. 

Pomcrela.,  district  of  Polish  or  Wes- 
ttrn  Prussia,  which  in  the  partition  of 
Poland  fell  to  the  share  of  the  king  of 
Prussia.     Dantzic  is  the  ca|)ital. 

Pcmesania,  large  country  of  Western 
Prussia  which  extends  from  E  to  W 
from  the  Passerge  ns  far  as  the  Vistula, 
between  E  and  W  Prussia.  It  is  full  of 
lakes  and  morasses 

Pomjret,  post  town  and  township  of 
Connecticut,  in  Windham  county,  16 
miles  N  of  Canterbury,  and  36  NE  of 
Hartford.    Population  1820,  2042. 

Pomjret,  townsliip  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  containing  1473  inhabitants  in 
1810  Situated  on  the  N  side  of  Wa- 
tergueche  river  14  miles  NVV  of  Wind- 
sor. 

Pompet,  township  of  Chatauque  county. 
New  York,  on  lake  Ei-ie,  containing  the 
villages  of  Dunkirk  and  Fredonia.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,2306. 

Pom^iey,  one  of  ihe  military  townships 
of  Onondago  county.  New  York,  contain- 
ing 5699  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820, 
6701.  Situated  about  six  miles  S  of  Salt 
Lake. 

Powjona,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney 
Islands.    See  Mainland. 

Pompton,  post  town,  Bergen  county. 
New  Jersey. 

Pondesturia,  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
ferrat,  seated  on  the  S  side  of  the  Po, 
33  miles  E  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  25  E,  lat. 
45  2N. 

Pondkhen-y,  town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel  It  is  100 
miles  S  of  Madras.  Lon.  80  0  E,  lat.  11 
56  N. 

Pondico,  smn.ll  uninhabited  island  of 
tht;  Archipelago,  in  the  gulf  of  Zeiton, 
near  the  coast  of  Negropont. 

Pontferrada,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
on  the  "river  Sill,  40  miles  SW  of  Leon. 
L-n.  6  6  W.  lat.  42  30  N. 

Ponc-hou,  islands  in  the  Chinese  Sea. 
They  lie  E  ti  the  coast  of  Fokien  and 
form  an  archipelago  between  the  port 
of  Emouy  and  the  island  of  Formosa. 
They  are  only  sand  banks  or  recks. 

Pons,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  province  of 
Saintonge,  10  miles  S  of  Salutes.  Lon.  0 
30  W,  lat  45  36  N. 

Pons,  St.  in  the  department  of  Heranlt 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  24 
miles  N  of  Narbonne,  Lon.  2  47  E,  lat.  43 
29  N. 

Pontafella.     See  Pontefu. 
Pmit-a-JMousson,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe  and  late  province 


1'  o  ]M 


1'  G  N 


oi'  Lorrain,  witii  a  university.  It  is  seated 
on  the  ]Mosel!e,  wliich  divides  it  into  two 
parts,  two  miles  NW  of"  Nanci.  Lon.  6 
16  E,  lat.  48  43  N, 

Pont-Arlier,  town  oh  Fraisce,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura  and  late  province  of 
Franclie  Comte,  sealed  on  the  river  Doubs, 
near  Mount  Jura-  It  is  a  commodious  pas- 
sage into  Swisserland,  and  is  defended  by 
a  strong  castle.  Lon.  6  26  E,  lat.  46 
55  N. 

Pont  Audemer.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Kure  and  late  province  of 
Norm:»ndy,  seated  on  the  Eille,  13  miles  E 
of  Harfleur,  and  85  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
35  E,  lat,  49  21  N. 

Pontchartrain,  lake  of  Louisiana,  be- 
tween the  high  lands  of  St.  T;immany  and 
the  alluvion  of  llie  Mississippi.  Both  Pont- 
chartrain and  Maurepas,  appear  to  be  the 
remains  of  a  larije  bay  which  has  been  par- 
tially filled,  or  rather  interrupted  by  allu- 
vion. From  the  pass  of  Manchac  to  that  of 
the  Rigolets ;  lake  Pontchartrain  is  about 
30  miles  iu  length,  its  greatest  width  22 
miles,  and  medium  depth  18  feet.  The 
shores  of  this  lake  towards  the  Mississippi, 
are  low  and  marshy,  on  the  side  of  St.  Tam- 
many more  firm  but  flat.  '  Very  little  tim- 
ber grows  on  the  Mississippi  side  of  the 
lake  ;  on  the  opposite  shores,  are  for  sts 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Tangipao  to  that  of 
Pearl  river. 

Pont-de-l^Avche,  town  of  France,  in  the 
departnTiCnt  of  Erne  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  on  ttie  Seine,  five  miles  N  of 
Louviers,'and  62  NW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  15 
E,  lit.  49  5  N. 

Pontde-Ce,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Miiine  and  Loire  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Anjoii,  seated  on  the  Loire,  three 
miles  from  Angtrs,  and  178  SW  .>f  Paris. 
Lon.  0  29  W,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Ponl  de-Lima,  tov/n  of  Portugal,  in  En- 
tre-Douero-e-Minho,  on  the  Lima,  over 
whicli  is  a  magi>ifici:nt  bridge,  13  miles  N 
"W  of  Braga,  ai'.d  190  N  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8 
44  W,  lat.  41  51  N. 

Punt  de-Vaxix,X.own  ol  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain  and  late  province  nf 
Bre.sse,  seated  on  the  Ressousse,  eight 
miles  S  of  Macon.  Lon.  4  55  E,  lat.  46 
28  N 

Ponl  de-  Fesle,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de- 
partment of  Ain  and  late  province  of  Bresse, 
on  the  Vesle,  12  miles  W  of  Bourg.  Lon. 
5  4  E,  l:tt.  46  16  N, 

Poni-dn-Gard.     See  Gard. 

Pontefa,  or  Pontafella,  town  of  Germany, 
in  Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Fella,  over 
which  is  a  bv'dge  thut  leads  to  the  best  pas- 
sage  i.ver  tl^'  .-Vlps.  It  is  20  miles  NW  of 
Friuli.     Lon.  13  0  E,  lat.  4(3  25  X. 

Potitefract,  borough  in  thf  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  a  very  ncii  soil,  and  noted  for 
its  large  plantations  of  licorice,  22  miles  S 
S24 


W  of  York,  and  175  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  18  W,  lat.  53  42  N. 

Ponte-Stura,  town  of  Italy;  in  Montferrat, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Stura  and 
Po,  three  miles  SW  of  Casal. 

Ponte-Vedra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
on  the  Lerls,  and  famous  for  its  fishery  of 
pilchards.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  Porto  Nova. 
Lon.  8  27  W,  lat  42  20  N. 

Pont-Gibcivt,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy  de  Dome  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auverg;ie  Near  this  place  is  the 
village  ot  Rore,  with  a  silver  mine,  10 
miles  WNW  of  Clermont.  Lon.  2  58  E, 
lat.  45  51  N. 

Pontine,  town  and  capital  of  Oakland 
county,  Michigan  territory,  on  Huron  river 
of  Lake  St.  Ciair.  It  stands  in  a  very  fer- 
tile district,  and  bids  fair  to  become  a  place 
of  considerable  consequence, 

Pontivy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan  and  late  province  of 
Bretagne,  seated  on  the  river  Blavet. 

Pont  I'Evegue,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Calvados  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Tonque,  10 
miles  NW  of  Lisieux.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  49 
17  N. 

Pontoise,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sene  and  Oise,  and  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  en  the  Oise  and  Vienne,  with  a 
bridge  over  the  former,  whence  it  takes  its 
n::me.  It  is  43  miles  SE  of  Rouen,  and  27 
NW  of  Paris.     Lon.  2  11  E,  lat.   49  3  N. 

Pont- Orson,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Coesnon,  20 
miles  E  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat. 
48  30  N. 

Pont-Remoli,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a 
.strong  casile,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
penines,  40  miles  E  of  Genoa,  and  66  NW 
of  Florence.    Lon,  9  40  E,  lat.  44  25  E. 

Po7it  St.  Esprit,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc.  On  the  Rhone,  over  which  is 
one  of  the  finest  bridges  in  Europe,  con- 
si.-tiiig  of  19  great  and  four  small  arches. 
Pont  St.  Esprit  is  17  miles  S  of  Viviers, 
and  55  NB  of  Mj-.ntpellier.  Lon.  4  46  E, 
hit.  44  13  N. 

Pont  Si.  Maixence,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise  and  hite 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on 
the  Oise,  five  miles  N  of  Seins,  Lon.  2  40 
E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Pont  sur- Seine,  town  of  France,  in  the 
'lepartment  of  Aube  and  late  province  of 
Champagne,  on  the  Seine,  17  miles  NW  of 
Troyes,  and  55  SB  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  40  E, 
lat.  48  28  N. 

Poiit-Sur-Yonne,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy,  eight  miles  NW  of  Sens.  Lon» 
3  14  E,  lat.  43  16  N. 


1»  ©  p 


1'  o  ii 


Pmitepool,  town  in  Monmoutiishir?,  on 
tfee  river  Avon,  and  is  15  miles  SW  of 
Monmouth,  and  146  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  3  6  W,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Pont-y.Pridd     See  Taaff. 

JPonza,  or  Ponlia,  smuU  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  to  which  many  illus- 
trious Romans  were  formerly  banished. 
Lon.  13  10  E.  lat  40  53  N. 

Poole,  borough  and  seaport  in  Dorset-    gjg  of  Anne  Arundel  county," Maryland, 
shire     It  is  40  miles  WSW  of  VVinchester^35  miles  N  from  Washington. 


Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        «         419 
do.       in  Manufactures     -        -  0 

do.       in  Commerce         -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4. 

PQfilar  drove,  prist  office  Newberry 
district  South  Carolina. 

Poplar  ridge,  post  office  Cayuga  coun- 
ty, Nvv  York. 

Po/ilar-  Sjyrings,  post  village  NW  an- 


Lon.  2  0  W, 
Montgomery 


and  105  VV  by  S  of  London 
lat.  50  42  N. 

Poolstore,  post  village 
county,  Maryland. 

PoolsvUle.  post  village  Spartanberg 
district  South  Carolina. 

Pooloroon,  or  Polcron,  one  of  the 
Banda  Islands,  1 00  miles  SE  of  Amboy- 
na.     Lon.  130  0  E,  lat.  4  20  S. 

Poolowoy,  one  of  the  Spice  or  Banda 
Islands. 

Poonah,  town  of  the  D'^ccan  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Visiapour.     It  is  the  capital 
of  the  Westtrn  Mahratta  empirej^  100 
miles  SE  of  Bombay 
18  30  N. 


Poplin,  post  town  and  township  Rock- 
ingham county.  New  Hampshire,  19 
miles  W  from  Portsmouth.  Pop\ilation 
1820,  453. 

Popocatepetl,  volcanic  mountain  of 
M  xico,  in  Putbia,  rising  to  the  great 
elevation  of  17  716  f-et  above  the  level 
of  the  ocean.  Lon.  W  C  21  30  W,  lat. 
19°  N.  45  milt  s  SE  from  Mexico. 

Portage,  county  of  Ohio;  bounded  by 
Columbiana  SE  ;  Stark  S  ;  Medina  W  ; 
Cuyahoga  NVV  ;  Geauga  N  ;  and  Trum- 
bull E  Length  30  ;  breadth  24  ;  and 
area  720  square  miles.  This  county  was 
Lon.  73  55  E,  lat.  named  from,  the  interesting  fact  that  it 
contain    the  short  portage  of  one  mile 


Pooronder,  fortress  of  the  Deccan  of    between  the  navigable  waters  ef  Cuya 


Hindoostan,  in  Visiapour,  on  a  mountain, 
18  miles  ESE  of  Poonah. 

Poote  La.  small  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne,  six  miles 
WSW  of  Ale  neon. 

Popayan,  province  of  New  Granada, 
bounded  on  the  S  by  P.ru,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  A  chain  of 
barren  mountains  runs  througl>  the  coun- 
try from  N  to  S ;  and  the  soil  near  the 
sea  is  flat,  marshy,  and  often  flooded  by 
the  rains. 

Popayan,  capital  of  a  province  of 
that  name,  in  New  Granada,  upwards 
of  5900  feet  aliove  the  level  of  the 
Ocean  ;  240  miles  NE  of  Quito.  Lon. 
W  t:i  05  E,  lat.  2  35  N. 

Pope,  conntv  of  Illinois ;  bounded 
SE,  and  S,  by  Ohio  river  ;  W  by  John- 
!?on  ;  and  N  and  NE  by  Gallatin.  Length 
30 ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  611  square 
miles.  This  county  lies  opposite  m  the 
mouth  of  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee 
rivers.    Chief  town  Golconda. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.     females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.    females 


hoga,  and  i'uscarawas  rivers.  It  is  by 
this  route  that  a  canal  is  projected  to 
connect  the  Ohio  waters  with  lake  Erie. 
The  land  is  generally  high  elt  vated  and 
considerably  broken.  Chief  town  Ra- 
venna. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        l»ol<, 
do.    do.  females  -        -        1,376 

Total  whites  -  •  -  2,988 
All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  7 

Slaves     • 9 

Total  population  in  1810  .        2,995 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .         -         -         5,396 
do.   do.    females    -        -        -        4,677 

Total  whites      ...        -        10,073 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  13 

do.  do.        females,  9 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -       10,095 


31 

,067 

257 

7 


Total  population  in  1829. 

Of  tliese ; 
Fnrei^ners  not  natural;  ze^l 
5M 


2,610 


Of  tiiese  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  AgriciiUave 

do.         in  ManuThctures 

do  in  Coiniiiorce 

Popnlation  to  the  square  mile,  14. 

Port  av  Prince,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo, 
seated  on  a  bay  on  the  W  side  of  the  island, 
of  -which  part  it  is  the  capital.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Knglisji  apd  royalists  in  1794^ 


1'  0  R 


P  O  li 


but  the  whole  island  has  been  since'eva-  harbour.    Portland  is  very  considerably 

Guated  by  the  English.    Lon.  72  10  W,  the  largest  town  in  Maine     Population 

iat.  18  45  N.  ItilO.  7U)9  ;  and  in  IBJU,  8531. 

Port  Ehzabeth,  post  tawn  of  New  JtV-  Poriland,   township  and  post  village, 

sey,  in  Cumbeiiand  cuui.ty,  lying  o»   the  Cliatauque  county,   New  York,  on  Lake 

E  side  of  Maurice  riv..r.  ^:5  miles  N  of  En,.     Fipul.aion  ISiO,  11 6^. 


Cape  May  Court-house 

Porit-r,  township  on  the  Ohio  river, 
in  Scioto  countv,  Oliio.  Population  1820, 
879 

Porter,  township  of  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  34  miles  SW  from  Paris.  Popu- 
lation 1820,487. 

Porter  township  of  Niagara  county. 
New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Population 
1820,  850. 

Port  Gibson,  seat  of  Justice  for  Clai- 
borne county,  Mississippi,  on  the  waters 
of  the  Bayon  Pierre  45  miles  NE  of 
Natchez,  and  12  miles  E  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  contains  a  branch  of  the 
State  Bank — handsome  court  house,  and 
100  dwpilinK  houses  some  of  which  are 
in  fine  tastr  a-d  aiiout  8'JJ  inhabitants — 
the  circunijacent  lands  are  of  t-xteilent 
quality,  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation 
as  cotton  plantations 

Port  Jackson,  sc  namsd  by  Capt  Cook  : 
a  large  bay  on  the  ccast  of  New  South 
Wales,  three  leagut:s  and  a  half  N  of 
.Cape  Banks  The  capes  that  form  its  en- 
trance are  high  rugged,  and  pt:  pendicu- 
lar  cliffs  Oo  proceeding  within,  in  1783, 
governor  Philip  disccvered  a  large  branch 
extending  to  the  S,  and  fnund  himself 
perfectly  land  locked,  with  a  good  depth 
of  water ;  and  finding  also,  that  the  coun- 
try was  greatly  superior  to  that  round 
Botany  Bay,  he  deti  rmined  to  fix  a  coio 
ny  of  convicts  hi  re,  w'nich  had  been  ori- 
ginally intended  for  Botany  Bay.  Lon. 
151  28  E,  Iat  33  50  S. 

Portici,  village  four  miles  ESE  of  the 
city  of  Naples,  situated  on  the  sea-side, 
near  mount  Vesuvius. 

Portland,    peninsula    in   D  o-setshire, 
surrounded  with  inaccessible  r<cks,  ex 
cept  at  the  landing  place.    Its  S  extre- 
mity, called  Portland  Point,  is  in  lon.  S; 
29  W,  Iat   50  29  N, 

Portland,  port  of  entry  post  town, 
and  seat  i.f  justice  Cumberland  county, 
Maine.  It  is  situated  in  the  hit.  of  43  40 
N,  and  lon.  of  69  52  W,  on  a  point  of 
land  in  Casco  bay,  about  50  miles  SW 
of  Wiscasset,  and  64  NE  of  Portsmouth 
in  New  Hampshire.  The  harbiur  is 
safe  and  commodious  a^d  being  near  the 
ocean  is  seldom  encmnbL-rtd  with  ice. 
The  trade  of  the  city  is  very  consi'ierable 
in  the  fisheries,  in  iumbtr,  and. ship  buitd- 
itig.  It  contains  two  bank.s,  an  ensurance 
office,  and  eight  or  ten  places  of  public 
worship.  A  light-house  on  Portland 
Head,  facilitates  the  entrance  into  the 
326 


pul. 

Portland,  village  of  Jeiferson  county, 
Kentucky,  bel-w  Lcuisvdie. 

Port  i'Onent.     See  Orient. 

Port  Louis,  strong  towii  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Morbihan,  and  late 
province  of  Breiagne,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, at  the  mouth  of  the  Blanet,  27 
milts  W  of  Vannes.  Lon.  3  18  W,  Iat. 
47'40N. 

Port  Louis,  French  fortress,  on  the 
SW  coa^t  of  Hispaniola.  Lon.  73  16  W, 
Iat.  18  18  N. 

Port  Louis,  town  and  harbour  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  Lon.  57  28  E,  Iat.  20 
9  S. 

Port  Mahon,  excellent  harbour  in  the 
island  of  Minorca,  defended  by  one  of 
the  strongest  citadels  in  Europe.  Near 
it  is  tii*-  little  trading  town  of  Mahon. 
Lon  3  4>S  E,  iat.  39  50  N.  See  Philip's 
Fort  St. 

Port  Paix,  town  on  the  N  coast  of 
St  Domingo,  in  the  West  Indies  with 
a  good  harbour,  Lon.  72  55  W,  Iat.  19 
58. 

Port  Perm,  \\\Vdge  of  New  Castle  county, 
state  of  Delrtwai  e  ;  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
a  hmall  creek,  opp-site  to  Reedy-Island, 
eight  miles  S  of  New  Castle. 

Port  Patrick,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Wi.ktonshire,  confined  by  the  sea  on  one 
side,  and  on  the  other  by  over-hanging 
rocks  and  hills.  It  is  107  miles  SW  of 
Edinburgh,  and  487  NW  of  London. 

Port  Roseivay.     See  Shelhirne, 

Port  Royal,  seaport  of  Jamaica  six 
miles  E  of  Spanish  Town,  and  as  much 
by  water  SE  of  Kingston.  Lon.  76  45 
W,  Iat   18  0  N. 

Port  Royal,  town  and  fort  of  the  island 
of  Martitiico,  21  miles  SE  of  St.  Pierre. 
Lon.  6i  9  W,  Iat   14  3  N. 

Port  Royal  island  on  the  coast  of  South 
Carolina,  tlie  space  between  which  and 
the  neighbouring  c "ntinent  forms  a  com- 
modious harbour.  It  is  15  miles  in  length, 
and  the  town  on  the  N  shore,  called 
Beaufort,  is  100  miles  SW  of  Charleston. 
L(>n.  80  10  W,  Iat.  31  40  N. 

Port  Royal,  in  Novia  Scotia,  See  Jln- 
napolis. 

Port  Royal,  post  tow^n  of  Virginia,  si- 
tuated on  the  SW  side  of  Rappahannoc 
river  in  Caroline  C'unty,  22  miles  SE  of 
Fredericksburg  on  thf  saire  water,  and 
84  S  of  Washington.  It  has  ^.bout  1500 
inhabitatits ;  and  is  the  seat  of  an  acade- 
my with  about  60  students. 


r  o  R 


\'  O  K 


I'on  lioyal,  post  village  Montgomery 
county,  Tennessee. 

Port  Royal,  village  of  Dearborn  county, 
Indiana 

Porto  Bella,  seaport  of  South  America, 
on  the  N  coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien, 
having  a  large  commodious  harbour,  with 
good  anchorage  and  shelter  for  ships ; 
its  entrance  is  narrow,  and  dffended  by 
several  forts.  It  is  70  miles  N  of  Pana- 
ma, and  300  W  of  Carthagena.  Lon. 
80  45  W,  lat.  9  33  N. 

Porto  Cavallo,  seaport  of  Colombia,  on 
the  coast  of  Carracas  Lon.  W  C  9  10 
E,  lat.  10  25N. 

Porto  del  Principe,  seaport  on  the  N 
coast  of  Cuba,  with  a  good  harbour. 
Lon.  78  15  W,  lat.  21  52  N. 

Porto  Farino,  seapurt  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tunis,  to  the  W  of  the  rums  ot  Carth- 
age, and  30  miles  N  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10 
16  E,  lat.  o7  12  F. 

Porto  Ferrajo,  town  of  Italy  in  the  isle  of 
Elba,  with  a  good  ci  adel.  It  is  seated  on 
a  long,  high,  seep,  point  of  land,  VV  of  the 
Bay  of  the  same,  which  has  two  f'rts.  It 
is  40  miles  NW  of  Orbiiello.  and  60  S  by 
E  of  Leghorn.  Lon,  10  25  E,  lat.  42  38  N. 
This  place  has  ginned  j'ss  celebriy  from 
being  the  residence  of  Napoleon,  from  May 
4th,  1814.  until  February  26th,  1815. 

Porto  Galleto,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the 
Bay  ot  Biscay,  on  a  smal  river,  eight 
miles  N  of  P.ilboa.  Lon.  3  11  VV,  lat.  43 
22  N. 

Porto  Griiaro,  town  of  Italy,  in  Frudi,  on 
the  Lema      15  miles  W  of  Marano. 

Porto  Her  cole,  seaport  of  Italy,  '{w  the 
state  of  Presidii,  four  miles  S  of  Orbitelb. 
Lon.  11  12E,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Porto  Long-one,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Is'c 
of  Elba,  on  the  E  end  of  the  island,  eight 
miles  SW  of  Piombmo.  Lon  tO  10  E,  lat. 
42  52  N. 

Porto  J\''ova,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ga!icia,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Leris,  54  miles  of  Orense.  Lon,  8  36  W, 
lat.  42  19  N. 

Porta  Pedro,  seaport  in  the  island  of  Ma- 
jorca.    Lon.  2  41  E,  lat.  39  :i7  N. 

Porto  Praya,  town  and  bay  of  St.  Jago, 
one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands.  Lon.  23 
29  VV.  lat.  14  53  N. 

Porto  Rico,    See  Juan-de-Puerto  Rico. 

Porto  Santa  Maria,  seaport  of  Spain, 
seated  in  the  bay  of  Cadiz.  It  is  a  populous 
place,  containing  nearly  10,000  inhabitants, 
whose  principal  trade  is  in  salt.  It  is  seven 
miles  N  of  Cadiz. 

Porto  Santo,  island  of  the  Atlmtic,  the 
least  of  the  Madeiras,  15  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  has  no  harbour,  but  good  an 
chorage  in  the  road.  Lon,  16  25  VV,  lat; 
32  58  N. 


Porto  Seguro,  capital  of  a  government  of 
the  same  name,  in  Brasil.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  riv.  r  that  flows  into  the  Atlan- 
tic.    Lon.  38  50  VV,  lal  17  0  S. 

Porto  Vechio,  seaport  of  Corsica,  seated 
on  a  bay  o.\  ihe  E  coast  of  the  island,  40 
miles  N  of  Sardinia.  Mon.  9  20  E,  lat.  41 
42  N. 

Porto  Venerea,  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the 
coast  of  Genoa,  a'  the  entrnce  of  the  gulf 
of  Spezzia.  It  has  h  good  haiboui*,  and  is 
s-  ated  on  the  side  of  a  hili,  at  the  top  of 
which  is  a  fort,  45  mdes  SF«  ol  Genoa.  Lon. 
9  38  K,  lat  44  5  X. 

Portree,  town  .of  Skye  one  of  the  West- 
ern lsland^  of  Scotland  The  chief  trade 
of  the  inhabitants  is  in  black  catile,  small 
hoi'^es,  and  kelp 

Portsea,  island  between  Chichester  Bay 
and  the  harbour  nf  Portsmonth,  in  H.^mp- 
shire  It  is  a  low  tract  o'  considerable  ex- 
tent, separ.iti  d  from  the  mainland  by  a 
creek,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  At  the  SW 
extremity  of  it  is  situated  the  town  of 
Portsm<'Uth. 

Portsmouth,  seaport  and  boro'.igh  ia 
Harn]5shire,  on  the  isle  of  Portsea,  It  is 
the  most  consid  rab'.e  haven  for  men  of 
war  in  England.  The  capacious  harbour 
is  made  by  a  bav,  running  up  between  the 
isla'  d  and  an  opposite  peninsula,  having  a 
narrow  entrance  commune  If  d  by  the  town 
and  forts.  Portsmouth  is  the  most  strong- 
ly fortified  place  in  G:car  Britain.  It  is  20 
miles  SSE  of  Wi'tches  er,  a.\d  72  SW  of 
London.     Lon.  1  1  VV,  lat  50  49  N._ 

Portumoi'lh,  post  to.vn,  seat  of  justice, 
and  port  of  enM-y  in  R  (kinjrham  county. 
New  Hampshire  I*  is  seated  on  the  S 
bank  of  the  Piscutaqna  river  aiid  harbour, 
\n  lat.  43  9  X,  and  lon.  70  76  VV,  at  the 
distance  of  22  miles  N  of  Newburvport, 
and  56  NE  of  Bost  .n.  I'l  1810  the  inhabi- 
tants  were  enumerated  at  6,934  The 
harbour  is  one  of  the  bes-  in  the  U  ited 
States,  and  'he  trade  extt^nsive.  From  the 
excessive  tides,  the  harbour  is  very  seldom 
fr  zen.  It  is  completely  landdocked,  and  ad- 
mits vessels  of  the  largest  class.  The  main 
entrance  about  a  mile  wide,  between  the 
Kittery  shore  and  Great  Island,  and  well 
defended  by  Forts  Constitution,  and  Mc 
Clarv.  Depth  from  eight  to  ten  fath  ms. 
This  town  contains  the  ordinary  county 
buildings,  f-  ur  state  banks,  a  branch  of  the 
bank  of  the  United  States,  eight  places  of 
public  worship,  abns-housp,  female  asylum, 
athenxnm,  an  academy,  two  market  houses, 
and  three  or  four  ensurance  offices  Po- 
pulation in  1820,7327.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween Newport  and  Bristol 

Porismo7itJi,  township  and  post  village, 
of  Newport  county,  lihode  Island,  contain- 
ing 1795  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1820, 
lfi45. 

927 


^*  o  K 


¥  0  T 


^ovtsmouth,  post  town  in  No'.folk  county, 
Virginia;  situated  on  Elizabeth  river,  op- 
posite to  the  borougli  of  Noifolii,  41  miles 
SE  of  Williamsburg  and  28  NE  f)f  Suffolk 
on  Nansemond  river.  It  suppports  a  con- 
siderable trade,  and  contains  above  2000 
inhabitants 

VoTtamouth,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Sciota  county,  Ohio ;  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  Sciota  river,  just  above 
its  junction  with  the  Ohio.  It  contains 
a  court-house  and  jail,  a  bank,  a  printing 
ofiScC;  one  book  store,  and  six  mercantile 
stores,  and  two  commission  wavchouses, 
which  do  pretty  extensive  bu  iness.  Num 
her  of  inhabitants  527  Distance,  45 
miles  south  from  Chilicothe,  and  90  in 
the  same  direction  from  Columbus.  N 
lat.  38  48,  \7  Ion.  5°  54. 

Port  Tobacco,  pnst  town,  the  capital 
of  Charles  county,  Maryland  ;  lying  on 
the  N  side  of  Potomac  river,  34  milt-s  S 
of  the  city  of  Washington,  and  45  SW 
of  Annapolis.  It  contains  about  500  in- 
habitants. 

Portiigal,  the  most  western  country 
on  the  continent  of  Europe,  about  310 
miles  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth.  The 
principal  rivers  are,  the  Tajd,  the  Due 
ro,  or  Douro,  the  Guadiana,  the  Minho, 
and  the  Munda,  or  Mondego.  Portugal 
is  divided  into  six  provinces,  namely, 
Estremadura,  Beira,  Entre  Minii  -e  Due- 
ro,  Tras  los  Montes,  Alentejo,  and  Al- 
garva.  It  is  bounded  on  the  VV  and  S 
by  the  Atlantic.  Ocean,  and  E  and  N  by 
Spain.  Thougli  Spain  and  Portugal  are 
in  the  same  climate,  yet  the  air  of  the 
latter  is  much  more  temperate  than  that 
of  the  former,  on  account  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  sea,  and  beir)g  less  ele- 
vated. The  mountain  chains  of  the 
peninsula  generally  exttnd  E  and  W, 
and  most  of  those  of  Spain  reach  into 
Portugal.  The  vegetable  productions  are 
very  much  varied,  consisting  of  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  olives,  apples,  pc-aches,  or- 
anges, lemons,  wines,  &c  Silk  is  made 
in  abundance,  and  of  excellent  quality. 
Wine  is  the  chief  article  of  export,  but 
salt  and  wool  are  also  produced  and  ex- 
ported in  ordinary  years,  to  the  amount 
of  one  million  and  a  half  of  dollars. 

The  recent  revolutions  in  Europe  and 
the  Brazils,  have  very  materially  afFectt  d 
the  foreign  and  domestic  relations  of  Por- 
tugal. Formerly  the  king  was  absolute, 
now  the  ancient  free  constitution  of  the 
kingdom  has  been  restored  with  melio- 
rations to  suit  the  improved  condition  of 
the  age.  This  new  form  of  government 
is  now  in  operation,  whilst  Brazil  is  in  a 
disturbed  state.  The  internal  concerns 
oif  neither,  can  be  consideEed  as  fixed  on 
j4  permanent  basis. 


Po&en,  fortified  city  of  Great  Poland, 
capita!  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  university.  It  is  seated  in  a  plea- 
sant plait  1,  27  miles  W  by  S  of  Gnesna. 
Lon   17  0  W,  lat.  52  24  IS! 

Posen,  government  of  Prussian  Po- 
land, of  which  Posen  is  the  capital. 

Posey,  SW  county  of  Indiana,  occu- 
pying the  peninsula  between  thf-  Ohio 
and  Wabash  rivers ;  and  bounded  by 
Gibson  N  ;  and  Vanderburgh  E  Length 
30  ;  mean  width  14 ;  and  area  about  430 
square  miles.  Chief  town  Mount  Vernon. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        2,095 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,049 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        .  0 


Total  whites                 ...  4,044 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  4 

do.            do.       females  2 

Slaves,  males     .        -        .        .  8 

do.    females         -       -       -  3 

Total  population  in  1820  -        4,061 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,766 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  27 

do.        in  Commerce  -  S 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

Porsneck,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Altenburg.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  leather,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Gams,  near  its  conflux 
with  the  Orla,  eight  miles  NE  of  Saal- 
fi^-id. 

Potomac.  See  in  the  Addenda,  Poto- 
mac. 

Potosi,  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
jurisdiction  to  the  south  of  Charcos, 
Here  are  the  best  silver  mines  in  all 
America,  in  a  mountain  in  the  form  of 
a  sugar-loaf.  Silver  was  as  common  in 
this  place  as  iron  is  in  Europe  ;  but  the 
mines  are  now  much  exhausted,  or  at 
least  little  is  got  in  comparison  of  what 
was  formerly.  The  country  around  is 
so  naked  and  barren,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants get  their  provisions  from  the  neigh- 
bouring provinces.  It  is  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  of  Potosi,  260 
miles  WNW  of  Africa.  I.od.  W  C  9  30 
E,  lat  19  50  S. 

Potosi,  or  Mine-au  Burton,  post  town 
and  seat  of  justice,  Washington  county, 
Missouri  70  miles  WSW  from  St.  Louis, 
and  55  W  from  St.  Genevieve. 

PotOFsi,  Sa?i  -Louis,  intendancy  of  Mex- 
ico. This  intendancy  is  but  vaguely  de- 
fined. It  is  generally  considered  to  em- 
brace the  northeastern  part  of  Mexico, 
towarfls  the  IPJnited  States,  along  (he  gliTf 


P  O  T 


P  «  W 


ef  Mexico;  and  including  New  Santan- 
der,  New  Leon,  and  a  part  of  Texas. 
See  Mexican  empire. 

Potsdam,  cily  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  middle  marche  of  Brandenljurgh, 
with  a  palace  belonging  to  the  king  of 
Prussia.  It  is  the  most  elegant  and  sin- 
gular city  in  Europe;  on  an  island  10 
miles  in  circumfertnce,  formed  by  the 
rivers  Spree  and  Havel,  12  miles  W  of 
Berlin.     Lon.  13  46  E.  lat  51  52  N. 

Potsdam,  province  of  German  Prussia, 
comprehi-nding  the  Ucker  Mark,  the 
Mark  of  Priegnitz,  and  the  greatest  part 
of  the  Middle  Mark.  It  lies  between 
Pomerania,  West  Prussia,  and  Saxony. 

Potsdam,  post  village  and  township  of 
St  Lawrence  county.  New  York,  on 
Racket  river,  about  90  miles  W  from 
Plattsburg.    Population  1820,  1911. 

Potter,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed by  Alleghany  county.  New  York  N; 
Steuben  in  New  York  NE  ;  Tioga  coun- 
ty, in  Pennsylvania  E  ;  Lycoming  SE  ; 
andS;  and  M  Kean  VV.  Length  37; 
brtadth  30;  and  area  1100  square  miles. 
This  county  extends  over  an  extensive 
table  land  from  which  the  rivers  flow 
like  radii  from  a  common  centre  ;  Alle- 
ghany flows  NW  into  New  York,  the 
extreme  SW  sources  of  Tioga  river, 
flows  NE  also  into  New  York ;  whilst  in 
the  intermediate  space  Genesee  rises, 
and  flowing  N  pursues  its  course  towards 
lake  Ontario.  Pine  creek,  Kettle  creek, 
the  Sinamahoning.and  Driftwood,  branch- 
es of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehan 
nah,  all  rise  in  the  southern  section  of 
this  c  )unty,  and  flow  south.  All  these 
streams  rise  near  Coudersport,  and  very 
near  the  centre  of  the  county.  The  sub- 
joined table  will  exhibit  the  uncultivated 
state  of  this  extensive  county. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        .  21 

do.  do.    femstles    -        -        -  7 

Total  whites  ....  28 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  1 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810,  -  29 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

96 

do.    do.     females 

89 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        - 

0 

Total  whites 

185 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

1 

do.             do.        females 

0 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,836 


Of  thess  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  47 

do.    in  Manufactures  -  3 

do.     in  Commerce  -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,   seroentten 

one  himdreth. 

Potter,  SE  township  of  Centre  county, 
Pennsylvania.    Population  1820,  1810. 

Potistown,  post  town,  Hunterdon, 
county,  New  Jersey,  20  milts  E  from 
Easton  in  Pennsylvania. 

Pottsgrove,  upper  township  of  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Schuylkill.    Population  1820,  1882. 

Potistown,  post  village  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  in  Poitsgr:ive  town- 
ship, on  the  Schuylkill,  16  miles  below 
Reading. 

Potion,  town  of  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  E  of  Bedford, 
and  48  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  18  W, 
lat.  52  11  N. 

Pou^hkeepsie,  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Duchess  county,  Nev.-  York ;  situated  on 
the  E  bank  of  Hudson  river,  47  miles  S  of 
the  city  of  Hudson,  and  85  N  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  cont.'.ming  4670  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  5726.  The  village  of 
Poughkeepsie  is  on  an  elevated  plain,  and 
has  a  neat  and  even  romantic  appearace. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  manufactures, 
has  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  county 
buildings,  an  academy  and  five  or  six  places 
of  public  worship. 

Powel's  River,  the  NW  branch  of  Ten- 
nessee, rises  in  Scott  and  Lee  counties,  Vir- 
ginia, flows  SW,  and  enters  Claiborne  coun- 
ty in  Tennessee,  and  joins  Clinch  river,  at 
Grantsborough  in  the  southern  part  of 
Campbell  county. 

Poxvell's  mozmtain,  an  Appalachian  ridge 
extending  between  Clinch  and  Powell's 
rivers,  in  Scott  and  Lee  county,  Virginia, 
and  in  Claiborne  county,  Tennessee. 

PoiueWs  valley,  partly  in  Virginia,  and 
p.<rtly  in  Tennessee,  spreads  between  Pow- 
ell's and  Cumberland  mountains. 

Powelton,  post  town,  Hancock  county, 
Georgia,  on  the  right  side  of  the  Ogeeche 
near  its  source,  35  miles  NNE  from  Mil- 
ledgeville.     It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Po~.ohatan  or,  Pohatan,  county  of  Vii^ffi- 
nia  on  James  river;  bounded  by  Chester- 
field SE  ;  Appomattox  river  or  Amelia  S  ; 
Cumberland  V,"  ;  and  James  river,  or 
Goochland  N.  Length  20;  mean  width 
16  ;  and  area  320  square  miles.  Its  chief 
town  Scottsville,  is  about  25  miles  nearly 
W  from  Richmond. 

Popidation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,2,'J2 
do.  »lo.  females  -       -        1,252 

«29 


P  K.  K 


U  K 


Total  whites      .        -        -        -  :2,484 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        -  498 

Slaves         -                ...  5,091 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -       8,073 

Population  in  1820. 
Fi'ee  white  males         ...        1,306 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,186 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites      .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     . 
do.  do.     .  females 

Slaves  males        .        -        -        • 
do.  females    -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1810  .        8,292 

Of  These  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized    -        -  6 

Engag^ed  in  Agriculture      -        .  2,442 

do.        in  Manufactures            .  745 

do.       in  Commerce        .        .  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Prairie,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio,  6  miles  S  from  Wooster.  Population 
1820,  706. 

Prairie,  township  in  the  western  limits 
of  Franklin  county,  Ohio,  containing  322 
inhabitants,  in  1820. 

Prairie  due  Chien,  settlement  on  the  left 
bank  ot  the  Mississippi  above  the  mouth 
of  Onisconsin  river.  It  is  an  ancieni  set- 
tlement made  by  French  traders.  Present 
population  about  350.  The  United  States 
Fort  Crawford  stands  in  this  settiement. 

Prairie  du  Hocher,  township  of  Illinois, 
12  miles  N  from  Kaskaskias. 

PrallsvUle,  post  village,  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey. 

Prattsbury,  township  of  Steuben  county. 
New  York.     Population  1820,  1377. 

Prattsville,  post  vdlage,  Allegany  county, 
Maryland. 

Preble,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  by  In- 
diana W  ;  Darke  N ;  Montgomery  E  ;  and 
Butler  S.  Length  24;  breadth  18;  and 
area  432  square  miles.  Surface,  generally 
level,  and  soil  productive  in  grain  fruit.?, 
smd  pasturage.    Chief  town,  Eaton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  nnales    -        -        -        1,714 
do.    do.    females         -        -        1,565 

Total  whites       ....  3,279 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     _        -        -        -  25 

Slaves,      ...       -       -  0 


Population  in  1829. 
Free  wliite  males        ...        5,277 

do.    do.   females    .        -        .        4,928 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 


Total  population  in  1810 

S30 


3,304 


Total  whites      ....  10,502 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     .  20 

do.            do.       females  .  12 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do,    females  ....  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      10,237 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  8 

Engaged  in  Agricultiu'e      -        -        2,313 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  289 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  23|. 

Preble,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Cortland  county.  New  York,  Population 
1820,  1257. 

Praya.     See  Porla  Praya. 

Precop,  or  Perecop,  town  and  fortress  of 
Russia,  in  the  government  of^Cathatinen- 
slaf,  and  province  of  Taurida,  seated  on  the 
isthmus  that  joins  the  Crimea  to  the  con- 
tinent. \  deep  trench,  four  miles  in  length, 
is  cut  across  the  isthmus,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  upon  that  a  vaulted  gate,  call- 
ed the  Golden  gate  of  the  Tartars.  Lon. 
35  34  K.lat,  46  8  N. 

Precopia,  town  of  Eurdpean  Turkey,  in 
Sarvia,  on  the  river  Morave,  20  miles  W 
of  Nissa. 

Pregel,  river  of  East  Ifrussia,  which  is- 
sues from  the  lake  An^rburg,  and  flowing 
by  Iiisterburg,  Wekui,  and  Konigsburg,  en- 
ters the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Frisch 
Haff. 

Pranislau,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Leinburg,  witii  a  strong  castle, 
and  a  Greek  and  Latin  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Sana,  60  miles  W  by  S 
of  Lemburg.     Lon.  21  0  E,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Prenzlo,  town  of  Brandenburg,  capital 
of  the  Ucker  Mark,  It  contains  six 
churches,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
corn,  tobacco,  and  cattle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  lake  and  river  Ucher,  60  miles  NNE  of 
Berlin.     Lon.  13  57  E,  lat.  53  19  N. 

Preran,  town  of  Moravia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  tlie  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Beczwa,  13  miles  SE  of  Olmutz.  Lon. 
17  29  E,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Presbnrg,  fortified  city,  capital  of  Lower 
Hungary,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  liili.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Danube,  wliich  is  here 
very  rapid  and  about  250  yards  in  breadth. 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  27.000. 
Here  the  states  of  Hunj^'ary  liold  their  as- 
semblies, and  in  tlie  cathedral  the  sove- 
reign is  crowned.  In  December  1805,  a 
treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  here  be- 
tween  Austria  and  Fran<;e.    Presburg  is 


V  11  I 


p  11 1 


ol  miles  E  by  S  of  Vienna,  and  95  WNW 
Of  Buda     Lon.  17  7  K,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Presburg,  or  Posonyi  Varmegye,  palati- 
nate of  Hungary,  of  which  Presburg  is  the 
capital. 

Prescot,  town  of  Lancashire,  with  a  m  .r- 
ket  on  Tuesday.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  watch  movements,  puiion  wire,  small, 
files,  and  coarse  earthen  ware ;  and  around 
it  are  many  coal  mines.  It  is  eight  miles 
E  of  Liverpool 

Prescott,  villiige  of  Upper  Canada,  on 
St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite  Ogdens- 
burg. 

Preston,  township  of  of  New  London 
county,  Connecticut,  on  the  E  side  of  the 
river  Thames,  15  miles  above  New  London. 
Population  in  1820,  1899. 

Preston,  county  oi  Virginia;  bounded  by 
FayeUe  county  Pennsylvania  N;  Aileg:any 
county  Maryland  E  ;  Randolph  county  in 
Virginia  S  ;  and  Monongala  W.  Length 
26 ;  mean  width  23  ;  and  area  640  square 
miles.  Surface  either  hilly  or  mountainous. 
Cheat  river  or  the  SE  branch  of  Mononga- 
hela  flowi  through  it  from  S  to  N. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        - 

do.  do.    females     -        - 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 


1,694 
1,648 


Total  whites       .        -         .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


3,342 

6 

0 

50 

30 

3,428 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agric  Iture      -        -  925 

do.        in  Manufactures    -         -  33 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5. 

Prevesa,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Albamia,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  stands  on 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis,  built  by 
emperor  Augustus,  in  meinoiy  of  his  vie. 
tory  over  Antony.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Venetians  in  1684,  Ft  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  on  the  gulf  of  Arta,  70  miles  N 
W  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  21  5  E,  lat.  39 
14  N. 

Prince  Edivard,  county  of  Upper  Canada, 
occupying  a  peninsula  between  lake  Onta- 
rio and  the  bay  of  Q  iinti. 

Prince  Edioard,  county  of  Virginia ; 
bounded  by  Lunenburg  8.*^;  Charlotte  S 
and  SW  ;  Buckmgham  NW  ;  Cumberland 
or  Appomattox  river  N  ;  Amelia  NE  ;  and 
Nottaway  E.  Length  25  ;  mean  width  10  ; 
and  area  250  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  sources  of  Appamattox,  Chief 
town,  FarmvJile. 


2,678 
2,586 

5,264 

149 

6,996 

12,409 


2,295 

2,332 


12,577 


0 

3,707 

2,198 

37 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ... 
do.     do.    females    .        -        . 

Total  whites      -        -        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  t  :xed  -        .        . 

Slaves        .        -        -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ... 

do.     do.    females    .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Total  whites       -        .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        . 
do.     females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  AgricultiU'e 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  50. 

The  following  additional  information  re- 
specting this  county  was  forwarded  to  the 
publishers,  and  inserted,  though  rather 
lengttiy  from  the  importance  of  its  con- 
tents. 

The  couPity  derives  great  advantage  from 
the  navigation  of  the  Appomatox — a  large 
p.<irt  is  fertile,  well  watered,  and  highly 
cultivated — industry  and  economy  charac- 
terize the  inhabitants — the  most  numerous 
religious  denominations  ar©«the  Methodist 
and  Baptis'  :  ihere  are  three  Presbyterian 
churches.  An  English  school  is  kept  in 
every  neigiibourhood  ;  six  or  eight  valua- 
ble clahsic  schools  are  maintained ;  and 
great  attention  is  given  by  the  more 
wealthy  citizens  to  female  education. 
Various  benevolent  Associations  are  form- 
ed for  the  distribution  of  bibles  and  tracts, 
for  the  support  of  Sabbath  schools,  and  for 
educating  indigent  and  promising  youth. 

Hampden  Sidney  College  in  this  county, 
has  an  elevated,  dry  and  remarkable 
healthy  situation,  80  miles  south-west  from 
Richmond,  and  central  to  the  southern  sec- 
tion of  Virginia.  The  college  was  founded 
in  1775.  The  following  men  have  succes- 
sively  filled  the  presidential  chair,  viz  : 

The  Rev.  Saml.  Stanhope  Smith,  D.D.  L.L.D. 
The  Rev.  John  Blair  Smith,  U.D. 
The  Rev  Archibald  Mexander,  D.D. 
The  Rev-  Moses  Hmje,  D.U 

The  charter  is  as  liberal  and  ample  as 
tliutofanv  college  in  the  TJnitjjd  States. 
S31 


I'  jR,  I 


r  ii  I. 


Tfae  corporation  consists  of  27  men,  most 
of  whom  are  graduates  of  other  colleges — 
the  laws  of  the  corporation,  which  relate 
to  the  instruction,  and  to  the  internal 
government  of  the  college,  are  committed 
to  the  facuU) ,  consisting  of  the  president, 
professors,  and  tutors. 

The  (ollowing  professorships  have  been 
established,  the  president  is  the  professMr 
of  Mental  Philosophy,  Rhetoric,  Moral 
Philosophy,  and  Natural  Law.  The  pro- 
fessor of  Chemistry  and  Natural  Philoso- 
phy, of  Mathematics,  and  of  the  Learned 
Languages. 

The  apparatus  is '  adequate  to  a  very 
liberal  course  of  experiments  in  Chemistry 
and  Natural  Philosophy.  A  collection  »f 
valuable  specimens  is  the  commencement 
of  a  mineralogical  cabinet.  The  College 
library,  with  those  belonging  to  the  Phi- 
lanthropic, the  Union,  and  Philosophical 
societies,  exceed  2,000  select  volumes. 
The  permanent  funds  of  the  college,  con- 
sist in  land,  and  bank  stock.  By  a  provi- 
sion of  the  Legislature,  it  will  receive  a 
more  ample  endowment. 

The  number  of  undergratuates  at  the 
close  of  1821,  exceeded  100,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  In  addition  to  the  present 
buildings,  a  brick  edifice  is  now  erecting, 
180  feet  in  length,  50  in  breadth,  and  four 
stories  in  height,  containing  48  rooms  for 
the  accommodation  of  students,  besides 
40  feet  of  the  center,  which  contains  the 
chapel  40  feet  by  50,  and  the  other  public 
rooms. 

There  is  also  a  valuable  Academy,  under 
the  direction  of  the  faculty,  in  which  those 
studies  only  are  taught  tha'  are  required 
for  an  admission  into  the  lowest  college 
class. 

The  college  year  has  two  sessions  ;  the 
winter  session  six  months,  commences 
with  November  and  ends  with  April.  The 
summer  session,  commences  with  June  and 
ends  with  the  college  commencement,  on 
the  last  Thursday  in  September. 

The  expense 
For  board    glO  a  month  glOO  for  the  year 
4      do.         40        do. 


do. 


10 


do. 


Amount       §15  a  month  gl50ayear 

There  is  no  town  or  village  in  the  vicini- 
ty of  the  college,  and  the  students  are  dis- 
tinguished for  virtue  and  order. 
COURSE  OF  STUDIES. 
Academy  Attached  to  the  College. 

Murray's    English    Grammar ;    Adam's 
Latin  Grammar. 

Sacred    History ;    Mair's    Introduction ; 
Caesar's  Commentaries. 

Eletnetits   of   Geographv   and   .^'jcient 


Historj^ ;  Valpey's  Greek  Grammar,  anS 
the  Greek  Testament ;  Virgil  and  Latin. 
ProsoSy. 

Classical  Dictionary  ;  Tooke's  Pantheon, 
and  Adam's  Roman  Antiquities,  to  be  con- 
sulted liud  studied  so  that  the  Student  may 
explain  all  classic  allusions. 

Djlzel's  collectanea  Grseca  Minora ;  Sal- 
lust  and  Webber's  Arithmetic  as  far  as 
Proportion. 

COLLEGE, 

Each  class  has  two  studies,  and  a  daily 
recitation  in  each  study,  except  the  Se- 
nior. 

FHESHMATf  CLASS.  —  Winter  Session. 

Cicero's  Orations ;  Graeca  Majora— the 
historians,  Xenophon,  Plato,  Herodotus, 
and  Thucydides. 

Webber's  Arithmetic,  and  Day's  Al- 
gebra. 

Summer  Session. 

Playfair's  Euclid  4  books ;  and  Graeca 
Majora — the  orators,  Lysias,  Isocrates  and 
Demosthenes. 

English  Grammar,  Murray's  8vo.  vol.  and 
Blair's  Rhetoric. 

Composition  every  four  weeks  through 
the  year. 

SOPHOMORE  CLASS. —  fViuter  Session. 

Hedge's  Logic ;  Morse's  Geography, 
8vo.  vol.;  Tyiler's  Elements  of  History, 
and  Chronology 

Livy  with  R  man  Antiquities  continued  ; 
and  Graeca  JMajora — the  critics,  Aristotle, 
Dionysius,  and  Longinus. 

Summer  Session. 

Euclid,  including  the  supplements ; 
Day's  plain  Trigonometry  and  Logarithms, 
and  Mei  suration  of  Siiperfices  and  S<ilids. 

Graeca  Majora— the  poets,  Homer,  So- 
phocles, Euripides,  &c.  with  Greek  versi- 
fication. 

Composition  every  three  weeks  through 
the  year. 

TUWioR  CLASS. —  TVtvter  Session. 

Gorham's  Chemistry,  8vo.  2  vols,  with 
Experiments,  Sec.  and  i's  application  to 
Agriculture ;  Mineralogy. 

Day's  Surveying  and  Navigation  ;  and 
Conic  Sections. 

Spherical  Geometry  and  Trigonometry, 
and  Fluxions. 

Summer  Session. 

Enfield's  Natural  Philosoplw  with  Ex- 
periments, &.C. 

Horace — Editio  Expurgata  ^jnth  Latin 
Prosody. 

Compositions  every  two  weeks  through 
the  year. 

SE^-roR  CLASS— ^Fin^er  Session. 
Stewart's    I'iiilosophy    of    the     Mind ; 
Campbell's   Philosophy    of  Rhetoric,  and 
Paley's  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy, 


P  R  I 


V  U  I 


Siimnwr  Session. 

Enfield's  Astronomy ;  and  Laws  of  Na- 
ture and  of  Nations,  by  Vatiel. 

Dissertations  every  two  weeks,  and 
forensicks  every  four  weeks,  through  the 
year. 

The  Seniors  are  required  to  review  the 
most  important  studies  of  the  Course. 

The  members  of  each  class  declMim  in 
public  once  in  four  weeks— the  Senior 
members  pronoiince  orif^inal  orations. 

Prince  Frederick,  village  of  Calvert  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  40  miles  nearly  S  from  Ana- 
polis. 

Prince  Gorges,  county  of  Maryland ; 
bounded  by  Montgomery  county  in  Mary- 
land N'W  ;  District  of  Columbia  and  Pom- 
mac  river  \V  ;  Charles  county  S  ;  and  Pa- 
tuxent  river  E  and  NE.  Length  30 ;  mean 
width  17;  and  area  510  sqjuire  miles. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  of  mid- 
dling quality.  Chief  Town,  Upper  Marl- 
boro'. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,221 

do.     do.      females  -         -         3,250 


Free  white  females 


1,541 


Total  whites       .        .        -        -  3,101 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                ...  463 

Slaves 4,486 


Total  population  in  1810 


Total  whites  -        -        -  6,471 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  4,929 

Slaves         .         .        -         .        .  9,189 


8,050 


Total  population  in  1810  -      20,589 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliite  males        -         -         -         4,035 

do.  do.  females  -  •  -  3,900 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -      •  -        -  0 

Total  whites       ...         -  7,935 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  548 

do,             do.        females  548 

Slaves,  males     .         .         -         .  5,786 

do.  females            -         -         -  5,399 

Total  population  in  1820  -         20,216 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  84 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  6,483 

do,        in  Manufactures  -  616 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  71 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

Prince  Georges,  county  of  Virginia  ; 
boimded  by  James  river  and  Appamattox 
river  N  ;  Dinwiddie  county  W  ;  Sussex  and 
Surry  SE  ;  and  James  river  E.  L,ength  26  ; 
mean  width  12 :  and  area  312  square  miles. 
The  southern  side  of  this  county  is  draineil 
by  the  various  sources  of  the  Nottaway  imd 
Btackwater  rivers.  Surface  moderately 
hilly,  and  soil  tolerably  productive. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  mates     -        -        -        1,.'>60 
5N 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

1,511 

do.     do.    females     .        -         - 

1,608 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        -        .         - 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

3,119 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

278 

do.            do.      females 

310 

Slaves,  males       .... 

2,261 

do.    females            ... 

2,062 

Total  population  in  1820    - 

8,030 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  =  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     .         .        2,342 

do,         in  Manufactures  -  244 

do.         in  Commerce .      .         -  8 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29. 

Prince  of  Walen^  Island,  or  Pulo  Pinang. 
Lon,  100  19  E,  lat.  5  25  N,  It  lies  oft'  the 
Malay  peninsula.  An  English  fort  and  fac- 
tory has  existed  here  since  1786,  and  has 
become  a  very  important  mart  command- 
ing the  trade  of  the  straits  of  Malacca. 

Prince  of  TFales,  Cape,  the  most  western 
extremity  of  all  America,  hitherto  known, 
discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in  1778. 
Lon.  168  5  W,  lat.  65  46  N. 

Prince  of  Wales,  Fort,  ihe  most  northern 
setdement  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
seated  on  the  W  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  at 
the  mouth  of  Churchill  River.  Lon.  94  7 
W,  lat.  58  47  N. 

Prince  JVilliam,  township  of  York  coun- 
ty, New  Bruns\vick. 

Prince  William,  county  of  Virginia; 
bounded  by  Potomac  river  E ;  Stafford, 
county  SE  ;' Fauquier  SW  and  W;  Loudon 
N  ;  and  the  Ocoquon  nver  or  Fairfax  NE. 
Length  30  ;  mean  width  10 ;  and  area  300 
square  miles.  Chief  towns,  Haymarket 
and  Dumfries.  Surface  near  the  Potomac 
very  hilly,  and  soil  sandy. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do,  .females 


2,787 
2,946 


Total  whites       -         -         -        -  5,733 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  358 

Slaves 5,220 


Total  population  in  1810 
835 


11,511 


1^  a  J 


p  ji  I 


Fopu'ation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed    .... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females  .        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 


Total  whites     .        .        .        . 
13,356   Free  j)ersons  of  colour,  males 
2,4U5  do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
0       do.    females 


4,761 

114 

164 

2,168 

2,212 


Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

9,419       do.        in  Commerce 


4,81J 

120 

130 

1.916 

1,789 

8,767 


10 

5,020 

0 

23 


6 
4,565 

44 

37 


Population  to  the  square  niile,  31. 

Prince  William  Henry^s  Island,  isl- 
and in  the  Eastern  Ocean,  lying  WNW 
of  Tench's  Island.  It  is  pretty  high, 
and  70  miles  in  circuit.  A  high  moun- 
tain rising  in  the  centre  of  it,  was  called 
Mount  Philip.  Lon.  149  30  E,  lat.  1  32 
S. 

Prince  William  Henry's  Island,  isl- 
and of  the  S  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered 
bv  captain  Wallis,  in  1767.  Lon.  141  6 
W,  lat.  17  0  S. 

Prince  William's  Sound,  gulf  on  the 
NW  coast  of  America,  so  named  by  cap- 
tain Cook,  in  1778. 

Princess  jinn,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  at 
the  head  of  the  Manokin  river.  Eastern 
shore,  about  90  miles  SE  from  Wash- 
ington city.  It  is  a  place  of  considera- 
ble trade,  and  contains  the  county  build- 
ings, three  places  of  public  worship,  and 
a  bank. 

■  Princess  Ann,  SE  county  of  Virginia, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  E ;  Cur- 
rituck county  in  North  Carolina  S  ;  Nor- 
folk county  W  ;  and  Chespeak  or  rather 
Lynhaven  bay  N.  Length  30;  mean 
width  10;  and  area  300  square  miles. 
Chief  town  Kempsville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  .        -        2,681 

do.    do.    females  -        -        2,624 


Total  whites              -       -        -  5,305 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  267 

Slaves 3,926 


Total  population  in  1810 


9,498 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        2,323 
do.    do.     females  -        -        2,489 

All  other  jiersons  except  Indians 
not  taxed       ...       -  o 

S34 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  29. 

Princeton,  post  town  and  townshipj 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  16 
miles  N  from  Worcester.  Wachusett 
mountain  rising  to  near  3000  feet  above 
the  ocean  level,  stands  in  the  N  part  of 
this  township.  Population  1810,  1062  ; 
and  in  1820,  1261. 

Princeton,  post  town  partly  in  Somer- 
set, and  partly  in  Middlesex  county, 
New  Jersey.  18  miles  SW  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, 10  NE  of  Trenton,  and  40  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, in  lat.  40  22  N,  and  lon.  74  34 
W.  The  college  erected  here,  called 
Nassau-hall  College,  founded  in  1738,  is 
a  handsome  stone  building,  180  feet  wide 
by  54  deep,  placed  on  a  small  eminence 
that  commands  a  pleasing  view  of  the 
adjacent  country,  The  presidents  have 
been  distinguished  for  learning  and  pi- 
ety, and  the  institution  has  produced  men 
of  extensive  usefulness  in  church  and 
state. 

The  college  library  contains  about  8000 
volumes,  with  a  fine  philosophical  appa- 
ratus, and  a  real  treasure  of  sciences ; 
an  orrery  constructed  by  the  celebrated 
David  Rittenhouse ;  and  a  valuable  ca- 
binet of  mineralogy  and  natural  history  in 
general. 

The  faculty  consists  of  a  president, 
vice  president,  who  is  professor  of  lan- 
guages, and  belles  letti'es,  a  professor  of 
mathematics  and  mechanical  philosophy, 
and  a  professor  of  chemistry,  experimen- 
tal philosophy,  and  natural  history ;  with 
three  tutors,     Students  about  120. 

According  to  Mr.  Morse,  the  number 
of  persons  educated  in  this  college  from 
its  foundation  were  1425,  of  whom  1023 
were  living  in  1815.  Annual  amount  of 
collegiate  and  other  expenses  for  a  stu- 
dent at  this  college  §225. 

A  theological  iseminary  was  formed 
here  in  1812,  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The  edi- 
fice for  this  institution  is  a  spacious  stone 
building,  standing  to  the  east  of  the  road 
from  Princeton  to.  Trenton,  a  little  ^i  of 
the  village.  The  foujvdation  has  two 
professors,  one  for  Didactic  and  Pole- 
mic Theology,  and  the  other  of  eccle- 


1*  R  0 


PRO 


siastical  history.  Students  about  70.  Pre- 
sent population  of  Princeton  about  500. 

Princeton,  post  town,  Caldwell  county, 
Kentucky,  60  miles  N\V  by  W  from 
Russelville. 

Friiiceton,  post  town,  Butler  county, 
Ohio,  six  miles  E  from  Hamilton,  and 
19  miles  N  from  Cincinatti. 

Princeton,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Gibson  county,  Indiana,  containing 
about  100  houses,  and  500  inhabitants, 
30  miles  S  from  Vincennes,  and  about  an 
equal  distance  from  Evarsville  on  Ohio. 

Principato,  province  of  Naples,  divi- 
ded into  Principato  Ulteriore,  and  Prin- 
cipato Citeriore,  that  is.  the  Further  and 
Hither  Principality.  Principato  Citeri- 
ore, is  boundf^d  on  the  N  by  Principato 
Ulteriore  and  Terra- di-Lavora,  on  the  W 
and  S  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the 
E  by  Basilicata.  It  is  60  miles  long  and 
30  broad  ;  the  soil  is  fertile  in  wine,  corn, 
oil,  and  saffron ;  and  it  has  a  great  deal 
of  silk,  and  several  mineral  springs.  Sa- 
lerno is  the  capital.  Principato  Ulteriore 
is  bounded  en  the  N  by  the  Moiise  and 
Terra- di-Lavora,  en  the  W  by  the  Me- 
diterranean, on  the  S  by  Principato  Ci- 
teriore, and  on  the  E  by  Capitanata.  It 
is  37  miles  long  and  30  broad. 

Prisdenia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Bosnia,  on  the  Drinn,  32  miles  NE  of 
Albanapolis,  and  195  N  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.2l3E,  lat.  42  ON. 

Pristinn,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia,  on  the  Rusca,  58  miles  NVV 
of  Nissa,  and  150  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon. 
22  5  E,  lat.  42  43  N. 

Pritztvalk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marche  of 
Prignitz,  44  miles  N  of  Brandenburgh, 
and  54  NW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  13  E,  lat. 
53  9  N. 

Privas,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny.  On  a  hill,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  three  small  rivers,  16  mi'es  N  of 
Viviers.    Lon.  4  41  W,  lat  44  45  N. 

Procita,  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf  of 
Naples,  near  that  of  Ischia.  It  is  eight 
miles  in  circumference,  and  very  fertile 
and  populous.  The  capital  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  small  fortified  place,  on  a  high 
craggy  rock,  by  the  sea-side.  Lon.  14  8 
E,  lat.  40  43  N. 

Prodano,  anciently  Spacteria,  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  near  the  W  coast 
of  the  Morea.  It  is  36  miles  SSE  of 
Zante.    Lon.  21  24  E,  lat.  37  15  N. 

Pron,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bur- 
ma!), s'-ated  on  the  Menan,  200  miles 
NW  of  Pegu.    Lon.  94  0  E,  lat.  17  50  N. 

Prospect,  post  town  in  Hancock  cotmty, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  \V  side  of  Penob- 
scot river,   eight  miles  NR  of  Belfast, 


and  seven  S  of  Frankfort,  all  lying  on 
the  same  river.  Population  1810,  1300, 
and  in  1820,  1771. 

Prospect,  post  town,  Prince  Edward 
county,  Virginia. 

Prospect  hill,  post  office,  Fairfax  coun- 
ty, Virginia.  14  miles  N  by  W  from  Wa- 
shington. 

Provence,  late  province  of  France,  138 
miles  long,  and  100  broad ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Dauphiny,  on  the  S  by  the  Me- 
diterranean, on  the  W  by  the  river 
Rhone,  which  separates  it  from  Languc- 
doc,  and  on  the  E  by  the  Alps  and  the 
river  Var.  The  air  near  the  Alps  and 
Dauphiny  is  cold,  on  the  sea  coast,  hot, 
and  iii  the  middle  temperate.  In  that 
which  was  called  Upper  Provence,  the 
soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures ;  but 
in  Lower  Provence,  dry  and  sandy.  It 
produces,  however,  wine,  oil,  figs,  al- 
monds, prunes,  and  pomegranates,  along 
the  sea-coast  from  'I'oulon  to  Nice.  There 
are  orange  and  citron  trees  in  the  open 
fields  ;  and  many*medicinal  plants,  mi- 
neral waters,  and  mines  of  several  kinds. 
Provence  now  forms  the  departments  of 
Var,  the  LoAver  Alps,  and  the  Mouths  of 
the  Rhone. 

Providence,  one  cf  the  least  of  the  Ba- 
hama islands,  but  the  best  of  those  plant- 
ed by  the  English.  It  wsis  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1782,  but  retaken  the  next 
year.  It  lies  200  miles  E  of  Florida.  Lon. 
77  1  W,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Providence,  island  in  the  Atlantic,  150 
miles  E  of  the  coast  of  Nicaragua.  Lon. 
80  44  W.  lat.  13  25  N. 

Providence,  capital  of  the  state  of 
Rhode  Island,  a  pnst  town  and  port  of 
entry ;  situate  in  Providence  county,  and 
on  Providence  river,  near  the  head  of 
Naragansett  bay,  and  in  lat.  41  49  N, 
and  lon.  71  23  AV .  It  lies  30  miles  N  by 
V/  of  Newport,  and  45  SW  of  Boston. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  metropolis  were 
7614  at  the  last  enumeration.  T<ke  har- 
bour is  safe  and  commodious,  though  in- 
ferior to  that  of  Newport.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  towns  compared  to 
its  extent,  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
most  manufacturing  in  proportion  to  po- 
pulation. The  manufactures  of  cotton 
cloths,  employ  in  Providence  and  vicini- 
ty above  100  factories  ;  the  mass  of  the 
business  and  capital  of  which,  centre  in 
that  city.  There  are  within  the  town, 
five  cotton,  and  two  woollen  factories, 
five  distilleries,  three  dye-houses,  three 
rope  walks,  tv/o  spermaceti  works,  10  or 
12  jewellers'  shops,  and  numerous  other 
shops,  blacksmiths,  saddlers,  &c. 

The  manufacturing  and  commercial 
prosperity  of  Providence  have  advanced 
together.    The  amount  of  shipping  ap- 


PRO 


PRO 


preaches  20,000  tons;  ?.  considerable 
part  of  which  is  engaged  in  the  cotton 
trade. 

It  contains,  a  branch  of  the  bank  of 
the  United  States  ;  six  stnte  banks  ;  six 
eissurance  offices  ;  four  printing  offices ; 
a  college,  public  library  ;  three  acade- 
mies; and  eight  places  of  public  wor- 
ship. 

Brown  University,  in  Providence  was 
originally  established  in  Warren  in  1764, 
and  in  1770  removed  to  Providence.  It 
possesses,  a  president,  and  eight  profes- 
sors, in  mathematics,  natural  philoso- 
phy ;  of  law ;  of  moral  philosophy,  and 
metaphysics  ;  of  oratory,  belles  lettn  s  ; 
of  anatomy,  and  surgery  ;  of  matt  ria  me- 
dica  and  botany  ;  of  the  thcry  and  piac- 
tice  of  physic  ;  and  of  chemistry.  The 
library  exceeds  5,000  volumes.  The 
philosophical  apparatus  is  extensive 
The  whole  institution  is  highly  respecta- 
ble and  flourishing.  Number  of  stu- 
dents usually  about  120. 

Population  in  1810.  •, 
Free  white  males         ...       4427 

do.  do.    females      -        »        -       4,773 

Total  whites  -  -  -  -  9,200 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  865 

Slaves         .....  6 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -       10,071 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,136 

do.    do.  females  -        .        5,620 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     ....  32 


and  middling  quality.  It  is  drained  by  the 
various  branches  of  Providence  river. 
Chief  town  Providence. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -         -         •     14,581 

do.  do.    females       .        .        -     15,012 


Total  whites       .... 

10,788 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

387 

do              do.       females 

588 

Slaves,  males 

1 

do.    females 

3 

• 
Total  population  in  1820    - 

11,767 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

39 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

64 

do.         in  Manufactures 

1,373 

do.        in  Commerce 

422 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain 

Providence,  JVorth,  township  of  Pro- 
vidence county,  Rhode  Island,  immedi- 
ately N  from  the  city  of  Providence, 
Population  1820,  2420. 

Providence,  Northern  county  of  Rhode 
Island ;  boimded  by  Connecticut  VV  ; 
Massachusetts  N,  and  E ;  and  Kent 
county  in  Rhode  Island  S  Length  20  ; 
width  18 ;  and  area  360  square  miles. 
Surface  generally  hilly ;  and  soil  of  mixed 
836 


Total  whites         .         .         .         . 
All  other  per-ons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  .        .        .        . 

Slaves  .         .         -         .         - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whitt-s,  males 

do.  do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .... 

Total  whites       .         .         .         - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  _        -        . 

do.     females        _        _        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


29,593 

1,263 
13 

30,866 


16.682 
17,635 


34,355 

585 

782 

1 


35.726 


Of  the.^e  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  178 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         5,346 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         2,780 

do.        in  Commerce       .         -  504 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  99. 

Providence,  township  of  Saratoga  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  1694  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  1820,  1515,  Situated 
on  th^  W  side  of  the  river  Hudson  25 
miles  N  of  Albany 

Providence,  township  of  Essex  coun- 
ty. New  Jersev,  on  the  Passaic,  11  miles 
Wfrom  Newark.    Population  1820,  768. 

Providence,  township  of  Luzerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  both  sides  of  Lack- 
awannock  river,  10  miles  NE  fronn 
Wilkesbarre.     Population  861. 

Providence,  township  of  Bedford  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  both  sides  of  the 
great  road  from  Chambersburg  to  Bed- 
ford, and  SE  from  Juniata  river.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  1,822. 

Providence,  A'ether,  township  of  Dela- 
Avare  county,  Pennsylvania,  between 
Crum  and  Ridley  creeks,  12  miles  WSW 
from  Philadelphia.  Population  1820, 
566. 

Providence,  Upper,  township  of  Dela- 
ware county,  Pennsylvania;  above  the 
preceeding.     Population  1820  736. 

Providence,  Lower  township  of  Mont- 
gomt  ry  county,  Pennsylvania ;  on  the 
Schuylkill  below  the  mouth  of  Perkio- 
men  creek.    Population  1820,  1146. 

Providence,  Upper,  township  of  Mont- 
gomery county,  Penns5^vania,  on  Schiiyl- 


P  S  K 


P  U  E 


kill  above  the  mouth  of  Perkiomencreefe.   S  t.f  Narva,  and  150  s  iy  W  of  Peters- 
Populaiion  1820,  1670  bir  ffh.     L.  n.  27  52  K,  lat.  57  58  N. 

Providence,  *ake  of  Louisiana,  in  Con-       Pskof  or  FleskoJ,  lake  ot  Russia,  in  a 
cordia  ;   once  a  bend  of  thr  Mississippi,   government  o!  tlie  same  n.me. 
from  this  lake  issues  the  source  of  the       Pnchholi,  town  ot  Hmdoostan  Proper,  ui 
Ten^aw   river;   it  is  situated  W  of  the    th-  province  ofL.hore.     l-cn   72  5  b,  lat. 
Mississippi,  40  miles  above  the  Yazoo      33  45  N.  ^    „.    , 

Providence,  post  village,  Mecklenburg       Puddur.   river  <S    Hindoostan    Proper, 
county  North  Carolina  «'liicl.  rses  in  the  SW  pari  .f  Ag-merc 

Provinceton,  post   town   in    Barnstable    divides t he  provmc.s of Ctcli  and  Guzerat, 
county,  Massachusetts  ;  on  a  strile  spot   and  falls  uito  die  guUof  Cnch 

at  the  point  of  Cape  Cod,   and  e-iga^id       Pudoga,  u^w " • 

principally  in  catchine,  curing,  and  vend-    ment    t01ti<t  „    ,  r^i 

iiig  fish,  which  has  renderetl  the  inhabi-   the  lak-  a  ezkoc   108  m.les  h  o,  Olenetz. 

tants  hardy   and  expert    mariners.     It   Lon.  o6  30  b,  lat.  bi  oO  A 

Piiebia,  town  ot  Spam,  in  Estramadura, 
seated  near  tlie  Guadiana,  15  miles  W  of 


f  Rns^ia,  in  the  govern- 
l<  lies  on  t'le  E  coas.  of 


hardy   and  expert 
lies  in  lat  42  X,  and  Ion.  70  9W,  about 
140   miles   Sli  of  Boston   by  land,  and 
about  50  feet  water 

Provms,  ttivn  of  Franc-,  in   the  de 
partment  of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late 
province  of  the   isle  of  France,  on  th^ 
Vouzie.  30  miles  SE  of  Meaux.   and  47 
SE  of  Paris     Lon   3  22  E.  lat  48  34  N. 

Pnick,  town  of  Austria^  seated  on  the 
Xeita,  22  miles  SW  of  Presburg,  and 
22  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  58  E.  lat  48 
5N 

Prucc,  town  of  (iermany,  in  Stiria, 
seated  on  the  Muehr,  66  miles  SW  of 
Vienna.     Lon.  15  25  E,  lat.  47  J4, 

Prussia,  kingdom  of  Europe,  partly  in 
the  former  Poland,  and  partly  in  Germany  ; 
bounded  E  by  Russian  Poland;  S  by  \us. 


Mei  idud      Lon,  6  23  W,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Piiebla  de-los  Angelas,  intendanc)  of5Icx- 
ico  ;  botindtd  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  S  ;  in- 
tend ncy  of  Mexico  W  ;  Vera  Cniz  NE  ; 
,ndOx.ca  SE.  It  extends  fom  latitude 
16  57  to  20  40  N  Length  350  miles.  Area 
21.000  -.qusre  mile*.  Population  813,000, 
i  .  1803.  The  greatest  pan  of  Pucbla  is 
traversed  by  the  high  Coidelleras  of  Aua- 
liiiac.  \bove  the  18th  degree  of  latitude 
to  the  N,  the  whole  country  is  a  plain  emi- 
neiitly  ienile  in  wheat,  maize,  agave  and 
truit  trees.  This  fine  plain  is  from  5900 
to  6560  feet  ab-  ve  the  level  of  the  ocean. 
.It  possesses  :.l-o  tl  e  highest  mountain  yet 
scientifically  me  -.ured  in  North  America 
the  Popocatepetl.     See  Popocatepetl.     The 


tnan  Poland,  Bohemia    Saxony  and  other  ,,^'t,^,„  is  concentrated  in  the  northern 

German  states;  on  the  W,mterm<ng!ed  with  '    ^^  ^^^^  ynehV^,  Choluia,  and  Tlascalla. 

other  German  states  ;  N\V  also  by  part^f  !^.,^^  ^^j^,^  j3^j  ^f  p^^,^,^  presents  the  m  st 

Germany,  and    N  bonndrd  by  the  B  Itic  extensive  r  mains  of  antiqmties  yet  found 

The     whole   Prussian    mom^rchy  extends  „„  ,|,e  ,,, astern  continent      ^^c  Pyramids  ^^i 

over  105,000  square  miirs,  witn  a  popula-  ^^^^^.^^      The  inien.lancv   produces   salt 

tion  of  about  10,500,000.  ^^^,   marble,  and   aim-  st  every   vatietv  of 

Thougi,  subjectto  very  rigorous  winters,  ^.^  ^^^j,,^.   ^ut  does  no'  abour.d  in  metalic 

the    Pruss  an  provinces  prod-ice    an   im-  ^^.^^^,^|^      ^^^^  Indusry  of  the   inhabitants 

mense  variety  of  artxles  ;  the  BaUic  pcrs  .^  ^j^j.^^j^d  to  domestic   manufactures  and 

have  been  for  many  ages  rema.kable  for  i^uit^.re      The  most  remarkable  cties 

the  abundance  of  grain.    Si lesia,  and  many  ^'^j    t„,^^.„s     ^.g     p.iel.lo: 


other  places  for  linens  and  woollens.  In 
reality  few  objects  of  want  or  luxury  suita- 
ble to  the  climate,  but  what  are  produced 
in  one  or  more  parts  of  this  kingdom. 

The  prevailing  religious  denominaiions 
are,  Calvinists,  Lutherans,  Catholics,  Jews, 
Anabaptists,  Moravians,  Ursitarians,  &c. 
Every  religious  denomination  is  tolerated. 
The  government  is  absolute. 

Priit/i,  river  of  Poland,  which  rises  in 
Red  Russia,  in  the  mountain  of  Crapach, 
crosses  part  (.f  the  palatinate  of  Lemburg, 
runs  through  all  Moldavia,  and  falls  into 
the  Danube. 

Psfro/,  or  P/esfco/,  government  of  Russia, 
formerly  comprised  in  the  government  of  varre,  seated  on  the  river  Agra,  10  miles 


)S-de-los-Angelos, 
Tlascalia  Choiula,  Alixco,  Tehuacan-de- 
la'.-Grar;ados,  Tepeaca,  or  Tepeyaco,  Hua- 
jocinco,  or  Uuetzotzinco. 

Puebla-delos  Aitgelos,  capital  of  the  jn- 
tendancy  of  the  -ame  name.  This  city 
was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1531.  It 
is  the  fourth  city  of  Spanish  America,  being 
only  exceeded  in  size  by  Mexico,  Guanax- 
uato,  and  Ha\ani!a.  Population  in  1803, 
67,800  ;  160  miles  WXW  from  Vera  Cruz. 

Pueiit-de!  arcobispo,  town  of  Spain,  in 
E-strnmadura,  on  the  river  TaJH,  over  which 
is  a  handsome  bridge,  40  miles  SW  of  To- 
ledo.    Lon.  4  15  W,  lat.  39  38  N. 

Puente-de  lo-Peijne,  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 


Novogorod. 


SW  ot  Pampeluna.     Lon.  1  39  W,  lat.  42 


Pskof,  or  Pleskof,  an  archiepiscopal  town    41  N. 
of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the        Puerto  Bello,  Puerto  Rico,  he.  See  Porto 
same  name,  on  the  river  Velika,  80  miles    Bello,  Porto  Rico,  SvC. 

8.">7 


P  U  I. 


P  U  L 


Fughio-a>n,  post  town,  Cliestei-  county,   Slaves 
Pennsylvania,  on    French  creek,  oS  miles 
NW  from  Philadelphia. 

Puglia,  modern  name  of  tlie  ancient 
Apulia,  containing'  the  three  provinces  of 
Cipitanata,  Bari,  and  0;ranto,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  kin,:^dom  of  Naples. 

Pnlaon,\s\ii\\(\  in  the  hidian  Ocean,  lying 
on  the  W  of  the  Phihppines.  It  is  very 
fertile,  and  subject  to  its  own  king,  who  is 
tributary  to  that  of  Borneo.  Lon  129  12 
E,  kt.  9  30  N. 

Pulaski,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by 
Telfair  SE;  Houston  SVV ;"  Monroe  NW  ; 
Twiggs  N  ;  and  Laurens  NE  Length  35  ; 
mean^width  14;  and  area  490  sq.sare  miles. 
Little  Oakmulgee  river  rises  m  \!ie  NE 
angle,  and  traverses  the  entire  length  of 
this  county;  and  the  main  Oakmulgee 
also  passes  through  its  SW  side.  Chief 
town  Hartford. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  while  males        -        -         -  815 

do.    do.    females    •        -        -  ^38 


Total  population  in  1810    • 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.   do,     females    - 
All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


468 
6,897 


3,603 

3,348 

0 

6,951 

6 

3 

301 

336 

7,59r 


Total  whites        ....  1,553 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 12 

Slaves           ....         -  528 


Total  population  in  1810 


2,09S 


Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males        -        .        -       1,697 

do.     do.     females    -         -         -        1,540 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2- 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,951 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  51 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  18 

Population  to  the  square  mile  9. 

Pulaski,  county  of  Arkansaw  territory, 
on  the  Cadron,  about  300  miles  above  Ar- 
kiopolis. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,014 

do.     do.    females   -        -  '       -  724 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  2 


Total  whites 

. 

3,237 

Free 

persons  of  colour. 

males    - 

12 

do. 

do. 

females. 

13 

Slaves,  males 

. 

. 

1.053 

do. 

females 

- 

- 

968 

Total 

population  in  182C 

)     - 

5,283 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  n-iturslized  -         -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -         -        1,773 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         •  44 

do.      in  Commerce  -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  lOJ. 

Pulaski,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded 
by  Cumberland  river  or  Wayne  S  ;  Adair 
W;  Casey,  and  Lincoln  NW;  Rockcastle 
NE ;  and  Rockcastle  river,  or  White  E. 
Length  35;  mean  width  23;  and  area  about 
800  square  mdes.     Chief  town  Somerset. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        3,416 

do.  do.   females     .        .        -        3,013 


Total  whites       .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  •         -        -         - 

«^8 


6,429 


Total  whites       ....  1,740 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  10 

¥io.     do.  females    ...  2 

Slaves,  males      ....  82 

do,     females           ...  89 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         1,923 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  '  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  597 

do.    in  Manufactures  -  51 

do.     in  Commerce      -        -  20 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Pulaski,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Giles  county,  Tennessee,  on  Richland 
branch  of  Elk  river,  45  miles  NW  from 
Huntsville,  and  80  miles  S  from  Nashville. 

Pulhely,  maritime  town  of  Carnarvon- 
shire, seated  at  the  head  of  an  inlet  of  Car- 
digan Bay,  between  two  rivers  ;  six  miles 
S  of  Newin,  and  143  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
4  15  W,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Pulo-Canton,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
on  the  coast  of  Cochin-China.  Lon.  109  35 
E,  lat.  15  10  N. 

Pulo'  Condore,  the  name  of  several  islands 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  principal  of  which 
is  the  only  one  inhabited.  It  is  13  miles 
in  length,  and  nine  in  breadth,  but  in  some 
pl.ices  not  above  a  mile  over.  I-on.  107  20 
E.  lat.  8  40  N. 


1'  U  li 


!•  V  T 


Puh-Uindivgy  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
on  the  W  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Ma- 
lacca.    It  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 

Pulo-Timo?i,  island  in  the  Indan  Ocean, 
on  the  E  coust  of  the  peninsula,  of  Malac- 
ca. It  is  often  touched  at  for  taking 
in  wood,  water,  and  other  refreshments, 
and  there  is  great  plenty  of  green  turtles. 
Lon.  104  25  E,  lat.  2  0  N.      * 

PuloUby,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
yielding  good  water  and  plenty  of  wood. 
It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Siam, 
and  is  20  miles  in  circumference.  Lon. 
105  56  E,  lat.  8  25  N. 

Pulo-Way,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
near  the  N  point  of  that  of  Sumatra.  It 
is  the  largest  of  the  islands,  tliat  form  the 
entrance  of  the  channel  of  Achem,  and  is 
peopled  by  men  banished  from  Achem. 
Lon .  95  59  E,  lat.  5  50  N. 

PuUmisk,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Masovia,  seated  on  the  Nareu, 
20  miles  NE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  21  47  E, 
lat.  50  30  N. 

Pultney,  post  town,  and  township,  Steu- 
ben county,  New  York,  12  miles  N  from 
Bath.     Population  1820,  1162, 

Pultney,  village  and  township,  Belmont 
county,  Ohio,  nine  miles  below  Wheeling. 
Populatiofi  1820,  10.57., 

PtiltoTou,  fortified  town  of  the  Ukraine, 
famous  for  a  battle  in  1709,  between  Peter 
the  Great,  and  Charles  X(I.  of  Sweden, 
wherein  the  latter  was  tutally  defeated,  and 
obliged  to  fly  into  Turkey.  It  is  100  miles 
SW  of  Belgorod.  Lon.  34  35  E,  lat.  49 
26  N. 

Puna,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  35 
miles  long,  and  12  broad,  lying  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Guiaquil,  115  miles 
N  of  Paita.     Lon.  81  6  W,  lat.  3  17  S. 

Puna,  town  of  South  America,  on  lake 
Chucnito.     Lon.  W  C  6  34  E,  lat.  16  20  S. 

Punch  Hall,  post  village,  Caroline  coun- 
ty, Maryland. 

Punjab.     See  Punjab. 

Punta-del-Guda,  capital  of  St.  Michael, 
one  of  the  Azores,  with  a  strong  castle, 
and  a  harbour.  Lon.  25  42  W,  lat.  37  47 
N. 

Purheck,  Isle  of,  a  rough  and  healthy 
tract  in  Dorcetshire,  to  the  S  of  Poole  Bay. 
It  is  msulated  by  the  sea  and  rivers,  and  is 
famous  for  its  stone  quarries 

Percliena,ioy>/n  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Gr£.nada,  60  miles  W  of  Carthagena. 
Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  o7  19  N. 

Purfeet,  village  in  Essex,  situated  on  the 
Thames,  noted  for  its  extensive  lime  works, 
and  a  large  magazine  of  gun  powder. 

Purmerens,  town  of  New  Holland,  so 
called  from  a  brook  of  the  same  n;mie  on 
which  it  is  seated.  It  is  10  mil? s  N  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  13  SE  of  Alcmaer. 

Purysburgh,  town  of  the  United  States,  in 
Georgia,  built  by  a  colony  of  Swiss,    It  is 


seated  on  the  river-  Savannah,  30  miles 
NW  of  the  town  of  Savannah.  Lon.  80 
49  W,  lat.  22  22  N. 

Puschiavo,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
country  of  the  Grisons,  three  miles  N  from 
a  lake  of  the  same  name.  It  is  17  mile.s 
WSW  of  Bornio,  :uid  20  E  of  Chiavenna, 
Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Putala.  mountain  of  Great  Thibet,  seven 
miles  E  of  Lassa.  On  iis  summit  is  the 
palace  of  the  grand  lama,  the  high  priest 
and  sovereign  of  Thibet. 

Putin- Bay,  bay  of  the  southern  Bass 
island,  in  lake  E;ie.  It  has  two  entrances, 
between  two  of  the  islands,  is  well  shelter- 
ed, and  of  sufficient  depth  for  a  frigate  of 
tlie  first  class  It  was  about  five  miles  west 
of  this  bay  that  on  the  10th  of  September 
1813,  commodore  Perry  captured  a  Bri- 
tish squadron  under  commodore  Barclay. 
The  group  of  B^^ss  islands  bel«ng  to  Huron 
county,  Ohio.  Distant  about  20  miles  N 
from  Sandusky  bay. 

Putnam,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Maine,  30  miles  N  from  Wiscasset.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  652. 

Putnam,  county  of  New  York;  bounded 
by  Hudson  nver  W  ;  Duchess  county  N  ; 
Connecticut  E  ;  and  West  Chester  county 
S.  Length  22;  mean  width  12;  and  area 
264  square  mdes.  Surface  generally  hilly 
but  soil  product  ve  in  grain  fruits  and  pas- 
turage. In  tlie  census  of  1810,  Putnam 
was  included  in  Duchess  county.  Chief 
town.  Camel. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -  5,555 

do.  do.    females  -        -        5,498 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        ,        .  0 


Total  whites 
Free  persons  of- 

do. 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population 

colour,  males     - 
do.     females   - 

in  1820 

11,053 
83 

83 
26 
23 

11,268 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  39 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        1,996 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  655 

do.        in  Commerce  -  -  35 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  42  2-3. 

Putnam,  township  of  Washington  county, 
New  York,  on  Like  Champlain,  30  miles  N 
from  SandyhiU.     Popidation  1820,  892. 

Putnam,  county  of  Ohio;  bounded  by 
Henry  N;  Hancock  E;  Alien  S;  and  W 
by  Vanwert  and  Paulding.  It  is  24  miles 
square,  and  contains  576  square  miles.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Auglaize,  Hog,  and  Blan- 
chard's  rivers.  Surface  generally  level,  in 
part  v/et  and  even  marshy ;  with  vei'V  fa- 
839 


1'  U    Y 

vourable  exceptions  of  roirmg-,  well  water- 
ed, and  very  productive  soil. 

Putnam,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded 
by  Oconee  river  ir  Hrir.cnck  SE  ;  Bald 
win  and  Joiieii  S  ;  Jasptr  W  ;  Morgan  N  ; 
and  Oconee  river,  or  (iretne  NE.  L; ngth 
20;  mean  width  18;  and  area  360  square 
miles.    Chief  town  Eatonton. 

Popul.ition  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,552 
do  do.    females      ...       3,219 


Total  whites       .... 

6,771 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -        -        . 

38 

Slaves,                .... 

3,220 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

10,029 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  wliite  males          ^■.        -   . 

-    4,236 

do.    do.     females 

-  3,972 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

0 

Total  whites        .        -        -        . 

8,208 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

21 

dr).              do.      females  . 

5 

Slaves,  males       .... 

3,592 

do.    females             -        -        - 

3.649 

Total  population  in  1820 

15,475 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  5,043 

do.        in  Manufactures             -  0 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  43. 

Putnam,  post  town  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  on  the  west  bank  of  Muskin- 
gum river  opposite  Zanesviile.  A  sub- 
stantial wooden  bridge  on  stone  piers 
unite  the  two  towns. 

Pntiiey,  village  in  Surry,  seated  on  the 
Thames,  five  miles  VVSW  of  London. 

Putney,  post  town  and  township  Wind- 
ham county,  Vermont  on  Connecticut  33 
miles  S  from  Windsor.  Population  1820, 
1650. 

PiCumayo,  or  lea,  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, rising  in  Quito,  flows  E  about  300 
miles,  takes  the  name  of  lea,  lurns  to 
SE,  and  continues  into  the  Amazon. 
Lon.  W  C  B''  E,  lat.  3«  S. 

Pvy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
mer.t  of  Upper  Loire  and  late  pri'vince 
of  Velay,  seated  on  the  mountain  Anis, 
near  the  river  Loire.  Puy  has  manufac- 
tures of  lace  and  silk  stuffs,  and  is  45 
milps  NE  of  Mende. 

Puycerda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
and  capital  of  Cerdsgna,  between  the 
Carol  and  Segra,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pv- 
840 


P  Y  R 

renees,  53  miles  W  of  Perpignan  and  &T 
NW  of  Barcelona.    Lon.  1  50  E,  lat.  42 

36  N. 

Puy  de-Dome,  department  of  France, 
containing  part  of  the  late  privince  of 
Auv  rgne  This  department  includes  al- 
most ail  Limagne,  a  territory  about  12 
leagues  'ong,  by  six  broad  ;  one  of  the 
most  pleasant  and  trtile  in  France ;  in 
which  are  seen,  under  the  same  point  of 
view, '  rchards,  meadows.,  vineyards,  ara- 
ble land,  in  a  word,  every  kind  of  culti- 
vation  imaginable.  The  borders  of  this 
basin,  or  circular  plain,  are  mountains 
now  covered  with  habitations,  herds,  and 
flocks,  but  once  so  many  volcanoes,  which 
exhibited  to  the  mspection  of  the  learn- 
ed tlie  most  extraordinary  phaenomena. 
Clermont  is  the  capital  of  this  depart- 
ment. 

Piiy-cn-Anjou,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mainr  and  Loire  and  late 
province  of  Anjou,  10  miles  SW  of  Sau- 
mur,  and  260  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  13  W, 
lat.  47  6  N. 

Puylaurans,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  eight  miles  SW  of  Castres, 
and  23  Eof  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  57  E,  lat. 
43  35  N. 

PuzzoH,  celebrated  but  now  inconsi- 
derable town  of  Italy,  on  the  bay  of  Na- 
ples, 10  miles  W  ot  Naples. 

Pnlhely,  seaport  in  Carnarvonshire,  at 
the  head  of  an  in iet  of  Cardii?.an  Bay,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  six  miles  S  of  Newin, 
and  143  NW  of  London.  Lon.  4  15  W, 
lat.  52  52  N. 

Pyvaniiils  of  Egypt,  structures  formerly 
counted  one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
Wurld.  They  are  built  upon  a  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  the  high  mountains  which  ac- 
company the  Nile  in  its  course,  and  sepa- 
rate Egypt  from  Lybia.  Various  have 
been  the  conjrctures  how  and  when  they 
were  built,  yet  no  two  authors  agree  ex- 
actly  about  them  ;  however,  this  is  cer- 
tain that  they  are  extremely  ancient,  and 
that  there  is  no  acccunt,  in  any  author 
of  credit,  wht-n  or  for  what  reason  they" 
T/ere  founded. 

Pyramids,  Teocalli,  and  other  ruins  of 
North  America.  The  stupendous  mag- 
nitude of  those  monuments  of  antiquity 
on  some  parts  of  this  continent  is  very 
little  known.  They  are  spread  over  an 
immense  space  of  country  in  the  empire 
of  Mexico.    They  consist  of: 

Cholula,  situat(^d  in  tlie  intendancy  of 
Puebla,  N  lat  19  02  W,  lon.  W  C  21  IS. 
This  pyramid  consists  of  four  stages, 
perpendicular  elevation  177  feet,  and  the 
herisontal  breadth  of  the  base  1,423  feet 
Its  sides  are  exactly  parallel  to  the  me 


P  \   R 


P  i 


ricjians  and  parallels  of  latitude  and  con- 
structed of  alternate  strata  of  brick  and 
clay.  It  is  matter  of  real  astonishment 
to  find  the  similarity  of  form  and  constitu- 
ent material  between  this  Mexican  mo- 
nument, and  that  of  the  temple  of  Belus, 
at  Babylon,  and  the  pyramids  of  Muise- 
hich. — Dashour,  near  Sahara  in  Egypt. 
The  immense  platform  of  this  trunca- 
ted pyramid  has  an  area  of  45,208  square 
feet  whose  sides  exceed  212.5  feet.  From 
this  platform  is  seen  in  clear  weather, 
the  volcanoes  of  Puebla,  Peak  of  Ori- 
zaba, and  the  mountains  of  Matlacueye. 

The  pyramid  ot  Cholula  and  that  of 
Touatiuh  Itzaqual,  are  very  nearly  of 
equal  height,  and  about  10  feet  higher 
than  the  Mycerinus,  or  third  in  elevation 
of  the  group  of  Ghize  Its  length  of  base 
exceeds  that  of  all  simular  monumeiits 
found  by  travellers  on  either  continent ; 
and  is  almost  double  that  of  Cheops.  It 
has  been  supposed  that  this  vast  cdifica 
was  formed  by  an  incrustation  of  clay 
and  brick  around  a  natural  hill ;  but  a 
road  cut  through  part  of  the  first,  nv  Tw- 
er stage  favours  the  supposition,  that  :t 
is  entirely  artificial.  Though  dilapida- 
ted by  time,  and,  no  doubt  much  di'pns- 
sed  yet  its  height,  and  the  length  of  its 
base  are  stiii  8  to  1;  whilst  that  of  Ghizc 
is  8  to  5  nearly.  It  has  long  been  ob- 
served, that  a  regular  gradatir.n  of  sym- 
metrical pyi'amids  surround  thf  larger  of 
those  of  Egypt  Mr.  Grobtrt  has  pub- 
lished a  drawing  of  the  regular  disp'  si- 
ticn  of  the  small  pyramid,  which  envi- 
ron the  Cheops  and  Mycerinus  at  Ghize. 
The  tencalli  at  Ch'lula,  and  Tentihui- 
can,  are  in  an  analogous  manner  sur- 
rounded by  lesser  moriuments.  To  the 
west  of  the  former,  stand  two  prismati- 
cal  masses,  now  called  Alcosac,  and 
Cerro  de  In  Cruz. 

To  the  NE  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
of  the  lake  of  Tezcnco,  in  the  Mexican 
Valley,  are  the  remains  of  the  Teocalli, 
or  temple  of  the  sun  and  moon,  or  pyra- 
mids of  Teotihuican,  con.sisting  of  two 
truncated  pyramids,  called  in  the  Aztec 
language  Tonatiuh  Ytzaqual,  house  of 
the  sun  ;  and  Metzii  Ytzaqual,  house  of 
the  moon.  According  to  the  admeasure 
ment  made  by  a  M^'xican,  Dr.  Orteyza, 
the  hou-e  of  the  sun,  which  is  ir.ost  south- 
ern, has  in  its  present  state,  a  base  of 
682  feet,  and  171  feet  perpendicular.ele- 
vation.  Tht'  house  of  the  moon  has  a 
lesser  base  and  is  oniy  135  feet  in  per- 
pendicular height.  Those  mnnumi^nts 
from  their  furm  would  seem  to  have 
been  the  modi;!s  from  which  the  other 
teocalliea  of  Mexico  were  constructed. 
The  Aztec  nations  found  by  the  Spa- 
Bi3Vjds  in  New  Spain,  attributed  the  py- 

.5  O 


ramids  of  Teotlhuican  to  the  Toultecs, 
consequently  they  must  have  been  erect- 
ed above  lOUO  years.  Siguenza  believes 
them  to  be  the  production  of  the  Olmecs; 
if  so,  they  are  three  or  four  centuries 
still  more  ancient,  than  if  constructed  by 
the  Touitecs. 

The  faces  of  these  edifices  are  within 
52'  of  an  exact  conformity  to  the  meridi- 
dians  and  parallels.      Their  interior  is 
clay  mixed  with  small  stones,  encrusted 
by  a  shell  of  porous  amygdaloid.  Traces 
of  a  bed  of  lime  covering  the  stones  is 
still  visible.  Time,  the  inroads  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  human  curiosity,  are  here  as  in 
all  similar  cases,  changing  the  pyramidal 
to  the  conical  figure,  by  erasing  the  fea- 
tures of  the  outer  crust.  The  original  was 
comp  sed  of  four  stages,  again  subdivided 
into  steps  of  a  little  more  than  three  feet. 
A  winding  staircase  of  large  hewn  stones 
formerly  led  to  the  top.    The  Tonatiuh 
Ytzaqual  iias  according  to  Orteyza,  a 
cubic  mass  of  33,743,201  Cubic  feet.    To 
pit-rce  such  tnormnus  bodies  is  a  very 
dilBCult  undertaking ;  it  is  therefore  not 
easy  to  determine  the  problem,  whetlier 
they  are  natural  .ievatinns  modified  by 
the  hand  of  man,  or  entirely  artificial. 
M.  Humboldt  inclines  to  the  latter  sup- 
position re  ppcting  tiiose  of  Mexico,  and 
supports  his  opinion  by  their  isolated  po- 
sition on  plains.    That  those  of  Ti-otihu- 
ican  are  the  product  of  art,  is  also  ren- 
dered almost  certain  by  the  circumstance 
of  a  group  of  smaller  pyramids  surround- 
ing the  larg;.-r.  These  lesser  monuments 
of  about  30  feet  elevation,  extend  from 
the  four  faces  of  the  larger  pyramids  in 
vast  .streets  in  exact  conformity  to  the 
meridians  and  parallels.    They  amount 
to  many  hundreds,  and  are  more  abun- 
dant south  of  the  temple  of  the  moon, 
than  towards  the  temple  of  the  sun.  Ac- 
cording to  the  tradition  of   the   natives, 
these  smalk-r  pyramids  were  dedicated 
to  the  stars     There  is   little   doubt  but 
that  they  served   as  sepulchres  to  the 
chief  of  tribes.     The  whole  plain  bore 
formerly  in  the  Azteca.  and  Toulteca 
languages,  the  name  of  Micaotl  or,  road 
of  the   dead.    "  What  analogies,"  says 
Humboldt,  *•  with  the  monuments  of  the 
ancient   continent.     This  Touitec,    (or 
Olm.c,)  nation,  arriving  on  tht-  Mexi- 
can soil,  in  the  seventh  century,  (or  more 
early,)   constructed  on  a  uniform  plan, 
several   of   th(  se    colossal    monuments, 
those  truncated   pyramids,   divided   by 
1  lyers,   like  th'  temple  of  Belus  at  Ba- 
byl(in  ;  wlienc*  did  they  derive  the  mo- 
del of  these  erlificfs  .■'     Were  they  of  Mo- 
gul race  ?     Did  they  d'  scend  from  a 
common  stock   with   the   Chinese,  the 
Hione-nu,  and  the  .Japanese."    Or  more 

.'541. 


V  Y  II 


P  Y  R 


probably,  were  they  not  a  race  whose 
civilization  was  indigenous?  The  pyra- 
midal form  of  temples,  and  their  north, 
and  south,  and  east,  and  west  position, 
are  thi  result  of  qbvious  natural  causes, 
apparent  to  all  mankind. 

Another  ancient  monument  is  the  mi- 
litary intrenchment  of  Xocliicalco,  situ- 
ated to  the  SSW  c/f  Cuernevaca,  near 
Tetlauia.  It  is  an  insulate  !  Ir.ll  of  380 
feet  elevation  surrouisded  with  trench- 
es and  cut  into  five  stages,  or  terraces 
covered  witii  masonry.  The  whole  form- 
ing a  truncated  pyramid,  whose  faces 
correspond  to  the  .cardinal  points.  Tlie 
basaltic,  and  porphyry  stunes,  are  cover- 
cd  with  hieroglyphics;  the  most  striking 
of  which,  are  crocodiles  spouting  water, 
and  men  sitting  in  the  cross-legged  po- 
sition of  Asiatics.  The  platfcsrm  of  this 
monument  contains  more  tlian  96,825 
square  feet.  Though  M.  de  Humboldt 
calls  this  a  fortress,  it  would  seem  from 
its  form,  to  have  had  an  analogous  use 
with  the  pyramids  of  Cholula,  and  Teo- 
tibuican.  Edifices,  however,  answering 
the  double  purpose  of  forts  and  temples, 
have  been  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
earth,  in  very  distaiit  ages. 

The  most  remarkable  monument  of 
ahtiqu  tv  m  America,  for  the  elegance  and 
symmetry  of  its  rTiiaments  is  the  ruins 
of  the  palace  or  temple  of  .Mitla  in  O.tx- 
aca.  The  walls  of  Mitla  are  decorated 
with  Gff cques,  and  labyrinths  in  viosaic, 
of  small  porphyry  stones.  Mitla  was 
called  by  the  Aztecs,  Miquitlan,  or, 
place  of  sadness.  It  appears  from  its 
form,  and  trom  tradition,  to  have  been  a 
palace  erected  over  the  toinbs  of  the 
kings.  It  was  a  house  of  mourning,  to 
which  the  monarch  retired  to  deposit  and 
weep  over  the  remains  of  a  beloved  rela- 
tive, and  whtre  he  himself  was  <m-  day 
to  repose,  with  the  asht  s  of  his  fathers  It 
is  in  the  insipient  stages  of  civilization, 
that  thesi  collossal  monuments  art-  en  ct- 
ed  fur  the  dead.  In  E^^ypt  in  India,  in 
AmiTica.  the  founders  are  lost  amid  the 
fragments  of  their  own  mausoleums 

The  palace  tombs  of  Mitla,  form  three 
edifices  symmetrically  arranged,  and  in  a 
very  romantic  situation.  Tht-  principal 
and  best  preserved  edifice  is  about  130 
feet  in  length  ;  a  stair-way  leads  to  a 
subterraneous  vault,  88  by  26  feet  This 
gloomy  recess  is  also  oruaminted  with 
Grccques 

But  what  particularly  distinguishes 
the  ruins  of  Mala  from  every  oth"  r  re- 
main of  Vzrec  arcliitectur  ,  is  six  por- 
phyry columns,  w  :ich  are  placed  in, 
and  supp.irt  th.-  C'  iling  of  an  immense 
hall.  The  columns  the  only  ones  yet 
found  in  America,  evince  the  infancy  of 
843 


art,  having  neither  base  or  capital.  Each 
is  composed  ot  a  single  block  of  amphi- 
boous  porphyry.  They  are  16.4  feet  in 
height,  and  their  proportions,  12  modules 
or  6  diameters,  consequently  would  be 
higher  than  the  Tuscan,  if  the  inferior 
diameter  of  the  columns  of  Mitla,  were 
not  in  the  proportion  of  three  to  two,  to 
their  upper  diameter. 

A  striking  analogy  has  been  observed 
in  the  distribution  of  the  interior  apart- 
ments of  Mitla,  and  in  the  mtmuments 
of  upper  Egypt,  drawn  by  Denon.  In  the 
ry(ins  of  Mitla  has  been  found  paintings 
representing  warlike  trophies  and  sacri- 
fices. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  intendancy 
of  Vera  Cruz,  west  from  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Tecoiutla,  at  two  leagues  dis- 
tant from  the  great  Indian  village  of  Pa- 
pantla,  we  meet  with  a  pyramidal  edi- 
fice of  great  antiquity.  This  singular 
remain  is  of  late  discovery,  not  being 
known  to  the  Spaniards  above  60  years. 
The  pyramid  of  Fapantla  is  not  compo- 
sed of  clay  and  bricks,  mixed  with  ba- 
saltic stones,  and  faced  with  a  wall  of 
amygdaloid,  like  those  of  Choluia,  and 
Teotihuican  ;  the  materials  eirii)loyed  in 
the  construction  of  those  of  Papautla, 
are  enormous  stones  very  regularly  cut. 
Mort  r  is  still  distinguishable  in  the 
seams  The  stones  are  carved  full  of 
hieroglyr'hics. 

The  base  of  this  pyramid  is  an  exact 
square,  each  side  having  82  feet ;  its 
perpendicu  ar  height  is  about  60  feet. 
The  pyramid  of  Papantla  is  not  so  re-  , 
markabh  for  its  mass,  as  for  its  symme-" 
try,  the  fine  polish  of  the  stones,  and' 
their  very  r.-  galar  cut.  It  is  like  all  the 
otiier  M^xicin  Focalli,  erected  in  stages, 
six  remain  distinguishable,  and  a  seventh 
appears  tn  be  concealed  by  the  vegeta- 
tion, which  covers  its  outside  to  its  sum- 
mit. A  great  stair  of  57  steps  conduct 
to  the  tru.'icated  top,  or  platform.  On 
each  side  of  the  great  stair,  is  a  small 
stair.  On  each  si<ic  are  hyeroglyphics, 
in  which  tlie  figures  of  serpents  and  cro- 
codiles in  relievo,  are  visible.  Each  story 
contains  a  gr -at  number  of  square  niches 
sym metrical iy  distributed.  In  the  first 
story  is  24  on  each  side,  in  the  secondf20, 
and  in  the  third  16. 

At  an  im  Dense  distance  from  the  mo- 
numents of  Mexico,  near  the  Rio  Gila, 
are  found  very  extensive  ruins  of  an  an- 
cient Aztec  city,  in  the  midst  of  which 
is  the  edifice,  called  by  pre  eminence, 
la  Ca&a  Grande,  laid  cut  in  exact  con- 
formity to  the  four  cardinal  points.  The 
ruins  spread  over  more  than  a  square 
leairue  of  ground  The  Casa  Grande  is 
44.3  by  276  feet,  constructed  with  clay- 


P  Y  R 


P  Y  S 


The  walls  are  three  feet  11  inches,  in  the  temple  of  Belus,  to  the  most  rude 
thickness.  It  is  still  perceptible,  tliat  barrow  ;  tiiat  they  are  on  alluvial  soil, 
this  edifice  had  three  stories  and  a  ter-  in  most  instances  on  plains,  and  tliat  the 
race.  The  stair  was  on  the  outside.  A  founders,  and  the  real  purposes,  i^r  which 
similar  construction  is  still  preserved  in  erected  are  alike,  lost  in  the  darkness  of 
all  the  villages  of  the  independent  In-    past  time. 

dians  of  the  M  qui,  NW  from  New  Mex-  Pyrenean  Mountams,  or  Pyrenees,  a 
ico.  The  ruins  are  on  a  plain,  where  large  chain  of  mountains,  the  principal  of 
the  remains  of  a  cana';  is  yet  visible,  which  are  in  the  kingdom  of  Spain,  which 
which  served  to  conduct  the  water  of  they  divide  from  France  ;  the  general 
the  Rio  Gila  to  the  city.  The  whole  range  e'quals  the  Alps  in  iieight,  and  ex- 
plain is  covered  wiiii  broken  pitchers  tend  frr^rn  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  the 
and  pots,  painted  blue,  red,  and  white.  Atlantic  Ocean,  200  miles  in  length. 
Amongst  these  fragments  are  found  pie- '•and  108  in  breadth.  They  begin  near 
Gts  of  obsidian,  (ilztli,)  from  which  tl^  the' harbour  of  Vendres,  in  Roussilion  and 
Mexicans  formed  their  knives  and  ra^'un  as  far  as  Fontarabia.  Near  Rous- 
zors.  The  Indians  of  the  Rio  Gila  yet  sillon,  they  divide  into  two  principal 
.  retain  a  great  share  of  their  ancient^jjk  branches,  one  of  which  separates  Rous- 
Vvilization,  and  in  their  architecture,  Sid  sillon  from  Languedoc,  and  is  called  An- 
household  furniture,  much  cf  the  perfec-  tipyrenee  ;  and  the  other,  which  s-pa- 
tion  of  their  ancient  arts.  ratf  s  it  from   Catalonia,  is  denominated 

To  these  ruins,  in  Mt  xico  and  the  in-  Col  de.  Percuise.  Over  them  are  live 
ternal  province,  may  be  added,  tlie  re-  passages,  but  all  extremely  ifficult,  and 
mains  found  in  the  basin  of  the  iVIississip-  between  them  several  fertile  valleys. 
~pi.  The  latter  are  indeed  mnH^x  rrnre  /^ivences,  Eastern,  department  of 
diminutive  thaij  the  former,  and  L  'It  on  FralfrGe,  containing  the  late  province  of 
an  entirely  different  plan  A  connexi  n  Roussilion.  Although  great  part  of  the 
between  the  remains  in  Mexico,  and  t^^ose  countr>  is  mountainous,  itis  fertile:  pro- 
in  Mississippi  basin,  has  been  supposed,  out  ducing  corn,  excellent  wines,  olives, 
seems  unsupported  by  any  conclusive  tes-  oranges,  and  leather  of  a  superior  quali- 
timony  arising  from  analogy.  Obsidian  ty.  Perpignan  is  the  capital 
is  entirely  wanting  in  the  fragments  of  Pi/ve^ees,  Zowec,  dipartment  of  France, 
domestic  utensils,  and  military  tMeap.ins,  containing  the  lati'  pvavinces  of  Basques, 
found  in  the  Missisi-ippi  ruins.  The  pot-  and  Beam.  P.iu  is  the  capital.  See 
tery  is  also  differ-^nt  in  the  two  regions     JVa-uarre. 

But  the  most  decisive  circumstance  evm-  Pyrenees,  C/"/>/)er,  dipartnient  of  France, 
cing  an  entire  dis-conncxion,  is,  that  in  containing  the  late  provinces  of  Bigorre. 
the  intermediate  countries  no  remains  H  re  are  excellent  horses  and  g  od  par- 
similar  to  either,  are  found.  The  so-  tridges.  The  valleys  are  very  fertile ; 
lidity,  extent,  and  hieroglyptiic  sculp-  furnishing  rye,  millet,  Spanish  corn,  and 
ture  found  on  so  large  a  scale,  in  the  flax.  The  mountains  have  mines  of 
Mexican  mo,  uments,  evince  a  state  of  lead,  iron,  and  copper,  and  quarries  of 
science,  art,  and  civiliz ition,  at  least  as  slate,  m.-irble  and  jasper.  Tarbes  is  the 
far  advanced  as  that  of  Egypt,  at  the  pe-   capital. 

riod  when  the  pyramids  wt-re  construct-  Pyrmont,  town  of  WcstphaUa,  in  a 
ed  ;  whilst  the  rudenesS;  simplicity,  and  county  of  the  same  name,  suhj  ct  to  the 
absence  of  all  mental  representation  in  prince  of  VValdeck,  with  a  castle,  the  re - 
their  structures,  prove  that  tie  ancient  sidence  of  the  governor.  Nearitaremi- 
"Hihabitnnts  of  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  were  neral  waters,  well  known  to  all  Europe, 
not^nnre,  if  as  far  advanced  in  the  arts  and  often  frequented  bv  persons  of  the 
of  civilized  life,  as  the  present  tribes  of  highest  rank,  and  preferred  to  those  of 
South  Sea  islanders.  Spa.    It  is  40  miles  SW  of  Hanover. 

The  most  remarkable  circumstance,  Lon  9  20  E,  Lit.  52  ON. 
however,  respecting  the  North  Ameri-  Fyrna,  town  of  Germany  in  the  elec- 
can  ruins,  is,  their  almost  entire  non-ex-  torate  of  Saxony,  in  Misnia.  It  has  a  cas- 
istance,  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  east  of  the  tie,  on  a  mountain  called  Sonnensteir:, 
Alleghany  mountains,  the  aboriginal  na-  which  has  been  used  sometimes  as  a  state 
tions  seem  to  have  been  at  all  times  prison.  Near  itis  a  fine  quarry  of  stone, 
purely  savage  ;  whilst  traces  of  agricul-  which  is  transpo  ted  to  dilF::Tent  places 
tural  life,  are  frequent  and  striking.  W  by  the  river  Elbe.  Pyriia  is  seated  'w  the 
of  the  Alleghany  ridge,  in  all  the  inter-  Elbe,  10  miles  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
mediate  stages,  frnm  the  barrow  of  Ohio,    56  E,  lat  51  6  N. 

to  the  superb  edifices  of  Puebla,  Oaxa-  Pyaccfc,  v  wn  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
ca,  Mexico,  and  the  Rio  Gila.  cle  of  Prachin,  seated  on  the  Attoway, 

It  may  be  observed  respecting  all  the   near  the  Mnldaw,  50  miles  S  of  Prague, 
pyramidal  structures  yet  known,  from    Lon.  14  46  E,  lat.  49  16  N. 

«43 


«   I    K 


U  U  E, 


a 


^uaclia,  lake  of  Lousiana,  between  the 
Mississippi  and  Barraiaria  bay.  The 
country  adjacent  to  the  Quacha  lake 
is  an  open  grassy  marsh, 

Quadin,  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seated 
on  the  Nile,  between  Elne  and  Dander, 
and  remarkable  for  a  great  number  of 
valuable  and  ancient  monuments. 

Quadra,  and  Vancouvei-'s  Island,  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  ex- 
tending from  the  Straits  of  St.  Juan,  de 
Fuca,  to  Queen  Charlotte's  Sound  ;  250 
miles  long  by  50  mean  width. 

Qicakenbrugge,  or  Quakenburg,  town 
of  Westphalia,  in  thi-  bishopric  of  Osna- 
burg,  seated  on  iht  Hase,  22  miles  W  of 
Osnaburg.    Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Quadratil.  See  Cadron,  Pulaski  coun- 
ty, Arkansaw. 

Quakertown,  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice in  Bucks  county.  Pennsylvania,  about 
57  miles  N  of  Phiiadelpl  i  i. 

Quang-fiing  fou,  city  of  China,  in  the 
N  part  of  Pc-tcheli,  between  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong  and  Ho-nan. 

Quang-si,  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Koei-tcheou  and  Hou-quang, 
on  the  VV  by  Yunna  and  the  kingdom  of 
Tonquin,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  cf  Ton- 
quin  and  the  province  of  Quang-tnng, 
and  on  the  E  by  the  same  and  H'  u- 
quang.    Quei-ling-fou  is  the  capital. 

Quangtong,  the  most  considerable  of 
the  southern  provinces  of  China  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  NE  by  Fo-kien,  on  the  N  by 
Ki-ang-sj,  on  the  VV  by  Quang  si  and 
the  kingdom  of  Ton-king  ;  tht-  rest  is 
•washed  by  the  sea.  Canton  is  the  capi- 
tal ;  but  the  viceroy  resides  at  Chao- 
king. 

Quaiilico-mills,  post  village  Somerset 
county,  Maryland,  30  miles  SE  from 
Cambridge. 

Quarte?i,  town  of  Swisseiiand  near 
the  lake  Wellenstadt,  five  miles  E  of 
Glarus. 

Quaere  Bras,  hamlet  or  village  of 
the  Netherlands  in  Namur,  seven  miles 
W  from  Ligny.  The  French  authors 
name  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  from  this 
place,  or  from  M  unt  St  Jean 

QuebeC;  city  of  and  capital  of  British 
America,  tin  the  left  bank  of  St.  Law 
rence  river,  about  400  miles  above  the 
sea,  and  180  be{f>w  Montreal.  Lon,  W 
C  5  10  E,  lat.  46  SO  N.  Population  about 
20,000. 

This  city  stands  upon  a  point  of  land  the 
salient  proj taction  nf  a  range  nf  heights  be- 
tween St.  Lawrence  and  Charles  rivers. 
The  ground  rises  from  an  alluvial  slip 
S44 


along  the  harbour,  to  the  summit  of 
Cape  Diamond  350  feet.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lower  towns,  the 
whole  fortified  with  every  advantage  of 
natural  position  and  resource  of  art.  The 
principal  buildings  ;  the  Cathohc  Cathe- 
dral ;  Jesuits  college  now  barracks  ;  Pro- 
testant Metropolitan  church ;  Hotel  Diew, 
or  female  hospital ;  Ursuline  Convent ; 
General  hospital ;  and  the  artillery  bar- 
racks. 

The  basin  or  harbour  is  very  spacious, 
and  with  a  depth  of  28  fathom.  The  com- 
mercial relations  are  extensive  and  in- 
creasing, hi  its  actual  state,  Quebec  is  a 
place  of  primary  importance  as  a  mart  of 
trade  ;  the  capital  of  extensive  territories 
and  post  of  great  strengih  and  capacity  as 
a  miiitary  station. 

Quecla,  king<lom  in  the  peninsula  beyond 
the  Ganges.  It  has  a  harbour,  300  miles 
N  oi  tlie  city  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  5  E,  lat. 
7  5  N. 

Quedlinburg,  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt.  It 
is  10  miles  SE  o!  Halberstadt.  Lon.  11  34 
E,  lat.  52  1  N. 

Qiieen  Jliin,  coiinty  of  Maryland,  on  the 
eastern  shore  ;  bounded  by  Kent  county  in 
Delaware  E  ;  Caroline  county  in  MaryLind 
SE;  Talbot  S;  Chesapeak  bay  SW  ;  and 
Chester  river  or  Kent  county,  Maryland 
NW.  Including  Kent  island,  tliis  county 
is  40  miles  long,  with  a  mean  width  of  10  ; 
and  area  400  squ^ire  miles.  Chief  town, 
Centreville. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.     do.  females     -         .         . 

Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        . 

Slaves         .         -        .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. . 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  -       _       - 


4  010 
3,519 

7,529 

2,738 
6,381 

16,648 


3,685 
3,541 


Total  whites      ....  7,226 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  1,053 

do.            do.        females  1,085 

Slaves,  males     ....  2,956 

do.     females          -        -        -  2,632 


To6al  population  in  1820 


14,952 


^l& 


Q  1     B 


ftl  V  E 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  4 

Eng'a'jed  in  Agriculture      -         -        5,312 

Dj.        in  Manufactures  -  372 

Do.       in  Commerce      -        -  89 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  37  1-3. 

Queen  Ann,  post  town,  Prince  Geor,2:c's 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Fatuxent,  25  miles  E  from  Washington. 

Queenborough,  borough  in  Kent,  in  the 
isle  of  Shepev,  15  miles  NW  of  Canterbury, 
and  45  E  of  London.  Lon  0  48  E,  lat.  51 
26  N. 

Queen   Charlotie's   Cape,  promontory  of 
the  island  of  Southern  Georgia.     Lon. 
11  W,  lat.  54  32  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Foreland,  cape  of  the 
island  of  New  Caledonia.  Lon.  167  12  E, 
lat.  22  15  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Island,  island  in  the  S 
Pacific  Ocean,  six  miles  long,  and  one 
broad,  discovered  by  captain  Wallis  in 
1767.     Lon.  138  4  W,  lat.  19  18  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  sound  at  the 
N  extremity  of  the  S  island  of  New  Zea- 
land, near  Cook's  Strait.  Lon.  174  13  E, 
lat.  41  5  S. 

Queensborottgh,  small  town  in  Warren 
township,  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio,  IS 
miles  east  by  north  from  New  Philadel- 
phia. 

Queens  County,  shire  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  30  miles  l.mg,  and  29 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  King's  Coun- 
ty ;  on  the  E  by  Kildare  ;  on  the  SE  by 
Catherlough  ;  on  the  S  by  Kilkenny  ;  and 
on  the  W  by  King's  county  and  Tipperary. 
Maryborough  is  the  capital. 

Queen's -Ferry,  borough    in  Linlithgow- 
shire, on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  nine  miles  W 
of  Ediiiburgh.     Lon.  3  20  W,  lat.  5&  0  N. 
Queens,  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the 
bay  of  Fundy. 

Queens,  county  of  New  Brunswick,  on 
both  sides  of  St.  .John's  river.  Chief  town. 
Gage  town. 

Quems,  middle  county  of  Long  Island  ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S ;  King's 
county  SW;  New  York  Strait  and  Long 
Island  Sound  N ;  and  Suffolk  county  E. 
Length  26  ;  mean  width  14  ;  and  area  364 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly  on  the  north 
side  towards  the  sound, gradually  subsiding 
into  an  ailuvian  plain  along  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Soil  generally  productive  in  grain, 
fruits,  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns,  Ja- 
maica, Flushing,  Hempstead,  and  Jericho. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        -      8,196 

do.  do.  females        -        -        -      7*977 


'i'otai  population  Ln  1810    - 


19,336 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         -         -         .  9,272 

do.  do.    fen^ales      -        -        -  9,040 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  o 

Total  whites               .        -        .  18,312 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  1,360 

do.            do.        females  1,288 

Slaves,  males      ....  289 

do.     females           .                 .  270 


6    Total  population  in  1820 


Total  whites  .        .        . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves        -        -        .        .        . 


16,173 


21,519 


Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  52 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  4,130 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  1,119 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  102 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  59. 

Qucenstown,  situated  upon  the  Niagara 
river,  about  seven  miles  above  Newark; 
it  is  at  the  head  of  the  navigation  for  ships, 
and  the  portage,  occasioned  ny  the  falls  of 
Niagara,  commences  here.  There  are  huts 
enoug.i  to  receive  a  regiment.  It  contains 
about  300  inhabitants. 

Queensto-wn,  post  town  of  Queen's  Ann 
county,  Maryland,  on  Chester  river,  33 
miles  SE  from  Baltimore. 

Queil  ling-fou,  city  of  China,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Quang-si.  It  has  its  name 
from  a  flower  called  quei,  which  grows  on 
a  tree  resembhng  a  laurel,  and  emits  such 
a  sweet  and  agreeable  odour,  that  the, 
whole  country  is  perfumed  by  it.  It  is  180 
miles  N  by  W  of  Canton.  Lon  109  55  E, 
lat.  25  30  N. 

Quemahoning,  township  of  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situat.-d  around 
Stoysiown  on  Quemahoning  creek ;  con- 
taining 1392  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in 
1820,  586. 

Quentin,  St.  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aisne  and  late  province 
of  Picardy.  Kcre  is  a  considerable  manu- 
facture of  lawns  and  cambrics.  The  town 
was  restored  to  France  in  1559.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Sorame, 
21  miles  S  of  Cumbrav,  and  83  N  by  E  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  29  E,  lat.  49  50  X. 

Qnerd,  late  province  of  France,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Limosin  ;  on  the  E  by  Rou- 
ergue  and  Auvergne  ;  on  the  S  by  Latigue- 
doc  ;  and  on  the  W  by  Perigord.  It  was 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  and  is  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits.  It  now  forms 
the  department  of  Lot. 

Queretaro,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  of  Mexico,  95  miles  NW  from  Mexi- 
CO.  Lon.  ^V  C  23  11  \\f.  This  is  the 
most  extensive  manufacturing  town  in  all 
Spanish  America.  See  Mexico,  page  591. 
Population  40,000, 

845- 


'R  A  A 


R  A  B 


Querfurt,  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  capital  of  a  principaiity  of  tlie 
same  name,  subject  to  the  prince  of  Saxe- 
Weissenfels.  li  is  12  miies  SE  of  Mans- 
feldt.     Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Quergenenci',  islind  of  the  Mediterranean, 
on  the  coast  of  Tripoli.  It  has  a  fort,  and 
several  villages. 

Quesnoy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  and  late  province  of 
French  Hainault,  with  an  old  castle.  It 
was  taken  by  the  allies  in  1711,  and  re- 
taken the  same  year.  In  1793,  it  was 
taken  by  the  Austrians,  and  re  taken  the 
next  year.  It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on 
the  little  river  Ronelle,  nine  miles  SB  of 
Valenciennes,  and  122  NE  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  40  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

QiUberon,  peninsula  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan  and  late  prjvince 
of  Bretagne,  to  the  N  of  Belleisle.  It  has 
a  village  of  the  same  name,  and  a  fort  on 
the  bay  of  Quiberon.  In  July  1795,  it  was 
taken  by  some  French  regiments  m  the 
pay  of  Great  Britain  ;  but  owing  to  the  de- 
sertion and  treachery  of  some  of  the  soU 
diers,  the  republicans  re-took  it  oy  sur- 
prise soon  afterward. 

Qicibo,  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying 
on  the  coast  of  Veragua,  in  New  Spain. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  monkeys  and 
fallow  deer. 

QnibletG-zi/ii,  village  of  Middlesex  county. 
New  Jersey,  six  miles  N  from  New  Bruns- 
wick. 

Quicaro,  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  Veragua,  in  Mexico,  about 
20  miles  long  and  six  broad.  Lon,  82  30 
W,  lat.  7  25  N. 

Qtiicourre,  river  of  the  Uiiited  States,  a 
branch  of  Missouri,  rising  with  the  North 
Fork  of  Platte  river,  and'  flowing  E,  fills 
into  Missouri,  at  lon.  W  C  ll*"  W,  at  lat.  42 
45  N,  after  a  course  of  about  .300  miles. 

Quilleboeuf,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Seine,  eight 
miles  SW  of  Caudebec,  and  22  w'  of 
Rouen. 

Qnilhnanci,  town  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Zanguebar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Mehnda. 
It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 
Lon.  39  40  E,  lat.  3  30  S. 


Quillota,  city  and  province  of  Chili.  The 
city  stands  on  the  river  Aconcagua.  Lon. 
W  C  5  42  E,  lat.  32  50  S. 

Quiloti,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Z:ingae- 
bar,  with  a  small  citadel.  It  is  iributary  to 
the  Portuguese  ;  and  is  sealed  in  a  fertile 
country,  300  miles  N  of  Mosambique. 
Lon.  39  9  E,  lat.  9  30  S. 

Quylon,  or  Coylon,  Dutch  factory  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  in  Travancore,  14  miles 
NNW  of  Aiijengo,  taken  by  the  English  in 
1795.     Lon.  76  32  E,  lat.  9  2  N. 

Qidmper,  town  of  Francs,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre  and  latf  province  of 
Bretagne,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oder 
and  Benaudet,  30  miles  SE  of  Brest,  and 
332  W  by  S  of  Pans.  Lon.  4  2  W,  lat.  47 
58  N. 

Quindin,  mountain  pass  between  the 
cities  of  Popayau  and  Santa  Fee. 

Qtunie,  Bay  of,  which  may  be  considered 
throughout  as  a  harbour,  is  formed  by  a 
large  peninsula,  consisting  of  the  townships 
of  Ameliasburgh,  Sophiasburgh,  and  Ma- 
rysburgh,  forming  Prince  Edward  county, 
Ujjper  Canada,  extending  from  lake  Onta- 
rio W  of  Kingston. 

Quito,  late  audience  of  New  Granada, 
now  province  of  Colombia  ;  bounded  N  by 
Santa  Fee  i  E  bvthe  Portuguese  dominions ; 
S  by  Peru,  and  W  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Length  from  E  to  W  900  ;  and  breadth  500 
miles ;  area  450,000  square  miles.  See 
Colombia, 

Quito,  city  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granada, 
and  capital  of  the  province  of  Quito.  It  is 
situated  in  about  lat.  13  0  S,  lon.  W  C  1  10 
W,  on  the  elevated  volcanic  region  of  Pi- 
chincha,  9500  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  the  most  elevated 
large  city  of  the  globe,  and  its  inhabitants 
enjoy  an  unequalled  equality  of  tempera- 
ture. Tlie  country  is,  however,  subject  to 
earthquakes,  and  almost  daily  showers  of 
rain.     Population  70,000. 

Qnixos,  and  Moxos,  undefined  terms  for 
the  eastern  part  of  Quito. 

Quizina,  chain  of  mountains  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  100  miles  in  length,  extend- 
ing from  the  desert  of  Gret  to  the  river 
Nocor. 

Quoja,  kingdom  on  the  coast  of  Guinea, 
which  reaches  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the 
Grain  Coast. 


R 


Hanb,  town  and  fortress  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  Javerin,  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Kaab  and  Rabnitz,  not  far  from  the 
Danube,  28  miles  SSE  ofPresburg.  Lon. 
17  45  E,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Raajegur,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Malwa,  74  miles  NE  of  Ougein, 
846 


and  214  SSW  of  Agra.  Lon.  7&  56  E,  lat. 
24  2N. 

liaaza,  owt  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland, 
between  the  mainland  of  Rossshire  and  the 
isle  of  Skje.  It  is  12  mdes  long  and  four 
broad.     Lon.  6  0  W,  lat.  57  32  N. 

Habasteins,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


n  A  D 


RAJ 


partment  of  Tarn,  on  the  river  Tam,  18 
miles  NE  of  T lulouse. 

Jiabat,  seaport  of  Algiers,  at  the  monlh 
of  the  Burigi  ig-,  between  Fez  and  Tangier. 
Lon.  5  28  W,  lat.  34  40  N. 

Rabensteiii,  town  of  Doliemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Saatz,  on  the  nver  Ottava,  21  miles 
WSW  of  Uakonilz. 

7?a67»j,  NW  county  of  Georgia;  between 
Chessatee  and  Chatahooche  rivers,  having 
Habersham  E,  and  HallSE. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        »  256 

do.    do."   females     ...  253 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -         .         .        .  0 

Total  whites       ....  509 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males   -  0 

do.           do.             females  0 

Slaves,  males                .         -         .  9 

do.     females           .        -        -  6 


Total  population  in  1820 


524 


Racca,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diar- 
bekir,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Beles  with  the 
Euphrates.  Near  it  are  the  rums  of  Old 
Racca,  once  a  magnificent  city.  It  is  110 
miles  S  by  W  of  Diarbekir.  Lon.  40  10  E, 
lat.  36  5  N. 

Rachore,  city  of  Hindoostan,in  the  coun- 
try of  Golcunda.  capital  of  a  district,  subject 
to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  is  se  ited 
on  the  S  bank  of  the  Kistna,  80  miles  SV7 
of  Hydrabad.     Lon    78  3  E,  lat.  16  22  N. 

Racket,  river  of  New  York,  rises  in  the 
northern  part  of  Hamilton  county,  and 
flows  north  into  Long  lake,  from  which  it 
again  issues  in  the  NE  angle  of  the  county, 
thence  crosses  the  SW  angle  of  Franklin 
and  enters  S'  Lawrence  county,  through 
which  it  passes  into  St.  Lawrence  river, 
two  miles  abow  St.  Regis,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  120  miles. 

Racketout  village  of  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on  Racket  river,  at  the  head 
of  boat  navigation  ;  20  miles  E  from  Hamil- 
ton, on  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Raclia,  small  uninhabited  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  near  that  of  Nio. 

Raconi,  populous  town  of  Piedm')nt,aseat- 
ed  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers  Grana 
and  Macra  ;  six  miles  from  Carignano.  Lon. 
7  46  E,  lat.  44  39  N. 

Radeberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  margravate  of  Meissen,  10 
miles  NE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  56  E,  lat. 
51  5  N. 

Radicofani,  town  of  Tuscany,  on  a  moun- 
tain, 56  miles  SE  of  Sienna.  Lon  11  40  E, 
lat.  42  42  N. 

Radmandorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carnl- 
ola,  near  the  source  of  the  river  Save  ;  16 
rtiile^  W  of  Crainburg. 


Radnor,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  925  inhabitants  in 
181U;'sndin  1820,  1059.  Siuated  in  the 
NE  corner  of  the  couniy,  ami  joins  Lower 
Merion  in  .Montgomery  county. 

Radnor,  JK'ew,  borough  in  Uaiinorshire  ; 
24  miles  NW  of  Hereford,  and  156  WNW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  45  W,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Radnorshire,  couniy  of  S  Waits, 30  miles 
long  and  25  broad ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Shropshire  and  Hereibrdshire,  on  the  NW 
by  Caidii^anshire,  on  the  S  and  SW  by 
Bi'eckn(jckst:ire,  and  on  the  N  by  Montgo- 
mery hire.  Its  principal  rivers  an-  the 
Wye  and  the  Tf  mi,  the  tonnt  r  dividing  it 
from  Brecknockiliirf ,  and  the  latter  from 
Shropshire.  The  soil  m  general  is  but  in- 
(lifTerent,  yet  some  places  produce  corn, 
particularly  the  eastern  and  southtrn  parts  ; 
but  in  the  northern  and  western,  which  are 
mountainous,  the  land  is  chiefly  stocked 
wiih  horned  cattle,  sheep  and  goats.  Po- 
pulation in  1801,  1905  ;  in  1811,  20900  ; 
and  in  1821,23073. 

Rahivay,  small  river  or  creek  of  Essex, 
and  Middlesex  counties,  New  Jersey  ;  falls 
into  Staten  Island  sound,  four  miles  from 
Newark  bay. 

Rahtuay,  post  town,  and  township,  Essex 
county.  New  Jersey,  on  Rahway  river,  five 
miles  SW  from  Elizabethtown.  Population 
in  1810,  1779;  and  in  1820,  1945. 

Radom,  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Sandomir,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name.  I',  is  seated  on  a  brook 
that  fills  into  the  Vistula,  30  miles  N  of 
Sandomir,  and  50  S  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  21  1 
E,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Ragivolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
seated  between  Mantua  and  Reggipi.  42 
miles  from  each.  v'. 

Ragusa,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val-di- 
Nota,  near  the  river  Maido,  12  miles  N  of 
Modica.     Lon.  14  59  E,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Ragusa,  city  of  Dalmatia,  capital  of  th& 
Kagusan  ;  it  is  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  strong  by  situation,  hiivmg  an  inacces- 
sible mountain  on  the  land  side,  and  a 
strong  fort  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  60  miles  N 
W  of  Scutari.  Lon.  18  10  E,  lat.  42  50 
N. 

Ragusen,  or  Ragusian  Dalamatia,  terri- 
tory of  Dalmatia,  lying  along  the  coast  of 
tl^e  gulf  of  Venice,  about  55  miles  in  length, 
and  20  in  breadth.     Ragusa  is  the  capital. 

Rajapotir,  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  5u  miles  N  of  Goa.  Lon.  73  50 
E,  lat.  17  19  N. 

Rajemal,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 

Bengal ;  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  but 

now  in  a  ruinous  state.     It  is  seated  on  the 

W  bank  of  the  Ganges,  in  a  romantic,  but 

847 


R  A  L 


R  A  M 


noE  pleasant  situation,  190  miles  N  by  W  of  RalpUville,  township  of  Ashtabula  coun- 

Calcut'.a.  ty  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  Ashtabula  river, 

Raiii,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  seated  on  Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

the  Acha,  near  the  Lech,  five  miles  E  of  Ramapongh,  small  river  of  Bergen  coun- 

Donawert.     Lon  H  12  E,  lat.  48  50  N.  to,    New  Jerse}',    rises   in  Nev/  York,  in 

Rain,  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria,  capital  Rockland  county,  flosvs  S  into  New  Jersey, 

of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  and  joins  Long-  Pond  and  Pcqnanock  rivers 

It  is  seated  on  the  Save,  68  miles  S  of  Gratz.  at  Pomplon  to  form  Pompton  river. 

Lon.  15  32  E,  lat.  46  SON.  Ramapavgh,  iron  works,  and  post  office. 

Rain  Lake,  or  Long  Lake,  lake  of  North  Rockland  county,   New  York,   on   R  ima- 

America,  'ying  to  the  W  of  Lake  Superior,  paugh  river,  35  miles  nearly  N  from  New 

and  to  the'E  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  York. 

with  which  it  communicates  by  a  river.  It  Rambert  le  Joug  St.  town  of  France, 
is  nearly  100  mdes  long,  but  in  no  part  in  the  department  of  Ain,  and  late  pro- 
more  than  20  v/ide.  vince  of  Bresse,  near  a  branch  of  Mont 

Raisin,  river  of  Michigan  territory,  rises  Jura.    Lon.  5  30  E,  lat.  45  53  N. 

in  the  level  table  land  of  the  peninsula,  RambervUliefs,    town   of   France,    in 

with  St.  Joseph's  river  of  lake  Michigan,  the  department  of  the  Vosges,  and  late_ 

Tiffin's  rivei-,  branch  of  Maumee,  and  Hu-  province   of   Lorrain,    30  miles   SE  ot 

ron  of  Erie.  Course  SSE  100  miles;  enters  Nanci.     Lon   6  44  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

lake  Erie  20  miles  SW  from  the   month  of  Ra7)ibouillet ,    town  cf  France,  in  the 

Detroit  river.    It  is  impeded  with  rapids  departnnent  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late 

near  its  mouth  ;  but  navigable  above  and  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.     It  is  37 

below.  miles  SW  of  Paris 

Raisins,  Rcviere  Aux,  runs  through  the  Ramehead,  promontory  of  CornwalHs, 

townships    of  Osnabruck,   Cornwall,    and  SW  of  Plymouth,    at  the    entr.^nce  ot 

Charlotienburg,  emptymg  itself  into  lake  Plymouth  Sound.     Lon.  4  20  W,  lat.  50 

St.  Francis,  near  the  SE  angle  of  the  latter  18  N 

townshli),  Cornwall  county  Upper  Canada.  Ramera,  town  cf  France,  in  the  de- 

Raisin  Isles,  in  lake  St.  Francis,  lie  be-  partment  of  Aube,  and  late  province  of 

tween  the  mouth  of  the  river  aux  Raisins  Champage,    seated    on    the    Aube,    18 

and  the  point  of  that  name  ;  they  are  small  miles  NE  of  Troyes.     Lon.  4  30  E,  lat. 

and  rocky.  48  32  N. 

Raisin  Pointe,  in  lake  St.  Fiancis,  lies  to  Ramillies,  town  of  Brabant,  remarka- 

the  E  of  pointe  an  Lac.  ble  for  the  great  victory  obtain,  d  by  the 

Raleigh  Township,  in  the  county  of  Essex,  duke  of  Marlborough,  oyer  the  French 

pper  Canada,  lies    W  of  Harwich,  the    on  Whitsunday,  1^06.     It  is  10  miles  N 

Thame  bounding  it  on  tlie  N,  and  lake  Erie  of  Namur.  and  24  SE  of  Brussels.    Lon. 

to  the  southward.  4  50  E.  lat.  50  39  N. 

i?a/eie-/«,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice,  of  Rammekens, ^^^^ovt  of  the  is  e  of 
Wake  founty,  and  also  capitalof  North  Walc^heren,  in  the  province  ot  Zealand. 
Carolina;  situated  on  the  SW  side  of  Neuse  It  is  four  miles  S  of  Middleburgh,  Lon. 
river,  60  miles  N  by  E  of  Fayetteville,  and  3  ^}::}±^lf,^,^ 
123  NW  of  Newbern.  Tnf  seat  or  govern- 


Uppe 


ment  was  fi.^ed  here  in  1791.  It  lies  in  lat 
35  44  N,  and  lon.  W  C  1  48  W.  This  is  a 
very  regu'arly  built,  and  elegant  town,  and 
contains  the  ordinary  county  and  state 
buildings  in  elegant  style.  The  state  house 
is  decorated  by  perhaps  the  mo.st  finished 


Rajmnelsberg,  lofty,  steep,  and  exten- 
sive mountain  of  Germany,  in  that  part  of 
the  Hartz  Forest,  -which  lies  within  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen.  On  this 
mountain  are  12  silver  mines  :  and  at  the 
font  of  it  is  seated  the  city  of  Goslar. 

Ramfiano.  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 


pieceof  art  in  America,  a  marble  statue  of  in  the   Morea.    Lon.    20  17   E,  lat.   36 

Washington,  bv  Canova,  executed   at   the  54  N.                                 .    -i    l- 

expense  of  North  Carolina.      Beside  the  Ramnbimj,  town  m  Wiltshire,  noted 

state   and  county  buildings,  it   contains  a  for  its  fin.- beer.    It  is  46  miles  E  of  Bris- 

bank,  theatre,  and  two  academies.     In  the  tol,  and  69  W  of  London. 

centre  of  the  town  stands  Union  squ  a-e  of  Ramaejj,    tov/n    in    Huntingdonshire, 

10  acres;  and  in  the  centre  of  this  square  seated  in   the   fens  near  the   meres  of 

the    state  house.      From    Umon    square,  Ramsey  and  Whitlesey.     It  is  12  miles 

branches  at  right  angles  to  each  other  four  NE  of  Huntingdon,  and  69  N  ot  London, 

large  streets  of  99  teet  in  width.     These  Lon.  0  19  W,  lat.  52  25  N 

wide  streets  subdivide  tl.e  town  into  four  Ramseij,  island  on  the  coast  of  Pem- 

quarters,  which   are  again  subdivided  L-y  brokeshire.  two  miles  long,  and  one  and 

four  other  streets  of  56  feet  width  :  witu  a  half  broad.     Near  it  are  several  dan- 

central  squares  of  four  acres  each.     Popu-  gerous  rocks,  frequented  in  the  breeding 

lation  about  2000.  seaspn  bv  vast    multitudes   of  s^afpwl, 
«.43 


and  known  by  the  name  of  the  Bishop 
and  his  Clerks.  This  island  is  four 
miles  W  of  St.  David's  and  17  NW  of 
Milford  Haven.  Lon.  5  20  VV,  lat.  51 
55  N. 

Ramsgate,  seaport  in  Kent,  in  the  Isle 
of  Thanet,  four  miles  S  of  Margate,  10 
ENE  of  Canterbury,  and  "5  ESE  of 
London,     Lon.  I  30  E,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Randclfih,  post  town  in  Norfolk  coun- 
ty. Massachusetts,  five  miles  S  of  Quin- 
cey,  15  S  of  Boston.  Population  1810, 
1170;  and  in  1820,1546. 

Randolfih,  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  25  miles  N  ny  W  of  Wind- 
sor, on  the  river  Connecticut,  and  about 
the  same  distance  N  by  E  of  Rutland. 
It  contains  an  academy. 

RaJidolfih.  townshij)  of  Broome  coun- 
ty, New  York  Population  1820,  uncer- 
tain. 

Randolfih,  township  Morris  county. 
New  Jersey.    Population  1820,  1252. 

Randolph,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
by  Greenbriar  and  Kenhawa  S\V  ;  I..ewis 
and  Harrison  W;  Monong^aljela  and  I'rcston 
N  ;  Hardy  NE  ;  and  Pendleton  E.  Length 
SO ;  mean  width  35  ;  and  art- a  2800  square 
miles.  Surface  generally  hilly,  and  in 
p:i.t  mountainous?  Gauley  and  E'k  rivers 
branches  of  Kenhawa  rise  in  its  SW  section; 
but  the  great  body  of  the  county  is  drained 
by  the  Monongahela  and  its  confluents. 
Chief  town  Beverly. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .         -         -         1,480 
do.     do.  females     -         -        -         1,226 

Total  wliiies  -  -  -  2,706 
All  other  persons  except  Ir,dia:is 

not  taxed         .         -         .         .  jY 

Slaves IW 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        2,854 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

1,670 

do.    do.    females 

1,496 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

0 

Total  whites 

3,166 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

28 

do.            do.        females. 

32 

Slaves,  males 

66 

do.    females 

65 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agricalture  - 

tic.        in  Manufac'.ures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  1. 
5  P 


5,357 


10 

884 

40 


Randolph,  now  Jas/isr,  county  of  Geor- 
gia.    See  Jasper. 

Randolph,  one  of  the  southern  townships 
of  Portage  county,  Ohi(j.  Population  in 
1820,  328. 

Randolph,  township  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Ohio,     Population  in  1820,  1404. 

Randolph,  county  of  Indiana  v  bounded 
by  the  state  of  Ohio  E  -,  Wayne  county  in 
Indiana  S  ;  and  the  Indian  country  on  all 
other  sides.  Length  along  Ohio  36  miles  ; 
mean  width  15  ;  and  area  540  square  miles. 
Mississiniwa  branch  of  Wabash,  and  White 
river  branch  of  .Mit.mi  rise  in  this  countj''. 
Ciiief  town  Jacksonboro'. 

Population  in  1S20. 
Free  wiiite  males        -    '    -         -  948 

do.  do.     females     -         -         -  855 

Ail  other  pertons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -         -        .        -  0 

Total  whiles       ...         -  1,803 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  3 

do.            do.        females  -  2 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  0 

do.    femsles             ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -         1,808 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         -  298 

do.         in  Manufactures           -  2 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  14 

Popi-diition  to  the  square  mile)  3  1-3. 

Randolph,  county  of  Illinois  ;  bounded  by 
the  Mississippi  river  SV/  ;  Monroe  county 
W;  St.  Clair  and  Washington  N  ;  Jefferson 
and  IVanklin  E.;  and  Jackson  SE.  Length 
54;  mean  width  16;  and  area  about  860 
square  miles.  Kaskaskias  river  passes 
through  and  enters  tlse  Mississippi  in  this 
coiiniy.     Chief  town  Ka  kaskias. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ,        -        -  3,668 

do,    do.     females,    -        -        ■    2,979 

Tr-tal  whites    .        •■        -        -  6,647 
All  other  persons  except  iHdians 

not  taxed        ...        -  500 

Slaves        -----  128 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        7,275 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .         -         -         1,751 

do.    do.  females  -        -         1,424 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whiles          ...        -  3,175 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  44 

do.           do.        females  =  40 
849 


li  A  N 


R  A  P 


126 
107 


5,492 


34 
944 
128 

20 


Slaves,  males      .        -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Toreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        iil  Commerce- 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  4§. 

Randolph,  coanty  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Moore  SB ;  Montgomery  S  ; 
Kowafi  W;  Gciilford  N  ;  and  Chatliam  E.  It 
is  36  miles  square;  area  1226  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Deep  river  ;  and  by  White 
and  Uwharee  branches  of  Yadkin  river.  Its 
eastern  borders  are  about  55  miles  W  from 
Raleigh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wliite  males 
do.    do.    females 


4.398 
4,711 

9,109 

205 
798 


Total  whites      -        -        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -     .   - 
Slaves         ..... 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      10,112 

Population  in  1820. 
Free^vvhite  males 

do.     do.    females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 


5,038 
4,979 

0 


Total  whites       ....  10,017 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     ..  121 

do.            do.       females  •  107 

Slaves,  males.      ....  548 

do.   females    ....  532 


Total  population  in  1820    - 


11,325 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        3,335 

do.      in  Manufactures     -        -  171 

do.      in  Commerce         -        -  24 

population  to  the  square  mile  16  1-3. 

Ravgnits,  town  of  Eastern  Prussia,  on 
the  river  Nieraen,  55  miles  E  of  Koning- 
berg.     Lon.  22  40  E,  lat  55  6  N. 

Rangoon,  (  Victory  Achieved,")  city  of  the 
Nether  India,  on  one  of  the  branches  of 
Irawaddy,  three  miles  above  its  mouth. 
Lon.  96  9  E,  lat.  16  47  N.  Population 
30,000.  This  is  a  city  of  recent  formation, 
built  about  the  middle  of  last  century  by 
Alompra,  and  made  the  capital  of  the  Bir- 
man  empire.  It  has  become  also  a  great 
mart  of  trade,  for  the  exchange  of  Asiatic 
and  European  articles. 

Ranf^,  town  of  Upper  Siaxony»  \n  Mis- 


sia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  10  miles 
SW  of  Newstadt. 

Rannxh,  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the 
N  part  of  Perthshire,  11  miles  in  length. 

Raritamponr,  town  of  Hindoostan,  capi- 
tal of  a  circar  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
country  of  Agimere.  It  is  96  miles  E  of 
Agimere,  and  105  WSW  of  Agra.  Lon. 
76  57  E,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Rantzov),  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  24  miles  N  by  W  of  Lu- 
bee. 

Raolconda,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Visia- 
pour,  near  which  is  a  rich  diamond  mine ; 
20  miles  NNW  of  Sollapour. 

Raon  VEtape,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meurte,  seated  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Etabe  and  Meurte,  30  miles 
SE  of  Nancy. 

Rapallo,  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  16  miles 
ESE  of  Genoa. 

Ruphoe,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Donegal.  It  is  11  miles  SW  of  London- 
derry; and  21  NE  of  Donegal. 

Raphoe,  township  of  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  between  War- 
wick and  Mount  Joy,  and  is  watered  by 
the  Chickisalungy  creek.  In  1810,  the 
inhabitants  were  stated  at  2814,  and  in 
1820,  3216. 

Rapid  Ann,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in  the 
Blue  Ridge,  in  Madison  and  Orange  coun- 
ties, between  which  the  main  branch  by 
the  name  of  Conway  river,  flows  SE,  to 
the  SE  mountain;  turns  thence  NE  be- 
tween Madison  and  Orunge,  and  between 
Orange  and  Culpepper  and  finally  between 
Culpepper  and  Spotsylvania,  and  joins  the 
Rappahannoc  10  miles  above  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Rapide,  parish  of  Louisiana  ;  bounded  by 
Opelousas  S  ;  Natchitoches  W,  and  NW  ; 
Wachittau,  and  Ocatahoola  N ;  Concordia 
E ;  and  Avoyelles  SE.  Length  55  ;  mean 
width  43  ;  and  area  about  2300  square 
miles.  The  surface  considerably  varied. 
Extensive  tracts  of  hilly  pine  woods  spread 
in  the  northern  and  southern  sections ; 
whilst  alluvial  borders  of  first  rate  soil 
skirt  Red  river.  Bayou  Bosuf,  Bayou  Ra- 
pide, and  some  other  streams.  Red  river 
Winds  nearly  through  the  middle  of  the 
parish.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Alex- 
andria. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  1,424 

do.    do.   females  -        -  1,163 


Total  whites           -          -        •  2,587 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  153 

Slaves 1,833 


Total  population  in  1810, 


4,575 


K  A  It 


K   A  1 


Population  iu  1820. 
Free  whi's  males      -        -        -  1,479 

do.  do.  females  -        -  1,012 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -         .        -        -  0 


Totul  whites    .        .        -        - 

2,491 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

46 

do.           do.      females 

39 

Slaves,  males      .        .        - 

1,122 

do.    females 

1,66- 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,065 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturall'zed         -  12 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  2,586 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  218 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  -55 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

Rapid  Plat,  Isle  au,  in  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, in  fi'ont  of  the  township  of  Matilda, 
contains  about  200  acres.  The  soil  is  good, 
and  lies  partly  in  front  of  the  township  of 
Williamsburg,  Upper  Canada. 

Rappahannoc,  viver  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Culpepper  and  Fauquier  counties,  by  two 
sources,  Thornton's  and  Hedgeman's  ri- 
vers ;  general  course  SE  to  its  junction 
with  Rapid  Ann  10  miles  above  Fredericks- 
burg. A  short  distance  above  tlie  latter 
place  it  is  precipitated  over  rapids  and 
meets  the  tide.  It  thence  continues  SB 
100  miles,  and  opens  into  Chesapeak  bay, 
between  'Windmill,  and  Stingray  points. 
It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  10  feet 
water,  to  Fredericksburg.  Descending,  it 
passes  by  Fredericksburg,  Port  Royal, 
Leeds,  Tapahannoc,  and  Urbanna.  Mea- 
sures have  been  taken  to  remove  by  side 
canals,  the  impediment  to  boat  navigation 
in  this  stream  above  tide  water. 

Rappersclneeil,  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Zurich,  seated  on  a  neck  of 
land  that  advances  into  the  lake  of  Zurich, 
over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge,  1850  feet 
long.  It  is  11  miles  SE  of  Zurich,  and  20 
NW  of  Claris. 

Rapps,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  river 
Teya,  eight  miles  N  by  VV  of  Horn. 

Rariton,  river  of  New  .Jersey ;  rises  in 
Morris,  Som.erset,  and  Hunterdon  counties, 
by  three  branches,  North  Branch,  South 
Branch  and  Millstone  river.  See  Jylillstoiie 
liver.  The  North  and  South  brancties 
unite  in  Somerset  15  miles,  and  receive 
Millstone  river  from  the  south,  nine  miles 
above  New  Brunswick,  where  it  meets  the 
tide.  Hence  it  flows  nine  miles  nearly  E 
into  itariton  bay,  between  Perth  Amboy, 
and  South  Amboy.  It  is  navigable  for 
sloops  and  steam  boats  to  New  Brunswick. 

Riiritori,  b.^y  of  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey,  opens  in  a  triangular  form  between 
the  mouth  of  Rariton  river,  and    Staten 


island  Sound,  and  Monmoutli  county,  in  New 
Jersey.  It  is  limited  on  the  E  by  Sandy 
Hook,  and  the  SW  point  of  Long  Island. 

Rariton,  town  of  Somerset  county.  New 
Jersey,  12  miles  above  New  Brunswick. 

Rascio.     See  Ratzia. 

Rasebovff,  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
a  canton  in  Nyland,  on  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
o7  miles  SE  of  Abo.  Lon,  23  18  E,  lat. 
60  16  N. 

Rascn  or  Market  Rasin,  town  in  Lin- 
colnshire, on  a  branch  of  the  Ankam,  14 
miles  NE  of  Lincoln,  and  150  N  of  Loudon. 
Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  53  23  N. 

Rasacolmo,  cape  on  the  N  coast  of  Sici- 
ly, near  a  town  of  the  same  name,  W  of 
Cape  Faro,  and  N  of  Messina. 

Rastadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  SuUzburg, 
seated  on  the  Ens,  48  miles  E  by  S  pf 
Saltzburg.     Lon.  14  10  B,  lat.  47  31  N. 

Rastadt,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Baden,  It 
is  remarkable  for  a  treaty  concluded  here, 
between  the  French  and  Ausirians,  and 
for  a  battle  in  which  the  Austrians  were 
defeated  by  the  French,  in  1796.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Merg,  near  the  Rhine,  four 
miles  N  of  Baden,  and  24  SW  of  Philips- 
burg.     Lon.  8  14  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Raienau,  town  ot  Germany,  is  the  mid- 
dle marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the 
Havel,  15  miles  NW^  of  Brandenburg.  Lou, 
13  49  E,  lat.  52  46  N. 

Ratenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ti- 
rol,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  rivttr  Inn. 
Lon.  12  5  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Rath/nines,  remarkable  place  in  Ireland, 
near  two  miles  from  Dublin,  wlrere  the 
duke  of  Orraond  w.is  defeated  by  the  par- 
liament forces  in  1649. 

Ratibor,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  on  tlse  Oder,  in 
a  country  fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  15 
miles  NE  of  of  Troppaw,  and  142  E  of 
Prague.     Lon.  17  54  B,  lat.  50  11  N. 

Ratisbon,  town  of  Bavaria,  55  miles  SE 
of  Nuiembi.irg,  62  N  by  E  of  Mtmich,  and 
195  \V  bv  N  of  Vienna.  Lon.  12  5  E,  lat. 
28  58  N.' 

Ratolszd,  strong  town  of  S'labia,  on  tiiat 
part  of  the  lake  of  Constance  called  Bo- 
den  See,  12  miles  \V  ot  the  cit^'  of  Con- 
stance. 

Rattan.     See  Ritatlan 

Ratzeburg,  fortified  town  of  Lower  SiJX- 
ony,  in  the  duchy  of  Sane-La wenburg. 
From  tlie  lake  of  Katzcburg  issues  the  ri.- 
ver  Waknitz,  which  join.s  the  Trave,^iear 
Lubec,  and  thus  facilitates  the  gummu- 
nication  by  water  betwecji  Lubec  and  the.se 
parts.  Ratzeburg  is  13  miles  SE  of  Lu- 
bec, and  12  N  of  I.awenburg.  Lon.  10  49 
E,  lat.  53  43  N. 

Rntzin,   Rascin,  the  eastern  division  o 
Sclavonia,  subject  to  Austria.     It  tak^  Its 
name  from  the  rive^*  Rasca,  wlih^h  faU?  into 
R51 


A  W 


li  li  A 


Ihe  Moravc  ;  and  the  inhabitants  are  called 
Rascians. 

Eava,  town  of  Great  Poland,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  and  sealed 
in  a  morass  covered  w  iih  water  that  pro- 
ceeds tVom  the  r:ver  Kava,  by  vvliich  it  is 
surrounded.  It  is  55  miUsS  vV  ol  Wirsa\v. 
Lon.  19  55  E,  lat  51  51  N. 

Ilavdio,  s  aporl  of  Najj'es,  in  Priricipato 
Citeriore,  10  miles  W  of  Salerno,  and  25 
SE  of  N  .pies.  L')n.  14  41  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 
I'avenglass,  seaport  in  Cumberland,  on 
an  iiilet  of  u.e  Itisli  Sea,  between  the  Mite 
■and  Esk,  whicli  vvi'.li  the  Irt,  fall  into  this 
inietj  and  form  a  good  harbcur.  I'  is  24 
miles  S  of  Cockcrniouth,  and  284NNVV 
of  London.     Lon.  3  30  W,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Iiuve7ina,  Cj( y  of  Ital}',  capital  uf  Ilomag- 
3ia,  near  the  river  Mantone,  37  miles  Sfi  of 
Terraru,  and  162  N  of  Rome.  Lou.  12  5 
E,  lav.  44  25  X. 

liavenua,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice. 
Portage  couniy,  Oiiio,  on  a  southern  branch 
of  Cuyahoga  river,  '35  miles  SE  f.  en.  Cleve- 
land. ' 

Jiavcniia,  township  of  Portage  county, 
Ohio,  including  the  county  town  of  tlie 
same  name.     Populatit  n  1820,  418. 

liuvcnsberg,  county  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, lyng  S  of  thf  bishoprics  of  Mlnden 
and  Osnabiirg.  It  belongs  tn  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  is  so  called  fiom  a  cas'le  of 
the  san'it  name.     Hereford  is  the  capital. 

Havarnsburg,  toun  o'  Gern  any  in  Sua- 
bia,  on  the  Cheuss,  15  niihs  N  by  W  of 
Lindau.     Lon  9  40  E,  la  .  47  59  N. 

Karenstein,  town  ;,f  Brabant,  capital  ol" 
a  county  of  the' same  i.anie,  s. ated  on  the 
Macse,  on  the  confines  of  Guiiderlai.d,  10 
miles  SW  of  Ximeguen.  Lon.  5  o5  E, 
lat.  51  46  N, 

Ravey,  the  Hyuraotes  of  the  ancients, 
an  eastern  branch  of  tlie  Indus,  rising  in 
Caslimere  and  flow.ng  SW,  b\  L.Jiore,  tails 
into  the  Indus  20  milts  below  Moultan, 
after  a  comparative  course  i>\'  ."00  miles. 
It  receives  in  its  course  the  Chelum,  and 
Chenaub. 

Havilz,  small  town  of  Poland,  in  tl<e  ]ia- 
latinate  of  P.'lnania.  It  possesses  a  con- 
siderable manufuCiUre  ot  clotli,  24  miles 
S  of  Pcsen. 

jRauschebovi-ff,  town  of  Gerniai>y,  in  the 
LanOgiMvate  of  Hesse  Ci  ssel.  ^our  miles 
iN  of  Marpurg,  and  32  SSW  tf  Casstl.  Lon. 
S  46  E,  htt.  50  33  N. 

liaiua,  '.own  of  Poland,  cip.tid  of  the 
palatinate  of  Kawa,  56  miles  SW  of  W.r- 
^aw. 

liavay.  Post  town  of  New  Jersey;  si- 
tuated in  iMiddlcscx  count},  5  miles  SW  of 
Elizabeih  town,  aiul  ab</ut  the  same  dis- 
tance iNE  of  New  Rrijiiswick. 

liimve,  river  of  Hindoi  sian  Proper,  one 
of  the  five  E  branches  of  the  Indus.  Sec 
Jiavee. 


liaymoud,  tov;r.sliip  of  Cumberland  couii- 
ty,  Maine,  26  miles  iN  from  Portland.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1388. 

liuymond,  townsh :p  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  21  rniles  W  from  Porls- 
mou  h.     Population  1820,  961. 

Jiaynhatn,  t.)wnahip  of  Bristol  county, 
jNlussachusetts,  cuntainir.g  1154  inhabit;.n  s 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1071.  Situated  on 
the  W  !bide  of  Taunton  river,  between 
Beikley  and  Mansfield;  remarkable  as  be- 
ing the  place  where  ihe  first  forge  in  Bri- 
tish America  was  erected  in  1652. 

Readjield,  township  and  post  village 
Kennebfjc  county,  Maine,  seven  miles  Wf 
from  Angubta.    Population  1820,  1511. 

Reading  borough  and  the  county -towQ 
of  Beiksliire.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  malt. 
It  is  Stattd  on  the  Ktnnet,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Thames,  26  SSE  of  Ox- 
ford and  39  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  52  W, 
lat.  51  2S  N. 

ReadiTig:  township  of  iiiddlesex  coun- 
ty, Mi.sbachusetts,  about  14  miles  N  of 
Boston,  it  contained  2228  inhabitants  in 
1810;  and  in  1820,  2797. 

Reading  township  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  containing  1717  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  m  1820,  1678.  Situated  on 
Aspatuck  river,  between  Repton  and 
Ridf^efield. 

Reading,  post  village  and  township 
St.  ubeii  county.  New  Yirk,  2o  miles 
NE  from  Bath.     Population  18i9,  3009. 

Reading,  borough,  and  capital  of  Berks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  NE  bank 
of  the  river  Schuylkill,  54  ndles  iNV\'  of 
Philadelphia,  and  5o  E  of  Harrisburg. 
This  town  is  conveniently  situated  ivr  in- 
ternal con:merce,  being  the  entrepot  of 
vast  quantities  of  grain  and  lumber  that 
are  brought  hither,  and  ratted  or  cc^nvey- 
cd  in  long  boats  to  Philade.'phia  and  its 
vicinity  Rvading  is  .^  regulaily  laid  out, 
and  very  neatly  built  town,  situated  in  a 
fertie  and  well  cultivated  country.  A 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Gerivians, 
and  justly  distinguished  for  industrious 
habits.  The  impnAtments  now  in  pro- 
gress in  the  navigation  of  the  Schuylkill, 
and  Union  canals,  will  when  completed 
conduce  in  a  high  degree  to  the  j.'rospe- 
rity  of  Readii.g,  and  must  render  it  one 
(f  the  most  nourishing  interior  towiiS  of 
the  state. 

Population  in  1810. 
P're'  white  males  -        -         1,760 

do.    do.     IVmales  -        -         1,607 


Total  whites  .        -        _ 

All  other  ptraons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves  .         .         .        - 

Total  pjopulatioinn  1810 


95 

G 

3,462 


R  E  C 


,    Population  in  1 820 

Free  white  males       -        •        -        ^2,220 

do.    do.    females  -        -        2,022 

All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  tdxed         ...         -  0 

Total  whites       -         -        .        .  4,242 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  46 

do.             do.       {'cmales  44 

Slaves,  males    -        -        .        .  0 

do.    females         -        .        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        4,332 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  60 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  16 

do.        iii  Manufactures  ••  222 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  24 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  uncertain. 

Reading,  NE  township  of  Adams 
county,  Pennsylvania,  between  Bermu- 
dian,  and  Coneblogoe  creeks,  12  miles 
NE  from  Gettysberg.  Population  1820, 
833. 

Beading,  village  of  Hamilton  county, 
Ohio,  10  miles  N  from  Cincinnatti. 

Reading,  township  of  Perry  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1,821. 

Readington,  township  of  Hunterdon 
county,  New  Jersey,  1?  miles  N W  from 
New  Brunswick'.     I'opulation  1820.  1964, 

Realejo,  town  of  Guatimala,  inNicar- 
ragaa,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  18 
miles  NW  from  Leon.  Lon  W  C  10  50 
W,  lat  12  45  N. 

Reaimont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late 
province  of  Laiiguedoc,  31  miles  NE  of 
Toulouse.    Lon.  2  0  E,  lat  43  50  N. 

Real-vUle,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Moiitauban.    Lon.  1  24  E.  lat.  44  7  N. 

Reamscoivn,  post  town  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pciinsy-vania,  15  milei,  NE  of 
Lancaster,  and  the  same  distance  SW 
ot  Reading.  'I'he  iahabicants  are  about 
300 

Rebel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Mccklei:- 
burg,  seated  on  the  Lake  Muritz,  SO 
miles  SK  of  Gustrow.  Lon.  12  36  E,  lat. 
53  32  N. 

Rcbnick,  populous  town  of,  Turkey  in 
Euru])e,  inVValachia,  with  abisho'psee, 
seated  on  the  river  Aluta,  45  miles  SW  of 
Targowisco. 

Reccaii.  See  Aracan. 
Recannuto,  epiaC0|.al  town  of  Itaiy,  in 
the  marquisate  of  .Ancona,  nearthe  river 
Muiisoue,  14  miles  S  of  Ancona,  and 
110  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  34  E,  lat.  43 
24  N. 

Rccklinhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  archbishopric  of  Cologne,  capital  of 


a  county  of  the  same  name  ;  on  the 
Lippe,  20  miles  W  of  Ham.  Lon.  8  36 
E,  lat.  5127  N 

Rectortoion,  post  town  Loudon  county, 
\^iiginia. 

lied  bank,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
JeflFerson,  and  Armstrong  courjties  ;  rises 
in  the  former,  flows  W,  and  falls  into 
Allegany  river  in  the  latter. 

Red  bank,  NE  township  of  Armstrong 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  1820, 
2042. 

Rcdon,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
menc  ot  Isle'  and  Vilaine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bretagne.  It  serves  as  a  mart 
for  the  commerce  of  Rennes,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Vi'aine,  225  miles  E  by  S  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  10  W,  lat.  37  48  N. 

Red  river,  branch  of  Assinniboin, 
rises  near  the  sources  of  Mississippi, 
flows  N  about  300  miles  and  joins  the 
As.^innibo'm  70  miies  above  Lake  VVinni- 
pec.  Lord  Selkirk's  settlement  is  near 
their  junction. 

Red  river,  branch  of  the  Mississippi 
river. 

Red  River,  This  stream  rises  in  the 
mountainous  prairies  E  of  Santa  Fe  of 
New  Mexico  between  N  lat.  52  and  35; 
W  Ion.  W  C  28"  flows  in  nearly  an  eastern 
direction  over  11  degreee  of  lon.  640 
miles  in  a  direct  line  but  at  least  80^'  com- 
parative course  to  where  it  turns  to  the 
bE  and  enters  Louisiana  and  thence  con- 
tinuing the  latter  course  300  miles  it 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  N  lat.  31  1  \Y, 
lon.  W  C  14  45. 

Red  river  is  formed  by  a  number  of 
tributary  streams,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  False  Ouachitta,  Blue  River,  Kimit- 
chie,  and  Vasstux.  All  these  streams 
unite  near  the  former.  Panis  Villages, 
about  350  miles  below  the  sources  of 
Red  rivtr.  'Ihe  Vasscux  rises  in  the 
Great  Priarie,  about  N  !at  54"  and  W 
lon.  W  C  20".  The  Kir;)itchie  and  Va- 
seux,  rise  in  the  same  ridge,  and  pursue 
very  nearly  a  similar  course,  each  join- 
ing Red  river,  after  a  course  of  about 
200  miles.  Little  river  of  the  north  falls 
into  Red  river,  a  short  distance  above 
the  NW  angle  of  Louisiana.  It  rises  in 
the  Maserne  mountains,  is  a  clear  beau- 
tiful, and  ])ure  stream  of  water,  of  about 
150  miles  in  length.  From  the  source 
ot  Red  river  to  the  mouth  of  Little  ri- 
ver of  the  north,  is  about  600  rniles  in 
a  direct  line,  but  much  farther  by  com- 
j)arative  course.  Little  river  of  the  south 
rises  in  the  prairies,  s'-uth  of  Red  river, 
and  about  40  miles  SE  (iff  the  Pauls  Vil- 
lages, it  runs  nearly  east  150  miles,  and 
fails  into  Red  river  in  Louisiana.  The 
distance  from  the  source  of  Red  river  to 
the  month  of  Little  river  of  the  south. 
^5-Z 


RED 


RED 


IS  about  the  same  as  lo  Little  river  of 
the  north,  600  miles  in  a  direct  line ;  but 
estimating  the  distance  along  the  mean- 
ders of  either  False  Ouachitta,  Blue  ri- 
ver, or  Red  river  proper,  and  tlie  dis- 
tance must  txceed  1000  miles.  The  Red 
river  winds  along  the  great  inclined 
plain,  dividing  it  into  two  parts,  forming 
the  limits  between  the  waters  which 
flow  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  those 
entering  the  Mississippi,  The  country 
from  whence  Red  river  draws  its  wa- 
ter, is  a  vast  prairie,  except  along  the 
banks  of  the  river,  and  even  there,  the 
very  little  timber  is  dwarf ;  the  mok 
abundant  species,  is  a  variety  of  the  ro 
binia,  or  black  locust,  called  M'  the  hun- 
ters, musquetoe  wood.  The  range  of  low 
mountains,  are  extremely  naked  of  tim- 
ber. 

After  the  junction  of  Blue  river,  Red 
I'iver  is  navigable  for  boats  of  large  size, 
during  the  spring  floods,  timber  becomes 
more  frequent  and  of  larger  size.  At 
the  mouth  of  Vasscux,  pine  first  occurs 
on  the  south  side  ;  the  banks  are  elevated 
above  inundation,  and  the  land  of  good 
quality.  The  river  hf  re  is  much  wider 
than  near  the  Mississippi.  From  the 
Pauis  Villages  to  near  the  Avoyelles,  the 
banks  of  Red  river  will  admit  settlement, 
and  many  of  its  tributary  streams  will  in 
some  future  period,  be  the  Jibode  of  ci- 
vilized man.  The  banks  are  alternate- 
ly either  woodland  or  priarie,  until  with- 
in 20  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Little 
river,  of  the  south.  Many  spots  along 
the  river  is  covered  by  strong  cane.  I'he 
waters  coming  into  lied  ri\er,  from  mount 
Cerne,  are  pure  and  limpid,  but  those  of 
Red  river  and  its  southern  branches,  are 
brackish  and  turbid.  Below  the  mouth 
of  Little  river  of  the  south,  Red  river 
assumes  a  south  course  upwards  of  100 
miles  in  a  direct  line. 

The  immense  volume  of  water  brought 
down  by  Red  river,  cannot  be  contained 
within  its  banks  during  the  season  of 
flood,  and  about  N  lat.  3C^°  the  alluvial 
overflow  commences.  Here  the  river 
divides  into  a  number  of  channels,  the 
face  of  nature  changes,  the  shores  be- 
comes low,  the  species  of  timber  such 
as  are  generally  found  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Mississippi  in  corresponding  latitudes 
except  whei'e  by  the  winding  nf  the  stream 
a  fine  bluff  approaches  the  river.  The  ri- 
verisnow  filled  with  islands,  and  interlock- 
ing channels.  A  chnin  of  lakes  also  com- 
mence on  each  side,  which  leaving  the 
river,  occupy  the  iiitcrval  between  the 
hills,  on  each  side.  These  lakes  serve 
as  a  natural  deposit  to  the  accumulating 
mass  of  water  pouring  down  from  the 
higher  branches  of  the  river.   The  most 


remarkable  of  these  lakes  are,  Bodcau, 
Bistineau,  and  Black  lakes,  on  the  left, 
and  Cassi,  Natchitoches,  Spanish  lake, 
and  Cado  lake,  on  the  right  side  of  Red 
river. 

On  reviewing  this  part  of  Red  river, 
between  the  Grand  Ecor,  four  miles 
above  Natchitoches,  and  the  lake  of 
Bodcau,  that  the  intermediate  space 
was  once  a  lake,  which  has  been  grad- 
ually filled  by  an  accumulation  of  earth 
from  the  abrasion  of  the  water  on  the 
banks  of  Red  river,  and  its  numerous  tri- 
butaries. The  lakes  which  now  exist, 
all  lie  in  the  valleys  of  considerable 
streams  communicating  with  Red  river, 
whose  mouths  have  been  impeded  by  the 
alluvion  of  Red  river,  and  natural  drains 
formed  from  hill  to  hill.  The  beds  of 
these  rectnt  lakes  are  much  lower  than 
the  surface  of  the  river  at  high  water, 
though  higher  than  the  channel  of  the 
rivers.  In  autumn  and  the  early  part  of 
winter,  when  the  waters  have  been  drain- 
ed by  the  depression  of  the  river,  much 
of  the  ground,  covered  by  the  spring 
floods  in  those  lakes  become  dry  land, 
and  exhibit  meadows  of  succulent  her- 
bage. In  the  channels  of  most,  there  is 
consequently  an  annual  flux  and  reflux, 
as  the  water  in  the  river  and  lake,  pre- 
ponderate in  height.  When  Red  river 
commences  its  annual  rise,  the  currents 
set  strongly  into  the  lakes,  which  gradu- 
ally filling,  return  their  flood  into  the 
river  with  equal  velocity,  when  the  de- 
Ijression  of  the  river  by  the  summer 
heat,  begins  to  take  place.  This  flux  and 
reflux  is  continual.  Ihe  connecting  chan- 
nels are  never  dry.  Most  of  the  lakes 
have  the  pine  woods  on  one  side  of  them, 
from  which  issue  fine  clear  creeks  of 
water,  whose  pellucid  currents  compen- 
sate to  the  inhabitants  for  the  unpalata- 
ble waters  of  Red  river.  Were  it  not 
for  those  spacious  depositories  above  Nat- 
chitoches, the  fine  alluvial  border  of  Red 
river,  below  that  territory  would  be 
much  more  resti  icted  in  extent,  and,  the 
cultivation  of  the  whole  greatly  m.ore 
precarious.  From  the  upper  part  of 
lake  Bistintau  totiie  lower  settlement  on 
Red  river  opposite  Avoyelles,  or  even  to 
tViC  mouth  of  Black  river,  the  lands  are 
sufficiently  high  and  fertile,  for  cultiva- 
tion on  both  banks,  and  in  every  place  on 
one  side.  The  high  lands  or  pine  for- 
ests, pursue  each  side  nearly  the  same 
course  with  the  river.  On  the  right 
bank  the  pine  bluffs  reach  the  river 
bank,  for  the  first  place  below  the  al- 
luvial tract  above ;  four  miles  lower 
dov/n,  the  pine  hills  again  reach  the  ri- 
ver at  the  town  of  Natchitoches,  and  in 
two  oi"  three  other  place.s  still   lower 


11  E  G 


a  E  I 


down,  the  pine  hills  again  reach  the  vi-  Heggio,  duchy  of  Italy,  included  in  that 
ver  with  a  rocky  base  ;  but  at  the  Bayou  of  modena.  It  produces  a  great  deal  of 
Rapide  the  high  grounds  on  the  right,  silk.  It  is  all  subject  to  the  duke  of  Mode- 
quit  the  river  entirely,  continue  SE  to-  na,  except  the  marquisste  of  St.  Martin, 
wards  Opelousas.  On  the  left  bank,  the  which  is  subject  to  a  prince  of  thai  name, 
pine  hills  reach  the  river,  below  the  al-  Heggio,  ancient  episcopal  city  of  Italy, 
luvial  tract  at  Campte,  twelve  miles,  in  a  duchy  of  tlie  same  name,  in  a  fertile 
above  Natchitoches,  but  follow  the  bank  country,  15  miles  NW  of  Modena.  and  80 
only  three  or  four  miles,  when  they  re-  SE  of  Milan.  Lon.  11  5  E,  lat.  44  43  N. 
tire,  and  do  not  again  approach  the  bank  Reggina,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in  Cala 


until  nearly  opposite  the  Rapids ;  below 
which  some  few  blufFslie  alon,^  the  banks, 
the  last  of  which  is  the  Ecor  a  Cheniere 
opposite  Avoyelles.  From  the  Ecor  a 
Cheniere  to  the  mout;h,  Red  river  flows 
over  an  alluvial  fiat,  annually  over- 
flown. 

What  is  generally,  though  very  erro- 
neously called  the  raft  of  Red  river  is 


bria  Citenore,  14  miles  N  of  Cosenza, 
Lon.  16  21  E,  lat,  39  34  N. 

Regnaiio,  town  of  Italy  in  the  Patrimony 
of  St.  Peter.  It  is  thinly  inhabited  and 
is  seated  near  the  Tiber,  \7  miles  N  of 
Rome.     Lon.  12  36  E,  lat.  42  11  N. 

Rehoboth,  post  town  in  Bristol  county, 
Masisachusetts,  42  miles  S  by  W  of  Bos- 
ton, and  three  eastward  from  Providence, 


merely  what  I  have  noticed,  a  maze  of  Rhode  Island.  It  contained  4866  inhabit- 
islands  and  channels,  through  which,  ants ;  and  in  1820,  2740. 
though  difficult,  boats  of  any  requisite  Rehoboth,  hundred  of  Sussex  county, 
size,  can  be  conducted  at  high  water.  Delaware,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  De- 
The  raft  as  it  is  called,  is  not  so  great  kware  bay,  between  Rehoboth  bay  and 
an  impediment  to  the  navigation  of  Red  Cold  Spring  creek.  Population  in  1820, 
river,  as  is  the  rapids  at  Louisville  to  1557. 
the  Ohio,  much  less  the  Muscle  shoals 
in  Tennessee. 

Red  Sea,  extending  1300  miles  from 
N  to  S,  and  200  in  the  widest  part,  from 
E  to  W.  It  divides  Arabia  from  Af'ica 
and  is  separated  from  the  Mediterrane- 
an Sea  on  the  N,  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez, 
and  communicates,  by  the  straits  of  Ba- 
belmandel,  on  the  S  w^th  the  Arabian 
Sea  and  the  I-.dian  Ocean. 

Red  Stone,  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  si'iated  on  the  E  side  of 
Monongahela  river,  and  is  watered  by  a 
creek  of  ilie  same  name.  It  contained 
1224  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
1207. 

Reeclsboroiigh,  town  of  Bennington  conn- 
ty,  Vermont. 

Reedy  Island,  small  island  of  Newcastle 
county,  Delaware,  in  Delaware  river,  45 
miles  below  Philadelphia,  and    15  below 


Rehoboth  bay,  of  tise  Atlantic  Ocean  in 
Sussex  county,  Delaware,  l^ias  the  same 
inle!  with  Indian  river. 

Reichemiu,  island  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
in  the  lower  lake  of  Constance. 

Reichenau,  town  of  Swisseriand,  in  the 
country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  seated  in  a 
rich  and  fertile  valley,  upon  the  conflux  of 
V\t  two  braaches  whic'n  f-rm  tlie  Rhines. 
Reichenau  is  seven  miles  S\V  of  Coir. 

Reichenbach,  river  of  Swisseriand,  which 
has  its  source  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Wet- 
terhorn,  and  rolls  its  numerous  cataracts 
down  the  steep  sides  of  Mount  Sheidec,  till 
it  luiites  with  the  river  Aar  near  Meyrin- 
gfc-n.  It  conveys  into  the  Aar  the  gold  dust 
that  is  found  in  the  bed  oi  that  river. 

Reichenbach,  town  of  Bohemia  in  Silesia, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
>eated  on  the  little  river  Peil,  and  noted 
for  tl>e  peace  concluded  in  1790,  between 


Wilmington.  ,                    ,          ,  ,  ,,        ■.  ^,     r^    , 

Regaisbevg,  handsome  town  of  Swisser-  ^^e  emperor  Leopold  11,  and  the  Turks, 

land,  in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  capital  of  a  .  ^^^to^ier^-,  castle  of  Germany,  m  the 

baliwic  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  a  rock,  '^""'^'f  "\  ^PP^""  ,^^''"^  '*"^\  ^^""^y  of  Cat- 

called  the   Lagerberg,  10   miles  NW   of  zenelenbogen.   It  .,s  aeated  on  a  mountain, 

2,jri(.  near  the  Rhme,  and  belongs  to  the  pnnce 

Regenstein,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  fJ^^'^^  Kbeinfeldt.     Lon.  7  57  E.  lat.  50 
the  bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  six  miles  S  of 

Halberstadt,  and  seven  W  of  Quedlingburg  ReichenfeUs,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 

Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  51  26  N,  duchy  of  Carinthia,  24  miles  E  of  Muhrau, 

Regent's  Town,  settlement  of  liberated  ^^^-  ^^  4  E,  lat.  47  9  N. 

negroes  on  W  Africa,  in  the  colony  of  Siera  Reicheiiall,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 

Leone.  Bavaria,  on  the  Sala,  with  a  rich  salt  spring 

Reggio,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Gala-  nine  miles  SW  of  Saltzburg,  and  64  SW  of 
bria  Ulteriore,  with  a  woollen  manufacture.  Munich.  Lon.  13  2  B,  lat  47  28  N. 
It  is  a  large  and  populous  place  and  is  seat-  Reichenstein,  town  of  Bohemia  in  Silesia, 
ed  on  the  strait  of  Messina,  12  miles  SB  of  famous  for  the  silver  mines  in  its  neigh- 
Messina,  and  190  S  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  0  bourhood.  It  is  12  miles  W  of  Grotes- 
B,  lat=  38  4  N.  kaw, 

85.2 


yi  E  A" 


R  E  Q 


Eeichshofen,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment ofl-ower  Rliine,  with  a  castle. 

Rdfferscheid,  town  of  Germar.j',  in  the 
circle' of  Lower  Khi'ie  and  arclibisliopric  of 
Cologne,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  32  mites  SW  of  Cologne,  and 
42  W  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6  50  B,  lat.  50 
20  N. 

ReiseJiburg,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Oberland,  n^ar  which  is  an  ancient 
castle,  78  miles  S  W  of  Koningsberg.  Lon. 
•20  5  E,  lat  53  52  N. 

Reister's-to-cn,  post  town,  Baltimore 
county,  Maryland,  15  miles  "NTW  of  Balii- 
more,  and  63  N  by  E  of  Washii7gton. 

Rembertstown,  post  town,  Surapter  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Remedios,  city  of  Xew  Grenada,  and  ca- 
pital of  the  proviPiCe  of  Rio  del  Hacha,  7o 
miles  E  by  N  of  Santa  Martha. 

Remiremont,  town  af  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  tae  Vosges,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain;  on  the  river  Moselle,  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  V.'sagfis,  42  miles  S  by  E  of  Nan- 
ci.     Lon.  6  47  E,  lat.  48  3  N. 

Remsen,  post  town  and  township,  Oneida 
conntj^  New  York,  35  miles  N  from  Rome. 
Population  in<pl820,  912. 

Remy,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  10  mdes  NE 
of  Aries. 

Rendsburg,  town  of  Germiny,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Hoi- 
stein,  12  miies  SE  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  10  6 
E,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Renfrew,  the  county  town  of  Renfrew- 
shire,  on  the  Clyde,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cart.  10  miles  E  bv  S  of  Port  Glasgow,  and 
45  W  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4  26  W,  lat.  55 
51  N.  ^^ 

Renfreroshire,  county  of  Scotland,  bound- 
ed cnthe  S  by  Airshire  ;  on  the  E  by  La- 
nerkshiie,  and  on  the  N  and  W  by  the 
Clyde  river,  which  divides  it  on  ti;e  \V 
from  Argyleshire,  r.nd  on  the  K  from  Dun- 
bartonshire ;  extv  nding  30  miles  from  N  to 
S,  and  13  where  broadest,  from  E  to  W. 
Population  in  1801,  72596;  in  1811,  78056; 
and  in  1821,  112175. 

Rennebon,  lown  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Strasburg,  10  miles  E  of  Stras- 
burg. 

Rewies,  city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Isle  and  Vdaine,  and  late  province  of 
Bretagne.  The  inhabitants  are  computed 
at  35,000;  on  the  Vila  no,  which  divides  it 
into  two  parts,  58  miles  N  by  W  of  Nantes, 
and  42  SE  of  St.  M.-.lo.  Lon.  1  36  W,  lat. 
48  7  N. 

Renssallaer,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  Hudson  river  W;  Washington  county 
N;  Vermont  NE;  Massachusetts  E ;  and 
Columbia  S.  Length  30  ;  mean  width  20 ; 
and  area  600  square  miles..  Surface  hilly, 
hut  soil  productive  in  grain,  pasturage  and 
856 


fruit.    Chief  towns    Troy,   Lansingburg^, 
and  Greensburcr. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     ■ 


17,865 
17,332 


Total  whites        ...        -  35,197 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -         -         -        -  362 

Slaves 750 


Total  population  in  1810 


36,309 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males.      -         -         -  19,543 

do.   do.    females     -        -        -  19,506 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  39 

Total  whites       -        .        -        .  39,088 

Free  persons  of  colour,  m.iles    -  277 

do.             do.      females  355 

Slaves,  males      ....  217 

do.    females   -        .        -        -  216 


Total  population  in  1820 


40,15; 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  165 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         7,382 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        2,314 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  534 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  67  nearly. 

Renssallaer,  village  in  Rensallaer  county, 
12  miles  E  from  Albany,  remarkable  for  a 
manufactory  of  window  glr.ss. 

Renssallaerville,  Albany  countj',  New 
York,  24  miles  SW  fron  Albany.  Popula- 
tLon  in  1820,  3435. 

Renty,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas  de  Calais,  on  the  river  Aa,  50 
miles  NW  of  Arras. 

Rente,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  20 
miles  SE  of  Bourdeaux. 

Repaille,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mont  Blanc,  on  a  river  which  runs 
into  the  lake  of  Geneva,  20  miles  NE  of 
Geneva.  j 

Refieham,  town  in  Norfolkf  in  a  valley, 
15  milps  NW  of  Norwich,  and  111  NE  of 
London. 

Reppeii  town  of  Brandenburgj  in  the  New 
Mark,  16  miles  SSE  of  Custrin. 

Repton,  village  in  Derbyshire,  eight  miles 
SSW  of  Derby,  celebrated  as  the  burial 
place  of  several  of  the  Saxon  king-  of  Mer- 
cia,  and  for  several  antiquities.  Here  Is  a 
noted  freeschool,  which  appears  to  have 
been  the  refectory  of  a  priory. 

Rcqnena  ,  town  of  Sp;.in,  in  New  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  and  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  silks.  On  a  hill,  on  the  borders  of 
Valencia,  64  miles  ESE  of  Cuenza.  Lon.  I 
9  W,  lat.  39  44  N. 


R  I)  t; 


a  II  E 


Jieslit,  towa  of  Persis,  capital  of  Cilhan. 
It  is  seated  on  the  SW  coast  of  the  Cas|iian 
Sea,  in  a  fertile  plain,  surrounded  with  liigh 
mountains,  110  miles  N  of  Casbin.  Lon. 
52  16  E.iat.  37  18  N. 

Resolution  Island,  small  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  so  called  from  the  ship  Resolu- 
tion, in  which  captain  Cook  made  his  se- 
cond voy:i{j-e  to  that  Ocean.  Lon.  141  45 
W,  lat.  ir23S. 

Retford,  East,  borough  in  Notingham- 
shire,  on  the  Idle,  30  miles  N  of  Noting- 
ham, and  144  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0 
48  W.  lat.  53  22  N. 

Rethel,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Ardennes,  and  late  province  of 
Champagn  ;  near  the  river  Ai.sne,  20  miles 
NK  of  Reims,  lOS  NE  of  Pur";s.  Lon.  4  26 
E,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Retina,  town  of  Candia.  It  abounds  in 
silk,  woo],  honey,  wax,  laudanum,  and  oil. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N  caa>t  of  the  island, 
in  a  pleasant  county,  45  miles  from  Candia. 
Lon,  24  45  E,  lat.  io  22  N. 

Revel,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garcnne,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  nine  miles  N  of  St.  Papoul. 
Lon.  2  10  E,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Revel,  government  of  Russia.  See  Es- 
tlionia. 

Revel,  strong  seaport  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  government  of  Esthonia.  There  is 
a  college,  with  four  professors.  It  has  be- 
come a  place  of  great  trade,  since  the  Rus- 
sians obtained  possession  of  it ;  and  there 
are  two  great  fairs,  in  May  and  September, 
frequented  by  English  and  Dutch  mer- 
chants. It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land, partly  in  a  pleasant  plain,  and  partly 
on  a  mountain,  85  miles  SE  of  Abo,  and 
133  W  by  S  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  23  57  E, 
lat.  59  20  N. 

Revello,  town  of  Italy  in  Pied?nont,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  near  the  Po. 
It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  very  liigli 
mountain,  and  is  strongly  f" /ftified  both  by 
nature  and  art.  It  is  three  mdes  NW  of 
Saluzzo. 

Revero,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  seated  on  the  river  Po,  opposite  Os- 
tiglia,  10  miles  NE  of  Mirandola,  and  20 
SE  of  Mantua.     Lon.  1  9  E.  lat.  44  58  N. 

Reitss-Greitz,  and  ReiisS'Lobenstdn,  two 
petty,  but  independent  states  of  central 
Germany,  between  Prussia  and  Havana. 

Reus,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  wine,  brandy, 
and  nuts.  It  is  seated  in  the  middle  of  a 
most  fruitful  plain,  35  miles  NE  of  Torto- 
sa,  and  60  WSW  of  Barcelona. 

Renss,  river  of  Swisserland,  which  rises 
in  the  lake  of  Locendro,  between  the 
mountains  of  Petina  and  Locendro,  flows 
through  the  lake  of  Lucern  and  the  tow;i 
of  that  name,  and  joining  the  Aar,  falls 
Joto  the  Rhine,  below  Zurzacb- 
7  0 


Reuliiii^'eii,  town  of  fGcrmany  in  Sua- 
bia,  in  tke  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  on  ttie 
Echetz,  near  the  Xeck.tr,  10  miles  E  of 
Tubingen,  and  57  S  of  Stutgai-d.  Lon.  9 
10  E,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Re7i.v,  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Austrian  Hainault,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Mons. 

Rexeab,  town  of  Ilindoostan  in  the  pro- 
vinre  of  Allahabad,  57  miles  >SW  of  that 
place.     Lon.  81  36  E,  lat.  24  35  N. 

Reyna,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
three  miles  from  Lerna,  and  in  a  territory 
abounding  in  wine  and  cattle. 

Rezaiiy  government  of  Russia,  formerly 
a  province  of  the  government  of  iMoscow. 
It  contains  12  districts,  and  is  fertile  in 
corn,  and  populous. 

Rezan,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  tiie  Trube.sh  and  Oc- 
ca,  100  miles  NE  of  Moscow.  Lon,  4-0  37 
E,  lat.  54  55  X. 

Rhe,  island  on  tlie  W  coast  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Charente.  It 
is  four  leagues  long  and  two  broad,  and 
very  populous,  eight  miles  W  of  Rochelle. 
St.  Martin  is  the  capital. 

Rhea,  county  of  Tennessee ;  bounded 
by  M'Minn  SE  ;  the  Cherokee  lands  and 
Hamilton  county  SW ;  Bledsoe  W,  and 
NW  ;  and  Rowan  NE  Length  30 ;  mean 
width  20  ;  and  area  600  square  miles.  It 
extends  along  both  sides  of  Tennessee^ 
above  the  mouth  of  Hiwassee  River. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  male?         -         .        -         1,165 
do.     do.   females  -        -        1,125 

Total  whites       .        ,        -        .  2,290 
All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  o 

Slaves 214 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        2,504 

Population  in  IS20. 
Free  white  males       -         -         -         1,980 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,878 
-Vll  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       ....  3,858 

Free  persons  .if  colour,  males    -  14 

do.              do.      females  9 

Slaves,  males       ....  169 

do.    females    ...        -  165 

Total  population  in  1820     -         .        4,215 

Of  tliese  ; 

Foreignei-s  not  naturalized          -  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture            -  937 

do.        in  Mai-.-ufacturcs        .  97 

do.        in  Commerce    -        -  13 

Poouia'.ion  to  the  square  mile.  ■' 


K  H  E 


II  H  I 


Hheda,  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  ot 
Westphalia,  and  county  of  I>ingen,  10  miles 
N  of  Lipstadt.     Loii.  7  22  E,  lat.  51  4?  N. 

Rheims,  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Martie,  and  late  province 
of  Champagne.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted to  be  30,000.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  flannel,  coverlets,  and  other  wool- 
len stuffs  ;  on  the  river  Vessc,  62  miles  N 
of  Troyes,  and  73  NE  of  Paris.     Lon.  4 

8  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Jiheinau,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  Thur- 
gau,  with  an  abbey,  on  an  island  formed  by 
the  Rhine,  between  Shaffenhausen  and 
Eg-lisau 

Hheinbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  lihine,  and  electorate  of  Co- 
logne. 53  miles  E  of  Leige.  Lon.  6  9  E, 
lat.  51  39  N. 

liheinher^,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Celogne,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
40  miles  NW  of  Cologne,  and  40  SE  o! 
Guelderland.     Lon.  6  39  E,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Rimnecy  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
34  miles  SSE  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  23  E, 
lat.  50  27  N. 

Rhelnec,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
the  Rhelnthol,  with  a  castU ,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  near  the  lake  of  Constance.     Lon. 

9  23  E,  lat  47  41  N. 

Rheinfeldy  castle  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  county  of  the 
same  name.     It  is  15  miles  S  of  Coblentz. 

Rheinfeldeny  strong  town  of  Suabia,  eight 
miles  E  of  Basle.  Lon.  7  46  E,  lat.  47  36 
N. 

Rheingau,  district  of  Germany,  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Rhine,  extending  from  Nei- 
der  Wallauf,  to  Lorrich.  The  vine  is  here 
chiefly  cultivated.     Eifeld  is  the  capital. 

Rheinhausen,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Rhine,  three  miles  .SE  of  Spi."e. 

Rheinland,  port  of  South  Holland,  lying 
on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine.  Leyden  is 
the  capital. 

Rlieinmagen,  or  Remagen,  town  of  West- 
phalia, near  the  Rhine,  19  miles  NNW  of 
Coblentz.     Lon.  6  30  E,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Rheinsabem,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
bishopric  of  Spire,  with  a  castle,  15  miles 
S  of  Spire. 

Rheinthal,  fertile  valley  of  Swisserland, 
lying  along  the  Rhine.  It  belongs  lo  the 
eight  ancient  cantons,  and  to  that  of  Ap- 
penzel.  The  protestant  inhabitants  are  the 
most  numerous. 

Rheinwahl,  large  valley  in  the  cotmtry  of 
the  Gnsons  ;  so  called  from  the  Hinder 
Rhine,  which  rises  at  the  distance  of  12 
miles^,  and  runs  through  the  valley.  Splu- 
gen  is  the  capital. 

Rhenen,  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Ut- 
recht on  the  Leek,  20  miles  SE  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.  5  22  E.  lat.  51  50  N. 
,S58 


Rlune^  great  and  remarkable  river  of 
Europe,  which  rises  in  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons.  It  is  formed  of  three 
streams ;  the  Further  Rhine  from  the  head 
of  the  valley  of  Disentis  ;  the  Middle 
Rhine  from  the  valley  of  Medelo,  an  ap- 
pendage of  St.  Gotherd  ;  and  the  Hither 
or  Upper  Rhine  from  the  mount  Avicula. 
The  first  two  torrents  united  is  ciUed  the 
Lower  Rhine,  which  receives  the  Upper 
Rhine  at  Richenau  ;  and  the  heiglit  is  here 
about  6180  feet  above  the  sea.  Flowing 
by  Coire,  at  the  distai  ce  of  a  mile,  the 
Rhine  here  becomes  navigable  for  rafts. 
It  is  soon  after  the  boundary  between  the 
Rheinthal  and  a  territory  of  Austria,  and 
passes  through  the  lake  of  Constance  frora 
E  to  W.  Leaving  this  lake,  it  becomes 
the  boundary  beiween  Switzerland  and 
Suabia,  flowing  by  Schaffhausan  (below 
which  it  form-,  a  cckbrated  cataract)  to 
Basel.  At  Basel  the  river  turns  to  tiie  N, 
and  flows  the  ice  to  Holland ;  in  which 
course  it  becomes  the  barrier  between 
France  and  Germany,  gives  name  to  the 
two  German  circles  of  the  Upper  and  Low- 
er lihine,  waters  many  considerable  cities 
and  towns,  and  receives  some  large  rivers. 
Below  Emmerick,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleve, 
it  divides  into  two  streams  ■  That  which 
bends  to  the  W,  and  flows  by  Nimeguen, 
is  called  the  Waal,  but  loses  that  name  on 
its  junction  with  the  Meuse,  at  Gorcum. 
Below  Gorcum,  it  divides  into  four  princi- 
pal branches,  forming  the  isles  of  Yssel- 
monde,  Voorn,  and  Overslackee  ;  the  most 
northern  branch  is  called  the  Mervve,  and 
passing  by  Rotterdam  and  Schiedam,  is 
joined  by  the  branch  from  the  S  side  of 
Ysselmonde,  and  enters  the  German  ocean, 
below  Briei  :  the  other  two  branches  make 
their  exit  at  Iltlvoetsluys and  Goree.  The 
other  stream  which  had  branched  off  to 
the  NW  below  Emmerick,  retains  its  name : 
but  below  Huess-en  another  branches  off 
to  the  N,  takes  the  iiamc  of  Yssel,  and  en- 
ters the  Zuider  Zee,  below  Campen.  The 
old  river  proceeds  W  by  Ariiheim  to  Duer- 
stede,  when  it  again  divides  into  two 
streams  :  that  to  the  left  is  called  the  Leek, 
and  enters  the  Mervve  above  Rotterdam. 
The  branch  to  the  right,  which  retains  its 
name,  pusses  on  to  Utrecht,  where  it  di- 
vides once  more,  into  two  streams  :  the 
smaller  one  is  called  the  Vecht,  which  • 
runs  N  into  the  Zuider  Zee,  at  Muyden  ;  * 
and  the  other,  the  remains  of  the  noble 
Rhine,  flows  W  by  Woerden  to  Leyden, 
where  it  divides  into  several  channels,  and 
afterward  is  lost  ammg  hills  of  sand  near 
the  village  of  Catv.'vck 

Rhine,  Lower,  formerly  a  circle  of  Ger- 
many. It  extended  on  both  sides  the  Rhine, 
from  the  circle  of  Snabia,  on  the  S,  to  that 
of  Westphalia,  on  the  N;  containing  the 
Lie  electorates  of  Mentz,  Treves,  and  Co- 


U  II  o 


H  H  (!) 


iOgne,  llie  palatinate  of  tiie  Rliine,  the 
duchy  of  Westphalia,  and  Xhe  county  of 
Lower  Isenburg.  It  now  belongs  to  Bavaria. 

Ithine,  Lower,  department  of  France, 
containing  the  late  province  of  Lower  Al- 
sace.    Strasburg  is  the  capital. 

Rhine,  Upper,  department  of  France, 
containing'  the  late  province  of  Upper  Al- 
sace.    Coimar  is  the  capital, 

Rhine,  Upper,  formerly  a  circle  of  Ger- 
many. It  extended  across  tlie  Rhine,  from 
the  province  of  !,.o''a;i!e  in  France,  on  tlie 
S  to  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  on  the 
N,  and  was  nearly  intersected  by  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine.  It  included  the  lan- 
gravate  of  Hesse,  Wetleravia,  the  counties 
of  Catzenellenbogen  and  Waldec  ;  the  im- 
perial town  of  Frankfort,  the  b  shoprics  of 
Fulda,  Spire,  and  Worms,  and  the  duchy 
of  Deux  Fonts. 

Rhine,  Palatinate  of  the,  late  electorate 
of  Germany,  \n  the  circle  of  lower  Rhine ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  archbishoprics  of 
Mentz  and  Tieves,  E  by  Franconia,  S  by 
Suabia,  and  W  by  France. 

Rhode  Island,  state  of  the  United  States  ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  and  SE  ; 
Connecticut  W  ;  and  Massachusetts  N,  NE, 
andE. 

Miles, 
Having  an  outliRe  on  the  Atlantic 

ocean  .        .        -        -        .        40 

Along  ConnecUcut  -         -         -         50 

Along  Massachusetts       -        .        -        70 

Having  an  outline  of        -         -         -       160 
Extending  from  lat  41  18  to  42  1  N. 
Area,  exclusive  i)f  water,  1200  square 
miles,  equal  to  768.000  acres. 

It  is  for  its  extent  a  very  diversified 
state.  The  NW  part  is  liilly  and  broken  ; 
but  gradually  subsiding  to  levtd  land,  ad- 
vancing towards  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
islands  are  most  dclightfiilly  variegated  by 
gentle  slopes  and  swells.  The  state  is 
composed  of  three  sections ;  that  part  W 
of  Narragansett  bay,  bordering  on  Connec- 
ticut;  the  islands  of  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
nanecut,  Prudence,  and  a  few  of  lesser 
note  ;  arid  two  small  .slips  on  the  E  side  of 
Narragansett  bay.  The  soil  of  this  state  is 
as  various  as  are  the  features  of  its  geogra- 
phy ;  thin  and  rocky  to  the  NW  ;  level  and 
in  part  marshy  SE  ;  but  in  the  islands  and 
many  of  the  capes  jutting  into  Narragan- 
sett bay,  exuberantly  fertile. 

Rhode  Island  is  the  most  manufac- 
turing section  of  the  United  States  in 
•proportion  to  population.  Cotton  is  the 
chief  subject  of  manufacture.  Including, 
those  on  Massachusetts  near  Providence, 
and  owned  in  that  city  more  than  100 
cotton  factories  are  in  operation  in  that 
vicinity.  The  commercial  prosperity  of 
this  state  has  kept  pace  with  its  manu- 
facturing industry.    The  amount  of  ton- 


nage exceeds  40,000 ;  and  more  than  half  . 
the  amount  of  exports  of  domestic  pro- 
duce.    The  exports  in  1820,  amcuntefl 
to  more  than  one  million  and  seventy  two 
thousand  dollars. 

In  no  part  of  the  United  States  has 
banking  been  carried  to  such  an  extent. 
There  are  in  Pi'Dvidence  five,  Nevyport 
five,  Bristol  five,  Smithfieid  three,  Wes- 
terly two,  and  at  Warren,  Pawtucket, 
Patuset,  Cranston,  Gloucester,  Burril- 
ville,  Scituate,  Coventry,  Greenwich, 
Wickford,  and  South  Kingston,  one  each  ; 
33  in  all. 

Common  schools,  have  met  no  legisla- 
ture support  in  Rhode  Island,  though  the 
interests  of  education  have  not  been  ne- 
glected. See  Providence,  Academies 
exist  in  most  of  the  towns,  and  private 
day  schools  are  scattered  cvt  r  the  state, 
in  almost  every  neighbourhood. 

The  number  of  Baptists  congregatior.s 
57;  Friends  18;  Congregationalists  11; 
EpiscopaUans  5 ;  Moravians  1 ;  and 
Jews  1. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males  -        -      35,743 

do.     do.    females         -        -      37,471 

Total  whites       -         - '      -         •       73,214 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxtd  -  -  -  -  3,609 
Slaves 108 


Total  population  in  1810 


76,931 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...      38,492 

do.    do.    females  -        -        -      40,921 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  44. 


Total  whites       -        .        . 
Fiee  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1820 


79,457 

1,587 

1,967 

18 

30 

83,059 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  237 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -      12,559 

do.        in  Manufaciures  -        6,091 

do.       in  Coininerce         -         -        1,162 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  69. 

Rhode  Island,  from  which  the  state 
of  the  same  nanjc  is  formed,  is  situated 
in  Narraga  sett  bay,  extending  nearly  N 
and  S  15  miles,  with  a  mean  width  of 
two  miles  and  a  half,  and  subdivided 
into  the  i,r.v:-ships  of  Newport,  Mid- 
dleton,  u.v.d  Portsmouth.  See  JVewfiort 
county. 
'  Rhodes,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  at 

%'5') 


a  1  & 


m  c 


the  entrance  of  tiie  giilr  ef  Macri,  40 
miles  long  and  15  broad.  The  soil  is 
pi-etty  fertile,  but  badly  cultivated. 
This  island  is  much  celebrated  in  an- 
cient and  nnodern  history.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Turks,  after  an  obstinate  resi- 1- 
ance  1523  ;  and  the  small  number  of 
knights  that  remained,  aftervs'ards  remo- 
ved to  Malta.  A  pacha  is  the  governor- 
general  of  the  iiiland,  who  presides  over 
ci.\il  justice  and  military  discipline. 

Rhodes,  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes, 
was  anciently  nine  miles  in  circumferLnce, 
but  the  present  town  occupies  only  a 
quarter  of  the  extent  of  the  ancient  city. 
It  has  a  good  harbour,  with  a  narrow  en- 
trance between  two  rocks,  on  which  are 
two  towers  to  defend  the  passage.  It  is 
inhabited  by  Turks  and  Jews ;  for  the 
Christians  are  obliged  to  live  in  the  su- 
burbs, they  not  being  suffered  to  be  with- 
in the  wails  in  the  night-time.  Lon.  28 
25  E,  lat,  36  24N. 
Rhodez.    See  Rode~. 

Rho7ie,  large  river  of  Europe,  \s?hich 
yises  in  Swisserland,  from  the  glacier  of 
Furca,  between  the  two  rocky  mountains 
of  Gleehterberg  and  Satzberg.  Crossing 
the  Vallais,  it  runs  through  the  lake  and 
city  of  Geneva,  and  there  receives  the 
I'iver  Arvt.  After  which  it  widens,  and 
becomes  navigable  near  Seissel ;  then 
running  SW  to  Lyons,  and  receiving  se- 
veral other  streams,  particularly  the 
river  Saone,  continues  it  course  due  S; 
and  passing  by  Orange,  Avignon,  and 
Aries,  it  falls  to  the  westward  of  Mar- 
seilles into  tlie  Mediterranean  by  three 
mouths. 

Rhone,  Mouths  of  the,  department  of 
France,  containing  part  of  tue  lite  pro- 
vince of  Provence.    Aix  is  the  capital. 

Rhone  and  Loire,  department  of 
France,  including  the  late  provinces  of 
Forez  and  Lyonois.  The  capital  is 
Lyons. 

Rkijaidergoivy,  town  in  Radnorshire, 
near  a  cataract  of  the  river  Wye.  It  is 
20  miles  WNW  of  New  Radnor,  and 
177  of  London.  Lon.  5  2?  W,  lat.  52 
17  N 

Rhynbeck,  pest  town  of  Duchf  ss  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containini^  4486  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2729.  It  is 
situated  on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river, 
65  miles  S  of  Albany,  and  30  S  of  Hud- 
son. 

Rhynds  or  Rinns  of  Galloway,  the  W 
division  of  Wigtonshire,  divided  from  the 
other  parts  of  the  county  by  Loch  Ryan 
and  the  bay  of  Luce. 

Rhyney     See  Rumney. 

JRibadavia.    See  Rivadavia. 

Ribadeo,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galicia. 
It  IS  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the.  Kb, 
S60 


and  is  15  miles  NE  of  Moudonedo.    Lcn. 
7  2  VV,  lat.  43  30  K. 

Ribas.  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
on  the  river  Xarma,  eight  miles  from 
Madrid. 

Ribau  Pierre.    See  Rafiolfatdn. 
Ribble,    river  which  rises   in  the  W 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  runs  across  Lanca- 
shire, and  falls  into  the  Irish  Sea,  below 
Preston. 

Ribeira  Grande,  town  of  St  Jago,  the 
principal  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands, 
with  a  good  harbour  It  is  seated  be- 
tween two  high  mountains.  Lon.  23  24 
W,  lat  15  0  N. 

liibcviont,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
river  Oise,  10  miles  VV  by  S  of  St.  Quin- 
tin.     Lon.  3  21  E,  lat.  49  48  N. 

Riberac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  17  miles  E  of 
Perigneax,  and  27  SSE  of  Angoulesme. 
Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Ribtiik,  episcopal  town  of  Turkey,  in 
the  province  of  Wallachia,  44  miles  S 
of  Hermanstadt,  and  130  ESE  of  Tennes- 
war.    Lon.  23  40  E,  lat.  45  19  N. 

Itibnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
with  a  nunnery  for  noble  women.  It 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  12 
miles  N  of  Rostock  Lon,  12  35  E,  lat. 
54  10  N. 

Riceboro',  port,  post  town,  and  seat  of 
justice,  Liberty  county,  Georgia,  near  the 
head  of  Newport  river,  which  is,  how- 
ever, navigable  thus  far  for  sloops ;  34 
miles  SSW  from  Savannah. 

Richieleu,  county  of  Lower  Canada,  on 
St.  Lawrence  and  Richelieu  rivers,  and 
extending  SE  from  the  former,  to  the 
north  bnundaiy  of  Vermont. 

Richelieu,  river  of  Lower  Canada.  See 
Sorelle. 

liichelien,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Poitou,  on  the  Amable  and 
Vide ;  27  miles  N  of  Poitiers,  and  152 
S  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  47  2  N. 
Richfield,  post  town  of  Otsego  county. 
New  York,  75  miles  W  of  Albany,  and 
containing  2083  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820.  1772 

Richfield,  thriving  agricultural  town- 
ship of  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio,  situated 
on  Grand  river,  immediately  south  of 
Austinbnrg.     Population  1820,  193. 

Richfield,  NE  comer  township  in  Me- 
dina county,  Ohio,  containing  347  inha- 
bitants in  1820. 

Richfcrd,   town  of  Franklin  county, 
Vermont,   on  Misisque  river,  44  miles 
NE  from  Burlington.    Population  450. 
Rich-hill,  N  W  township  of  Green  coun- 


K  I  C 


'U  i  c 


ty,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  of  the  SE 
fork  of  Wheeling,  and  the  middk-  fork  of 
of  Tenmili  creek.  Population  in  1810, 
716;  and  in  1820,  687. 

Rich  hill,  town^h  r.  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Muskingum  county,  Ohio  Population 
1820,  706 

Richland  post  town,  Oswego  county, 
N  w  York,  on  lake  Ontario.  Population 
1820,  2728. 

Richland,  one  of  the  NW  townships 
of  Buck;-  cixinty,  Pt-nnsyivaiiia,  on  the 
heads  of  Tohickoncreek.SS  miles  N  from 
Philadelphia.     Population  1820,  1385. 

Richland,  one  of  the  southern  town- 
ships of  Venango  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  point,  between  Alleghany  river,  and 
Toby's  creek,  above  their  junction.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1031 

Richland,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  N 
by  Huron,  E  by  Wayne,  S  by  Knox,  and 
VV  by  Marion  and  Crawford  counties.  It 
is  30  miles  square,  containing  900  square 
miles.  The  county  emhraces-a  tract  of 
country  high  and  elevated.  The  prin- 
cipal streams  are  numerous  branches  -A 
Mohiccan  creek,  and  the  head  waters  of 
Sandusky  and  Whetstone  rivers.  Chief 
town  Mansfi-  Id. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        4,897 

do.  do.  females  .  -  4,242 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites      .        -        -        -  9,139 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  15 

do.             do.       females,  15 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.     females  ....  0 

Total  population  in  1820      -        .      9 J  69 

Of  these ; 
foreigners  not  naturalized  -        -  19 

Eogaged  in  Agriculture        -        -      1,935 

do.        in  Manufactures     -         -  274 

do.       in  Commerce  -        -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Richland,  township  of  Belmont  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  containing  3879  inhabitants,  in 
1820,  in  which  is  situated  St.  Clarisville, 
the  county  seat. 

Richland,  township  of  Guernsey  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  1820,  860. 

Richland,  township  in  the  NE  corner 
of  Clinton  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
1056. 

Richland,  tovmship  in  the  northern 
borders  of  Jackson  county.  Population 
1820,  182. 

Richla7id,  township  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Fairfield  county,  Ohio,  in  which  Rush- 
ville  is  situated.    Population  1820,  1071. 

Riddands  central  district  of  South  Ca- 


roliua,  on  the  peninsula  between  the  VVa- 
t?ree  iid  Congaivo  rivers,  with  Fair- 
field ar.;'.  Kenshaw  districts  N.  Length 
40 ;  mean  width  12 ;  and  ars-a  -ISO  square 
miles.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  and 
soil  productive,  staple,  cotton.  Chief  town 
Coiumbia. 

Popuhdion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,763 

d'j.     do.    females    .         -         -         i.70> 


Total  whites      .... 

3.468 

All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  t  ^xed 

321 

Slaves         .         .        -         .         - 

5,238 

Total  population  in  1810, 

9,027 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ... 

2,358 

do.     do.     females     - 

2,141 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

4,499 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

101 

do.     .        do.         fenules 

94 

Slaves,  maleb 

3,810 

do.     females 

3,817 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      12,321 

Or  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  50 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        4,064 

do.        in  Manutiictures  -  266 

do.        in  Commefce       -         -  48 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  26. 

Richland,  river  of  Tennessee,  rises 
in  Murray,  and  flows  into  Giles  ci>unty, 
passes  Pulaski,  and  falls  into  Elk  river, 
below  Elktcn. 

Richland,  j)ost  village,  Giles  county, 
Tennessee 

Richmond,  borough  in  the  N  riding  of 
Yorkshire  It  has  a  manufacture  of  wool- 
len  stockings,  caps,  &c,  on  the  Swale, 
40  miles  NW  of  York,  and  230  NNW  of 
Lotidon      Lon.  1  35  W,  iat.  54  28  N. 

Richmond,  village  in  Surry.  The  tide 
of  the  Thames  reaches  just  to  this  vil- 
lage, which  is  60  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  it,  a  greater  distance  than  the  tide  is 
carried  by  any  other  river  in  Europe. 
Nine  miles  above  London. 

Richmond,  town  of  Chittendon  county, 
Vermont,  on  Onion  river,  13  miles  SE 
from  Burlington.    Population  1820,  1000. 

Richmond,  post  village  and  township, 
Cheshire  county,  New  Hampshire,  47 
miles  SW  from  Concord.  Population 
1820.  1,391. 

Richmond,  post  village  and  township, 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  923. 

8.61 


fe  I  o 


K  I  C 


Richmond,  post  village  and  tovrnship, 
Washington  county,  Rhode  islaud,  on 
Wood  river,  30  miles  SSW  from  Provi- 
dence.   Pi-pulation  1830,  1423. 

Richmond,  t;  wnfehip,  doubtful  whether 
in  Outariu,  Alonroe,  or  Livingston  coun- 
ties.    Population  1820,  2765. 

Richmond,  county  of  New  York,  in- 
cluding Staten  Island.  Length  12  ;  mean 
■width  4  ;  and  area48  siuare  nii'es.  Sur- 
face waving,  and  soil  productive. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,358 

do.  do.    females    -        -        -        2.278 

Total  whites       ....  4,636 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  274 

Slaves        •        .        .        .        ,  437 

Total  population  in  1810,  -        5,347 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        2,835 

do     do.     females  -        -        2,590 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

5,525 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

A2 

do.             do.        females 

35 

Slaves,  males           -        _        _ 

331 

do.    females         -        _        - 

201 

6,135 


5 

480 
294 
209 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  mturaiized 
Engager'  in  Agriculture 

do.    in  Manufactures 

do.     in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  127|. 

i?/VAmo7M/,  city  and  metropolis  of  Virginia, 
situated  in  the  county  of  Henrico,  on  the 
north  side  of  .Tames'  river,  at  the  termina- 
tion of  the  f-iils  about  100  miles  above  the 
termination  of  the  river,  Ion.  77  31  W,  lat. 
37  30  N,  21  miles  N  of  Petersburg,  and 
124  miles  W  of  S  frm  the  City  of  Wash- 
ington ;  there  are  about  1400  houses,  of 
which  probably  more  tiian  lOUOarc  ot  brick 
geiierally  covered  with  sl:!te,  the  rest  of 
VrOO'.i,  "th"  buildings  in  Richmond  are 
generally  p-a''-.i,  wilhont  much  dis|)'ay  of 
arciiitectural  taste  or  reference  to  other 
objects  than  utility  ;  to  this  remark,  there 
are  however  some  exceptions,  had  the 
model  of  the  c-tpiiol  been  equalled  by  its 
execution,  it  would  be  the  finest  building 
in  ihe  United  States,  its  proportions  are 
perfectly  correct  and  its  plan  chaste  ;  and 
even  as  it  is,  when  seen  from  a  distance, 
as  is  often  the  case,  it  seems  to  rise  in 
greater  grandeur  and  besiuty  before  tlie 
spectator.  The  public  square  on  whidi 
?62 


the  capital  stands,  contains  about  eight 
acres,  and  lias  been  enclosed  by  a  substan- 
tial railing  of  cast  iron  ;  many  other  im- 
piovements  have  been  designed  and  in 
part  executed,  which  when  completed, 
"Aill  render  it  a  place  of  greater  beauty. 
Near  the  capitol  stands  the  Government 
house  and  City  Hall,  a  hands:>me  and  cosiiy 
building.  The  Presbyterians,  Episcopa- 
lians,  Baptists,  and  Mfthoriists,  have  each 
txvo  places  of  v\  orship,  the  Friends,  Roman 
Catholics,  and  Jews  one ;  of  these,  that 
which  will  be  regarded  witii  most  interest 
by  the  traveller,  is  called  the  Monumental 
church,  now  an  Episcopalian  place  of  wor- 
ship, erected  on  the  site  of  tlie  Theatre, 
which  on  the  26th  December,  1811,  was 
consumed  by  fire,  and  in  which  the  Gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  G.  W.  Smitli,  Esq.  and  71 
other  persons, man}' of  thifm  highly  respect, 
able,  perished.  The  Monument,  -when  com- 
pleted,  will  commemorite  this  mourntbl 
event.  A  new  Tlieatre  has  been  erected, 
sufficiently  spacious  for  the  purposes  for 
which  It  is  i'>tended.  There  are  also  a  Peiii- 
tf  ntiary,  an  Armory,  a  Lancasteran  School- 
house,  an  Orphan  As_vlum,  a  Poor-hcuse, 
and  a  valuable  though  sm^ll  Public  Library, 
and  a  Museum  in  Richmond,  besides  a 
nun-ber  of  buiidmgs  connected  with  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  such  as  three 
Banking  houses,  two  Ensurance  offices, 
f' iir  Tobacco  ware-houses,  a  Sugar  Refi- 
nery, two  Roiling  and  Slit'ing  Mills.,  Nail 
.manufaciorv,  and  four  very  valuable  Flour 
Mills. 

The  town  of  Richmond  was  established 
by  an  act  of  the  general  assembly  of  Vir- 
gmia,  in  the  year  1742,  a.id  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment for  the  state,  was  removed  from 
Williamsburg  in  1780  ;  at  which  period  the 
population  may  be  conjectured  at  500  per- 
sons ;  in  the  year  1822,  the  number  of  in- 
habitants of  the  city,  and  of  such  of  the 
suburbs  as  are  immediately  connected  with 
it,  may  f«irly  be  rated  at  16  fo  18,000,  a 
majority  being  white  persons  ;  this  rapid 
increase  of  population  during  the  last 
foi'ty  two-years,  may  in  part  be  ascribed  to 
the  transfer  of  the  seat  of  government, 
with  its  attendant  advantages,  but  as  the 
number  of  officers  connected  with  the 
siate  government  is  not  considerable,  and 
the  courts  of  higher  jurisdiction  which  for 
a  few  years  sat  in  tlie  capitol,  have  since 
been  branched  out  in  such  a  manner  that 
their  sessi.)ns  are  held  in  other  places — 
other  causes  naust  be  sought  for  to  account 
for  the  whole  efiect  produced  in  the  pe- 
riod first  mentioned,  the  very  fruitful  coun- 
try bordering  on  .Tames'  river  above  its 
falls,  wa'^  partially  and  imperfectly  cultiva- 
ted, and  the  impossibility  of  obtaining  a 
navigation  through  the  rapids  immediately 
above  Richmond,  had  deprived  the  inhabi- 
tants of  a  free  use  of  the  rirer  for  the  trans' 


B  I  C 


R  I  0 


portation  of  the  products  of  the  state.  In 
the  yeai-  1794,  the  canal  was  so  far  com- 
pleted that  all  -difficulty  of  passing-  the 
rapids  were  removed,  and  gradually  since 
that  time  the  navi.a:;ttion  has  been  succes- 
sively used  Jor  250  miles  above  Richmond, 
passin,£f  the  rang-e  of  the  Blue  Kidgeto  the 
foot  of  the  Allegany  mountains.  The  tolls 
of  James'  River  Company,  afford  a  correct 
view  of  the  growing  importance  of  the 
country  in  the  years,  viz. 

1794  amount  of  tolls  §1,764  33 

2,744  05 
6,454  55 
7,483  49 

12,112  18 

14,819  51 

12,324  27 

15,605  45 

16,642  97 

19,943  20 

15,115  24 

16,748  95 

14,792  47 

18,519  02 

14,U21  04 

18 

2, 

29 

22.906  22 

20,750  18i< 

16,816  93 

24,645  53 

27,880  61 

34,3  7u  50 

32,902  10 

25.735  24 

29,245  29 

24,493  98 
As  the  variable  condition  of  the  stream 
has  caused  much  uncertainty  in  the  navi- 
gation, the  legislature  of  the  state  employ- 
ed two  very  skilful  engineers  to  survey  and 
level  James'  river  Tom  Richmond  to  Dun- 
lap's  creek,  and  report  to  the  board  of 
Public  Works,  what  in  their  opinion  will 
be  the  best  mode  of  improving  the  river, 

and  of  connecting  its  waters  with  those  of  exceeding  three  miles  from  the  city  ;  a  bar 
the  Ohio ;  the  result  is,  that  the  legislature  of  sand  about  350  feet  in  width,  forms  the 
have  adopted  the  plan  proposed  by  the  only  obstruction  to  the  mouth  of  the  dock, 
engineers,  and  approved  by  the  board  of  which  forms  a  safe  harbour  for  more  than 
Public  Works,  namely,  the  construction  of  300  sail  of  vessels,  drawing  12  feet  water 
an  independant  canal,  bordering  on  the  in  the  centre  of  the  city.  As  to  her  cs- 
north  branches  of  James' river,  and  extend-  ports,  Richmond  is  most  favourably  situa- 
ing  from  Richmond  to  Dunlsp's  creek,  a  ted,  for  enjoying  a  monopoly  in  the  coal 
distance  of  250  miles,  a  turnpike  road  of  business,  is  the-  first  port  in  the  United 
90  miles  in  length  from  Duniap's  creek  to  States,  as  well  as  for  quality  and  quantity 
a  given  point  on  the  Great  Kenawha,  and  of  tobacco,  ami  is  not  much  behind  any 
an'^improvemer.t  in  the  bed  or  the  Great  Ke-  other  city  in  the  article  of  flour,  which 
nawha  from  that  point  to  the  Ohio  river,  from  a  variety  of  circumstances  attached  to 
which  last,  affords  easy  and   safe  convey-    her  local  situatii-n,    is   :dways  ready    for 


1795 

do. 

do. 

1796 

do. 

do. 

1797 

do. 

do. 

1798 

do. 

do. 

1799 

do. 

do. 

1800 

do. 

do. 

18C1 

do. 

do. 

1802 

do. 

do. 

1803 

do. 

do. 

1804 

do. 

do. 

1805 

do. 

da. 

1806 

do. 

do. 

1807 

do. 

do. 

1808 

do. 

do. 

1309 

do. 

do. 

1810 

do. 

do. 

1811 

do. 

do. 

1812 

do. 

do. 

1813 

do. 

do. 

1814 

do 

do. 

1815 

do. 

do. 

1816 

do. 

do. 

1817 

do. 

do. 

1818 

do. 

do. 

1819 

do. 

do. 

1820 

do. 

do. 

1821 

do. 

do. 

will  be  required,  and  that  upon  a  fair  cal- 
culation of  the  tolls  which  may  be  exacted, 
founded  upon  the  actual  experience  of  the 
present  company,  a:!  adequate  inieresl  may 
be  expected  upon  the  sum  disbursed. 

Three  fourths  of  the  shares  of  the  origi- 
nal company  have  been  purchased  by  the 
commonwealth,  and  §500,000  liave  been 
already  obtained,  by  a  lo;tn  under  its  pat- 
ronage, and  the  work  is  now  in  progress. 
As  the  funds  of  Virginia  are  exclusively 
applicable  to  internal  improvement  are 
most  ample  and  active,  no  doubt  can  be 
entertained  that  they  v.'ill  be  liberally  era- 
ployed  in  the  successful  prosecution  of  the 
work.  The  influence  of  this  grand  nation- 
al effort  will  be  felt  within  the  limits  of 
Virginia  alone,  through  a  country  of  very 
iincommon  resources  and  fertility,  extend- 
ing 4'1'0  milfs  in  'entjthand  150  in  breadth, 
and  will  aflord  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana, 
and  other  western  st-ites  a  very  safe  and 
expeditious  communication  with  the  Allan- 
tic  Ocean. 

benefits  of  this  work  will  not  be 
ed  to  Navig-ation  alone,  through  the 
the  canal  a  water  power  of 
to  manufacturers  will  be 
view  of  the  city  of  Rich- 
mond, it  may  not  be  unfair  to  calculate  that 
10U '  sites  for  machinery  of  different  de- 
noniinavions  may  be  Sound,  each  affording' 
an  Hmple  supply  of  water  at  all  seasons; 
this  calculation  is  founded  upon  the  fact, 
that  the  elevation  of  the  canal  above  tide 
water  of  the  dock,  is  little  short  of  30  feet, 
and  that  the  natural  condition  of  the  falls 
will  furnish  very  great  resources  for  such 
a  supply. 

Such  are  the  advantages  which  Rich- 
mond possesses  above  the  falls,  nor  are 
those  which  she  possesses  below  of  less 
importance,  for  a  distance  of  nearly  150 
miles  James'  river  meanders  through  an 
uncommoidy  productive  country,  and  the 
depth  of  water  is  sufficient  to  bring  vessels 
drawing  15  feet   water,  to  a  distance  not 


ance  to   the   Great   Salt  Works   near  its 
banks. 

To  accomplish  this  great  plan,  the  board 
o'i  Ptiblic  Works  have  advised  tiie  legisla- 


market  there  some  months  sooner  than  in 
other  places. 

The  natural  situation   of  Richmond    is 
beautiful  and  even  roFnantic,    Snokoe   and 


ture  that  an  expenditure  of  §2,383,?'50    Rrchmond  Hills  stands  opposite  to  eacli 

863 


a  I  c 


R  I  c 


other,  with  Shokoe  creek  a  bold  and  lively 
stream  between  them.  The  city  is  spread 
over  those  hiils.  and  along  the  margin  of 
the  river  the  lulls  have  bern  ihrown  into 
various  undulations,  and  present  a  gnat 
many  points,  from  whicli  different  views 
may  be  taken,  highly  pictnre'.qvie  and 
beautiful;  the  falls  of  the  river  which  de- 
scends more  than  six  miles  ;  the  island  ; 
the  town  of  Manchester,  connected  by  two 
bridges  with  Richmond;  the  rich  planta- 
tions adjoining  the  town,  the  river  winding 
and  stretching  below  to  a  great  extent,  the 
wavering  hills  on  its  north  side,  and  the 
valley  through  which  Shokoe  creek  passes, 
are  the  principal  objects  on  which  the  eye 
fixes,  and  from  every  eminence  they  are 
seen  in  some  new  form,  and  under  some 
new  colouring  of  light  and  shade,  the 
whole  presenting  the  three  great  requisites 
of  landscape,  viz.  grandeur,  beauty,  and 
variety — besides,  Richmond  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  cities  in  the  United  States,  or 
perhaps  in  the  world,  the  annual  amount  of 
deaths  on  an  average,  is  one  in  eighiy-£ve ; 
it  has  never  been  visited  by  Yellow  liver, 
or  any  violent  and  desolating  disease. 

EXPORTED  IX  AMERICAN  VESSELS. 

Date  of  Wids.  of    Kegs  of  Bbls.  of    Pounds 

Exportation.     Tobacco.    Tobacco.   Flour,    of  Cotton 

March,  quarter  1819     400       5270      3964 

June  do.     698    710      

September   do.  5856    2920    12051 

December    do.     683     2914    17588 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -  -  -  -  1,189 
Slaves, 3,748 

Total  population  in  1810  -        9,735 

Population  in  1820. 
Fi'ee  white  males        ...        ^'^^^ 

do.  do.  females  -  -  _  -  2,95o 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites       ....  6,445 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  532 

do.             do.        females  -  703 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  2,171 

do.     females  .        -        -        -  2,216 

Total  population  in  18^0    -        -      12,067 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  324 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -  -  0 

do.        in  iJanufactures  -  1,305 

do.        in  Commerce        -  -  539 

Richmond,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
by  Rappahannoc  river  SW  ;  Westmore- 
land N  and  NE  ;  Northumberland  E  ;  and 
Lancaster  SE.  Length  20;  mean  width 
6  ;  and  area  160  square  mdes.  Chief  town, 
Dunkirk. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1»'519 

do.  do.  females  -        -        1,456 


9,256    400    11,814  33,603    Total  whites      -        -        -     ,   - 

^jj  oj^jjer  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        .        - 

EXPORTED  IN  BRITISH  VESSELS.      slaves 

Date  nf  Hogsheads     Barrels  of    Pounds  of 


Export  alien.      of  Tobacco, 

March,  quarter       

June  do.       

September  do.       2,098 
December  do.  232 


Cotton^    Total  population  in  1810    - 


24,04:; 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.  females 


2,330 


24  043    ^^^  °^^^^  persons  except  Indians 
'  not  taxed        .... 


Tomiage  Oitmed  in  Richmond. 

Registered  vessels    1031  tons  >      For  the 
Enrolled         do.        819  do.  5  year  1821. 

Entered  from  Foreign  Ports. 

American  vessels 

British  vessels       .... 


Cleared  to  Foreign  Ports. 
American  vessels 
British  vessels       -        .        .        - 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        ~ 
do.    do.    females 


32 
10 

46 
12 


2,775 

261 
3,178 

6,214 


1,307 

1,442 


2,749 

147 

146 

1,333 

1,331 

5,706 


Total  whites 


2,727 
2,071 

4.798 


864 


Total  whites      -        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     • 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.   females    -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  These; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized    -        -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,737 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  171 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  13 

Popvdation  to  the  square  mile,  35J. 

Richmond,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  South  Carolina  SW  ;  Yadkin 
river  W :    Montgomery    and  AToore   N ; 


M  I  C 

Cumberland  E,  and  Robeson  SE.  Lenp:th 
45;  mean  width  18;  and  area  about  HOO 
square  miles.     Chief  town,   Rockingham. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        2,693 

do.    do.  females  -        -        2,679 


5,372 

22 
1,301 

6,695 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taied        .        .        -        - 

Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 


Population  in  1 820. 

Free  white  males       -        -        -  2,740 

do.   do.    females    ...  2,719 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites       .         -         -         -  5,459 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  31 

do.            do.        females,  26 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        -  1>0^^ 

do.    females          -        ■        -  1.002 


Total  populatiun  in  1820    -        -        7,537 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  _j2 

Engaged  in  .\griculture      -         -         2,5/8 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  91 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  1^ 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  9. 

liichmond,  county  of  G-eorg-ia  ;  bounde*^' 
by  Savimiiab  river  E  ;  Burke  .S  ;  Briar  river 
or  Jefferson  S\V  ;  and  Columbia  NW. 
Length  28;  mean  width  13  ;  and  area  364 
square  miles.  1  s  chief  town  Augusta,  is 
ja  tlie  NE  angle  on  Savannah  river. 

Po})ula'ion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -        -      r  -        1,481 
do.  do.     females    -         -         -         1,200 


Total  whites                -        -        -  2,681 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  72 

Slaves         ...        -         -  2,436 

Totalpopulatlonhi  1810               -  6,189 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  2,lo6 

do.  do.    females     -        -        -  1,531 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites       ...        -  3,667 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  49 

do.              do.       females  61 

Slaves,  males       -         .         -         -  2,549 

do.    females            -        -        -  2,282 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -  8,608 

5  R 


li  I  1) 

Of  ll'-ese ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  84 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,649 

do.       in  Manufactures    •        -  241 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  529 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21  nearly. 

Richmond,  village  and  post  town,  si- 
tuate on  the  head  of  a  small  stream,  to 
which  it  gives  name,  about  two  miles 
west  of  Delaware  nver.  It  is  on  the 
main  road  from  Easton  to  the  Delaware 
Water  Gap,  about  sixteen  miles  from 
Easton,  and  about  three  miles  west  of 
Delaware  river,  in  Upper  Mount  Bethel 
township,  Northampton  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Richmond,  A'cw,  post  town  on  the 
west  bank  of  Salt  creek,  one  mile  from 
its  mouth,  and  on  the  road  from  Chili- 
cothe  to  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  14  miles  SE 
from  Chilicothe 

Ric/imondshire,  district  in  the  N  rid- 
mg  of  Yorkshire,  noted  for  the  industry 
of  its  inhabitants,  who  manufacture  knit 
stockings  and  other  coarse  goods.  Many 
lead  mines  are  now  in  this  district,  of 
which  Richmond  is  the  chief  town. 

Richtenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Anterior  Pomerania,  28  miles 
ENE  of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat.  54 
ION. 

Ricfcmanswonh,  town  in  Hertfordshire 
on  the  river  Coin,  eight  miles  SW  of 
St.  Albans,  and  18  WNW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  16  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Rideau,  river  of  Canada,  a  southern 
branch  of  Ottawas. 

Padge,  post  village,  St  Mary's  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  five  miles  N  from  Point 
Lookout. 

Jiklge,  post  village,  Edgefield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Ridgebtirg,  post  village  and  township, 
Orange  county,  New  York. 

Ridgefidd,  township  of  Huron  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  335 

Ridgpfield,  post  town  in  Fairfield  coun- 
ty, Ci  t-.necticut ;  lU  miles  S  of  Danbury, 
and  47  westward  of  New  Haven,  con- 
taining 2025  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in 
1S20,  2301. 

Ridgevillc,  western  township  of  Cay- 
hoga  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
29.5. 

Ridgeville,  post  village,  Warren  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  70  miles  SW  from  Columbus. 

Ridgewmj,  post  village  and  township, 
Gcntsee  county,  Nev/  York,  near  Oak 
Orchard  Rivtr.  Population  1820,  1496. 
Ridley,  township  of  Delaware  county, 
Pennsyr^  ania,  situated  on  the  N  side  of 
Delaware  river,  between  Lower  Darby 
and  Providence,  and  10  miles  SW  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. It  is  a  small  township,  and 
865 


RIM 


IS.  r  0 


contained  but  996  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820,  893. 

Riesburg,  tov/n  of  Germany,  in  the 

circle  o£  Westphalia,  and  capital  of  a 

county  of  the  same  name.    It  is  seated 

.  on  the  river  Ems,  12  miii^s  NNVV  of  Fa- 

"derborn.    Lon.  8  50  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Rieti,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoleto,  seated  on  tiie  river  Velino,  near 
the  lake  Rieti.  27  miles  S  by  E  of  Spc- 
leto,  and  27  NE  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  5  E, 
lat.  42  23  N 

Rieux,  tov/n  of  Fr,^nce,  in  the  depart- 
nient  of  Upper  Garnnne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  it  is  seated  on  the 
Rise,  24  miles  SW  of  Toulouse,  and  S3 
W  fif  Nar bonne.  Lon.  1  17  E.  lat.  43 
16  N. 

Riez,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment 01  Lower  Alps,  and  iate  province 
of  Provence,  on  the  river  Auvestre  in  a 
plain  abounding  with  good  wine  and  ex- 
cellent fruits,  S5  miles  NE  of  Aix,  and 

50  NE  of  Toulon.    Lon.  6  22  E,  lat.  43 

51  N. 

Riga,  government  of  Russia.  See  Li- 
vonia. 

Riga,  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  Li- 
vonia. Next  to  Petersburg,  it  is  the 
most  commerciai  place  in  the  Russian 
empire.  The  principal  exports  are  corn, 
hemp,  flax,  iron,  timber,  masts,  leather, 
and  tallow.  Within  the  fortifications  are 
9,000  inhabitants,  and  in  the  suburbs 
15,000.  Riga  is  five  miles  from  the  mouth 
nf  the  D>vina,  and  250  SE  of  Stockholm, 
Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  56  53  N. 

Riga,  post  village  and  township  of 
M.nroe  county,  Ni^w  York,  on  Black 
creek,  15  miles  SW  from  Rochester. 
Population  1820,  3li9. 

Rigaiid,  seigniory,  York  county.  Low- 
er Canada,  35  miles  W  from  Montreal. 

Rigoleis,  nar.,e  of  one  of  the  straits 
uniting  lakes  Borgne,  and  Pontchartrain, 
and  into  which  Pearl  river  is  discharged 
bv  several  mcmths.  rht-  strait  of  the 
Kigolets  is  about  nine  miles  in  length, 
having  about  nine  feet  water  on  each 
bar  This  is  the  inside  passage  from 
Mobile,  Pensacola,  &c.  to  New  Orleans. 

Rigolets  de  lion  dieu,  river  of  Louis- 
iana, formed  by  Saline,  and  Black  lake 
rivers',  and  by  an  outlet  of  Red  river, 
four  miles  above  Natchitoches.  It  falls 
into  Red  river  from  the  north,  25  milju 
above  Alexandria. 

Riley,  towiisiiip  Oxford  county,  Maine, 
30  miles  NW  from  Paris  Population 
1820,  uncertain. 

Rijnonski,  scignnry,  Cornwallis  coun- 
ty. Lower  Canada. 

Rimini,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  in 
a  fertile  plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mar- 


rechia,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  20  miie'j 
SE  of  Ravenna,  and  145  N  by  E  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  39  E,  lat.  44  4  N 

Rimmegen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  duchy  of  Juliers,  seated  on  the 
Riiine 

Rincofiing,  or  Rinkibbing,  town  of  Den- 
mark, in  N  Jutland,  seated  in  the  W 
coast,  50  miles  N  by  W  of  Ripen. 

Rindge,  township  of  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1226  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  m  1820,  1298.  It  is 
situated  between  JafFrey  and  Fitzwilliam 
townships. 

Ringleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality 
of  Eisenach.  26  miles  ENE  of  Eisenach. 
Lon,  11  25  E,  lat,  51  5  N. 

Ringo^s,  post  town  in  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty, Nfw  Jersey  ;  29  miles  W  by  S  of 
Nfw  Brunswick,  and  19  N  by  W  of 
Trenton. 

Ringsted,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  Zeatland,  40  miles  SW  of  Copenha- 
gen    Lon.  12  10  E,  lat  55  28  N, 

Ring-wood,  town  in  H.impshire,  with  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  worsted  knit 
hose  ;  seated  on  the  Avon,  30  miles  SW  of 
Winchester,  and  91  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon   1  41  W,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Rintlen^ov  Rinteln,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  Schawenburg, 
with  a  university.  It  is  subject  to  the 
langrave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Wt  ser,  15  miles  SE  of  Minden,  and  35 
SW  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9  20  E.  lat.  52  13 
N. 

Rio-de  la-TIacha,  small  province  of  Co- 
lombia, in  the  form  of  a  peninsula,  between 
the  gulf  of  Venezuela  on  the  E,  and  a  bay 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  W  Rio-de- 
la-Hacha,  the  capital  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  san.e  name,  100  miles  E 
of  St.  Martha.     Lon.  72  34   W,  lat.    11 

Rio  dela  Madnlena,  river  of  New  Grena- 
da, which  taking  its  rise  in  the  mountains 
N  of  Popajan,  runs  N,  and  falls  into  the 
Caiibbcan  Sea,  Letvveen  Carthagena  and 
St.  Martha.     It  is  also  called  Rio  Grande. 

Rio  del  a. Plat  a      See  Plata. 

Rio  de-.Mirauda,  river  of  Spain,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  and  se- 
parating that  province  from  Galicia,  enters 
th°  bay  of  Biscay,  at  Ravadeo. 

Rio- Grande,  river  of  Africa,  which  runs 
from  E  to  W  through  Negroland,  and  falls 
■  >'-  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  ll*  N  lat. 

Rio-Graiide,  river  in  Brasil,  which  rises 
T.ear  tlie  AtLntic  Ocean,  and  runs  W  into 
the  Parana,  being  the  principal  branch  of 
that  river. 

Rio-Janeiro,  river  which  rises  in  the  W 
mountains  of  Brasil,  and  runnhig  E  through 
that  country,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean , 
at  St.  Sebastian. 


RIP 


R  I  V 


Jiio-Janeiro,  one  of  the  richest  jirovinces 
of  Brasil,  lying  near  the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  produces 
cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  wheat,  rice, 
pepper,  and  tobacco  in  great  abundance. 
The  Portuguese  annually  export  hence 
gold,  sdver,  and  precious  stones.  St.  Se- 
bastian is  the  capital. 

liiom,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Auvergne,  seated  on  a  hill,  in  a 
pleasant  country,  eight  miles  NE  of  Cler- 
mont, and  115  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  13  E, 
lat,  45  54  N. 

Rions,  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Giroiide,  and  late  province  of  Guienne, 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  18  miles  SE  of 
Bordeaux. 

Ripa  Transone,  populous  and  strong 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  tlie  church, 
and  marquisaie  of  Ancona,\vith  a  bishop's 
see,  five  miles  W  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
and  eight  S  of  Fermo.  Lon.  13  50  E,  lat. 
42  59  N. 

Ripen,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jutland, 
capital  of  adiocessof  the  same  name,  witii 
two  colleges,  a  good  harbour,  and  a  public 
library.  The  liarbour  whicli  has  contribu- 
ted greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  the  place, 
is  at  a  small  distance,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Nipsaa,  55  miles  NW  of  Sleswick, 
and  60  S  by  W  of  Wiburg.  Lon.  9  0  E, 
lat.  55  25  N. 

Ripley,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated  on 
the  Nyd,  23  miles  WNW  of  York,  and  221 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  54 
4  N. 

Ripley,  post  village  and  tr^wnship  of  So- 
merset county,  Maine.  Popluation  in  1820, 
325. 

Ripley,  post  town,  Chataugue  county, 
New  York  on  lake  Erie.  Population  in 
1820,  lllL 

Ripley,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Brown  county,  Ohio  ;  on  the  north  or  right 
bank  of  Ohio  river,  50  miles  above  Cinci- 
iiati. 

Ripley,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded  by 
Fayette  NW  ;  Franklin  N  ;  Dearborn  E  ; 
Switzerland  SE;  Jefferson  S  ;  and  Jennings 
W.  Length  27 ;  mean  width  16 ;  and  area 
432  square  miles.  It  is  an  elevated  tract 
from  which  tlie  streams  flow  in  v.irious  di- 
rections into  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers. 
Chief  town,  Ripley. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  svhite  males,      ...  927 

do.  do.    females   ...  893 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Slaves,  HJales 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,822 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.        females 


1.820 
2 
0 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  509 

Engaged  in  Manufactures            -  21 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  0 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  4, 

Ripley,  village  and  seat  .'if  justice,  Ripley 
county,  Indiana ;  40  m.les  W  from  tjinci- 
nati. 

Ripley,  town  of  Rjnd  county,  Illinois, 
about  20  miles  E  from  Edwardsville. 

Ripon,  borough  in  West  Yorkshire,  noted 
for  its  manufacture  of  hardwares,  particu- 
ly  spurs,  and  the  narket-place  is  one  of 
the  finest  squares  of  the  kind  in  England. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ure,  28  miles  NW  of 
York,  and  218  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  1  29 
W,  lat.  54  1 1  N. 

Riqmer,  town  of  Franc  c,  in  the  depurt- 
ment  of  Sor-.ime,  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy,  on  the  Cardon,  five  miles  NE  of  Ab- 
beville,  and  95  N  of  Paris,  Lon.  1  59  E, 
lat.  50  10  N. 

Rinborou^h,  town  in  Buckinghamshire  ; 
20  miles  S  of  Aylesbury,  and  37  WNW  of 
London.     Lon.  0  42  W',  iat.  51  40  N. 

Rising  Sun,  post  office,  Cecil  county, 
Maryland;  18  miles  SWfroin  Wilmington. 

Risivif  Sit7i,  post  town,  Dearborn  county, 
Indiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  Oiiio  river; 
13  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Mi- 
ami. 

Rifstigouche,  river  and  harbour  of  New 
Brunsw.ck  and  Lower  C.inud.i.  The  river 
falls  into  Chaleur  bay,  and  the  harbour  is 
situated  at  the  junction.  The  main  stream 
of  Ristig:ouche  separates  Lower  Canatia  and 
New  Brunswick. 

Ritberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westpha- 
lla,  ca))ital  of  a  county  of  tiie  same  name, 
on  the  Emhs,  12  miles  NW  of  Paderborn. 
Lo.).  8  42  E,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Riva,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Trent,  at  the  iiouth  of  a  small 
river,  on  the  lake  Garda,  17  miKs  SW  of 
Trent.     Lon.  11  7  W,  lat.  46  4.N. 

liivadavia,  town  of  Spain  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Galicia.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Minho  and  Avia,  and  the  cir- 
cumjacent country  abounds  with  the  best 
wine  in  Spain.  It  is  15  miles  WNW  of 
Orense.     Lon.  7  55  W,  lat.  42  13  N. 

Rivadeo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galacia,  with 
a  good  harbour,  ft  stands  on  a  rock,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  Miranoa,  45  miles 
NNE  of  Lugo.    Lo'i.  6  47  W,  lat  43  38  N. 

Rivallo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
vovo,  seated  o.i  a  mountain,  20  miles  from 
Naples. 

Rivalta,   town  of  Italy,    in    Piedmont, 
867 


11  O  A 


ROB 


s'llualcil  on'^the  Sangon,  sis  miles  SW  of 
Turin. 

Rivalta,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
situated  on  the  river  Adda,  15  miles  E  of 
Milan. 

Mivaniia,  river  of  Virginia,  which  rises 
in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  aiier  running  a  SR 
course,  falls  into  James  river  nea;-  the  to-vn 
of  Columbia.  See  Albemarle,  and  F/uvianna 
counties. 

jRizarolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  on 
the  river  Orio,  15  miles  X  of  Turin,  and  12 
N  \V  of  Carmagnola. 

Biver  Head,  township  of  S'lffilk  county, 
on  Long  Island,  State  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 1711  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1820, 1907.  It  contains  tlie  seat  of  justice 
for  the  county,  with  four  churches. 

Rivesaltes,  town  of  France,  in  tiif  de- 
partment of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Rousillon,  It  i'N  seated  on  tlie 
Egly,  eight  miles  N  of  Perpignan,  and  is 
famous  for  its  fine  wine. 

liivoU,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  with  a 
magnificent  castle,  nine  miles  W  of  Turin, 
Lon.  7  32E,  lai.  45  4N. 

Hivolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ver 'uese, 
seated  on  the  lake  Garda.  20  mdes  NW  of 
Verona.     Lon.  11  1  E,  l?.t.  45  34  N 

Jiouj  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  <Jld  Cas- 
tile, with  a  ciiadel  and  a  castle.  It  is  stat- 
ed  on  the  Douero.  in  a  country  fertile  in 
corn  and  wine,  10  miles  SW  of  A'anda, 
and  70  N  of  Madrid,  Lon  3  22  W,  iat.  41 
35  N. 

Roane,  county  of  Tennessee:  bounded 
by  Blount  E;  McMinn  SE ;  Rhea  SW; 
Morgan  NW  ;  Anderson  N  ;  and  Knox  NE. 
Lengh  30 ;  mean  width  20 ;  and  area  600 
square  miles.  Surface  broken,  and  soil 
except  near  the  streams  thin  and  sterile. 
The  two  great  branches  oFTennessee  river, 
the  Tennessee  pr  .per,  and  Holston  unite 
in  this  county  below  the  seat  of  justice, 
Kingston. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -       -        2,520 

do.    do.     females  -        -        2,376 

Total  whites  -  -  -  4.896 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .       -       -       -  15 

Slaves         .        .        -        .        -  670 


Slaves,  males    - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


383 

432 


7,895 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture              -  2,036 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  156 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Roan's  creek,  post  village.  Carter  county, 
Tennessee. 

Roanne,  populous  and  corrimercial  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Rhone  and 
Lo  re,  and  la;e  province  of  Lyonois.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Loire,  where  it  is  fir^t  navi- 
gable for  barks.  Hence  the  merchandise 
of  Lyons,  Marseilles,  and  the  Levant,  is 
conveyed  down  the  Loire,  and  by  a  canal 
into  the  Seme,  and  thence  to  Paris  Lon. 
4  12  E,  Iat.  46  13  N. 

Roanoke,  island  on  the  coast  of  N  Caro- 
lina, in  Albemarle  county.  Lon.  76  0  W, 
Iat  o3  50  N. 

Roanoke,  long  rapid  river  of  the  United 
Statts,  in  Virginia,  and  Nortli  Carolina, 
formed  by  two  principal  branches,  Stanton 
river,  which  ri:.es  in  Virginia,  and  Dan 
river,  which  rises  in  North  Carohna.  This 
river  is  subject  to  mundations,  and  is  navi- 
gable but  for  shallops,  nor  for  these  but 
about  60  or  70  miles,  on  account  of  falls, 
which  in  a  gre;<t  meiisure  obstruct  the 
water  communication  with  the  back  coun- 
try. It  falls  about  100  feet  in  12  miles. 
Measures  are  now  in  progress  to  render 
the  river  navigible,  at  least  as  far  as  the 
junction  of  Dan  and  Staunton  rivers.  It 
empties  by  several  mouths,  into  the  SW 
end  of  Albemarle  sound. 

Robben  Island,  sometimes  called  Pen- 
guin Island,  a  barren  sandy  island  lying  at 
the  entrance  of  Table  Bav,  near  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Lon.  18  22  E,  Iat.  33 
50  S. 

Robertson,  cotir.ty  of  Tennessee;  bound- 
ed by  Kentucky  N  ;  Sumner  E  ;  Davidson 
S ;  Dickson  SW ;  and  Montgomery  W. 
Le  gth  40  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and  area  600 
square  miles  Chief  town  Springfield. 
Red  river  rises  in,  and  Cumberland  passes 
through  the  SW  angle  of  this  county. 


Total  population  in  1810 

5,681 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 

- 

- 

2,938 

Population  in  1820. 

do.  do.    females     . 

- 

- 

2,685 

Free  white  males 

3,61S 



do.     do.  females     - 

3,407 

Total  whites 

. 

- 

5,623 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

All  otlier  persons  except 

Indi 

ans 

not  taxed               ... 

0 

not  taxed 

. 

. 

39 

Slaves 

. 

. 

1,608 

Total  whites       .... 

7,025 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.            do.        females 

28 
28 

Total  population  in  1810 

• 

- 

7,270 

868 


ROB 


ii  u  C 


Popuiation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        .        -        3,875 

do.    do.    females  -        -        o,5U4 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females  .... 

Total  population  In  1820  .        9,938 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         2,785 

do        in  Manufactures  .  157 

do.       in  Commerce       .        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16|. 

Roberisville.  post  village,  Beaufort  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

Robeso7i,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  opposite  to  the  extreme  W, 
angle  of  Allegany  county,  and  on  Raccoon 
creek,  18  miles  SVV  from  Pittsburg.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  925. 

Robeson,  township  o^Berks  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Schuy'iviil  river,  between  Alle- 
gany and  Hay  creeks,  five  miles  below 
Reading.     Population  in  1820,  2065. 

Robeson,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  South'C-.roIina  SW ;  Richland 
county  W  ;  Cumberland  N  ;  Bladen  E  ;  and 
Columbus  SE,  Length  33  ;  and  mean  width 
25  ;  and  area  825  square  miles.  It  is  drain- 
ed by  different  brandies  of  Little  Pedee. 
Chief  town  Lamberton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        -       2,881 

do.  do.   females       .        -        -      2,890 

Total  whites         ....  5,771 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed           ....  417 

Slaves 1,340 

Total  population  in  1810      -        -      7,528 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males  .        .        2,860 

do.      do.     females  -         .        2,817 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 0 


Total  whites       -         .        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 

do.     females        -        _        . 


Total  population  in  1820    -        -        8,204 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  1,955 

do.        in  Manufactures           .  74 

do.        in  Commerce       -        .  10 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  10. 

Robil,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxo- 
ny, in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated 
on  the  river  Muretz. 

Robinson,  township  of  Allegany  countj', 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of  Ohio  river, 
betv/een  Chartiers  creek  and  Mountouis 
run,  five  miles  below  Pittsburg.  Population 
in  1820,  1392. 

Rocamadour,  petty  town  of  France,  in 
the  depariment  of  Lot,  23  miles  N  of  Ca- 
hors.     Lon.  1  32  E,  lat  44  48  N. 

Roccci-d'-Anfo,  strong  lown  of  I'aly,  on 
the  lake  Idro,  25  miles  SE  of  Trent.  Lon. 
11  40  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Rocello,  town  oi  Italy,  in  iie  kingdom  of 
Naples,  near  which  is  a  celebrated  coral 
fishery,  10  miles  NE  of  Gierace.  Lon.  16 
47  E,  lat.  38  20  N. 

Rockdale,  town  in  Lancashire ;  carries 
on  mani.factures  of  bays,  serges,  and  other 
woollen  goods.  It  is  seated  in  a  vale,  on 
the  river  Roch,  55  miles  WSW  of  York, 
and  195  NNW  of  London.  Lon,  2  18  W, 
lat.  53  08  N. 

Roche,  town  of  Swisserland,  subject  to 
the  canton  of  Bern,  vvhicli  has  here  a  di- 
rector of  the  sal'  works. 

Roche,  town  of  tlie  Netiierlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luxemburg,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  river  Ourte,  22 
miles  S  of  Liege,  and  32  NW  of  Luxem- 
burg.    Lon  5  40  E,  Lt  50  15  N. 

Roche,  Bernard,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the 
denartmenl  01  Morbiiiaii,  and  late  province 
of  Brittany,  seated  on  the  river  Vilaine 
23  miles  E  of  Vannes. 

Roclie  Chounrt,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Viennt-,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Poitou.  near  a  small  river  that 
fidis  into  tiie  Vienne,  60  miles  S  by  E  of 
Poii-.ers,  and  189  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  53  E,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Roche  Macheran,  town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  15 
miles  NE  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  25  E, 
lat.  49  56  N. 

Roche  Possaij,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Truraine.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  min'Tal  waters,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Creuse,  25  miles  S  of  Leches.  Lon. 
0  50  E   lat.  46  45  N. 

Roche-stir  Yon.  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee,  and  late  province 
of  Poitou,  seated  near  the  Yon,  20  miles 
NW  of  Lucon,  and  202  SVV  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  31  W,  lat.  46  40  N 

Rochefort,  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  Luxemburg,  on  the 
Somme,  surrounded  by  rocks,  50  miles 


R  ©  C 


K  O  t 


NW  of  Luxemburg.    Lon.  5  10  E,  lat. 
50  12  N. 

Rochefort^  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
depavtiiient  of  Lower  Charente,  with  a 
commodious  hiirbour,  one  of  tiie  best  in 
France.  It  stands  on  the  Charente,  15 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  a  magni- 
ficient  hospital,  the  finest  hall  of  arms  in 
France,  a  noble  arsenal,  a  foundry  for 
cannon,  and  all  the  ether  majjiazines  ne- 
cessary for  the  construction  and  equip- 
ment of  ships  of  war.  It  is  18  miles  SSE 
of  Rochelle,  and  127  SW  of  Paris.    Lon. 

0  58  W,  lat.  45  iO  N. 

Rochefort,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Jura,  on  the  river  Doubs, 
six  miles  NE  of  Dole,  and  22  WSW  of 
Besancon. 

Rochefort,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mayenne,  and  Loire,  on 
the  river  Loire,  10  miles  SSW  of  An- 
gers. 

Rochefort,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  17  miles  E  of 
Vannes,  and  40  SW  of  Rennes- 

Rochefoucault,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Charente,  seated  on 
the  Tardouere,  12  miles  SW  of  Angou- 
leme. 

Rochelle,  fortified  seaport  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Charente. 
The  haven  is  surrounded  by  a  prodigi- 
ous mole,  4482  feet  in  extent.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  considerable  trade  ; 
especially  in  wine,  brandy,  sugar,  salt, 
paper,  linen,  and  serges,  Rochelle  is 
seated  on  a  bay  of  Biscay,  67  miles  S  by 
E  of  Nantes,  and  220  SW  of  Paris.    Lon. 

1  10  W,  lat.  46  9  X. 

liochemaure,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardeche,  seated  on  the 
Rhone,  eight  miles  NNE  of  Viviers. 

Roche  Perce,  town  of  Missouri  in 
Howard  county. 

Rochester,  city  in  Kent,  parted  from 
Stroud  on  the  W  by  its  bridge,  and  is 
contiguous  to  Chatham  on  the  E ;  on  the 
Medway,  26  miles  WN W  of  Canterburv, 
and  29  ESE  of  London.  Lon.  0  36  E, 
lat.  51  23  N. 

Rochester,  post  village  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  ^S  miles  NW  from  Wind- 
sor. 

Rochester,  village  in  Northumberland, 
on  the  Watling-street,  N  W  of  Oiterbrun, 
and  near  the  source  of  the  Read.  It  has 
some  Roman  altars,  inscriptions,  and 
other  antiquities. 

Rochester,  town  of  Straflford  county. 
New  Hanipshire  ;  situated  on  the  VV 
side  of  Salmon  Fall  River,  25  miles  NW 
of  Portsmouth.  It  contained  2118  inha- 
bitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2471 

Rochester,  township  of  Plymouth  coun- 
tv,  Massachusetts  ;  it  contained  2954  in- 
870 


habitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  3034;  si* 
tuated  on  the  E  side  of  Metapisset 
river,  between  Wartham  and  New  Bed- 
ford. 

Rochester,  township  of  Ulster  county. 
New  York;  it  contained  1882  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  S!065  ;  situated  15 
miles  W  of  New  Paltz,  and  84  SW  of 
Albany. 

Rochester,  very  flourishing  post  vil- 
lage of  Monroe  county,  New  York,  on 
Genesee  river,  at  its  lower  falls,  and 
where  the  Erie  canal  crosses  that  stream, 
NW  from  Canandaigua,  and  NE  from 
Batavia  about  32  miles  from  each. 

Rocheita.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  county 
of  Nice,  16  miles  NE  of  Nice.  Lon  7  34 
E,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Rochford,  town  of  Essex,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday,  16  miles  SE  of  Chelms- 
ford, and  40  N  bv  E  of  London.  Lon.  0 
41  E,  !at.  51  36  N. 

Rochilr,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
territory  of  Leipsic,  with  a  castle,  cop- 
per mines,  and  a  handsome  bridge  over 
the  Muldaw,  24  miles  SE  of  Leipsic, 
and  36  W  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  46  E, 
lat.  51  10  N. 

Rock,  northern  township  of  Harrison 
county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  700. 

Rockaway,  village  of  Queen's  county, 
Long  Island,  eight  miles  S  from  Jamaica, 
on  the  Atlantic  coast.  It  is  a  watering 
place,  and  seat  of  summer  recreation. 

Rockaway,  post  village,  Morris  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  seven  miles  W  of  Boone 
town,  and  36  NW  of  Newark. 

Rockbridge,  county  of  Virginia ;  bound- 
ed by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Nelson  and 
Amherst  counties  SE  ;  Bedford  S  ;  Bot- 
tletourt  SW,  and  W  ;  Bath  NW ;  and 
Augusta  NE.  Length  33  ;  mean  width 
23 ;  and  area  about  760  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  North  river  branch  of 
James  river,  which  unites  at  the  foot  of 
the  Blue  Ridge  in  the  southern  angle  of 
the  county.  Surface  pleasingly  diver- 
sified, and  soil  generally  of  middling 
quality. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        •        -        -        4,350 

do  do.    females      -        -        -       4,095 

Total  whites  ....  8,445 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ...        -  149 

Slaves,               -        ■        -  .     -  1,724 

Total  population  in  1810     -        - '     10.318 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  ...    4,644 

do.    do.    females  -        -  4,394 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        „        .        -  0 


ir  o  c 


R  o  c 


Total  whites        .... 

9,038 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

166 

do.             do.     females  - 

129 

Slaves,  males       .... 

1,319 

do.    females             ... 

1,293 

Total  population  in  1820 

11,945 

Of these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

37 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

2,575 

do.       in  Manufactures 

653 

do.       in  Commerce 

129 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15|. 

Rockcastle,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bound- 
ed by  Knox  SE  ;  Pulaski  SW  ;  Lincoln 
and  Garrard  NW  ;  Madison  NE ;  and 
Clay  E.  Length  25;  mean  width  15; 
and  area  about  380  square  miles.  It  oc- 
cupies the  height  of  land  between  Ken- 
tucky and  Cumberland  rivers;  being 
drained  by  Dicks  river*  branch  of  the 
former,  and  Rockcastle  branches  of  the 
latter.    Chief  town  Mount  Vernon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...  807 

do.  do.     females      ...  767 


Total  whites       ....  1,568 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Slaves         .....  163 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        1,731 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -         1,039 

do.    do.  females  -        .        1,049 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  0 

Total  whites       ....  2,088 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  6 

do              do.      females  0 

Slaves,  males            ...  66 

do.    females        -          .        .  89 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        2,249 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  AgricuUure    -        -  333 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  5 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  nearly. 

Rockdale,  township  of  Crawford  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of 
French  creek,  commencing  about  five 
miles  above  the  borough  of  Meadville. 
Population  1820,  776. 

Rockjisk,  river  of  Virginia,  forms  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Alliemarle  and 
Nelson  counties  Virginia,  and  falls  into 
James  river  from  the  N, 


Rockford,  town  in  Tuscarawas  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  seven  miiesE  from  New  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  road  from  thence  to  Stu- 
benville. 

Rockhall,  post  office  Kent  county,  Ma- 
ryland 

RockUUl,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  Richland  and 
Hilltown,  30  miles  N  from  Philadelphia. 
Population  1820,  1567. 

Rock  Landing,  post  village,  of  Halifax 
county.  North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Roanoke  river  at  the  head  of  the  great 
falls,  12  miles  above  Halifax. 

Roclo  Spring,  post  office.  Nelson  county, 
Virginia. 

Rockingham,  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
on  the  Welland,  12  miles  S  of  Oakham, 
and  83  N  by  W  of  London. 

Rockingham,  SE  county  of  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  and 
Essex  county  in  Massachusetts  SE  ;  Hills- 
borough county  in  New  Hampshire  SW 
and  W  ;  and  Strafford  county  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  York  county  in  Maine  NE. 
Length  50  ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  1000 
square  miles.  It  lies  in  form  of  a  triangle, 
and  is  drained  by  the  Merimuc,  and  its 
branches,  and  also  by  the  SW  confluents  of 
the  Piscataqua.  Surfac.^^-  generally  hilly, 
and  in  part  mountainous,  and  soil  produc- 
tive in  grain  and  p'^stiirage.  Chief  towns. 
Concord,  and  Portsmouth. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  while  males        -        -        -      12,736 
do.    do.    females    -        -        -      13,267 


Total  whites        ....  26,003 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 252 

Slaves           .....  0 


Total  population  in  1810 


26,255 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        .        -  26,713 

do.    do.    females    -        -        -  28,039 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  139 

Total  whites        ...        -  54,891 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  172 

do.           do.        females,  182 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females     ....  0 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -  55,246 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  V2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -         -  10,522 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         •  1,973 

do.      in  Commerce          -        -  609 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  B5, 
S71 


K  O  C 


11  u   C 


Rockingham,  post  ♦own  in  \f  iiv.lliam 
county,  Vermont ,  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  23  miles  N  of  Brattle- 
boro'  and  six  miles  from  Walpole  in  New 
HariipsUire. 

Rockingham,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bound- 
ed by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Orange  county 
SE  ;  Augusta  SW ;  Pendleton  NVV  ;  Han- 
dy N  ;  and  Shenandoah  NE.  Length  33  ; 
mean  width  24 ;  and  area  about  SOU  square 
miles.  The  North  Fork  rises  in,  and  the 
main  branch  of  Shenandoah  river  passes 
through  this  county.  Surface  generally 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  and  soil  of 
middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Harrison- 
burg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        .        -        5,616 

do.  do.   females      .         -        -         5,433 


Popula'ioi.  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,255 
do.     do.    females     -        -        -        4,095 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  Q 


Total  whites       ...        -  11,049 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         •         -        -        -  213 

Slaves                  ....  1,491 


Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.   do.     females    -         -         - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        .        . 

Total  whites       .        .        -        • 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      • 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do         in  Commerce 


12,753 


6,397 
6,249 


14,784 


Total  whites       ....  8,350 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  64 

do.  do.      females  86 

Slaves,  males       ....  1,438 

do.    females  ...  1,536 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -       11,474 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -        2,664 

do.         in  Manufactiwes  -  141 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20^. 

Rockingltam,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Richmond  county,  North  Carolina, 
about  85  miles  SW  from  Raleigh. 

Rockland,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  Hudson  river  E  ;  Bergen  county  in 
New  Jersey  SW ;  and  Orange  county  in 
New  York  NW.  It  lies  in  form  of  a  trian- 
gle ;  the  base  23  miles  along  Hudson  ;  and 
each  other  side  19  miles ;  with  an  area  of 
about  180  square  miles.  Surface  very 
broken,  but  with  much  good  soil.  It 
abounds  also  in  iron  ore.  Chief  town, 
Clarksburg, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,654 

do.    do.    females  -        -        3,496 


25 

3,013 

951 

35 


Total  whites              -        -        -  7,150 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  292 

Slaves 316 


Total  population  in  1810 


7,758 


Population  to  the  square  mile  18  1-3. 

Rockingham,  county  of  Norlh  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Virginia  N  ;  C;iswell  county 
in  North  Carolina  E ;  Guilford  S ;  and 
Stokes  W.  Length  28  ;  breadth  20 ;  and 
area  560  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Dan  river  branch  of  Roanoke  and  by  the 
sources  of  Cape  Tar  river. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        4,203 
do.     do.    females  -        -        3,956 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males      -        -        -  4,250 

do.    do.     females           -        -  4,0.51 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ...        -  0 

Total  whites     .        -        "-        -  8,301 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  214 

do.           do.        females  198 

Slaves,  iv.a'es            ...  66 

do.     females           ...  58 


Total  whites       -        -        -        -  8,159 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  43 

Slaves 2,114 


Total  population  in  1820 


Total  population  in  1810 
872 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

10,316       do.        in  Commerce 


8.837 


35 

1,474 
755 

52 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  49. 


li  O  D 


R  O  M 


liockland,  township  of  Sullivan  coanly, 
New  York.  Population  1810,  309;  and  in 
1820,  405. 

Rockland,  townsliip  of  Berks  county, 
Peims\  Ivar.ia,  on  the  heads  of  Manataway 
and  Sacony  creeks,  10  miles  NK  from  Read- 
ing.    Population  1820,  1130. 

liockport,  township  on  the  lake  shore, 
at  the  mouth  of  Rocky  river,  in  (Juyahoga 
county,  Ohio,  containing  157  inhabitants  in 
1820. 

Rock  River,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  near 
lake  Michigan,  flows  SW  by  \V,  and  fails 
into  the  Mississippi,  at  lat.  41  30  N. 

RockviUe,  post  village,  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  14  miles  N  from  George- 
town. 

Rocky  Hill,  post  village,  Weathersfield, 
Connecticut. 

Rocky  JSloiint,  post  town,  and  seal  of  jus- 
tice, Franklin  county,  Virginia,  40  miles  S 
from  Fincastle. 

Rocky  Jlfount,  post  village,  Nash  county, 
North  Carolina,  NE  front  Raleigh. 

Rocky  JVloimt,  post  village,  Chester  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  on  Rocky  creek,  SE 
from  Chesterville. 

Rocky  .Mountains.     See  Chippewa?!. 

Rocky  Ridge,  post  village,  Christian  coun- 
ty, Kentucky. 

Rocky  Springs,  post  office,  Rockingham 
county.  North  Carolina. 

Rocoux,  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
near  Liege,  remarkable  for  a  victory  gain- 
ed by  the  French  over  the  allies,  in  1746. 

Rocroy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  on  a  phiin,  sitrrounded 
by  forests.  It  iscelebra'ed  for  the  victory 
which  the  prince  of  Conde,  then  duke  of 
Enghien,  gained  over  the  Spaniards,  in 
1643.  It  is  26  miles  N  of  Rethel.  Lon. 
4  27  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Rodach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality  of  Co- 
burg,  situated  on  u  river  of  the  same  name, 
six  miles  WNW  of  Coburg. 

Rodez,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron.  Here  are  some 
manufactures  of  gray  cloliis  and  serges.  It 
is  seated  in  the  midst  of  mountains,  on  a 
hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flous  the  rapid 
Aveiron,  30  miles  S  by  \V  of  Mende.  L:)n. 
2  39  E,  lat.  44  21  N. 

Roding,  river  in  Essex,  which  rises  near 
Dunmow,  runs  S  to  Ongar,  and  gives  the 
name  of  Rodings  to  this  part  of  the  connty. 
It  then  flows,  betv/een  Epping  and  Hai- 
nault  Forest,  to  Barking,  below  which  it 
falls  into  the  Thames. 

Rodman,  township  of  Jefferson  county, 
New  York.    Population  1820,  1735. 

Rodok,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Delhi,  60  miles  WNW  of 
Delhi.     Lon.  76  30  E,  lat,  29  10  N. 

Rodosto,  town  of  European  Turkev.  in 
5  S 


Romania,  near  the  N  bank  of  the  Marmora 
sea,  70  miles  W  from  Constantinople. 

Roer,  river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises 
in  the  duchy  of  .Tuliers,  passes  by  the  town 
of  tiiat  name,  and  falls  into  the  Meass, 
above  Ruremonde. 

Roer,  river  of  Germany>  which  rises  in 
the  circle  of  Ujjper  Rhine,  waters  Arens- 
burg,  and  falls  inlo  the  Rhine  bclovt-  Dias- 
burg. 

Roenx,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Austrian  Hainatdt,  eight  miles  NE  of 
Mons.     Lon.  4  12  E,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Rogonattoiir,  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  countrv  of  Bengal,  106  miles 
SW  of  Moorshedabad;  and  101  NW  of 
Calcutta. 

Rochaczo~i',  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Dnieper  and  Ordwa,  37 
miles  NVV  of  Rzeczica,  and  158  N  of  Kiofo. 
Lon.  30  40  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Rochan,  town  of  Frnnce,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  seated  on  the  Aoust, 
20  miles  N  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2  42  W,  lat. 
48  0  N. 

Rachilcxind  or  Rohiila,  territory  of  Hin- 
doostan Proper,  whose  inhabitants  are  call- 
ed Rohlllas.  It  lies  to  the  E  of  Delhi,  and 
■was  subject  to  the  nabob  of  Oude,  by  whom 
it  was  conquered  in  1774.  Bereilly  is  the 
capital.  Ii  was  ceded  to  the  British  in 
1801,  and  is  now  included  in  the  district  of 
Bareily. 

Rogersmills,  post  village,  Saratoga  county. 
New  York. 

Rogerstoxuii,  post  town  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Missouri,  55  miles  SW  from  St.  Louis, 
on  Merimac  river. 

Rogersville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Hawkins  county,  Tennes.see,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Hoiston,  river  about  70 
miles  above  Knoxville.  It  contains  beside 
the  county  buildings,  an  academy,  bank, 
and  jjrin'ing  office. 

Jiohilcunil.     See  Rocldlcnnd. 

Roldue,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Limburg,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seven  mdes 
N  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Lon.  6  6  E,  lat. 
50  55  N. 

Rolbich  Stones,  in  Oxfordshire,  N  of 
Stanton  Harcourt,  six  miles  W  of  Oxford. 
it  is  a  circle  of  stones  standing  upright 
which  the  vulgar  have  a  notion  were  men 
peirified.  Antiquaries  disagree  with  re- 
spect to  the  origin  and  intention  of  this 
ancient  monument. 

Rom,  or  Room,  island  of  Denmark,  on 
the  B  coast  of  South  Jutland.  It  is  five 
miles  in  length,  and  half  as  much  in  breadth, 
and  contains  a  few  vUlages. 

Roinagna,   province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ec- 
clesiastical State,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
Ferrarese,  on  the  S  by  Tuscany  and  Urbi- 
no,  on  the  E  bv  the  gulf  of  Venice?  and 
S73 


ROM 


R  O  M 


on  the  W  by  the  Bolognese  and  Tuscany. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  fruits ; 
and  lias  also  mines,  mineral  waters,  and 
sait-works,  which  make  its  principal  re- 
venue.    Ravenna  is  the  capital. 

Ilomain  Motier,  town  of  Swisserland, 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  narrow  valley, 
through  which  flnvs  t!ie  river  Diaz. 

Romania,  province  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
200  miles  long,  150  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
i^I  by  Bulgaria,  on  the  E  by  the  Bluck  Sea, 
on  the  S  by  the  Archipelago  and  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  and  on  the  W  by  Macedonia 
and  Bulgaria.  It  was  formerly  called 
Thrace,  and  is  the  largest  of  all  the  Turk- 
ish provinces  in  Europe.  It  is  fruitful  in 
corn,  and  has  mines  of  silver,  lead,  and 
alum.  It  is  divided  mto  three  sangiacates 
or  governmen'is  ;  namely,  Kirk;  1,  of  which 
Philipopoli  is  the  capital  ;  Galipoli,  who^-e 
capital  is  of  the  same  name ;  and  Byzan- 
tium, Byzia,  or  Viz;i,  or  which  Constanti- 
nople is  the  capital. 

jRomcwo,  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Italy,  in  Bergomosro.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  corn,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  that 
runs  between  the  Ogho  and  Serio. 

Romans,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  on 
the  river  Isere,  22  miles  SW  of  Gren  ble, 
and  30  S  of  Venice.  Lon  5  12  E,  lat  45 
2N. 

Rome,  celebrated  city  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  and  the  capital  of 
the  Pope's  dominions.  It  is  situate  on 
the  Tiber,  over  which  it  has  four  bri  g 
es.  The  walls  are  of  brick,  in  which 
are  15  gates;  and  its  whole  circum- 
ference, including  that  part  beyond  the 
Tiber  and  all  belonging  to  the  Vatican, 
is  upwards  of  16  miles.  It  is  computed 
to  contain  170,000  inhabitants,  which, 
though  greatly  inferior  to  what  it  could 
boast  in  the  days  of  its  ancient  power, 
is  considerably  more  than  it  could  num- 
ber at  some  former  periods  since  the 
fall  of  the  empire.  Some  of  the  princi- 
pal streets  are  of  considerable  length, 
and  perfectly  straight.  That  called  the 
Corso  is  the  most  frequented.  The  shops 
on  each  side  are  three  or  four  feet  higher 
than  the  street ;  and  there  is  a  path  for 
foot  passengers,  on  a  level  with  the 
shops.  The  palaces,  of  which  there  arc 
several  in  this  street,  range  in  a  line  with 
the  houses,  have  no  courts  before  thtm. 
The  Strada  Felice,  and  ttte  Strada  di 
Porta  PJa,  are  also  very  long  and  noble 
streets.  There  are  no  1  imps  lighted  in 
the  ■  tr:-ets  at  night ;  and  all  Rome  would 
be  in  utter  darkness,  w^re  it  not  for  the 
candles  which  the  devotion  of  individu- 
als sometimes  places  before  the  statues 
of  the  Virgin :  these  appear  glimmering, 
874 


at  vast  intervals,  like  stars  in  a  cloudy 
night  Rome  exhibits  a  strange  mix- 
ture of  magnificent  and  interesting,  and 
of  common  and  beggarly  objects  ;  the 
former  consists  of  palaces,  churches, 
fountains,  and  the  remains  of  antiquity  ; 
the  latter  compreh  nd  ail  the  rest  of  the 
city.  The  church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the 
opinion  of  many,  surpasses,  in  size  and 
magnificence,  the  finest  monuments  of 
ancient  architecture.  It  was  begun  to 
be  built  in  1506,  fiiiished  in  1621,  and  is 
entirely  covered  both  within  and  with- 
out with  marble  Its  length  is  7-0  feet, 
the  breadth  520,  and  the  height,  from 
the  pavement  to  the  top  of  the  cross, 
which  crowns  the  cupola,  450.  The 
high  altar  under  the  cupolo  is  90  feet  in 
height,  and  of  extraordinary  magnifi- 
cence. A  complete  description  of  this 
church,  and  of  its  statues,  basso-relievos, 
columns,  and  various  other  ornaments, 
would  till  volumes.  The  cathedral  of 
St.  John  Lateran,  the  Romans  say,  is 
the  most  ancient  of  ail  the  churches  of 
Rome,  and  the  mother  f  f  all  the  church- 
es in  Christendom.  It  contains  the 
Scala  Santa,  of  28  white  marble  steps, 
brought  from  Jerusalem,  by  which  Clirist 
is  said  to  have  ascended  to  the  pnlace 
of  Caii)has.  To  this  church  every  new 
pope  c  instantly  goes  first,  in  a  magnifi- 
ccnt  procession,  to  take  possession  of 
the  holy  see.  The  Pantlieon  is  the  most 
perfect  of  the  Roman  temples  which 
now  remain,  and  notwithstanding  the 
depredation  it  has  sustained  from  Goths, 
Vandals,  and  popes,  is  still  a  beautiful  j 
monument  of  Roman  taste.  The  pa-  ] 
vilion  of  the  great  altar  of  St  Peter,  | 
and  the  four  wreathed  pillars  of  Corin-  ■* 
thian  brass  which  support  it,  were  form- 
ed out  of  the  sp;  lis  of  the  Pantheon, 
which,  after,  1900  years,  has  still  a  pro- 
bability of  outliving  its  proud  capacious 
rival.  The  Pantheon,  originally  erected 
to  the  honour  of  all  the  gods,  is  now  be- 
come a  christian  temple,  dedicated  to 
the  Virgin,  and  has  obtained,  from  its  cir- 
cular form,  the  name  of  the  Rotundo. 
Its  height  is  150  feet,  and  its  width  near- 
ly the  same.  There  are  no  pillars  to 
support  the  roof,  which  is  constructed 
in  the  manner  of  a  cupola ;  neither  has 
ii  any  windows,  a  sufficiency  of  light  be- 
ini.  admitted  thri.iugh  a  central  opening 
in  the  dome.  As  the  Phantheon  is  the 
most  entire,  the  amp'.iitheatre  of  Vespa- 
sian is  the  niost  stupendous  monument 
of  antiquity  in  Rome.  About,  one  half 
of  the  external  circuit  still  remains; 
from  which  a  pretty  exact  idea  may  be 
formed  of  the  original  structure,  and  by 
comjjutation  it  could  contain  85,000 
spectators.    But  the  antiquities  of  Rome 


H  G  M 


tt  O  M 


a-re   too  numerous   to   be  minutely  de-   Vienna,  and  600  SE  of  Paris.   Lon.  12  Sy 
scribed  ;    that  the  ancient  Forum,  now    E,  lat  41  54  N. 

a  cow  market  ;  the  beautiful  column  of  Rome,  township  of  Kennebec  county, 
Trajan,  &c  must  be  passt-d  ov<r.  The  Maine,  22  miles  >i  from  Augusta. 
Campidogiio,  built  by  Michai-I  Angdo,  7?07?ze,  post  town,  (Jsic-ida  county,  New 
is  a  beautiful  stiucture,  standing  on  t!ie  Yurk,  at  the  head  of  Boat  navigation  in 
sire  of  the  ancient  Capitol,  so  loi.g  the  the  Mohawk,  15  miles  N\V  from  Utica. 
centre  of  the  t  mpire  of  the  world  The  It  occupii^s  tht  site  of  fort  Stanvix.  It 
body  of  this  {)lace  is  the  residence  of  is  alternateiv  with  Whitesboro',  the  seat 
the  senators  of  Rome,  and  the  wi.igsare  of  justice  tor  the  county,  and  contains 
inhabited  by  thr  conservatores  of  the  ci-  the  county  buildings,  an  arsenal  belong- 
ty.  Thf  popt^-  has  three  super!)  palacfs,  ing  to  the  United  States,  and  also  one  to 
of  which  the  principal  is  the  Vatican,  the  state  of  New  York.  The  Erie  ca- 
near  St.  P  ter's  church  rhe  library  of  nal  passes  about  one  fourth  of  a  mile  S 
this  palace  is  the  largest  and  most  com-  from  this  village.  Population  about 
plete  in  the  world  ;  rich,  especially  in  1000. 
manuscriptSj^  in  all  languages    and  of  all       Home,  E  township  of  Lawrence  coun- 


agf-s.  In  Rime  the  connoisseur  will 
meet  with  innumerable  paintings  by  the 
greatest  master,  and  with  the  finest 
■works  of  sculpture,  8cc  Beside  the  uni- 
versity, which  consists  of  several  noble 
Colleges,  there  :ire  numerous  academies 
and  literary  societies.     The  castle  of  St. 


ty,  Ohio,  on  Ohio  river.  Population 
1820,  399. 

Rome,  township  of  Athens  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  491. 

Romelia,  general  name  given  by  the 
Turks  to  their  European  dominions. 

Romenay,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 


Angelo  serves  more  to  keep  the  city  in  partment  of  Saone  and  Loire  and  late 
awe,  than  to  repel  any  foreign  attack  province  of  Burgundy,  eight  miles  SE  of 
Rome  was  formerly  the  metropolis  of  Tournus,  and  1.5  NNE  of  Macon.  Lon. 
one  of  the  greatest  empires  that  has  5  5  E,  lat  46  30  N 
ever  existed,  and  may  be  regarded  as  Romerstadt,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Mo- 
the  parent  of  all  the  cities,  the  arts,  and  ravia,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which, 
states  of  midern  Europe.  The  ancient  are  some  iron  mines.  It  is  20  miles 
Romans  were  governed  by  seven  kings,  NNE  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  52 
for  about   230  years.    During  the  next   2o  N. 

488  years  they  were  governed  by  con-  Romhilden,  town  of  Franconia,  with  a 
suls.  tribunes,  decemvirs,  and  dictators  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Saxe 
in   their  turn.     They  were  afterwards    Altenburg. 

governed  by  60  empercrs,  for  the  space  Romna,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
of  518  years.  Their  wars  with  the  Car-  ernment  of  Tchernigof,  28  miles  SSE 
thaginians,  Spaniards,  Gauls,  Miihridates  of  Tchernigof.  Lon.  33  24  E,  lat.  50  36 
of  Pontus,   Parthians,   and  Jews,    were   N 

the  most  noted.    The   Roman    empire       Romney,  .A''eiv,  town  in  Kent,  seated 
was  afterwards  much  distracted  by  va-   in  a  marsh  of  the  same  name.     It  is  one 
rious   commotions,    and   in  410,    iiome   of  the  cinque  ports,  it  is  reduced  to  a 
was  taken   and  burnt.    In  May,   1527,   small  place.     It  is  71  miles  SE  of  Lon- 
Roine  was  invested  by  the  army  of  the   don.    Lon.  1  5  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 
emperor  Charles  V.;  and  the  general,  to       Romney,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
prevent  a  mutiny,  promised  to  enrich   Hampshire  county,  Virginia ;  on  the  S 
them  with  the  spoils  of  this  opulent  city,   branch  of  Potomac  river,  50  miles  west- 
The  general,  however,  was  himself  kil-    ward  of  Winchester 
led,  as  he  was  planting  a  scaling  ladder       ji,,nney,   post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
agamst  the  wall. ;   but  his  soldiers    not  ^.       Hampshire  county,  Virginia,  on  the 
discouraged   by  his  death    mounted  to   j^f^  bank  of  the  SW  branch  of  Potomac, 
the  assaul    with  the  utmost  valour    and   5^^  ^^^^^  ^  f^.^^  Winchester, 
entering   the   city,    exercised   all  those  .  - 

brutalities  that  may  be  expected  from  Romont,  or  Rodmont,  strong  town  of 
ferocity  aggravated  by  resistance.  In  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  ot  Friburg, 
the  wars  which  attended  the  French  re-  f^ated  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  from  Fri- 
volution,  Rome  was  again  a  considera-  o^"'?  ''"^^  1-  ffof"  ^^^^-  ^o"'  ^  ^  E,  lat. 
ble  sufferer.     Lar^-^e  contriiuitions,   and   ^o^O-^*- 

severe  military  exactions  were  drawn  RomorenUn,  town  of  France,  in  the 
from  the  inhabitants ;  and  a  great  num-  department  of  Loir  and  Cher,  on  the 
ber  of  the  most  valuable  statues  and  brook  Morentin,  which  loses  itself  in  th.e 
paintings  were  sent  off  to  Paris.  Rome  Saudre,  It  has  a  manufacture  of  serges 
is  110  miles  NW  of  Naples,  410  SSW  of  and  cloths,   which  .serves  to  make  the 

875 


K  O  S 


K  O  S 


place  known.  It  is  45  miles  E  of  T<;urs, 
and  100  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  47  E, 
lat.  47  23  N. 

RomsdaU  town  of  Norway.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  provoslship,  in  the  dioccss 
of  Drontheim,  and  is  100  miles  SSW  of 
Drcntheim.    Lon.  7  54  E,  lat.  62  i8  N. 

Romulus,  post  village  and  township  of 
Seneca  county,  Nt-w  York.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Seneca  lake,  and  be- 
tween that  and  Cayuga  lake.  It  con 
tained  2766  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in 
1820,  5698. 

Roncevallos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 
varre, situated  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  14milesNNEof  Pampeluna.  Lon. 
1  25  W,  lat.  42  54  N 

Roneiglione,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  pa- 
trimony ot  St.  Peter,  capital  of  a  small 
district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Tereia,  near  the  lake  of  the 
same  name,  12  miles  S  of  Viterbo,  and 
24  NNW  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32  E,  lat. 
42  18  N. 

Ronda,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, 20  miles  NVV  of  Gibraltar,  and 
62  SE  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  12  W,  lat.  36 
40  N. 

Ronneburg,  town  in  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  and  principality  of  Alten- 
burg,  12  miles  miles  SW  of  Altenburg, 
and  60  W  of  Dresden.  Lon  12  7  E,  lat. 
50  48  N. 

Roots,  township  of  Portage  countv, 
Ohio.    Population  1810,  316. 

Rogue,  6V.  large  village  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  isth- 
mus which  separates  Gibraltar  from  the 
continent.  It  is  seated  on  the  Um  of  a 
hill,  overlooking  the  bay,  and  has  seve- 
ral batteries,  and  a  fort  at  each  end,  to 
defend  the  lines  which  run  across  the 
isthmus. 

Roque  dc  Morsan,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Landes,  and  late 
province  of  Gascony,  on  the  Douese,  10 
miles  NE  of  Mont  de  INJursan. 

Roquebrune,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
principality  of  Monaco,  near  the  sea, 
three  miles  from  Monaco. 

Roquemaure,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  and  late  province 
of  Languedoc,  near  the  Rhone,  22  miles 
NE  of  Nismes.  Lon.  4  48  E.  lat.  44  2 
N. 

Roquetas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  10 
miles  SVV  of  Almeria,  and  52  SE  ot  Gra- 
nada.   Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  46  51  N. 

Rosana,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Novogrodec,  seated  near  the 
Zolva,  20  miles  SW  of  Novogrodec.  Lon. 
'-?5  45  E,  lat.  55  30  N, 

Rosbac/i,  town  of  Saxonv,  famous  for 
S7fi 


a  victory  obtained  by  the  king  of  Prus-  I 
sia,  over  the  French,  and  the  army  of  I 
the  empire,  in  1557.  1 

Roschad,  trading  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  a  bailiwic  of  the  abbey  of  S  Gallen, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  lake  of  Constance. 

Roschild,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Ztaland  with  a  bishop's  see,  and 
a  university.  It  was  formerly  the  nietro- 
polis  of  Denmark  and  the  residence  of 
its  kings  ;  it  stands  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  bay  of  Icefiord,  not  far  from 
the  boitum  of  a  small  bay,  16  miles  W  , 
of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  55 
43  N. 

Roscommon,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Connaught,  50  miles  long 
and  28  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Longford  and  W  Meath,  on  the  N  by 
Sligo  and  Leitrim,  on  the  S  by  Galway, 
and  on  the  W  by  Galway  and  Mayo.  It 
is  a  level  fruitful  country,  and  by  the 
help  of  good  husbandry  yields  excellent 
corn.  It  contams  59  parishes,  and  sends 
eight  members  to  parliament. 

RoBommon,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  namr>  with  a  sessions 
house  and  a  jail,  80  miles  W  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  8  2  VV,  lat  53  34  N. 

Roscrea..  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippera- 
ry,  26  miles  NW  of  Kilkenny,  and  26  N 
of  Cashel. 

Rose,  township  of  Stark  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  380. 

Rose  Island,  island  stretching  from 
Pensacola  eastward  along  the  coast  of 
Florida  about  &0  miles.  It  is  generally 
less  than  half  a  mile  wide. 

Roseau,  or  Charlotte-totun.  capital  of 
the  island  of  Martinico,  on  the  SW  side 
of  the  island. 

Roseburg,  post  village  in  the  NE  part 
of  Armstrong  county,  Pennsylvania. 

Rosemills,  post  village,  Amherst  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  50  miles  W  from  Hudson. 

Rosebrugge,  town  of  Netherlands,  in 
Flanders,  lymg  12  miles  NW  of  Ypres. 
Lon.  2  28  E,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Roses,  seaport  of  Spain  in  Catalonia, 
on  the  bay  of  Roses,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 15  miles  NE  of  Gironna.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1693,  and  in  1795. 
Lon.  3  1  E,  lat.  42  16  N. 

Rosetto,  town  of  Egypt  seated  on  the 
W  branch  of  the  Nile;  The  Egyptians 
call  it  Raschid,  and  account  it  one  of 
the  pleasaiUest  places  in  the  country.  It 
has  a  great  manufacture  of  striped  and 
other  coarse  linens ;  but  its  chief  busi- 
ness is  the  carriage  of  goods  hence  to 
Cairo ;  for  all  European  merchandise  is 
brought  hither  from  Alexandria,  by  sea, 
and  carried  hence    by  boats    to  Cairo. 


R  O  S 


11  O  S 


The  E-uropeans  have  their  viceconsuls 
and  tactors  tiere.  It  is  25  miles  NE  of 
Alexandria,  and  100  NVV  of  Cairo.  Loii. 
30  45  E.  lat.  31  SON. 

lion/man,  country  of  Asia,  lying  to  the 
W  of  the  kingdom  of  Burmah,  to  which 
it  is  subject. 

liosicnne,  town  of  Samogitia,  seated 
on  the  Dulji-se,  70  miles  S  of  Mittau, 
and  188  NE  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  45  E, 
lat.  55  30  N. 

Rosiers-aux' Salines,  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe  and  late 
province  of  Lorrain,  famous  tor  its  salt 
works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe,  nine 
milts  SE  of  Ninci,  and  170  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  27  E.  lat.  48  35  N. 

Rosierts  Cafie,  cape  of  Lower  Cana- 
da, at  tirie  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence.   Lon.  6  27  W,  lat.  48  35  N. 

RosliJi,  most  pleasant  village  near 
Edinburgh,  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Esk,  noted  for  its  beautiful  chapel  and 
castle,  the  former  of  which  is  the  most 
entire  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  Scotland. 

Rosoy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  the  isle  of  France,  with  a  mag- 
nificent castle,  15  miles  S  of  Mtaux. 
Lon.  2  59  E.  lat.  48  40  N. 

Rosst  town  in  Hertfordshire.  It  owes 
most  of  its  improvements,  and  charita- 
ble institutions  to  John  Kyrle,  common- 
ly called  the  IVIan  of  Ross,  whose  bene- 
volent character  is  so  interestingly  deli- 
neated by  the  pen  of  Pope.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Wye,  12  miles  SE  of  Hereford, 
and  115  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  25 
W,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Ross-shire,  county  of  Scotland  in  general 
(including  Tain  and  Cromarty,  which  last, 
though  a  small  county  of  itself,  is  also  con- 
sidered as  a  part  of  Ross-shire,)  is  bounded 
on  the  W  by  the  isle  of  Skye  and  the 
western  Sea ;  on  the  NE  by  Sutherland- 
shire;  on  the  E  by  the  Friihs  of  Murray 
and  Cromarty,  and  on  the  S  by  Inverness- 
shire.  The  form  is  very  irregular,  being 
nearly  triangular,  each  side  70  miles  long, 
exclusive  of  part  of  tiie  isle  of  Lewis. 
Population  in  1801,  55,343;  in  1811,  60,553; 
and  1821,  68,828. 

Ross,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork.  It  is  united  to  Cork  as  an 
episcopal  see,  and  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  20  miles  SVV  of  Kinsale.  Lon.  8 
58  W,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Ross  A''e~LV,  considerable  trading  town  of 
Ireland,  m  Wexford,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
row, which  is  navigable  for  large  vessels 
lip  to  the  qua.  It  exports  a  great  quantity 
of  butter  and  beef.  It  is  11  miles  NE  of 
Waterford,  and  17  W  of  Wexford.  \,nr..  6 
.'58  W,  lat.  51  22  N 


Ross,  tov/nship  of  Allegany  county,  I'enn- 
sylvany,  on  Allegany  and  Ohio  rivers,  op- 
posite Pittsburg.  Population  in  1820, 
1979. 

Ross,  county  of  Ohio :  bounded  N  by 
Pickaway  ;  E  by  HocKjng  and  Juck.son  ;  S 
by  Pike ;  and  W  by  Highland  and  Fayette 
counties.  It  is  34  miles  long  from  E  to  W, 
and  22  broad  from  N  to  S,  containing  aliout 
650  square  miles.  The  liind  is  generally 
fertile,  and  suitably  diversified  with  ir.ea- 
dow  and  upland  ;  the  latter  of  which  is  pe- 
culiarly well  adapted  to  the  production  of 
grain.  The  principal  waters  are  Scioto 
riN'er,  Paint,  D^^er,  Ktnnikinnick,  Little 
Walnut,  and  Salt  creeks. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wmte  males  «        -         7,950 

do.     do.  females   -        .        .         7,194 

Total  whites     .         .         -         .  15,144 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               .         .        -  370 

Slaves                ....  0 


Total  population  in  1810  - 


15,514 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  wliite  males         ...       1;),417 

do.  do.    temples  -         -         9,700 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites               .        -        .  20,117 

F;ee  persons  of  colour,  males     -  233 

do.             do.     tiemales    -  269 

Slaves,  males              ...  0 

do.    females          -        -        .  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -       20,619 

Of  these ; 
Fonigners  not  natui'alized  -  42 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,128 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  634 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  31, 

Ross,  hilly  township,  six  miles  square, 
in  the  northern  part  of  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio.  Big  Yellow  creek  meanders  through 
this  township.     Population  in  1820,  738. 

Ross,  township  of  Green  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  814. 

Ross,  township  of  Butler  county,  Oiiio. 
Population  in  1820,  1665. 

Rossano,  strong  and  populous  town  of 
Italy  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore ;  three 
miles  from  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  136  SE 
of  Naples.     16  38  E,  lat.  59  48  N. 

RossviHe,  post  town  of  Butler  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Miami  river,  op- 
posite Hamilton. 

Uossville,  or  Rosstown,  post  village  of 
York  county,  Pennsylvania,  J  2  miles  N'W 
from  York. 

«7? 


R  O  T 


U  O  tJ 


llussville,  town  of  new  Madrid  county, 
Mis.ouri. 

Rossville,  post  village,  Tennessee,  on  the 
Clie.oliee  lands.  It  siancls  on  the  great 
bend  ot  T'.  nnessee,  opposite  Hamilton 
county ;  about  70  miks  NE  frum  Hunts- 
ville. 

Rostock,  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Saxonv,  in  tue  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
Schtterin,  with  a  university,  and  good 
harbour,  on  the  river  Varnow,  three  miles 
from  tlie  Baltic,  12  N  i.f  Gustrom,  and  60 
E  of  Lubec.  Lon  12  15  E,  lat.  54  8  N. 
It  is  a  place  of  mucli  trade,  and  the  only 
port  of  consequence  in  the  duchy. 

Rostof,  large  and  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Russia,  in  the  government  of  Yaroslaf, 
which  communicates  with  the  Volga  by 
the  river  Kotorost,  95  miles  NE  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  40  25  E,  lat.  7  5  N. 

Rostraver,  western  township  of  West- 
moreland county,  Pennsylvania,  betwt.cn 
Yougiiiogaty  and  Monongahela  rivers.  Po- 
pulaiionm  1820, 1679. 

Rotu,  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusi;;,  at  the  entrance  of  the  isay  of  Cadiz, 
seven  miles  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  6  16  W,  lat. 
36  35  N. 

Rota,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands  in  the 
East  Indies. 

Rotas,  town  of  Bahar,  in  Ilindoostan,  65 
miles  SE  of  Benares.    Lon.   83  50  E,  lat. 

24  50  N. 

Rotenberg,  tovvji  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria 
and  capita!  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
12  miles  NE  of  Nuremberg,  and  46  NW  of 
Ratisbon.     Lon.  11  20  E,  'lat.  49  35  N. 

Rotenberg,  small  town  of  Swisseriand,  in 
the  canton  of  Lucern,  four  miles  N  of  Lu- 
cern. 

Rotenburg,  free  imperial  town  of  Germa. 
ny,  in  Franconia,  with  several  handsome 
public  buildings,  seated  on  the  Tauber,  15 
miles  NW  of  Anspach.  Lon.  10  23  E,  lat. 
49  23  N. 

Roteiibiirg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
and  county  of  Hoenljnrg,  reoiarkable  for  its 
mineral  waters,  and  is  seated  on  tlie  Neckar, 
seven  miles  W  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  8  55  E, 
lat,  48  28  N. 

Rotenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
landgravate  of  Hesst-Cossel,  on  the  Fulde, 

25  miles  S  of  Cassei,     Lon.  9  oO  E,  lat.  50 
55  N. 

Rothbury,  town  in  Northumberland, 
nine  miles  SW  of  Aimwick,  30  N  by  W 
of  Newcastle,  and  302  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don. 

Rather,  river  which  has  is  sonrse  in 
Sussex,  divides  tiiat  county  and  Kent,  for 
a  short  space,  and  enters  the  Channel  at 
Rye. 

Rotherham,  town  in  the  W  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  the  iron  works  in  its  neighbour- 
hood, which  are  very  copsiderable,  render 
878 


it  very  famous.      See    Masborough.    It  \i 
seated  on  the  Don,  over  which  is  a  stone    j 
bridge,    31    mi.'es  N  of  Nottingham,  and     < 
160  N   h\    W  of  London.     Lon.    1  24  W, 
lat.  53  24'  N. 

Rothsay,  town  in  the  isle  of  Bute,  of 
which  it  is  the  capital,  70  niiiles  W  of  Edin- 
burg.     Lon.  5  17  W,  lai.  55  50  N. 

Rothiuell,  town  in  Northamptcmshire,  on 
the  bide  of  a  hill,  15  miks  NNE  of  North- 
ampton, and  79  NNW  ofLmdon.  Lon.  1 
7  W,  lat    52  21  N. 

Rotterdam,  city  of  Holland,  with  one  of 
the  finest  harbours  m  the  Netherl.nds.  It  ' 
is  the  most  considerable  place  in  Holland, 
for  size,  bea'ity  of  its  buildings,  and  trade, 
nexi  to  Amsterdam.  It  is  a  large  and  po- 
pulous city,  (if  a  triangular  figure,  hund- 
somelj  built  of  brick,  the  streets  wi«le  and 
well  paved.  Its  port  is  very  comodious  ; 
for  the  canals  which  run  through  most 
parts  of  the  town,  bring  the  ships  some 
of  200  or  300  tons,  up  to  the  merchant's 
door;  a  conveniency  for  loading  and  un- 
loading which  is  not  to  be  found  in  other 
]5laces  ;  a  great  advantage  they  have  liere 
for  commerce,  is,  that  the  Measr  is  open, 
and  the  passage  free  from  ice,  much  sooner 
in  the  spring  th  n  in  the  Y  and  Zuyder-sea, 
which  leads  to  .\msterdam.  It  is  sc.ted 
on  tiie  Merwe,  (tl»e  most  northern  branch 
of  the  Mease,)  13  miles  SE  of  Hague,  and 
30  SS  W  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  28  E,  lat. 
51  56  N. 

Rotterdam,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
in  the  S  Sea,  said  to  have  been  discovered 
bv  Tasman,  in  1643.  Lon.  174  30  W,  lat, 
20  16  S. 

Rotterdam,  post  village,  Oneida  county. 
New  York.     Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Rottingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Franconia,  and  bishopric  of  Wurtzburg, 
situated  on  the  Tauber,  nine  miles  NE 
of  Mergentheim.  Lon.  8  55  E,  lat.  49 
35  N. 

Rot-veil,  city  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in 
allinnce  with  the  Swiss  cantons  since  the 
y.  ar  1513.  A  mile  and  a  half  from  this 
place  is  a  famous  abbey,  where  tiiey  re- 
ceive none  but  noble  women.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Neckar,  near  its  source,  and  also 
near  the  D.iniibe,  27  miles  SSW  of  Tubin- 
gen.    Lon.  8  44  E,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Roiten,  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  in  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  stands  on  the  N  side  of  j 
the  Seine,  and  is  seven  miles  in  circuit ;  1 
and  (its  six  suburbs  included)  is  computed 
to  contain  80,000  iijiabitants.  Tite  streets 
are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  consist  of 
wooden  houses  ;  notwithstanding  winch,  it 
is  one  of  the  most  opulent  and  commercial 
places  in  France.  Among  the  public  buil- 
dings, t!ie  most  distinguislied  are,  tiie  great 
hall  of  the  palace,  in  wL^iicL-  the  Lite  parlia- 
ment of  R-oucn  met,  the  old  castle,  and  tlie 


U  0  u 


R  0  X 


principal  church,  ornamented  with  three 
towers.  Near  this  church,  whicli  is  net 
the  only  r'murkable  one,  is  the  publick 
library.  I;i  the  market-i'luce  is  a  staiue  of 
the  celebrated  Maid  of  Orletns,  who  was 
burnt  here  by  the  English  for  a  witch. 
The  suburb  of  St.  Sever,  situate  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Seine,  commnnicales  with 
the  city  by  a  bridge  of  bo  ;ts,  which  is 
ma^Ie  to  open,  so  as  to  admit  tiie  passage 
of  ships.  Kouen  is  the  birthpl:ice  of  the 
two  Comeillcs,  and  of  F  menelie.  It  is  50 
miles  SW  of  Amiens,  aad  70  N\V  uf  Paris, 
Lon  1  2  K,  iat.  49  26  N.  The  ancient 
cavliedral  of  ti;is  ci'y,  built  by  William  the 
conqueror,  was  recently  (in  1822)  consu- 
med by  fire. 

Rouen  is  one  of  the  most  manufacturing 
towns  on  the  contin:  ni  of  E'.tope,  particu- 
larly in  cotton,  woollen,  linen  good-.  The 
annu.ii  amo'in*  f  its  manufactures  is  at 
least  10,000  000  >;' dollars. 

Roveredo,  ox  linvere,  to>vn  of  Austria,  in 
the  Tirol,  seated  on  the  Adige,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  and  :.n  th.:  side  of  a  stream, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  defended  by  two 
large  towers  a>id  a  strong  castle;  the 
French  took  possession  of  the  town  In  1796, 
afttr  having  defeated  the  Austrians  before 
it,  but  they  were  obliged  to  abandon  it  soon 
afterwards  It  is  eight  miles  S  of  Trent. 
Lon.  11  27  E,  Iat.  46  ON. 

Roverbella,  town  of  It  ily,  in  the  Mantu- 
an,  12  miles  from  Mantua.  Lon.  10  42,  Iat. 
45  18  N. 

Rouergue,  late  province  of  France,  in  the 
government  ot  Guienne  ;  bounded  on  the 
K  by  the  Cevenese  and  Gevaud.in  ;  on  the 
W  by  Querci,  on  the  N  by  tiie  same  and 
Anvurgne ;  and  on  the  S  by  Languedoc. 
It  is  75  miles  long,  and  50  broad  :  it  is  not 
very  fertile,  but  feeds  a  number  of  cattle, 
and  has  mines  of  C'^^pper,  iron,  alum,  vitriol, 
and  sulphur.  It  now  forms  the  department 
of  Aveiron. 

Rouge,  small  but  important  river  of  Mi- 
chigan, rises  about  25  or  30  miles  NVV  from 
Detroit,  flows  first  S,  and  thence  SE,  and 
falls  in;o  Detroit  river,  five  miles  below 
Detroit.  It  has  16  feet  water  four  miks  ; 
and  thence  three  feet  eight  miles. 

Rovigno,  town  of  Italy,  in  Istrie,  with 
two  good  harbours,  and  quarries  of  fine 
stone.  It  is  seated  in  a  territory  which 
produces  excellent  wine,  on  a  peninsula, 
on  the  western  coast,  eight  miles  S  of  Pa- 
renzo,  and  32  of  Capo  d'Istria.  Lon,  14  2 
E.lat.  45  16N. 

Rovigo,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Polesi- 
no'  di  Rovigo,  lately  belonging  to  the 
Venitians,  on  the  Adige,  37' miles  SW  of 
Venice.  Lon.  12  14  E,  Iat.  45  38  N.  See 
Polesino  di  Rovigo. 

Rouse^s  Point,  Lower  Canada,  W  cape, 
at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain  ;  former- 
ly supposed  to  be  in  New  York ;  but  found 


to  be  above  Iat  45°  of  course  in  Lower  Ca" 
nada. 

Rousselart,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  late  province 
of  Frer.ch  Fla.nders,  10  miles  NE  of  Ypres, 
and  20  SE  of  Ostend.  Lon.  3  0  E,  Iat.  50 
58  N. 

Rousillon,  late  province  of  France,  50 
milts  long  and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  W  by 
Cerd.^gne,  on  tlie  N  by  Lower  Languedoc, 
and  on  the  S  by  Catalonia,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Pyrenees.  See  Pyre- 
nees, Eastern.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  and 
remarkable  for  its  Olive  trees. 

Rnwan,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  S  by  .Montgomery  and  Cabarras  ; 
W  by  Ii-edell ;  N  by  Surry  and  Stokes,  and 
E  by  Guilf'rdand  Randolph.  Length  40  ; 
mean  width  36 ;  and  area  1440  square 
miles.  The  main  stream  of  Yadkin  river 
passes  through  it  obliquely  from  NW  to 
SE,  Soil  productive  on  the  streams. 
Chief  town,  Lexington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -         -.        8,981 

do.    do.   females     -        -        -'        8,716 

Total  whites      ....  17,697 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  89 

Slaves 3,757 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -      21,543 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -      10,027 

do.  do.  females  -  -  .  10,462 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        _  q 

Total  whites        ....  20,489 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  80 

do.                do.    females   -  59 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        _  2,748 

do.     females     ....  2,633 


Total  population  in  1820. 


26,009 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -        -      7,273 

do.      in  Manufactures    -        •         555 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -         153 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  18. 

Roiuley,  township  of  Essex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, it  contained  1682  iniiabitants  in 
1810,  and  in  1820,  1825;  situated  four 
miles  NW  of  Ipswich  and  22  N  of  Salem. 

Roxborough,  township  of  Philadelphia 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the  NE 
side  of  Schtiylkill,  eight  miles  NW  o'Phi- 
ladelpliia.  In  1810,  it  contained  12Si  in- 
habitants, and  In  1820,  1682. 

Roxburgh,  village  and  castle  o? Scotland, 
which  gives  name  to  a  county,  situated 
879 


1{  u  v 


ft  U  G 


near  the  Tiviot,  19  miles  SVV  of  Berwick, 
and  32  SE  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  2  47  W, 
lat.  55  46  N. 

Roxburgh,  county  of  Scotland,  formerly 
called  Tiviotdale,  bounded  on  the  E  by 
Northumberland  ;  SE  by  part  of  Cumber- 
land;  SSW  bv  Dumfriesshire;  NW  by 
Selkirkshire,  and  N  by  Berwickshire.  It 
is  fruitful  in  pasture  and  corn,  especially 
oats,  and  abounds  with  sheep,  horses,  and 
black  cattlf.  Population  in  ISOl,  33,682  ; 
in  1811,  37,230  ;  and  in  1821.  40,892. 

Roxbury,  township  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  45  miles  N  from  Windsor.  Popu- 
lation 700. 

Roxbttry,  township  of  Clieshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  o7  miles  SW  from  Con- 
cord.    Population  in  1820,  366. 

Roxbnry,  township  of  Ncrfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  two  miles  SW  from  Boston, 
of  which  it  is  in  reality  a  suburb.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  3699 ;  and  in  1820,  4135. 

Roxbnry,  township  of  Litchfield  county, 
Connecticut,  35  miles  NW  from  New  Ha- 
ven.    Population  in  1820,  1124. 

Roxbnry,  township  and  post  town,  Dela- 
ware county,  New  York,  56  miles  SW  from 
Albany.     Population  in  1820,  2488. 

Roxbury,  township  of  Morris  county. 
New  Jersey,  45  miiC:^  N  from  Trenton. 
Population  in  1820,  1792. 

Roxbury,  or  Leverings,  in  Roxborougli 
township,  Philadelphia  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Roxbury,  township  of  Washington  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  397. 

Roxent,  Cape,  or  Rock  of  Lisbon,  re- 
markable mountain  and  promontory  in 
Portugal,  lying  at  the  N  entrance  of  the 
Tagus,  22  miles  W  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  35 
W,  i.'.t.  38  43  N. 

Royal,  post  town,  Sampson  county.  North 
Carolina. 

Royal,  island  of  lake  Superior. 

Royalioii,  tuwiiship  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  on  White  river,  28  miks  N  fri.m 
W.ndsor.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 
PupuUtion  1758. 

Ruyalton,  township  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  38  miles  NW  from  Worces- 
ter.    Population  in  1820,  1424. 

Royalton,  post  village  and  township, 
Niagara  county,  New  York,  on  the  heads 
of  Eighteen  Mile  creek.  Population  in 
1820,  1849. 

Royalton,  township  on  the  southern  side 
of  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  225.' 

Royalton,  village  of  Fairfield  county, 
Ohio,  10  miles  W  from  Lancaster. 

Royan,  once  a  large  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Charente,  and 
late  province  of  Sain'.onge,  now  almost  in 
ruins,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Garonne, 
30  miles  S  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  0  57  W, 
lat.  45  28  N. 

880 


Royes,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart^ 
ment  of  Somme,  and  late  pravince  of  Pi- 
cardy.  Some  mineral  waters  were  lately 
discovered  here.  It  is  12  miles  NW  of 
Noyon,  and  60  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  51 
E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Royston,  town  in  Herts  and  Cambridge- 
shire, in  a  fertile  vaie,  15  miles  S  by  E  of 
Huntingdon,  and  37  N  of  London.  Lon.  0 
1  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Ruutan,  island  of  Mexico,  in  the  bay 
of  Honduras,  10  miles  from  the  coast,  with 
a  good  harbour,  formerly  resoned  to  for 
the  purpose  of  cutting  log-wood. 

Rubieva,  small  but  strong  town  of  Italy, 
one  of  the  keys  of  the  Modenese,  seated  on 
the  Seccia,  eight  miles  NW  of  Modena. 
Lon.  11  14E,  lat.  44  39  N. 

Rudaxu,  town  of  Prussia,  12  miles  NNW 
of  Konigsberg. 

Rudelstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  landgravate  of  Thuringia, 
and  county  of  Schwarlzburg,  near  the  river 
Sala. 

Rudesheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Mentz,  three  miles  from  Bingen. 
Lon.  7  56  E,  lat,  49  49  N. 

Rudisto      See  Rodosto. 

Rudkiobing,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  ■ 
island  of  Langeland,  with  a  good  harbotir,  J 
and  a  consider^ible  trade  in  corn  and  other  < 
articles.     Lon  10  45  E,  lat.  55  1  N. 

Rudolfiocrd,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
Carniola.  It  belongs  to  Austria,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Gurk,  in  a  country  fertile  in 
^o<^^  wine,  45  miles  SE  of  Laubach.  Lon. 
15  20  E,  lat.  46  8  N, 

Ruffac,  'own  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Rotbach,  seven 
miles  S  o'  Colmar,  and  17  NW  of  Basle. 
Lon.  7  27  E,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Rvjfec,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  and  late  province  of 
Angoumois,  seated  on  the  Anche,  24  miles 
N  of  Angouleme. 

Rngby,  town  of  Warwickshire.  It  has  a 
famous  free-school,  and  is  11  miles  SE  of 
Coventry,  and  85  NNW  of  London.  Lon., 
1  12  W,  lat.  52  24  N.  ^_, 

Rugen,  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast 
of  Pomerania,  opposite  Stralsund,  about  23 
miles  long,  and,  15  broad.  It  is  strong 
both  by  art  and  nature,  and  abounds  in 
corn  and  cattle.  The  chief  town  is  Ber- 
gen. 

Rugenwald,  town  of  Pomerania,  the 
chief  place  of  the  duchy  of  Wenden.  It 
is  subject  to  Prussia,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Wipper,  eight  miles  from  the  Baltic,  and 
35  NE  of  C'olberg.  Lon,  16  27  E,  lat.  54 
35  N. 

Rngley,  town  in  StafFordshire,  on  the  S 
of  tiie  Trent,  10  miles  SE  of  Stafford,  and 
126  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  W,  lat.  52 
57  N. 


it  t  y 


a  b  b 


liumford,  town  in  Esses,  12  miles  ENK  amptoQ  counties,  Pennsylvania.    JPopula- 

Of  London.     Lon.  0  13  E,  lat  51  36  N.  tion  1820.  253 

Rumford,   post    town,  Oxford    county,  Rush,   township  of   Northumberland 

Maine,  20  miles  N  from  Paris.     Population  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  side  of 

in  1820,  871.  Susquehannati  river  in  tlie  bend  oppo- 

Rumford,  academy  and  post  office,  King  site  Danville.    Population  1820,  1192. 

William  county,  Virginia,  35  miles  NE  from  Rus/iford,  post  villaRe  and  township 

Uichmond.  Allegany  county,  New  York.  Population 

Rwnillt/,  towii  of  Savoy,  on  an  elevated  1820,  609 

plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Seram  and  Ruahville,  post  village  Fairfield  coun- 

Nepha,  five  miles  from  Annecy.     Lou.  6  ty,  Ohio,  26  miles  SW  irom  Zanesville. 

10  E,  lat.  45  56  N.                             "^  Russell,  township  of  Hampden  county, 

Rumney,  dr  Rhyney,  river  which  takes  Massachusetts,  15  miles  VV  from  Spring- 
its  rise   in    Brecknockshire,   divides   the  field.   'Population  1820,  491. 


counties  "f  Glamorgan  and  Monmouth,  and 
enters  the  Bristol  Cliannel  to  the  SE  of 
Cardiff. 

Rumsey,  corporate  town  in  Hampshire. 
It  carries  on  a  manufscture  of  shaloons,  and 
several  paper  and  corn  mills.  It  is  eight 
miles  NNW  of  So>ithampton,  and  74  W  by 
S  of  London.     Lon.  1  31   W,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Ruiiffpour,  town  of  Bengal,  in   Hindoos 


Russeil,  post  village,  and  township 
St.  Lawrence  county,  New  York,  25 
miles  SE  from  Ogdensburg.  Population 
1820,  486. 

Russell,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
by  Clinch  mountain,  or  Washington 
county  SE;  Scott  SW ;  Cumberland 
mountain  or  Kentucky  NW  ;  and  Taze- 
well NE.     Length  50  ;  mean  width  40  ; 


tan  Proper,  73  miles  NE  of  Mauldah,  and  ^nd  area  20 '0  square  miles.    It  is  drain 

106  NNE  of  Moorshed.^bad.  edby  Clinch  and  Powell  rivers,  branches 

Runkel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  ^^  -j-,  nnessee  and  by  the  W  branch  of 

of  Westphalia,  on  the  Lalm,  14  miles  Eof  g^ndy  river.    Surface  generally  broken 

Nassau.     Lon.  8  5  E,  lat.  50  23  N.  jjjUy  gn^    mountainous.     Soil  rocky  and 

Runnymead,  cel'^bfated  mead,  near  Eg  barren.     Chieftown  Franklin, 

ham,  in  Surry,  where  king  John  was  com-  population  in  1810. 

peiled  to  sign  Magna  Charts,  and  Charta  de  p^.^^  .yjjjte  ^^i^g 

Foresta,  in  1215.     See  Wraysbury.  ^^      ^^    females     - 

Ruf>el,  river  of  tlie  Netherlands,  formed 

by  the  junction  of  the  Senne  and  Demen.  Total  whites      - 

below  MecitUn.     It  runs  from  E  to  W,  and  ^j-,  ^^^^^^  persons  except  Indians 

falls  into  the  Scheldt  at  Rnpelmonde.  ^j,.,,.  ^^^ed         .... 

Rupelmonde,  town  of  Austriun  Flanders,  gi^ves 

seated  on  the  Scheldt,  opposite  the  mouth 

of  the  Rupel,  eight  miles  SW  of  Antwerp,  .p^^j  population  in  1810    - 

and  22  NE  of  Ghent.     Lon.  4  23  E,  lat.  '^  "^                                           ; 

51  7  N.  .  Population  in  1820. 

Ruperdorf,  town  of  Koningratz,  in  Bohe-   p^.^^  ^,|^5^^  ^^j^g  ,        ,        2^524 

mia,  four  miles  NNW  of  Braunau.  ^^     ,jg_     females  -         -        2,465 


3,030 
2,867 

5,897 

3S 
386 

6,319 


Rupert,  township  uf  Bennington  county,  ^jj  ^^j^^^.  persons  except  Indians 
Termunt,  containing  1!70  mhabitants.  not  taxed  -         - 

Rupert,  Fori,  fort  \\\  North  America,  be- 
longing to  tlie    Hudson's  Bay  Company,  ^^^^^^  whites 


Q 


:d  on  the  south  end  of  Huds.^i's  Bay.    ^  of  colour,  m 


mal$s 
males 


4,989 
8 

13 

228 
298 


seated 
Lon. 

Rush,    western    township    of   Centre  g^^^.^^  ^^^^^ 

county,  Pennsylvania.    Population  1820,  ^^  '  ^^^^\q^ 
173. 

Rush,  township  of  Dauphin   county,  Total  population  in  1820 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  head  of  Clark,  and 

Stony    creeks,    in    the    angle    between  Qf  these ; 

Lebanon  and  Schuylkill  counties.    In  the  Foreigners  not  naturalized 

census  of  1820,  Rush  was  included  with  Engaged  in  Agriculture      - 

Bethel   and  West  Hanover ;  and  their  Do.       in  Manufactures 

joint  population  397.  Do.        in  Commerce 

Ru^h,  one  of  the  western  townships  of  Population  to  the  square  mile,  2f|. 

Susquehannah  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Russellville,  post  town,  and  seat  of 

Wyalusing  creek,  eight  miles  SW  from  justice,  Logan  county,   Kentucky,  near 

Montrose.    Population  1820,  242.  the  dividing  ground  between  the  sources 

Rush,  township  of  Schuylkill  county,  of  Red  river  bramh  of  Cumberland,  and 

Qrt  the  brjrder^  of  Luzerne,  and  North-  Muddy  river  branch  of  Green  nver,  64 

*"     "  n '  So  l- 


5,536 


1,494 
47 

7 


K  L   ^ 


u  b 


miles  nearly  N  from  Nashville,  and  180 
SW  fiom  Frankfort.  It  contains  a  bank, 
an  academy,  a  meeting  hnuse,  two  print- 
ing offices,  the  couHty  buildings,  and 
about.  1H7  houses,  with  900  inhabitants. 

jRuss,  t '\vn  of  Lithuania,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Russ,  the  chief  branch  of 
the  Xiemen,  <0  miles  NW  of  Tilsit. 

liusseis/ieim,  town  of  GermaDy,  in  the 
principality  of  Hesse- Darmstadt  situate 
on  the  Maine,  s!X  miles  E  of  Mentz  and 
13  NvV  of  Darmstadt. 

liussey,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Doubs,  34  miles  E  by  S  of 
Besancon. 

Russia,  vast  empire,  partly  in  Asia, 
and  partly  in  Europe ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  the  Frozen  Ocean,  E  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  S  by  Great  Tartary,  the  Caspian 
Sea,  Persia,  Turkey  in  Asia,  and  the 
Black  St:a,  and  W  by  Turkey  in  Europe, 
Poland,  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  Sweden. 
There  >verethrer-  countries  that  had  the  , 
name  of  Russia  ;  namely,  Red  Russia, 
which  formed  the  S  part  of  Poland; 
White  Russia,  which  comprehended  the 
E  part  of  Lithuania  ;  and  Black  Russia, 
•which  included  the  governments  of  Ka- 
luga, iVIosiCow,  Tula,  Rezan,  Volodimir, 
and  Yaroslaf ;  and  hence  his  imperial 
majesty  takes  the  litle  of  emperor  of  all 
the  Russias.  This  empire,  inclusive  of 
the  acquisitions  from  the  Turks  and  from 
Poland  (see  Poland)  fi">rms  a  square, 
whose  sides  are  20G0  miles  each.  A 
country  of  such  vast  extent  must  lie  in 
different  climates,  and  the  soil  and  pro 
ducts  must  be  as  different.  The  most 
fertile  part  is  near  the  frontiers  of  Po 
land  ;  insomuch  that  the  inhabitants  are 
able  to  supply  their  neighbours  with 
corn.  The  north  part  is  not  only  colder, 
but  very  marshy,  and  overrun  with  for- 
ests, inhabited  chiefly  by  wild  beasts. 
The  country  affords  a  variety  of  commo- 
dities, which  beii;g  of  great  use  to  for- 
eigners, pri.duce  a  considerable  annual 
balance  of  tpade  in  favour  of  Russia. 
The  home  commodities  are  chiefly  sa- 
bles, black  furs,  the  skins  of  black  and 
white  foxes,  ermines,  hysnas,  lynxes, 
bears,  panthers,  wolves,  martins,  white 
hares,  &c  red  and  black  juchte,  or  Rus 
sian  leather,  which  for  colour,  smell,  and 
softness  is  not  equalled  in  the  world  ; 
copper,  inn,  talc,  tallow,  wax,  honey, 
potash,  tar,  linseed  and  train-oil,  castor, 
isinglass,  hemp,  flax,  diread,  sail-c'oth, 
calimanco,  Siberian  musk,  soap,  fea- 
thers, timber,  &c.  To  these  commodi- 
ties may  also  be  added,  almost  all  the 
merchandise  of  China,  India,  Persia, 
Turkey,  and  some  European  countries. 
This  extensive  empire  was  divided  by 
the  empress  Catharine  II.  into  41  go- 
S8'^ 


vernments,  namely,  Petersburgh,  Oio=^ 
netz.  VViburg,  Revel,  Riga,  Pskof,  No- 
vo^orod,  Tvtr,  Smolensko,  Polotsk,  Mo- 
hik'f,  Orel,  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula,  Re- 
zan, Vuiodimir,  Yaros'av,  Voloj^da,  At  ch- 
ange!, Kostroma,  Nishnei-Novogorod, 
Kasan,  Simbrisk,  Penza,  Tambof,  Voro- 
netz..  Kurst,  Novogorod,  Severskoi,Tcher- 
nigof,  Kiot,  Kharkof,  Catharinenslaf, 
Caucasus,  Saratof,  Ufa,  Viatka,  Perm, 
Tobolsk,  Knlyvan,  and  Irkutsk.  Since 
the  reign  of  Catharme  II.  Finland  Geor- 
gia, Shirvan,  Daghcstan,  Imarette  and 
other  counties  have  been  added  to  Rus- 
sia The  number  of  governments  was  re- 
cently 53.  A  considerable  number  of 
the  Russians  profess  the  Mahometan  re- 
ligion, and  a  greater  number  are  still  pa- 
gans. The  inhabitants  of  the  Swedish 
provinces  are  Lutherans.  There  are 
many  convents  for  both  sexes,  but  it 
has  been  wisely  ordained,  that  no  male 
can  enter  into  a  vnonastic  life  before  he 
is  30  years  of  age  ;  and  that  no  female 
can  take  the  veil  till  she  is  50,  and  even 
then  not  without  the  licence  of  the  ho  y 
synod.  The  inhabitants  in  general  art 
robust,  well  shaped,  and  of  pretty  good 
complexions.  In  17'24,  the  first  univer- 
sity was  founded  that  ever  was  in  Rus- 
sia ;  and  there  is  now  an  academy  of 
sciences  at  St.  Petersburgh,  supplied  with 
eminent  professors.  The  rising  genera- 
tion are  modernizing  their  antic  vest- 
ments: the  stiff  embroidered  napkin  is 
supplanted  by  one  of  flowing  silk,  the 
jacket  and  petticoat  are  of  muslin,  or 
other  fine  stuffs  ;  and  the  plaid  is  ex- 
changed for  a  silk  or  sati  i  cloak,  in  the 
co^d  season,  lined  with  fur.  The  richer 
class  of  females  wear  velvet  boots.  The 
dress  of  the  higher  ranks  is  after  the 
French  and  English  fashion.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Dnieper,  Volga,  Don, 
Dun;i,  or  Dwina,  and  Oby.  The  sove- 
reigns of  Russia,  are  absolute.  They 
were  formerly  called  Grand  Dukes, 
which  is  still  the  title  of  the  heir  appa- 
rent. They  afterv/ards  assumed  the  title 
of  czar,  and,  in  the  sequel,  that  of  empe- 
ror. The  natives  pronounce  the  word 
czar^  like  tzar,  or  zaar,  and  this,  by 
corruption,  from  Caesar,  from  some  fan- 
cied relation  to  the  Roman  emperors  on 
account  of  which  they  also  bear  the 
eagle  as  a  symbol  of  their  empire.  The 
htst  who  bore  the  title  of  czar,  was 
Basil,  son  of  John  Basilides,  who  freed 
his  country  from  its  subjection  to  the 
Tartars,  about  the  year  1470.  The  title 
of  Em/ieror  was  fiist  assumed  by  Peter 
I.  who,  by  his  iiluitrious  actions  justly  ac- 
quired the  surname  of  Great.  Pie  died 
in  1725,  and  perhaps  no  country  ever  ex- 
hibited, in  so  short  a  time,  the  wonderr 


R  r  s 


RUT 


uiac  may  be  elFected  by  the  genius  and  ness  of  this  colossal  political  mass,  ascniy 
exertions  of  one  man.  Peter  the  great,  at  in  embrj'o.  It  is  a  singular,  and  per- 
his  accession  to  the  throne,  found  his  sub-  haps  a  sohtarj-  fact,  that  whiht  tiie  real 
jects  of  all  ranks  involved  in  the  grossrst  strength  of  Russia,  was  daily  augment- 
ignorance  and  barbarism  ;  his  numerous  ing,  that  nearly  a  centar}-  has  no\v  pas- 
armies  ferocious  and  undisciplined  ;  and  sed  since  it  was  ruled  by  a  man  of  mili- 
he  had  neither  merchant  ships  nor  men  tary  ambition  and  genius.  A  circum- 
of  war  ;  which,  added  to  the  rf  mnteness  stance  alone  waiting  to  prostrate  the 
of  her  situation,  rendered  the  influence  other  governments  of  Europe  and  Asia 
of  Russia  in  the  po  itics  cf  Europe  of  in  broken,  and  scattered  iragm^-nts.  The 
little  consideration  Peter  civilized  his  government  as  to  intsrnai  police  a^d  ex- 
barbarcus  subjects,  disciplined  his  ar-  ternal  policy  is  a  despotism,  controlled 
mies,  built  cities  and  fortresses,  and  ere-  and  directed  by  the  forc'i  of  public  opin- 
ated  a  navy.  These  national  improve-  ion  and  a  mo*.t  powerful  aristcracy. 
ments  hare  been  continued  since  his  An  account  of  tlie  invasion  ot  this  coun- 
time,  and  Russia  now  holds  a  rank  try,  in  1812,  wU  be  found  under  the 
among  the  nations  of  the  world,  of  which  head  of  France.  Petersburgh  is  the  ca- 
human  foresight,  at  the  commencement  pita!  of  the  whole  empire, 
of  the  eighteenth  centun-,  could  have  EusUhuk,  town  cf  liuropean  Turkey, 
formed  no  conception.  In  1S19,  the  in  Bulgaria,  on  the  right  bank  rf  the 
army  amounted  to  778,000  men,  and  the    Danube,  at  the  mouth  oi  the  Kara  Lom, 


fleet,  to  30  sail  of  the  line  20  frigates  15 
sloops  and  200  galleys,  with  between 
oO.OOO,  and  40,000  disprsab'e  s<  amen. 

The  principal  seaports  f  the  empire, 
are  in  Europe,  Archangel  at  the  mou'.h 
of   the    Northern    Dwina.     Cronstadt, 


40  miles  E  from  Niccpcli. 

Rutherford,  coui  ty  of  North  Carohna  ; 
bounded  bv  S-uth  Carolina  S;  Buncom- 
be W;  Burke  N;  ar.d  LincoliE.  L(-ngth 
40;  width  25;  and  area  lG-0  square 
miles.     Surface  hilly  generally  and    in 


Revel,  and  Riga,  in  the    Baltic,  and  Se-   part  mountainous.    Soil  except  near  tne 


St'  eams  thin  and  sterile.  It  is  drained  by 
Broad  river,  and  its  numerous  branches. 
Chief  town  Rutherfordton. 

Popuia-ion  in  IblO. 
Free  whte  males  ...       6,289 

do.  do.  females         -         -         -       5,895 


vastopol,  and  Odessa  in  the  Black  Sea 
In  Asia,  Astracan  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Volga,  Ochotsk  in  the  sea  of  Ochotsk, 
St  Peter  and  Paul  in  Kamschatka ; 
with  some  forts  and  factories  in  Ame- 
rica. 

The  empire  now  extends  to  the  river 
Tcmea,  on  the  side  of  Swedm;  towards    To»al  whi 

European  Turkey  to  the  Pruth,  and  Da-    A  I  other  persons  except  Indians 
Dube.    Between   the  Black  and  Caspian       not  t^xed        .        -        -        - 

Seas,  to  the  Kur,  and  Bathus  rivers.     In    Slaves 

this  quai  tcr  Russia  now  possesses,  on  the 

Black   Sea    Mmgrelid,    and    Imarretta   Total  popuhtion  in  1810    - 
wrested   from    Turkey,    and    Georgia, 
Shirvan  and  Daghestan  from  Persia.    In 
Asia  the  limits  of  Russia  are  vaguely  de- 
fined. 

The  v^fhole  empire  is  now  subdivided 
into  upwards  cf  50  governments,  extend- 
ing over  -8,000,000  of  square  mil&s,  with 
a  population  exceeding  50,000,000-  All 
religious  opinions  are  tf  leraled,  and  more  Free  persons  of  colour,  maes 
than  half  the  religious  denominations  of  do.  do.        femaies 

the  globe  actually  exist  in  this  empire.  Slaves,  ^al-s 
The  most  numerous,  and  ruling  profes- 
sion is,  however  that  cf  the  Greek  Church 
amounting  to  near  40,000.000.  The  Ca- 
tholics are  estimated  at  5,500,000  ;  Luth- 
erans 2,500,000  ;  Mahometans  3,000,000  ; 
Jews  1,000.000,  &e. 

Like  every  other  daject  of  human  pur- 
suit in  this  gigantic  empire,  literature  is 
making  a  progress  of  which  the  inhabi- 
tatits  of  other  countries  have  but  very 
inadequate  ideas.  In  brief,  if  we  can 
form  any  safe  anticipation  of  the  future 


-     12,184 

.S9 
979 

13,202 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  wtjite  males         .         -         - 

do.  do.     fe.T.ales      -         .         . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        .        .        - 

Total  whites 


do.     females 
Total  population  in  182J 


6,373 
5,615 

0 

11,989 

23 

18 

1,523 

1,798 

15,351 


Ofthe.se; 
Fortlsrners  not  naturalized         -  1 

Enjjaged  in  Aj^rit nl'iire  -  4,744 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  157 

do.        in  Comnteice      •         -  24 

Popul.'tion  to  the  sq-iare  mile,  15  1-3. 

Ruthtrford,    county    of    Tennessee  j 

bounded  by  Bedford  S  ;  Williamson  SW  ; 

from  the  past,  we  maVccnsidcr  the  crcat-   Da-*  Idson  'N\V  ;  Wilson  IsE  ;  and  War- 


R  U  1- 


R  Y  E 


ren  E.    Length  30 ;  width  22  ;  and  area  Slaves 
610  square  miles.    It  is  drained  by  Stones 
river  branch  of  Cumberland. 


Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.      females 


,924 
,603 


7,627' 


Tntal  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        .        -        .  37 

Slaves  -       -  -       2,701 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


10,-265 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  29.486 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ...  14,883 

do.     do.     females     -         -         -  14,972 
A'l  o  her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          ....  8 

Total  whites        ....  29,863 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     *  64 

do.            do.       females  -  56 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females     ....  0 


3Free  white  males       ... 

7,183 

do.     do.   females  .        -        - 

6,982 

.\11  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

0 

Total  whites       .        .        .        - 

14,165 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

147 

do.    do.  females    .        -        - 

5> 

Slaves,  males      .... 

2,556 

do.     females           ... 

2,631 

Total  population  in  1820 


29,983 


19,552 


13 

4,930 

414 

49 


Total  population  in  1820  - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.     in  ManufacHires 

do.     in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  squnremile,  32. 

Jiiithen-fordion,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Rutherford  county,  North  Carolina, 
45  miles  south  from  Morgantown.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Rutland,  small  county  in  England,  en- 
circled  by  the  coviiities  of  Lincoln,  Leices- 
ter, and  Northampton,  seeming  as  if  it 
were  cut  out  of  the  two  former.  It  is  of  a 
roundish  figure,  in  length  15  miles,  and 
in  breadth  10.  Population  in  1801, 16,356 ; 
in  1811,  16,380 ;  and  in  1821,  18,487. 

Rutland,  county  of  Vermont  ;  bounded 
by  Washington  county  in  New  York  SVV; 
lake  Champlaiii  NW  ;  Addison  county  in 
Vermont  N  ;  Windsor  E,  and  Bennington 
S.  Length  40  ;  mean  widih  23  ;  and  area 
920  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Poult- 
ney,  Pawlett,  and  Otter  rivers.  Surface 
very  diversified  from  alluvial  plains  and 
even  marshes,  to  some  of  the  highest  sum- 
mits of  the  Green  mountains.  Soil  pro- 
ductive in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief 
town.Hutland. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.     females 


Total  whites      -        .        .        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 
8§4 


14.814 
14,573 

29,387 


99 


Of  these  ; 
Fureignt-rs  not  naturalized  -  45 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,169 

do.       in  Manufactures     .        -         1,137 

do.      in  Commerce         -        -  76 

Po'  utaiion  to  the  square  mile  32^. 

Rutland,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Rutland  county,  Vermont,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Otter  river,  about  55  miles  above 
its  mouth,  57  N  from  Bennington  and  33 
above  .Vliddlebury. 

Rutlend,  post  town  and  township,  Wop- 
cester  county,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  N 
W  from  Worcester.  Population  in  1810, 
1231,  and  in  1820,  1262. 

Rutland,  post  villa!?e  and  township,  Jef- 
ferson county.  New  York,  on  Black  river, 
immediately  south  from.  Watertown.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  1738 ;  and  in  1820,  1946. 

Rutland,  post  village  and  township, 
Meigs  county,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
724. 

Riitledge,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Granger  county,  Tennessee,  25  miles  XE 
from  Knoxville. 

Rutigliano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  dl 
Bari,  five  miles  SS  of  Bari. 

Rnitunpour,  city  of  Hindoostan  in  Orissa, 
and  the  capital  of  one  of  the  Western 
Mahratta  chiefs.  Lon.  82  36  E,  lat.  22 
16  N. 

Ruvo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
16  miles  west  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  44  E,  lat. 
41  26  N. 

Ruza,  town  of  Russia.  Lon.  36  2  E,  lat. 
55  46 N. 

Ryacotta,  town  of  the  Mysore  country, 
75  miles  south  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76 
45  E,  lat.  30  15  N. 

Ryan,  Loch,  lake  at  the  NW  angle  ©f 
Wigiitonshire.  The  sea  flows  into  it 
through  a  narrow  pass. 

Rydal'-iuater,  lake  in  Westmoreland,  a 
little  to  the  west  of  Ambleside. 

Rijdrog,  town  of  Hindoostan,  128  miles 
N  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  52  E,  lat.  14 
40  N. 

Rt/e,  borough  in  Sitsse^f.  28  miles  SSE  of- 


^ 


SAB 


SAB 


Maidstone,  and  63  SB  of  London.  Lon.  G 
45  E,  lat.  51  0  N. 

Rtje,  township  of  Rockingham  county, 
New  Hampshire,  four  miles  south  from 
Portsmouth.     Populatio;i  in  1820,  1127. 

Rye,  post  village  and  township,  of  West 
Chester  county.  New  York,  on  Long  Island 
sound,  18  miles  NE  from  New  York, 
Population  in  1820,  1342. 

Rye,  SE  township  of  Perry  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  on  the  SW 
side  of  Juniata  river,  between  Big  Bnffaloe 
and  Sherman's  creek.     Population  in  1820, 

iro4. 

Ryegate,  borough  in  Surry,  16  miles  E 
of  Guilford,  and  21  SW  of  London.  Lon. 
0  15  W,  lat.  51  16  N, 


Myegate,  post  village  and  township,  Cale^ 
donia  county,  Vermont,  on  the  right  side 
of  Connecticut  rivpr,  22  miles  E  from 
Moritpelier.     Population  1000. 

Rymenaut,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant,  on  the  river  Dyle,  five  miles  E  of 
Mechlin. 

Rysiuich,  village  in  Holland,  between 
Hague  and  Delft.  A  treaty  was  concluded 
here  in  1697,  between  England,  Germany, 
Holland,  P'rance,  and  Spain. 

Eseezica,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  province 
of  Lithuania,  and  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Wyedszwck  and  Dnieper,  25  miles 
N  of  Kiof.     Lon.  35  5  E,  lat.  50  32  N, 


s 


Saaba,  kingdom  of  Negroland,  with  a 
capital  of  the  same  name,  west  of  Tombuc- 
too,  on  the  river  Senegal 

Saada,  or  Saade,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Ye- 
men, and  the  residence  of  a  sheik,  140  miles 
WNW  of  Sanaa.  Lon.  44  55  E,  lat.  17 
50  N. 

Saalfeld,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  AKenburg.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  and  of  gold  and  silk 
stuffs.  In  1806,  prince  Louis  Ferdinand  of 
Prussia  was  killed  here  in  a  skirmish  with 
the  French.  It  stands  on  the  Saal,  34  miles 
NNE  of  Coburg,  and  46  SW-  of  Altenburg. 
Lon.  11  32  E,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Saalfeld,  town  of  East  Prussia,  seated  on 
the  lake  MeDing,  23  miles  SE  of  Maricn- 
burg. 

Saw,  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Brun,  on  the  confines  of  Bohemia,  42  miles 
NW  of  Brunn. 

Saarmtmd,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle-mark,  six  miles  S  of  Potsdam. 

Saatz,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger, 
48  mdes  WNW  of  Prague. 
'    Safta,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  12  miles 
in  circumference,  inhabited  by  a  few  Dutch 
famihes.     Lon    63  17  W,  lat.  17  39  N. 

Sabanja,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Na- 
tolia.  Here  all  the  roads  from  Asia  to 
Constantinople  meet,  60  miltrs  ENE  of 
liursa,  and  62  ESE  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  29  40  E,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Sabaiz,   or    Sabacz,    town  of  European 
Turkey,   in  Servia,  on  the  Drave,  22  miles 
S  of  Pet.erwardein,  and  28  W  of  Belgrade. 
Sabi.     See  Xavier. 

Sabine,  river  of  North  America,  rises  in 
the  province  of  Texas  in  a  pruirie  country, 
aboutlat.32  40N,  lon.  WC  18  OW.  It  pur- 
sues a  south-east  course  enterlocking  with 
the  sources  of  the  Trinity,  and  Little  river 
of  the  south  a  branch  of  Red  river.  At  N 
lat.  32  f),  and  W  lon.  W  ©  17  2.5,  the  Sa- 


bine becomes  the  boundary  between  Loui- 
siana and  Texas,  and  of  course  between 
the  United  S'.ates  and  the  SjiaMish  domin- 
ions in  North  America.  It  is  ai  this  point 
a  C' insiderable  stream  40  or  50  yards  wide, 
and  at  high  water,  navigable  for  boats  of 
considerable  size.  Though  rising  in  a 
prairie  country,  its  banks  at  lat.  32°,  is 
covered  by  a  very  dense  forest,  composed 
of  pine,  oak,  hickon,,  elm,  sweet  gum, 
black  gum,  ash,  and  muny  other  genera 
and  species  of  irees.  From  this  point  to 
the  prairies  on  the  sea  coast,  the  mixture 
of  timber  continues  nearly  similar — the 
west  OP  right  bank  is  higher  than  the  east 
or  left  in  general — high  blufFs  are  frequent, 
and  in  some  places  rocky  precipices  occur 
on  the  former  bank,  but  no  place  on  the 
latter — the  low  banks  near  the  border  of 
the  stream,  are  mostly  liable  to  inundation 
at  high  water— tlie  soil  near  this  stream  is 
uniformly  thin  and  sterile.  Many  fine 
creeks  of  clear  pure  water  flows  into  Sa- 
bine, below  lat.  32  0 ;  the  most  remarka- 
ble from  the  lett,  are,  D!Jga..'s,  Darby's, 
Toney's,  Lafitt's,  bayou  Scie,  bay  u  Le- 
nau,  Negri  tta,  bayou  Taureau,  and  Liana 
Coucou.  From  the  right,  tt:e  Nadaco, 
Patron,  Barregus,  and  W'aukahatcha,  are 
the  principal.  Below  lat.  32^,  the  Sabine 
continues  south-east  nearly,  at  lat.  31  0 
reaches  its  extreme  eastern  bend — here 
the  river  turn.";  to  S9^V,  and  at  N  lat.  29  55 
expands  into  a  lake  of  the  same  name — 
about  20  miles  above  the  head  of  Sabine 
lake  the  timber  ceases,  though  not  ab- 
ruptly ;  but  10  miles  below  the  head  of 
the  lake  very  little  timber  is  to  be  seen 
— the  bank.-,  on  both  sides  are  low  and  flat 
before  emerging  into  the  prairies — at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  is  a  shell  bank,  on 
which  are  a  few  dwarf  trees — along  the 
lagunes  that  intersect  the  marsh  or  prairie 
a  few  trce.B  arc  .^icattered,  but  the  residue 
8«5 


s  A  B 


SAO 


js  an  open  grassy  expanse— Though  many 
ledges  of  rocks  rise  from  the  stream  on  the 
right  bank,  no  mdications  of  minerals  are 
visible — at  the  point  where  the  road  be- 
tween Nacogdoches  and  Natchitoches 
crosses  the  Sabine,  there  is  a  salt  spring 
on  the  Louisiana  side,  bu^  where  the  salt 
water  issues  the  ground  is  liable  to  be 
overflown  when  the  river  is  highly  swelled 
by  rains.  The  whole  lengih  of  the  Sabine 
is  70  miles  above  and  250  miles  below,  N 
lat.  32  0. 

Sabine  lake  is  tlie  estuary  of  the  Sabine 
and  Natchez  rivers,  it  is  about  30  mdes 
Jong  and  eight  or  ten  miles  wide,  commu- 
nicating with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  nar- 
row channel  of  four  or  five  miles  in  length, 
and  about  400  yards  wide.  I'hs  channel 
commonly  known  as  the  mouth  of  Sabme 
river,  is  at  lat.  29  24  N,  Ion.  W  C  17  04  W. 
This  lake  is  very  shallow,  generally  about 
five  or  six  feet,  but  near  tiie  shores  not 
more  than  two  or  three.  The  adjacent 
country  on  the  lake  and  outlet,  is  one  wide 
waste  of  grass,  much  of  it  marsh,  cut  by 
innumerable  lagunes  and  small  ponds  or 
lakes.  Four  miles  SVV  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Sabine  the  Natchez  enters  the  lake 
from  the  NW — a  bar  crosses  the  mouth  of 
the  Sabine  outlet,  on  which  at  ordinary  tides 
is  about  three  feet  water — the  tide  ascends 
the  Sabine  lake  an<l  river  above  the  prai- 
ries. 

Sabina,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Eccle- 
siastical state  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Um- 
bria,  on  the  E  by  Naples,  on  the  S  by  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Pat- 
rimony of  St.  Peter.  It  is  22  miles  in 
length,  and  almost  as  much  in  breadth, 
watered  by  several  small  rivers,  and 
abounding  in  oil. and  wine.  Magliano  is 
the  capital. 

Sabioncello,  peninsula  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
republic  of  Ragusa.  It  lies  to  the  south  of 
the  gulf  of  Narenta,  and  to  the  N  of  the 
channel  which  separates  the  islands  of  Cur- 
zola  and  Melida. 

Sabioncello,  town  of  Dalmatia,  situated 
on  the  peninsula  of  the  same  name,  45 
miles  NW  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  40  E,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Sabionetta,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the 
house  of  Austria,  and  is  20  miles  E  of 
Cremona,  and  20  SW  of  Mantua.  Lon.  10 
30  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Sable,  seaport  of  Denmark,  situated  on 
the  E  coast  of  N  Jutland,  and  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  23  miles  NNE  of 
Alburg.     Lon.  10  18  E,  iat.  57  20  N. 

Sable,  ancient  and  populous  town  of 
Trance,  in  the  department  of  Savte,  with  a 
castle.  In  its  vicinity  are  wrought  some 
quarries  of  black  marble.     It  is  srated  on 


the  Sarte,  25  miles  NE  of  Angers,  and  135 
SW  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  24  W,  lat  47  50  N. 

Sable,  small  river  of  New  York,  flowing 
into  lake  Champlain  between  Clinton  and 
Essex  counties.  A  few  miles  above  its 
m  nth  are  Adgates  falls  of  80  feet  perpen- 
dicular. 

Sable,  Cape,  most  southerly  point  of 
Novf.  Scotia,  near  which  is  a  fine  cod-fishery. 
Lon.  65  39  W,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Sable,  Isle,  isle  nearly  adjoining  to  Sable 
C.tpe  ;  the  coasts  of  both  are  most  commo- 
diously  situated  for  fisheries. 

Sables  (TAlonne,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Vendee,  with  a  port  capable 
of  containing  vessels  of  150  tons.  It  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  40  miles  west 
of  Fontenay  le  Compte.  Lon.  1  50  W,  lat. 
46  23  S. 

Sablestun,  province  of  Persia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Candahar,  E  by  Hindoostan, 
south  by  Makran,  and  west  by  Segestan. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  little  known 
to  Europeans.     Bost  is  the  capital. 

Sacarafipa,  post  village,  Cumberland 
county.  Maine. 

Sackett's  Harbour,  post  village  of  Houns- 
field,  Jefferson  county,  New  York,  on 
Black  river  bay,  at  the  east  end  of  lake 
On'ario.  The  Imrbour  is  land  locked,  and 
with  a  bold  shore  has  deptli  of  water  for 
the  largest  vessels  of  war,  many  of  which 
were  built  and  stationed  here  during  the 
last  war  between  the  United  States  and 
England  ;  it  is  now  a  naval  and  military 
station.  A  very  fine  suit  of  stone  barracks 
have  been  erected  upon  the  bay  shore, 
about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  east  from  the 
village.  It  is  about  80  miles  NNW  from 
Utica. 

Saco,  river  of  New  Hampshire,  heads  in 
the  White  mountains,  interlocking  with 
the  sources  of  the  Merrimac,  Connecticut, 
and  tlie  Androscoggin  branch  of  the  Ken- 
nebec. This  river  is  onl}'  navigable  by 
eea  vessels  seven  miles,  to  the  head  of  tide 
water  at  Ciddeford.  Its  basin  is  about  CiS 
miles  in  length,  by  a  mean  width  of  25 
miles,  comprising  an  area  of  upwards  of 
1600  square  miles 

Saco,  post  town  and  port  of  entry,  York 
county,  Maine,  on  the  east  side  of  Saco 
river,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Ocean,  15 
miles  SW  from  Portland.  It  is  well  situa- 
ted for  commercial  purposes;  and  from  its 
proximity  to  tlie  falls  of  Saco  for  a  manu- 
facturine:  establishment.  Population  in 
1820,  2532. 

Sttcondago,  river  of  New  York,  rises  in 
Hamilton,  flows  SE  into  the  NE  corner  of 
Montgomery,  rcschcs  the  boundary  be- 
tween Motit;4omery  and  Saratoga,  turns 
abruptly  NE,  and  traversing  Saratoga  coun- 
ty, falls  into  the  Hudson  at  Jessup's  falls, 
after  a  comparative  couise  of  about  50 
mile?. 


S  A  G 


S  A 


Sacondago,  mouiitiins  of  Xe.v  York,  iu 
Uamiltoa  county,  from  wliicii  How  the  S.i- 
coiiilago,  Hudson,  Ulack,  an  1  Grass  rivers. 

^Saddleback,  r  markablii  mountain,  con- 
sisting of  two  Sim  n:ts  in  the  NW  c  )rner 
of  Berkshire  co'in'y,  .Vltssachusett  These 
summits  rise,  th.i-  lo  the  sou'h  3000,  and 
that  to  the  north  2400  feet  above  the  Ocean, 
and  are  the  h  gh-^st  land  of  Massachusetts. 

Sadsbury,  township  of  Ciiirster  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1192  inhabitanty 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1539.  It  is  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  Brandywine,  between 
west  Cahi,  and  east  Fallowfield,  adjoining 
Lancaster  county, 

Saffi,  trading  town  of  Morocco,  with  a 
castle.  The  Poruiguese  were  long  in  pos- 
session of  it,  but  they  forsook  it  in  1641. 
It  is  surrounded  by  several  em-.nences  which 
command  the  town.  Lon.  8  58  W,  lat.  32 
28  N. 

Sagadahoc,  sm  dl  river  of  Maine,  a  branch 
of  Androscoggin. 

Sagadahoc,  name  given  in  the  early 
stages  oi  New  England  colonization,  to  the 
NE  part  of  Maine  from  the  Kennebec 
river. 

Sagon,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  on  the  Bober 
ajid  Queis,  6*2  mdes  NW  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
15  22  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Sagena-iu,  bay  of  Michigan  territory, 
opening  from  lake  Huron  between  Point 
aus  Barques  and  Point  au  Sable.  It  ex- 
tends SSW  about  60  miles,  to  where  it 
receives  Seganaw  river  from  the  interior  of 
the  peninsula.  The  mouth  of  Seganav/ 
river  is  about  120  miles  NNW  from  De- 
troit. 

Sagg-ffurbou);  port  of  entry,  and  a  post 
town  in  Suftblk  comity,  New  York  ;  situa- 
ted at  the  NE  end  of  Long  Island,  58  miles 
E  of  Smithtown,  and  108  E  by  N  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  It  is  a  very  jirosperous 
place,  containing  about  140  dwelling 
houses,  two  rope  walks,  three  large  salt 
works,  and  about  6000  tons  of  shipping. 
The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged 
in  the  whale  fishery,  and  manufactory  of 
spermaceti  candles.  Population  in  1820, 
1296. 

Saligalien-oula,  river  of  East  Chinese 
Tartary,  which  falls  into  the  sea  of  Kamt- 
schatka,  opposite  the  island  of  Sagiialien- 
oula-hata.    See  Amur, 

Saghalien-oula-hata,  island  in  the  sea  of 
Kamtschatka,  in  about  145  degress  E  lon. 
and  from  50  to  54  degrees  N  lat.  belonging 
to  the  Knssians. 

Saghalien-oula-hoiwif  city  of  East  Chi- 
nese Tartary,  in  the  department  of  Tclt- 
cicar,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Saghalien- 
oula.  It  is  rich  and  populous,  ;ind  very 
important  on  account  of  its  situation,  as  it 
secures  the  Mantchew  Tartars  the  posses- 
sion of  extensive  deserts  covered    \y\iU 


wo^jds,  in  wiiicU  a  great  number  of  sables 
are  found.     I-on.  12/  25  E,  lat.  50  0  N. 

Sugrez,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garva,  witi  a  iiarbour  and  Ai\tvt,  four  miles 
west  of  Can-  St.  Vincent,  and  125  south  of 
Lisbon.     Lon.  9  4  W,  lat.  37  4  N. 

Saguenai,  large  branch  of  St.  Laft'rence 
river,  rising  in  the  recesses  of  Labrador, 
and  falling  into  St.  Lawrence  about  120 
mdes  below  Quebec. 

Sagur,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Malwa,  situated  near  the 
Bunnass  river,  87  miles  NW  of  Gurrah,  and 
112  south  of  Agra.  Lon.  78  53  E,  lat.  23 
45  N. 

Sahagun,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Leon,  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the 
river  Sea,  17  miles  from  Piacentia.  Lon.  5 
23  W,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Said,  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seated  on 
the  Nile,  150  miles  south  of  Cairo.  Lon, 
31  20  E,  lat.  27  32  N. 

Saint  Albans,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice,  Franklin  county,  Vermont,  on  lake 
Champlain  23  miles  N  frona  Burlington.  It 
is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Saint  Albans,  post  village,  Licking  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Saint  Anthony's  Falls,  in  Mississippi  ri- 
ver, lat  44°  N  The  entire  descent  is  about 
65  feet,  consisting  of  a  perpendicular  fall 
of  40,  and  a  rapid  above  and  below.  A 
square  of  nine  miles  each  side  was  pur- 
chased fiom  the  Indians  around  this  fall  by 
the  government  of  the  United  States  in 
1805,  and  now  occupied  as  a  military  sta- 
tion by  a  detachment  of  troops. 

Saint  Augustine.     See  Augustine,  Saint. 

Saint  B ar thole me~i.v.     See  Bartholeme^t}. 

St.  Bernard,  parish  of  Louisiana;  bound- 
ed by  lake  Pontcliartrain  N ;  by  the  parish 
of  Orleans  E  ;  Interior  of  La  Fourche,  or 
rather  the  impassable  morasses  towards 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  S  ;  and  parish  of  St. 
Charles  W.  I^ength  35  ;  mean  width  12 ; 
and  area  about  400  square  miles  Surface 
an  almost  undeviating  plain,  traversed  near 
its  northern  extremity  by  the  Mississippi; 
and  falling  very  gradually  from  the  margin 
of  tliat  stream  into  uncultivatible  moiasses. 
As  in  every  other  place  on  the  Mississippi, 
the  arable  borders  near  its  banks  are  exu- 
berantly productive.  Staples  cotton,  rice, 
and  sugar. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  337 

do.    do.    females  -        -  291 


Tot.al  whites            -          .        -  628 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -         -         -      .  1^ 

Slaves       -        .        .        .        .  382 


Total  population  in  1810, 
■88'f 


1,020 


A 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  whits  males 

do.  do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        - 

Total  whites    ■        '        '        ' 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females  -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


348 
319 


0 


667 

24 

21 

1,190 

733 

2,635 


0 

1,740 

0 

0 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturali-zed 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  6i. 

Saint  Bertrand  Great,  one  of  tlie  eleva- 
ted parfs  of  the  Alps  between  Italy  and 
Switzerland.  It  rises  in  one  peak  of  11,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  one 
of  the  great  Alpine  passes. 

Sairit  Carlos  de  Mentersij,  capital  of  New 
California,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Lon.  W  C  45  0  W,  lat.  37  30  N. 

St.  Catharines,  island  of  Brazil.  See 
Catharine  Saint. 

Saint  Charles,  county  of  Missouri ;  bound- 
ed by  the  Mississippi,  and  Cuivre  rivers 
N  and  NE ;  Missouri  river  SE ;  and  Mont- 
gomery  county  W.  It  occupies  the  penin- 
sula between  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
above  their  junction,  being  about  35  miles 
long  with  a  mean  width  of  12 ;  and  area 
about  400  square  miles.  Chief  town,  St. 
Charles. 

Population  in  ISIO. 
Free  white  males  -        -        -   1,719 

do,    do.     females,    -        -        -    1,502 

Total  whites    .        -        -        -  3|221 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxecU-      -        -        -        -  13 

Slaves 271 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        3,505 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,857 

do.  do.  females  _  -  -  1,418 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


.S  A  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  46if 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  96 

do.        in  Commeice       -        -  34 

Population  to  the  square  mile,   10  nearly. 

St  Charles,  post  village  of  Missouri  and 
seat  of  jusi  ice  for  St  Charles  county;  on 
the  left  bank  of  Missouri  river  25  miles 
NW  from  Saint  Louis  It  is  now  the  seat 
ot  government  of  Missouri, 

St.  Charles,  parish  of  Louisiana  ;  bound- 
ed by  Si.  John  Baptist  W  ;  by  lake  Maun- 
pas.  Pass  of  Manchac,  and  lake  Pontchar- 
train  N  ;  parish  of  St.  Bernard  E.  Length 
30 ;  mean  width  10 ;  and  area  300  square 
miles.  For  general  features,  soil,  and 
staples,  see  St.  Bernard. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  while  males        -         -         .  451 

do.     do.  females     .        .        -  369 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.         females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820      - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  nataralizlitl 

mi 


"^,575 

6 

7 

346 

O'JO 

3,970 


3,291 


Total  wliites        ...  820 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        .        .  150 

Slaves 2,321 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females         _        .        . 


400 
327 

0 

727 

63 

85 

1,844 

1,143 

3,862 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ;  — 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        -        2,382 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  0 

do.        in  Commerce  -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Saint  Christophers.  See  Christophers  St. 
or  St.  Kitts. 

St.  Clair  lake.     See  St.  La~a>rence  Basin. 

St.  Clair,  township  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monongahela  and 
Ohio  rivers,  of/posite  Pittsburg,  and  be- 
tween  Cliartier  and  Street's  creeks.  Popu- 
lation 1820,4142. 

St.  Cluir,  township  of  Bedford  county, 
Pennsyh  anift.  on  Dunning's  creek  six  miles 
N  from  Bedford.     Popidation  1820,  1748. 

St.  Clair,  county  of  Illinois;  bounded 
by  Mississippi  river  NW ;  Madison  N ; 
Washington  E;  Randolph  SE ;  and  Mon- 
roe 3W.  Length  30  ;  mean  width  24  ;  and 
area  720  square  miles.  The  body  of  this 
county  lies  SE.from  St.  Louis,  commencing 
immediately  opposite  that  town.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  the  Mississippi  and  Kaskaskias  ^-i  - 
vers.     Cliicf  tn',V'n,  Cakokia, 


S  A  I 


S  A  1 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males        ...  2,712 

do.    do.  females    -        -        •  2, Ho 

Total  whites        ....  4,854' 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        -  113 

Slaves 40 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -  5,007 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       ...  2,861 

do.   do.    females     -        .        -  2,207 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  5 


Total  whites       .... 

5,073 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

40 

do.             do.      females 

42 

Slaves,  males      .... 

58 

do,    females    .... 

40 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        5,253 

Of  these ; 
Foreig!iers  not  naturalized  -  9 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  608 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  64 

do.         in  Commerce       -         .  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Saint  Clair,  village  of  Butler  county. 
Opposite  Hamilton. 

Si.  Clair,  coimty  of  Alabama ;  bounded 
by  Shelby  S  ;  Jeffers  m  SW  ;  El  Mint  NW  ; 
Cherokee  lands  N  ;  and  Coosa  river  E.  It 
is  about  35  miles  square.  Surface  hilly 
and  brok.'!i  ;  drained  by  the  Coosa  and  Ca- 
haba  rivers.     Chief  town,  St.  CLirsv.^ie. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...         1,920 

do.  do.  females  .  -  -  1,687 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 


Total  v/hites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .         -         . 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,166 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  \gricu!ture       -         -  774 

do.         in  Manufactures  .  27 

do.        in  Coinmerce        -         -  17 

Popidation  to  the  sqtiare  mile,  3. 

St.  Ctersw/fe,  village  of  St.  Clair  county, 
Alabama,  on  Canoe  creek  of  Coosa  river, 
about  65  mdt's  SSE  from  Huntsville 

St   Clairsville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice,  Belmont  county,  Ohio,  11  miles  W 
from  Wheeling  in  Virginia.     It   is  a  flou- 
Ti.«hing  village  containing  a  bank,  printing 
5  TJ 


office,  the  county  building'^, three  churches, 
and  upwards  oV  100  houses.  Population 
about  700. 

St.  Croix,  Schoodic,  or  Passamaquoddy, 
river  of  Maine,  and  New  Brunswick.  It 
is  a  str  am  of  more  political  than  com- 
mercial consequence,  forming  a  national 
boundary  in  all  its  length. 

St  Croix,  branch  of  the  Mississippi,  rises 
at  lat.  46  0  N,  interlocking  sources  with 
the  IJuis  Brule,  branch  of  lake  Superior. 
It  flows  SW  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi, 
about  50  miles  below  he  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony. It  is  wide  and  n;ivigab1e,  and  sup- 
posed to  offei'  the  most  eligible  commu- 
nication from  lake  Superior  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, 

Saint  Domingo.  See  Domingo  St. 
Saint  Etienne  de  Furand  town  of  France, 
in  Rhone  and  Loire,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  very  rich  coal  mines.  It  has  the  most 
extensive  manufactory  of  fire  arms  in 
France,  27  miles  SSW  from  Ly<in<. 
St.  Eusiatius.  See  Eustatiun  St. 
St.  Francis,  river  of  Lower  Canada, 
and  Vermont,  rises  in  the  latter,  in  Or- 
leans, and  Essex  counties.  Its  main 
sources  are  the  confluents  of  lake  Mem- 
phremagog,  and  lake  St.  Francis.  Tiie 
latter  in  the  recesses  of  Buckingham 
county.  Lower  Canada.  Below  the  junc- 
tion of  its  two  great  branches,  the  unit- 
ed stream  flows  NNW  into  St.  Law- 
rence river,  at  the  head  of  lake  St.  Pe- 
ter. 

Saint  Francis  river,  branch  of  Mis- 
sissippi. See  Mississi/i/ii  basin,  page 
626. 

SadTi(  Francisville,  pr.sttown  and  seat  of 
justice,  parish  of  New  Feliriana,  Louis- 
i,.na.  It  stands  on  a  bank  'evated70or 
fO  feet,  and  about  one  fou' th  of  a  mile 
r.an  the  influx  of  Bayou  ara  into  the 
Mississippi,  170  miles  abcve  New  Or- 
leans, and  152  beiow  Natchez-  It  is  built 
on  a  single  strt  et  extt  nding  along  the 
road  leadint:  from  the  mouth  of  Bayou 
Sara  into  the  interior  country.  Lon.  W 
C  14  28  W,  lat.  30  42  N. 

Saint  Gall.  See  Gall  St.  page  340. 
Saint  Genevieve,  county  of  Missouri, 
bounded  by  tht  Mississippi  NE ;  cape 
Girarcleau  county  ■»;  Washi  gton  SW  ; 
and  Jefferson  NVV.  L:  ngth  60;  mean 
width  IS  ;  and  area  1050  squ.Are  miles. 
Its  extreme  western  parts  embraces  a 
portion  of  the  mine  tract  The  Missis- 
sissippi  washes  its  NE,  and  its  western 
section  is  drained  by  St.  Francis  river. 
Chief  town  St.  Genevieve. 

Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,740 

do.     do.    females  -       -        1,433 


Total  whites 


3,170 


889 


S  A  I 


S  A  I 


All  other  p)er3ons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ...        - 
Slaves        

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ,        .        .        - 


989 


Total  whites             -        -        - 

3,932 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

24 

do.           do.      females 

23 

Slaves,  males 

535 

do.    females 

448 

Total  population  in  1820 


27 
843 
136 

24 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  4:;. 

St.  GeJievieve,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  St  Genevieve  county,  Missouri, 
stands  on  a  high  plain,  or  second  bank 
of  the  Mississippi;  about  a  mile  from  its 
bank  on  Gabara  creek ;  82  miles  below 
St.  Louis,  and  VY.)  above  the  mouth  of 
Ohio.  It  is  lUe  second  town  in  the  state 
in  point  of  size  and  importance,  contain- 
ing an  academy,  12  or  15  stores,  and 
near  400  dwelling  houses.  Population 
about  2000.  It  has  gained  great  advan- 
tagjes  from  becoming  the  principal  depot 
of  lead,  and  the  mart  of  supply  to  the 
miners. 

Saint  George,  township  of  Lincoln 
county,  Maine.    Population  1820,  1325. 

Saint  Germain.    See  Gerinain,  St. 

Saint  Helena,  island  of.  See  Helena, 
St.  page  403. 

Saint  Helena,  island  on  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina,  13  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  forming  a  part  of  Beaufort  district 
between  St.  Helena,  and  Port  Royal 
Sounds. 

St.  Helena,  parish  of  Lauisiana,  bound- 
ed by  lakes  Pontchartrain,  and  Maure- 
pas,  and  Amite  river  S  ;  Amite  river, 
or  East  Baton  Rouge,  and  New  F.»lici- 
ana  W  ;  state  of  Mississippi  N  ;  and 
Taagipao  river  or  Washington,  and  St. 
Tammany  E.  Length  46 ;  mean  width 
28 ;  and  area  about  1300  square  miles. 
With  very  partial  exceptions,  this  exten- 
sive parish  is  covered  with  pine,  with  a 
sterile  soil.  Beside  the  Amite  and  Tan- 
gipoa,  it  is  drained  by  the  Tickfoha 
river.    Chief  town  St.  Helena. 

Population  in  1820. 
FfQc  white  males       -        -        •        1,175 
890 


Tree  white  females     -        .        - 
459    All  other  persons  except  Indians 
938       not  taxed        .... 

4,620   Total  whites       -        .        -        -  * 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 

do.         .do.  fenjales 

2,071   Slaves,  males  .        -        . 

1,851       do.     females  -        -        - 

0   Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,956 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        -  16 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  14 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2*. 

St. Helena,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, St.  Helena  parish  Louisiana,  on  the 
Tickfoha  river,  about  35  miles  NE  by  E 
from  Baton  Rouge. 

Saint  Ilia,  Great,  river  of  Georgia, 
rises  in  Tatnall,  Telfair,  and  Irwin  coun- 
ties, by  a  number  of  branches  which  en- 
ter Appling.  In  the  latter  they  form 
tv/o  streams.  Great  and  Little  Saint  Ilia, 
which  cross  Appling,  and  unite  in  Wayne, 
turn  S,  eater  Camden  and  winding  to  the 
E,  falls  into  St  Andrew's  Sound,  after  a 
comparative  course  of  140  miles. 

St.Jarnes,  parish  of  Louisiana,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Mississippi,  bounded  by  St. 
John  E ;  Amite  river  N  ;  Ascension  W  ; 
and  Assumption  SW.  Area  300  square 
miles.  For  general  features,  and  staples 
see  St  Bernard. 


4,962 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


1,056 
906 


Total  whites            -        -        -  1,962 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             -       _        -  41 

Slaves      -----  1.952 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


5,955 


Free  white  males        ... 

1,241 

do.    do.     females 

1,281 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        - 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

2,522 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

22 

do.            do.       females 

30 

Slaves,  males    .... 

1,766 

do.    females 

1,320 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 


5,660 


56 
2,544 


S  A  1 


S  A  1 


Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  iS 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  33 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  19  nearly. 

Saint  Jago.  See  article,  second  co- 
lumn, page  445. 

Saint  John^  or  Prince  Edward's  Isl- 
and, island  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
W  from  Cape  Breton.  Chief  town  Char- 
lottetown. 

Saint  Jo/m's,  county  of  New  Bruns- 
wick. 

S(  John's,  the  only  river  of  consider- 
able magnitude  which  enters  the  bay  of 
Fundy.  This  noble  stream  rises  in 
Maine  ;  its  extreme  northern  and  north- 
western sources  reaching  to  within  20 
miles  of  the  St  Lawrence.  Flowing  first 
to  the  north-east,  then  east,  and  finally 
south-east  and  south,  fails  into  the  bay 
of  Fundy,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  350  miles,  forming  the  largest 
stream  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  between 
the  basin  of  the  Susquehannah  and  that 
of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  tide  flows  up 
this  stream  upwards  of  80  milts  ;  its 
mouth  between  St.  John  and  Castleton  is 
narrow,  and  impeded  by  a  ledge  of 
rocks,  on  which  there  is  only  17  feet 
water  at  low  tide  The  St.  John  is  very 
difficult  of  entrance,  from  the  violence 
and  eddying  of  the  tide,  and  the  incum- 
bent mass  of  fresh  water  from  the 
river. 

The  basin  of  St.  John  is  about  250 
miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
100  miles,  comprising  an  area  of  25,000 
square  miles.  la  its  natural  state  the 
St.  John  is  one  of  the  most  navigable  ri- 
vers in  the  Atlantic  system,  being  much 
less  impeded  with  falls  than  any  other 
of  the  streams  entering  that  ocean,  be- 
tween the  Hudson  and  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. The  lands  watered  by  either  the 
main  river  or  branches  are  also  more 
fertile  than  that  contained  in  the  river 
basins  north-east  of  the  Connecticut.  In 
point  of  climate  the  St.  John's  basin 
reaches  the  48th  degree  of  N  lat.  and 
terminates  in  the  Atlantic  coast  at  N 
lat.  45  10,  extending  through  near  three 
degrees  of  latitude. 

St.  Jo/m's,  city  of  New  Brunswick,  at 
the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  elevated  ground  regularly  laid 
out  and  well  built ;  and  contains  five 
churches.  From  the  excessive  tides  at 
the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river,  the  har- 
bour is  open  throughout  the  year. 

SaiJit  John's  lake  of  Louisiana,  in 
Concordia,  once  a  bend  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, Bayou  L'Argent  is  the  outlet  from 
the  river  to  the  lake,  and  leaves  the  for- 
mer opposite  Fairchild's  islands  15  miles 
above  Natchez. 
St  John's,  capital  of  the  island  of  New- 


foundland, on  the  SE  coast  of  the  island. 
Lat.  47  55  N.  Resident  population  about 
12,000. 

St.  John's,  river  of  Florida,  rises  be- 
tween lat.  26°  and  27°  N,  and  first  NE 
about  lOi.*  miles,  approaches  within  six 
miles  ot  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  60 
miles  nearly  S,  from  Cape  Cannaverajl. 
It  thence  turns  NW,  but  curves  gene- 
rally with  tlie  opposite  coast,  and  finally 
falls  into  the  Ailaiitic  Ocean  at  lat.  30 
12,  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  300  miles.  It  is  navigable  nearly  to  its 
source. 

St.  John  Bapiiste,  parish  of  Louisiana, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  river  ; 
above  St.  Charles,  and  between  St.  James. 
Area  about  150  square  miles.  For  ge- 
neral features  and  staples,  see  St.  Ber- 
nard 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  749 

do.    do.     females  -        -  653 

Total  whites  ■  -  -  1,402 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        .        .        .  70 

Slaves 1,518 


Total  population  in  1810 


2,990 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        . 

Total  whites            -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.             do,      females 
Slaves,  males 
do.    females         _        _        _ 

Total  population  in  1820 

838 

694 

0 

1,532 
50 
63 

1,282 
927 

3,854 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do,        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 

0 

1,658 

0 

15 

Population  to  the  square  mile  25|, 

St.  Johnsdurg,  po.st  town,  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont,  31  miles  NE  from 
Montpelier.    Population  1S20,  1350. 

Sai7it  Josejih's,  lake  of  Louisiana,  in 
Concordia,  once  a  bend  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Big 
Black  river. 

St.  Joseph's,  one  of  the  islands  in  the 
straits  of  St.  Mary,  between  lakes  Supe- 
rior, and  Huron. 

St.  Joseph''s,  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  Mississippi,  near  the  mouth  of  Pearl 
river. 

.SY.  Josefih's,  river  of  Michigan,  rising 
«91 


S  A  1 


S  A  1 


on  the  same  plain  with  Maumee,  but 
flowing  NW  into  lake  Michigan. 

St.  "Juan  de  Ulua,  island  and  very 
strong  fortress  off  the  harbour  of  Vera 
Cruz. 

St.  LandrS,  or  Opeloitsas,  post  town  ".f 
Louisiana,  and  seat  of  j-istlce  for  the  parish 
of  the  sume  name,  situated  in  a  praine  be- 
tween two  bodies  of  woods,  about  half  a 
mile  asunder,  on  a  small  stream  which 
form«  part  of  tiie  sources  of  both  Teche 
and  Vermillion  rivers  :  the  Bayou  Fusillier 
entering  Teche,  and  the  nther  Bayou  Bour- 
bee,  forming'  the  head  of  Vermillion.  St. 
Landre  is  distant  three  miles  SW  of  its 
port,  B  iyiu  Carron.  Tlie  country  though 
level  is  very  pleasant  and  health)^  Water 
is  g'enerally  found  only  in  wells,  springs 
are  rare,  but  the  water  is  excellent,  ool 
and  iiglit.  The  streets  are  laid  out  at 
right  angles.  It  contains  a  court  house,  jail, 
a  few  publick  houses  and  stores,  50  or  60 
houses,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  Lat. 
30  32  N,  Ion.  W  C  15  I'J  W. 

St  Lawrence,  river  of  North  America,  in 
the  United  States,  and  Cabotia,  or  British 
America. 

As  a  basin  of  inland  commerce,  it  may 
indeed  be  truly  asserted  tliat  the  St.  Law- 
rence st<n;!s  alone  on  the  globe.  Tiie  su- 
blime  and  peculiar  features  of  that  unequal- 
led assemblage  of  frfsh  water  seas  demand 
more  than  ordinary  attention  from  the 
geographer  and  statistical  inqiirer.  This 
immense  basin  extends  from  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  head  waters  of 
Lake  Superior,  1350  miles,  With  a  mean 
width  of  {..bout  400  miles,  and  containing 
an  area  of  upwards  of  500,000  square 
miles. 

The  tide  ascends  farther  into  that  basin 
than  in  that  of  any  other  of  the  known 
world,  or  upwards  of  400  miles,  by  compa- 
rative courses  fi  om  the  gulf,  to  about  half 
way  between  Quebec  and  Montreal.  Above 
tide  water  to  Ogdensburg,  the  navigation 
of  the  river  is  much  impeded  by  slioals  and 
rapids,  but  is  in  no  place  actually  impassa- 
ble with  %'essels,  either  ascending  or  de- 
scending. Ships  of  the  line,  of  the  first 
class,  are  navigated  as  high  as  Quebec,  and 
vessels  of  400  tons  are  taken  to  Montreal, 
upwards  of  550  miles  from  the  gulf.  St. 
Lawrence  basin  is  subdivided  into  three 
natural  sections,  or  secondary  basms.  First, 
that  of  Lake  Superior  and  its  tributary 
streams  ;  second,  that  of  Lakes  Huron, 
Michigan,  and  Erie  ;  third,  that  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  tiie  residue  of  rivers  to  tide 
water.     Of  these  in  order. 

Lake  Superiour  is  an  immense  reservoir, 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic 
tides  641  feet,  and  extending  over  a  square 
of  300  miles  each  side,  or  90,000  square 
miles.  Of  this  expanse.  Lake  Superior 
892 


itself  occupies  a  triangle  of  350  miles  base, 
with  a  perpendicular  of  160  miles,  or  em- 
bracing an  area  of  near  30,000  square 
miles.  This  giea'esl  fresh  water  lake  of 
the  globe  extend:^  from  the  straights  of  St. 
Mary  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Lou^s  river,  fol- 
Inwing  die  windings  of  the  siiore,  400 
m  les'with  50  to  150  miles  in  width.  S.jffi- 
cient  depth  of  water  is  every  wiiere  found 
for  the  largest  ves  els.  So  much  of  the 
shore  of  this  lake  is  rock  bound,  as  to  ren- 
der its  navigation  in  a  high  degree  danger- 
ous, and  with  the  severity  of  the  climate, 
and  steriliiy  of  its  adjacent  shores  in  most 
places,  will,  in  a  great  degree,  deprive 
mankind  of  tlie  benefits  of  such  a  sheet  of 
water  so  far  inland 

Draining  60,000  square  miles  of  land,  it 
must  be  obvious  ihat  an  immense  body  of 
water  is  poured  into  Lake  Superior ;  which 
besides  innumerable  smaller  stnams,  re- 
ceives, from  the  south,  Bois  Brule,  La  Mau- 
vaise,  Montreal,  Ir.'.n,  and  Huron  rivers ; 
from  the  north,  Redstone ;  from  the  north- 
west. Grand  Portage  river ;  and  from  the 
west,  St  Louis  river. 

The  inland  route  to  the  sources  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  adjacent  regions,  is  by  the 
channel  of- the  latter.  The  following  dis- 
tances and  relative  elevations  from  the 
Fond  du  Lac,  or  mouth  of  St.  Louis  river, 
to  the  sources  of  the  Mis.sissippi,  are  ex- 
tracted from  Schoolcraft's  travels  with  Go- 
vernor Cass. 

From  the  mouth  of  St.  Louis 
river  to  the  South- West  Com- 
pany's House 

To  the  foot  of  the  Grand  Por- 
tage      

To  the  Galley 

To  the  head  of  Grand  Portage 

To  the  fool  of  the  Portage  aux 
Coteaux        .... 


To  the  head  of  the  Portage  aux 
Coteaux  -        .        . 

To  the  Isle  aux  Plaie 

To  the  Isle  aux  Pins 

To  the  head  of  do. 

To  the  foot  of  the  Grand  Ra- 
pids      -         .         -         .         . 

To  the  head  of  the  Grand  Ra- 
pids     .        .        .        .        - 

To  Glukie  Rapids  -  -  - 
To  head  of  do.  .  .  - 
To  Gross  Rocher  -  -  - 
To  mouth  of  Savannah  river  ~ 
To  the  Portage,  from  St.  Louis 
river      -         -         -         . 

Over  the  Savannah  portage 
Down  another  Savannah  river 

discharge  into  Sandy  Lake 
South-West  Company's  House 

on  Sandy  Lake 


24 

2     26 

2  28 
7    2S 

6    41 

1^42^ 

3  45i 
6    5U 

*  52 

2    54 


6 

60 

6 

66 

1 

67 

21 

88 

12 

100 

24 

124 

6 

130 

18 

148 

3 

1.51 

S  A  1 


S  A  £ 


Helative  elevations  in  the  foregoing 
distances : 

Rise  in  feet. 

From  the  moutli  of  St.  I.ouis 
river  to  the  South-West 
Company's  House      -        -  4 

To  the  Galley,  four  miles  far- 
ther .        -        -        . 

To  the  head  of  the  Grand 
Portage     -         .        -         - 

To  the  foot  of  the  Portage 
aux  Coteaux     -         -         - 

To  tlie  head  of  the  Portage 
aux  Coteaux    -        ^        - 

To  the  mouth  of  the  Savan- 
nali  river  ... 

To  the  Savannah  Portage 

To  the  head  or  the  West  Sa- 
vannah     .        .         .        - 

We  thus  find  the  extreme  summit  level, 
between  Lake  Superior  and  Sandy  lake,  to 
be  550.6  feel  above  the  surface  oKthe  for- 
mer, in  a  direct  distance  of  about  70  miles. 


8        12 

220  232 

18  250 

42  392 

212.6  504  6 

18  522.6 

30  652.6 


perior,  550.6  feet  rise  to  the  intermediate 
summit  ievel  between  lake  Snperiour,  and 
the  mouth  ot  Sandy  Lake  river,  and  162 
feet  as  the  rise  of  the  Mississippi  river  from 
Sandy  Lake  river  to  its  sources,  we  have 
1353.6  feet ;  and  this  sum,  less  60  feet,  the 
fall  from  the  summit  level  before  noticed, 
to  the  moutii  of  Sundy  Lake  river,  leaves 
as  before  1293.6  feet  as  the  real  elevation 
of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 

By  the  river  of  the  Grand  Portage,  which 
enters  lake  Superiour  nearly  opposite  to 
the  SW  end  of  Isle  Royal,  a  route  is  open- 
ed with  the  wide  uncultivated  expanse 
upon  the  sources  of  the  Winnepeg,  Assini- 
boin.  Red,  and  other  branches  of  Ssskas- 
hawin.  This  is  the  great  thoroughfare  of 
the  fur  trade 

The  enormous  surplus  mass  of  the  wa- 
ters of  lake  Superior  are  discharged  at  the 
falls  of  St.  Maiy,  North  lat.  46  31,  by  a  fall 
of  22  feet  10  inches,  according  to  the  ad- 
me;;surement  made  by  Col  Gratiot.  The 
river,  or  strait  of  St.  .Mary's  is  about  40 


If  this  estimate  is  correct,  the  country  W        ,      .      ,         ,  ,  ..     ^u 

of  lake  Superior  has  a  rise,  in  70  miles,  of  ^'^es  m  length,   and  connects  the  upper 

withm  90.4  feet  as  much  as  from  tide  water   secondary  basin  ot  St.  Lawrence  with  that 


in  the  Hudson  to  the  head  of  that  lake. 

Depression  from  the  summit  level  to 
Sandy  Lake : 

Kep.  Feet. 
To  first  Rapid      ...  2 

Descent  of  the  rapid     •        -  5     7 

Head  ol  second  Rapid   -         -  4  11 

Descent  of  do.    do.      -        -  8  19 

Thence  to  the  level  of  Sandy 
Lake         -        -        -        . 


of  Lake  Huron,  Miciiigan,  Erie,  and  their 
confluent  waters.  The  latter  basin,  de- 
pressed below  the  former  76  feet,  spreads 
over  a  parallelogram  of  500  by  400  miles  ; 
or  embracing  a  superficies  of  200,000 
square  miles.  Of  this  extent,  lake  Huron 
occupies  20,000  square  miles,  Michigan 
13,500,  and  Erie  15,000,  or  over  an  ag- 
gregate of  48,500  square  miles.  If  to  this 
we  add  1,500  square  miles  for  lakes  St. 
4  6  -o  6  Q]j^,p  ^„j  Nipissing,  other  smaller  lakes, 
This  depression  taken  from  550.6  feet  and  the  rivers,  we  have,  in  round  numbers, 
leaves  527  feet,  as  the  elevation  of  the  sur-  in  the  second  or  middle  basin  of  St.  Law- 
face  of  Sandy  lake  over  thai  of  lake  supe-  rence,  50,000  square  miles  of  water,  or  one 
rior.  Mr.  Schoolcraft  (page  261)  estimates  fourth  part  of  the  entire  surface, 
the  entire  fall  from  the  summit  level  The  middle  is  the  most  valuable  of  the 
through  Sandy  Lake  into  the  Mississippi  at  three  minor  basins  of  St.  Lawrence.  In 
60  feet ;  and  the  elevation  of  the  sources  point  of  climate,  it  reaches  from  North  lat. 
of  that  river,  above  that  of  the  mouth  of  40  20  to  N  lat.  47''.  The  arable  surface  is 
Sandy  Luke  river,  at  162  feet.  unequally  divided,  as  near  two  thirds  of 

From  'hese  elements  we  have  36.4  feet  the  whole  is  on  the  right  or  United  States 
fall  from  Sandy  lake  into  the  Mississippi,  side  of  the  chain  of  lakes.  It  would  be 
yielding  an  elevation  of  that  stream  at  the  needless  to  enumerate  the  great  number  oi 
mouth  of  Sandy  Lake  river,  above  the  sur-  rivers  which  everywhere  flow  from  the 
face  of  lake  Superior,  of  490.6  .'eet.  If  to  adjacent  country  into  the  lakes;  we  will 
the  latter  sum  we  add  162  feet,  we  have  therefore  particularly  notice  only  those 
652.6  feet  as  the  elevation  of  the  sources  of  which  from  their  position  have  already,  or 
Mississippi  river  above  the  surface  ot  lake  may  bicome  noted  channels  of  Inland  Na- 
Superior.     We  have  already  found  that  the    vigation, 

latter  lake  was  elevated  641  feet  above  the  Of  the  latter,  proceedmg  from  W  to  E, 
Atlantic  tides,  which  sum  added  to  652  6  the  fir.st  which  demands  at'.ention  is  Fox 
produces  1293.6,  say  in  round  numbers  river,  flowing  into  Green  Bay,  or  the  north- 
1,300  feet,  as  the  elevation  of  the  sources  western  arm  of  lake  Michigan.  The  entire 
of  the  Mississippi  over  the  Atlantic  tides;  length  of  this  river  is  260  mdes,  50  of 
(see  article  Mississippi,  page  621.)  In  that  which  consist  of  lakes.  It  is  termed  by  two 
place  it  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Schoolcraft's  branches,  the  Vaseux,  and  Portage  rivers, 
deduction  does  not  agree  with  his  elements,  which  unite  15  miles  from  Portage  from 
He  there  deduces  1330  feet  as  the  elevation  the  latter  to  the  Ouisconsin  branch  of  Mis- 
of  the  Mississippi  sources  :— But  by  adding  sissippi.  The  Vaseux  flows  in  trom  the 
together  641  feet  the  elevation  of  lake  Sii-  N  W,  and  from  its  junction  with  the  Portage 
^'  893 


S  A  I 


S  A  1 


v'lver  to  Winnebago  lake  is  190  miles,  fol- 
lowing the  windings  of  the  strearo*  In  this 
distance,  Fox  river  in  most  places  resem- 
bles a  canal  or  strait  more  than  a  river,  its 
current  is  gentle,  and  often  expanded  into 
lakes  of  consideraljle  extent.  The  river 
here  appears  to  wind  across  a  valiey,  which 
is  terminated  by  a  ridge  of  hills  crossing 
between  Clreen  Bay  and  Winnebago  lake. 
The  latter  opens  above  the  ridge  we  have 
noticed,  and  extends  with  a  width  ot  five 
or  six  miles  about  24  in  length.  Tlie  ad- 
jacent country  has  been  described  as  in  a 
pecuHar  degree  fertile  and  agreeable  to 
the  eye. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  Winnebago  lake, 
the  river  charges  its  character :  tiie  sliores 
become  rocky,  and  precipitous,  and  the 
bottom  of  the  stream  mucii  embarrassed 
with  falls,  rapids,  and  shoals.  By  a  very 
circuitous  channel  of  40  miles,  through  this 
mountain  pitss,  the  navigation  of  the  river 
is  obstructed  hy  the  Winnebsgo,  Little 
Kvkalin,  Grand  Kakalin,  and  the  Rock  ra- 
pids. From  the  foot  of  the  latter  to  'he 
head  of  Green  Bay  Is  about  six  miles  of 
smooth  v.ater.  At  low  water,  late  in  the 
summer  and  eavly  in  autumn,  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  mountain  pass  of  Fox  river  is 
extremely  dangerous,  ditiicult,  nnd  fa- 
tiguing, but  during  the  spring  floods  may 
be  ascended  and  descended  with  ease  and 
safety. 

Green  Bay  extends  120  miles  In  length, 
in  u  direction  of  NNE,  nearly  parallel  lo 
lake  Michigan,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  a  wide  strait,  abou.  75  niiles  W  <roai 
the  straits  of  Micr.dim.Akinac,  It  was 
through  this  channel  that  the  first  discove- 
ry was  made  of  the  Mississippi  river  from 
Canada,  and  it  iias  long  continued  and  still 
remains  the  prlnc  pal  route  from  the  Cana- 
dian sea  to  tue  upper  waters  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  distance  by  comparitive  courses, 
from  the  month  of  Green  Bay  to  the  Por- 
tage, from  the  Fox  to  Ouisconsin  rivers,  is 
250  miles,  and  down  the  latter  stream  to 
its  junction  with  the  Mississippi  150  miles: 
but  the  distance  following  the  windings  of 
the  stre.'im  is  probably  one  third  more  than 
by  comparative  courses,  or  from  lake  Mi- 
chigan to  the  Mississippi  about  530  miles. 

The  Ouisconsin,  though  a  rapid  stream, 
is  unimpeded  by  either  falls,  sboais  or  ra- 
pids. The  Portage,  from  the  Fox  to  the 
Ouisconsin  river  is  one  of  those  singular 
situations  which  the  interior  of  Amtrica 
affords,  where  nature  seems  to  liave  made 
preparation  fur  the  operation  of  human  in- 
tercourse. Both  rivers  originate  about  100 
miles  to  the  N  of  the  Portage,  but  at  the 
latter  place  they  approach  to  within  one 
mile  and  a  half.  The  intervening  ground, 
level  prairie,  over  which  at  high  floods 
loaded  canoes  are  navigated  from  one 
stream  to  the  other.  This  circumstance 
R94 


establishes  the  fact,  of  the  facility  of  com- 
pleting the  connexion  by  a  short  canal, 
perhaps  without  locks. 

The  next  point  of  contact  between  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  Canadian  sea  and 
Mississippi  river,  is  near  the  SW  extremity 
of  Lake  Michigan.  Here  the  small  river 
Chicago,  entering  lake  Michigan,  heads 
with  ihe  Theakiki  branch  of  Illinois,  and, 
from  the  nature  of  the  intermediate  coun- 
try, opens  at  high  water  a  natural,  uninter- 
upted  route  between  those  two  great  sec- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

The  two  following  lists  of  land  and  wa- 
ter stages  from  New  York  to  St.  Louis,  by 
the  Ohio  and  Illinois  routes,  will  exhibit 
the  relative  distances  at  a  single  glance  ; 

Route  from  the  city  of  JVevi>  York  to  St. 
Louis,  btf  Hamilton,  Pittsburg,  Cincinna- 
ii,  Louisville,and  the  Ohio  and  Mississip- 
pi  rivers. 

Miles.       Miles. 
Newburgh  ...  60 

Cocheton  -         -         -         60         120 

Hamilton  -         -         -       200         520 

Pittsburg  ...       261         581 

Steuben  ville  -  -  -  59  640 
Cincinnati  -         -         -       263       1003 

Louisville  ...      131       1134 

Mouth  of  Ohio  -        -      393       1527 

St,  Loms  -        -        -       198       1725 

Route  from  the  city  of  JVe~M   York   to  St. 

JLuuis,  by   ^3lbany,  Buffalo,  Detroit,.  Jtli- 

chilimacinac,  lake  J\Ech!gan,  Illinois,  and 

^lississippi  rivers. 

Miles.       Miles, 
Albu'v         ....  143 

Canaiidaigua  ...  213  356 
BuflTalo  -  -  -  -  92  448 
Erie  .        -        -        .        90         538 

Cleaveland  ...        90        628 

Dettjoit  -  -  -  -  110  738 
Fort  Gratoit  ...  67  805 
Michilimacinac  -  -  -  190  995 
Mouth  of  Chicago  river  -  280  1275 
Head  of  Illinois  do.  -  40  1315 
Mouth  of  do.  do.        -       400       1715 

St.  Louis  ...         30       1745 

It  will  be  at  once  seen  by  an  inspection 
of  this  table  that  the  difference  in  distance, 
by  the  two  routes,  is  trifling  ;  and  all  things 
considered,  no  great  diversity  exists  natu- 
rally in  the  facility  pffered,  or  impediments 
opposed  to  mercailtile  transportation  ;  but 
uith  the  Grand  Canal  from  Albany  to  Buf- 
falo, the  advantages  are  obviously  in  fa- 
vour of  the  northern  route. 

Canal  commimicution  between  lake  Mi- 
chigan and  Illinois  river,  must  speedily 
follow  the  advance  of  population  into  that 
section  of  country. 

A  number  of  rivers  of  considerable  mag- 
nitude enter  the  eastern  and  south-eastern 
shore  of  Michigan,  by  the  channels  of 
which  a  considerable  commerce  must  be 


S  A  I 


S  A  I 


carried  on,  as  settlement  and  wealth  in- 
crease. Ot'  these  'the  St.  Joseph  heads, 
with  Maumee  falling-  into  the  head  of  Lake 
Erie,  and  with  Wabash  flowing  iato  Ohio. 
The  intermediate  country  lias  not,  how- 
ever, been  surveyed  with  sufficient  accu- 
racy, to  permit  us  to  determine  how  far  na- 
ture has  prepared  the  way  to  enable  man 
to  complete  the  entire  navigable  commu- 
nication from  any  one  water  to  any  of  the 
otliers. 

The  Maumee  is  a  river  deserving  very 
particular  notice,  in  a  survey  of  the  inland 
navigation  of  the  United  States.  Tiiis  ri- 
ver has  its  sources  on  the  table  land,  be- 
tween Lukes  Michigan  and  Erie  and  the 
Ohio  river,  interlocking  its  branches  with 
those  of  Miami,  Wabash,  Illinois,  and  St. 
Joseph.  On  this  extensive  flat  table  land 
the  streams  are  sluggish,  and  only  gain 
current  by  reaching  a  more  inclined  des- 
cent. Sucli  a  construction  of  country  is, 
in  an  eminent  manner,  calculated  to  facili- 
tate the  formation  of  canal  and  lock  navi- 
gation. 

Maumee  is  formed  by  three  branches ; 
the  St.  Joseph's,  interlocking  with  the 
sources  of  the  river  of  the  same  name  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Miciiigan  ;  the  St.  Mary's, 
the  sources  of  which  rise  with  those  of 
the  Wabash,  and  Miami,  flowing  into  Ohio  ; 
and  the  Atiglaize,  heading  with  the  Miami. 
From  the  earliest  settlement  of  Canada,  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  intervening  coun- 
try, between  the  heads  of  the  foregoing 
rivers,  struck  every  traveller  ;  and  at  the 
present  moment,  when  the  Indian  title  to 
the  soil  is  extinguished,  and  an  active  ci- 
vilized population  must  rapidly  arise  upon 
its  surface,  the  abundant  natural  resources 
for  inland  commerce  will  be  called  into 
active  operation. 

The  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Mary's  branches 
of  the  Maumee  unite  near  the  west  boun- 
dary of  Ohio,  but  within  Indiana.  Turning 
to  nortii-east,  the  united  streams  flow  in 
that  direction,  by  comparative  courses, 
about  100  miles,  and  fall  into  the  esireme 
south-western  angle  of  Lake  Erie.  The 
current  is  in  general  rapid,  though  the  bed 
of  the  river,  except  in  one  place,  is  un- 
incumbered with  shoals  or  falls.  That  ex- 
ception occurs  near  Fort  Meigs,  20  miles 
above  the  mouth,  where  a  ledge  of  rocks 
crosses  the  river,  and  produces  shoals  for 
14  or  15  miles  along  the  stream.  The  en- 
tire depression  of  'he  river  at  this  obstruc- 
tion has  never  been  determined  accurately, 
but  is  not  supposed  to  exceed  100  or  150 
feet  perpendicular.  A  bar  crosses  the 
mouth  of  Maumee  river,  over  which  there 
is  not  above  seven  feet  water.  A  glance 
upon  a  map  of  the  entire  region  between 
Ohio  river  and  Lakes  Michigan  and  Erie, 
can  scarcely  leave  a  doubt  but  that  the 
channels  of  Maumee,  Wabasli,  and  Miami, 


must  become  the  great  lines  of  inland  na- 
vigation  between  the  Canadian  sea  in  that 
quarter,  and  the  valley  of  Ohio.  The  dis" 
tance  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  teead  of  boat 
navigation  in  Maumee  is,  as  has  been  ob- 
served, 100  miles  by  comparative  courses. 
By  a  similar  mode  of  admeasurement,  the 
navigable  channel  of  the  Wabash  is  250 
mile's,  making  the  entire  channel  from  Erie 
to  Ohio  of  260  miles  ;  wliich  by  adding 
one-third  for  the  particular  bends  of  the 
rivers,  will  yield  an  inland  route  of  480, 
say  in  round  numbers  500  miles.  The  en- 
tire portage  between  the  naturally  naviga- 
ble points  of  the  two  nvers  is  not  quite 
five  miles.  The  other  route,  through  the 
Miami,  is  200  miles  shorter  than  the  for- 
mer; but  striking  the  Ohio  360  miles 
higher,  following  the  bends  of  the  latter 
river,  and  also  with  a  much  wider  inter- 
vi:-ning  portage,  the  Miami  channel  offers 
much  fewer  advantages  than  that  by  the 
Wabash. 

The  next  navigable  route  from  Lake 
Erie  to  Ohio  river,  after  the  preceding,  is 
through  the  Sandusky  and  Sciota  rivers. 
The  latter  is  a  very  direct  line  in  inter- 
communication, of  about  300  miles,  follow- 
ing  the  bf  nds  of  the  streams,  100  o'.  which 
are  in  the  Sandusky  and  intervening  por- 
tage of  about  20  miles,  aud  200  in  the 
Sciola.  Tiie  country  between  the  sources 
of  Sciota  and  Sandusky  is  flat,  and  in  spring 
floods  in  great  part  overflown.  The  por- 
tage, as  already  observed,  20  miles^  be- 
tween the  naturally  navigable  waters  of 
those  two  rivers.  The  navigation  of  San- 
dusky, like  that  of  the  Maumee,  is  im- 
peded by  r  pids  and  falls  before  reaching 
Lake  Erie,  but  is  otherwise  suitable  for  the 
conveyance  of  boats  of  considerable  size. 

Hitherto  the  confluence  of  Ohio  river 
are  without  falls  or  dangerous  rapids.  The 
Wabasii,  Miami,  and  Sciota,  are  sluggish 
streams  near  their  sources,  but  become 
more  rapid  in  their  progress  towards  their 
common  recipient.  They  are  all,  at  seasoiis 
of  high  water,  navigable  to  very  near  their 
sources,  and  flow  through  a  highly  fertile 
country. 

From  the  advance  of  population,  and 
from  the  near  approximation  of  th-  Ohio  ri- 
ver to  Lake  Erie,  the  channels  of  Cayahoga 
and  Tuscarawas  branch  of  Muskingum 
have  been  chosen  by  the  legislature  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  as  the  route  of  a  navigable 
canal  to  connect  the  Canadian  sea  to  the  val- 
ley of  Ohio. 

The  Cayahoga  rises  principally  in  Por- 
tage and  Geauga  counties  in  Ohio,  and 
flowing  fifty  miles  soush-west,  reaches  with- 
in ten  miles  from  the  navigable  waters  of 
the  Tuscarawas.  Already  a  fine  beatable 
stream,  the  Cayahoga.  turns  at  an  acute 
angle  near  the  village  of  Northampton, 
and  flows  in  a  direction  of  NN\y  about  40 
895 


S  A  I 


S  A  I 


miles,  falls  into  Lake  Erie  inCayahoga  coun- 
ty, at  the  flourishing  town  of  Cleveland. 

The  Tuscarawas  rises  in  Wayne,  Medina, 
Por'age  and  Stark  counties,  and  forming  a 
large  navigable  creek  in  the  latter,  flows 
SSE  30  miles,  receives  Sandy  creek  from 
the  east,  and  12  miles  still  lower.  Sugar 
creek,  from  the  west  near  New  Philadelphia. 
Beiow  the  latter  place  the  Tuscarawas 
curves  gradually  SE  and  S  W,  and  finally  W, 
flows  50  miles  to  its  junction  with  Whitewo- 
msn's  river  at  the  town  of  Coshocton,  The 
two  rivers  at  their  confluence  are  nearly 
of  equal  size,  and  are  both  lost  in  the  gen- 
eral name  of  the  Muskingum.  Assuming 
a  southern  course  of  ten  miles.  Wills  creek 
enters  from  the  SE,  and  winding  more  to 
the  wes"^,  oU  miles  farther,  receives  Lick- 
ing creek,  a  large  tribuiary  brancii,  at  the 
town  o'  Zanesvilie,  in  Muskingum  county. 
Here  the  riv*:r  is  precipitated  over  its  only 
falls,  or  rather  rapid,  30  or  40  feet  entire 
depression.  Below  the  falls,  Muskingum 
turns  to  the  SE  80  miles,  to  its  junction 
with  Ohio  river  at  Marietta,  in  Washington 
county. 

From  this  sketch,  we  find  ihls  inland 
channel  lying  m  ntariy  a  N  and  S  direction. 
Advancing  from  Cleveland  on  Lake  Erie, 
up  the  Cayahoga  40  miles,  we  reacli  the 
Portage,  from  the  stream  to  the  Tuscara- 
was ;  thev.ce  ten  miles  over  that  portage, 
and  aga.n  down  the  Tuscarawas  and  Mus- 
kingum 212  miles  to  Marietta,  exhibits  an 
entire  line  of  262  miles.  As  this  is  proba- 
biy  the  first  route  of  inland  navigation  to 
connf'ct  the  river  systems  of  Mississippi 
and  St.  Lawrence,  which  will  le  completed 
by  act,  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  particu- 
lar notice  of  the  steps  alreidy  taken  to 
carry  those  improvemen's  into  eff'ect. 

In  1814  the  legislature  of  Ohio  granted 
corporate  powers  to  a  company  for  the 
purpose  of  cuttmg  a  canal  and  constructing 
locks  around  tiie  falls  of  the  Muskingum 
at  Zanesvilie.  Tlie  necessary  expenses  of 
the  -vorks  are  calculated  at  from  70,000  to 
100,000  dollars.  The  undertaking  is  in  ra- 
pid progress,  and  will  no  doubt  be  soon 
completed.  The  adjacent  country  abounds 
with  exhaustlet.s  beds  of  mineral  coal,  and 
the  water  power  aflbrdcd  by  the  falls  ren- 
ders the  vicinity  of  Zanesvilie  one  of  the 
most  favourable  manufacturing  sites  in  the 
valley  of  Ohio  Independent  of  the  com- 
munication between  the  Tuscanwas  and 
the  Canadi:m  sea,  the  canal  and  locks  past 
the  falls  of  Muskingum  will  open  to  the 
Ohio  trade  an  expanse  of  country  having 
an  area  of  about  8,000  square  miles. 

It  wou'id  be  needless  to  notice  the  sug- 
gested route  of  water  communication  be- 
tween lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  valley, 
through  Big  Beaver  river,  or  the  branches 
of  the  Allegany  river,  as  the  elevation  of 
the  intermediate  ground  precludes  anv  ra- 
896 


tional  hope  of  efiecting  canals  to  a  profita- 
ble issue  in  that  quarter.  We,  therefore, 
close  our  observations,  in  this  place,  upon 
the  Unlied  States'  side  of  the  middle  basin 
of  St  Lawrence,  and  refer  tne  reader  to 
our  review  of  the  New  York  canals. 

If  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  Canada 
side  of  St.  Lawrence  middle  basin,  we  per- 
ceive a  long  triangular  peninsula,  bounded 
SE  by  lake  Erie,  Niigara  strait,  and  lake 
Ontario,  on  the  NVV  by  the  Detroit  river, 
lake  S*.  Clair,  St  Clair  river,  and  lake  Hu- 
ron, and  on  tt.e  NE  by  Black  river  of  lake 
Huron,  lake  Simcoe,  a  chain  of  small  lakes 
leaciing  into  tlie  head  of  the  river  Trent, 
down  that  river  into  the  bay  of  Qiiinte.  and 
by  that  bay  to  its  mouth,  into  the  NE  part 
of  lake  Ontario.  This  peninsula,  of  280 
miles  in  length,  by  a  mean  widdi  of  about 
80,  or  embraciiig  an  area  of  22,400  square 
miles,  is  partly  in  the  lower,  but  mostly  in 
the  midd'e  St.  Lawrence  basin. 

Through  the  chain  of  lakes  and  rivers 
extendmg  lake  Ontario  to  Gl  -usester  bay 
of  lake  Huro",  an  inland  route  already 
exists,  with  only  one  short  portage,  which 
abridges  the  distance  from  the  head  of  St, 
Lawrence  r  ver  at  Kingston,  to  lake  Hu- 
ron, one  half;  it  being  only  300  miles  from 
the  latter  to  lake  Ontario,  by  the  Q;iinte 
and  lake  Simcoe  rou'e,  and  between  600 
and  700  by  lake  Ontario,  Ni4gara  river,  lake 
Erie,  Detroit,  and  lake  and  rivt- r  St.  Clair. 

The  peninsula  is  the  best  peopled  part 
of  Upper  Canada,  and  in  the  advance  of 
population  and  wealth,  the  impt  ovement  of 
the  Quinte,  and  G  uce^ter  bay  channel, 
of  inland  commerce,  must  follow  in  the 
very  nature  of  human  affair';.  This  chan- 
nel has  some  other  pre-eminent  advantages 
over  that  by  the  great  valley  of  the  Cana- 
dian sea.  The  foimer  avoids  the  falls  of 
Niagara,  and  the  dangerous  navigation  of 
lakt  s  Ontrio,  Erie,  and  St.  Ciair. 

We  have  now  reached  the  lower  or 
inferior  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  This 
immense  country  extends  from  NW  to 
SE  700  miles,  with  a  mean  width  of  300, 
or  over  a  superficies  of  210,000  square 
miles.  Of  this  vast  expanse,  the  United 
States  possess  only  a  strip  350  miles  in 
length,  by  70  miles  mean  width,  or  an 
area  of  24,500  square  miles,  leaving 
185,500  square  miles  in  Upper  and  Low- 
er Canada. 

In  the  Niagara  strait,  from  the  sur- 
face of  lakf  Erie  to  that  of  lake  Onta- 
rio, in  a  distance  of  about  28  miles,  a  de- 
pression takes  place  of  334  feet.  Of  this 
depression,  the  stages  are  : — From  lake 
Erie  to  the  head  of  the  rapids  15  feet ; 
in  the  rapids,  51  feet ;  in  the  falls  of  Ni- 
agara, 162  feet ;  from  the  falls  to  Lew- 
istown,  104  feet ;  and  from  the  latter 
place  to  the  sttrface  of  lake  Ontario,  two 
feet. 


S  A 


A  i 


'Lake  Erie  is  within  a  trifling  fraction 
of  565  feet  above  the  Atlantiq  tides  ;  of 
course.  565  less  334,  or  231  feet,  jb  the 
elevation  of  lake  Ontario  above  the  same 
tides. 

To  give  the  reader  a  critical  know- 
ledge of  that  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
which  passes  aiong  the  United  States, 
the  subjoined  sketch  is  given,  drawn  from 
accurate  materials. 

rhe  first  obstruction  originates  on  oar 
side,  three  miles  and  1,320  yards  above 
St.  Regis.  Here,  for  a  distance  of  440 
yards,  the  velocity  of  the  current  is  five 
miles  per  hour ;  but  the  water  being 
deep,  and  near  a  lime-stone  shore,  its 
navigation  can  be  sufficiently  aided  by  the 
erection  of  a  towing  patii,  at  an  expense 
of  about  300  dollars. 

The  next  rapid  of  any  consequence, 
is  the  strait  separating  Massena  point 
from  the  head  of  Cornwall  island.  ')lie 
Current  runs  through  this  strait,  for 
"  more  than  800  yards,  at  the  rate  of  eight 
knots  per  hour;  but  the  bank  is  so  form- 
ed at  this  place,  that  the  navigation  may 
be  rendered  entirely  convenient  by  a  tnw- 
ing  path,  at  an  expense  of  about  700 
dollars. 

About  one  mile  and  a  half  above  Mas- 
sena point,  commences  a  series  of  ra- 
pids, generally  denominated  "•The  Long 
Sault  Rapids. ^^  For  this  distance  navi 
gators  avail  themselves  of  several  bays 
formed  by  the  incurvity  of  the  shore,  and 
a  current  to  propel  boats  of  the  largest 
class,  by  setting  poles  and  oars  On  ar- 
riving at  point  Ellicott,  nine  miles  and 
three  fourths  from  St.Re^is,  a  very  strong 
current  is  met,  running,  for  the  distance 
of  a  mile  above,  at  the  average  velocity 
of  11  knots  per  hour.  After  douiiling 
this  point,  boatmen  find  relief  fro.m  a 
small  basin  of  still  watv:r,  extending  up- 
wards a  few  rods  The  difficulties  of 
the  navigation  of  these  rapids  may  be 
overcome  by  a  well  constructed  towing 
road,  the  expense  of  which  would  not 
exceed  1000  dollars. 

A  reilax.  or  eddy,  renders  navigation 
very  easy  from  the  termination  of  the 
last  proposed  path,  to  Sturgeon  Point, 
nearly  opposite  to  Long  Sault  island,  and 
14  iniles  from  St.  Regis.  Here  boats  en- 
counter a  violv-nt  rapid,  called  by  the 
Canadians  Xa  petite  ChMe,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  ha  grand  Chatc,  upon  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river.  From  the  foot 
of  the  former  rapids,  for  890  yards,  and 
upwards,  the  current  rushes  at  the  rate 
of  16^-  miles  per  hour.  This  is  consider- 
ed as  the  most  difficult  passage  for  all 
boats  or  vessels  ascending  between  St. 
Regis  and  lake  Ontario ;  and  to  render 
iv  practicable,  Twithout  the  aid  of  locks,) 
■     5X 


it  will  be  necessary  to  have  a  towing  path 
of  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  of  sufficient 
strength  to  resist  the  shocks  of  the  de- 
scending ice,  and  wide  enough  to  allow 
two  or  more  horses  to  be  employed  at 
the  sanTiC  time  in  dragging  boats  against 
the  stream.  As  a  great  portion  of  the 
materials  necessary  for  this  work  must 
be  brought  from  a  great  distance,  the 
expense  will  be  enhanced.  I  should  sup- 
pose the  completion  of  this  v/ork  would 
require  an  expenditure  of  about  5,500 
dollars  But  to  render  the  navigation  of 
ha  petite  Chtue  permanently  good,  I 
should  recommend  a  well  connected  line 
of  locks. 

After  passing  Polly's  bay,  another  ra- 
pid of  considerable  velocity  occurs  at 
Store's  p  int.  A  towing  path  will  be  re- 
quired here  l,t''20  yards  in  length,  and 
will  probably  cost  750  dollars. 

At  PepP'  r  mill  point,  17  miles,  587 
yards  from  St.  Regis,  is  a  short,  but 
very  strong  rapid  ;  this  may  be  render- 
ed navigable  by  a  towing  path  at  the  ex- 
pinse  of  about  400  dollars.  A  short 
dj:>tance  below  the  last  point,  is  a  rapid 
of  considerable  extent,  that  will  require 
a  towing  path,  which  may  cist  220  dol- 
lars. At  Wilson's  point,  opposite  to  the 
lower  and  of  Baxter's  Island,  and  18| 
miles  from  St  Regis,  runs  another  rapid, 
tiiough  of  no  great  extent.  The  passage 
of  vessels  here  will  require  a  towing 
path  of  250  yards  in  length  ;  to  construct 
this,  and  to  remove  a  quantity  of  rocks 
lying  along  the  point,  will  occasion  an 
ex  p.  use  of  about  ."50  dollars.  At  Point 
H -ml!  ck,  19|  miles  from  St.  Regis,  is  a 
ripid  that  makes  a  towing  path  of  about 
100  yards  in  length  necessary  ;  this  may 
cost  200  dollars.  There  is  an  obstruction 
in  the  navigation  from  Point  Hemlock 
to  Bluff  point,  other  than  a  steady  as- 
cent, wliose  average  velocity  is  about 
tvvo  miles  per  hour.  At  the  last  men- 
tioned Point  we  fine  rapids  of  considera- 
ble swiftness ;  but  these  are  of  inconside- 
rable length,  and  materials  to  form  a 
path  are  at  hand  and  plenty ;  its  ex- 
pense is  estimated  not  to  exceed  450 
dollars.  At  several  places  between 
BluflF  Point  and  Dry  Island,  (a  distance 
of  about  eight  miles.)  the  strength  of  the 
stream  obliges  the  boatmen  to  have  re- 
course to  their  setting  poles ;  but  in  no 
place  is  it  so  swift  as  to  make  a  pathway 
indispensably  necessary.  Dry  Island  it- 
self, however,  requires  some  notice:  it 
is  so  called,  because  separated  from  the 
New  York  main  by  a  small  stream, 
which  in  the  summer  season  is  nearly 
dry  It  appears,  indeed,  that  this  pas- 
sage between  the  inland  and  main  was 
made  several  vears  ago.    The  bottom  nt 


6  A  1 

this  channel   is  composed  of  clay  aiid 
round  stones,  mixed  with  gravel     A  ca- 
nal, sufficient  fnr  all  the  purposes  <il  ">'- 
vigation,  may  here  be  completed  at  an 
expense  oi  luOO  dollars.    Tlse  nexi  rapid 
that   requires  cotisidevation    is  Rapidc 
plat,  running  between  an  island  ot  that 
name  and  tiie  little  village  of  Hamilton, 
(now  called   Waddingtoi,-.)     Ti.ese  tails 
are  57  miles  above  St.    Regis.     Jiidi^e 
Ogden,  who  r.  sides  upos  the  island,  has 
erected  a  dam  and  feri.'ge  across  them. 
It  is  said,  previous  to  the  erection  of 
this  dam,  that  this  current  was  very  im- 
petuous for  several   miles,  and  that  an 
abrupt  fall  of  nearly  10  feet  rendeivd  the 
navigation  utterly  impracticable.      The 
■water    having    become    comparatively 
smooth    by  means  of  \h.^   dam.    Judge 
Ogden  and  others  supposed  that  boats 
w<iuld  be  transjjorted  over  his  dam  by 
means  of  a  lock,  and  on  petitioning  the 
legislature  of  the  state  of  New  Yi-rk, 
obtained  an  act,   dated  1st  April,  1810 
authorizing  them   to  construct  such   a 
Canal  and  Locks  as  they  should  think 
proper  to  aid.   the   navigation    to   this 
place.    The  grantees  were  authorized 
to  receive  a   toll  of  50  cents ;   and  for 
every  vessel  under  the  burthen  of  two 
tons,  and  for  every  vessel  exceeding  six 
tons,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents.    By  this 
act  the  Canal  and  h.  cks  were  to  be  erec- 
ted in  three  years  from  the  first  of  July 
1809,  and  were  to  be  sufficiently  large  to 
afford  free  passage  of  boats  of  50  feet  in 
length,  10  feet  in  width,  and  drawing 
two  feet  and  a  half  water.    Intending  to 
accomplish  the  object  of  this  law,  Judge 
Ogden    has  built  a  Lock  100  feet  iii 
length  and  lOi  feet  lift.    The  walls  are 
of  stone,  laid  in  the  best  cement,  are  six 
feet  thick  and  13  feet  in  height.     The 
capacity  of  the  lock  is  such  as  to  admit 
a  vessel  of  75  feet  hull,   13  feet  beam, 
and  drawing  three  and  a  half  feet  water. 
The  plan  is,  in  my  opinion,  judicious, 
and  the  work,  as  far  as  it  has  been  ac- 
complished,   is   well    evacuated-     The 
Lock  above  has  cost  about  12.0  JO  dollars, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  a  dam  built  of 
store,   will  require   12,0j0  more,  or,  if 
built  of  stone  and  timber,  7000  dollars. 
The  completion  of  these  will  constitute 
a  lasting  and  easy  passage  for  boats.  1  he 
next  rapid  we  meet  is  at  Point  Iroquois. 
The  removal  of  a  quantity  of  loose  stones 
lying  in  the  river  at  tiie  extremity  of  this 
Point,  and  the  construction  of  an  ordina- 
ry towing  patU,  of  abuut  100  yards  in 
length,  would  sufficiently  facilitate  navi- 
gation here.      Five  huridred   and  fifty 
dollars,  judicir  usiy  expended,  will  com- 
plete this  improvtmeiit. 

\bcut  two  iniles  abjove  Point  Ifoquois, 
898 


and  at  the  head  of  Tousant's  Island,  is 
a  rapid  of  about  400  yards  in  length,  but 
of  no  great  velocity.  A  pathway,  that  can 
be  made  for  200  dollars,  will  answer 
here. 

Four  mili-s  ab  ve  the  last  mentioned 
place  commences  the  Rapid  ctu  Gat- 
loupe  This  is  generally  known  by  the 
nume  of  tht  Red  mills,  and  is  of  great 
force  for  250  yards.  Although  naviga- 
tion may  be  rendered  practcaible  here  by 
means  of  a  wide  and  strongly  construct- 
ed towing  path  and  railing,  yet  I  could 
recommend  the  substitution  of  a  Lock 
and  Canal.  A  Lock  of  five  and  a  half 
feet  lift  and  a  Canal  100  feet  in  length 
would  be  sufficient.  But  little  excava- 
tion will  here  be  necessary,  and  as  stone 
and  materials  abound  on  or  near  the  spot, 
it  is  believed  that  the  expense  of  such 
a  canal,  with  wails  oi  stone  laid  in  mor- 
tar, and  the  construction  of  a  good  Lock, 
would  not  exceed  10,000  dollars.  A 
towing  path  alone  such  as  I  have  de- 
scribed, will  cost  abuut  1500  dollars. 

At  Tibbit's  Point,  n  ar  the  Red  mills, 
the  current  is  such  as  to  make  a  short 
pathway  necessary.  The  expense  of 
which  may  be  estimated  at  200  dol- 
lars. 

There  are  no  obstructions  to  a  free 
and  easy  navigation  from  Tibbet's  Point 
to  Lake  Ontario. 

A  recapitulation  of  the  expenses  of 
impr(iving  the  navigation  of  St.  Regis  to 
Lake  Ontario,  by  means  of  towing  paths, 
including  the  Lock,  Canal,  and  bridge  at 
the  Rapide  Plat. 

Towing   path  at  Restoration 

Point  -  -  -  .  S  300  00 
'lowip.g  path  at  Massena  Point  700  00 
Point  Ellicot     -        .        -  1,000  00 

Surgeon  Point  -        -        -  5,500  00 

Stone's  Point     -        -        -  759  00 

Pepper  mill  do.  -  -  -  400  00 
Small  Point  below  -  -  .200  00 
Wilson's  Point  -        -        -      350  00 

Point  Hcmlcck  -  -  -  200  00 
Bluff's  Point  -        -        -      450  00 

Dry  Island        -        -        -  1,000  00 

Lock  Dam,   and    Canal,    at 

Rapide  Plat  -  -  •  2,400  00 
Towing  path  at  Iroquois  -  550  00 
Tousant  Island  -        -        -      220  00 

Rapide  an  Galloupe  -        -  1,500  00 

Tibbet's  Point  -        -        -     200  00 

Add  for   clearing  away  trees 
that  have  fallen  in  the  river, 
and  removing  other  obstruc- 
tions not  noticed    -        -        - 
For  superintendarxe 
3  per  cent,  for  contingencies 


5,000  00 

.  3,000  00 

2^245  00 

t7,l45  Oi) 


S  A  I 


:<   A    T 


iirought  forward 


Should  Locks  be  made  at  the 
Lion%  Sauk,  and  at  tlie  Ra- 
picle  au  Gulloujie,  the  sum  of 
33,00udollar&  must  be  added, 
being  the  difFerence  of  cost 
between  Lockage  and  towing 
paths         -       -        .       .    [ 


84:7,146  UO 


>o,000  00 


Sum  Total,     §80,0^0  00 

In  the  foregoing  I  have  endeavoured 
to  point  out,  with  as  much  precision  as 
my  information  would  allow,  the  piaces 
where  improvements  are  necessary,  to- 
gether with  the  expense  at  which  they 
may  be  respectively  effected  ;  and  al- 
though the  estimates  have  been  made 
with  great  care,  it  is  probable  that  in 
sonie  cases  they  are  computed  too  high, 
in  otliers  too  low  ;  I  feel  pretty  confi- 
dent, however,  that  the  above  sum  is  siif- 
iicient  to  accomplish  the  object  in  view. 

My  remarks  have  hitherto  been  con- 
fined to  the  shores  of  the  St  Lawrence  ; 
but,  I  deem  it  a  duty  to  present  another 
project  for  improving  the  navigation 
along  the  frmtier ;  from  the  adoption 
of  which  most  important  benefits  are 
anticipated. 

From  the  mouth  of  Grass  river  to  a 
place  called  FauchJs  Mills,  is  about 
seven  miles  :  for  this  distance,  with  the 
exception  of  a  short  and  inconsiderable 
rapid  four  miles  from  its  mouth,  the 
river  affords  an  excellent  communica- 
tion for  vessels  of  ;i0  tons,  those  bting 
the  largest  generally  employed  between 
Ogdensburgii  and  Montreal. 

My  design  is  to  connect  the  St.  Law- 
rence with  Grass  river,  by  opening  a 
Canal  from  the  Bay  above  Wilson's 
Point  to  the  foot  of  the  rapid  at  Fau- 
ches  Mills. 

As  thert.'  are  no  villages  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  be  accommodated,  or  in  any 
way  aff  cted,  by  the  Canal  from  Wil- 
sons's  Point  to  the  mouth  of  Grass  river, 
the  shortest  practicable  route  ouj^ht  to 
be  pursu  d.  It  is  true,  that  art,  combi- 
ned with  great  labour  and  expense,  may 
do  much,  towards  improving  the  naviga- 
tion of  these  rapids.  I  scarcely  believe 
it  possible  that  all  the  difficulties  oppo- 
sing tlicmse'ves  to  any  easy  passage  can 
be  entirely  subdued  ;  besides,  any  works 
erected  upon  them  must  be  equally  af- 
fected and  endangered  by  the  attrition 
of  immense  bodies  of  ice  and  water  rush- 
ing against  them. 

The  Canal  can  be  supplied  with  water 
in  abundance  at  the  summit  just  above 
inison's  Point,  and  the  arrangement 
and  quality  of  the  strata  upon  the  above 
route  are  favourable  for  a  Canal.  There 
are  no  ranges  of  very  high  or  very  low 


lands ;  and  there  are  no  valeys,  springs, 
brooks,  or  rivulets,  (with  one  exception) 
worthy  of  notice  that  cross  it.  For  a 
consider.ble  portion  of  the  distance  the 
soil  is  composed  of  loam  and  clay,  through 
which  water  cannot  percolate :  the  soils 
of  the  residue,  however  are  porous, 
consisting  of  sand  and  gravel,  but  as  the 
country  here  abounds  wit'.i  the  best  pud- 
dling stuff,  (loam  and  coarse  sand  mixed) 
it  is  fair  to  presume  that  the  expense 
will  not  be  great.  A  tjliort  distance 
above  Pepper  Mill  Point,  the  route  is 
crossed  by  a  bank  upon  an  aqueduct. 

It  will  be  necessary  to  di.;  deep  for 
a  short  distance  at  the  proposed  com- 
mencement of  the  Canal,  unless  it  should 
be  thought  expedierit  to  run  it  along  the 
shore  for  about  90J  }"ards  below.  This 
could  be  done  with  tase,  the  bank  of  the 
river  at  this  pliice  bei^g  composed  of 
clciy  and  loam.  As  the  main  river  v/ill 
always  be  preferred  for  a  d  twnward 
passage,  it  only  becomes  necessary  to  pro- 
vide for  ascentlmg  vessels.  The  project- 
ed Canal  need  not,  therefore,  be  so  wide 
as  to  admit  large  boats  to  pnss  each 
other.  Ewtnty-five  feet  "in  width  upon 
th*^-  surface  of  the  water,  IS  U-et  at  the 
bottom,  and  hree  feet  and  a  half  water, 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  sufficient. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  Mr  Adams,  (our 
astronoaiical  surveyor)  that  no  more 
than  four  Locks,  of  10  feet  lift,  would  be 
required  upon  this  route  ;  and  as  the 
aveiage  length  of  these  will  not  exceed 
75  feet,  the  expanse  of  liorkage  may  be 
s:ifely  computed  at  32,000  dollars.  'Fhe 
cost  of  livis  Canftl  would  not  vary  much 
from  the  following  estimate. 
Expense  for  excavating,  say 

two  miles  -and  three  fourths  g  6,500  00 
Grul)bing,  clearing  away  tim- 

bi-r,   puddling  and  lov/i>  g 

paths  .        -        -  5,750  00 

Wooden    aqueduct     over    a 

brook  at  Grass  river    -  30,500  00 

Four  Locks  -  -  -  _  33,000  00 
Clearing  out  and    deepening 

the   channel  at  the  small 

rapids  in  Grass  river   -  500  00 

Tool's  and  implements      -  3,500  00 

Engineer  superintendance  4,000  00 

Add   for  contingencies  .5   per 

cent.      -        -        -        -  2,787  00 

Aggregate,    58,537  00 

The  expenses  of  facilitating  navigation 

along  the   shore    of  the  St.  Lawrence 

from   Massrna  Point,  to  Point  Vv'ilson, 

(both  included)  by  means  of  Locks  and 

'towing   paths  amount   accordir.g  to  my 

L^.timate,  to  34,000  dollars.    Deduct  this 

aum  from  that  at  which  the  Canal  can 

b*^  opened,  and  it  presents  a  tlifference 

899 


S  A  I 


tS    V    I 


of  24,537.  The  advanta.jje  of  the  Canal, 
navigation  over  tiiat  of  the  river,  are 
too  apparent  to  r«  quire  tliicidat'Dn. 

SUould   the  Ciin-dl  pnj  ct  b-  adopted, 
the  expenses  of  iinprovii.'g  the  navigation 
from   St.    Rigis  to  Lake  Ontario   wiil 
stand  ihus : 
Canal  -        -        -        §  3S,5S7  00 

Towing  path  and  Lucks        46,145  00 

S  104,632  Oi) 

The  foregoing  communication  is  alike 
honourable  to  the  intelligence  and  paui- 
otic  feelings  of  its  author,  but  in  his  esti- 
mate of  expense,  he  has,  no  doubt,  been 
much  too  limited,  i'he  serirs  of  rapids 
from  Ogdeiisburg  to  St.  Regis,  is  very 
correctly  delineated  The  causes  wiuch 
have  hitherto  carried  tiie  navigation  to 
the  Canada  shore  uf  St.  Liav/rence  were, 
as  Col.  Hawkins  states,  in  a  gnat  part 
political,  but  the  mere  circumstance  of 
the  uncultivated  condition  of  the  United 
States  shore  has  had  a  large  share  in 
producing  this  result. 

If  five  tim^s  the  sum  e.^timated  by 
Col.  Hawkins  was  expended  upon  this  in- 
land navigable'  line,  it  would  be  money 
most  beneficially  employed. 

Below  the  limit  of  the  United  States, 
the  St.  Lawrenc--  expands  into  lake 
St.  Francis,  of  abiut  ."30  mil  s  in  length, 
Avith  a  mean  width  of  four  miles  At 
the  lower  end  of  tins  lake  the  river  again 
contracts  into  two  narrow  channels,  se- 
parated by  Gros  Isle.  Here  rapids  again 
occur,  which  is  also  the  ease  at  the  Ce 
dars,  a  few  mih-s  lower  down.  At  the 
lower  end  of  tht-  Cedar  rapids,  the  river 
again  dilates,  having  one  channel  ciim- 
mimicating  with  the  Ottawa  river,  and 
the  other  opening  ioto  iakt-  St.  L<iuis. 
The  latter  continues  17  miles  to  La 
Chine,  theupper  port  of  Montreal.  Here 
the  river  is  once  more  restricted  to  a  con- 
fitird  channel,  wit^i  strong  rapids.  Near- 
ly opposite  to  Montreal,  however,  the 
last  rapids  occur,  and  below  that  point 
to  lake  St.  Peters,  or  head  of  tide  water, 
the  current  is  g<-nt!e,  and  channel  suffi- 
ciently df  ep  for  600  t  .n  vessels. 

The  observatiuns  upon  the  St.  Law- 
rence basin  might  be  indefinitely  en- 
larged, but  we  must  close  our  general 
view  of  that  subject  with  a  few  brief  no- 
tices. 

Ottawa,  or  Grand  river,  is  a  great 
northern  brancli  of  St.  Lawrence,  rising 
in  the  imperfectly  known  regions  north 
from  lakf  Hunn,  and  fl.jwing  south-east 
by  comparative  cour.-es,  600  miles,  falls 
into  the  Coteau  du  Lac,  25  nearly  W  from* 
the  city  of  Mo.itr'  al.  The  Ottawa,  of- 
ten called  the  Grand  river,  is  one  of  the 
I'oytes  pursued  by  the  Canadian  traders, 
■  f  00 


who  ascend  that-  river,  and,  by  a  shovp 
portage,  enter  lake  Nipissing,  and  from 
tne  latter  into  lake  Huron.  The  distance 
from  Montreal  into  lake  Superior  is  one- 
third  longer  thr>:Ugh  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  great  lakes,  than  by  the  Ottawa  ri- 
vrr.  The  navigation  of  the  latter  is 
much  encumbered  with  rapids  and  shoals, 
but  is,  nevertheless,  much  frequented, 
from  its  superior  safety,  and  from  being 
so  much  shorter. 

Montreal  is  extremely  well  situated  to 
become  the  centre  of-  a  very  extensive        '•. 
inland  commerce.    It  is  already  such,  as        \ 
far  as  the  advance  of  population  will  ad-         • 
mit.     Standing  at  the  head  of  ship  navi- 
gation, this  city  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence, 
the  point  of  contact  between  the  foreign 
and  int<  rior  comm.erce  of  an  immense  ex- 
panse of  country . 

La  Chine  is  the  upper  port  of  Mon- 
treal, and  situated  on  the  same  island 
with  that  city,  and  at  the  lower  extremi- 
ty of  lake  Si  Liuis.  La  Chine  is  the 
centre  of  shipment  between  the  Upper 
and  Lowt  r  provinces,  and  the  North 
country.  In  M.-.y  and  November,  boats, 
to  and  from  various  parts  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, are  continually  arriving  and  de- 
parting from  this  place.  They  are  from 
35  to  40  feet  in  length,  with  about  six 
feet  beam  ;  their  usual  freight  from  four 
to  four  and  a  half  tons.  They  are  work- 
ed by  oars,  a  mast,  and  sail,  drag-ropes 
for  towing,  arid  long  poles  for  setting 
them  tnrough  the  strong  currents  or 
rapids.  Four  men  manage  them  in  sum- 
mer. They  bring  down  ■wheat,  flour, 
salt  provisions,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and 
pc-ltries.  They  are  usually  navigated  in 
squadrons  of  from  four  to  15  boats,  in 
order  to  enable  the  crews  to  aid  each 
otlier  in  passing  the  rapids. 

Fr>!m  La  Chine,  the  bark  canoes  em- 
ployed by  the  North-West  company  in 
the  fur  trade  take  their  departure.  Of 
all  the  contrivances  for  transporting  hea- 
vy burdens  by  water,  these  vessels  are 
perhaps  the  most  extraordinary.  They 
are  formed  by  a  slight  frame,  to  which 
the  bark  of  the  white  birch  tree,  (Betu- 
la  alba)  in  slips,  is  attached.  These  ca- 
noes are  the  lightest  of  all  navigable 
vessels  to  their  capacity  It  is  the  latter 
circumstance  which  enables  the  Canadian 
bnatman  to  perform  so  many  long  and 
fatigueing  portages,  with  their  vessels 
and  cargo. 

With  these  light  canoes  the  traders 
proceed  up  the  Grand,  or  Ottawa  river, 
to  the  south-west  branch,  by  which,  and 
a  chain  of  small  lakes,  they  reach  Ni- 
pissing ;  thrugh  it,  and  dov/n  the  French 
river,  into  lake  Huron ;  along  its  south- 
ern coast,  up  the  narrows  of  St.  Mercy, 


S  A  I 


S  A  1 


into  lake  Superior;  and  then,  by  its 
northern  side,  to  the  Grand  Portage,  a 
distance  of  about  11,000  from  the  jilace 
of  their  departure.  From  the  Grand  Port- 
age, which  is  nine  milts  across,  there  is  a 
continuation  of  similar  toils  and  bark  ca- 
noes of  smaller  size,  through  chains  of 
lakes  and  streams,  that  run  from  the 
heii^ht  of  land  westward  to  thr  lake  of 
the  Woods,  and  lake  Winnepeg.  to  the 
more  distant  establishments  of  the  com- 
pany in  the  remote  regions  of  the  north- 
west country. 

From  the  city  of  Montreal  to  the  east- 
ward, the  shores  are  from  15  to  20  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  St  Lawrence  ; 
but,  in  the  opposite  direction,  towards 
La  Chine,  they  are  low.  Btrtwcen  the 
Coteau  St.  Pierre  and  the  river,  the  land 
is  so  flat,  and  particularly  near  the  small 
lake  St.  Pierre  so  marshy,  as  to  induce 
a  conjecture  that  it  was  once  covered 
with  water.  Over  this  place  it  is  in- 
tended to  cut  a  canal,  by  which  a  direct 
communication  would  be  formed  bttwe  n 
La  Chine  and  the  city  and  the  rapid  St. 
Louis  (intervening)  avoided. 

Near  the  head  of  lake  St  Louis  ex- 
tends the  Point  des  Cascades,  and  in  the 
river  lies  the  island  des  Cascades,  which 
with  one  or  two  other  smaller  ones, 
break  the  current  of  the  river  at  its  en 
trance  into  lake  St,  Louis,  and  present 
nearly  the  same  effect  that  would  be  pro- 
duced by  the  most  violent  tempest.  To 
avoid  these,  a  canal,  usually  calk'd  the 
Military  Canal,  has  bten  constructed 
across. the  point  of  land,  and  through 
which  tile  boats  pass  to  the  locks  at  Le 
Buiessen  ;  it  is  500  yards  in  length.  At 
a  place  near  Lorguil's  mill,  the  boats 
going  up  the  Sc  Lawrence  are  unload- 
ed, and  their  freights  transported  in 
carts  to  the  village,  while  the  empty 
boats  are  towed  through  the  rapid  du 
Coteau  des  Coches.  At  Coteau  du  Cac, 
just  above  the  river  de  Lisle,  ascending 
boats  again  enter  locks,  to  avoid  a  very 
strong  rapid. 

We  may  now  take  a  brief  view  of  those 
rivers  by  which  a  water  communication 
is  had  from  the  United  States  .to  the  St. 
Lawrence.  Of  tliese,  the  most  import- 
ant is  the  river  Richelieu,  v.'hich  tiows 
from  the  lake  Champlain,  in  a  northerly 
course,  and  unites  with  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence, at  the  town  of  William  Henry. 
The  navigation  is  carried  on  by  beats, 
canoes,  and  rafts.  From  its  junction  v/ith 
the  St.Lawrence,decked  vesselsof  150  tons 
may. ascend  12  or  14 miles;  its  mouth  i.> 
about  250  yards  in  width,  and  this  conti- 
nues nearly  to  the  basin  of  Chambly;  from 
thence  to  the  Island  du  Portage,  it  is  500 
yards  ;  beyond  this,  it  is  double  that  ex- 


tent to  St.  John's,  from  whence  there  is 
a  ship  navigation  160  miles  along  lake 
Champlam.  From  the  basin  down  to 
the  St.  Lawr^^nce,  the  current  is  gentle, 
notwithstanding  the  shoals  and  flats ;  but, 
from  lake  Champlafin,  the  stream  is  in 
som;-  places  broken  by  rapids.  There  is 
much  trade»upon  this  important  naviga- 
tion  and  its  importance  is  unequivocal. 

The  river  St  Francis  is  alio  an  im- 
portant line  of  communication,  only  it  is 
obstructed  by  a  number  of  violent  ra- 
pids ;  its  source  is  a  large  lake  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  townships  of  Garth- 
ley  and  Coleraine ;  it  flows  in  a  south- 
west direction  for  30  milrs,  then  nearly 
north- vvesi  for  about  80  miles,  and  falls 
into  the  lake  St.  Peter ;  a  branch  con- 
nects with  lake  Memphremagog,  from 
w'liich  several  streams  dtscend  into  the 
state  of  Vermont  Notwithstanding  the 
imperfection  of  this  navigation,  much 
trade  is  thereby  sent  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  general  staples  brought  down  the 
St.  Lawrence,  are  peltry,  grain,  flour,  and 
timber.  The  town  i/f  Ogdensburg,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Osv/egatchie,  in  St.  Law- 
rence county,  New  York,  is  the  point  of 
contact  between  ship  and  boat  navigation 
above  the  rapids.  Fron)  Ogdensburg  the 
navigation  is  pursued  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  through  lake  Ontaria,  in 
sl<iops  and  large  vessels,  170  miles  to  the 
river  Niagara,  where,  on  account  of  the 
great  falls,  a  trans-shipment  and  land- 
carriage  takes  place,  in  order  to  reach 
lake  Erie.  Canals  have  been  proposed, 
both  on  the  British  and  American  side, 
to  pass  the  falls.  At  present,  on  the  Bri- 
tish side,  the  goods  are  landed  at  Queens- 
town,  seven  miles  within  the  Niagara  ri- 
ver, from  whence  they  are  transported  by 
wagons  to  the  Chippewa  creek.  Down 
this  river  thty  are  sent  into  the  lake 
Erie,  (231  miles  in  length,)  which  is  na- 
vigated by  vessels  of  60  or  70  tons,  that 
pai?s  through  the  straits  of  Detroit,  (28 
miles  long)"  and  the  lake  of  St.  Clair,  (20 
miles  across)  and  along  the  river  St. 
Clair,  (60  miles  in  length)  into  the  lakes 
Huron  &\u\  Michigan.  In  lake  St.  Clair 
the  water  is  so  shallow,  that  the  vessels 
must  be  lightened.  Between  lake  Huron 
and  lake  Superior,  are  the  rapids  of  St. 
Mar}'  straits,  along  a  part  of  which  a  ca- 
nal has  been  formed  by  the  North-West 
company. 

The  river  St.  Lav/rence,  from  Que- 
bec to  Kingston,  and  a  great  part  of  the 
lakes,  are  frozen  over  from  the  begin- 
ning of  December  until  the  month  of 
April,  and  during  that  period  naviga- 
tion of  course,  ceases,  but  sledges  are 
passed  upon  the  ice.  See  Lower  Co-' 
netfia,  Montreal,  Quebec,  Isfc, 
901 


S  A  I 


S^A  I 


iit.  Laivrence,  northern  county  of  New 
York,  on  St.  Lawrence  river ;  bounded  by 
St.  Lawrerice  NW  ;  F  anklin  county  of 
New  York  E;  Hciaiiitoii  and  Herkimer 
counties  S  -,  and  Herkimer,  Lewis,  and  Jef- 
ferson SW.  Length  60 ;  mean  wiulli  44; 
and  area  2640  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Oswegatchie,  Grass,  Racket,  and  Saint 
Regis  rivers.  The  surface  is'  r:ither  une- 
ven than  hilly ;  and  mucii  of  the  river  soil 
excellent,  and  all  exceedingly  well  tim- 
bered. Chief  towns,  Ogdensburg  and 
Hamilton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        4,602 
do.    do.    females  -        -       3,261 

Total  whites       ...        -  7,863 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       -        -       -  17 

Slaves,      .       .       -       -        -  5 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        -        .        -        . 


29 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.   females    - 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females  - 


7,885 


8,503 
7,512 

16,015 

7 


16,037 


Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of  these  ;  -— 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  990 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        4,592 

do,        in  Manufactures  -  291 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  115 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

St.  Leonard's,  post  town,  Calvert  county, 
Mai-yland,  on  the  west  side  of  Chesapeak 
bay,  about  10  miles  NW  of  Drumpoint,  12 
miles  NE  of  the  town  of  Benedict  on  Poto- 
mac, and  58  from  JFashin^ton. 

St.  Louis,  county  of  Missouri ;  bounded 
by  Missouri  river  NW  ;  Mississippi  E  ; 
Merrimac  river  S  ;  and  Franklin  county  W. 
Length  40 ;  mean  width  15 ;  and  area  600 
square  miles. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .        -        -        2,688 
do.  do.    females    ...        2,119 


Total  whites       -        -        .        . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  182G. 
Free  white  males 
<5o-     do.     females 


4,807 

120 

740 

5,667 


Total  whites             -        .       .  8,043 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  100 

do.             do.       females  96 

Slaves,,  males           -        _        -  9S7 

do.    females        -       _        -  823 


Total  population  in  1820 


10,049 


-    .    4,837 
3.177 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -.  350 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,739 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  709 

do.    in  Commerce  -  232 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16J. 

St.  Lotiis,  post  town  and  capital,  St. 
Louis  county,  Missouri,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  18  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  Missouri.  The  site  of  this  town 
is  a  gentie  acclivity,  terminating  in  a  plain 
in  the  rear  of  the  buildings.  The  whole 
resting  on  a  limestone  base.  The  houses 
are  ranged  in  three  parallel  streets,  rising 
above  each  other  and  extending  along  the 
river  about  two  miles  St.  Louis  pcsstsses 
some  pre-eminent  advantages  of  local  posi- 
tion. It  is  already  and  must  continue,  the 
principal  depot  for  the  immense  regions 
drained  by  those  numerous  rivers,  the  con- 
gregated waters  of  which  are  here  collect- 
ed into  one  great  stream.  The  population 
of  this  place  has  very  rapidly  advanced. 
In  1803,  when  transferred  to  the  United 
States  the  inhabitants  fell  short  of  1000  r 
in  1816  they  amounted  to  2000  ;  in  1820,  to 
4598 ;  and  now  1822,  no  doubt  exceed  5000. 
It  contains  a  museum,  theatre,  land  office, 
two  banks,  and  several  manufactories  of 
different  kinds.  Lat.  38  46  N,  Ion.  W  C 
12  58  W. 

Saint  Lmiis,  river  of  the  NW  territory  of 
the  Unitcvl  States,  rising  between  lake  Su- 
perior and  the  Mississippi  river,  and  flow- 
ing south  turns  SEi,  and  finally  E,  fails  into 
the  extreme  western  bay  of  lake  Superior. 
It  is  one  of  the  channels  of  intercommuni- 
cation between  lake  Superior  and  Missis- 
sippi river.  See  St.  Lau-rr.nce  basin.  The 
United  States  NW  company  have  an  es- 
tabUshment  on  this  river  a  few  miles  above 
its  mouth. 

Saint  Liicar  de  Bannmeda,  seaport  of 
Spain,  at  the  rnouth  of  tlie  Guadalquiver. 

Saint  Maloes.     See  JMaloes  St.  pa^re  558. 

Saint  ^larg-uirite,  seigniory,  St.  Maurice 
county,  Lower  Canada,  containing  the  town 
of  Three  Rivers. 

Saint  Jllaria  de  Darien,  town  of  Colom- 
bia, and  cipital  of  Darien,  on  a  small  river 
flowing  into  Pan.  ma  bav.  Lon.  W  C  X°  W. 
lat.  8  04  N. 

Suiiit  Marinu.     See  Marino  St.  page  566. 

Saint  Marks,  river  of  Florida,  rising  near 
the  month  of  St.  John's  river,  and  running 


S  A  i 


S  A  1 


tiience  nearly  south  and  parallel  to  tlie  sea 
coast.  The  course  of  this  little  but  curi- 
ous; stream  is  about  30  miles,  falling  into 
the  i)ay  or  baroour  of  St.  Augustine,  its 
banks  niosily  swainpy. 

Saint  Martha,  province  of  Colombia,  in 
New  Granada  ;  bounded  N  by  the  Spanish 
Main  ;  E  by  Rio  de  -a  Hacha  ;  S  by  Santa 
Fe,  and  W  by  Cartiiagena. 

Saint  JMarlha,  capital  of  the  province  of 
the  same  name,  with  an  excellent  harbour, 
about  100  miles  NE  from  Carthagena.  Lon. 
W  C  2  52  \y,  lat.  11  39  N. 

Saint  Martinsvills,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  St.  Martin's  Parish  Attacapas,  Loui- 
siana, on  the  rij^ht  baiik  of  the  Teclie.  It 
contains  a  Catho-ic  clmrch,  an  academy, 
the  county  buildings,  a  baiik,  and  about  70 
or"80  iiouses  with  300  inhabitants. 

St.- Martin's,  parish  of  Louisiana,  in  At- 
tacapas ;  bounded  by  Opelousas  NW  and 
W  ;  Gulf  of  Mexico  SW  :  St.  Mary's  par- 
ish in  Attacapas  SE  ;  and  the  Atchafahiya 
river  NE  and  E.  Length  80,  and  breadth 
40 ;  and  area  3200  square  miles.  The 
whole  of  this  parish  is  one  almost  undevia- 
ting  plain.  The  shore  near  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  morass,  rising  imperceptibly  into 
dry  arable  prairie  land,  along  the  Teche 
and  Vermillion  rivers  and  some  interve- 
ning strips.  The  land  where  arable  highly 
fertile— towards  tlie  Atchafalaya  liable  to 
annual  overflow,  but  ti'.iclcly  wooded ; 
whilst  the  soutli-western,  m'dJle,  and 
southern  sections  present  an  expanse  of 
prairie,  with  the  exceptions  of  strips  of 
woods  along  the  margin  of  the  streams. 
Staples,  cotton,  sugar,  beef,  hides,  tallow, 
&c.  Chief  tow:.,  St,  Martin's.  See  Ope- 
lousas. For  the  joint  cj;nsus  of  the  two 
parishes  or  county  of  Attacapas.  See  St. 
Mary's. 

Ste  Mary's,  county  ot  Maryland,  on  the 
Peninsula  between  the  Potomac  and  Pa- 
tuXent  rivers  ;  bounded  by  Chesapeak  bay 
SE  ;  Potomac  river  SW  ;  Chas  les  coun- 
ty NW  ;  and  Patuxent  river  NE.  Length 
38 ;  mean  width  10 ;  and  area  380  square 
miles.     Chief  town,  Leonard, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -       3,007' 

do.    do.    females        -        -        3,151 

Total  whites      -        -        .        -  6,158 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        -  636 

Slaves        -        -         .        _        .  6,000 


Total  whites      ....  6,033 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  431 

do.            do.       females  -  463 

Slaves,  males      •                 -        -  3,075 

do.     (emales             -         -         .  2,972 

Total  population  in  1820             -  12,974 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  24 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        4,118 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  230 

do.       in  Copunerce        -        -  179 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

St.  Mary's,  lower  parish  of  Attacapas, 
Louisiana  ;  bounded  by  St.  Martin's  NW  ; 
Atchafalaya  river  NE  ;  parish  of.  Interior  of 
Lafourche  E  ;  and  gulf  of  Mexico  S.  Area 
1900  square  miles.  For  general  features 
and  staples,  see  St.  Martin's  and  Opelou' 
sus. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        2,145 

do.     do.    females    .        -        -        1,814 


Total  whites       .        -         .        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        .         . 

Slaves        .        .        -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1810, 


Total  population  in  1810         -  12,794 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -    •    -  3,003 

do.    do.    females  .        -        -  3,031 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  o 


3,959 

278 
3,132 

7,369 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...         3,117 
do.     do.    females     ...         2,745 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

. 

. 

. 

5,862 

Free 

persons  of 

colour, 

males 

238 

do. 

do. 

females 

256 

Slaves,  males 

. 

. 

. 

3,068 

do. 

females 

- 

- 

2,639 

Total 

population  in 

1820    - 

12,063 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  146 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        1,643 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  107 

dp.        in  Commerce      -        -  167 

Poptilation  to  the  square  mile,  6  1-3. 

St  Mary's,  ri  t  er  of  the  United  States  be- 
tween Georgia  and  Florida.  It  rises  partly 
in  both,  and  assuming  a  SE  course  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  Amelia 
and  Cumberland  islands.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  navigable  of  the  south-eastern  rivers 
of  the  United  States — it  admits  at  its  mouth 
vessels  of  21  feet  draught,  and  those  of  14 
feet  70  miles  into  the  interior. 

Si.  Mary's,  sea  port  and  post  town,  in 
Camden  county,  Georgia,  on  the  left  bank 
of  St.  Mary's  river,  nine  miles  above  its 
mouth.  This  town  is  from  its  position,  a 
plac.e  of  cdrtsiderable  cb'nsequence  as  a 
903 


S  A  I 

coinhiercial  port,  but  since  the  cession  of 
Florida  to  the  United  States,  it  has  lost 
much  of  its  consequ  nee  as  a  naval  ana 
military  station.  It  is  80  miles  by  land 
south  from  Darien,  be-tween  which  exists  a 
fine  channel  of  inland  communication. 
Lat.  30  43  N,  Ion.  \V  C  4  40  W. 

St  Mart/s,  river  of  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
rises  in  the  former  and  flowing  NW  into 
the  latter,  joins  the  St.  Joseph  at  Fort 
Wayne  to  form  fhe  Maumee.  It  is  naviga- 
ble at  high  water  almost  to  its  source.  See 
j\Iaumee  and  St.  Laiurenca  basin. 

St.  Mary's,  strait  of,  between  lakes  Su- 
perior and  Huron.  The  cataract  or  Sault 
St.  Mary  is  15  miles  below  lake  Superior, 
at  N  lat.  46  31  The  entire  fd!  from  the 
level  of  lake  Superior  to  tliat  of  lake  Hu- 
ron is  about  23  feel  It  is,  however,  navi- 
gable with  some  difficulty  for  canoes  and 
boats.  Vessels  of  Sixft-et  draught  ascend 
to  the  foot  of  the  Tails.  Thost-  of  larger 
size  are  compelled  to  stop  at  Sugar  isl-.nd. 
From  lake  Huron  '.here  -re  two  passages; 
the  one  on  the  NW  s;de,  fo  •  boats  20 
miles ;  and  the  other  on  the  NE  side,  for 
vessels  12  or  14  miles  farther,  or  abovit  35 
miles.  By  deepening  the  channel  in  one 
place  a  siiort  distance,  it  is  said  that. ves- 
sels of  any  size  can  ascend  to  tlie  Sault. 
The  United  States  governmen'.  have  form- 
ed an  establishment  at  ihis  place.  On  the 
29th  of  June,  1822,  near  300  soldiers  set 
out  from  Detroit  under  tlie  command  of 
Col.  Brady,  and  arrived  at  the  falls  on  the 
17th  of  Julv,  and  commenced  the  works; 
wliich  are  to  consist  of  --ix  blocks  of  offi- 
cers and  as  many  of  soldiers  quarters,  in- 
cluding a  hospital.  A  cession  of  the  soil 
four  miles  square  was  obtained  in  1820, 
from  the  Chippeway  Indians. 

St.  MichaeVs,  post  town,  Talbot  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  on  the  W  side  of  St.  Mi- 
chael's river,  ten  miles  W  of  Enston,  25 
SE  of  A-nnapolis,  and  69  from  Washing- 
ton. 

St.  Maura.    See  Maura  St. 

St.  Salvador,  or  Ciudad  Bahia.  See 
Salvador  St. 

Saint  Simons,  island  of  Georgia  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Alatainaha.  •  % 

Saint  Scefihens,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  W;ishinv^ton  county,  Alabama,  on 
the  right  bank"  of  'rombit^bee.  at  the 
head  of  scr^  "ncr  navigation,  it  ib  the 
seat  of  an  academy,  with  two  instinct- 
ors,  and  60  or  70  students ;  and  a  print- 
ing office.  The  population  increasing, 
in  1819  it  amounted  to  about  1000,  and 
now  probably  1200. 

St.  Tamany,  parish  of  Louisiana, 
bounded  by  Pearl  river  E  ;  lake  Borgne, 
the  Rigolets,  and  lake  Pontchartrain  S  ; 
river  Tangipao,  or  St.  Helena  W  ;  and 
the  parish  of  Washington  N.  It  is 
904 


SAL 

WHtered  by  the  Pearl,  Bogne  ChitOy 
Chifuncte,  at»d  Tangijjao  rivers.  Ler.gth 
50;  mean  width  20;  and  area  lOtJO  square 
miles.  Surface  towards  the  south  level, 
in  the  nortnern  parts  undulating.  Soil 
generally  stt-rile,  and  timbered  with  pine. 
Chief  town  Madisonville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...  630 

do.  do.  females  -        -  423 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -         -         .         .  0 


Total  whites       .         .         -        -  1,053 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  16 

do.              do.       females  23 

Slaves,  males        ....  335 

do.  females    -        -        -        -  296 

Total  population  in  1820  -        1,723 

Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized     -         -  17 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,133 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  4 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1  J. 

St.  Tamany,  post  town,  Mecklenburg 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Roanoke,  42  miles  above  Halifax,  and 
70  SSW  from  Richmond. 

Saint  Thomas,  formerly  Franklin  town- 
ship and  post  village,  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty. Pennsylvania,  on  Black  cre^k,  branch 
of  Cf.nococheague.  The  village  is  on  the 
road  from  Chambersburg  to  Bedford, 
nine  miles  VV  from  the  former.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  2405. 

Sai7it  Thomas,  island  of  the  West  In- 
dies.    S<  e  Thomas  St.  % 

Saint  Thomas,  island  of  Africa.  See 
Thomas  St. 

Saint  Vincent,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd 
islands.     See  Vincent  St. 

Saint  Vincent,  island  of  the  West  In- 
dies.   See  Vincent  St. 

Saintes,  three  of  the  Leeward  Carib- 
bee  islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  between 
'wuadaloupe  and  Dominica. 

Saintes,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  on  an  emi- 
nence. o7  miles  SSE  of  Rochelie,  and  262 
SW  of  Paris.  Lm.  0  38  W,  lat.  45  54 
N. 

SaintC7igc,  late  province  of  France,  62 
miles  lent;,  and  30  broad  ;  bounded  on 
tiie  E  by  Angoumois  and  Perigord,  on 
the  N  by  Poitou  and  Aunis,  on  the  W  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  S  by  Bourdclois 
and  Giron.  It  now  forms,  with  the  late 
province  cf  Aunis,  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente. 

Sal,  one  of  ihe  Cape  de  "Verd  Islands, 
43  miles  in  circumference,  lying  to  the 
E  of  St.  Nicholas.    It  has  its  name  from 


the  great  quaiuity  of  salt  made  here  from 
the  sea  water,  which  overflows  part  of 
it,  from  time  to  time.  It  is  300  miles  W 
of  the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon.  23  56  W, 
lat.  16  38  N. 

Sala,  or  Salbcrg,  town  of  Sweden,  in 
IVestmania,  near  which  is  a  very  large 
ancient  silver  mine.  It  is  seated  on  a  ri- 
ver, 30  milts  VV  of  Upsal,  and  50  NW 
of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  45  E,  lat.  59  50  N, 

Salamanca,  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  a  fam.'us  university,  consisting  of 
24colleges.  Here  are  magnificent  church- 
es, a  large  public  square,  fine  fountains, 
and  every  thing  that  can  contribute  to 
the  beauty  and  cmmodiousness  of  the 
city.  The  structure  called  the  Schools, 
where  the  sciences  are  taught,  is  very 
large  arid  curious.  There  were  former- 
ly 70 JO  students,  when  the  Spanish  mo- 
narchy was  in  a  flourishing  condition  ; 
and  there  are  now  upwards  of  4000.  who 
are  clothed  like  priests,  having  their 
"heads  shaved,  and  wearing  caps.  The 
rivei'  Tormes,  which  washes  its  walls, 
has  a  bi'idge  over  it  300  paces  long, 
built  by  the  Romans.  Without  the  walls 
is  a  fine  Roman  causeway.  It  is  37  miles 
SE  -f  Miranda,  and  88  NW  of  Madrid, 
Lon.  5  16  VV,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Sa'amanca,  town  of  Jucatan,  140  miles 
S  f.f  Campeachy.  Lon.  89  58  W,  lat.  17 
55  N. 

Salanakem,  or  Sa'ankemen,  town  of 
Sclavonia,  on  the  Daiiube,  20  miles  NW 
of  Belgrade,  and  25  SE  of  Peterwardin. 
Lon.  20  53  E,  lat.  45  14  N. 

Sa'bach,  village  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
two  miles  NE  of  Baden.  Here  mares- 
chal  Turenne,  while  reconnoitering  the 
enemy,  received  a  mortal  wound. 

Salberg.    See  Sa'a. 

Sa'cey,  forest  in  the  S  part  of  North- 
amptonshire. 

Saleclo,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, near  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  noted 
for  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  is 
22  miles  SSE  of  Monaster.  Lon.  11  3  E, 
lat.  35  13  N. 

Salem,  post  village  and  township  of 
Rockingham  county.  New  Hampshire, 
30  miles  SW  from  Portsmouth.  Popula- 
tion 1810,  1179,  and  in  1820,  1311. 

Sa'em,  township,  Orleans  county,  Ver- 
mont, 50  miles  N  from  Montpelier. 

Salem,  township,  New  London  county, 
Connecticut,  30  miles  SE  from  Hartford. 
Population  1820,  1053. 

Salem,  capital  of  Essex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, being  a  post  town  as  well  as 
port  of  entry.  It  is  situated  on  a  small 
basin  of  the  sea,  13  miles  NE  of  Boston, 
and  about  two  to  the  W  of  Marblehead. 
This  is  the  second  town  for  trade  and  po- 
pulation in  Massachusetts,  the  inhabitants 
^  Y 


ri  A  L 

in  1810,  being  12,613  and  in  1820,  11,34(3. 
It  was  settled  by  the  English  as  early 
as  1528,  and  is  the  well  known  Naum- 
keag  of  Indian  history.  The  inhabitants 
are  honourably  distinguished  for  their  in- 
dustry  and  enterprise,  in  commercial 
pursuits.  It  lies  in  lat.  42  20  N,  and  lon. 
71°  W.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  a  fort 
and  citadel." 

Salem,  post  town  and  township,  Wash- 
ington county,  New  York.  The  vil- 
lage  stands  on  a  plain,  on  the  point  be- 
tween Baten  hill  and  Black  creek,  30 
miles  NNH  from  Waterfcrd,  and  is  alter- 
nately with  Sandy-hill,  the  seat  of  justice 
for  the  county.     It  contains  an  academy. 

Salem,  county  of  New  Jersey,  bounded 
by  Delaware  bay  SW.  and  NW  ;  Glou- 
cester county  NE;  and  Cumberland  coun- 
ty  SE.  Length  20  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and 
area  300  square  miles.  Surface  gene- 
rally level,  and  soil  though  sandy,  pro- 
ducti\e.     Chief  town  Salem. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -        -         6,025 
do.     do.    females  -         -         5,670 

Total  whites  ....  11,695 
All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  1,037 

Slaves         .-.--.  29 


Total  population  in  1810 


12,751 


Popnlalion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         6,607" 

do.     do.    females    .         -         -         6,599 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  79 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       ... 
do.    females    .        .        - 

Total  popidatioa  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Mar.nfactures 
do.        in  Cnmaierce 


14,022 


26 

2,562 

567 

99 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  46J._ 

Salem,  po.st  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
S.aleni  county.  New  Jersvy,  on  Salem 
creek,  three  miles  and  a  half  above  its 
mouth.  It  has  four  churches  and  an  aca- 
deny  ;  ^7  miles  SSE  from  Philadelphia. 

Salem,  creek  of  Salem  county,  New  Jer- 
sey, rises  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  and 
flows  nearly  W,  passes  Salem,  and  falls  into 
Delaware  bay,  three  miles  and  a  half  below. 
It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  50  tons  to 
S^fem. 

905 


SAL 


SAL 


Salem,  township  of  Wayne  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Waullenpaupauk  creek,  10 
miles  VV  from  Mount  Maria.  Population  in 
1820,  306. 

Salem,  lower  township  of  Luzerne  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Susquehannah  river.     Population  in  1820, 

nr. 

Salem,  township  of  Westmoreland  coun- 
ty Pennsylvania,  W  from  Loyalhannon 
river,  commencing-  five  miles  N  from  Green- 
bury. 

Salem,  ore  of  the  northern  townsliips  of 
Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Little 
Shenango  creek.  Population  in  1820, 
700. 

Salem,  West,  the  northern  township  of 
Mercer  county*  Pennsylvania,  contiguous 
to  the  preceding.  Population  in  1820, 
1040. 

Salem,  post  town,  near  Rhoanoke  river, 
Botetourt  county,  Virginia,  20  miles  SW 
from  Fincastle. 

Salem,  post  town,  Fauquier  county,  Vir- 
ginia. 

^afeOT.post  town  in  Stokes  county.  North 
Carolina,  planted  and  inhabited  principally 
by  Moravians  who  have  an  academy  for 
young  ladies,  resorted  to  from  various  parts 
of  the  southern  states,  and  situated  five 
miles  E  by  S  of  Belhania,  and  about  100 
W  by  N  of  Raleigh,  the  state  capital.  It 
contains  about  700  inhabitants. 

Salem,  post  town,  Sumpter  district,  South 
Carolina,  12  miles  E  from  Sumpter. 

Salem,  village  of  Baldwin  county,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  left  bank  of  Oconnee  river, 
nearly  opposite  Milledgeville. 

Salem,  post  town,  Livingston  county, 
Kentucky;  about  15  miles  ISE  from  the 
mouth  of  Cumberland  river. 

Salem,  NE  township  and  post  village, 
Ashtabula  county,  Ohio.  The  township 
contains  one  or  two  iron  works.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  979. 

Salem,  township  of  .TefFerson  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1484. 

Salem,  township  in  Tuscarawas  county, 
Ohio,  on  MuskingiuTi  river,  containing  the 
village  of  Gnadenhutten.  Population  in 
1820,  549. 

Salem,  one  of  the  northecn  townships, 
Muskingum  county.  Population  in  1820, 
387. 

Salem,  one  of  the  eastern  townships, 
Monroe  countv,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
648. 

Salem,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  422. 

5'a/eni,  township  of  Meigs  county,  Ohio, 
containing  298  inhabiitmti  ii;  1820. 

Salem,  JVe^v.     See  JK'ew  Salem,  Ohio. 

Salem,  township  of  Cliampaign  county, 
Oftio.     Population  in  1820,  1064. 

Salem,  post  town  of  Columbiana  county, 
906 


Ohio,  10  miles  northwestwardly  from  New 
Lisbon. 

Salem,  township  of  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1378. 

Salem,  township  of  Warren  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1114. 

Salem,  village,  Randolph  township, 
Montgomery  county,  Ohio,  12  mites  NW 
from  IJayton. 

Salem,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Washington  county,  Indiana,  on  Big  Blue 
river,  o5  miles  NW  from  Louisvil'e  in 
Kentucky,  It  contains  about  200  inhabi- 
tants. 

Salem,  cross  reads,  post  office,  West- 
moreland county,  Pennsylvania,  nine  miles 
N  from  Grecnsburg. 

Saleche,  town  of  Saxony,  in  Upper  Fau- 
cigny,  seated  near  a  small  lake,  on  the 
Arvo,  12  miles  S  of  Close. 

Salerno,  seaport  of  Naples,  capital  of 
Principato  Citeriore,  with  a  luiiversity, 
principally  for  medicine.  It  is  seated  at 
the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  27 
miles  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  53  E,  lat.  40 
35  N. 

Salers,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cantal,  and  late  province  of  An- 
vergne,  among  tlie  mountains,  nuie  miles 
N  of  Aurillac. 

Salford,  LoTver,  township  of  Montgome- 
ry county, Pennsylvania,  between  Skippack 
creek  ;  and  the  NE  br.mch  of  Perkiomen, 
10  miles  NNW  from  Norristown.  Fopu^ 
lation  in  1820,  731 

Salford,  Upper,  township  of  Montgome- 
ry county,  Pennsylvania,  adjacent  to  Low- 
er Saltord,  and  W  from  the  NE  of  Perkio- 
men.    Popula'ion  in  1820,  1008. 

Salies  town  of  France,  mthe  department 
of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  lat"  province  of 
Gascony,  remarkable  for  its  springs  of  salt 
water,  from  which  the  white  salt  is  made. 
It  is  seven  miles  W  of  Orthea. 

Saliffiiac,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  and  late  province 
of  Perigord,  10  miles  S  by  W^  of  Limoges. 
Lon.  1  18  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Salignas,  town  ot' Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated 
on  the  Deva,  eight  miles  N  by  E  of  Viltoria, 
and  28  SSE  ofBilboa.  Loii.  2  54  W,  lat. 
43  5  N. 

Snli7ia,  post  town,  Onondago  county. 
New  York,  about  50  miles  W  from  Uiica, 
on  Onondago  Lake.  Tlie  township  spreads 
around  Onondago  Lake,  and  embraces  the 
vill.'.ges  of  Salina,  Liverpool,  and  most  of 
the  very  rich  srdt  springs  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. S  ilina  stands  on  the  E  side  of  the 
lake,  contains  about  100  houses,  500  inha- 
bitants, and  is  connecten  with  the  Erie 
canal  by  a  side  cut  of  one  mile  and-  a 
ha'f.  Liverp  .'ol  four  miles  NW  from  Suli- 
na,  is  about  similar  in  size  and  population. 
The  aniovint  of  Salt  works  in  operation  ex- 
ceed 130,  and  may  be  increased  to  any  iie- 


SAL 

■cessary  amouiit.  Gypsum  also  abounds  in 
this  vicinity. 

Saline,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the 
Mediterranean.  It  consists  of  two  high 
mountains  joined  together  at  the  bi.se,  and 
lies  NW  of  the  island  of  Lipari. 

Saline,  southern  townsliip,  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio ;  so  called  on  account  of  salt 
springs  found  within  its  Innits,  alonj^  the 
banks  of  Yellow  creek.  Population  in 
1820.  365 

Saline,  post  village,  EHndolph  county, 
Illinois. 

Saline,  river  of  Arkansas,  rises  about  20 
miles  NE  from  the  warm  springs  of  Oua- 
chitta,  and  fiowintj  nearly  S  fiilU  into  Oua- 
chitta  at  about  N  hit.  33  40. 

Saline,  river  of  Arkinsaw,  a  branch  of 
the  Little  river  of  the  North 

Saline,  river  ot  Louisiana,  rises  in  the 
parisn  of  Nachitoches,  flows  S  and  joins 
Black  Lake  river  to  form  the  Kigolet  de 
Bon  Dieu. 

"  Saline,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  in  White 
and  Franklin,  flows  SE  into  Gallatin  coun- 
ty, and  falls  into  Ohio  river,  18  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  Wabash.  It  is  navigable  to 
its  main  forks  30  miles.  The  United  States 
possess  salt  works  near  its  banks  20  miles 
from  the  Ohio. 

Salines,  villaa;eof  St.  Genevieve  coun 
t)',  Missouri,  four  miles  below  St.  Gene- 
vieve.    In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  salt 
works. 

Salins,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  and  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte,  remarkable  for  its  salt 
works,  the  largest  of  which  is  in  the 
middle  of  the  town,  and  is  like  a  little 
fortified  p!a  e.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
valley,  on  a  stream  that  has  its  source 
in  the  town,  29  miles  S  of  Bensancon,  and 
200  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  5  E,  lat.  45 
56  N. 

Salisbury,  or  JVeiv  Sarem,  episcopal 
city  in  Wiltshire,  of  which  it  is  the  capi- 
tal, in  a  chalky  soil,  on  the  confluence  of 
the  river  Bnurn,  Nadder,  Willey,  and 
Avon,  by  whose  waters  it  is  almost  sur- 
rounded- It  has  manufactures  of  flan- 
nels, linsey,  hardware,  and  cutlery,  and 
is  21  miles  NE  of  Southampton,  and  2io 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  42  W,  lat. 
51  3  N. 

Salisbury,  post  town  and  township, 
Hillstoorough  county.  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimac  14 
miles  NW  from  Concord.  Population 
1820,  1913 

Salisbury,  post  town  and  township  Ad- 
dison county.  Vermont. 

Salisbury,  post  town  and  township  in 
Essex  county  Massachusetts;  on  the  N 
side  of  Merrimac  river,  four  miles  N  of 
>Tewbuiyport,  and  46  N  by  E  of  Boston. 


b  A  L 

ropulation    1810,    2047;    and    in    1820, 
2006. 

Salisbury,  post  town,  and  township  in 
Litchfield  county,  Connecticut,  19  miles 
NW  of  Litchfield,  and  60  of  New  Haven, 
with  2266  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in 
1820,  2695.  Salisbury  in  Connecticut,  is 
remarkable  for  the  abundance  and  rich- 
ness of  its  iron  ore,  which  is  very  exten- 
sively wrought,  and  manufactured  into 
anch.ors,  screws,  scythes,  hoops,  gun 
barrels,  &c. 

Salisbury,  post  village,  and  township 
Herkimer  county,  New  York. 21  miles  NE 
from  Utica.  Population  1810, 1252 ;  and 
in  1820.  1438. 

Salisbury,  post  village,  Orange  couoty, 
New  York. 

Saliisbury,  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  in  the  NE  side  of  the 
county,  on  the  head  waters  of  Pequea 
creek,  12  miles  E  of  the  city  of  Lancas- 
ter. In  1810  it  contained  1841  inhabi- 
tants ;  and  in  1820,  2484. 

Salisbury,  township  of  Lehigh  county, 
Pennsylv  nia,  between  Saucon  creek, 
Little  Lehigh  creek,  and  Lehigh  river. 
Population  1810,  933  ;  and  in  1820,  1165. 

Salisbury,  post  village  of  Somerset 
C'lunty,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles  S  from 
Somerset. 

Salisbury,  post  town  in  Somerset  coun- 
ty, Maryland,  lying  on  the  N  side  of 
Wiccomico  river,  near  the  confines  of 
Delaware ;  20  miles  NW  of  Snow  Hill, 
and  33  S  by  W  of  Lewistown  near  Cape 
Henlopen. 

Salisbury,  post  town,  and  capital  of 
Rowan  county.  North  Carolina,  five 
miles  SW  of  Yadkin  river,  34  miles 
from  Salem  in  the  same  direction,  and 
120  NW  of  Fayetteville ;  containing 
about  500  souls  with  a  post  office. 

Salisbury,  township  of  Meigs  county, 
Ohio.  Through  this  township  runs 
Leading  creek.    Population  1820,  481. 

SaUsbury,  post  village  Wayne  county, 
Indiana. 

Salle,  ancient  town  of  the  kingdom  ot 
Fez,  with  a  harbour  and  several  forts. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
country,  and  yet,  on  account  of  a  bar 
that  lies  across  it,  ships  of  the  smallest 
draught  are  forced  to  unload  and  take 
out  their  guns,  before  they  can  get  into 
it.  It  is  100  miles  W  of  Fez,  and  150 
S  of  Gibralter.  Lon.  6  31  W,  lat.  34 
ON. 

Salm,  town  ot  (iermany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  H  miles  SSE  of  Spa, 
and  38  N  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  55  E, 
lat.  50  25  N. 

Salm,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lorrain,   with  a  castle,   seated  at  (he 
907 


S  A  L 


S  A  L 


source  of  tlie  Sar,  20  miles  VV  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  33  SE  of  Nanci.  Loh-  7  15  E, 
lat.  48  34  N. 

Salmon  creek,  stream  of  St.  Lawrence 
county,  flows  NNW.  about  70  miles, 
enters  Lower  Canada,  at  French  Mills, 
and  falls  into  St.  Lawrence  river  at  the 
head  of  1-ake  St.  Francis. 

Sal?)io7i,  creek  of  J^ew  York,  I'ises  in 
Jefferson  and  Lewis  counties,  enters  Os- 
wego, and  fails  into  Mexico  bay,  of 
Lake  Ontario,  20  miles  E  from  the  mouth 
of  Oswego  river. 

Salmon  Jail,  local  name  of  that  part 
of  Piscaiaqua  below  Berwick  fails. 

Salo,  towi!  of  Italy,  in  the  Brtsciano  ; 
on  the  Lake  Digarpa,  17  miles  NE  of 
Brescia.     Lon.  10  49  E,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Salobrena,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada. It  carrits  on  a  great  trade  in 
sugar  and  fish,  and  is  seated  on  a  reck, 
near  ihe  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  12  miles  E  of  Almuneear,  and 
56  S  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  50  W,  lat.  36 
31  N. 

Saloji,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
parinu  nt  of  the  Mcuihs  of  the  Rhone, 
and  latt  province  of  Provence,  seated  on 
the  canal  of  Craponne,  20  miles  NW  of 
Aix.     Lon.  5  5  E,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Salona,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  on  a  bay 
of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  was  formerly 
a  considerable  place,  and  its  ruins  show 
that  it  was  ten  miles  in  circumference. 
It  is  18  miles  N  of  Spabtro.  Lon.  17  29 
E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

SaloTie,  town  of  Livadia,  with  a  bi- 
shop's see.  The  inhabitants  are  Chris- 
tauis  and  Turks,  pretty  equal  in  num- 
ber; and  J  ws  are  nrt  suffered  to  live 
here.  It  IS  seated  on  a  mountain,  on  the 
top  of  which  is  a  citadel,  20  miles  NE 
of  Ltrpai.to.    Lon.  23  1  E,  lat.  38  53  N. 

Solonichi,  ancient  Thessalonica,  a  sea- 
port of  Turkey  in  Europe,  capital  of 
Macedonia.  It  is  10  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, and  a  place  of  great  trade,  car- 
ried on  principally  by  the  Greek  Chris- 
tians and  the  Jews,  thr-  former  of  which 
have  30  churches,  and  the  latter  as  many 
synagogues  ;  the  Turks  also  liave  a  few 
mobques.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  and 
defended  on  the  land  side  by  a  citadel, 
and  near  the  harbour  by  three  forts.  It 
■was  taken  from  the  Venetians,  liy  the 
Turks,  in  1431.  It  is  seated  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  partly 
on  the  top,  and  partly  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  near  the  river  Vardar,  50  miles  N 
of  Larissa,  and  240  W  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  23  8  E,  lat.  40  41  N. 

Salofi.    See  Shropshire. 

^ifict  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
9m 


on  a  lake  near  the  sea.  It  is  noted  for 
considerable  salt-works,  and  is  23  miles 
S  of  Manfredcnia,  and  92  ENE  of  Na- 
ples.   Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Salses,  strong  castle  of  France,  in  the 
departm.ent  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  seated 
on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  among  moun- 
tains 10  miles^K^  of  Perpignan.  Lon.  3 
0  E,  lat.  42  53  N. 

Salsetce,  fine  island  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  lying  off  the  coast  of  Con- 
can,  to  the  NE  of  Bombay,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  strait  ford- 
able  at  low  water.  It  is  about  15  miles 
square,  and  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and 
sugar-car.es.  It  has  subterraneous  tem- 
ples cut  out  of  the  solid  reck,  in  the  man- 
ner of  those  of  Elephanta,  which  appear 
to  be  monuments  of  a  superstition  ante- 
rior to  that  of  the  Hindoos. 

Salsonna,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, seated  on  the  Lobregat,  44  miles 
NW  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  38  E,  lat.  41 
56  X. 

Salia,  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  in  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  on  Roquera,  a 
river  flowing  into  the  Vermejo.  Lon. 
W  C  10  30  E,  lat.  24  40  S. 

SaUa,  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  be- 
tween Potosi  and  Cordova ;  and  between 
Chili  and  Paraguay,  It  is  drained  by 
the  Dulce,  Salado,  and  V'trmejo.  Between 
lat.  23  30,  and  29  30  S. 

Saltasli,  borough  in  Cornwall,  on  the  side 
of  a  steep  hill,  six  miles  NW  of  Plymouth, 
and  220  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  17 
W,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Salt  creek,  post  village  and  township 
Muskingum  county,  Ohio.  The  post 
oflBce  is  nine  miles  SE  from  Zanesville. 
Population  1820,  967. 

Salt  creek,  river  of  Ohio,  falls  into 
Sciota  from  the  S  15  miles  below  Chili- 
cothe. 

Salt  creek,  township  of  Wayne  county, 
Ohio     Population  1820, 1000 

Salt  creek,  township  of  Hocking  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  414. 

Suit  Creek,  SE  township  of  Pickaway 
couPity,  Ohio,  including  the  village  of 
Tarltoii.     Population  1820,  1304. 

Saltcoats,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire, much  resorted  to  as  a  watering  place. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  salt,  coal, 
and  sail  cloth,  together  with  a  rope-yard. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Friih  of  Clyde,  10 
miles  NNW  of  Ayr,  and  22  SW  of  Glas- 
gow,    Lon.  4  45  W,  lat.  35  39  N. 

Salt  Hill,  village  in  Berks,  noted  for  its 
fine  situation  and  elegant  inns.  It  is  on 
the  road  to  Baih,  22  miles  W  of  London. 

Salt  River,  river  of  Kentucky  formed 
by  three  branches ;  Salt  Biver,  Rolling' 
Fork,  and  Beech  Fork ;  all  rising  \n  Casey 


S  A  1. 


S  A  M 


county,  and  flowing'  generally  K\V,  unile 
tiiid  enter  Ohio  between  liullit  and  Hardin 
counties,  2'i  miles  below  Louisville. 
^  ^  Salt  Biver,  nver  ol'  Missouri  entering 
liie  Mississippi  from  the  NW,  about  100 
miles  above  St.  Louis. 

SaUza,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  salt  pits,  and  is  12  miles  SSE  of 
Magdeburg.     Lon.  11  54  E,  lat.  53  3  N. 

Saltzbzirg,  formerly  an  independent  arch- 
bishopric now  district  of  Lower  Austria ; 
70  miles  long  and  60  broad ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Bavaria,  on  the  E  by  Austria,  on 
the  S  by  Corinth  and  the  Tirol,  and  on  the 
W  by  the  Tirol  and  Bavaria.  It  is  a  moun- 
tainous country,  but  pretty  fertile,  and 
contains  mines  of  copper,  silver,  and  iron. 

Sallzlmrg,  ancient  and  populous  city  of 
Germany.  It  is  well  built,  and  defended 
by  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  and  near  it  are 
some  considerable  salt  works  whicli  are 
very  productive.  It  formerly  was  tlie 
capital  of  an  independent  state,  now  a  dis- 
trict of  Lower  Austria  The  university 
depends  on  the  Benedidine  monks.  It  is 
seated  on  both  sides  the  river  Saltz,  45 
miles  S  by  W  of  Passaw,  and  155  W  by  S 
of  Vienna.    Lon  13  5  E,  lat.  47  o7  N. 

Saliz-iuedel,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  old  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  noted  for  its  flourishing 
manufactures  of  cloth,  serge,  and  stock- 
ings. It  was  formerly  one  of  the  Hanse 
towns,  and  is  situated  on  the  Jetze,  20 
miles  NNW  of  Gardeieben,  and  48  ENE 
of  Zell.     Lon.  11  30  E,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Salvador,  St.  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands. 
See  Guanahami. 

Salvador,  St.  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Congo,  on  a  craggy  mountain,  240  miles 
E  by  S  of  Loango.  Lon.  15  39  E  lat.  4 
50  S. 

Salvador,  St.  populous  city  of  South 
America,  in  Brasil.  The  principal  streets 
are  large,  and  there  are  many  gardens,  full 
of  great  v.sriety  of  fruit-trees,  herbs,  and 
flowers.  The  chief  commodities  are  su- 
gar, tobacco,  woad  for  dyers,  raw  hides, 
tallow,  and  train-oil.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  bay  of  All  Saints,  120 
miles  SVV  of  Sergippy.  Lon.  40  10  W, 
lat.  13  30  S. 

Salvages,  small  uninhabited  islands,  ly- 
ing between  Madeira  and  the  Canaries,  27 
leagues  N  of  Point  Nogo  in  TenehfF.  Lon. 
15  54  W,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Salvalerra,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  with  a  royal  palace,  sealed  on  the 
Tago.     Lun.  7  51  W,  lat.  38  59  N". 

Salvaterra,  stro  .g  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beiro.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1704,  and  by  the  alhes  in  1705.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Elia,  12  miles  NE  of  Alcantara. 
Lon.  6  14  W,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Sahademr.  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 


seated  on  the  Minho,  56  miles  S  of  Com- 
postello,     Lon.  8  16  W,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Sulvatierra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Adnan.  30  miles 
E  by  S  of  Vittona.  Lon.  2  17  W,  lat.  42 
54  N. 

Saluda,  river  of  South  Caroliria,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Pendleton,  and 
Greenville  districts,  and  runs  in  a  SE  course 
till  it  joins  the  Congarce,  opposite  the 
city  of  Columbia. 

Sahiter,  river  of  Louisiana  in  Natchi- 
toches and  Ouachitta.  The  sources  of  this 
stream  is  on  the  line  between  Louisiana 
and  Arkansaw,  N  lat  33  0,  \V  lon.  W  C 
16  20,  interlocking  v.-iih  the  waters  of 
Datchet,  and  Uerbane,  and  flowing  a  simi- 
lar course  and  parallel  1o  the  latter,  tails 
into  Ouachitta  three  miks  below  the  mouth 
of  Barthelony  river.  The  country  drained 
by  the  Saluler  is  generally  pine  woods, 
soil  thin  and  s'.erile.  The'  entire  length 
of  the  Saluter  is  about  60  .miles. 

SahizzOy  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
marquLsate  ol  the  same  name,  on  an  emi- 
nence, at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  near  tiie 
river  Po,  22  miles  S  bv  W  of  Turin.  Lon. 
7  37  E,  lat.  44  44  K. 

Samand'-achi.     See  Samothracig,. 

Samarcand,  ancient  and  populous  city  in 
the  country  of  the  Usbec  Tartars,  with  a 
castle  and  a  university.  It  was  the  birth- 
place and  seat  of  Tamerlane  the  Great. 
It  carries  on  a  trade  in  excellent  fruits, 
and  is  pleasantly  seared  ne:-.r  the  Sodge, 
which  runs  into  the  Amo,  138  miles  E  by 
N  of  Bokhara.    Lon.  65  15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Samar,  Philippina,  or  Tandago,  one  of 
the  Phillippine  Islands,  in  the  Indian  ocean 
SE  of  that  of  Luconia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  .strait.  It  is  329  miles  in 
circumference,  and  is  full  of  craggy  moun- 
mains,  among  which  are  fertile  valleys. 

Samara,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Ufa,  situated  on  the  conflux  of 
the  rivers  Salmisch  and  Sakmara,  12  miles 
N  of  Orenburg.     Lon.  55  5  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Samara,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment 01  Simbirsk,  not  far  irom  the  Volga. 
Lon   49  26  E,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Sumarand,  populous  town  on  the  eastern 
part  of  tiie  island  of  Java. 

Samathan,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Euro,  with  a  strong  castle  on 
a  moan  tain.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  on  the 
river  Save,  five  miles  N  of  Lombez.  Lon. 
1  0  E,  lat.  43  34  N 

Samballus,  island  on  the  N  coast  of  the 
isthmus  of  Darien,  not  inhabited  but  claim- 
ed by  tiie  Spaniards. 

Sambas,  to>\n  of  the  island  of  Borneo, 
situated  near  the  W  coast.  It  is  a  capital 
of  a  kingdoin  of  the  same  name,  and  in  its 
vicinity  diamonds  are  found.  Lon.  109  0 
E,  Kit.  2  23  N. 

Sambre,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
909 


S  A  iSt 


S  A  ]Si 


vises  in  Picardy,  and  passing  by  Landrecy, 
I*Iaubeiige,  thun,  and  Charleroy,  falls  into 
the  Maese.  al  Narnur. 

SuTTw^itia,  province  of  Poland,  175  miles 
long  and  125  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Courland,  on  tlie  E  by  Litliuania,  on 
the  W  by  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  S  by 
Western  Prussia,  bei.ig  about  175  miles 
long-,  and  125  broad.  Rosienne  is  tlie 
principal  town. 

Samos,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on 
the  coast  of  NatoUa,  and  to  the  E  of  the 
isle  of  Nicaria.  The  women  are  clothed 
in  the  Turkish  manner,  except  a  red  coif, 
and  their  hair  hanging  down  their  b;icks, 
with  plates  of  silver,  or  block  tin,  fasten- 
ed to  the  ends,  it  is  32  miles  long,  22 
broad,  and  extremely  fertile.  It  abounds 
with  partridges,  wood-cocks,  snipes,  wood- 
pidgeons,  thrushes,  turtle-doves,  wheatears, 
and  excellent  poultry.  They  liave  abun- 
dance of  p.-ielons,  lentils,  kidney-beans,  mus- 
cadine grapes,  and  white  figs,  four  times 
as  big  as  the  common  sort,  but  not  so  well 
tasted.  Their  siik  is  very  fine,  and  the 
honey  and  wax  admirable.  They  have  iron 
mines,  and  most  of  the  soil  is  of  a  rusty 
colour ;  they  have  also  emery  stone,  and 
ah  the  mountains  are  of  white  marble.  The 
inhabitanfs,  about  12,000,  are  almost  all 
Greeks,  and  have  a  bi.sliop  '*ho  resides  at 
Corea.     Lon.    27  13  E,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Samothracia,  now  called  SamandracJd, 
small  island  of  the  Archipelago,  between 
Stalimeni  and  the  coast  of  Romania,  and 
to  the  N  of  the  isle  of  Imbro.  It  is  17 
miles  in  circumterence,  and  pretty  well 
cultivated.     Lon.  25  17  E,  lat.  40  34  N. 

Samoijedcs,  naiion  of  Tartary.  They  in- 
habit the  coasts  of  the  Frozen  Sea,  from 
the  65  degi-ee  of  N  lat.  to  the  sea  shore. 
The  countries  they  occupy  are  marshy  and 
full  of  rocks,  so  that  fiom  the  67  degree 
of  lat.  there  are  no  trees  of  any  kind,  and 
the  cold  that  prevails  in  these  climates  pre- 
vents vegetation  to  such  a  point,  that  even 
the  little  brush  wood,  here  and  tliere  to  be 
seen  dwindles  away  to  nothing  f.s  you  ad- 
vance towards  the  north.  In  stature  the 
Samoyedes  are  scarcely  ot  a  middling 
height ;  it  beittg  rare  to  meet  witli  a  man 
of  more  than  five  feet,  though  it  must  at 
the  same  time  be  confessed,  that  the  short- 
est, who  are  about  four  feet,  are  equally 
scarce.  They  seem  all  of  a  heap ;  have 
short  legs,  small  neck,  a  lartre  head,  flat 
nose  and  face,  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
face  projecting  outwards ;  they  have,  large 
mouth  and  ears,  little  black  eyes,  but  wide 
eyelids,  small  lips,  and  little  feet. 

Sampson,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  New  Hanover  SE  ;  Bladen  S\V; 
Cumberland  W  ;  Johnson  N  ;  Wayne  NE  ; 
and  D.tuphin  E.  Length  35  ;  mean  width 
20 ;  and  area  700  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Black  river  branch  of  Cane 
910 


Fear  river.    The  court  house  is  about  65 
miles  NNW  from  Wilmington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,387 

do.  do.  females  -        -        2,175 


Total  whites      .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 
Slaves         ..... 

Total  population  in  1810     • 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        .       - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .         -        - 

Total  whites      .        -        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females, 

Slaves,  males       .... 

do.     females  -        -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Eiigaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  .V/anufactures     - 

do.       in  Commerce 


4,562 

9 

2,049 

6,620 


2,900 
2,978 


0 

2,745 

0 

0 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  12^-. 

Samptown,  village  of  Middlesex  county, 
New  Jersey,  13  miles  SW  from  Elizabeth- 
town. 

Samso,  or  Samsoi,  Island  of  Denmark 
on  the  E  coast  of  North  Jutland  It  is 
eight  miles  long  and  three  broad,  and  very 
fertile.     Lon.  10  33  E,  lat.  56  2  N. 

iSamson,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  seated  on  the  river  Rille,  five 
miles  from  Pontaudemer. 

Scmu,  or  Za7ia,  town  of  Peru,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  jurisdiction  in  the  bishopric  of 
Truxillo.  Its  sititation  is  delightful,  and 
adorned  with  the  mo.t  beautiful  flowers, 
whence  it  receives  the  name  of  Mirafloris. 
It  is  90  miles  N  of  Truxillo.  Lon.  78  30 
W,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Sanaa,  capital  of  ^'^rabia  Felix  in  Ye- 
men Proper.  It  is  seated  among  moun- 
tains and  fine  orchards,  240  miles  NNE 
of  Mocha,  and  450  SE  of  Mecca.  Lon. 
46  35  E,  lat.  17  28  N. 

Sa?i  Antoniss  de  los  Cues,  city  of  Mexico, 
in  the  intendancy  of  Oaxaca,  130  miles  SE 
from  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  about  80 
miles  nearly  N  from  that  of  Oaxaca. 

San  Bias,  city  and  seapoit  of  Mexico, 
in  Guadaluxara,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Siditiago.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  depart- 
ment of  the  marine,  but  in  Summer  and 
Autumn  the   insalubrity  of  the  climate. 


S  A  N 


SAN 


obliges  the  officers,  and  inhabitants,  to 
seek  at  Tepic,  a  cooler  and  more  healthy 
air.     Lon    W  C.  28  17  W,  lat.  21  33  N. 

Sandbach,  town  in  Cheshire,  on  the  We- 
Jock,  26  miles  E  of  Chester,  and  161  NNW 
of  London.     Lon.  2  28  W,  lat  53  8  N. 

Sanborntovm,  township  of  Strafford  coun- 
ty. New  Hampshire,  containing^  2884  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  3329-  Si- 
tuated 55  miles  NW  of  Portsmoutli. 

Sa7icerre,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  and  late  province  of  Berry. 
In  its  neighbonrhood  are  excellent  wines, 
equal  to  those  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Loire,  22 
miles  NW  of  Nevers,  and  110  N  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  59  E,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Sancion,  island  of  China,  on  the  coast  of 
Quang-tong-,  40  miles  in  circumference, 
and  famous  for  being  the  burying-place  of 
St.  Francis  Xevier,  whose  tomb  is  to  be 
seen  on  a  small  hill. 

Sarwoiiis,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  and  late  province  of  Berry, 
seated  on  the  Argent,  15  miles  SW  of  Ne- 
vers. 

Sanda,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  in 
Scotland,  lying  NE  of  that  called  Mainland. 

Saiidecz,  strong  town  of  Little  l'ol;*nd, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow.  There  are 
mines  of  gold  and  copper  i:i  its  territory, 
and  it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Kra- 
pack,  32  miles  SE  of  Cracow.  Lon.  20 
32  E,  lat.  49  43  N. 

Sandersville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Washina:toa  county,  Georgia,  30  miles 
SE  from  MiHedgeville. 

Sandford,  township  and  post  village, 
York  cotmtv,  Maine.  22  miles  N  from  York. 
Population  1820,  1831. 

S :ndyate,  township  of  Bennington  coun- 
ty, Vermont ;  N  from  Bennington.  Popu- 
lation 1320,  1200, 

Sandisfield,  township  of  Berkshire  coun- 
ty, MassachuseUs,  contain mg  1658  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  io  1820.  i646  It  is  si- 
tuated between  North  Marlborough  and 
Mount  Washington,  and  near  the  Connec- 
ticu".  line 

Sandiston,  township  of  Sussex  county. 
New  Jersey.     Population  1820,  858. 

Sanderdeben,  town  of  G'rrmany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  principality  of 
Anhault  Dessau,  situated  on  the  Wipper, 
16  miles  SE  of  Quedlingburg,  and  31 
SW  of  Dessaw.  Ijon.  11  22  E,  lat.  51 
38  N. 

Sandersted,  village  in  Surry,  to  the  S  of 
Croydon,  and  in  an  elevated  situation, 
which  affords  a  delightful  prospect  over 
tlie  adjacent  country. 

Sandgate  Castle,  castle  in  Kent,  SW  of 
Folkstone. 

Sandhamn,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Upland,  appointed  for  the  ex- 
amination of  all  vessels  to  and  from  Stock- 


holm.   It  is  10  miles  E  of  Stockholm.  Lon, 
18  20  E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Sando,  island  of  .Tapan,  on  the  N  coast  of 
Niphon  ;  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  78  miles  m  circumference.  Lon.  139 
30  E,  lat  33  35  N. 

Snvdomir,  strong  town  of  Little  Poland, 
capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  Vistula,  75  miles  E 
of  Cracow,  and  142  S  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  22 
0  E,  lat   50  21  N. 

Sando-m,  township  of  Rockingham  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  23  miles  W  from 
Portsmouth.     Population  in  1820,  527. 

Sandusky,  bay  of  Ohio,  in  Sandusky  and 
Huron  counties.  It  c.x^tends  from  the  mouth 
of  Sandusky  river,  F.  23  miles  with  a  mean 
width  of  three  miles ;  and  communicates 
with  lake  Erie  by  a  narrow  strait. 

Sandusky,  river  of  Ohio,  nsing  in  Rich- 
land county,  and  flowing  W  about  20  miles 
into  Crawford,  where  it  turns  nearly  N  and 
continues  in  tdat  direction  60  miles  into 
Sandusk-v  bay.  It  is  generally  navigablco 
I-  rises  in  a  level  and  in  great  part  open 
country,  covered  in  summer  with  succu- 
lent herbage,  and  in  wmter  and  spring  ex- 
posed to  inundation  ;  having  a  perfect  re- 
semblance 'o  the  prairies  of  Louisiana, 
Missouri  a^d  Arkansaw. 

Suudusky.  county  of  Ohio  ,  bounded  N 
bv  l^ke  Ene  ;  E  by  Huron  cocnty  ;  S  by 
S'jnpca  ;  and  oii  the  W  by  Wood  county 
It  is  30  miles  long  and  25  broad,  containing 
abo:it  600  s-quare  miles.  It  contains  Cro- 
ghanvilie  the  cour.ty  seat.  The  'ace  of 
the  country  is  generally  loiv  and  level.  Its 
principal  waters  are  Sandusky  bay,  and 
S;indu.sky  and  Portage  rivers  ;  besides  se- 
veral smaller  streams. 

Population  m  1820. 
Frpe  white  males,       ...  470 

do.  do.     females    ...  379 

All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  q 


Tot."^l  whites        ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.        females 
Slaves,  males      .        .        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820      - 


849 
3 
0 
0 
0 

852 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -  181 

Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  21 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  H  nearly. 

Sandusky,  post  village  and  po't  of  entry, 
H<!ion  <*unty.  Ohio,  25  miles  NE  by  E 
from  Croghanville,  and  on  Sandusky  bay. 

Sandusky,  village  of  Sandusky  county, 
Ohio,  on  Sandusky  river  oppo.site  Croghan- 
ville. 

911 


S  A  N 


SAN 


Saniiuskrj,  one  of  the  western  townsliips 
of  Richland  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  159. 

Santbuich,  post  town  in  Harns^able  coun- 
ty. Mass  .ciiusetts  ;  situated  on  Barnstable 
Buy,  12  miles  W  of  Barnstable,  18  NE  of 
Falmouth,  and  64  SE  of  Boston,  containing 
2382  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
2484. 

Sandwich,  town  of  New  Hampshire,  in 
StrufFord  coun'.y,  a  few  miles  W  of  Win- 
ninpiokee  !akf,  with  2232  inhabitants  in 
1810  i  and  in  1820,  2268. 

Siinchvich,  town  and  capital  of  Essex 
county.  Upper  Canada,  on  Detroit  river, 
two  miles  below  Detroit.  It  is  a  consider- 
able village,  built  chiefly  in  a  single  long 
street. 

Sandxiich  Islands,  group  of  islands  in  the 
S'U'h  Sea,  among  the  iast  discoveries  of 
Capiain  Cook,  who  so  named  them,  in 
honour  of  'he  earl  of  Sandwich,  under 
whose  admin  strution  these  discoveries 
were  made  They  consist  of  ele\  *n  islands, 
extending  in  iat  from  J  8  dcg  54  min.  to 
22  d^g.  15  min  N,  and  in  Ion  fr  m  150 
deg.  44  min.  to  160  d;*g  24  min.  W.  They 
are  railed  'oy  the  native,  Owhyhee,  Mowee, 
Rsnai,  Morotoi,  T  hoorowa,  Woahoo, 
Atooi,  Ne!  heehcow,  Oreehoua,  Morotinne, 
and  T-.iho'ra,  all  inhabited  excepting  the 
tW(i  last. 

Sandy,  lownsliip.  St-jrk  county,  Ohio. 
P'-pulatiou  in  1820,  509. 

Sandii,  one  o  ihenorliiern  to«ns!iips  of 
Tuscariwas  couniy,  Oliio.  Population  in 
1820.  579. 

Sundtf  creek,  one  of  the  northern  town- 
ships of  ^;erce^  coun'y,  Pennsylvania, 
between  Frenc  ;  creek  and  S  lem  town- 
ships, 10  miles  N  from  Mercer.  Population 
in  1320,  520. 

Sandy  Fork,  po.st  vilLge  of  ^lecklenburg 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Rho.ir)oke  river,  70  miles  SW  from  Peters- 
burg 

Sandy  Hill,  villa^f*,  and  alternately  with 
Salem,  seat  of  justice  for  Washington  coun- 
ty, New  York.  It  .s  seated  en  an  elevated 
plain  neur  Bakers  falls,  52  miles  by  Ir.nd 
tbove  Albany.  It  is  near  ;hi:i  fine  villag.", 
thut  the  Champlain  canal  is  connected  widi 
the  Hudson.  It  is  compactly  built.  For 
population,  see  Kingsbury 

Sandy  Ilooh,  Mimmtjiith  county,  New 
Jersey,  18  miles  S  from  New  York.  Lon. 
W  C  3  01  E,  Iat.  40  30  N.  I'  is  the  south 
point  of  entrance  into  Raritan  bay,  and 
l^ew  York  hai  bour,  with  a  iight  house. 

Sandy  Hook,  prst  village  fulpcppcr 
county  Virginia. 

Satidy  Luke,  creek,  and  township  of 
Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania.  The  town- 
ship is  on  the  E  border  ofthecountv;  S 
912 


from  French  creek  township.    Population 
in  1820,  427. 

Sandy  Lake,  lake  of  the  N\V  territory  of 
the  United  States,  forming,  one  of  the 
links  in  the  ch^in  of  intercommunication 
between  lake  S'lperior,  and  Mississippi 
river.  It  receives  West  Savannah  river 
from  the  NE.  and  discharges  Sandy  Lake 
river  from  tlie  SW. 

Sandy  Lake  River,  river  of  the  NW  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States,  flows  from 
Sandy  Lake,  and  enters  Mississippi  river 
at  Iat.  47°  N.  See  St.  Lawrence  basin. 
At  its  outlet  from  Sandy  Lake  tlie  United 
States  SW  Company  have  an  establish- 
ment. 

Sandy  liiver.     See  Big  Sandy, 

Sa7idy  Spring,  post  village,  Montgomery 
county,  Maryland,  45  miles  N  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Sa^idy  Store,  post  ofl[ice,  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio. 

Sanford,  township  of  York  county, 
Maine,  24  miles  N  from  York.  Popidation 
i .  1820.  1831. 

Sang-amon,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  by  nu- 
merous branches  near  the  centre  of  the 
slate,  and  flowing  SW,  unitj,  and  turning 
W  enter  the  left  side  of  Illinois  river  at 
l<it.  40  10  N.  It  is  navigable  upwards  of 
lOO  mi  es. 

Snngerjield,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Oneida  county,  New  York,  15  miles  S  by 
W  from  Uiica.  Population  in  1810,  1324, 
and  in  1820,  2011. 

Sangerville  township  of  Penobscot  coun- 
ty, Maiue,  38  miles  NW  from  Bangor. 
Population  in  1820, 310. 

Sanen,  or  Gnessenay,  town  of  Swisser- 
land,  if)  Hern. 

Sanguessa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
seated  on  ihe  Arr-.gon,  20  miles  SE  of  Pam- 
peluna.     Lon.  1  17  W,  Iat.  42  34  N. 

Sa7npo.     Sec  Bnrrainpooter 

SanoreBancabour,  town  of  the  Mysore 
country,  in  the  E  Indies,  117  miles  E  by  N 
of  Goa.  Lon.  75  4/1  E,  Iat  15  39  N. 

Sangu'iar,  bor  ■i,  i  of  Dumfriess-shire, 
Scotland;  with  a  coal  trade,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  worsted  inittt-ns  :nd  stockings  ; 
seated  on  the  -mull  river  Nith,  24  miles 
N  of  Dumfries.  Lon.  3  36  W,  Iat.  55 
30  N. 

Sayitn  Chira,  island  of  South  America,  in 
tiie  S  Pacific  Ocem,  and  in  the  bay  of  Gu}- 
aquil,  90  miles  W  of  Guyaquil.  Lon.  82  36 
W,  Iat.  2  18  S. 

Santa  Crvz,  seaport  on  the  E  side  of 
Tenr'eviflT,  on  a  fine  bavof  the  same  n.ime. 
Lon.  16  26  W,  l;..t.  28  27  N. 

Santa  Cruz,  seaport  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  iVI  rocco,  with  a  fort.  It  is  seat- 
at  the  extremity  of  Mount  Atlas  on 
Cape  Agner.  Lon.  10  7  W,  Iat.  30  .v3 
N. 


SAN 


A  R 


Santa  Cruz,  one  of  the  Caribbee  Isl-   its  source  in  the  mountains  it  flows  NVV 


ands.     Lon.  64  35  W,  lat.  17  45  N. 

Santa  Cruz,  island  in  the  S  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of 
those  of  Solomon,  being  250  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. Lon.  130  0  W,  lat.  10  21 
S. 


along  the  NE  part  of  Vailadolid,  turns 
west  near  Queretaro,  and  in  that  direc- 
tion to  the  head  of  lake  CJhapala,  in  a 
distance  of  70  miles,  separates  Vailado- 
lid from  Guauaxuat).  At  the  head  of  lake 
Chapala,  it  enters  Guadalaxara,  through 


^    .  J      r   which   it  winds  NVV  by  W  250  miles, 

i>l    Slue    OI       -     1    „t>t,.,    on    ontiro    rrviii-eo    nf     ohfMif     T7n 


Santa  Cruz,  seaport  on  the  i^  siue  .u  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^.^^  ^f  ^^^^^  ^y^ 

the  island  ot  Cuba,  in  the  West  Indies,  ^^^^^^  ^^jj^  j,. ^^  ^^^  p^^.^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^j^^ 

60  miles  E  of  Havannah.    Lon.  81  10  VV,  ^.j^y  ^^  g^,^  gjj,g_     Santiago  is  by  far  the 

lat.  23  10  N.  largest  stream  of  Mexico,  it  is  navigable 

Santa  C7-uzde  la-Sierra,  town  of  South  for  some  distance  from  its  mouth,  but 

America,  in  Peru,  and  capital  of  a  go-  the  adjacent  country,  is  thickly  wooded, 

vernment  of  that  name,  in  the  audience  uncuUivated,  and  unhealthy, 

of  Los-Charcos.  with  a  bishop's  see.     It  santillana,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 

is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  ^.j^^  ^^  Santiilana.  of  which  it  is  the  ca- 

country  abounding  in  good  frmts,  on  the  j^^, .  ,.^^^^^  ^,^  ^^^  ^       ^f   q.           ^^ 

ITL^I^r'"'^^'  fo  Tai^  miles  E  of  Orviedo,  and  200  NW  of  Ma- 
59  55  W,  lat.  19  46  S 

Santa  Fe,  capital  of  New  Mexico,  in 


N  America,  seated  among  mountains, 
near  the  Rio-del-Norte,  950  miles  N  of 
Mexico.     Lon.  106  'i5  W,  lat.  35  32  N. 


drid.    Lon.  4  32  W,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Santormi,  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
to  the  N  of  Candia,  and  to  the  S  of  Nio. 
It  is  eight  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  as 
much  in  breadth ;  and  near  it  are  three 


Santa-  Fe-de- Bogota,  town  of  South    ^^  j^^^.  ^^^^^  ^^^j,  ^^j^^^    ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^ 
America,  and  the  capital  of  New  Gra-    ^^^^  ^^.j^^^^  ^^^^.j^^  ^..  ^  ^.^,^^^^^  origin. 


nada.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Madalena, 


being  all  covered  with  pumice  stones.  It 


ma  country  abounding  m  corn  and  fruit,    produces  plenty  of   barley,  cotton,   and 
with  nrnnes  ot  silver  m  the  iT^ountains,    '^.        ■     ^''hjeh  and  the  cotton  manufac- 

<2fin  milou  «  r^f  f'off-hQcrpnn      T.nn    7*^  .T   W.  '    .  ,  .  •.-... 


360  miles  S  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  73  5  W, 
lat.  3  58  N. 

Santartm,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 
madu'a,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Tajo,  on  a  country  fertile  in  wheat, 
wine,  and  oil.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Moors  in  1447,  and  is  44  miles  NE  of 
Lisbon.     Lon.  8  25  W,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Santee  river.,  river  of  considerable 
magnitude,  having  its  sources  in  the  Ap- 
palachian mountains,  at  N  lat  36°,  W 
lon  5°,  from  Washington  City,  and  fall- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  N  lat.  S3 


tures,  its  trade  consists.  Fruit  is  scarce, 
except  figs,  and  it  has  neither  oil  nor 
wood.  The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks, 
about  iO.OoO  m  number,  and  though  sub- 
ject to  the  Turks,  they  choose  their  own 
magistrates.  Pyrgos  is  the  capital.  Lon. 
26  1  E,  lat.  36  10  N, 

Saonne,  U/i/ier,  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
river,  which  rises  in  Mount  Vosges,  and 
falls  into  the  Rhone  at  Lyons.    The  capi- 


12,  W  lon~  2°  from  Washington  City;  tal  is  Vesoul. 
jt  consequently  runs  through  three  de-  Saonne  and  Loire,  department  of 
grees  of  latitude  and  three  degrees  of  France,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 
longitude,  having  an  entire  length  of  250  vince  of  Bu'gundy.  Macon  is  the  capi- 
miles  by  C(>mparative  courses,  and  drain-  tal. 

ing    about   11,000    square    miles.    The  Saoigis,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 

Santee  is  formed  by  the  United  streams  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  rock  ;  taken 

of  tiie  Wateree  and  Congaree  rivers,  both  by  the  French  in  1794.     Lon.  7  33  E,  lat. 

originating  in   the   Appalachian  moun-  36  38  N. 

tains.     The  Wateree,  in  the  higher  part  Safiienza,  three  small  islands,  and  a 

of  its  course  is  known  by  the  name  of  cape^  near  the  S  coast  of  the  Morea.  The 

Catawba,  and  the  Cnngaree  is  formed  by  largest  island  was  anciently  called  Sphac- 

the  Saluda  and  Broad  rivers     The  San-  teria.     The  pirates  of  Barbary  conceal 

tee  is  navigable  by  sloops  a  considerable  themselves  behind  it,  to  surprise  vessels 

distance  above  tlie  main  fork,  and  steam-  which  come  from  the  gulf  of  Venice,  or 

boats  ascend  at  high  water  to  Columbia,  the  coast  of  Sicily.    Lon.  22  35  E,  lat.  36 

on  the  Cop.garee  50  N. 

Santiago,  ancient  Tololoilan,  river  of  Sara,  creek  of  Louisiana,  in  New  Fe- 

Mexico,  rising  about  23  miles  NW  from  liciana.  rises  in  the  state  of  Mississippi, 

the  city  of  Mexico,  on  the  table  land  of  near  Woodviile,  and  flowing  S.  crosses 

Anahuac,  Hows  through,  or  drains  part  lat  31°  N.  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi 

of  the  intendencies  of  Mexico.  Guauax-  at  St.  Francisville,  after  an  entire  course 

vsatOj  Guadalaxara,  and  Vailadolid.  From  of  25  miles. 

5  Z  913 


S  A  R 


S  A  K 


>Sai'agossa,  city  of  Spain,  in  Arragou, 
with  a  university.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
built  by  the  Phcenicians;  and  the  Ro- 
mans sent  a  colony  hither  in  the  reign 
of  Augustus,  whence  it  had  the  name  of 
Cajsar  A.ugustus,  which  by  corruption 
has  been  changed  into  Saragossa.  It  is 
137  miles  W  of  Barcelona,  and  150  NE 
of  Madrid.    Lon.  0  2S  W,  lat.  41  .53  N. 

SaratoJ.  government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly a  province  of  Astracan.  It  contains 
11  districts,  of  which  that  of  the  same 
name  is  the  principal. 

Saratof,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Yoiga,  220  miles  S  of  Kasan, 
and  300  NW  of  Astracan.  liOn,  49  25  E, 
lat.  52  4  N. 

Saratoga,  county  of  New  York,  bound- 
ed by  the  Hudson  river  NE  and  E  ;  Mo- 
hawk river  S  ;  Schenectady  county  SW; 
Montgomery  and  Hamilton  \V ;  and 
VVarrea  N  Length  40 ;  niean  width 
20  ;  and  area  800  square  miles.  Surface 
very  diversified  as  is  the  soil.  Some  part** 
towards  the  Mohawk  are  sandy,  but  in 
general,  the  soil  is  idluvial  and  loam, 
and  productive  in  grain,  pastura.L'C.  and 
fruit.  It  is  drained  by  numerous  creekS: 
and  almost  ."nr.ircled  by  the  SacondaKo, 
Hudson,  and  M  ;hawk  rivers.  Chief 
towns  Baliston  and  Waterford. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.     fema'es 


Total  v.'hites 

All  otVier  per?*"'  ^  -  •  j 

not  taxed 
Slaves         ---.... 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  m  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.     do.  females    ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  m.iles     -         -         . 
do.  females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Porei<?ners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  \gricultuve 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 


16,673 
15,802 

32,475 

.5(>5 
1Q7 

33,146 


17.H51 
17,574 


}6,052 


258 
6,368 
1,479 

107 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  45. 

Sco-atogO;,  post  village  and  township  of 
914      ^ 


Saratoga  county,  New  York,  about  31 
miles  N  from  Albany,  rendered  memo- 
rable for  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  with 
his  whole  army,  October  17lh,  i777. 
Population  1820,  1909. 

Saratoga  S/irmgs,  post  village  and 
township  of  Saratoga  county,  New  York, 
formerly  the  westr:'rn  part  of  Saratoga. 
In  this  township  are  the  much  celebra- 
ted springs,  and  handsome  village  in 
this  vicinity.  Pt-rsnns  directing  Utters 
ouf^ht  to  caretuliy  distinguish  between 
Saratoga,  an-i  Saratoga  springs.  See 
'iallsiow  The  accommodations  at 
Saratoga  for  travellers  are  spacious  and 
elegant.     Population  18.0,  1293. 

Saratoga,  lake  of  Saratoga,  county, 
New  Y.  rk  nine  miles  long  and  mean 
width  two.  It  receives  the  Kayadaro- 
seras  from  ttie  west,  and  discharges  into 
Hudson  by  Fish  creek,  four  milesEfrom 
Baliston  Spa. 

Sarbourg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Sare, 
eight  miles  S  of  Treves.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat= 
49  37N 

Sarbourg,  t^wn  of  France,  in  thf  de- 
partment of  Meurth,  and  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  seated  on  the  Sare.  Lon.  7 
9  E,  lat,  48  40  N'. 

Sarbruck,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  M<.seHe,  ai:d  lat-?  province 
of  Lori-ain,  seated  on  the  Sare,  14  miles 
ESE  of  Sariouis,  and  40  E  by  N  of  Metz. 
Lon.  7  2  E,  lat.  49  14  N, 

Sardam.  seaport  of  N  Holland,  where 
there  are  vast  magazines  of  timber  for 
building  ships,  and  naval  stores,  with  a 
great  numbt  r  of  shiprights.  Peter  the 
Gn-at  resided  ii.  this  town  while  he  work- 
ed as  a  shipri^ht  and  his  hut  is  still  to 
b.'  seen  Sardam  is  seated  on  the  Wye, 
^even  miles  IS  W  of  Amstenlam.  Lon.  4 
45  E,  iat  52  28  N 

Sardinia,  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
142  miles  fronft  N  to  S.  and  80  from  Etc 
W  The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
I  ranges,  citr-^ns,  and  oives.  Population 
about  500,000  It  forms  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia.  Caghairi  is  the 
capital 

Sardmia,  kingdom  of  Europe,  compo- 
sed of  the  island  of  Sardinia  part  of 
Piedmont,  including  Nic'%  Montferrat,  and 
part  of  the  duchy  ri  Milan  ;  and  also 
the  city  of  Genoa  and  its  former  terri- 
tories In  general,  Sardinia  ])os,sesses 
the  NW  of  Italy,  as  far  as  the  limits  of 
the  Lombardo-Venitian-kingdom. 

Sardo,  town  ol  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Nato- 
lia.  It  was  formerly  called  Sardis,  v.nd  was 
the  c  ipital  nf  Lydia.  It  was  one  of  the 
seven  churches  of  Asia,  celebrated  in  the 
book  of  Kevelation.  It  now  contains  only 
a  few  wretched  huts.    There  are  also  a 


S  A  R 


S  A  S 


few  Christians,  who  emploj'  themselves  in 
gardening,',  but  they  have  neither  church 
nor  priest.  Ii  is  70  miies  E  of  Smyrna. 
Lon.  28  .10  E,  !at.  28  44  N. 

Sare^  river  which  rises  at  Salm,  in 
France,  runs  N  into  Ge-niany,  and  falls 
into  th:-  Mo  el!e,  a  li'tl?  ab.ve  Treves. 

Sarecto,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Duplin  county  N  >rth  CaroUna,  about 
50  miles  N  fro.n  Wilmington. 

Sarepta,  cohny  of,  flourishing  colony  of 
Moravian  brethren,  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  little  river  Sarpa,  in  ilie  Russian  go- 
vernment (if  Sar.i'ov,  to  which  the  f  unders 
have  given  the  name  of  Sarepta,  borrowed 
fr^im  tfie  sacred  writers.  The  beg  nning  of 
this  settlement  is  dated  in  1765,  and  in  ihe 
same  year  the  most  distinguisied  privileges 
were  granted  it  by  the  imperial  court.  It 
is  eigh:  miles  south  'rom  Tzaritz  n. 

Sargans,  town  of  Swiss-nand,  capital  of 
a  couity  of  the  same  name,  in  the  c;  nt'-n 
of  Zuric,  with  a  castle  on  ;-  roek,  whr  le 
Andrew  Dori>,  was  defeated  bj  Barbaiossi'. 
It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  and  near  it 
are  mineral  springs,  good  for  various  dis- 
eases. 

Sargcl,  large  and  ancient  seaport  of  tlie 
kingdom  of  Morocco,  and  province  of  Tre- 
mesen,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  tlie  sea- 
coast,  25  milfrs  SSW  of  Algiers  Lon.  2 
IS  E,  lat  36  30  N. 

Sarguemine,  town  of  France,  in  tlie  de. 
partment  of  Moselle,  seated  on  the  Sare, 
nine  miles  from  Sarback.  Lon.  7  6  E,  lat, 
49  8  N. 

Sari,  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in  Mesan- 
deran,  20  miles  SW  of  Ferabad. 

Sark,  little  island  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  on  the  coa:-t  of  Normandy,  situated 
between  Guernsey  and  .Jersey. 

Savk,  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  E  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  and  for  many 
miles  forms  the  boundaiy  with  England. 

Sarlnt,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  and  kte  province  of 
Perigord,  27  miles  SE  of  Perigueux,  and 
87  E  by  N  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.'l  19  E,  lat. 
44  5  N. 

Sarlouis,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  seated  on  the  Isthmus  of 
a  peninsula  formed  by  the  river  Sare,  20 
nr.les  E  of  Thionville,  and  32  NE  of  Metz. 
Lon,  6  48  E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Sarnen,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Underwalden,  seated  on  a  lake  of 
that  name.  It  is  nine  miles  south  ot  Lu- 
cern.     Lon   8  7  E,  hit.  46  9  N. 

Sarno,  river  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Naples, 
which  rises  near  Sarno,  and  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Naples. 

Sarno,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ci- 
teriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  In  is  seated 
on  the  Sarno,  near  its  source,  12  miles  NE 
of  Salerno,  and  20  SE  of  Naples.  Lon. 
14  49  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 


Saroa,  strong  castle  in  Upper  Hungary 
in  a  county  if  the  some  name,  seated  on 
the  Tariza,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Krapacb, 
five  miles  NNW  of  Eperies. 

Swp,  or  Sarpen,  town  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Christiansand.  It  is  situated 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  cataract,  10 
miles  WSW  of  Fredericstadt.  Lon,  10  4.7 
E,  lat.  59  9  N. 

Sarreal,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  on  the  Francoli,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  which  are  quarries  of  alabaster,  so 
transparent  that  windows  are  glazed  with 
it.     L.n.  2  0  E,  lat.  41  30  N 

Sarmna,  town  of  Italy,  in  Rotnagna,  158 
miles  N  W  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  14  E,  lat.  43 
59  N. 

Sarsina,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  Rn- 
magna,  11  miles  WSW  of  Rimini,  Lon.  12 
32  E,  lau  44  0  N. 

Sarle,  department  of  France,  including 
the  iate  province  of  Mi.'ne  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  river  \vl'ich  joins  the  Maine 
and  the  Loire,  above  Angers.  The  capital 
of  the  di-p.irtme  it  is  Mans. 

Sarum,  JV«y.     See  Salisbury 

Sarian,  Old,  ancient  borough  in  Wilts, 
witli  the  ruins  of  a  fort  that  belonged  to 
the  ancient  Britons.  One  farm  house  is 
all  that  remains  of  this  town  wiiich  yet 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
two  miles  N  of  Salisbury.  Lon.  1  42  W, 
lat.  51  7  N. 

Savertlen,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  seated  on  the  Sare,  18 
miles  south  of  Sarbruck.  Lon.  7  7  E,  lat. 
48  58  N. 

Sw-u/ar,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  Raab,  at  its  conHuence  with  a  small 
river.  It  is  50  miles  W  by  N  of  Buda. 
Lon.  16  48  E,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Sarzana,  strong  town  of  Italy,  i.i  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  with  a  bi.;hop's  see.  It 
was  given  to  the  Genoese,  by  tiie  great 
duke  of  Tuscany,  in  lieu  of  Leghorn.  It 
is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Magra,  50 
miles  SE  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9  52  E,  lat.  44 
8N. 

Saseram,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
Be'igal,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
near  a  great  lake,  50  miles  SE  of  Benares, 
Lon   86  44  E,  lat.  26  10  N. 

Saskacha-ii'cdne,  great  river  of  North 
America,  is  formed  by  two  large  branches, 
both  rising  in  the  Chippewan  mountains, 
and  flowing  generally  to  the  E.  After  a 
comparative  course  of  600  miles  they  unite 
at  lon.  \V  C  27  30  W  ;  the  united  streams 
flow  thence  200  miles  into  the  NW  bay  of 
lake  Winnipic.  The  Severn  flowing  from 
the  eastern  side  of  lake  Winnipic,  is  the 
continuation  of  the  Saskatchaw;iine  and 
Assiniboin  rivers.  See  Severn  in  the  text, 
and  Assiniboin  in  the  Addenda, 

Sassafras,  river  of  Maryland,  rises  on  tlje 
0]5 


SAY 


S!A  V 


coniines  of  Delaware,  and  flowinpr  west 
between  Kent  and  Cecil  coun'  ies,  falls  into 
CiiesKpeak  bay  11  miles  south  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Siisquehunnali. 

Sassari,  city  of  Sardinia,  capital  of  the 
territory  of  Liigari.  It  contains  30,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  six  mil  s 
N  of  Algher.     Lon.  8  o9  E,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Sassebes,  strong  town  of  Transylvania, 
capital  of  a  county  of  Xh?.  same  name  ; 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  two  rivers, 
which  fall  into  tlie  Maroch.  Lon.  26  40 
E,  lat.  46  26  N. 

Sas  van  Ghent,  strong  town  of  Flanders 
It  has  fine  sluices,  and  is  seated  on  a  canal, 
which  comuivmicates  Vt'itii  Ghent,  about 
eight  miles  N  from  it.  It  was  huilt  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Ghent,  as  a  bulwark  to  that 
town.     Lon.  3  49  E,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Sussuolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Modena,  on  the  Seccia,  10  miles  SW  of 
Modena.     Lon.  11  HE,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Satalia,  strong  seiport  of  Turkey,  in 
Asia,  and  Natolia,  on  the  coast  of  Carama- 
nia.  It  is  divided  into  th.-ee  towns.  The 
surrounding  country  is  very  fertile  ;  and  the 
citrons  and  oranges  are  t-x'remeiy  fine.  I'. 
is  150  miles  W  by  S  of  Cogni,  and  265  S 
by  E  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  32  21  E, 
lat.  37  1  N. 

Sat^-ons;;  or  Satngoiig,  village  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  Bengal,  on  a  creek  of 
the  Hoogly  river,  about  four  miles  NW  of 
Hoogly, 

Satilla,  river  of  Georgia.     See  St.  Ilia. 

Sattarab,  town  of  the  Deccun  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  province  of  Viniapour,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  the  Malirattah  state. 
It  lies  near  the  E  foot  "f  the  Ghaut-s,  and 
near  the  most  dstant  source  of  the  river 
Kistnah,  63  miles  ^>outh  of  Pooisah,  and  77 
west  of  Visiapour.  Lon.  74  8  E,  lat.  17 
45  N. 

Saiicon,  Lo7ver,  extreme  southern  town- 
ship of  Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Population  in  1810,  1974;  and  in  1820, 
2208. 

Saucon,  Upper,  extreme  SE  township  of 
Lehigh  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Savicon 
creek.  Population  in  1 810,  1456 ;  and  in 
1820,  1642. 

Savage  Island,  in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean, 
so  named  by  captuin  Cook,  f'om  the  inhos- 
pitable behaviour  of  its  inhabitants.  It  is 
about  35  miles  in  circumference.  Lon. 
169  37  W,  lat  19  1  S. 

Savannah,  river  of  N  America,  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  divisional  line  that  se- 
parates the  state  of  Georgia  from  that  of 
South  Carolina.  Its  course  is  nearly  from 
NW  to  SE.  It  is  formed  principally  of 
two  br.^nches  t!ie  Tiigaloo  and  Kioevee, 
which  spring  from  the  mountains.  It  is 
navigablefor  large  vessels  up  o  Savannah, 
and  for  boats  of  100  feet  keel  as  far  as  Au- 
gusta, lb  fails  into  the  Ocean  at  Tybee 
916 


Bar,  in  lat.  31  57  X,  where  it  has  16  feet 
water  at  half  tide. 

Savannah,  largest  'own  in  Georgia,  and 
formerly  the  seat  .'if  government.  It  is 
situated  on  the  SW  of  Savannah  nver,  in 
Chaiham  county,  in  lat.  32  5  N,  lon.  81  24 
W,  and  about  15  miles  from  the  Ocean. 
The  town  is  accounted  healthy  (or  so  hot  a 
climate,  being  seated  on  a  bluff  in  a  bend 
of  the  river,  and  elevated  considerably 
above  the  surrounding  plantations  The 
wet  mode  of  cultivating  rice  it  is  supposed 
contributed  much  to  the  insalubrity  of  the 
summ.er  and  autumn  seasons  in  Savannals. 
In  1817,  the  citizens  of  that  town  voted 
§70,000  to  induce  tlie  proprietors  of  rice 
farms  in  the  vicinity  to  abandon  the  wet, 
and  adopt  the  dry  mode  of  culture.  Ves- 
sels of  large  burden  can  moor  close  to  the 
town  ;  but  from  its  vicinity  to  the  ocean 
they  are  often  exposed  to  tremendous 
floods.  The  trade  is  great,  and  increases 
r.tpidly.  In  1803,  the  exports  amounted 
to  g2,370.875.  From  September,  1816,  to 
.Time  1817,  inclusive,  there  were  exported 
lu7,320  bales  of  cotton  ;  3,605  hhds.  of  to- 
bacco, and  11,228  tierces  of  rice.  The 
whole  valued  at  996,503  dollars.  In  1816, 
the  amount  of  shipping  was  12,776  tons. 
Here  is  a  bank  of  discount  and  deposit. 
The  town  is  115  miles  SW  of  Charle-nton, 
(South  Carolina)  100  SE  of  Louisville,  and 
653  south  by  west  of  Washington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,313 

do  do.    females      -        -        -        1,277 


Total  whites       .... 

All  otiier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -         -         -         - 

Slaves,               -        .        -       "- 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

2,590 

530 

2,195 

5,315 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 

do      do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -         .        .        - 

Total  whites        -        -        '        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.              do.      females  - 

Slaves,  males       .         .         -         . 

do.    females             ... 

2,106 

1,760 

0 

3,866 

224 

3.58 

1,325 

1,750 

Total  population  in  1820 

7,523 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  190 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  0 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  544 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  590 

Savannah,  name  of  the  two  small  rivers 

of  the  NW  territory  of  the  United  States, 

one.  a  head  branch   of  St.  Louis,  and  the 


S  A  tJ 


S  A  U 


other  of  Sandy  Lake  rivers.  The  two  Sa- 
vannah rivers  approach  so  near  each  other 
as  to  leave  onlv  a  short  portap^e  between 
them.  See  Sandy  Lake  Jliver,  and  St. 
Louis  River. 

Save,  river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  in  Carniola,  runs  through  that 
country  from  W  to  E.  separates  Sclavo- 
nia  from  Croatia,  Bi  snia,  and  Servia,  and 
falls  into  the  Danube,  at  Belgrade 

Savenat,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Loire,  18  miles  NW 
of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat.  47  23  N. 
Savendroog,  strong  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  of  Hind(X)stan,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Mysore.  It  is  situated  on  the 
top  of  a  vast  rock,  rising  half  a  mile  in 
perpendicular  height,  from  a  base  of 
above  eight  miles  in  circumference,  and 
divided  at  the  summit  by  a  chasm,  that 
forms  it  into  two  hills ;  these  having  each 
its  peculiar  defences,  serve  as  two  cita- 
dels, capable  of  being  maintained  inde- 
pendently of  the  lower  works,  wliich  are 
also  wonderfully  strong.  Notwithstand- 
ing this,  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  in 
December  1791,  after  a  siege  of  seven 
days.  It  is  18  miles  W  of  Bengalore. 
Saverdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arriege,  seated  on  the  Ar- 
riege,  25  miles  SSE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1 
36  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Saverne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  coun- 
ty of  Foix.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
Mont  Vosges,  in  a  fertile  country,  which 
produces  plenty  of  wine,  18  miles  NW  of 
Strasburg,  and  120  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7 
33  E,  lat,  48  51  N. 

Saugatuck,  one  of  the  three  harbours 
of  Fairfield,  in  Fairfield  county,  Connec- 
ticut. The  village  stands  at  the  mouth 
of  Saugatuck  liver,  seven  miles  SE  from 
Fairfield. 

Saugerties,  post  village,  and  township 
of  Ulster  c  unty,  Ntw  York.  The  vil- 
lage is  situated  on  Hudson  river  above 
the  mouth  of  Esopus  creek,  13  miles 
NNEfrom  Kingston.  Population  of  the 
township  1810,  2194 ;  and  in  1820,  2699. 
Sangus,  township  Essex  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 10  miles  E  from  Boston. 
Population  748. 

Sa-oigliano,  strong  town  of  Piedmont, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Maira,  five  miles  W  of  Fo- 
sano,  and  26  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  44  E, 
lat.  44  30  N. 

Savington,  post  office,  Cecil  county, 
Maryland. 

Saulgen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  which  belongs  to  the  baron  of 
Walburg- 


Saulieu,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province  of 
Burgundv.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
25  miles  W  of  Dijon,  and  142  SE  of 
Paris.    Lon.  4  7  E,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Saumur,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Anjou.  Here  is  a  famous 
bridge  over  the  Loire,  consisting  of  12 
elliptic  arches,  each  60  feet  in  diame- 
ter. It  is  22  miles  SE  of  Angers,  and 
160  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  4  VV,  lat.  47 
15  N. 

Saunders,  Cape,  cape  of  Sandwich 
Land,  in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  36 
57  W,  lat.  54  6  S. 

Saunders  Isle,  island  near  S  Georgia, 
in  the  Southern  Ocean.  Lon.  26  38  W, 
lat.  58  0  S. 

Savona,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa.  The  surrounding  country  is 
well  cultivated,  and  abounds  in  silks,  and 
all  sorts  of  fruits.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  20  miles  SW  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  20  E,  lat.  44  18  N. 

Savoniers,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Touraine,  five  miles  from 
Tours,  Near  it  are  caverns,  famous  for 
their  petrifications, 

Savoy,  duchy  of  Europe,  between 
France  and  Italy,  83  miles  long,  and  67 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  which  separates  it  from  Swis- 
scrland ;  on  the  E  by  the  Alps,  which 
divides  it  from  Pit^dmont  and  Vallais; 
on  the  W  by  the  Rhone,  which  parts  it 
from  Bresse ;  and  on  the  S  by  Dauphiny 
and  Piedmont.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Isere,  Arc,  and  Arve.  This  coun- 
try was  subdued  in  1792,  by  the  French, 
and  the  National  Convention  decreed  that 
it  should  constitute  the  84th  department 
of  France,  by  the  name  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Cham.berry  is  the  capital.  It  has  again 
become  subject  to  Sardinia. 

Savoij,  post  village  and  township  of 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  25 
miles  NE  from  Lenox.  Population  1820, 
852. 

Saurungfiour,  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Malwa  42 
miles  NNE  of  Indore,  and  43  NE  of 
Ougien.    Lon.  76  32  E,  lat.  23  35  N. 

Sauves,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Vidoure,  12 
miles  SW  of  Alais. 

Seuveterre,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late 
province  of  Bearne,  with  an  old  ruined 
castle,  20  miles  WNW  of  Pau. 

Sauveterre,    town  of  France,    in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  and  late  pro- 
9]7 


SAX 


S  C  A 


viiice  of  Bouergue,  12  miles  SE  of  Ville- 
frariche. 

Savii,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  to 
wliich  the  Dutch  formerly  had  an  ex- 
clusive trade.  Lon.  122  30  E,  lat.  10 
35  S 

Saivfiit,  post  village  West  Chester 
county,  New  York. 

Saxenburg.  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Carinthia,  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Drave,  38  miies  VV  of  Giagenfort. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Saxenhagen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  county  of 
Schawenburg,  20  rnikb  NWof  Hanover, 
Lon.  9  36  E,  lat.  52  30  N. 

Saxjnundham,  town  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  stated  on  a  hill, 
29  miles  NE  of  Ipswich,  and  89  NE  of 
London.     Lon.  1  40  E.  Ui.  52  18  N. 

Saxons,  post  village  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carohna. 

Saxony,  Lower,  formerly  a  circle  of 
Germany,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Upper 
Saxony,  S  by  the  same  and  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  W  by  Westphalia  and  the 
German  Ocean,  and  N  by  Jutland  and  the 
Baltic,  It  comprehended  the  duchies  of 
Nagdeburg,  Bremen,  Brunswick,  Lu- 
nenburg, '  Holstein,  Lauenburg,  and 
Mecklenberg,  the  principalities  of  Hai- 
berstadt,  Ratzeburg,  Hildesheim,  and 
Lubec,  and  the  cities  of  Hamburg,  Bre- 
men, Goslar,  Mulhausen,  and  Nord- 
hausen. 

Saxony,  U/i/ier,  formerly  a  circle  of 
Germany,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Prussia, 
Poland,  and  Lusatia,  S  by  Bohemia  and 
Franconia,  W  by  the  circles  of  Upper 
Rhone  and  Lower  Saxony,  and  N  by  the 
latter  and  the  Baltic.  It  comprehended 
Saxony  Proper,  the  margravate  of  Mis- 
nia,  the  langravate  of  Thuringia,  the 
principalities  of  Brandenburg,  Merse- 
burg,  Nauburg,  Anhalt,  Ccburg,  and 
Querfurt,  the  counties  of  Barby,  Mans- 
field, Schwartzburg,  Stolberg,  and  Ho- 
henstein,  and  the  duchy  of  Pomerania. 

Saxony,  one  of  the  Prussian  provinces 
formed  in  1815  ;  subdivided  into  the  go- 
vernment of  Merstburg,  iVIagdeburg, 
and  Erfurt.  Area  8492  square  miles. 
Population  1,180,000.  Magdeburg  is  the 
capital. 

Saxony,  kingdom  of  Europe  in  Ger- 
many, bounded  N  by  Prussia ;  SE  by 
Bohemia,  or  Erzeberg  mountains  ;  and 
on  other  sides  by  various  states  of  Ger- 
many, Area  7476  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation 1,5:00,000. 

The  kingdom  of  Saxony  embraces  one 
of  the  best  cultivated,  most  productive, 
and  most  civilized  regions  of  the  earth. 
In  literature,  science,  arts,  and  manu- 
factures, the  jnliabitants  of  this  little 
918 


kingdom  holds  an  exalted  rank.  The 
most  celebrated  universities  are  at  Jena, 
and  Lit'psic.  The  latter  the  most  exten- 
sive book  mart  in  Europe.  The  products 
of  its  arts  are  too  extei.sive  to  be  enume- 
I'ated  in  this  place.  A  similar  observa- 
tion must  be  made  respecting  its  mineral 
wealth.  It  may  be  sufficient  to  observe 
that  its  workshops  produce  excellent  of 
their  kind,  linen,  lace,  glass,  pcrcelain, 
&c.  and  that  its  mountains  abound  in 
silver,  tin,  bismuth,  manganese,  and  co- 
balt. 

Say  brook,  ancient  post  town  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  Connecticut,  settled  by  a 
colony  directly  from  England,  under  the 
patronage  ef  lords  S?.y  and  Brock,  as 
early  as  1634.  It  contained  3996  inhabi- 
tants in  1810;  and  in  1820,  4165,  and  is 
situated  on  the  V  siue  if  Connecticut 
viver,  35  miles  E  of  New  Haven,  and  45 
S  by  E  of  Hartford,  in  lat.  41  15  N,  and 
on.  73  30  Vv'. 

Saycoek,  one  of  the  islands  of  Japan, 
dividend  fr(rn  Niphun  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. The  Dutch  factors  are  permitted 
to  reside  in  the  little  island  of  Disnia, 
which  is  on  che  W  side  of  this.  Lon. 
132  28  E,  lat.  34  0  N. 

.<bt/7z,  town  of  Germany,  in  Treves, 
situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
six  miles  N  of  Coblentz. 

Say/ian,  one  of  the  Ladrone  isalnds; 
it  is  a  large  and  pleasant  island,  lying 
between  140  and  150  E  lon.  and  in  15  22 
NIat. 

Sc/iageJi,  or  Scagerif,  promontory  of 
N  Jutland,  in  Denmark,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  passage  out  of  the  ocean  into  the 
Categate.  From  this  cape,  a  dangerous 
sand  bank  stretches  out  into  the  sea, 
upon  which  in  1715,  a  tower  was  erect- 
ed 64  feet  high.    Lon.  10  6  E,  lat.  57 

16  N. 

Scala,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Citeriore.  It  was  a  large  oily  for- 
merly, but  is  now  greatly  decayed.  It  is 
six  miles  N  of  AmaSfi.  Lon.  14  44  E,  lat. 
40  34N. 

Scalanova,  neat  maritime  town  of  Turkey 
in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  a  castle  and  har- 
bour, eight  miles  from  Ephesus.  Lon.  27 
31  E,  lat.  37  54  N. 

Scalitz,  or  Scala,  town  of  Upper  Hunga- 
ry, in  the  county  of  Poson.  There  is  a 
very  advantageous  passage  by  it,  from  Mo- 
ravia to  Hungary,  and  it  is  seated  on  the 
Marck,  50  miles  N  of  Presburg.     Lon.  17 

17  E,  lat.  49  4  N. 

Scamachie,  city  of  Russia,  in  Schirvan, 
about  24m.les  from  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is 
inhabited  by  Armenians  and  Georgians, 
360  milts  S  from  Astachan.  Lat.  40  27 
N. 

Seamleroon,     See  Alexandrelta. 


S  C  H 


S  C  H 


Scamo.     See  Schoneit. 

Scaro,  01'  Scarsti,  town  of  Sweden,  in  W 
Gothland,  -.eated  on  the  lake  Weiiner,  66 
miles  N  of  (Joticnburg'.  Lou.  12  42  E,  lat. 
58  16  N. 

Scarborough,  seaport  and  borough,  in  the 
N  riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  of  late  been 
greatly  frequented  on  account  of  its  mine- 
ral waters,  called  the  Scarborough  Spa, 
and  also  for  seabatiiing.  It  li<(S  a  good 
harbour,  possesses  considerable  trade,  snd 
is  much  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  It  is  38 
miles  NE  of  York,  and  237  N  of  London. 
Lon.  0  15  W,  54  18  N. 

Scarborough,  town  and  fort  on  the  island 
of  Tobago,  tal'cn  by  the  En«-lish  in  17'93. 

Scarbro',  post  to'vn  inCumbe-  iand  coun- 
ty, Mama;  on  the  S  side  of  Saco  river,  14 
miles  S  by  W  of  Poi'ti-nd,  and  nine  NE  of 
Biddeford,  containing  2100  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2232. 

Scardoiio,  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  on 
the  B  bank  of  the  river  Cherca.  It  is  35 
miles  N\V  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  1  E,  lat. 
44  29  N. 

Scarlino,  town  of  Tuscany,  on  the  sea- 
coast,  five  miles  S  of  Massa,  and  10  ENE  ot 
Piombino.     Loii.  10  57  E,  lau  42  58  N. 

Scaro,  town  of  the  island  of  Santorini. 
Lon-  25  58  E,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Scarpanto,  ancient  Carpathus,  island  of 
the  Archip^da!;o,  22  mdes  long  and  eigiit 
broad,  lying  SW  of  Rhodes,  and  l^E  of 
Candia.  There  are  several  high  mount^iuN ; 
but  it  ab>unds  in  cuttle  and  game,  and  has 
mines  of  iron,  quarries  of  ma.  ble,  and  seve- 
ral good  harbours.  The  Turks  are  masters 
of  it,  but  the  inhabitants  are  Greeks.  Lon. 
27  40  E,  lat.  35  45  N. 

Scarpe,  river  of  France,  v/hich  has  its 
source  in  Artois,  and  flowing  past  Arras, 
Douay,  and  St.  Amand,  ialls  into  the 
Scheldt. 

Scarsdale,  fertile  tract,  in  the  NE  part  of 
Derbyshire,  surrounded  by  barren  rocks 
and  mountains. 

Schaafntadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  eight  miles  W  of 
Mersburg,  and  26  W  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  11 
36  E,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Schaffhauseii,  smallest  canton  of  Swis- 
serland,  bounded  on  the  N  and  W  by  Sua- 
bia,  on  the  E  by  the  canton  of  Zurich  and 
the  bishopric  of  Constance,  and  on  the  S 
by  same  and  Thurgaw.  It  is  but  five 
leagues  in  length  and  three  in  breadth,  and 
contains  30,000  inhabit. ns.  It  produces 
all  the  necessaries,  as  wine,  fish,  wood, 
flax,  horses,  sheep,  wool,  black  Ciltle,  and 
deer.  The  principal  article  of  trade  is 
wine, the  country  abounding  in  vineyards; 
and  as  the  canton  affords  but  little  corn,  it 
is  procured  from  Suabia  in  exchange  for 
wine. 

Schaffluixi.wii  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 


tal of  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  llliine;  and  owes  its  origin 
to  I  he  niterrup!  ion  of  the  navigation  of  that 
river  by  'he  cataract  at  Lauffeo.  It  is  re- 
markable for  one  of  the  most  curious 
bridges  in  Europe,  over  the  llliine,  con- 
necting it  with  the  otiier  parts  of  Switzer- 
land.  Schaffliausen  contains  about  6000 
inhabitants,  and  is  22  miles  N  by  E  of  Zu- 
ric,  and  39  E  of  B...sil.     Lon.  3  41  E,  lat.  47 

39  N 

Schagticoke,  post  village  ai^d  township, 
Renssal  er  county,  New  York,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  ll  miles  ab'jve  Troy. 
Populatioi?  in  1820,  2522. 

Schalholt,  episcopal  town  of  Iceland, 
with   a  college.    Lon.  22   20  W,   lat.  64 

40  N. 

Schamachie,  formerly  a  town  of  Persia 
capital  of  Sen-van.     See  Scamachie. 

Scha7itz  Sterney,  fortress  in  the  Russian 
government  of  Wiburgh,  seated  on  the 
Neva,  a  little  E  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  31 
15  E,  lat.  60  0  N. 

Scliarding,  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  seat- 
ed on  the  In.-i,  seven  miles  S  of  Passuw. 
Lon.  13  36  E,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Schornitz,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  Tirol.  It  is  a  passage  of  great  impor- 
tance, on  tie  confines  of  Bavaria,  12  miles 
N  of  Inspruc. 

Schauenburg,  ierritory  of  Westphalia,  22 
miles  long  and  10  broad,  belonging  to  the 
langr.ivaie  of  Hesse  Cassel. 

Schannstein,  tov.n  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
coma,  and  principality  of  Cullembach,  18 
miles  NE  of  Cullembach.  Lon.  11  44  E, 
lat.  54  35  N. 

Schaianberg,  town  and  castle  of  Germa- 
ny, in  lower  Rliine,  23  miles  NNW  of 
Mentz,  and  25  WSW  of  Wetzlar.  Lon.  8 
2  E,  lat.  50  14  N, 

Sheiberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  are 
mines  of  silver  and  iron.  It  is  four  miles 
NE  of  Schwarlzburg. 

Scheldt,  considerable  river  of  the  Nether- 
lands, which  rises  in  France,  in  the  late 
province  of  Picardy.  It  passes  through 
Flanders,  and  divides  into  two  branches 
beloy/  Fort  Lillo,  and  both  forming  several 
islands,  enter  the  German  Ocean. 

Schelestadt,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  river  III,  20 
miles  SW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  40  E,  lat. 
48  17  N. 

Schella,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  seated 
on  the  Waag,  25  miles  NE  of  Presburg'. 
Lon.  18 17  E,  hit,  48  32  N. 

Schellenburg,  fortress  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria,  22  miles  W  of  Ingolsiadt.  Lon. 
10  58  E.  lat.  48  46  N. 

ScheUing,  island  of  the  United  Province.?, 
in  Friesland,  lying  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Zaider-Zee.    Lon.  5  10  E,  lat.  53  20  N. 
919 


s  c:H 


s  c  If 


Schemnitz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  one 
of  the  seven  mountain-towns,  with  three 
castles.  It  is  famous  for  mines  of  silver 
and  ether  metals  ;  as  also  for  its  hot  baths 
Near  it  is  a  high  rock  of  shining  blue  stone, 
mixed  with  green  and  some  spots  of  yel- 
lovv.    It  is  50  miles  NK  of  Presburg, 

Schench,  fortress  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
on  the  point  where  the  Rhine  divides  into 
two  branches.  It  is  the  centre  of  commu- 
nication between  Holland  and  Germany. 
Lon.  5  26  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Schenectady,  county  of  New  York ; 
bounded  by  Saratoga  county,  and  Mohawk 
river  NE  ;  Albany  county  S  ;  Schoharie 
county  S  W ;  and  Montgomery  NW.  Length 
20 ;  mean  widtli  12 ;  and  area  240  square 
miles.  The  Mohawk  river  flows  obliquely 
through  it,  and  affords  much  excellent  al- 
luvial soil  near  its  banks.  Other  parts  of 
the  county  are  hilly  and  broken,  with  a 
mixt  soil.     Chief  town  Schenectady. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...        5,0r6 

do.  do.     females      -        -        .       4,619 

Total  whites       -        -        .        -  9,695 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  338 

Slaves 318 

Total  population  in  1810     -        -       10,201 

Population  In  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -         6,305 

do.    do.  females  .        -        6,015 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     .       -       -        .  205 


Total  whites        -         -         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males  -  .        . 

do.    females 


13,081 


194 

1,875 

687 

85 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  54^. 

Schenectady,  city,  post  town,  and  se-st  of 
justice,  Schenectady  county.  New  York, 
on  the  r  ght  bank  of  'he  Mohawk,  15{7 
miles  by  land  NW  from  Albany.  It  is  one 
of  the  oldest  towns  in  tiie  state,  being  built 
nearly  co.evil  with  Albany.  M  my  of  the 
buildmgs  are  elegant,  but  like  all  the  an- 
cient towns  of  New  York,  the  old  and  new 
edifices  are  contrasts,  exhibiting  the  ad- 
vance in  elegance  and  convenience  effected 
in  the  course  of  upwards  of  a  centurv.  A 
920 


fine  and  very  substantial  wooden  bridge 
here  crosses  the  Mohawk. 

Union  college  stands  a  little  to  the  NE 
from  the  city.  This  institution  was  incor- 
porated in  1794,  and  is  now  a  very  respec- 
table and  prosperous  institution.  The  col- 
lege buildings  are  spacious  and  calculated 
to  accommodate  200  students.  The  site  is 
pleasantly  elevated,  and  near  the  Moiiawk. 
The  library  contains  above  500  volumes. 
In  1820,  it  was  under  the  direction  of  a 
president,  and  four  professors,  one  for  mo- 
ral philosophy,  one  for  mathematics,  one  of 
the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  one  of 
modern  languages,  and  two  tutors.  In 
1820,  the  students  amounted  to  245, 

The  great  Erie  canal  is  now  completed 
from  Genessee  river  to  Schenectady. 
Whilst  this  article  was  in  hand,  the  follow- 
ing notice  appeared  in  the  New  York 
Statesman. 

"  The  Erie  Canal  is  now  finished  from 
the  Genesee  river  to  Schenectady,  a  dis- 
tance of  238  miles,  and  the  water  is  ap- 
proaching this  city  from  the  west,  and  by 
co-morrow  evening  (Nov.  19,  1822,)  the 
canal  will  be  filled  and  fit  for  navigation. 
The  Champiain  Canal  wili  be  filled  with 
water  in  the  course  of  this  week  to  Water- 
ford,  a  distance  of  62  miles.  Thus  in 
five  years  and  four  months  300  miles  of 
artificial  navigation  have  been  completed, 
and  the  remaining  124  miles  are  so  far 
finished,  thut  it  is  believed  they  will  also 
be  in  a  navigable  state  during  the  next  ypar, 

I  congratulate  you  on  this  auspicious 
state  of  things.  The  increase  of  travelling 
has  been  so  great,  that  a  share  of  55  dol- 
lars in  a  western  pucket  has  produced  this 
season  a  complete  profit  of  85  dollars. 

The  par  s  of  the  Canal  not  finished  are, 
on  the  Champiain  Canal,  from  Waterford 
to  its  junction  with  the  Erie 

Canal  -----  32  miles 
The  Er  e  Canal  from  Albany 

to  Schen  ctady     -         -         -       28 
From  Rochester  to  Buffalo      -       64 

124 

Population  of  the  city  of  Schenectady  in 
1810,  5909  ;  and  in  1820,  3939  This  city 
contains  a  bank,  four  places  of  public  w  r- 
ship,  and  near  600  dwelling  houses.  Its 
position  for  commercial  operations  is  very 
advantageous,  which  will  be  much  eiihan- 
ced  by  the  canjls  now  completed. 

Schening,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E  Goth- 
land, seated  in  a  fertile  country,  10  miles 
SE  of  Wastena.  Lon.  15  47  E,  lat.  58 
12  N. 

Scheningen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lov.'er  Saxony,  16  miles  N  of 
Halbersladt,  and  IS  ESE  of  Wolfenbutile. 
Lon.  11  25  E,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Schcr,  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia,  bs 


S  (J  H 


S  (J  H 


longing  to  the  baron  of  Walbnrp,  sealecl  on 
the  Danube,  36  miles  SW  of  Ulm.  Lon. 
0  32  K,  lat,  48  8  N. 

•Scherdin^,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bavana,  seated  on  tlie  river  Inn, 
eight  miles  south  by  west  of  Passaw. 

Sc/ieve,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jutland, 
seated  at  the  moutii  of  a  river,  in  tiie  gulf 
of  Virk-Fund. 

Schiedam,  town  of  Holland,  on  a  canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  Maese,  four 
miles  E  bv  S  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  30  B, 
lat.  51  54  N. 

Sehika,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  Neitra,  seated  on  the  river 
Waag. 

Schintznach,  town  of  Swisseriand,  in 
Bern,  remarkable  for  its  agreeable  position 
on  the  Aar,  and  its  waters,  which  flow- 
warm  from  a  rock.  Near  it,  on  a  lofiy 
emmence,  are  the  ruins  of  the  famous  castle 
of  Hapsburg. 

Schiraa,  tamous  city  of  Persia,  in  Farsis- 
tan,  and  the  capital  of  southern  Persia.  It 
is  three  miles  in  length,  but  not  so  much 
in  breadth  ;  and  is  seated  at  t^ie  end  of  a 
spacious  plain,  surrounded  by  high  hills, 
under  one  of  which  the  town  stands.  It  is 
225  miles  south  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  54  20  E, 
lat.  29  40  N. 

Schivvan,  province  of  Persia,  surrounded 
by  Daghestan,  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  by  Eri- 
van,  and  by  Georgia.  It  is  150  miles  in 
length,  and  90  in  breadth.  Schamachie  is 
the  capital. 

Schladen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  28  miles  ESE  of  Hilde'sheim.  Lon. 
10  47  E,  i.at.  52  10  N. 

Schleusshigen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
conia,  and  county  of  Henneburg,  seated  on 
the  Schieuss,  10  miles  SE  of  Smaikaid. 
Lon.  11  2  E,  lat    50  43  N. 

Schleyden,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, ko  miles  N  of  Treves.'  Lon.  6  40 
E,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Schlitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in 
a  county  of  the  same  n;;me,  situated  on  a 
small  river,  seven  miles  NW  of  Fulda. 
Lon.  9  40  E,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Schlussalfidd,  town  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
conia,  and  bishopric  of  Wurtzburg.  It  is 
surrounded  by  the  bishopric  of  Bamberg, 
and  lies  13  miles  SE  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 
10  58  E,  lat.  48  54  N. 

SiMusselburg,  town  oP  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Riga,  on  the  river  Neva,  near 
lake  Ladoga.  It  has  a  fortress  whicli  is 
seated  on  an  island,  in  the  river,  and  is  36 
miles  E  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  30  55  E,  lat. 
59  55  N. 

Sclimidber^;  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Jauer.  Almost  all  the  in- 
habitants are  smitlis,  whence  the  place 
takes  its  name.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  near  the  soui-ce  of  the  Bau- 
l>er, 

6  A 


Schneebe'rg,  town  pf  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  with  considerable 
munufactures.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mulda, 
and  is  sevt^n  miles  NW  of  Schwarlzburg. 

Schodack  landing,  post  village,  Renssalaer 
county.  New  York,  nine  miles  below  Al- 
bany 

Schodack,  township  of  Renssalaer  coun- 
tv.  New  York,  containing  3166i  nhabitants 
in  ISIO,  and  in  1820,  3493.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E  side  of  Hudson  river,  nine  miles 
below  Albany. 

Schanbnm,  Moravian  missionary  settle- 
ment, on  the  Mubkingum  river,  in  Tusca- 
rawas county,  three  miles  below  New  Phi- 
ladelphia. The  name  signifies  "  clear 
spring." 

Schoharie,  river  of  New  York,  rises 
amongst  the  Katskill  mountains  in  Green 
county,  by  a  number  of  creeks  wbicli 
flow  NW,  and  unite  on  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Scholiarie  county,  and  thence 
turning  to  a  north  course  about  45  miles, 
falls  into  the  Muhawk  25  miles  above  Sche- 
nectady. 

Schoharie,  county  of  New  York  ;  bound- 
ed by  Albany  E;  Greene  SE ;  Delaware 
SW ;  Otsego  W ;  Montgomery  N  ;  and 
Schenectady  NE.  Length  30  ;  mean  width. 
20 ;  and  area  600  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  hilly,  but  soil  productive  in  grain, 
fruits  and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Scho- 
harie. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        .        -       9,451 

do.     do.    females    -         -         -        8,943 


Total  v.'hites        .        -         -         .  18,394> 

All  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 235 

Slaves           .        -         .         .         -  316 


Total  population  in  1810     -        -  18,945 

Popiilation  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         ...  11,570 

do.     do.     females    -         -         -  11,011 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  T 


Total  whites        ...        -  22,588 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  145 

do.            do.        females,  119 

Slaves,  males       .         .         -         -  .  163 

do.    females     ....  139 


Total  population  in  1820 


23,154 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  58 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -         -        4,5.58 

do.       in  Marnifactures     -         •  791 

do.       in  Commerce  -         -  54 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38^. 

Schoharie,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Schoharie  county,  on  the  riuht  bank  of 
921 


sen 


s  e  If 


Schoharie  in cr,  33  miles  W  From  Albany, 
rt  stands  on  one  of  the  ricli  il;its  of  Scho- 
harie. Popuirttion  of  ilie  township  in  1820, 
3^20 

Scomberg,  town  of  Gcnnany,  in  Treves, 
on  a  moi.iiitain  15  miles  from  I.imbctirg'. 

Schoneck,  or  Schocncck,  town  of  Germa- 
ny, on  the  Nyms,  27  miles  N  of  Treves. 
Lon  6  26  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

Schonen,  Scania,  ol  Skone,  province  of 
Svved-n,  boundecs  o.i  the  W  by  Uie  Sound, 
whicli  .separates  it  from  Ze^iaid ;  on  the  N 
by  llallund  and  Smolmd  -,  und  .)n  the  Kand 
S  by  Diekingen  and  the  Baltic.  It  is  58 
mdes  long-,  and  40  broad,  and  is  a  fertile 
coimtry.     Liinden  is  ihe  capital. 

Scfwug-n-u!,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  seat- 
ed on  the  Lech,  30  miles  south  of  Augs- 
burg. 

Sclioolei/s  7)iountain,  mountain  range 
and  watering  plact- ,  Morris  county,  New 
Jersey.  The  watering  place  and  post 
office",  is  in  the  south-western  angle  of 
the  county  ;  about  20  miles  NE  from 
Easton  in  Pennsylvania. 

Schoonhoveii,  strong  town  of  Holland, 
with  a  commodious  haven,  on  the  Leek, 
where  there  is  a  productive  sa'.mon-iishery. 
14  miles  E  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4  54  E, 
Lit.  51  58  N. 

Schovndorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  with  salt 
spring?,  from  which  a  great  deal  '.f  salt  is 
made.  The  French  took  tliis  town  in  Au- 
gust, 1796.  It  is  sea'.ed  on  the  K-nis,  12 
miles  NE  of  Suitgard.  Lon.  8  54  E,  lat. 
48  56  N. 

Schoutcn,  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  New  Guinea.  They 
were  discovered  by  William  Schouten,  u 
Dutchman,  in  1616.  Lon.  136  25  E,  lat.  0 
46  S. 

Schowen.  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Zealand,  NR  of  the  isle  of  \\alcheren. 
It  is  15  miles  long,  and  six  broad.  Zuric- 
zee  is  the  capital. 

Schuyler,  lake  of  Otsego  county.  New 
York,  five  miles  by  one ;  it  is  one  f  the 
sources  of  Susquehannah  river. 

Schuyler,  township  of  Herkimer  coun- 
ty. New  York,  containing  2107  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1810,  1837.  It  is 
situated  on  the  S  side  of  Canada  creek, 
84  miles  NW  of  Albany. 

Schuylkill  River.  See  DeJa=s}are. 
Schuylkill,  county  of  P'-nnsylvania, 
bounded  by  Berks  county  SE ;  Dauphin 
SW ;  Northumberland  and  Cohnnbia 
N  W  ;  Luzerne  N ;  and  Northampton  and 
Lthigh  NE.  Length  37  ;  mean  width  ; 
and  area  475  Suriface  very  hilly  gene- 
rally, and  in  part  mountainous.  Soil  ex- 
cept near  streams,  or  very  partially 
rough,  rocky  and  sterile.  It  is  drained 
l>y  the  streams  of  Mahanny,  Mahatitan- 


go,  and  Swatara,  flowing  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah, and  by  the  head  branches  of 
Schuylkill.    Chief  town,  Orwicksburg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        5,785 
do,     do.     females  -        -        5,431 

AH-  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  23 


Total  whites    .        .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
-,         do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  384 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,194 

do.        in  Manufactures         -  662 

do.        in  Commerce  -  20 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Schwalbach,  village  iif  Gerrv.any,  in 
the  county  of  Nassau,  frequented  for  its 
mineral  waters,  which  are  of  a  similar 
nature  to  those  of  Spa.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Aa,  nine  miles  N  of  Mentz. 

Schwartz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Tirol, 
famous  for  its  mines  of  diiFc-rent  metals. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  111,  14  miles 
NE  of  Inspruc.  Lon.  11  42  E,  lat.  47 
19  N. 

Schvjartzburg,  town  of  Thuringia,  and 
capital  of  Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Schwartz,  22  mi^es  SE 
of  Erfurt,  and  35  N  of  Culembach.  Lon, 
11  30  E,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Schwartzburg-  Sonderhausen,  princi- 
pality of  Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  contain- 
ing 500  square  miles,  and  45,000  inhabi- 
tants,    Cliief  town  Armstadt. 

Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt,  small  prin- 
cipality of  Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  contain- 
ing  500  square  miles,  and  54,000  inhabi- 
tants 

Schtvarlzenburg,  town  of  Germany, 
in  Franconia,  capital  of  a  piincipality  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Lee,  25  miles 
NW  'f  Nuremburg.  Lon.  10  44  E,  lat. 
49  43  N. 

Schvjartzenburg,  town  of  Swisserland, 
in  Bern,  17  miles  SSW  of  Bern.  Lon.  7 
1  E.  lat  46  40  N. 

Schiviednitz,  city  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
sia, capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river 
Wcstritz,  22  miles  SW  of  Breslaw,  and 
27  SE  of  Lignitz.  Lon.  16  54  E,  lat.  50 
46  N 

Schiveinfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Franconia.  The  environs  are  rich  in 
cattle,  corn,  and  wine,  the  inhabitants 
are  Protestants,  and  carry  on  a  large 
trade  in  Avine,  woollen,  and  linen  doth. 


b   L  i 


goose  quills,  and  featliers.  It  is  seated 
oy  the  river  Maine,  25  miles  of  Bam- 
berg.    Lon.  10  25  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Schnceinmunder,  town  i)t'  Germany,  in 
Upper  Saxony,  in  the  isle  of  LJsedi;m. 
Lon.  11  18  E,  lat  54  3  N. 

Schiueitz,  canton  •if  Svvitzer.'and,  which 
gives  name  to  them  all.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W  by  thf  lake  of  the  Four  Can- 
tons, on  thr  S  by  the  Cantons  of  L'ri.  on 
the  E  by  tiiat  of  Glarus,  and  on  the  N  by 
those  of  Zuric  aad  Zue;  The  i^overn- 
mtnt  of  Schw>.  icz  and  Uri  is  entirely  d!^- 
rnocratica] ,  and  nearly  the  same  They 
contain,  including  their  subjects,  50,000 
souls  ;  and,  in  case  of  necessity,  could 
furnish  12,0'J'J  militia.  The  same  kind 
of  soil,  and  the  same  productions,  are 
common  to  the  two  cantons;  purity  of 
moral.1  prevails,  which  can  scarcely  be 
intiagii!'  d  by  the  inhabitants  of  great  and 
opulent  cities.  The  R-.man  catholic  re- 
ligion is  here  exclusively  established. 
The  canton  suffered  in  common  with  all 
Swisserlaud  when  invaded  by  the  French 
in  1798,  being  dreadfully  wasted  and  de- 
solated. 

Schioeitz,  town  of  Svvisserland,  capi- 
tal of  the  cantvin  of  that  name,  seated 
near  the  Waldstxtter  See,  on  a  hill,  with 
a  large  and  magnificent  church  It  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Lucern.  Lon.  8  30  E,  lat. 
46  55  N, 

Schiveitz,  Lake  of.  See  Waklstxtt-^r 
See. 

Schewelm,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, with  a  medicinal  spring  near  it. 
Lon.  7  25  E,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Schiverin,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of 
Mccklenbu'g  Sciiwerin,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital  It  is  35  miles  W  of  Gus- 
trow.     Lon.  11  48  E,  lat  53  43  N. 

Schvjerte,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, 38  miles  NNE  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
7  15  E,  lat.  51  38N. 

Sc/iwindu7'if,  town  of  Denmark,  on 
the  S  coast  of  the  island  of  Funen,  23 
miles  SSE  of  Odensee.  Lon.  10  iu  E, 
lat.  55  10  N. 

Sciati,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  near 
the  coast  of  Jaiiua,  20  miles  to  the  N  of 
Negropont,  and  almost  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  S.ilonichi.  It  is  22  miles 
J!)  lengtli  and  right  in  breadth.  Lon.  23 
40  E,  lat.  39  26  N. 

Sctglio,  or  Scilla.    See  ScyUa. 

Sciily,  cluster  of  islands  and  rocks, 
lying  almost  10  leagues  W  of  the  Land's 
End,  in  Cornwall,  and  are  easily  discern- 
ed fi  om  it.  Of  these  only  five  or  six  are 
inhabited.  The  mhabitants  princijjally 
subsist  by  fishing,  burning  kelp,  and  act- 
ing as  pilots.  The  chief  of  the  islands 
is  St.  Mary's,  which  has  a  good  port,  is 


the  best  cultivated,  and  contains  more 
inhabitants  than  all  the  rest  put  toge- 
ther, in  this  island,  and  two  or  three 
ethers,  are  varices  antiquities  particu- 
larly the  remains  of  a  temple  of  the 
Druids,  and  ancient  sepulchres  ;  but  the 
greatest  ornament  is  the  light-house, 
which,  with  the  gallery,  is  51  feet  high, 
and  is  a  very  fine  column.  The  Scilly 
rocks  have  been  fatal  to  numbers  of  ship's 
entering  the  English  Channel.  One  of 
the  most  disastrous  events  of  this  kind 
happened  in  1707,  when  admiral  Sir 
Cloudesly  Shovel,  with  three  men  of 
war,  peri.shed  witli  all  their  crews.  Lon. 
6  46  W,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Scilly,  group  of  islands  in  the  South. 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  capt.  VVal- 
lis  in  1767.  Lon.  155  30  \N,  lat.  16  28 
S. 

Scind.    See  Sindy.  ^ 

Scio,  anciently  called  Chios,  celebra- 
ted island  of  the  Archipelago,  near  the 
coast  of  Natolia,  N\V  of  Samos.  It  is 
32  miles  long,  and  15  broad,  and  a  moun- 
tainous country  ;  yet  fruits  of  various 
kinds,  grow  in  the  fields,  such  as  oran- 
ges, citrons,  olives,  nmlb'-rries,  and  po- 
magranates,  interspersed  with  myrtles 
and  jasmines.  The  wine  of  Scio,  so  ce- 
lebrated by  the  ancients,  is  still  in  great 
esteem  ;  but  the  island  is  now  principal- 
ly distinguished  by  the  profitable  culture 
of  the  mastich ;  it  has  also  some  trade 
in  siik,  wool,  cheese,  and  tigs.  Scio  has 
recently  become  the  scene  of  some  dis- 
astrous events  In  the  summer  of  1822, 
the  Turks  landed  a  force  on  the  island, 
and  massacred,  or  led  into  slavery  it  is 
supposed  at  least  30,000  persons  of  both 
s-^xes,  and  all  ages,  and  reduced  most  of" 
the  towns  and  villages  to  ruin.  See  C/iia- 
me,  biith  in  the  text  and  Addenda.  Be- 
fore this  sPvfuinary  invasion,  Scio  was 
computed  t.  contain  110,000  inhabitants. 

S'cic,  seaport,  the  capita!  of  an  island 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  the  best  built 
town  in  the  Archipelago  ;  the  houses  be- 
ing commodious,  some  of  them,  terraced, 
and  others  covered  f/ith  titles.  The 
castle  is  an  old  citadel,  built  by  the  Ge- 
noese. The  harbour  is  a  rendezvous  for 
ships  that  go  to  or  come  from  Constan- 
tinople, it  will  contain  80  vessels,  and  is 
protected  by  a  low  mole  and  two  light- 
houses. It  is  seat!  d  on  the  E  side  of  the 
island,  47  miles  W  of  Smyrna,  and  210 
SW  of  Constantinoj)le. 

Sciota,  river  in  the  state  of  Ohio;  it 
rises  within  a  fev/  miles  cf  the  head 
springs  of  the  Sandu':ky,  and  after  run- 
ning nearly  due  south  through  the  state, 
falls  into  the  river  Ohio  47  miles  below 
Chilicothe,  aiid  390  below  Pitlslnirg. 
'.rhis  is  a  large  and  gentle  stream,  bor5^ 
9?3 


3  C  I 


S  G  « 


deyed  with  rich  flats,  or  natural  meadows. 
It  generally  overflows  in  tlie  spring,  when 
it  spreads  about  half  a  mile.  It  is  pas- 
sable by  small  craft  near  2U0  miles  to  a 
portage,  which  is  only  about  four  miles 
from  the  Sandusky.  At  its  mouth  it  is 
large  enough  to  receive  sloops. 

Sciota,  river,  the  second  in  magnitude 
of  hose  flowing  entirely  within  the  state 
of  Ohio  It  rises  in  Kardin,  Marion, 
and  Richland  counties ;  runs  first  NE 
10  miles,  thence  SE  :  0  miles,  where  it 
receives  Little  Sciota  from  the  NE,  and 
there  it  gradually  turns  into  S  by  E,  and 
f.nally  into  a  generally  south  direction 
13  miles  further,  to  the  Ohio  river  be- 
tween ortsmouth  and  Alexandria,  by  a 
mouth  150  yards  wide.  It  is  navigable 
130  miles. 

Sciota,  salt  works,  near  the  centre  of 
Jackson  county,  Ohio,  reserved  by  the 
United  States,  about  28  miles  SE  from 
Chilicothe. 

Sciota,  one  of  the  central  townships 
of  Ross  county,  Ohio,  containing  tlie 
town  of  Chilicothe.  Population  1820, 456. 

Sciota.  township  of  Delaware  county, 
©hio,  on  the  W  side  of  Sciota  river. 
Population  1820,  178 

Sciota,  township  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  403. 

Sciota,  township  of  Jackson  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  364. 

Sciota,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  S;  Adams  W ;  Pike  N; 
Jackson  NE  ;  and  Lawrence  E.  Length 
30;  mean  width  about  19;  area  575 
squai'e  miles.  Surface  broken,  and  soil 
of  middling  quality.  Sciota  river  tra- 
verses it  from  N  to  S.  Chief  town  Ports- 
mouth. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -        -        .        1,792 

do.    do.   females  -        .        1,578 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 
do.         in  Manufactures 
do.         in  CommTce 


14 
1,048 

224 
25 


Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.    females     ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        .        -        . 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        . 
do.    females 

^{3}  p^Opulation  in  1820    .- 
<i24- 


3,370 

29 
0 

3,399 


2,958 
2,756 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Scifiio,  post  village  and  township  in 
Cayuga  county,  New  York  ;  on  the  E  side 
of  Cayuga  lake,  18  miles  NW  of  Mil- 
ton, 23  miles  SW  of  Marcellus,  SO  miles 
W  of  1'ully,  and  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Pompey,  Sempronins,  and  many  other 
townships  designated  by  great  names  of 
antiquity.    Papulation  1820,  8105. 

Sd'fiio,  northern  township  of  Meigs 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820-  226. 

Scituatc,  post  town  and  township  in 
Plymouth  county,  Massachusetts,  eight 
miles  N  by  W  of  Marshheld.  and  28  SE 
of  Boston,  with  2969  inhabitants  ;  and  in 
1820,  3305. 

Sciiuate,  township  of  Providence  coun- 
ty, Rhode  Island,  containing  2568  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,28.>4.  It 
is  situated  on  the  N  branch  of  Patuxet 
river,  between  Gloucester,  and  Coven- 
try. 

Sciro,  cr  Sctros,  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, W  of  Meterian.  It  is  15  miles 
long,  and  eight  broad,  is  a  mountain cu-s 
country,  but  has  no  mines.  The  vines 
make  the  btauty  of  the  island,  and  the 
wine  is  excellent ;  nor  do  the  natives 
want  wood.  It  contains  only  the  village 
and  convent  of  St.  George,  both  built  on 
a  conical  rock,  10  miles  from  the  harbour 
of  St.  George.  The  superior  of  the  con- 
vent exercises  despotic  sway  over  the  in- 
habitants, whose  superstition  is  mi^re  ex- 
cessive than  that  of  the  other  Greeks  in 
the  Archipelago.  The  inhabitant  are  all 
Greeks,  but  the  Cadi  is  a  Turk 

Scenectady.    See  Schenectady 

Sclavonia.,  country  of  Europe,  be- 
tween the  river  Save,  Drave,  and  Da- 
nube. It  is  divided  into  six  counties,  and 
belongs  to  Austria ;  it  was  formerly  a 
kingdom,  and  is  not  above  75  miU  s  in 
breadth  ;  but  it  is  300  in  length,  from  the 
frontiers  of  Austria,  to  Belgrade.  The 
eastern  part  is  called  Ratzia,  and  the 
inhabitants  Rascians.  These  form  a 
particular  nation,  and  are  of  the  Greek 
church.  The  language  of  Sclavonia  is 
the  mother  of  four  others,  namely,  those 
of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Poland,  and  Rus- 
sia. 

Scotie,  OP  Schoone,  village  in  Perth- 
shire, on  the  E  side  of  the  river  Tay,  N 
by  W  of  Perth.  It  is  30  miles  N  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Scopelo,  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
five  miles  E  of  Sciati,  and  17  N  of  Ne- 
gropont.    It  lies  at  t!ie  entrance  of  the 


SCO 


gulf  of  Salonicha,  and  is  10  miles  long 
and  fiv  broad.  It  is  very  ftrtile,  pro- 
duc  s  pl'-tity  ot  good  \vitie,  and  contains 
12,00w  inh-'.bitants,  who  are  almost  all 
Grreks. 

Scofiia  or  Uscapia^  archiepiscopal 
town  i,f  Taikey  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria, 
seated  •!'(  i-he  Vaniar,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  12  arc'.es.  67  niiies  WSW  of 
Soffa.     L'.n.  2'-]  25  E,  iat.  42  10  N. 

Sco'sdurg  post  town  in  Halifax  coun- 
ty, Viriimia  ;  256  miles  from  V\  ashmg- 
ton 

Scotland,  or  J^'orih  Bi'Uain.,  the  north- 
ern of  the  two  kiiigdoms,  into  which  the 
island  of  Gieat  H'iiain  was  formerly  di- 
vided.   It  IS  bour.ded  on  the  W  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocran,  N  by  the  North  Sea.  E 
by  tht-  German  Ocean,  SE  by  England, 
and  S  by  the  Irish  Sea.    To  Scotland  albo 
appertain    the    islands    on    its   western 
coMst,  called  the   H.-brides,  or   Western 
isla.  ds.  and  those  to  the  NE  called  the 
Drkney  a^sd  Sht eland  islands.     From  N 
to  S  it  ext-  nds  270  miles  ;  and  its  great- 
est breadth   is  150,  but  in  some  p'aces 
not    above    30,    and  no  part   is   distant 
above  40  miks  froo)  the  coast.    It  con- 
tains   about    17,738,000    acres,    and  the 
number    of  'inhabitants    in    1801,    was. 
^599,069;  in  1811, 1,805,688  :  and  in  1821, 
2,092,014.     .Scotland  is  divided  into  two 
districts,   the    Highlands  and  the  Low- 
lands ;   the    f'.rmvr    is    applied    to    thf 
mountainous  yx:t  to  the  ^'  and  NW,  and 
the  latter  to  the  more  level  district  on 
the  E  and  SE    But  nature  seems  to  have 
pointed    out    three  grand    divisio' s   in 
Scotland.      The  fir.nt,  or  Noith  division, 
is   formed  by  a  chain  of  lakes,  which 
cn.ss  the  country,  from  the  frith  of  Mur- 
ray to  the  island  of  Mull  inaSW  direc- 
tion ;  the  second,  or  Middle  division,  is 
bounded  on  tnt  S  by  the  friths  of  Forth 
and  Clyde,  and  the  great  canal  by  which 
they  are  united  ;  and  on  the  S  side  of 
this  boundary  is  the  third,  or  South  di- 
vision.     The  North  division   is  chiefly 
an  assemblage  of  vast  dreary  mountains  ; 
not,  however,  without  some  fertile  val. 
leys  on  the  northern  and  eastern  shores. 
The  Middle  division  is  travered,  in  dif- 
ferent directions,   by  several  ranges  of 
mountains ;  and  though  cultivation  here 
is  also  found  chiefly  on  the  eastern  shore, 
yet  of  this  division,  as  well  as  of  the  for- 
mer, the  aral)le  land  bears  a  small  pro- 
portion  to  the  mountainous  and  barren 
tracts.     The  South  division  has  a  great 
resemblance  to  England,  and  with  res- 
pect both  to  the  general   aspect  of  the 
country,  and  to  the  progress  of  cultiva- 
tion, exhibits  rvery  kind  of  rural  variety. 
The  civil  division  of  the   country  is  into 
3.3  counties,  namely  Shetland  and  Ork- 


ney, Caithness,  Sutherland,  Ross,  Cro- 
narty,  Inverness,  in  the  North  Division  ; 
Argyle,  Bute,  Nairn,  Murray,  Banflf^ 
Aberdeen,  Kincardine,  Angus,  Perth, 
File,  Kinross,  Clyckmaonan,  Stirling, 
Dumbarton,  in  thf.-  Middle  division  ;  and 
Linlithgow,  Edinburgh,  Haddington, 
B  rwick,  KentVew.  Ayr,  Wigton,  La- 
■  lerk,  Peebles.  Srikirk,  Roxburg,  Dum- 
fries. Kirkcudijrigr.t,  in  the  South  divi- 
sion. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Spey, 
Don,  Tay,  Twteci,  Clyde,  Forth,  Nor- 
thern Dee,  Esk.  Annan,  Nith,  and  Sou- 
thern Dee.     Edinburgh  is  the  capital. 

ScoUand  neck,  post  office,  Halifax 
coui.ty,  Ni'Vtii  Carolina. 

Sco.lund  Societij,  post  village  Wind- 
haro  C'lunty,  Connecticut. 

S(.ott,  township  Cortland  county  New 
York.    P  pulation  1820,  775. 

Scott,  coonty  of  Virginia ;  bounded  by 
Tcnesare  S  ;  Lee  coun'y  of  Virginia  W  ; 
Cumberland  mountains  or  Virginia  N  ;  Rus- 
sel  county  iis  Vi.ginia  NitJ ;  and  Washing- 
ton SE  Lf-ng>h  40;  mean  width  28  ;  and 
area  about  1000  square  miles,  it  is  "irain- 
ei  by  Howell's,  Clinrh,  and  Holston  rivei's 
vvitn  dieir  nunierous  confluents.  Surface 
generaiiy  i.iliy  or  aiounlainuus.  Chief 
tuwn,  Estleville 

Population  m  1820. 
Free  white  males  -         -         1,916 

do.     do.     fe:  Mies    .        -        -        2,076 
Ail   o  tier  persons  excep    Indians 

not  t>ixed         ....  o 


Total  whites        .... 

3,992 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     ~ 

8 

do.             do.        females  - 

5 

Slaves,  males       .... 

128 

do-   females    .        -        .        . 

130 

Total  population  in  1820     - 


4,263 


or  these ; 
F-reigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,237 

do.       in  Manufactnies     -        -  0 

do.      in  Commerce  -         -  0 

P.;.;iuIation  to  the  square  mile  4  nearly. 

Scott,  county  of  Kentucky  i  bounded  by 
Fayette  SE  ;  Woodford  SW  ;  Franklin  W  ; 
Owen  N  ;  and  Harrison  NE.  Length  14  ; 
mean  width  13  ;  and  area  about  170  square 
miles.  Soil  highly  producuve.  Chief 
town,  Georgetown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        4,623 

do     do.      females  -        -        3,976 

Total  whites             -        -        -  8,599 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        .        -        -  88 

Slaves                -        -                -  3,732 

Total  oopulation  in  1810         -      12,419 
935 


S  C  11 


SEA 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,949 

do.     do.    females   .        -        -        4,596 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males      ... 

do,     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 
do.     in  Manufactures 
do.     in  Commerce 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  wiiite  males 

do.  do.    females       .  .        . 

Total  whites         .         .  .         . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        .  .        . 

Slaves  .         .         _  .         . 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
14,219    Free  whiles,  males 
■■  '■  do.      do.     females 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .... 


1,3P8 
l,2c9 

2,657 

4 
1,816 

4,477 


1.085 
1,005 


1 

3,030 

131 

53 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  83. 

Scott,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded  by 
Clarke  SB  ,  Floyd  S  ;  Wasliiiigt.m  W  ; 
Jackson  NW;  Jcnniiigs  KE;  and  Jefler- 
son  E.  Len,-th  20;  breadth  15;  and  area 
270  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  seve- 
ral branches  of  White  river. 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males      ...         1,235 

do.    do,    females  .         -         1,093 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites       ....  2,328 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

do,              do,      females  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  2 

do.     females   ....  4 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,334 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  11 

Engaged  in  AgrjcuUure      .         -  444 

do         in  Manufactures  -  62 

do,        in  Commerce        -         -  18 

Population  to  ihe  square  niile,  9  nearly. 

Scoitsbury,  post  village,  Halifax  county, 
Virginia. 

Scott^s  Ferrij,  post  office,  Albemarle 
county,  Virginia. 

Scoci's  ville,  post  village,  Po\vhatan  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  25  miles  W  from  Kichmond, 

Scott's  ville,  post  village,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Allen  county,  Kentucky,  45  miles 
nt-arly  E  from  Kusseilvilie. 

ScHhu,  post  town,  and  townsh-ip,  Oswego 
county.  New  York,  un  the  W  .side  of  Os- 
wego liver,  at  its  mouth.  Population, 
1820.  741. 

SciiV(^/i,  county  of  Georgia,  between  Sa- 
vaiuiah  and  Ogeechee  rivei,  bounded  by 
Effingham  counlv  SE  ;  Ogeechee  river,  or 
IJullock  and  Emanuel  s\v  ;  Burke  N\V  ; 
and  Savannah  river  NE.  Length  34  ;  mean 
width  22  ;  and  area  750  square  miles. 
Chief  town,  Jacksonsboro'. 

9':6 


Total  whites       .         .         .         . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 

do.     females        _       -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


,941 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  376 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -   •    -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Scroon,  river  of  New  York,  NE  branch 
of  Hudson  river,  rises  in  Essex,  flo.vs  S, 
and  entering  Warren  county,  by  Scroon 
lake,  joins  the  Hudson,  25  miles  N  from 
the  mouth  of  Sacondago  river. 

Scutari,  strong  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, capital  of  Upper  Albania,  on  the 
lake  Zeta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Boc;- 
nia,  20  miles  NE  of  Antivari,  and  47  NW 
of  Albanopolis.  Lon.  19  25  E,  iat.  42  23 
N. 

Scutari,  ancient  Chrysopolis,  town  of 
Turkey,  in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  a  good 
hnrbour,  seated  on  the  E  side  of  Constan- 
tinople, of  which  it  is  considered  as  a  su- 
burb, being  directly  opposite.  It  contams 
a  handsome  mosque,  and  is  built  on  the 
side  of  a  hill.     Lon.  29  4  E,  kt  41  0  N. 

Sci/lla,  rock  near  the  Faro  of  Messina; 
on  tiie  coast  of  Calabria,  opposite  the  cele- 
brated Cliarybdis.  It  is  about  a  mile  from 
the  entrance  of  the  Faro,  aad  forms  a 
small  jnomontory,  whicii  t'.-i\v$  a  little  out 
to  sea,  and  meets  the  whole  force  of  the 
waters  as  they  come  out  of  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  straits.  T'le  head  of  this  pro- 
montory is  the  famous  Scylia  of  the  anci-nt 
poets.  The  r  ck  is  nearly  200  feet  high  ; 
and  there  is  a  kuid  of  castte  or  fort  on  its 
summit. 

Scylia,  or  Sciglio,  town  of  Sicily,  situa- 
ted on  tlie  side  of  the  rock  Scyila,  10 
miles  NE  of  Messina. 

Sea  ford,  borough  ar.d  seaport  in  Sussex, 


S  E  i: 


S  E  G 


ciglit  miles  S3E  of  Lewes,  and  59  S  by  E 
of  London.     Lon.  0  10  E,  iat.  50  50  N. 

Scaf,  tosvnship  of  Pike  county,  Ohio. 
Papulation  1820,  775. 

Searcy's,  post  ofiice,  i^Iontgomcry  coun- 
ty, Tennessee. 

Seanburg,  town  of  Bennirsi^toii  county, 
Vermont,  12  miles  E  from  Bennington. 

Searsmojit,  township  of  Hancock  county, 
Maiise.     Population  1820,  675. 

Seaton,  or  Port  Seaton,  seaport  in  Had- 
dingtonshire, it  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
salt  and  coal,  and  is  situated  on  the  Trith 
of  Forth,  nine  miles  E  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 

2  54  W,  Iat.  56  0  N. 

Sebago,  or  Ssbasticook,  lake  of  Cumber- 
land county,  Maine,  out  of  the  E  part  of 
which  flows  Presumscot  river. 

Sehasticook,  township  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  Somerset  county,  Maine. 

iSebaslia,  or  Sebaste,  town  of  Turkey,  in 
Palestine,  said  to  be  the  remains  of  Sa- 
maria. It  is  34  miles  NNE  of  Jerusalsm. 
.Lon.  o5  40  E,  iat  32  15  N. 

Sebaatian,  St.  popuiuis  seaport  of  Spain, 
in  Guipuscoa.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  the  harbour  is  secured  by  two 
moles,  and  a  narrow  entrance  for  the  shins. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  double  wall, 
and  s  fortified  toward  the  sea.  It  carries 
on  a  great  trade,  particularly  in  iron,  steel, 
and  vv<j;)l.  L  is  50  miles  E  of  Bilboa,  and 
50  NW  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  1  56  W,  Iat. 
43  24  N. 

Sebastian,  St.  town  of  South  America,  in 
Mexico,  capital  of  the  province  of  Chia- 
me.lau.     Lon.  105  5  E,  Iat.  24  20  N. 

Sebastian,  Si.  or  Rio  Janeiro,  large  city  of 
Brusd.     See  Rio  Janeiro. 

Sebasiopol.     See  Sevastopol. 

Sebaslopolis,  town  of  .Mingrelia,  under 
the  pro?«;ction  of  Russia,  260  miles  NNW 
of  Erivan.     L.m.  55  15  E,  Iat.  40  16  N. 

Sebe?nco,  seaport  of  Dalmaiia,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Cherca,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25 
miles  SE  of  Zara.  Lon.  16  46  E,  Iat.  44  17 
N. 

Si'hourg,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  late  province  of 
Hainault,  12  miles  E  of  Valenciennes.  Lon. 

3  50  E,  Iat,  50  22N. 

•S'ec/tJ/ra,  town  of  South  America,  in  Peru, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Tnixillo,  30  miles  SSE 
of  Paita.     Lon.  81  10  E,  Iat.  5  55  S. 

Seckan,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Stiria,  on  the  Gayle,  nine  miles  N  of  Juden- 
burg,  and  90  SW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  27 
E,  Iat.  47  19  N. 

Sechenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Rhine,  four  miles  E  of  Man- 
lieim. 

<S'ecWn^e«,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
on'-'  of  the  forest  towns,  on  an  isle,  formed 
by  the  Rhine,  six  miles  SE  of  Rheinfelden, 


and  27  W  of  Schaffhausen.    Lon.  7  57  E, 
Iat.  47  34  N. 

Tieckington,  village  in  Warwickshire.  On 
the  north  side  of  its  church  arc  the  ruins- 
ot  a  fort,  and  near  it  an  ari  ilicial  hill,  45 
feet  high. 

Sedan,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Ardennes,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champnigne.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  keys  of  the  country  ;  and  has  a 
strong  castle,  in  which  the  famous  Marshal 
Turenne  was  born,  1611,  an  arsenal,  a 
foundry  of  canon,  and  a  manufiicture  of 
fine  black  cloths.  Sedan  is  seated  on  the 
Maese,  26  miles  SE  of  Charlemont,  and 
135  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  2  E,  iat.  49  42 
N. 

Sedgemoor,  large  and  rich  tract  of  land 
in  Somersetshire.  It  lies  between  Somer- 
ton  and  Bridgewater. 

Second  Moon,  township  of  Beaver  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  See  JIoou  township  in 
tlie  Addenda. 

Seeching,  town  in  Norfolk,  on  a  small 
navigable  river,  four  miles  S  of  Lynn,  and 
93  NE  of  London,  Lon.  0  24  E,  Iat.  52 
44  N. 

Seekhonk,  the  name  of  Pawtucket  river, 
below  the  falls. 

Seekkonk,  township  of  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts,  including  the  Massachusetts 
part  of  the  village  of  Pawtucktt ;  six  miles 
NE  from  Providence.  Population  in  1820, 
2775. 

Seer,  town  of  Asia  in  Arabia,  in  the 
province  of  Oman,  Lon,  54  38  E,  Iat.  25 
10  N. 

Sees,  town  of  France  in  the  department 
ofOrne,  and  late  province  of  Normandyj 
in  a  fine  country,  near  the  source  of  the 
Orne,  102  mile.s' W  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
15  E, Iat  48  36  N. 

Segeberg,  town  of  Germany  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Hidstein.  It  is 
scait-d  on  the  Trave,  22  miles  S  cf  Kiel, 
and  28  N  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10  9  E,  Iat. 
54  0  N. 

Segedin,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  Czongrad,  at  ti>.e  conflu- 
ence of  the  TeifPand  Mastroche,  50  miles 
SE  of  Colocza.  Lon.  20  25  E,  Iat.  46  28, 
N. 

Segestem,  province  of  Persia,  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  Korasan  and  Balck,  Canda- 
har,  and  Sablestan,  Mackeran,  Kerman, 
Colestan,  and  F:.rslstan. 

Seges-ivar,  town  of  Transylvania,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  built 
ill  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Kokel,  47  miles 
N  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  24  55  E,  Iat,  47 
4  N. 

Segna,  strong  se.aport,  capital  of  Hunga- 
rian Dalmatia,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  100 
miles  NW  of  Spoletto.  Lon.  15  11  E,  Iat, 
45  22  N. 

Q27 


S  E  I 


S  E  L 


fiegni,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di 
Koma,  It  is  said  that  organs  were  f^rst 
invented  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 12  miles  SE  of  Palestrino,  and  32  E 
of  Rome.     Lon.  11  15  E,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Segorbe,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, with  the  title  of  a  duchy.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  between  two 
mountains,  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn  and 
wine,  and  where  tliere  are  quarries  of 
fine  marble.  It  is  seated  rear  the  river 
IMovedro,  27  miles  NW  of  Valencia,  and 
150  E  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0  3  W,  lat.  39 
48  N. 

Segovia,  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile. 
The  most  remarkable  structure  is  the 
Mint,  seated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by 
a  river,  on  which  are  milts,  employed 
in  coining.  Segovia  is  seated  on  a  moun 
tain,  near  the  river  Arayadda,  45  miles 
NVV  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  44  W,  lat.  40  57 
N. 

Segovia,  town  of  South  America,  in  the 
province  of  Venezuela,  seated  on  a  river, 
near  a  high  mountain,  where  there  are 
mines  of  gold.  Lon.  65  30  AV,  lat.  8  20 
N. 

Segovia,  JVew,  town  of  North  America, 
in  Guatimala,  seated  on  the  river  Y^are,  on 
the  confines  of  the  province  of  Honduras. 
Lon.  84  20  W,  lat.  13  25  N. 

Segovia,  JYueva,  town  of  the  East  Indies, 
in  the  isle  of  Luconia,  and  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  Philippines,  with  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  at  the  N  end  of  the  isl- 
and, near  the  mouth  of  the  Cagayan,  240 
miles  N  of  Manilla.  Lon.  120  59  E,  lal.  18 
39  N 

Segra,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  run«  SW  through  Catalonia, 
passing  by  Puy-Cerda,  Urgel,  Belaguer, 
Lerida,  and  Mequinenza,  where  it  falls 
into  the  Ebro. 

Segiira,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with 
a  castle  o;i  a  mountain,  It  is  near  the 
rivers  Eli.'t  and  Tajo,  eight  miles  SE  of 
Costel-Branco,  and  30  NW  of  Alcantara. 

Segiera,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
and  territory  ot  La  Mancha,  seated  among 
the  mountains  ot  Segura,  35  miles  NE  of 
Bacza     Lon.  2  39  W,  lat.  37  56  N. 

Segiira,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Segura,  in  New  Castile,  and 
crossing  Murcia,  and  the  south  part  of 
Valencia,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  at 
Guadamar. 

Seharanjjour,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  be- 
tween tile  Jumna  and  the  Ganges,  in  the 
country  of  Delhi.  It  is  86  miles  N  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  77  15  K,  lat.  30  4  N. 

Seiks,  or  rjicquea.,  tlie  most  vvesternj  and 
a  very  powerful  n  .-.lion  of  Hindoost  ;n  ;  they 
do  not  form  one  entii-e  state  ;  bu;  u  number 
of  smaller -lies,  inrlepenH.f  jtt  of  earh  other, 
5n  their  internal  go'  emmenijand  only  cop- 
928 


nected  by  a  federal  union  :  they  possess  the 
whole  pr-ivince  of  Lahore,  the  principal  of 
Moultan,  and  the  W  part  of  Delhi :  the  di- 
mensi'ins  of  which  tract  are  about  400  miles 
from  NW  to  SE  ;  and  from  150  to  200 
broad,  in  general :  although  the  part  be- 
tween Attock  and  Behker  cannot  be  less 
than  300  miles  in  extent.  The  Seiks  were 
originally  a  religions  sect,  the  founder  of 
which  sect  was  named  Nanock,  and  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Sultan  Beloul,  at 
Tulwundy  near  Lahore,  A.D.  1469 ;  since 
the  battle  of  Paniput,  1761,  the  Seiks 
have  become  one  of  the  most  powerful 
states  in  Hindoostan.  Their  capital  is 
Lahore. 

Seine,  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
department  o^  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  and  flowing  by  Troyes, 
Melun,  Paris,  and  Rouen,  falls  into  the  En- 
glish Channel  at  Havre  de  Grace. 

Seine,  Lower,  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy.    Rouen  is  the  capital. 

Seine  and  Marne,  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France.     Meaux  is  the  capital. 

Seine  and  Oise,  department  of  France, 
inludmg  part  ot  the  late  province  of  the 
Isle  ot  France.     Versailles  is  the  capital. 

Seinshei/n,  town  of  Germany  in  Franco- 
nia,  with  a  castle,  33  miles  NW  of  Nurem- 
burgh.     Lon.  10  28  E,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Seir  or  Hor,  mountain  in  Arabia  Petraea, 
which  formerly  bounded  Judea  on  the  S, 
and  separated  it  from  Idumea.  It  is  now 
called  Sardeny,  and  is  140  miles  E  of  Cairo, 
in  Egypt. 

Selam,  town  of  South  America,  in  Mexi- 
co, situated  near  the  sea-coast.  Lon.  90  28 
W,  lat  39  12  N. 

Selbi',  town  in  the  West  riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Monday,  seated 
on  the  Ouse,  12  miles  south  of  York,  and 
182  N  by  W  ofLor.don.  Lon.  1  2  W,lat. 
53  47  N. 

Seleshia,  anciently  Seleucia,  town  of  Tur- 
key in  Asia,  in  Caramania,  10  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  38  W  of  Tevasso. 

Seleucia,  Iber,  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Syria,  seated  on  the  sea-coast,  eight  miles 
N  of  Antioch. 

■Seligemtadt,  town  of  Germany,^  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Gerns  pentz  and  Maine,  27  miles  E 
of  Mentz.     Lon.  8  32  E,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Selinsgrove,  post  village  of  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Susquehannah,  below  the  mouth 
of  Penn's  creek,  50  miles  above  Harris- 
burg.  , 

Selivrea,  ancient  SeJybria,  town  in  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Romania.  It  is  seated  on 
the  sea  of  Marmora,  35  miles  W  of  Con- 
stantinople.    Lon.  28  12  E.  lat.  49  54  N. 

Selkirk^  town  of  Scotland,  and  the  coun- 


5  E  AI 


b  jL  N 


ty  town  of  Selkirkshire.  Tt  has  been  Ion? 
famous  Sk  a  mann'actnrc  of  hnots  anfl 
shoes,  :qp  is  seated  on  the  Etrick,  30 
miles  S  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  46  W, 
lat.  55  26  >c. 

Selkirkshire,  county  of  Scoland.  whicli 
is  also  called  the  ShcriJIdom  of"  Ettvich 
Forest,  irom  the  river  vvhicii  runs  throuKh 
it,  whicli  witli  the  Yarrow,  tl-.e  Tweed,  artd 
Gulh'-water,  are  the  chief  rivers,  and  from 
its  formerly  hemg'  C()vcre<l  all  over  wi'h 
woods.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  an<l  NW 
by  Peebleshire,  and  N  by  Edinbnrpfshire ; 
on  the  E  by  Roshnrs^li^liire  and  p:«rt  of 
Kerwickshire  ;  on  the  S  by  U  .xhiirg-hshiie 
and  part  of  Dnmfriesshire  ;  and  on  the  W 
by  part  of  Dumfriesshire.  Its  mo'intains 
feed  great  flocks  of  Sheep  and  black 
cattle,  and  the  valleys  on  the  rivers 
produce  much  corn  and  hay.  The  chief 
places  are  Selkirk.  Phihphau<;h,  and  Gal- 
iashiells.  Its  chief  manufactures  are  shoes 
and  boots.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  presby- 
tery, and  has  11  parishes.  Its  chief 
town  is  Selkirk.  Population  in  ISOl, 
5070;  and  in  1811;  5889;  and  in  1821, 
663r. 

Selles,  town  of  France  inthe  department 
of  Loir  and  Cher,  and  late  province  of  Iieri, 
witli  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cher, 
over  'vvhich  is  a  hritlge,  12  miles  SR  o'  Hlois, 
and  105  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  36  E,  bt. 
47  25  N. 

Seller svi lie,  post  office,  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  Roc'clfdl  to-vnship,  55 
miles  NNW  -rom  PhiUdelphia. 

Sellz,  town  of  France  in  the  depar'.- 
ment  of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Khnie,  270 
miles  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  8  12  E,  hit.  48 
53  N. 

Selizer,  Loiver,  village  of  German)',  with 
n  sprins;- of  mineral  waters. 

Sgmen'larin,  tosvn  of  Tiu-kcy  in  Kr.rope, 
in  Servia,  witii  a  cits^dtl,  seated  on  t!ie  Da- 
nuhe,  20  miles  SE  of  liclgrade  Lon.  21 
45  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

SnmigaUia,  the  east  p'srt  of  the  Duchy 
of  Courland,  separated  by  Uie  river  Mas- 
za,  from  Courland  Proper.  .Mittau  is  the 
ca[)ital. 

Seininari,  town  of  Italy  in  Xaples,  in  Ca- 
labria Ulteriore,  22  miles  NE  of  Reg-Ejio. 
Lon.  16  21  E,  lat  38  20  NT. 

Seminoles,  division  f/f  the  Creek  Indi.a'.is, 
in  North  America. 

Semlin,  town  ofSclavnnia,  on  the  W  side 

of  the  Danube  and  Save,  opposite  Be'_qTade, 

and  70  miles  SE  of  Esseck.     Lon.  21  0  E, 

■    lat.  45  20  N  .     . 

Sempach,  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  Lucern, 

about  three  miies  in  length,   and  one  in 

breaillii.     The  banks  on  each  side  slope 

gently  to  the  edg'e  of  the  water,  and  are 

cliecicered  with  wood. 

6B 


Sc^npach,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  t'le 
canton  of  Lncern ;  celebrated  for,  the 
batile,  in  1386,  which  established  the 
liberty  of  the  Swiss,  and  in  which  Leo- 
pold, duke  of  Austria,  was  defeated  and^ 
slain.  Tt  is  seated  on  a  small  lake  of 
the  same  name,  seven  miles  NW  of  Lu- 
cern- 

Sempronim,  town-hip,  Cayusfa  county, 
Nr-w  York,  containing'  3137  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  and  in  1820,  5038.  It  is  -.  post  town, 
situated  between  Owasc;>  and  Skauetelas 
likes. 

Sut'iin;  to'vvn  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
mpiit  c.f  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  pjovince  of 
Piurffundy.  It  h.ts  a  raannf.cture  of  cloth, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Arm;>ncrjn,  over  which 
are  two  bridges,  37  mih.s  from  Atttun, 
at.d  135  SE  of  Paris,  Lon.  4  19  E,  lat.  47 
28  N. 

Semvr,  ancient  town  "f  France,  In  the 
d'-'partmet)*  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  P'tirgtmdv,  40  miles  NW  of 
Lvon.s,  and  175  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  22  E, 
lat.  46  14  N. 

Seneca,  town.ship  of  Ontavic  county,  New 
York,  ccntqini'iaf  3,431  inhabitan's  i"  1810, 
and  m  1820,  4802,  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Seneca  lake. 

Senfca,  river,  stream  of  New  York, 
formed  by  the  discharge  of  Cayuga,  Se- 
neca and  other  smaller  lakes,  and  Mud 
creek.  It  joins  Oneida  river,  to  form 
Onondago  river.  Tiie  Erie  canal  is  form- 
ed !i early  parallel  to,  and  S  of  Seneca 
rivf  p. 

Seneca,  lake  of  New  York,  38  miles 
long,  and  Irom  two  to  four  miles  wide, 
extesiding  from  the  northern  border  of 
Tioga  county  to  Geneva,  receiving  from 
the  wfst  ihe  d  scharge  of  Crocked  lake, 
and  together  with  the  discharge  of  Cayu- 
ga Ijkc,  failing  hito  Seneca  river  neur  Mon- 
tezi:ma. 

6e7jecrt,  county  of  New  York;  bounded 
by  Lake  Ontario  N  ;  Cnyuga  coiui'.y  and 
Cayttga  lake  E  ;  Tompkins  S  ;  and  Seneca 
Iske  and  Se;ieca  'cotmty  W.  Length  50^; 
mean  width  10  ;  and  area  5(J0  sqitare  n-iiles. 
Sotither'i  part  between  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
lakes  iiiity,  middle  sec*  in  tolerably  level,_ 
ai'.d  northern  purtj  towards  lake  Ontario 
again  hiiiy— llie  whole  with  a  very  highly 
ferule  soil.  The  Erie  canal  traverses  it  hy 
the  va'.lev  of  Mud  creek. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  n  ales  -         -  8,631 

do.    do.    females  -        -  7,833 


Total  wliites            .          ,        .  16,464 
All  other  jjcrsnns  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  44 

Slaves 101 


Total  population  in  1810, 
929 


16,609 


S  E  N 


'S  E  Ji 


11,9/6 
11,379 


23,619 


37 
5,182 
1,087 

71 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        .        - 

do.  do.  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        - 

Total  whites     -         -         -         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  nraales     - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.     females  .        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturali-zed 
Engaged  in  Agnctdture 

do.         in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  47. 

Seneca,  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded  N  by 
Sandusky;  Huron  E;  Crawford  S;  and 
W  by  Ilancock  and  Wood.  Length  30  ; 
breaclth  18  ;  and  area  540  square  miles. 
Sandusky  river  flows  across  this  county 
from  N  to  S.  It  was  formed  out  of  the 
recent  Indian  purchase  and  is  yet  unset- 
tled. 

Seneca,  township  of  Morgan  county, 
Obin.    Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Seneca,  township  of  Monroe  county, 
Oliio.    Population  in  1820,  636. 

Seneca  Falls,  post  office,  Seneca  county, 
New  York. 

Seiieca  Mills,  post  office,  Montgomery 
county,  Maryland. 

Senecaville,  village  of  Morgan  county, 
Ohio. 

Seneffs,  town  of  Brabant,  four  miles 
south  of  Niville  ;  famous  for  a  biAttle  gained 
by  the  French,  over  the  prince  of  Orange, 
in  1674. 

Senegal,  one  of  the  three  principal  rivers 
of  Africa,  formerly  supposed  to  be  one  of 
the  branches  of  the  Niger,  but  determined 
by  Mr.  Park  to  have  its  source  80  geo- 
graphical miles  W  of  that  river,  and  to  flow 
in  an  opposite  direction.  The  Niger  E, 
and  Senegal  W.  The  latter  enters  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  lat.  16  N. 

Senegal,  county  of  Africa,  between  the 
Gambia  and  Senegal  rivers.  Towards  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  it  is  liable  to  annual  inun- 
dation. 

Senez,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  seated  in  a  rough  barren  coun- 
try, 46  miles  NE  of  Aix,  and  49  NW  of 
Nice.     Lon.  60  40  E,  lat.  43  59  N. 

Senlis,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Oise,  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France.  The  cathedral  has  one 
of  the  highest  steeples  in  France.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Nonette,  almost  surrounded  bv  a  large 
9.M) 


forest,  20  miles  NW  of  Meaux,  and  27  NE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  2  40  E,  lat.  49  IJttil. 

Sennar,  capital  of  a  kingdom  offlme  same 
name  in  Africa.  See  J^ubia.  It  is  seated 
on  an  eminence,  near  the  river  Nile.  Lon. 
30  0  E,  la?.  15  4  N. 

Sens,  ancieni  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne  and  late  province  of 
Burgundy,  25  mdes  N  of  Auxerre,  and  60 
SE  of  Paris.     Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Sera,  town  of  the  peni;sula  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  ihe  Mysore  country,  55  miles  N  of 
Seringapatam.     Lon.  75  54  E,  lat  13  28  N. 

Seraio,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  110 
miles  S  W  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  5  E,  lat. 
44  24  N. 

Seramp07ir,  commercial  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  Bengal,  seated  on  Hoogly 
river.  It  is  a  Danish  settlement,  not  far 
from  Calcutta. 

Scrava'le,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mila  .,  24  miles  N  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  36  B, 
lat.  44  44  N. 

Sercelli,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers, a  little  to  the  W  of  Algiers.  Lon.  2 
20  E,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Serchio,  river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  Appennines,  in  Modena.  It 
crosses  the  valley  of  Carsagnana,  in  the 
territoiy  of  Lucca,  and  falls  into  the  Tus- 
can Sea,  five  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Arno. 

Serfo,  or  Serfante,  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, 50  miles  NW  of  Naxia.  It  is  eight 
miles  long,  and  five  broad,  and  full  of 
mountains  and  rocks,  in  which  are  mines 
of  iron  and  loadstone.  The  inhabitants 
are  all  Greeks,  and  have  but  one  town 
called  St.  Nicholo,  which  is  a  poor  place. 
Lon.  25  10  E,  lat.  37  19  N. 

Sergag,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment  of  Niznei  Novogorod,  48  miles  SE  of 
Niznei  Novogorod.  Lon.  45  20  E,  lat.  56 
50  N. 

Sergipe,  seaport  of  South  America,  in 
Brasil,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  se.itecl  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rev,  120  miles  NE  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon. 
39  46  W,  lat  13  30  S. 

Seringapatam,  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital 
of  Mysore,  situated  in  an  island  of  the  river 
Canvery,  290  miles  WSW  of  Madras,  and 
350  south  by  eiist  of  Visiapour.     Lon.  76 

46  E,  hat.  12  31  N. 
Seronge.     See  Sirong, 

Serpa,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  seated  on  a  rugged  eminence,  with  a 
castle,  three  miles  from  the  Guadiana,  and 
83  SE  of  Lisbon,    Lon.   7  45  W,  lat.  73 

47  N. 

Serres,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Alps,  15  miles  SW  of  Gap. 

Servia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Danube  and 
Save,  which  separate  it  from  Hungary;  on 
the  E  by  Bulgaria  ;  on  the  W  by  Bosnia, 


t>  E  \' 


S  E  Y 


•and  on  tlie  south  by  Albania  and  Macedo- 
nia. It  is  190  miles  long,  and  95  broad, 
and  is  divided  into  four  sangiciates  ;  two  of 
which  were  ceded  in  iri8,  to  the  Aus- 
trians,  who  restored  them  to  the  Turks  in 
1739,  by  the  treaty  of  Brigade.  The 
names  of  them  are  Belgrade  Seniendriah, 
Scupia,  and  Cratowo.  Belgrade  is  the 
capital. 

Servulo,  castle  of  Austrian  Istria,  seated 
on  a  high  mountain,  four  miles  from  Triest. 
Near  it  is  a  famous  cavern  in  which  the 
sparry  exudations  have  formed  various 
figiires  of  blue  and  white  colours. 

Sessa,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  was  formerly  very 
considerable,  and  is  30  miles  N  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  19  E,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Sesti-di  I^enenie,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  five  miles  VV  ^  Genpa. 
Lon.  8  26  E,  lat.  44  24  N.  /         ^ 

Sesio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  Tesin,  where  it  proceeds 
from  the  lake  Maggiore,  25  miles  WNW 
of  Milan. 

Sesios,  strong  castle  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Romania,  seated  on  the  strait  ^. 
Galipr:.li.     See  DwduneHes. 

Sesti^i  di-Levante,  ancient  town  of  lea 
in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  30  miles  W  ot 
Genoa.     Lon.  9  28  E.  lat.  ^A'  23  N.      "     . 

Se  tchuen,  province  of  China,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Chen-si,  on  the  E  by  Houquang, 
on  the  south  by  Koei-tcheou,  and  on  the 
W  i)y  Thibet,  and  other  neighbouring 
countries. 

Seteef,  town  of  Tunis,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  50  miles  S  W  of  Constantina.  Lon. 
5  35  E,  lat.  35  58  N. 

Setimo,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  on  the 
Po,  eight  miles  N'of  Turin.  Lon.  7  47  E, 
lat.  45  14  N. 

Setines.     See  Athev.s, 

Setlege,  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  the 
most  easterly  of  the  five  eastern  branches 
of  the  Indus.  About  midway  between  its 
source  and  the  Indus,  it  receives  the  Beyah, 
and  the  collective  stream  takes  the  name 
of  Kera  ;  it  then  joins  the  Indus,  a  great 
way  to  the  south  of  Moultan. 

Seiteidl,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada.  Lon. 
5  10  VV,  lat.  o6  48  N. 

Settia,  town  of  the  island  of  Candia,  48 
miles  ESE  of  Candia.  Lon.  26  2  E,  lat.  35 
3  N. 

Settle,  town  in  the  West  riding  of  York- 
shire. 

Settovitone,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
four  miles  N  of  Ivica. 

Setuval,  or  Setubal.     See  Ubes,  St. 

Sevastopol,  seaport  and  town  of  Russia, 
on  the  S  W  point  of  tlie  Crimea.  It  has  an 
excellent  harbour,  and  has  been  a  depot  for 
a  part  of  the  Russian  navy.  Lon.  33  24  E, 
lat.  44  45  N. 

Seven  Islands,  island  to  that  number  in 


the  Frozen  Ocean,  lying  in  Son.  18  48  E, 
lat.  80  21  N.  Among  these  islands  c  sptain 
Phipps  with  the  Race-horse  and  Carcass, 
were  surrounded  by  the  ice,  from  the  15th 
of  July,  to  the  10th  of  August,  1773,  but 
being  aided  by  a  brisk  gale,  at  NNE,  ef- 
fected their  deliverance. 

Sevenoaks,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  m  irket 
on  Saturday,  six  milesNXWof  TunbriJge, 
and  23  SSE  of  London.  Lon.  0  18  E,  lat. 
51  19  N. 

Sever,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  seated  on  the  Adour,  20 
miles  E  of  Dax,  and  65  S  by  E  of  Boui- 
deaux.     Lon.  0  35  VV,  lat.  43  45  N. 

Sevei-ino,  St.  fortified  town  of  Naples,  In 
Calabria  Citeriore,  on  a  craggy  rock,  on 
the  river  Neelo,  eight  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  45  SE  of  Uossano.     Lon.  17  14  E,  lat. 

39  15  N. 

Severino,  St.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona.  It  has  fine  vineyards, 
and  is  seated  between  two  hills,  on  the 
river  Petenza,  six  miles  NVV  of  Tolentino. 
Lon.  13  6  E,  lat  43  16  N. 
^Severino,  St.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
seated  on  the  river  Sarno. 
.  Severn,  river  of  England,  which  rises  in 
^  mountain  of  Plynlimmon,  in  Mont- 
goniieryshire,  and  flowing  first  across  that 
TOunty,  it  then  enters  Shropshire,  at  its 
confluence  with  the  Vyrnevv,  or  VVirnew. 
It  is  navigable  in  its  whole  course  ihrougli 
this  county.  In  its  course  it  waters  Lla- 
n^fdlos,  Newton,  VV^elshpool,  Shrewsbury, 
Bridgenorlh,  Bewdly,  Worcester,  Upton, 
Tewkesbury,  and  Gloucester ;  and  entering 
the  sea  its  mouth  is  called  the  Bristol 
Channel.  It  is  the  second  river  in  England, 
and  has  a  communication  with  the  Tliumes 
by  a  canal,     See  Thames. 

Severn,  Vale,  extensive  and  fertile  vale  in 
Gloucestershire,  abounding  in  fertile  pas- 
tures, which  furnish  that  cheese  for  which 
that  county  is  so  famous.  See  Evesham, 
Vale  of. 

Severn,  river  of  North  America,  in  Ma- 
ryland, which  waters  Annapolis,  and  en- 
ters into  Chesapeak  bay,  about  two  miles 
below  the  city. 

Sevenidroog,  island  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
60  miles  south  of  Bombay. 

Severo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capltanata, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a  plain,  75 
miles  NE  of  Naples.     Lon.  15  34  E,  lat.  41 

40  N. 

Severus'  (Fa//,  commonly  called  Graham's 
Dike,  in  the  W  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  woik 
of  the  Romans,  supposed  to  be  done  by  tlie 
emperor  whose  name  it  bears,  to  prevent 
the  incursions  of  the  Picts  and  Scots.  It 
began  at  Abercorn,  on  the  frith  of  Forth, 
four  miles  NE  of  Linlithgow,  and  runs  VV 
to  the  frith  of  Clyde,  ending  .tt  Kirkpat- 
rick,  near  Dumbarton. 
931 


b  li 


SeviiT,  county  of  Tennessee;  hounded  Such  vast  cinplnjinent  did  the  Amsyi- 
hv  Duskv  mountair.  or  North  Cai-o]::ia  SS: ;  am  trade  give  at  oite  period,  that  in  S.:- 
MonroeS  ;  Biouni  W  ;  Knox  XW  ;  Jeffer-  ville  .done  there  was  uo  fewer  than 
sun  NE  ;  ana  Cocke  E.  L-ngih  33  ;  mean  16,000  Icwms  iii  ai'k  or  wooUtn  work; 
wi-.ith  120;  and  area  660  square  mdea.  Sur-  bat,  before  the  end  of  the  reign  ut  Phi- 
face  generally  hiUv  an';  soil  sterile.  It  is  lip  III.  they  were  reduced  to  4U0.  The 
traversed  by  the  Nolichuv;ky,  ana  drained  country  around  is  extremely  fertile  in 
by  one  of  its  branches.     Chief  town,  Se-  corn,  wine,  &c.  and  tiiere  is  abundance 


viervilLs 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        - 

do.    do.    females 

Total  whiles       -        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     _       -        -       - 
Slaves,      .       -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females    .         -         - 
All  othei"  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        .        - 

To*al  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females   - 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        - 

do.     females  -        -        -        - 


2.174 

2,122 

4,296 

5 

294 


0 


0 

1,293 

ICO 

11 


Total  population  in  1826 

Of  iliese  ; 
Foreigner.*  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agricultiu'e 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  7. 

Sevia"V!.lle,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus",  ice, 
Sevier  county,  Illinois,  25  miles  SE  from 
ivnoxvilie. 

Seville,  province  of  Spain.     See  Spnin. 

Seville,  city  of  Spain,  capita!  of  An- 
dalusia, and  an  archbishop's  Sv-e,  seated 
on  the   Guada'quiver.     It  was  the  ca- 

Eital  of  thii  kingdom   till  Philip  II.  esta- 
lished  his  r.ouit  at  Madrid,  as  a  more 


oi  oi',  tor  the  VV  ot  tl^e  river  is  a  grove 
of  wlive-tr-es  30  miles  in  length.  Se- 
ville i,-.  45  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and 
212  ^SW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  59  W, 
lat.  37  14  N. 

Sevres,  Ttvo,  department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Poitou.  It  is  so  named  from  two  rivers 
that  rise  here ;  one,  called  Srvre  Kior- 
- — 7  t.iis,  flows  W  by  St.  Maixer.t,  Niort  and 
4,595    Marans,  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  opposite 

the  isle  of  Re ;  and  the  other,  named 

Sevre  NantfiS,  takes  a  NW  direction. 
2)~4-5  passes  by  Ciisson,  and  enters  the  river 
2,224  Li;,j[-e,  iipposite  Nantes.  Niort  is  the 
capital. 

ScivaUck,  chain  of  mountains  in  Asia, 
bordering  on  the  country  of  Sirinagur 
and  the  province  of  Delhi  At  Hurd- 
war,  the  Ganges  forces  it  way  tiirough 
this  ridge  into  the  plains  of  Hindoostan. 
Sewickly,  large  creek  of  Westmore- 
land county,  l\nnsylvaiiia,  rises  in  the 
vicinity  and  to  t;ie  E  from  Greenburg, 
flows  VV  and  falls  into  Youghiogany, 
river,  two  miles  below  Robs  town. 
•  Seivicklij.  A''eiv,  township  of  Beaver 
couHty,  Pennsylvania,  extending  from 
Beaver  river,  up  the  right  aide  of  Ohio 
river,  to  the  limits  of  Allegany  county. 
Population  1820  1367 

Sewickly,  JVonh,  township  of  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania,  lying  N  from  the 
preceding.    I^opulation  1820,  1774. 

Scyssol,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ain,  and  late  jjrovince  of 
Bresse,  divid  d  by  the  Rhone,  into  two 
paits,  where  it  is  first  navigable.  It  is 
14  niiles  NE  of  Bclev.  Lon.  7  45  E,  lat. 
46  6  N 

Sezanne,  town  of  France,   in  the  de- 


4,772 


centrical  position     Seville  is  of  a  round 

form,  fortified  by  strong   walls  ti  uiked  partment  of  Marne,  and  late  province  of 

with  high  towers,    and  takes  up  more  Champagne,  seated  on  a  little  river,  27 

ground  than   Madrid,  althiiigh  it  now  miles  NW -f  Troyes,  and  65.SE  of  Paris. 


has  not  above  70,000  inhabitants.  Thf 
Phoenicians  called  it  Hispatis,  and  it  is 
the  Julia  of  the  Romans,  who  imbel 
lished  it  witii  many  magnificent  bviild- 
ings-  The  Moors  built  an  aqueduct, 
still  to  be  seen,  six  miles  in  length. 
The  situation  of  Seville  renders  it  one-  of 


Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Sezza,  town  ot  Italy,  in  Naples,  29 
mi!,  s  NNW  of  Naples.  Lon.  13  45  E, 
41  19  N. 

Shabuv,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile. 
Lon.  30  38  li.  Sat.  30  47  N. 

Shacklefor:i\  post  town  in  King  Wil- 


She  most    commercial  towns  of  t^pain,  liam,  county,  Virginia,  15  miles  NW  of 

All  the  trade  of  that  kiugd.in  with  the  Gloucester,  75  E  of  Richmond,  and  143 

New  World  centured  originally  in  its  S  by  E  of  Washington, 

port;  but  that  of  Cadiz    having  been  .S'/jo/l'sAz/r!/,  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  on 

■found  more  commodious,    the  galleons  a  hill,  in  form  of  a  bow,  where  water  is 

Sfeave  sailed  from  that  pUice  since  1720.  so  scarce,  that  the  poor  get  a  living  by 
932 


SUA. 


s  H  E 


an  academy.     Population   1810,  2606 ; 
and  ia  1820,  2573. 

Sharon,  posl  Village  Astabula  county, 
Ohio. 

SUuron,    township,    Richland    county, 
Ohio     Papulation  i820,  loo. 

Siiaron,  northern  townshii;  of  Frank- 
lin county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  9d3. 
Sharon,    smail   village     ot    HaUiilton 
Shahjchanpour,    town  of  Hindoostan,    county,  Onio,  15  miles  N  from  Chicm- 
in  the  E.isc  Indies.    Lon.   76  la  E,   lat.    nacti. 

23  26  N.  t>    S/iarpsbtirs;  village  of  Hamilton  coun- 

ShakertoTvn,  village   of  Knox   county,    ty,  Oh:o 


telching  it  from  a  great  distance.  It  is 
25  miles  NNE  ot  D  .rcht-bter,  and  102 
W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  20  W,  iat. 
51   O'N. 

Stiuf'.sbury,  town  in  Bennington  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  about  half  way  btrtween 
Bennington  and  Arlington,  or  nearly  10 
miles  from  each.  It  contains  1973  inha- 
bitants. 


Indiana  18  miles  above  Vincennes. 

Shalersville,  toivnship  Portagf  county, 
Ohio,  N  from  Ravenna.  Population  1820, 
298. 

Sham.    See  Damascus. 

S/iamokin,  creek  of  N(jrthumberiand 
county,  Pennsylvania,  riscs  in  the  £  part 
of  the  county,  and  flows  VV  into  the 
Sasquehannah,  immediately  below  Sun- 
bui  V. 


Sharpsburg-,  post  town  in  Washing- 
ton county,  Maiyiand ;  lying  un  the  E 
side  of  Potomac  n\er,  lU  uuL-s  above 
Harper's  ftrry,  and  about  21  W  of  Fre- 
dericktown.  It  has  about  1500  inhabi- 
tants, 

Sharpio-:m,  post  village,  Salem  county. 
New  Jersey,  on  Saiein  creek  ;  contains 
250  houses',  and  1000  inhabitants,  seven 
miles  M'^  from  Salem,   and   35  bE  irom 


Shamokin,  township  in  the  E  angle  of  Philadelphia. 

Northumberland   county,    Pennsylvania,  5'Aar  «^  .ifrai,  Arabic  name  of  die  Eu- 

on  Shatr.okin  creek.     Population  1820^  ph;  ates  beiow  the  moutii  ot  che  i'igus. 

1820.  Shawangnnh,  post  town  m  Ulster  coun- 

Shandakin,  township  of  Ulster  countv,  ty,  New    York  ;    lying  on   tiie  E  bide  of 

N-w  York,  18  miles  W  from   Kingston.  VVidkiil  river,  26  miles  Sot  Kings,  on,  and 
Population  1810,  1002;  ana  in  1820,' 1043. 


Sh'inesville,  vilage  of  i'uscarawas  coun 
ty,  on  Sugar  creek. 

Shanandoah.     See  Shenandoah. 
Shannon,    largest    river    of    Ireland, 


29   N   of  Goshen,containin^^  3u02  inhubi- 
tants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  '3372. 

Shaivtieelo-!un,  post  town,  Gallatin  coun- 
ty, Illinois,  on  tiie  right  bank  ot  <J)uo  ri- 
ver, 10  miles  below  the  mouth  ot  the  VVa- 


which  issues  from  Lough   Allen,  in  the    ^^^^•.    ^^  coiitams  a  land  office,  bank,  and 
province  of  Connanglit,  and  running  S  di-    printing  offict; 


vides  the  provinces  ot  Leinster  and  Con- 
naught;  it  then  turns  SW,  passes  by  the 
city  of  Limerick,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  between  the  counties  of 
Clare  and  Limerick 


Shappitiiha,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
lying  NE  of  M=iinia,;d. 

Sheerness,  Ibrt  in  Kent,  on  the  N  point 
of  the  isle  of  Siiepe)',  at  llie  principal 
mouth  of  the    Med  way,  tlu-ee  miles  N  of 


Shap,  village  in  Westmoreland,  at  the    QiK--ensborough.     Lon.  U  48  E,  lat.  51  28 
source  of  the  Loder,  between  Ortan  and       \, 
Penrith. 

Shapkighf  post  town  and  township  in 
York  county,  Maine ;  situated  on  the 
E  side  of  Piscataqua  river,  about  40 
miles  N  of  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire.    Population  1820,  2815. 

Sharon,  township  Hil;sborouv;h  county. 
New  Hampshire.   Population  1820,  391. 

Sharon,  po5.t  village  and  township 
Windsor  county,  Vermont,  22  miles  N 
from  Windsor.     Population  1820  1400. 


Sheffield,  large  and  populous  town  in  tlie 
West  liiding  of  Vorksliire.  This  town 
has  been  noted  several  hundred  \ eais  tor 
culler's  and  siniUi's  mauuiactures,  which 
were  encouraged  and  advanced  by  tlie 
neigiibouring  mines  of  iron,  particularly 
for  tiles  and  knives,  or  widtlles ;  tor  the 
last  of  wliicii  especially,  it  has  been  a 
staple  for  above  300  }  ears ;  and  it  is  re- 
puted to  excil  Uirtninghavn  in  these  wares, 
as  tliat  does  this  town  in  locks,  hinges, 
nails,  and  polished  steel.     The  first  mills 


Sharoii,   township   of  Norfolk  county,  in   England  for    lurihng   grinding  stones 

Massachusetts,  10  miles  S  from  Dediiam.  were  also  set  up  here,     liere  are  also  lead 

Population  1820,  1010.  works  and  a  silk  mill,     it  is  seated  on   tue 

iVmroTi,  township  of  Schohairie  county,  Don,   which    is  navigable  wituin  two    or 

New  York,  containing  1363  inhabitants  three  miles  of  the   town ;  and  its  neigli- 

in  1810.  and  in  1820,  3982.  bourhood  abounds  with  coal.    It  has  two 

Sharon,    post    town  and   township   in  large  churches,   and  a    spacious   market 

Litchfield   county,  Connecticut ;  on  the  place,  furnished  witb   ncai  shops  for  but- 

border  of  New  York,  51  miles  W  by  N  chers,  Sec.    It  is  54  miles  SSW  of  Yort, 

of  Hartford,  and  20  NE  of  Poughkeep-  and  161  NNW  of  London.    Lon.  1  29  W, 

file,  on  Hudson  river.    It  is  the  seat  of  lat.  o3  20  N. 

l''?3 


SUE 


SHE 


Sheffieldy  post  town  in  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  30  miles  SE  of  the  city  of 
Hudioii,  and  58  W^'  of  Hurttbrd.  It  had 
2439  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  247r. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  quarries  of  fine 
marble. 

Sheffield,  township  of  Caledonia  cou.ity, 
Vermont,  38  miles  NE  fi-om  Montpelier. 
Population  400. 

lihefford,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  eight 
miles  SE  of  Bedford,  and  41  N  by  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  21  W,  lat.  52  8  N, 

She/nal,  town  in  Shropshire,  9  miles  NE 
of  Bridgenorth,  and  136  NVV  of  London. 
Lon.  2  22  W,  iat.  52  42  N. 

Sheildn,  JVorth,  a  dirty  place,  and  seaport 
in  the  county  of  Northumberland.  It  is 
remarkable  for  being  the  mart  where  ships 
take  in  their  loading  of  coal,  seated  on  the 
N  side  of  the  Tyne,  10  miles  E  of  New- 
castle.    Lon.  1  12  W,  hit.  55  4  N. 

Sheldsy  South,  seaport  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  where  there  arc  upwards  of  200 
salt  pans.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  side  of  the 
Tyne,  10  miles  E  of  Newcastle.  Lon.  1 
12  W,  lat.  55  4  N. 

Shelbunie,  town  in  the  British  province 
of  New  Brunswick,  at  Port  Roseway,  ex- 
tends two  miles  on  the  water  side,  and 
one  mile  back,  with  wide  streets  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles.  The  harbour 
is  deep,  capacious,  and  secure.  Lai.  43  46 
N,  lon.  65  0  W. 

Shelbunie,  township  of  Coos  county.  New 
Hampshire.     Population  1820,  295. 

Shelbunie,  post  village,  and  township, 
Chittendon  county,  Vermont,  on  lake 
Champlam  seven  miles  S  from  Burlington. 
Population  1000. 

Shelbunie,  township  of  Franklin  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  951  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1022 ;  situated  on 
the  N  side  of  Deerfield  river,  between 
Plainfield  and  Colerain. 

Shelby,  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded 
by  Salt  river  or  Nelson  county  S;  Bullitt 
SW  ;  Jefferson  W  ;  Henry  N  ;  and  Frank- 
lin E  and  SE.  Length  26  ;  mean  width 
20  ;  and  area  520  square  miles.  It  is  chief- 
ly drained  by  the  NE  fork  of  Salt  river. 
Soil  highly  productive.  Chief  town,  Shel- 
byville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...         6,153 
do.     do.  females     -        -        -        5,568 

Total  whites      ....  11,721 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  42 

Slaves 3,114 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  -white  males 

934 


14,877 
8,038 


Free  white  females  -        -       7,7^1 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed  -        _       - 


Total  whites       .         .         .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        - 

do.     females  .        .        . 


Total  population  in  1820  -      21,047 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  14 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      ♦        -        5,410 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  598 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  53 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

Shelby,  post  town,  Bath  county,  Ken- 
tucky. 

Shelby,  county  in  the  western  part  of 
Ohio  ;  bounded  N  by  A.llen  ;  E  by  Logan  ; 
S  by  Miami ;  and  W  by  Darke.  It  is  about 
20  miles  square,  and  contains  400  square 
miles.  It  is  watered  by  the  Great  Aliami 
river  and  Loramie's  creek,  beside  several 
of  their  tributaries. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,114 

do.    do.  females  -        -  983 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whiles         ....  2,097 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  5 

do.            do.        females  -  4 

Slaves,  males       .        -         _         -  0 

do.    females             ...  0 


2,106 


18 

425 

40 

0 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  5  1-3. 

Shelby,  SW  county  of  Tennessee;  bound- 
ed by  the  state  of  Mississippi  S  ;  Missis- 
sippi river  W ;  and  Madison  county  in 
Tennessee  N  and  E.  It  is  drained  by  Wolf 
river  and  its  branches.  Surface  generally 
hilly.  It  includes  Old  Fort  Pickering, 
now  Munphis.  Length  34 ;  width  30  ; 
and  area  1020  square  miles. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  141 

do.    do.    females  -        -  110 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...  0 


Total  whites  .        .       -  251 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

do.  do.       females,  0 


S  H  E 


SUB 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


45' 
51 


554 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  0 

Engaged  in  AgriCHlture  -        -  102 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  12 

do.        in  Commerce  -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1-3. 

Shelby,  County  of  Alabama  ;  bounded 
by  Coosa  riv.r  E  ;  Bibb  county  S  ;  Tusca- 
loosa SW  ;  Jefferson  NW  ;  and  St.  Clair 
N.  Length  40 ;  width  36  ;  and  area  1440 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Cahaba  river.     Chief  town,  Shelbyville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         .        -        .      1,063 

do.  do.  females  -  .  .  943 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites               -        -        -  3,011 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  0 

do.            do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  203 

do.     females           -                 -  202 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,416 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  1 

Enj^aged  in  Agriculture  -  781 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  10 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1^. 

Shelbyville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Shelby  county,  Kentucky,  on  Brashan's  fork 
of  Salt  river,  30  miles  E  from  Louisville. 
It  contains,  beside  the  coun'y  buildings, 
an  scademy,  two  churches,  near  300  houses, 
and  aV)Out  1400  inhabitants. 

Shelbyville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Bedford  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Duck  river  30  miles  S  from  Mur. 
phesboroiigh.  Beside  the  county  buildings 
it  con'ains  a  bank,  and  printing  office. 

Shelbyville.  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Shelby  county,  Alabama,  near  the  centre 
of  the  county,  80  miles  S  from  Huntsville. 

Sheldon,  or  Hungerford,  post  village 
and  tov/nship,  Franklin  county,  Vermont, 
on  Missisque  river,  32  miles  N  from 
Burlington.    Population  1820,  1000. 

Sheila,  town  of  Africa,  in  Morocco, 
where  none  are  allowed  to  enter  but  Ma- 
hometans. It  is  four  miles  E  of  Sallee. 
Shelter  Island,  and  township  of  Suf- 
folk county.  New  York,  off  the  E  end  of 
Long  Island.  Population  in  1810,  329; 
and  in  1820,  379. 

Sheltonborough,  post  village,  Pittsyl- 
vania county. 

Shelton's-store,  post  office,  Goochland 
county,  Virginia. 


Shenandoah,  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Augusta  and  drains  that  county,  and 
Rockingham,  Shenandoah,  Frederick, 
and  Jefferson  counties,  and  fails  into  the 
Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  about  150  miles.  Be- 
side numerous  smaller  branches,  it  is 
composedoffour  large  constituent  streams, 
and  following  its  meanders,  is  navigable 
for  boats  about  100  miles.  Its  valley  is 
one  of  the  finest  grain  tracts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

Shenandoah,  county  of  Virginia;  i^ound- 
ed  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Culpepper  and 
Madison coimties SE  ;  Rockingham  SW; 
Hardy  and  Hampshire  NW  ;  and  Fre- 
derick NE.  Length  36;  mean  width 
30 ;  and  area  108U  square  miles.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  two  main  branches, 
and  drained  by  many  minor  tributaries 
of  Shenandoah  river.  The  intermediate 
space  between  the  two  great  branches  of 
Sht-nandoah  are  veiy  mountainous,  and 
all  other  parts  of  the  county  hilly.  Soil 
generally  productive  in  grain,  pasturage, 
and  fruits.     Chief  town  Woodstock. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.   females     - 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indiana 

not  taxed 
Slaves        -         -        .        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ... 

do.   do.     females    ... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 


6,390 
6,071 

12,461 

147 

1,038 

13,646 


8,187 
8,521 


18.92'6 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  16 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -       3,160 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  851 

do         in  Commerce        -        .  Si 

Population  to  the  square  mile  17  1-3. 

Sheyicngo,  NE  township  of  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania.    Popalation  1820, 

1098; 

Shenango,  SW  township  of  Crawford 
county,  Pennsylvania.  Population  1820, 
952. 

Shenango,  one  of  the  western  town- 
ships of  Mercer  county,  on  both  sides  of 
935 


S  H  E 

Shenango  river,  eight  rriiles  S\V  from 
Mercer,     Population  1820,  803. 

Shenango,  T)\er  c.i  Pennsylvania,  rises 
in  the  NW  angle  of  Crawfo;  d  county,  flows 
S  across  Crawford  and  Mercer  counties, 
and  falls  into  Big  Beaver  river,  on  the 
northern  border  of  Beaver  county. 

She/iey.  island  cf  Kent,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thannes,  separated  fronrs  the  main 
land  by  the  East  Swale      It  contains  the 
borough  of  Queensborough  and  the  fori 
of  Sheerness 

Shepherd's  Islea,  group  of  snnaU  isl- 
ands in  the  S  Pacific  Ocean  Lou.  163 
42  E,  lat,  17°  S. 

Shephcrdstoion,  post  town  in  .Ti  fFtrson 
county,  Virginia  ;  lying  on  the  south  side 
of  Potomac  river,  opposite  tn  Sharpes- 
hurg,  16  miles-  NVV  cf  Harper's  ferry, 
and  34  NE  of  Winchester.  It  has  about 
1000  inhabitants  » 

Shejiherdsioivn,  villagfe  of  Belmont 
county,  Ohio. 

Sh'pherdsville,  post  town,  Bullitt 
county,  Ketnucky,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Salt  river,  20  miles  S  from  Louisville, 
and  an  equal  distance  NW  from  Bairds- 
town. 

Shcfiog,  small  river  which  rises  in 
Litclifield  county.  Connecticut. 

Shcjiton  Mallet,  town  in  Somerset- 
shire. It  has  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  cl</th,  is  seated  under  Mendir 
Hills,  17  miles  SW  of  Bath,  and  114  W 
of  Lrndon      Lon.  2  30  W,  lat  51  0  N. 

Sherborji,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  frees*  hool  founded  by  Edward  VI  ; 
two  large  silk  mills  ;  and  a  conduit  of 
excellent  water,  which  is  continuallv 
running.  It  is  computed  to  contain  2,000 
inhabitants,  16  miles  N  by  W  of  Dorches 
ter.  and  118  W  bv  S  of  I^ondon.  Lcn.  2 
41  W,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Sherborn,  town  in  the  West  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls 
into  the  Ouse,  14  miles  SW  of  York,  and 
181  N  bv  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  15  W, 
lat.  53  A9  N. 

Sherborough,  fort  of  Guinea,  in  Afri- 
ca,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  Sherborrugh 
river.  It  belongs  to  the  English,  and  is 
100  miles  SE  of  Sierra  Leone.  Lon.  11 
0  \V,  lat.  6  0  N 

Sherburne,  anciently  Killington,  town- 
ship of  Rutland  county  Vermont,  24  miles 
SSW  from  Windsor.  Population  116. 
Killineton  peak  in  this  township  rises  to 
4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

Sherburne,  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusc;tts.  20  miles  SW  from 
Boston.     Population  ISiO.  811, 

Sherburne,  town  in  the  island  of  Nan- 
tucket, 80  miles  sruth  of  Boston.  ,  Lon. 
W  0  6  30  E,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Sherburn,   post   town   in    Chenango 

9r^6 


S  H  I 

county.  New  York  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Chenango  river,  about  34  mile* 
W  of  Cooper's-town,  and  20  S  of  Sanger- 
field,  with  2428  inhabitants  in  1810,  and 
in  1820,  2590 

Sherburne  ?nil/s,  post  office,  Flennming 
county,  Kentucky,  south  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Sheriff -Muir,  heath  in  Perthshire, 
frcotland,  between  the  Ochils  and  the 
Grampian  mountains;  famcus  for  a 
bloody  but  undecisive  battle,  in  1715,  be- 
tween the  rcyal  army  and  the  rebel  for- 
ces under  the  earl  of  Mar. 

Sherman,  town  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut  Population  1810,  949  ;  and 
in  1820,  957. 

Shcrrurd^s  s^or<',' post  village,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Virginia. 

Shetland,  general  name  of  about  40 
islands,  lying'  1:;0  milc.^  NNE  of  Caith- 
ness-shire, in  Scf  t!and,  between  59  56 
and  61  UN.  lat.  The  names  of  the 
principal  ar^  Mainland,  Yell,  Unst,  and 
Pula,  or  Thule.  Shetland,  with  Ork- 
ney, forms  one  of  the  counties  of  Scot- 
land. 

Shefuc/cet,  river  of  Connecticut,  joins 
the  Quinebaug  at  Norwich,  to  form  the 
Thames,  of  which  it  forms  the  NW 
branch. 

Shieldsboro\  village  of  Hancock  coun- 
ty. Mississippi,  on  the  bay  of  St.  Lruis. 
It  is  a  place  of  summer  rt  sort  from  New 
Orleans. 

Shin,  Lock,  lake  in  the  mountains  of 
Sutherlandshire,  Scotland  ;  81  miles  in 
circuit.  From  which  issues  a  stream 
which  flows  into  the  frith  cf  Dornoch. 

Shift  Island,  long  iiarr<  w  island  or 
santl  bar  of  Mississippi,  opposite  Biloxi 
bay,  and  between  Cat  and  Horn  islands. 

Sh'ppinsburg  post  town,  township, 
and  borough  in  Cumberland  county.  Penn- 
sylvania ;  21  miles  SW  of  Carlisle,  11  NE 
of  Chaml)ersburg,  and  136  W  cf  Phila- 
de'phia.  It  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  a 
fertile  country,  and  contained  1159  in- 
habitants in  ISIO;  and  in  1820,  1410. 

Shipfiingport,  town  of  Jefferson  coun- 
ty, Kentucky,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Ra- 
pids of  Ohio,  and  two  miles  below  Lou- 
isville It  is  at  low  water  the  head  of 
steam-boat  navigation  in  the  Ohio.  It  is 
in  reality  the  lower  part  of  Louisville. 
Population  about  1000. 

Shipton,  town  in  Worcestershire,  on 
the  Stour,  14  miles  W  of  Banb!}ry,  and 
83  NW  of  London.  Lon.  125  W,  lat.  52 
5N 

Shirley,  post  village  and  township  of 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  21 
miles  WNW  from  Boston.  Population 
1820,  922. 

Shirley,  one  of  the  eastern  townships 


1 


S  H  R 


a  M.  A 


of  Huntingdon  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  right  side  of  Juniata  river,  opposite 
HamiUonviile.     Population  1820,  1191 

Shirleysbiirg,  post  village  in  Shirley 
township,  Huntingdon  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia; about  20  miles  SSli  from  Hunting- 
don.    I'opulation  1820,  183. 

Shoales,  Isles  of  on  the  coast  of  New 
Hampshire  and  Maint.  They  lie  con- 
venient for  the  cod  fishery,  which  was 
formerly  carried  on  here  to  great  advan- 
vantage. 

Shoccoe  springs,  post  village,  acade- 
my, and  watering  place,  Warren  coun 
ty,  North  Carolina,  about  60  miles  NE 
from  Raleigh 

Shogle,  town  of  Asia  in  Syria,  on  the 
Asia  anciently  called  Orontes,  over 
which  is  a  biidgf  of  13  arches.  It  is  18 
miles  S  by  E  of  Antioch,  and  45  SW  of 
Aleppo     Lon.  36  40  E,  'at.  35  20  N. 

S/icomsfca,  one  of  the  Kuriles  in  Kamts- 
xhatka,  Avhich  is  inhabited  by  a  mixture 
of  natives  and  Kamtschadales.  See  Xu- 
rilea 

S/iooler's  Hdl,  village  in  Kent,  situa- 
ted on  a  hill  so  called,  eie;ht  miles  ESC 
of  London.  From  this  hill  is  a  fine  ex- 
tensive prospect,  and  the  Thames  makes 
a  magnificent  appearance  from  it. 

Shoreham,  borough  in  Sussex,  on  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  which  tnakes  it  a  place 
of  some  trade,  and  many  small  vessels 
are  built  here.  It  is  16  miles  NW  of 
New  Haven,  and  56  S  bv  \V  of  London. 
Lon.  0  15  \V.  lat.  50  54  N. 

Shoreham,  township  of  Addison  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  containing  2033  inhabitants 
iQ  1810.  Situated  nn  the  E  side  of  Lake 
Champlain,  four  miles  N  of  Mount  Inde- 
pendence. 

Short.  SE  township  of  Harrison  coun- 
ty, Oiiio.     Population  1820,  2978. 

Shouldershill,  post  office,  Nansemond 
county,  Virginia. 

Shrewsbury,  borough  in  Shropshire, 
and  the  capital  of  that  county,  18  miles 
Eof  Welshpool,  36  V/  <*f  Litchfieirl.  and 
169  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  41  W,  lat. 
53  43  N. 

Shrewsbury  post  village  and  town- 
ship, Rutland  county,  Vermont,  on  Otter 
creek,  10  miles  SE  from  Rutland.  Po- 
pulation I'OO. 

Shreivfybwy ,  post  village  and  town- 
ship, Worcf-ster  county,  jVIassachusetts, 
six  milts  NE  from  Vv'orcester  Popu- 
lation 1810,  1210  ;  and  in  1820.  1458. 

Shrewsbury .  post  town  in  Monmouth 
county.  New  Jersey  ;  situated  on  a  high 
and  dry  soil,  near  the  sea  shore,  and 
therefore  resorted  to  in  summer  by  the 
people  of  New  Yoik  and  Philadelphia, 
as  a  bathing  place.  It  lies  in  lat.  40  17 
N,  and  lon.  73  12  W,  at  the  distance  cf 
r,  r. 


47  miles  NE  from  Trenton,  28  E  ijy  S 
from  New  Brunswick,  and  77  NE  from 
Philadelphia  The  tov/oship  contained 
about  377o  inhabitants  in  1812  ;  and  in 
1820,  4284. 

Shrewsbury,  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania.  It  bounds  on  Maryland  in 
the  S  and  lies  between  the  S  and  E 
branches  cf  Codorus  creek.  The  inha- 
bitants were  stated  at  1792  in  1810;  acd 
in  1820,  19 S3. 

Shrewsbury,  NE  township  of  Lycom- 
ing county,  PennsylvaEia.  Population 
1820.  ^79. 

Shrewsbury,  post  village,  Kenhawa 
county,  Virginia. 

ShropshitL',  or  Salop,  county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  on  the  N  by  Cheshire  and 
a  detached  part  of  Flintshire,  on  the  E 
by  Staffordshire,  on  the  SE  by  vVcrces- 
tershire,  on  the  S  by  Herefordshire,  on 
the  SW  by  Radnorshire,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Den- 
bigh ;  it  is  about  50  miles  long,  and  40 
broad.  It  lies  partly  in  the  diocess  of 
Litchfield  and  Coventry,  and  partly  in 
that  of  Hereford.  This  country  abounds 
with  lead,  copper,  iron,  limestone,  free- 
stone pipe  clay,  bitumen,  and  coal.  The 
prii  cijjal  rivers  are  the  Severn  and  the 
Tend  The  capital  is  Shrewsbury.  Po- 
pulation 1801, 167,539;  in  1811,  194,273  ; 
and  in  1821,  205,266, 

S/nttesburg;  township  of  Franklin  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  15  miles  NE  from. 
Greenfield. 

>Siam,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  N  by  China,  on  the  E  by  Laos  and 
Cambodia,  on  the  S  by  the  gulf  of  Siam, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  and 
Pegu.  It  is  550  miles  in  length,  and  250 
in  breadth,  though  in  seme  places  not 
above  50.  It  is  divid  d  into  the  Higher 
and  Lower,  and  the  si  il  produces  plenty 
of  rice,  cotton  and  triiits.  They  have 
abundance  of  wild  animals  in  the  woods, 
as  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  leopards, 
and  tigers  Their  tame  cattle  are  beeves, 
buffaloes,  and  hogs,  of  which  they  have 
plenty  ab'  ut  their  farms.  Besides  which, 
there  are  large  and  dangerous  crocodiles, 
and  serpents  20  feet  long. 

S'Mm,  or  Jnthia,  capita!  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Menan, 
near  its  m"uth  in  the  gulf  of  Siam,  400 
miles  SE  oi  Pegu  Lon.  101  20  E,  lat.  14 
20  N. 

Siara.  cai^tain  generalship  of  Brazil  ; 
bounded  by  Pnrnaiba  river  or  Maranham 
NW  ;  Atlantic  Ocean  NE;  Pernambuco, 
andBahia  Sli  ;  and  Goias  SW.  Length 
700 ;  breadth  200  ;  and  area  140,Q00 
square  miles. 

Siara,  town  of  South  Amercia,  in 
Bra5!;il,  capital  of  a  captam  generalsM^ 


SIC 


S  I  E 


(>f  the  same  name.    Lon.  VV  C  37  10  E, 
lat.  3  15  S.    See  Seara  in  the  Addenda. 

Siaskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Petersburg: h,  It  is  seated 
not  far  from  tht  lake  Ladoga>  24  miles 
NE  ot  New  Ladoga.  Lon.  o'j  47  E,  lat. 
60  16  N. 

Siberia,  large  Country,  comprehend- 
ing the  moat  northern  part  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire  in  Asia.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S  by  Great 
Tartary,  W  by  European  Russia,  and  N 
by  the  Frozen  Ocean,  ft  extends  3500 
miles  in  length  from  E  to  W,  and  1200  in 
breadth  from  N  to  S.  The  S  part  pro- 
duces all  the  necessaries  of  life,  but  the 
N  is  extremely  cold,  almost  uncultivated 
and  thin  of  people.  The  principal  riches 
of  this  C'Huitry  consist  of  fine  skins  and 
furs ;  but  they  also  have  rich  mines  of 
iron  and  copper,  and  several  kinds  of 
precious  stones,  particularly  topazes  of 
a  beautiful  lustre,  magnets  of  an  extra- 
ordinary size,  and  even  whole  mountains 
of  loadstone  The  inhabitants  are  of 
three  sorts,  P  igans,  or  the  natives  of  the 
country,  Mahometans,  and  Russians. 
The  former  dwell  in  the  forests  in  the 
winter,  and  in  the  summer  on  the  banks 
of  the  rivers.  Their  garments  are  the 
skins  of  wild  beasts.  They  have  bows, 
arrows,  a  knite,  and  a  kettle,  in  which 
all  their  riches  consist.  Ti^.ey  make  use 
of  reindeer  aid  dogs,  instead  of  hoi-ses, 
to  draw  their  sledges.  Tht  Russians 
settled  here  are  much  the  same  as  in 
their  native  Ciiintry.  It  is  through  this 
vast  tract  of  land  that  the  Russians  cara- 
vans travel  evi  ry  year,  when  they  carry 
their  merchandise  to  China.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Oby,  Leiia,  Irtish, 
Yenisei,  ar;d  Okota.  The  western  part 
of  Siberia  is  comprised  in  the  Russian 
government  of  Tobolsk  and  Kulyvan ; 
all  the  eastern  part  is  contained  in  the 
government  of  Irkutsk.  Siberia  is  the 
place  tf>  which  crimir.als,  as  well  as  per- 
sons under  the  displeasure  of  the  court, 
are  commonly  banished  from  Russia 
Tobolsk  is  the  capital,  where  the  vice- 
roy resides. 

Sichem,  town  of  Brabant  to  the  S  of 
which  is  a  celebrated  monastery.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Denner,  18  miles  SE  of 
Mechim.    Lon.   5  0  E,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Sicify,  island  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
almost  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  termi 
iiating  in  three  points  or  capes ;  that 
which  is  nearest  Italy  is  called  Cape  del 
Faro;  that  which  regards  the  Morea, 
Capo  Passora;  and  the  third  which 
points  to  Africa,  Capo  di  Boco.  Sicily  is 
naturally  divided  into  three  valleys,  to 
which  the  political  names  of  provinces 
have  been  given ;  they  are  Val  di  Maza- 
038 


ra,  Valdi  Demona  and  Val  di  Noto.  See 
those  ai'ticles  in  their  places.  It  is  se- 
parated from  Italy  by  the  straits  of  Mes- 
sina 15  miles  broad  where  narrowest. 
The  climate  is  delicious,  and  soil  exube- 
rately  fruitful.  In  ancient  times  it  had 
the  aspect  of  a  garden,  but  in  modern 
times,  badly  cultivated.  Present  popu- 
lation about  l,60v/,000.  Religion,  Ro- 
man Catholic.  It  forms  a  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  or  of  two  Sicilies. 
Length  165 ;  and  breadth  where  widest 
112. 

Sicques.     See  Seiks. 

Sidaye,  strong  town  on  the  coast  of 
the  island  of  Java  in  the  East  Indies 
with  a  harbour.  Lon.  113  15  E,  lat.  6 
40  S. 

Siddingtoii,  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
seated  on  the  river  Churn,  one  mile  SE 
of  Cirencester. 

Sideling  Hill,  range  of  mountains  in 
Bedford  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  be- 
tween Allegasy  and  Washington  counties 
Maryland.  It  lies  between  the  Warrior 
and  North  mountain,  and  extends  through 
this  county  and  a  part  of  Huntingdon, 
from  SW  to  NE. 

Siderocapsa,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe. 
in  Macedonia,  famous  for  a  gold  mine 
in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  five  miles 
trom  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  Lon.  13  44 
E,  lat    40  30  N. 

Sidmouth,  fishing  town  in  Devonshire, 
much  fnquented  in  the  bathing  season. 
It  is  12  miles  SE  of  Exiter  and  158  W, 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  15  W,  lat.  50 
38  N. 

Sidney,  post  town  and  township  Ken- 
nebec county  Maine,  eight  miles  above 
Augusta. 

Sidney,  post  village  and  township  Dela- 
ware county.  New  York.  Population 
1810,  1607;  and  in  1810,  1107. 

Sidney,  new  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Shelby  county,  Ohio.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  west  bank  of  Great  Miama 
river,  about  10  miles  NE  from  Piqua 
and  72  northwesterly  from  Columbus. 

Sidon,  or  Said,  seaport  of  Palestine 
anciently  a  place  of  great  strength,  and 
extensive  trade  It  is  still  of  some  note, 
has  a  good  castle  and  a  well  frequented 
harbour,  and  is  also  the  residence  of  a 
Turkish  bashaw.  It  is  45  miles  WSW 
of  Damascus  Lon.  36  5  E,  lat  33 
33  N. 

Sidra,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  be' 
tween  the  gulf  of  Napoli,  and  that  of 
Engia.    Lon.  24  0  E.  lat.  27  4  N. 

Sidra,  spacious  guif  on  the  coast  of 
Barbary,  between  Tripoli  and  Barca, 
which  takes  its  name  from  a  small  island 
at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf. 

Siedenbei'g,  town  of  Germany  in  West' 


iji  I  E 


S  I  I- 


phaiia,  and  county  of  Hoye,  nine  miles 
SSW  of  Hoye. 

Siegbur^,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, and  duchy  of  Berg,  subject  to  the 
elector  palatine.  It  is  seated  ob  the  Seig, 
15  miles  SE  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  22  E, 
lat.  50  43  N. 

Siegen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetera- 
via,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  17 
miles  NW  of  Dillemburgh,  and  37  E  of 
Cologne.     Lon.  8  5  E,  lat.  50  5j  N, 

Siegmaringen,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Suabia,  and  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  26  miles  N  of  Con- 
stance, and  44  S  of  Stutgard  Lon.  9  10 
E,  lat.  48  2  N 

Siegstadt,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Aggerhuys. 

Sienno,  celebrated  city  of  Tuscany,  ca- 
pital of  the  Siennese,  with  a  university. 
It  is  about  four  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  The  archi- 
tecture of  the  Gothic  metropolitan 
church  is  admirable,  and  much  esteem- 
ed by  all  travellers ;  it  is  built  with  black 
and  white  marble,  and  the  pavement  is 
of  Mosaic  works.  The  Italian  language 
is  taught  here  with  such  puiity,  that 
many  foreigners  frequent  it  on  that  ac- 
count. It  is  seated  on  three  eminences, 
36  miles  S  of  Florence,  and  105  N  by  W 
of  Rome.    Lon.  HUE,  lat.  4^  23  N. 

Siennese,  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  .in 
the  N  by  the  Florentino,  on  the  S  by  the 
Mediterranean  and  tiie  duchy  of  Castro, 
and  the  E  by  the  Perugino  anci  Oi'vietano, 
and  on  the  W  by  the  Florentino  and  the 
Tuscan  Sea.  It  is  about  33  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  pretty  fertile,  especially  in  mul- 
berry trees  ;  which  feed  a  great  number 
of  silk-worms,  and  there  are  several  mi- 
neral springs.    Sienna  is  the  capital 

Sieimoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Mohilef,  60  miles  NNW  of  Mo- 
hilef.    Lon.  29  45  E,  lat  54  30  N. 

Sierra  Leone,  country  on  the  W  coast 
of  Africa,  so  named,  according  to  some 
authors,  by  the  Portuguese,  on  account 
of  its  mountains  on  this  coast  abounding 
with  lions.  Some  extend  its  limits  from 
the  Grain  Coast  on  the  SE,  to  Cape  Ver- 
ga  or  Voga  on  the  NW  ;  that  is,  between 
7  0  and  10  0  N  lat  Others,  however, 
confine  the  country  between  Cape  Verga 
and  Cape  Tagrin.  Free,  and  Regent's 
towns,  in  this  country  are  British  colonies. 
See  Freetown-  and  Regent's  town. 

Sierra  Leone,  river  of  Africa,  in  a  coun- 
try of  the  same  name.  Its  source  is  un- 
certain, but  its  mouth,  in  lon.  13  30  W, 
lat.  8  15  N,  is  nine  miles  wide. 

Sierra  Leone,  or  Lion  Mountaim,  moun- 
tains of  Africa,  which  divide  Nigritia 
from  Guinea,  and  extend  as  far  as  Abys- 


sinia. They  were  styled  by  the  ancients 
the  Mountains  of  God,  on  account  of 
their  being  subject  to  thunder  and  light- 
ning. 

Sierra  Morena,  mountains  in  Spain, 
which  divide  the  kingdoms  of  Estrema- 
dura  and  New  Castile  from  that  of  Anda- 
lusia. 

Si-Fians,  the  name  of  a  people  subject 
to  China.  The  country  is  only  a  conti- 
nued ridge  of  mountains,  bounded  by  the 
rivers  Hnang-ho  on  the  N,  Yalong  on  the 
W,  and  Yang-tse-kiang  on  the  E,  between 
30  0  and  35  0  N  lat. 

Sigmaringeri,  city  of  German}',  on  the 
Danube  45  miles  S  from  Stutgard.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  principality  of  Hohen- 
zollern-Sigmaringen.    Lat.  48  02  N. 

Sigelmessa.     .See  Siigeilmcssa 

Sigeth,  or  Zigat,  town  of  Lo.wer  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  has  a 
triple  wall,  with  ditches  full  of  water, 
and  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  being  one 
of  the  strongest  places  in  Hungary.  It 
is  50  miles  NW  of  Esseck,  and  38  W 
by  S  of  Colocza.  Lon.  18  58  E,  lat.  46 
17  N. 

Signan,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  18  E,  lat.  43 
44  N 
•  Sigtitna,  ancient  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Upland,  S'^ated  <in  the  lake  Maeler,  be- 
tween Stockholm  and  Upsal. 

Signenzu,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, with  a  university.  It  is  surround- 
ed with  strong  wa'ls  and  well  fortified. 
The  university  consists  of  several  col- 
leges. It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Atienca,  60  miles  NE  of  Ma- 
drid.    Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  41  6  N. 

Sihon,  or  Gihon,  the  laxartes  of  the 
ancients,  and  the  Amu  of  the  Russians, 
a  river  of  Asia      See  Jihon. 

Silao,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guanaxuato, 
20  miles  NW  by  W  from  the  city  of 
Guanaxuato. 

Silchester,  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, where  tradition  says  King  Arthur 
was  crowned. 

Si-hoii,  beautiful  lake  of  China,  which 
washes  the  walls  of  Hang-tcheou. 

Silesia,  duchy  of  Germany,  274  miles 
long,  and  100  broad ;  boimded  on  the  N 
by  Brande;iburg  and  Pol.uid,  on  the  south 
by  Mor.ivia  nd  Hungary,  on  the  E  by  Po- 
land, and  on  the  W  by  Lower  Lusatia  and 
Bohemia.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Oder,  the  Vistula,  the  Neisse,  the  Bober, 
the  Qiieis,  the  Oppa,  and  the  Else.  There 
is  a  loii.;^  chain  of  mountains,  which  sepa- 
rate Silesia  from  Bohemia.  The  most  con" 
siderable  silver  mine.s  are  at  Keitstein,  in 
the  principality  of  Breig.  There  are  also 
mines  of  lead,  copper,  and  iron,  and  quar- 
939 


S  I  M 

lies  cf  various  stones ;  besides  antimony, 
salt-petre,  sulphur,  sXnm,  vitri  i!,  quick-sil- 
ver,  sealed  earth,  and  othei-  minerais.  The 
principal  maniifac-ory  is  liaen-clnth,  and 
they  have  also  some  v.ooUen  mainifuct  ries, 
and  glass  houses ;  it  contains  ab'ut  2,000,000 
of  inhabitants.  The  grestest  part  of  this 
country  was  ceded  to  the  kin»  of  Prussia, 
in  1742,  by  the  ireaty  of  Breslaw. 

Sil/iet,  town  of  Hindoosian,  in  the  East 
Indies,  100  miles  NE  of  DaccM,  and  200  E 
NE  of  Moorshedabad.  Lon  91  57"  E,  lat. 
2-1  52  N. 

Silisiria,  or  Doresfro,  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgai-ia,  with  a  citadel,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Missovo  and  Danube,  97 
miles  NE  of  Nicopoli,and  170  NE  of  Adria- 
nople.    Lon.  37  31  E,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Silkeburg,  formerly  strong  t"">vn  of  Den- 
mark, in»N  Jutland.  18  miles  W  of  Arim- 
sen.     Lnn.  9  30  E.'lat  56  3  N. 

Sillebary  seaport  on  the  W  coast  of  Su- 
matra, in  the  East  Indies,  a  little  sou'h  of 
Bencoolen.     Lon.  101  0  E,  lat  4  0  S. 

Silver  Creek,  townsliip  of  Green  county, 
Ohio,  containing  the  vilLig-e  of  Jamcs»owii. 

Silver  Lake,  townsliip  and  p'>st  village, 
Susquehannah  county,  Penn-yl- aiiia,  six 
miles  NW  from  Montrose.  Population  in 
1820,  456. 

Simancas,  town  of  Spain,  the  province  of 
Leon  with  a  s'rong  castle,  situated  on  the 
Douero,  eight  miles  SW  of  Valladohd. 
Lon.  4  30  VV,  ht.  41. 45  N. 

Simbirsk,  government  of  Russia,  formerly 
a  province  of  the  kingdom  c  KL.isan,  which 
contains  13  districts. 

Simbh^sk,  capital  town  of  hissia,  in  the 
government  of  Simbirsk.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Volga,  100  miles  S  by  W  of  Kusan. 
Lon.  48  34  E,  lat.  54  22  N. 

Simeoe,  lake  of  Upper  Canada,  which  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  Lake  Huron  by 
Severn  river. 

Simeoe,  county  of  Upper  Canada,  be- 
tween Lakes  Simcne  and  Huron 

Silota,  Bocca,  the  strait  between  the 
islands  of  Negiopont  and  Andros.  This 
strait  has  recently  in  the  summer  of  1822, 
been  rendered  remarkable  by  a  plendid 
naval  victory  obtained  by  the  Greeks  over 
the  Turks. 

Simi,  island  in  the  Mediterranpan,  six 
miles  N  of  Rhodes.  Lon.  27  33  E,  lat.  36 
35  N. 

Simmeren,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Rhine,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Smtmeren,  26  miles  W  of 
Mentz,  and  35  E  of  Triers.  Lon.  2  41  E, 
lat.  49  51  N. 

Simogu,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  East 
Indies,  93  miles  NW  of  Sei-ingapatam. 
Lon.  75  30  E,  lat.  13  21  N. 

Simons,  St.  island  of  North  America,  on 
the  coast  of  George,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
'940 


SIN 

the  Alatamaha,  about  15  miles  long,  and 
four  broad.     Chief  town,  Frederica. 

Simonthorna.,  strong  tov.n  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, ui  the  county  of  Tolna,  eight  miles 
from  Tolna.     Lon.'  18  16  E,  Int.  46  40  N. 

Simpson,  cou.ity  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded 
l)y  Tennessee  S  ;  Logan  county  in  Ken- 
tucky W  and  NW  ;  Warren  N  ;  and  Allen 
B.  Length  25  ;  mean  width  16 ;  and  area 
400  square  miles.  Red  river  branch  of 
Cumberland,  and  Big  Barren  branch  of 
Greene  river  rise  in  this  county.  Chief 
town,  Franklin. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ...        2,01o 

do.  do.  females  -        -       2,019 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites       .         -         -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     • 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males        .         -         - 
do.   females    -         -         - 

Total  population  in  1820 


4,032 

11 

6 

393 

410 

4,852 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized     -        -  2 

EngHged  in  Agriculture      -         -  608 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  78 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  6 

Popidation  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Simpsonville,  post  village,  Montgomery 
county,  Maryland,  eight  miles  NW  trom 
Washington. 

Simsbury,  small  post  village  and  town- 
ship, in  Harlford  county,  Connecticut,  14 
mihs  NW  of  Hartford,  and  eight  SE  of 
New  Hartford.  It  contained  1966  inhabi- 
tants in  1810;  and  ii:  1820,  1954. 

Sinai,  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrsea,  in  the 
peninsula  formed  bv  the  two  arms  of  the 
Red  Sea.     Lon.  34'l5  E,  lat.  29  2  N. 

Sincapour,  islMud  and  town  at  the  most 
southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca,  opposite  the  is'aiid  of  Sumatra, 
which  with  the  Malacca  coast  form  the 
strait  of  Sincapour.  It  is  100  miles  SE  of 
the  city  of  Malacca  Lon.  104  10  E,  lat.  1 
ION. 

Sinde      See  Indus  and    Tatta. 

Sindeljingen,  town  ot  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
six  miles  SW  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  5  E, 
lat.  48  45  N. 

Sindy,  or  Scind,  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper  ;  bounded  on  the  W  by  Persia ;  on 
the  N  by  the  territories  of  the  king  of  Can- 
dahar;  on  the  NE  by  those  of  the  Seiks  ;  on 
the  E  by  a  sandy  desert,  and  on  the  SE  by 
Cutch.  It  extends  along  the  course  of  the 
Indus,  from  the  mouth,  to  the  frontiers  of 
Moultan,  300  miles ;  and  its  breadth,  in 
the  widest  part,  is  160.  In  many  'particu- 
lars of  soil  anel  climate,  and  the  genera! 


SIN 


SIR 


appearance  of  its  surface,  it  resembles  penlp.sula  of  the  Black  sea,  280  miles  E 
Eg'ypt ;  the  lower  p^rt  being  composed  of  from  Constantinople.  Lon.  33  55  E,  lat.  41 
rich  vegetable  mould,  and  extended  into  u   05  N. 

wide  delta;  while  t!ie  upper  p;irt  is  a  nar-  Sinkmg  spring;  post  village  in  Highland 
row  slip  of  country,  confint-d  <>n  the  Per-  county,  Ohio,  33  miles  SW  from  Chi iicothe, 
sian  side  by  a  ridge  of  mountains,  and  on  on  the  great  road  leading  from  thence  to 
the  other  by  a  sandy  desert,  tlie  Indus,    Maysville. 

equal  at  least  to  the  Nile,  winding  through  Sion,  mountain  of  Palestine,  on  the  south 
the  midst  of  this  level  valley,  and  annually  side  of  Jerusalem,  of  great  celebrity  in  sa- 
ovei  flowing  it.     Daring  great  part  of  the    cred  history. 

SW  monsoon,  or  at  least  in  July,  August,  ,Sw72,  of  ^/««j,  town  of  Switzerlmd,  capi* 
and  part  of  September  (which  is  the  rair.y  tal  of  Valais,  and  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
season  in  most  other  parts  ot  India)  the  at-  situated  on  the  riverSiiten,  near  the  Rhone, 
mosphere  is  he;e  g;  neraliy  clouded  ;  but  at  tte  toot  of  three  insulated  rocks,  which 
no  rain  falls  except  near  the  s^;a.  Indeed  rise  immediately  from  the  plain  Sion  was 
very  few  showers  fall  during  the  whole  formerly  the  capitrd  of  the  Seduni,  and 
year,  Owmg  t,>  thi>,  and  the  neighbour-  some  RoiTinn  inscriptions  sill  reir.ain.  ft 
hnod  of  the  andy  de.serts  on  the  E  and  on  i,.  Si)  mdes  E  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  22  E,  Jat. 
the  NW.  the  heu;s  are  so  violent,  and  the    46  9  N. 

winds  from  those  quarters  so  pernicious,  6'joji^  or  Os/o^  town  of  Egypt,  which  has 
that  tne  houses  are  contrived  so  as  to  be  several  mosques,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Coph- 
occasionaliy  ventilated  by  aperturfs  on  the  tic  bishop.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  am- 
top,  resembling  the  funnels  of  small  chim-  phitheatre,  and  some  sepulchres  of  the 
pies  The  inland  parts  of  Smdy,  produce  Romans.  It  stands  "n  an  artificial  m>unt, 
salt-pctre,  sal-ammoniac,  borax,  hezo;:r,  t\>  o  miles  from  the  Nde,  and  185  soutii  of 
iapis-lazuli,  and  raw  silk.  They  have  also  Cairo.  Lon.  31  24  E,  lat  27  25  N. 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  sik  of  varinus  Siphanto,  ancient  Siphnos,  one  of  the 
kinr's;  and  they  in:ike  fine  cabinets,  inlaid  best  cultivated  islands  of  "he  Archip'eiago, 
with  ivory,  and  finely  lacquered.  to  the  W  of  Paros.     !t  is  36   miles  in  cir- 

Sinepuxen,  long,  narrow  bay  of  the  Uni-  cumference,  and  though  covered  with  mar- 
ted  States,  w'.iich  lies  between  Worcester  ble  ard  granite,  produces  corn  suliicient 
county,  Maryland,  and  a  ^mall  island  called  for  its  inhabitants;  t-.lso  excellent  silk,  but 
A.ssatigue.  U  communicates  v;ith  the  not  in  any  considerable  quantity.  The 
ocean  by  Sinepuxen  inlet.  chief  articles    of  commerce   are  cahcoe'^. 

Sines,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province    straw  hats,  fig-,  onions,   honey,  wax,  oil, 

and  capers.     Lon.  25  15  E,  lat  37  9  N. 

Sirailia,  town  of  Poland,  capitid  of  a  pala- 
tinate fif  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  cas^  le. 


Lon.  8  55    "W,  lat.  37 


of  Estremadura. 
40  N. 

Sing,  strong  town  of  Dalmatia,  taken  by 

the  Venetians  from  the  Turks  in  16H6.     It  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  seated  in  a 

is  16  miles  N  of  Spaktro.     Lon-  17  30  E,  pliiiu,  on  tlie  river  Watta,  62  miles  KE  of 

lat.  47  10  N.  Breslau,  and  105  NW  of  Cracow.     Lon.  18 

Si  ngan-fou,  large  city  and  capital  of  the  55  E,  lat.  51  32  N. 
province  of  Chen-si  in  Cliina.     Next  to  Pe-        Siraf,  tov/n  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 

king  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  Lsris'an,  situate  on  the  Persian  gulf, 
largest  cities  in  China      It  is  480  miles  SW        Sitgian,  town   of  Persia   noted   for  its 

of  Peking.     Lon.   108  43  E,  lat.  34  16  N,  beautiful  pottery. 

Singiliis,  tov/n  of  Russia,  in  the  govern-        Sirhiud.  very  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan 

ment  of  Simbrisk.     Lon.  48  34  B,  lat.  54  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Delhi.     The  art 

1  N.  of  weav'.np;  silk  v.'as  brought  back  to  C'  n- 

Singo,  town  of  Turkey  in    Europe,  in  stantinople,  in  the   16th   century,  by  the 

Macedonia,  on  the  gulf  of  Monte   Santo,  m.jnks  who  returned  from  Siriiind.     It  is 

Lor..  24  0  E,  lat.  40  13  N.  195  miles  NW  of  Delhi.     Lat.  30  1  N,  lon. 

Singor,  town  of  Asia,  in  the  peninsula  of  75  35  E. 
Malaccj,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  small        Sir  Charles  Hardy's  Island,  island  in  the 

river,  in  the  bay  of  Patan.     Lon.  101  25  E,  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Car- 

lat.  6  4 ..  N.  terot.     Lon.  154  20  E,  lat.  4  41  S. 

Singleton's,    post    office,    Southampton        Sir  Charles  Sminder's  Island,  in  t!)*^  Pa- 


county,   Virginia. 

Singsiitg,  post  village,  Westchester  coun- 
ty. New  York,  on  the  Hudson  below  the 
mouth  of  Croton  river. 

Siiiigaglia,  seap'irt  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 


cific  Ocean,  discovered  by  captain   Walli:;. 
Lon    151  4  W,  lat.  17  28  S. 

Sirik,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Moselle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mos^-lle, 
25  miles  N  of  Metz.     Lon.  6  38  E,  lut.  49 


of  Urbmo,  at  the  mouth  of  \he   Nigola  in    36  X, 

the  gidf  of  Venice,  17  miles  SE  of  I'esaro,        Sirinagw,  large  rugged  coun'ry  of  Asia; 

Sinob,  or  Sinope,  seaport   of  Tuik'y  ni   bounded  on  the  N  and  NE  by  the  Thihetian 

Asin,  in  Natolia,  on  the  isthmtis  of  a  stn.i11   mountains,  on  the  SE  by  NapuJ,  on  the  S 

941 


S  I  V 


S  t  A 


by  llohilla,  on  the  SW  by  Delhi,  and  on  the 
NW  by  Lahore.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  160  miles  south  of  Delhi.  Lon. 
77  38  E,  lai.  30  59  N. 

Sirius  Island,  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon,  162  30  E,  lat.  10  52  S, 

Sirmich,  or  Sirmiwn.  town  of  Sclavonia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Bosweth,  near  the  Save,  42  miles  SE 
of  Esseck.     Lon.  20  19  E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Sirong,  or  Seronge,  large  town  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Malwa. 
It  is  120  miles  NE  of  Ougein.  Lon.  78  4 
E,  lat.  24  4  N. 

Sisizan,  seaport  on  the  E  coast  of  Luco- 
nia,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands.  It  is 
situated  almost  immediately  opposite  to 
Manilla,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Tcry  high 
mountains,  which  render  the  air  extremely 
moist.     Lon.  123  45  E,  lat.  14  20  N. 

Sissac,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton 
of  BjsiI,  capitnl  of  the  province  of  Sisgow. 
It  is  17  miles  SE  of  Ba-il. 

Sisseg,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  with  a 
monastery,  sea'cd  on  the  Save,  28  miles  SE 
of  Zagrad,  and  42  E  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16 
17  E,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Sissek,  strong  town  of  Croatia,  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Save  and  Kulpa, 
40  miles  E  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  22  10  E, 
lat.  45  48  N. 

Sissopoli,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in 
Romania,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Black  Sea, 
25  miles  S  of  Mesembria,  and  97  NW  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  28  9  E,  lat.  42 
30  N. 

Sister  Islands,  three  small  islands  to- 
wards the  western  extremity  of  lake  Erie, 
called  the  Eastern,  Western,  and  Middle 
Sisters.  They  are  all  small,  the  largest 
not  exceeding  10  acres. 

Sisteron,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  on  the  Durance,  45  miles  NE  of 
ALx.     Lon.  6  1  E,  lat.  44  11  N. 

Sistersville,  post  village,  Tyler  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  river,  oS  miles  above 
Marietta. 

Siston,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  with 
a  manufacture  of  brass,  and  another  of 
saltpetre ;  and  tin  ore  has  likewise  been 
found  here. 

Sitia,  town  on  the  N  coast  of  the  isle  of 
Candla,  near  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  58 
miles  from  Candit.  Lon.  26  29  E,  lat.  55 
0  N. 

Sittard,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  seated  near  the  Maese, 
"10  miles  S  of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5  50  E, 
lat.  50  58  N. 

Sitiingburn,  town  in  Kent,  40  miles  ESE 
of  London. 

Sivrai,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
mint  of  Vienne,  on  the  Ch. rente,  100 
miles  SSW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  23  E,  lat. 
46  16  N. 

942 


Sivas,  or  Seivas,  ancient  Sebaste,  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  373  miles  E  from  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  37  0  E,  lat.  39  0  N.  See 
Sevas  in  the  Addenda. 

Sizun,  small  island  of  France,  on  the 
coast  of  Bretagne,  eight  miles  from  the 
mainland.  It  is  almost  on  a  level  with  the 
water,  and  produces  only  barley 

Skara,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth- 
land, with  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace, 
the  residence  of  the  Gothic  kings.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Lida,  in  a  morass,  17  miles 
NE  of  Falkoging.  Lon.  14  0  E,  lat.  58  16 
N. 

Skeen,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aggerhuys,  remarkable  for  its 
mines  of  iron  and  copper.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Categate,  40  miles  W  of  Fre- 
dericstadt. 

Skeneateles,  lake  of  New  York,  in  Onon- 
dago,  Cayuga,  and  Cortland  counties.  It 
is  about  15  miles  long,  and  from  one  and 
a  half  to  half  a  mile  wide.  It  is  discharged 
into  Seneca  river. 

Skeneateles,  village  of  Onondago  county, 
New  York,  at  the  lower  extremity  of  Ske- 
neateles lake. 

Skenectady.     See  Schenectady. 

Skeensborough.     See  Whitehall. 

Skiddato,  mountain  in  Cumberland,  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  in  England,  being 
above  1000  yards  perpendicular  height. 

Skinnersville,  post  village,  Washington 
county,  North  Carolina,  about  20  miles  S 
from  Edenton. 

Skippack,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsjlvania      See  Perkiomen. 

Skipton,  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  41  miles  S  by  E  of  Richmond. 

Skone.     See  Schonen. 

Skuttock  hills,  Hancock  county,  Maine, 
are  five  in  number,  and  serves  as  land- 
marks, in  entering  Goldsborough  harbour. 

Skye,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  Hebrides.  It  is  separated 
on  the  E  from  Scotland  by  a  very  narrow 
channel,  but  its  western  part  is  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  Lewis.  It  is  not 
less  than  40  miles  in  length,  from  20  to  30 
in  breadth,  and  almost  a  hundred  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Sluguen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Pomera- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Wipper,  10  miles  E  by 
S  of  Rugenwald. 

Slaney,  decayed  town  of  Bohemia,  with 
a  castle,  18  miles  NW  of  Prague.  Lon. 
18  27  E.  lat.  50  16  N. 

Slate,  district  of  the  island  of  Skye,  on 
the  SE  side  of  the  island  It  is  a  penin- 
sula, and  terminates  in  a  rugged  promon- 
tory, called  the  Point  o*"  Slate. 

Slave  Lake,  large  lake  of  Briti.'-h  Nr.rth 
America,  between  lat.  60  30  :in;i  62  30  N. 
It  extends  nearly  E  and  W^  oSO  miies,  with 
a  mean  width  of  about  40,  between  lon. 
"3  0  and  42  0  W  from  W  C.    It  receives 


S  L  O 


S  M  I 


the  Unjigah  river  at  its  SE,  and  discharges 
it  from  the  NW  extremity. 

Slave  river,  of  Britisfi  America,  the  out- 
let of  Athapescow  lake.  See  Athapescoiu 
lake  in  the  Addenda. 

Slatvka-w,  or  Austerlitz,Xoyfm  of  Moravia, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
10  miles  E  of  Biinn.  Lon.  16  57  E,  lat. 
49  5  N 

Sleaford,  populous  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
18  miles  S  of  Lincoln.  Lon.  0  21  W,  lat. 
53  1  N. 

Sieswick,  or  South  Jutland,  ducby  of 
Denmark,  separated  fmm  Holstein,  by  the 
river  Eyder.  It  is  100  miles  long  and  60 
broad,  and  a  fertile  and  populous  country. 

Sles-aiick,  ancient  and  considerable  town 
of  Denmark,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  an  irregularly  built  town 
of  great  length,  and  contains  about  5630 
inhabitants.  The  houses  are  of  brick,  and 
like  all  the  other  towns  in  this  country,  re- 
semble those  of  Holland.  The  inh.ib  tants 
dress  also  Hke  the  Dutch  -,  anci  many  of 
them  speak  their  tongue,  thougli  the  usual 
languages  are  the  German  and  Dnish. 
Close  to  Sleswick,  is  the  old  palace  of  Got- 
torp,  formerly  the  ducal  residence  ;  see 
Gottorp,  Sleswick  is  situated  near  the  bot- 
tom of  an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  called  the 
Sley,  60  miles  NW  of  Lubec,  and  125  SW 
of  Copenhagen.     Lon.  10  0  E,  lat.  54  39 

Slig^o,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Connaught,  25  miles  long  and  nearly  as 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E  by  Leitrim,  on 
the  SE  by  Roscommon,  on  the  SW  and  W 
by  Mayo,  and  on  'he  N  by  the  Atlantic. 
It  contains  41  parishes,  and  sends  four 
members  to  parliament, 

Sligo,  borougb  of  Ireland,  in  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  and  the  only  market 
town  in  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Sli- 
go,  26  miles  E  of  Kiliala,  and  100  NW  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  8  26  W,  lat.  54  13  X. 

Slippery  Rock,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
SE  branch  of  Beaver,  rises  in  Butler,  Ve- 
nango, and  Mercer  counties  by  a  number 
of  creeks,  which  unite  in  the  NE  angle  of 
Beaver  and  receiving  the  Conequenessing 
from  the  SE  falls  into  Big  Beaver  river, 
12  miles  N  from  the  borough  of  Beaver. 

Slippery  Rock,  township  of  Butler  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  Slippery  Rock  river, 
contiguous  to  Mercer  and  Beaver  counties. 
Population  1820,  865. 

Slippery  Rock,  townshp  of  Mercer  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  adjoining  the  preceding. 
Population  1820,  1027. 

Slimbndge,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  11 
miles  SW  of  Gloucester.  In  this  parish, 
which  is  20  miles  in  compass,  1000  acres 
of  land  have  been  gained  from  the  Se- 
vern. 

Slonim,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palati- 


nate of  Novogrodeck,  on  the  Sezra,  40 
miles  SW  of  Novogrodeck,  and  60  SE  of 
Grodno.     Lon.  23  57  E,  lat  53  0  N. 

Slooten,  or  Slotev,  populous  town  of 
Fri.  sland,  seated  on  a  lake  called  Slooten- 
mere,  three  miles  from  the  Zuider-Zee, 
and  18  NW  of  Steenwick.  Lon.  5  26  E, 
lat.  52  55  N. 

Schiizk,  populous  town  of  Lithuania,  ca- 
pital of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
river  Sluczk,  70  miles  SE  of  Novogrodeck. 
Lon  27  44  E,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Shittellnirg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Petersburg,  on  the  S  side  of 
the  lake  Ladoga,  30  miles  E  of  Peters- 
burgh      Lrm.  31  20  E,  lat.  60  0  N. 

Sluys,  town  in  Flanders,  opposite  the 
island  of  Cadsand,  with  a  good  harbour. 
It  has  its  name  from  its  fine  sluices,  by 
which  the  whole  country  can  be  inundated. 
It  is  10  miles  N  of  Bruges.  Lon-  3  5  E, 
lat.  51  19  N. 

Smaland,  or  Smoland,  province  of  Swe- 
den, the  most  southern  of  the  kingdom, 
except  Schonen,  and  Bleking.  It  lies  op- 
posite the  island  of  Ocland  Prinoipal  town 
Calmar. 

Smalkald,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
county  of  Henneberg,  subject  to  Hesse 
Cassel.  It  is  famous  for  a  confederacy 
entered  into  by  the  German  protestants, 
against  the  emperor,  in  1539,  to  defend 
their  religion  and  liberties,  commonly  cal- 
led the  Smalkaldic  league  It  is  seated  on 
the  Werra,  25  mile^  s'w  of  Erfurt,  and  50 
NW  of  Bamberg.  Lon,  10  53  E,  lat.  50 
49  N. 

Smarden,  town  of  Kent,  with  a  market 
on  Friday,  10  miles  SSE  of  Maidstone, 
and  56  of  London.  Lon.  0  43  E,  lat.  51 
11  N. 

Smith,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Racoon  creek,  about  20 
miles  NNW  from  Washington.  Population 
in  1810,  1645  ;  1220, 1848. 

Smith,  county  of  Tennessee ;  bounded  by 
Kentucky  N ;  Jackson  county  E  ;  White 
and  Warren  SE ;  Wilson  SW  ;  and  Sumner 
W.  Length  36;  mean  width  15;  and  area 
o40  square  miles.  Caney  Fork  river  joins 
the  Cumberland  at  Carthage,  near  the 
centre  of  this  county.  Surface  rather  rol- 
ling than  hilly.  Soil  generally  productive. 
Chief  town  Carthage. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females  - 


Total  whites    -        -        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -         -        - 

Slaves  .        .        -        . 

Total  population  in  1810  - 

943 


4,864 
4.560 

9,424 


11,649 


S  M  I 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  -.vliite  maiea        .        -         ^ 

do.  do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
'   not  taxed        .... 


7,096 
6,842 


Total  whites 

13,538 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

52 

do.            do.     females   - 

36 

Slaves,  males             _        .        . 

1,741 

do.    females          -        -        - 

1,813 

Total  popidation  in  1820 

17,580 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

3,745 

do.        in  Manufactures 

201 

do.        in  Commerce 

25 

Population  to  the  sqviare  mile,  32, 

Smith,  townslsip  of  Belmont  county,  Oiiio. 
Population  in  1820,  1030. 

Smith's  river,  ■r  Staunton,  river  of  Virgi- 
nia.    See  Stanntori  river. 

Smith's  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  in  1790,  by  lieutenant 
Ball.     Lon.  161  54  E,  lat.  9  44  S. 

Smithfield,  post  town,  and  the  capital  of 
Johnston  county.  North  Carolina  ;  lying  on 
the  N.  side  ofNeuse  river,  30  miles  NW  of 
Waynesboro',  and  100  VV  by  N  of  Newbern, 
and  322  from  Wa.>>hington 

SmithJield,X.o\w\\s\\\Y>  of  Providence  coun- 
ty, Rhode  Island,  containing  2,828  inliabi- 
tanth  in  1810  ;  aad  in  1820,  4676;  situated 
on  the  SW  side  of  Pautucket  river.  It  cm- 
tains  four  churches,  three  .icademies,  and 
nine  cottrn  factories ;  as  also  a  gun  and 
severa   other  factories. 

Smithjield,  post  village,  and  township, 
Madison' county,  New  York,  30  miles  WSW 
from  Utica,  containing  also  ti:e  village  of 
Peterborough.  Population  in  1810,  2651 ; 
and  in  1820,  3338. 

Smithjield,  township  of  Bradf-^rd  county, 
Pennsylvania,  eig'it  mdes  NW  from  To- 
wantia.     Population  in  1820,  695. 

Smithfitld,  post  village,  Somerset  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bu'ik  of  Youghio- 
gany  river,  at  the  crossing  of  the  United 
States  road,  19  miles  SE  by  E  from 
Union. 

Smithfidd,  Lorjcr,  N'E  township  of  Nor'.h- 
ampton  county,  Pei'msylvania,  on  the  Dela- 
ware below  the  water  Gap.  Population  in 
1820,961.. 

Smithfieid  Middle.  SE  township  of  Pike 
coimty,  P  nn-vlvai  ia.  Population  in  1820, 
812. 

Smithfieid,  Upper,  extreme  eastern  town- 
sh;p  of  Pike  county,  f'eimsylv.ania,  inclu- 
ding the  town  of  Milford.  Population  in 
1820,  877. 

Smithfieid,  post  town  of  Jefferson  county, 
Oliio,  4:>  miles  SW  from  Stubenville.  cnn- 
944. 


S  51  0 

taining  about  100  houses,  and  upwards  of 
600  inhabitants:  wih  sx  merchant  floui- 
mills,  and  13  saw  mills  in  the  vicinity. 

Smithjield,  township  of  Jefferson  coumy, 
Ohio,  containing  Soiiil/field  village,  and  in 
1820,  2143  iniiabiiants. 

Smithjield,  pofet  town  in  Isle  of  Wight 
county,  Virginia,  on  Pagan  creek,  a  branch 
of  James  river,  38  miles  W  of  Norfolk, 
about  55  SE  of  Petersburg,  and  218  S  by  E 
of  Washington. 

Smithfieid,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Johnson  county,  North  Carolina,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Neuse  nver,  25  miles  SE  from 
Euleijih. 

Smithhmd,  post  town  Livingston  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio, 
immediately  below  the  mouth  of  Cumber- 
land river      Population  about  100. 

Smithboro',  post  village,  Tioga  county, 
Nivv  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Susquehan- 
nah  river,  10  miles  above  Tioga  point. 

Smith's  Ferry,  post  office,  Ohio  county, 
Kentucky. 

Smith's  Island,  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Cape  F:  ar  river.  Cape  Fear  is  the  south- 
ern salient  ]>oirit  of  this  island. 

Smith's  Poi?it,  south  cape  at  the  mouth 
of  Potomac  river. 

Smith' sstore,  post  office,  Spartanburg 
district,  South  Carolina. 

SmithtoTJ7i,  post  town  in  New  York,  situ- 
ated near  Crane's  Point,  in  Suff'olk  county, 
Long  Is  and,  50  miles  E  by  N  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  14  NW  of  Brook-haven. 
In  1800  the  township  contained  1592  inha- 
bitants; and  in  1820,  18~4. 

Smithio-iun,  township  of  Howard  count}', 
Mis.^ouri. 

Smithvillc,  tovvnsliip  of  Chenango,  coun- 
ty. New  York,  20  tniles  SW  for  Norwich. 

Smithville,  post  town,  Brunswick  county, 
North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  near  the  mouth,  and  opposite 
Smith's  Island.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  acade- 
my and  has  a  good  harbour. 

Smocltville,  post  village,  Jefferson  county, 
Indi^iua. 

Smoland.    See  Smaland. 

Smolensk,  government  of  Rr.ss'a,  on  th.e 
iroi (tiers  of  Lithuania.  After  having  been 
an  object  of  contention,  and  reciprocally 
possessed  by  Poland  snd  Russia,  it  was  con- 
quered by  Alexay  Micliaelovitch  in  1654, 
and  ceded  to  Uussia  by  th.e  peace  of  Mos- 
cow, in  1G64.  It  now  for.mspne  of  the  Rus- 
sian governments. 

Smolensk,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  'he  same  name.  It  is  situate 
on  the  D  iiepcr,  and  extends  over  two 
mountaii.s,  and  the  valley  between  them. 
Notwithstanding  its  ex.en't,  it  contains  only 
about  10,000  inhahiian's,  and  has  no  manu- 
r..ctures,  hut  carries  on  with  Dantzic,  Riga, 
and  the  Urkraine,  a  petty  traffic  m  linen, 
itcTnp,  hone"C,  mix;  leather,  fnrs^  he-     ^^ '" 


S  i\  1 

19?'  niiies  NE  of  Novogorodeck.  and  230  N 
of  Kiof,     Lon.  32  34  E,  lat  24  50  N. 

Smynhnsen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  16  miles  W  of 
liendsburg. 

Smyi-na,  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Natolia,  and  one  of  the  largest  und  richest 
cities  of  the  Levant.  The  goodnes>  of  tlie 
harbour  has  caused  it  to  be  rebuilt  several 
times,  after  having  been  destroyed  by 
earthquakes.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of  mer- 
chants from  almost  all  parts  o^  the  world, 
and*  the  magazine  o*  their  merchandise. 
The  Turks  have  19  mosques,  the  Greeks 
two  churches,  the  Jews  eigh'  ■synagogues, 
the  Armenians  one  chui'ch,  and  the  Latins 
three  convents.  There  are  three  bishops, 
one  Greek,  t!ie  other  Latin,  and  the  third 
Armenian.  Its  population  is  computed  at 
120,000  persons.  The  stree's  are  mor? 
open,  better  paved,  and  the  iuju  es  better 
budt,  tlian  in  other  towns  on  the  conti  lent. 
The  street  of  the  Franks  is  the  finest  in 
"Snyrna,  and  lies  all  ;.long  the  harbour  It 
is  eight  days  journey  from  Constantinople 
by  iand,  25  days  fro:Ti  Al  ppo.  by  car  'van  , 
six  from  Cogni,  seven  fom  Catayu,  and  six 
from  Satalia.  The.  imports  I'rom  England 
consist  of  woollen  clths,  camlets,  lead,  tin, 
and  hardware  ;  these  are  exchang^ed  for  cot- 
ton, coffee,  mohair,  drugs,  galls,  raisins,  figs 
&c.  The  Englsh  and  Dutch  tac'ors  have 
protest^.nt  chapeis,  and  taverns  iire  as  open 
here  is  in  Rtu'ope.  The  fortifications  ctin- 
sist  of  a  fort,  a  csstle,  a  mountain,  and  an 
Old  citadel.  It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  a 
large  bay,  190  miles  SSW  of  Constantino- 
ple;    Lon.  27  7  E,  lat,  38  28  N. 

Smiihebo rough,  Somerset  county,  Penn- 
sylvania.    See  Smilhfietd. 

Snackenbzirg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
Bnmswick-Lunenburg,  20  mdes  E  by  S  of 
Danneberg 

Snuit.'i,  town  in  West  Yorkshire,  with  a 
muket  'in  Friday,  22  miles  S  of  York,  and 
175  N  by  \V  of  London. 

Sneafrs-tavei'ii,  post  office,  Fluviana 
conn'y,  Virginia. 

Sneck,  or  6'/»<:,  fortified  town  of  Holland, 
in  Friesl.tnd,  seated  t)n  a  lake  of  tlie  same 
name,  in  marshy  land,  12  miles  SSW  of 
Le  warden. 

Sneedahorougk,  post  town,  Anson  county. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Yadkin  river,  immediately  above  t!ie  north- 
ern boundary  of  South  Carolina,  100  mdes 
SW  from  Raleigh. 

Sneirnc,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Irac,  57  miles  WNW  of  Amadan 

Snickers,  post  oince,  and  ferry  over  She- 
nandoali  river,  near  the  north  angle  of 
Frederick  cumty,  Virginia,  40  miles  N\V 
by  W  from  Wasjiington 

Snickcr^s-gap,  through  the  Bine  Ridge, 
'^■'■'Mit  throe  miios  SE  from  Snicker's  ferrv. 


;?  o  c 

,S>io7V,  noted  cavern,  on  the  north  coast 
of  Southerlandshire. 

Snowdon,  mountain  in  Carnarvonshire, 
its  name  signifies  literally,  tlie  Hill  of  Snow, 
from  snow  and  down.  This  is  the  most 
noted  eminence  in  tbe  whole  region  of  the 
WeLsli  Hiils,  arid  may  with  propriety,  be 
styled  the  British  Alps.  Modern  calcula- 
tions make  it  3568  fee;,  reckoning  from  the 
quay  of  Carnarvon  to  the  highest  peak. 

Sno-uhill,  po-t  town,  port  of  entry,  and 
seat  of  justice,  Worcester  county,  Mary- 
land. It  is  situated  on  the  SE  side  of  Po- 
komoke  river,  60  miles  SE  from  Easton, 
and  20  miles  a  little  south  of  east  from 
Princess  Ann.  It  is  a  place  of  considera- 
ble commerce,  amount  of  shipping  about 
7300  tons 

Sno-Mhill,  post  village,  Green  county. 
North  Carolma. 

Soana,  or  Suane,  episcopal  town  of  Italy* 
in  Tu-^cany,  near  the  river  Flora,  30  miles 
SE  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  46  E,  lat.  42  40 
N. 

Soane,  river  ot  Hmdoostan  Proper,  which 
rises  on  the  south  confines  of  Allababiid, 
issuini;;  from  'die  same  lake  which  is  the 
source  of  the  Neibudda;  and  fl^vrng  in  an 
opposite  direction  to  that  river  1500  miles, 
it  falls  ir.to  the  Ganges  above  Patna,  This 
river  in  conjunction  with  the  Nerbudda 
and  die  Ganges  makes  :>s  it  were  an  island 
of  the  southern  part  of  Hindoostan. 

Society  Isles,  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1769,  si  ua- 
ted  b';ween'l50  57  and  152  0  W  lon.  and 
16  10  and  16  55  S  lat  They  are  seven 
in  number,  Huaheme,  Ulitea,  Otaha,  Bala- 
bola,  Mo'.irooa,  Toobaee,  and  Tabooyama- 
noo,  or  Saiinder's  idand,  which  is  here  in- 
cluded, as  being  subject  to  Huaheine.  The 
soil,  the  productinns,  the  people,  their  lan- 
guage, religion,  customs,  and  mannerS;  are 
so  nearly  the  same  as  of  Otaheite,  that  littie 
need  be  added  here  on  that  subject.  Na- 
ture has  been  tqually  bountiful  in  uncul* 
•  tivated  pienty,  and  the  inhabitants  are  as 
luxurious,  and  as  indolent. 

Society  Land,  lownshipi  Willsborougii 
coimty,  New  Hampshire,  25  miles  SW 
irom  Cone  rd. 

Society  hill,  p  >st  office,  Darlington  dis- 
trict, Soiitli  Carolina. 

Soco-ney,  post  village,  Pendleton  district, 
SouUi  Caiolina. 

Sucunusco,  province  of  Guatimala,  NW 
from  the  city  of  Guat:mala,  88  miles  long, 
and  nearly  "as  much  brond;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  the  Chiapi,  on  the  E  by  Guati- 
mala, on  the  S  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  the  W  by  Guaxaca. 

Soconusco,  or  Guevetlan,  town  of  Nev? 
Kpam,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
narete,  440  miles  SE  of  Mexico.  Lon.  W  <» 
.15  .50  W,  lat  ^!y  12  N. 


S  O  F 


St)  L 


Socotora,  island  of  Asia,  between 
Arabia  Felix,  and  Africa,  about  50  miles 
long  and  22  broad.  It  abounds  in  fruit 
and  cattle,  and  is  particularly  noted  for 
its  fine  aloes.  kno%vn  by  the  name  of  So- 
cotrine  aloes.  Tiie  natives  are  Maho- 
metans, with  a  mixture  of  Paganism, 
and  they  have  a  king  who  depends  on 
Arabia. 

Soczowa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  seated  on  the  Seret,  32 
miles  SW  of  Jassy.  Lon.  26  20  E,  lat. 
47  16  N. 

Sodbury,  or  Chip/iing  Sodbury,  town 
in  Gloucestershire,  noted  for  its  fine 
cheese.  It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  near 
the  clowns,  15  miles  ENE  of  Bristol,  and 
112  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  15  W,  lat.  51 
36  N. 

Sodor,  village  in  Icolmkill,  one  of  the 
Westf-rn  Isl  s  of  Scotland.  The  bishop 
of  Man  is  still  called  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  on  account  of  its  once  having 
been  a  bishop's  see,  which  comprehend- 
ed all  the  islands,  together  with  the  isle 
of  Man. 

Sodus,  bay  of  New  York,  on  the  S 
shore  of  lake  Ontario,  between  Seneca 
and  Ontario  counties.  It  is  formed  by  a 
small  indenting  of  the  coast,  and  two, 
long,  narrow  sand  bars  admitting  be- 
tween their  pointS;  vessels  drawing  Sf  - 
ven  feet  water.  It  is  completeiy  se- 
cure, 12  milts  N  from  Lyons,  on  the 
Erie  canal. 

Sodus,  Little,  small  bay  12  miles  E 
froin  the  preceding;. 

Sodus,  post  office,  Ontario  county, 
New  York,  on  Sodus  bay,  30  miles  NE 
from  Caiiandaigua  Population  1810 
1957;  and  in  1820,  2013. 

Soeburg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isl- 
and of  Zealand. 

Soest,  large  town  of  West])halia,  in 
the  county  of  Marck,  formerly  free  and 
imperial,  but  now  belonging  to  the  king 
of  Prussia.  The  streets  are  watered 
with  streams  that  proceed  from  a  lake. 
It  is  12  miles  SW  of  Leipstadt,  and  30 
SE  of  Munster.  Lon.  1  11  E,  lat.  51 
41  N 

Sofala,  kingdom  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa,  extending  S  of  Zanguebar,  from 
the  river  Cuama  to  the  river  Del-Espiri- 
to  Santo  ;  that  is,  from  17  to  25  deg.  S 
lat.  It  contai:  s  mines  of  gold,  and  is  tri- 
butary to  the  Portuguese. 

Sofa!a,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  near  t'ne  mouth  of  a  river. 
Lon  :^S  40  E.  lat  20  20  S. 

Soffa   or  Sojihia.  town  of  Turkey  in 

Europe, .capita!  of  Bulgatia,  at  the  foot  of 

the  mountains  of  Argentaro,  on  the  river 

B0gana,  135  miles  VVNW  of  Adrianople, 

945 


and  152  E  of  Scutari.    Lon.  23  58  E,  lat 

42  36  N. 

Sofroy,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  FeZj 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same 
name,  part  of  Mount  Atlas,  and  between 
two  rivers,  12  miles  E  of  F-ez.    Lon.  4i 

43  W,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Sogno,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Con- 
go, in  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
a  dry  sandy  country,  but  yields  a  great 
deal  of  salt.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to 
be  Christians,  converted  by  the  Portu- 
guese, and  the  Capuchins  have  a  church 
here  It  is  seated  on  the  Xaire,  near  its 
mouth,  185  miles  WSW  of  St.  Salvador. 
Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Sahagepour  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  province  of  Allahabad.  Lon. 
82  20  E  lat.  23  50  N. 

^  Soham,  town  of  Cambridgeshire,  on  a 
fen  of  the  same  name,  near  Sohammere, 
which  takes  up  1000  acres  of  land.  It 
is  five  miles  SE  of  Eiy.  and  70  N  by  E 
of  London.     Lon   0  14  E,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Soho,  village  in  Staftbrdsiiire,  two 
miles  NW  of  Birmingham.  This  village 
was  founded  by  Mr  Bolton,  who  esta- 
blished a  manufacture  for  every  article 
common  to  the  Birmingham  trade,  the 
plated  were  usually  made  at  Sheffield, 
and  of  elegant  pieces  of  silver  both  light 
and  massive.  Here  also  are  made  the 
improved  steam  engines,  now  adopted  in 
numerous  manufactures  and  other  con- 
cerns throughout  the  kingdom.  The 
copper  ciiinage  (if  penny  and  two  pence 
pieces  issued  by  government  in  1797, 
were  stamped  here  ;  and  in  1799,  a 
coina.^e  of  half  penny  and  farthing  pie- 
ces were  manufactured  here  by  a  new 
and  very  ingenious  apparatus. 

Soignies.  town  of  Hainault,  near  a  fo- 
rest of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Senne,  eight  miles  NE  of  Mons,  and  17 
W  of  Brussels.  Lon  4  14  E,  lat.  53  29  N. 

Soissonnois,  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Lyonnois,  on  the  E 
by  Champagne,  on  the  S  by  La  Brie,  and 
on  the  W  by  Valois.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
wood,  and  pastures  :  and  with  the  late 
province  of  Vermandeis,  now  forms  the 
depirtment  of  Aisnr. 

Soissons,  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of 
Soissonnois,  anciently  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  under  the 
first  race  of  the  French  monarchs.  It 
contains  12,000  inhabitants.  Soissons  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  valley,  on  the  river 
Aisne,  30  miles  H  by  N  of  Rheims,  and 
60  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  18  E,  lat.  40 
23  N. 

Soldania  Bay,  bay  on  the  SW  coast  of 
Africa  ;  a  little  to  the  N  of  the  Cape 
of  Gc«d  Hope.   Lon.  18  4  E,  lat.  o3  10  S 


SOL 


S  0  M 


Solesbiiry,  township  of  Bucks  county,  miles  NE  of  Worcester,  and  107  NW  of 

Pennsylvania ;   situated  on  the  SW  side  London. 

of  the  river  Drlaware,  between  Upper  SoUngen.   town   of  Germany,   m  the 

Makefifld,  and  Plum  stead,  and  contain-  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Berg, 

ing  1669  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  seated  near  the  river  Wipper    15  miles 

2092.  This  town  hip  contains  Ntw  Hope.  SE  of  Dusseldorf.    Lon  7  10  E,   iat.  51 


Solenhqfen,  town  of  G^rmany,  in  Fran 
conia,  and  principaHty  of  Anapach.  Lon. 
10  43  E,  Iat.  44  46  N. 

Solenre,  or  Solothurji.  canton  of  Swis- 
serla;.d,  which  holds  the  eleventh  rank 
in  the  Helvetic  confederacy,  into  which 
it  was  admitted  in  1481.  It  stretches 
partly  through  the  plain,  and  partly  along 
the  chains  of  the  Jura,  36  miles  in  length, 
and  35  m  breadth,  and  contains  50,000 
inhabitants  Tht  soil,  for  the  most  part 
is  fertile  in  corn ;  and  the  districts  with- 
in the  Jura  abound  in  excellent  pastures. 


ION. 

Solkamsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm.  In  its  vicinity  are 
some  salt  wtrks.  It  is  seated  on  the  Us- 
solka,  430  miles  NE  of  Kasan.  Lon.  57 
26  E,  Iat.  5  15  N. 

Sobnona.     See  Sulmona. 

S'Ams,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  on  a  hill  lu  miles  SE 
of  H.  rboni.    Lon,  8  31  E,  !at.  50  o5  N. 

Solomon's  Islands.  See  Danger, 
Isles  of 

Solon,  post  town  and  townsliip,    So- 


Soleure,  or  Solothurn,  ancient  town  ^^^^.^^^  county,  xMaine,  on  the  left  bank 

of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a  canton  of  the  ^f  Kennebec  river,  18  miles  above  Nor- 

samename.    It  contains  4000  inhabitants,  j-ij^^^yf^ck.    Population  1820,  468. 
and  is  seated  on  the  Aar,  which  here        y^^^^^     p„g^   village-,    and   township, 


expands  into  a  noble  river.  Soleure  is 
surrounded  by  regular  stone  fortifica- 
tions, and  is  20  miles  N  by  E  of  Bern, 
and  27  SSW  of  Basle.  Lon  7  20  E,  Iat. 
47  15  N. 

Solfaiara,  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Cam- 
pagna  of  i-iome  near  Trivoli,  which  emp- 
ties itself   by  a  whitish  muddy  stream. 


Cortlandt  county.  New  York,  U  miles 
E  from  Homer.     Papulation  1820,  1262. 

Solor,  island  in  the  Indian  Oci  an,  to 
the  S  of  Celebes,  governed  by  its  own 
king      Lon   123  55  E,  Iat.  9  0S. 

Soltau,  t:  wn  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony.     Lon   10  2  E,  Iat  53  10  N. 

Soltweld,  town  ot  Germany,  in  tiie  old 


into  the  l-evernne,  the  ancient  Aniti ;  a  marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the 

vapour  of   a  sulphureous  smt  11    arising  j^tze,  40  miks  NW  of  Stendal.    Lon.  11 

from  it  as  it  flows.     Th^  waters  of  this  35  E   Iat.  53  6  N. 

lake  had  anciently  a  high  medical    re-  5o/wot/ i'V'V//,  arm  of  the  sea,  between 

putation,  but  are  no  longer  in  esteem      In  Cumberland   in    England,    and   Kircud- 

the  middle  are  several  floating  islands,  brightshire  in  Scotland, 

formed   of   matted  serge  and  herbage,  Solivay  Moss,  black  morass,  in  Cura- 

springing  from  a  soil  of  dust  and  sand  berland ;  near  it  is  the  river  Esk,  on  the 

blown  from  the   adjacent   ground,    and  borders  of  Scotland,  which,  in  1771.  be- 

glued  together  by  the   bitumen    which  ing  swoln   by  rains,   burst  tlirough  the 

swims  on  the-  surface  of  the  lake,  and  shell  of  turf,  which  covered  it,  and  spread 

the  sulphur  with  which  its  waters  are  a  deluge  over  4J0  acres  of  cultivated 

impre.^nated.    Some  of  these  islands  are  i-and,  and  entirely  filled  up  the  valley  in 

15  yards  long,  and  will  bear  five  or  six  its  vicinity. 

people,  who  by  a  pole,  may  move  to  dif-  Sornbrere,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 

ferent  parts  of  the  lake.    From  this  lake  30  miles  N  of  Nict;bar.    The  inhabitants 

issues  a  whitish  muddy  stream,   which  are  inild,  timorous,  and  very  obliging  to 

emits  vapour  of  a  sulphureous  smell,  till  strangers. 

it  reaches  the  Teverone.  Sombrero,  cluster  of  uninhabited  isl- 

Solfaterra,  mountain  of  Italy,  in  the  ands   in  the   West  Indies,   belonging  to 

kingdom  of  Naples,  and  Terra  di  Lavo-  the  English.    'Ihe  most  remarkable  ot 

ra.    This  mountain  appears  evidently  to  them  is  a  league  long,  and  consist  ot  an 

have  been  a  volcano  in  ancient  times,  and  eminence,  to  which  the  Spanish  disco- 

the  soil  is  yet  so  hot,  that  the  workmen  verers,   finding  some  resemblance  to  a 

employed  there  in  making  alum  need  no-  hat,  gave  the  name  of  Sombrero    It  is  80 

thing  else  besides  the  heat  of  the  ground  miles  NW  of  St.  Christopher.    Lon,  6j 

for  evaporating  their  liquids.     Near  it  is  37  W,  Iat  18  38  N. 

- -     •  •  ■  Somers,  township  of  Tolland  county. 


a  small  lake  full  of  black  thick  water, 
which  seems  to  be  always  br)iling. 

Solfivitzborg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Blekengen.  Lon.  14  31  E, 
Iat.  56  2  N. 

Solihul,    town  in  Warwickshire,  20 


C'^nnecticut,  containing  1210  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1306.  It  is  situated 
about  25  miles  from  the  city  of  Hartford. 
Somers,  post  village  and  township, 
West  Chester  county,  New  York.  Pc- 
947 


s  G  ir 

pulation  1310,  1782;  and  in  1S20,  1841. 
In  the  village  ia  weekly  newspaper  is 
published. 

Somers,  township  of  Prebble  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  1171. 

Somerset,  township,  Buckinghaai coun- 
ty. Lower  Canada. 

Somerset,  county  of  Maine ;  bounded 
by  Kennebec  S  ;  Oxford  \V  ;  Lower  Ca- 
nada NW ;  and  Penobscot  E.  This  coun- 
ty includes  a  spact  of  180  miles  long,  by 
upwards  of  50  wide,  cr  between  7000 
and  8000  square  miles  Only  the  south- 
ern part,  however,  on  Kennebec  river 
yet  inhabited.  This  cultivated  space 
amounts  to  about  2000  square  miles.  Chief 
town,  Norridgewock. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        .        6,599 

do.    do.    females  -        -       6,311 

Total  whites  -        -        .      12,910 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .       .       .  q 

Slaves       --.-•,  0 


S  O  M 


Total  population  in  1310 


12,910 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -      11,027 

do.    do.    females  -        -      10,748 

All  other  persons  erccept  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        -  o 

Total  whites           -        -        -  21,775 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  8 

do.             do.      females  4 

Slaves,  males           -        .        _  o 

do.    females        -       _        .  o 

Total  population  in  1820         -      2l,7S7 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  55 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,907 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  478 

do.        in  Commerce  -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile  10,  inclu- 
ding only  the  southern  and  inhabited 
section. 

Somerset,  township  of  Windham  county. 
Vermont,  42  miles  SW  from  Windsor.  Po- 
pulation 200. 

Somerset,  post  village,  and  township, 
Bristol  county,  Massachusetts,  on  Taunton 
river,  13  miles  S  from  Taunton.  Popula- 
tion 1810  1200;  and  m  1820,  1116. 

Somerset,  county  of  New  Jersty  ;  bound- 
ed by  Essex  E; 'Middlesex  SE ;  Hunter- 
don SW,  and  W  ;  and  Morris,  N.  Length 
30;  mean  width  12  ;  and  area  360  square 
miles.  It  is  entirely  drained  by  (he  diffe- 
rent branches  of  Rarlttm  river.  Surface 
pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  Soil 
generally  productive  in  grain,  pasturage, 
948 


art  of  New  Bruns-      V; 

Other  prlnrjpal       V 

lervilie,  and   Mid-       \ 


and  fi'uit.    The  upper  part 
wick   is  in  this  county 
towns,  Boundbrook,  Som 
dlebnrg. 

Popidation  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        6,330 

do.     do.    females    -        -        -        6,111 

Total  whites       ....  12,441 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                 ...  316 

Slaves 1,968 

Total  population  in  1810,  -      14,725 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males         ...         6,988 
do,     do.    females     -         ...         6,909 
All  other  prrsons  except  Indians  . 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites       .        -         -  13,t'97 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  759 

do.            do.        females  728 

Slaves,  males      ....  604 

do.     females            ...  518 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -       16,506 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  61 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      .         .         2,536 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  841 

do.        in  Commerce       .         .  44 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  45|. 

Somerset,  county  of  Pennsylvania ;  bc-und. 
ed  by  Aliegany  county  in  Maryland  S ; 
Fayette  county  in  Pennsylvania  VV  ;  West- 
moreland NW ;  Cambria  N  ;  and  Bedford 
E.  Length  38 ;  mean  width  28  ;  and  area 
1066  square  miles.  Though  enclosed  on 
two  sides  by  mountains,  this  county  is  not 
even  very  hillj',  and  contains  much  good 
soil,  particularly  for  the  production  of 
grain  and  meadow  grasses,  it  is  drained 
by  the  Youghiogany  and  Conemaugh  ri- 
vers.     Chief  town,  Samerset. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,792 

do.    do.    females         -        -        5,478 

Total  whites      ....      11,270 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxtd     -        .       -       -  14 

Slaves         -         .         .        -         .  0 


Total  population  in  1810 


11,284 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .        -        7,153 

do.    do.    females  .        -        -        6,735 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites 


13,4 


S  O  M 


s  o  u 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do,  do.       females 

Slaves,  males 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  tiiese  ; 

Foreig'tiers  not  naturalized           -  88 

Eiigagtd  m  Agriculture                -  2,692 

do.        in  Manufaciures             -  545 

do.        in  Commerce         -         .  36 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13. 

Somerset,  post  town,  borough,  and  seat  of 
justice,  Somerset  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
a  branch  of  Youghiogany  rivtr,  37  miles 
W  from  Bedford,  Population  of  the  town- 
ship, 1810,  1548,  and  of  the  borough  1820, 
442. 

Somerset,  township  of  Somerset  county> 
Pennsylvania,  around  the  borough  of  So- 
merset. Population  1820,  1954, 
,  Somerset,\.owns\\\^  of  V/ashintgon  county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  the  eastern  branch 
of  Chartiers  creek,  and  Pigeon  creek,  10 
miles  Fi  from  Washington.  Population 
1810,  1500  ;  and  m  1820,  1540. 

Somerset,  county  of  Maryland  ;  bounded 
by  Sussex  county  in  Delaware  NE ;  Wor- 
cester county  in  Maryland  E ;  Pocomoke 
bay  S  ;  Chesapeak  bay  SW  ;  and  Nanti- 
coke  river,  or  Dorcester  county  NW. 
Length  35 ;  mean  width  15 ;  and  exclu- 
sive of  water,  area  about  500  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  by  Pocomoke  SE  ;  and  by 
Nanticoke  river  NW;  and  drained  by  Mano- 
kin,  and  Wiromico  rivers.  Surface  general- 
ly level,  and  though  sandy,  tiie  soil  tolera- 
bly productive.    Chief  town,  Princess  Ann, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,316 
do.  do.    females    ...        4,646 

Total  whites       .        -        .        .  8,962 
All  other  persons  except  lndi;ins 

not  taxed         ....  1,058 

Slaves         .....  6,975 

Total  population  in  1810  -       16,^95 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,105 

do,     do,     females  -        -        5,379 

AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites             .        .        .  10,384 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  3,876 

do.             do.        females  3,365 

Slaves,  males           -        -        -  9l2 

do.    females         -        -        .  1,042 


Total  population  in  1820 


45       Of  these  ; 

41    Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  12 

0    Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        4,231 

0  do.    in  Manufactures        -  499 

do.     in  Commerce  -  415 

13,974    Population  to  the  square  mile,  39, 

Somerset,   post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 

Pulaski    county,   Kentucky,   on    Pitman's 

88  cteek  abou:  100  miles  S  from  Frankfort, 
and  80  miles  E  from  Glasgow. 

Somerset,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice. 
Perry  county,Ohio,  on  the  road  from  Zanes. 
vilie  to  Lancasttr  18  miles  from  each, 
Lon,  W  C  5  20  W,  lat.  39  52  N.  Popula. 
tion  1820,  344. 

Somerset,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio.     Population,  1820,  863, 

Somersetsldre,  county  of  England,  65 
miles  long,  and  45  broad ;  bounded  on  the 
NW  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  on  the  N  by 
Gioucestersliire,  on  the  E  by  Wiltshire,  on 
the  SE  by  Dorsetshire,  on  the  SW  by 
Devonshire.  It  lies  in  the  diocesses  of 
Bristol,  and  of  Bath  and  Weils,  The  air  in 
the  lower  grounds  is  uaiversally  mild,  and 
generally  wholesome.  The  soil  in  the  NE 
quarter  is  in  general  stony,  and  possesses 
a  lofty  mineral  tract  called  the  Mentrip 
Hills,  Towards  the  centre,  where  its  prin- 
cipal rivers  unite,  are  fens  and  marshy 
moors  of  great  extent.  On  the  W  side 
r.re  the  Quantock  Hills,  with  many  downs 
and  open  heaths  ;  and  m  the  NW  corner 
i.3  the  black  sterile  region  ot  Exmoor.  Po- 
pulation 1301,  273,750;  in  1811,  303,180; 
and  in  182i,  355,314. 

Somersxvortli,  township.  Stafford  cosmty. 
New  Hampshire,  on  Piscatt-qua  river,  12 
miles  above  Portsmouth,  Population  1820, 
841. 

Somertmi,  town  in  Somersetshire,  from 
which  the  county  took  its  name,  13  mdes 
S  of  Welis      Lon.  2  40  W,  lat  51  22  N. 

SomerxlUe,  post  village  of  Somerset  coun- 
ty.  New  Jer=.ey,  on  Rariton  river,  26  miles 
SW  from  Nev/ark. 

Somerville,  post  village,  Fauquier  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Somma,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  its 
vicinity,  between  7000  and  SOOO  pounds 
weight  of  silk  of  the  best  quality,  are  an- 
nually made.     It  is.  10  miles  E  of  Naples, 

Somme,  department  of  France,  including 
the  late  province  of  Picardy,  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  river  which  rises  in  the  de- 
partment  of  Alsac,  and  watering  St.  Quen- 
tid,  Peronne,  Amiens,  and  Abbeville,  en- 
ters the  English  channel.  Amiens  is  the 
capital. 

Sommerfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  72  niiles  distant  from  Berlin. 
Sommieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

partment  of   Gard,   and   late  province  of 

19,579    Languedec,   which  carries  on  a  manufac- 
— —    tore  of  serges.    It  is  seated  on  the  Vi- 

^49 


S  O  0 


S  Q  S. 


dourse,  10  miles  W  of  Nismes.  Lon.  4 
11  E,  !i,t.  43  48  N. 

Soncino,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
CreiDonese,  seaied  on  the  Oglio,  20  miles 
NW  of  Cremonia.  Lon.  9  44  E,  lat.  45 
24  N. 

So7iderborg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  A  sen.  Its  harboui'  is  salt'  to  be 
the  best  in  Denraaik.  It  is  16  miles  ENE 
of  Flendshbui-g     Lou.  9  49  E,  iat.  54  57  N. 

Sondershansen,  tuwn  of  (iermanj',  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  on  ihe  small  river 
Wipper.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Schwartz  Sonderhauson.  Lon. 
11  5  E,  lat.  48  25  N- 

Sondrio,  town  in  the  country  of  the  Ori- 
sons, and  capital  of  the  Valveline,  built  on 
both  sides  of  the  Maienco,  a  furious  tor- 
rent. It  is  34  miles  NE  of  Como.  L')n. 
9  40  E,  lat.  46  11  N. 

Sonergon,  or  Sunnergaim,  village  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  once  a  large  city,  the  pro- 
vincial capi'al  of  the  e;.siem  division  of 
Bengal  before  Dacca  was  built,  and  *ia- 
mous  for  a  manufacture  of  fine  cotton 
cloths.  It  IS  seated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Biirrampooter,  13  mles  SE  of  Dacca. 

Song  kiang,  city  of  Cluna,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiung-nan.  It  is  built  close  to 
the  water,  the  prodigious  quantity  of  cot- 
ton cloth  with  whicli  it  applies  not  only 
the  empire,  but  also  foreig-n  countries, 
renders  it  very  celebrated,  and  causes  it 
to  be  much  frequented. 

Sonneberg.     See  Limenherg. 

Sonora,  intendancy  of  Mexico,  bounded 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  Gulf  of  Call- 
fornia  SW  ;  the  unknown  regions  towards 
Rio  Gila  NW,  and  N  ;  Intendancy  of  Du- 
rango  E  ;  and  Guadalaxara  SE.  Leng'.h 
from  SE  to  NW,  800  miles  ;  Hie^n  width 
about  180  miles  ;  ad  area  147,000  square 
miles.  Lying  between  lat.  22  30  and  33 
0  N.  It  is  sometimes  called  Sinoloa, 
from  the  name  of  an  ancient  province  now 
comprised  within  its  limits.  It  is  general- 
ly a  broken,  and  very  imferfcctly  known 
country.  Beside  Sinaloa  it  also  contains 
the  former  provinces  of  Ostimary,  and 
Sonora  proper.  Ltnaloa  to  the  SE  ;  Osti- 
mary in  the  middle,  and  Sonora  or  New 
Nararre  to  the  N  and  NW  It  contains 
many  small,  and  one  considerable  river 
the  Hiaqui.  Numerous  remains  of  anti- 
quity have  been  found  near  the  Rio  Gila. 
See  American  Pyramids. 

The  most  noted  places  are,  the  city  of 
Arispe,  and  the  towns  of  Sonora,  Hosti- 
muri,  Culiacan,  Cinaloa,  El  llosario,  Fuerte, 
or  Montesclaros,  and  Alamos. 

Sooloo,  island  of  the  Kastern  Ocean,  si- 
tuated SW  of  Mindanao,  almost  midway 
between  that  island  and  Borneo.  It  is  30 
miles  long,  and  12  broad,  and  contains 
about  60,000  inhabitants  ;  the  natives  are 
Malays,  and  Mahometans.  The  populous- 
950 


ness  of  this  little  spot  Is  caused  by  its  ad- 
vantageous Situation,  which  renders  it  a 
great  mart.  The  English  East  India  com- 
pany have  a  r;  sidcit  here.  Lon.  121  25 
E,  lat,  5  58  N 

Sophia.     See  SoJ^a. 

Sop/iiania,  town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbeit- 
zan,  seated  in  a  valley,  25  miles  NW  of 
Tauris.     Lon.  47  25  E,  lat  38  35  N. 

Sapienbnrg,  town  of  the  'Sland  of  Zealand 
in  De.imark.     Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  55  54  N.     j 

Sopra  Selva,  valley  of  Swisseriand  in  the     j 
country  of  the  Grisons. 

Snpron,  st  ong  town  of  Lower  Hungar)', 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  a  small  river,  27  miles  SW  of 
Presburg,  and  30  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon,  17 
0  E,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Sora,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terr:;  di  La\o. 
ra,  on  the  Garigliano,  65  miles  NW  of  Na- 
ples.    Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Sora,  strong  town  of  Denmark,  in  Zea- 
land, with  a  college  for  the  nobility,  nine 
miles  W  of  Ringsied.  Lon.  11  53  E,  lat. 
55  26  N.  I 

Soru-ii>,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lusatia,    1 
seated  neal^  the  Bober,  25  miles  S  of  Cros- 
sen.  and  32  NE  of  Corlltz.     Lon.  15  48  E, 
lat.  51  40  N. 

Soi'el,  or  William  Henry,  town  of  Lower 
Canaiia,  on  St.  Lawrc-ce  river,  immediate- 
ly below  the  mouth  of  Sorel  river.  It  is 
a  regidarly  built  town,  containing  150 
houses  and  about  1.500  inhabitants. 

Sorel,  river  of  Lower  Canada,  the  out- 
let of  lake  Champlain.  It  admits  ship  na- 
vigation  to  St.  John's.  From  thence  to 
the  basin  of  Chambly  the  current  is  strong 
and  impeded  by  shoals  and  rapids;  but 
from  Chambly  to  the  mouth,  gentle.  The 
distance  from  lake  Champlain  to  St. 
John's  about  20 ;  and  from  thence  to  the 
mouth  55  miles  by  comparative  courses. 
Il  is  the  channel  of  an  extensive  down 
stream  trade  in  flour,  lumber,  pot  and 
pearl  ashes.  . 

Sorento,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  with 
a  harbour  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain 
Sorento,  in  the  bay  of  Naples,  17  miles 
SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  24  E,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Soria,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Numan-     i 
tia,  near  the  source  of  the  Douero,  74 
miles  SE  of  Burdos.    Lon.  2  2  W,  lat  41 
48  N. 

Sorianto,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples. 

Sorock,  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Dnies- 
ter. 

Soroe,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Zealand.  It  is  encompassed  by  three 
fresh  water  lakes,  and  is  25  miles  SW 
of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  55 
5  N. 

Sosfiello,   town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 


SOL- 


SOU 


county  of  Nice.  It  has  a  trade  ia  dried 
fruits,  particularly  figs  ;  and  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  three  very  high  naountains,  on 
the  river  Bevera,  15  miles  NE  of  Nice. 
Lon.  7  34  E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

SovLina,  town  of  Italy  iu  Tuscany,  in 
the  Siennese,  25  miles  W  of  Orvietto. 
Lon.  11  48  E,  lat,  42  42  N. 

Soubise,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  ter- 
ritory of  Saintonge,  on  an  eminence, 
on  the  river  Charente,  22  miles  S  of 
Rochelle.     Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  45  37  E. 

Souillac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  and  late  territory  of 
Querci,  on  the  Borese,  32  miles  N  of 
Cahors.     Lon.  1  21  E,  lat.  44  55  N. 

Sound,  passage  or  strait,  lying  be- 
tween the  island  of  Zealand,  in  Denmark 
and  tht  contiiient  of  schonen,  in  Sweden, 
througli  which  vessels  pass  from  the 
ocean  into  the  Baltic.  On  the  Denmark 
side  stands  the  town  of  Elsineur,  and 
tlie  strong  fortress  of  Cronenburg,  near 
which  is  a  tolerable  good  road ;  and  on 
the  side  of  Sweden  stands  the  town  of 
Helsingburg,  with  only  one  old  tower  re- 
maining of  a  demolished  castle.  The 
Danes  lake  toll  of  all  ships  that  pass 
through  the  strait,  which  is  about  four 
miles  over.     See  Ekinore. 

Sour,  or  Sur,  seaport  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  or  Syria.  Here  stond  the  famous 
city  of  Tyre,  of  which  there  is  now  no- 
thing remaining  but  ruins.  Lon.  55  50 
E,  lat  33  18  N.     See  Tyre. 

Sour,  or  Su7;  river  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  runs  from  W  to  E  through  Lux- 
emburg and  falls  into  Moselle,  a  little 
above  Treve. 

Souri,  town  of  Persia  in  the  province 
of  Laristan.    Lon.  5030  E,  lat.  26  18  N. 

Sonsa,  or  Susu,  strong  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  in  Africa,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
castle  and  a  good  harbour.  It  is  a  place 
of  snme  trade,  and  seated  on  a  high  rock, 
near  the  sea,  65  miles  SE  of  Tunis.  Lon, 
11  15  E,  lat.  38  52  N 

Son-tcheou,  city  in  China,  the  second  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  and  one  of  the 
most  agreeable  in  China ;  Europeans 
who  have  seen  it,  compare  it  to  Venice, 
with  this  difiF  rence,  that  the  latter  is 
built  in  the  sea,  and  Sou  tcheou-fou  is 
intersected  by  canals  of  fresh  water. 
The  brocades  and  embroideries  made 
here  are  in  gi'eat  request  throughout  the 
whole  empire.  Lon.  112  20  E,  lat.  38 
40  N. 

Souterraine,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse,  and  late  province 
of  Marche,  24  miles  N  of  Limoges. 

South  Sea.     See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Southam^  tpyn  in  Warwckshirc,  noted 


for  its  cider.  It  is  13  miles  S  of  Coven- 
try, and  83  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  23 
W,  lat.  52  35  N. 

South  Amb'jy,  township  of  Middlesex 
county,  New  Jersey,  containing  3071  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  3406. 

Southampton,  seaport  and  borough  in 
Hampshire.  It  is  commodiously  situa- 
ted between  the  Itchen  and  Test,  which 
here  flow  into  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  called 
Southampton  Water  which  is  so  deep 
that  ships  of  1500  tons  have  been  launch- 
ed here,  and  it  is  navigable  almost  to 
the  head  fur  vessels  of  considerable  bur- 
den. Two  miles  from  this  town  is  VVood- 
mills,  where  is  a  very  curious  manufac- 
ture of  ship-blocks,  from  which  all  the 
king's  yards  are  supplied.  Southamp- 
ton is  12  miles  S  by  W  of  Winchester, 
and  75  WSW  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  W, 
lat.  50  55  N. 

Southampton,  township  of  Rockingham 
county.  New  Hampshire,  18  miles  SW 
from  Portsmouth.     Population  1820,  416, 

Southampton,  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  SW 
from  Northampton.  Population  1810, 
1171 ;  and  in  1820,  1160.  In  this  town- 
ship there  is  a  lead  mine. 

Southampton,  post  town,  SuflTolk  coun- 
tv,  Long  Island,  98  miles  E  from  New 
York 

Southampton,  township  of  New  York  on 
Long  Island,  containing  the  preceding 
village  and  Westhampton,  and  Sag  har- 
bour, each  containing  its  separate  post 
office.  Population  1810,  4899;  and  in 
1820,  4318, 

Southampton,  township  of  Bucks  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  opposite  the  NW  angle 
of  Philadelphia  county,  and  the  NE  angle 
of  Montgomery,  Population  1814,  739 ; 
and  in  1820,  907. 

Southampton,  SW  township  of  Cumber- 
land .ountv,  Pennsylvania,.  Population 
1810,  700';  and  in  1820  1088.  This 
township  includes  Shippensburg. 

Southampton,  township  of  Franklin 
county,  Pennsylvania,  adjacent  to  the 
preceding  Population  1810,  1060;  and 
in  1820,  i348. 

Southamfnon,  one  of  the  southern  town- 
ships of  Bedford  county  Pennsylvania, 
eight  miles  S  from  the  borough  of  Bed- 
ford. Population  1810,  952 ;  and  in 
1820,  1158. 

Southampton,  County  of  Virginia,  bound- 
ed by  North  Carolina  S  ;  Greensville 
SW ;  Sussex  N W ;  Surry  N ;  and  Black.- 
mond  river  of  Isle  of  V\/ight,  and  Nase- 
water  E.  Length  38;  breadth  30;  and 
area  570  square  miles.  It  is  washed 
S W  by  the  Meherie,  and  E  by  Blackwater 
river,  and  traversed  by  the  Nottaway 
Chief  town,  Jerusalem. 
951 


sou 


U  U 


Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males     -       -       -        2,934 
do.  do.    females    .        -        -        3,048 

Total  whites                -        -  .      -  •^'^^^ 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  1,109 

Slaves         ..-•■-  6.406 

Total  population  in  1810  -       13,497 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        ,        .        2,959 

do.  do.  tV  males  -  -  -  3,168 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  laxed         ....  0 

Total  whit-^s       -         -         -        -  &,'\p7 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  599 

do.              do.       females  7Q7 

Slaves,  males      ....  3,601 

do.    females            ...  3,136 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -      14,170 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  1 

Engaged  in  Agi'ic  I'.ure      -        -  4,427 

do..       in  Manufactares    -        -  183 

do.        in  Commerce         -         -  24 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  24|. 

South  Beaver,  township  of  Beaver 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1351 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  SOO. 
It  is  situated  on  the  N  side  of  thf  river 
Ohio,  and  joins  the  state  of  Ohio,  in  the 
west 

Southborough,  township  of  Worcester 
county.  Mass  ichusetts,  10  nii'es  E  from 
Worcester  Population  1810,  926;  and 
in  1820,  1030. 

Soinhbridge,  township  of  "Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts.  Population  1820, 
1066. 

South  Brimfiehl,  post  village  and  town- 
ship Hampden  county,  Massachusetts. 
Popularion  1810,  845  fand  in  1820  683. 

Southbuvy,  post  village  and  township 
New  Haven  county,  Connecticut,  on  the 
left  side  of  Housatonick  river  40  miles 
SW  from  Hartford,  Population  1820, 
1662. 

Southeast,  post  village,  and  township 
Putnam  county,  New  York,  18  miles  E 
from  West  Point.  Population  1820, 1387 ; 
and  in  1820,  1909. 

South  Farms,  post  village  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut. 

Sotithfield,  township  of  Berkshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  28  miles  SE  from 
Lenox,     Population  1810,  147. 

Sonthfiehl,  township  Richmond  county. 
New  York,  on  Staten  Island,  containing 
the  post  village  of  Richmond,  the  seat 
952 


.of  justice  for  the  county.     Population 
I&IO,  1007 ;  and  in  1820,  1012. 

South  Hadley,  post  t')Wn,  and  township 
Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  five 
miles  below  Northampton.  Population 
1810,  902;  and  in  1820.  1247.  A  fall  of 
50  feet  in  the  Connecticut  river  at  this 
plac(  has  been  overcome  by  a  dam  and 
canal  of  712  perches  in  length  with  five 
locks.  The  whole  canal  iir  cut  through 
the  solid  rock.  t 

South  Hero,  post  town  Grand  Isle  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  on  Grand  Isle  in  Lake 
Champiain,  12  miles  SW  from  Burling- 
ton.   Population  lOOO. 

South  hill,  post  village  Muhlenburg 
county,  Virginia. 

Souihington,  post  village  and  township 
Hartford  county,  Connecticut,  18  miles 
SW  from  Hartford,  and  on  the  Quinipi- 
ack.    Population  1820,  1875. 

Souihington,  one  of  the  western  town- 
ships of  Trumbull  county,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation. 1820,  182. 

South   Kingston,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Washington  county,   Rhode  Is 
land,  at  the  mouth  of  Narragansett  bay, 
20  miles  SW  from   Providence.    Popu- 
lation 1810,  3560 ;  and  in  1820,  3723. 

Southold,  post  town  and  township  Suf- 
folk county,  Long  Island,  100  miles  from 
New  York.  It  embraces  the  western 
peninsula  of  the  east  end  of  Long  Island 
extending  NE  from  Poconie  bay ;  and 
also  includes  the  islands,  Great  and 
Little  Gull,  Plum,  Rum,  Robbin's  and 
Fish.:  rs.  Population  1810,  2613  ;  and  in 
1820,  2268. 

South  Quay,  post  office,  and  port  of 
entry.  Nansemond  county,  Virginia. 

Soutfi  River,  small  bay  exttnding  NW 
from  the  Chesapeak  bay  in  Ann  Arundel 
county,  Maryland,  six  miles  S  from  An- 
napolis. 

South  Salem,  post  village  and  township 
West  Chester  county,  New  York,  abf.ut 
50  rniies  N  by  E  from  New  York,  Po- 
pulation 1810,  156G  ;  and  in  1820,  1429. 

Southiuark,  borough  in  Surry,  which 
may  be  considered  as  part  of  the  metro- 
polis, being  seated  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Th:\mes,  and  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  corporation  of  London.  Po- 
pulation 70,000.* 

Southwlck,  post  village  and  township, 
Hampden  county,  Massachusetts,  nine 
miles  SW  from  Springfield.  Population 
1810,  1229;  and  in  1820,  1255. 

Sout/itvold,  seaport  of  England,  in  Suf- 
folk, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Blythe, 
104  miles  XE  from  London. 

So7ito  Major,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira.  Lcn.  6  48  W,  lat.  41 
5N, 


S  P  A 


JE'  A 


Soviqmj,  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  tice  in  this  place,  ecclesiastical  and  civil 

partm-'nt  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  seated  on  tyranny  has  been  frustrated  on  that  line 

the  Qnesne.   50  miles  SE  of  Bourges,  peninsula,  and  both  Spain  and  Portusal 

and  167  S  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  31  E,  lat.  46  have  re-established  .representative   go- 

oO  ^,         '  vernment.     And  both  kingdoms  may  be 

Soutea  HiU,  the  most  elevated  h.ill  in  considered  as  virtually  separated  from 

the  mountainous  ridge  of  Lammennair,  their  Anierican  colonies.     By  a    recent 


in  the  N  part  of  Berwickshire  in  Scotlaru^ 
Souyotes,  or  Soyotes.  name  of  a  peo- 
ple in  Siberia,  subject  to  Russia  and  Chi- 
na. They  dwel'  in  the  hiijhtr  part  of  the 
Sayane  mountains,  townrd  the  SW  bor- 
ders of  the  lake  Baikal,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Mongolia. 

Spa,  town  of  Netherlands  in  Liege, 
famous  for  its  mineral  waters.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  one  end  of  a  de^p  valley  on  the 
banks  of  a  small  rivulet,  and  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sit'es  by  high  mountains. 
The  sides  of  these  mountains  next  lo  Spa 
are  rude  and  uncultivated,  presenting  a 
rugged  appearance  as  if  shattered  by  ;  b^ 
convulsions  of  earthquakes  ;  but  • 
are  strewed  with  tall  oaks  a> 
dance    of   shrubs,    the  country  d 

forms  a  wild,  romantic,  and  beau  i\ 
landscape.  Its  only  source  of  wealttv  .s 
its  mineral  waters.  The  nam^s  -  tl.e 
five  principal  wells  are  Pouh.m,  O^  n- 
fierd,  Savinere,  Watpotz,  andTu^^.ec 
The  inhabitants  are  employed  in  tftwti  r: 


decree  of  the  Cortes,  Spain  is  now  sub- 
divided into  the  following  provinces. 


tovs  for  strangers.  Spa  was  !l|k(M 
French  in  1794.    It  is  seated  in  a  va'^ev 
surrounded  by  mountains,  17  miles  hE 
of  Liege.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  50  30  E. 

Sfiain,  kingdom  of  Europe,  700  miles 
long  and  50:  broad  ;  bamded  on  the 
N  by  the  bav  of  Biscay,  NE  by  the  Py- 
renees, which  s-  parate  it  fvorn  Frai'ce, 
E  and  S  by  the  MtditerraHtan,  SW  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  W  by  l''.,rtugal  and  the 
Atlantic.  According  t'l  the  ancient  di- 
visions it  contained  the  provinces  of  Old 
and  New  Castile,  Andalusia,  Arragon, 
Estremadura.  Gallacia,  L'.-un,  Cataionia, 
Grenada,  Valencia,  Biscay,  Asturias, 
Murcia,  and  Upper  Navarre,  some  of 
which  have  been  separate  kingdoms. 
The  principal  rivers  are  thi-  Douero, 
Tagus,  Guadiana,  Guadalquivcr,  and 
Ebro.  The  soil  is  fertile ;  but  there  are 
large  tracts  of  uncultivated  ground  ;  and 
the  superior  attention  paid  to  the  large 
flocks  of  sheep,  greatly  impedes  the  pro- 
gress of  agriculture.  The  produce  of 
the  country  is  wheat,  barley,  saffron,  ho- 
ney, silk,  salt,  saltpetre,  hemp,  barilla, 
and  even  sugar-canes,  with  the  richest 
and  most  delirious  fruits  that  are  to  be 
found  in  France  and  Italy  ;  and  its  wines 
are  in  high  esteem. 

Few  countries  have  undergone  more 
interestin.;  revolutions  than  Spain,  and  the 
history  of  no  nation  is  perhaps  so  instruc- 
tive.    After  vicissitudes  too  numerous   dingthose  in  the  Provincias  Intemas 
and  complex  to  receive  even  a  brief  no-    Mexican  Empire. 

6  E  953 


Provinces. 

A 1  leant 
Almeria 
Avila 
Baddjoz 
Barcelona 
Bilboa 
Burgos 
Cadiz 
Caceras 
Calatayud 
Casttllan     •    - 
Chinchilla 
CfudacUieal 
Cordo  f^ 
Cornnna 
Cuenca 
Gerona 
(iranada 
xGuadalaxara 
H'lelva 
Huesca 
Jaen 
Jativa 
L'jon 

Lerida 

L'lgrono 

Lugo 

Madrid  - 

Mdaga 

Murcia 

Ore  use 

Ovitdo 
■  Palencia 

Pal  ma 

Pamploi»a 

S'alamanca 

Santander 

San  Seijastian 

Segovia 

Sevillt 

Soria 

I'arragona 

Ternol 

Toledo 

Valencia 

Vallodolid 

Villa  Franca 

Vigo 

Vittoria 

Zamora 

Zaragoasa 


Pvpulatfon. 
249,692 
198,762 
113,135 
301,225 
353,205 
104,186 
206,095 
281,293 
199,205 
105,947 
188,079 
186,260 
296,525 
337,265 
357,970 
296,650 
191,243 
346,984 
222,655 
139,817 
182,845 
274,930 
161,257 
180,567 
136,560 
184,217 
263.703 
290,495 
290,324 
252,058 
300,870 
367,501 
128,697 
207,765 
195,416 
226,882 
175,1-^2 
104,789 
145.985 
358,811 
105,108 
194,782 
105,191 
302,470 
346,166 
175,100 
86,385 
327,848 
77,465 
142,385 
315,111 


11,248,026 
Sjmin,   Xetv     This  term   is  used  to 
designate  the  Mfxican  provinces,  incUi- 
■     -      ■     ■     -  geg 


S  I'  A 


S  P  E 


S/iaiHa,  town  of  Tunis,  in  Africa.  In 
its  neighbourhood  there  are  somt"  mag- 
nificcnt  ruins.  It  is  90  miles  SVV  of  Tu- 
nis.    Lon  9  15  E,  lat.  35  50  N. 

S/io!atro,  or  S/iaUatio,  town  of  Dnlma- 
tia,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  built 
upon  the  ruins  of"  the  palace  of  Diocle- 
sian,  the  walls  of  which  make  two-t'nirds 
of  those  of  the  city,  and  of  which,  in 
1764,  Mr.  Robert  Adam  published  a 
splendid  account  On  a  peninsula,  in 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  35  miles  SE  of  Se- 
benico,  and  102  NW  of  Ragusa.  Lon. 
17  31  E.  lat  44  4  N 

Sjialding^  t-nvn  of  Lincolnshire.  It  is 
a  very  neat  town,  near  the  inouth  of  the 
VVf^r'and,  with  a  good  coasting  trade.  It 
is  14  miits  S  by  W  of  Boston,  and  100  N 
of  London.     Lon.  0  2  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

S/ia7idon,  tov/n  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxi.ny,  and  loiddle  marche  of  Branden- 
burg, surrounded  on  all  sides  by  morasses, 
and  close  to  it  is  a  tine  fortress.  The 
arsenal  is  in  subterraneous  vaults,  and 
there  is  a  prison  for  slate  criminals.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Havel,  eight  miles  NW 
of  Berlin,  and  17  NE  of  Brandenburg. 
Lon.  13  23  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Sfiardsh-groxies,  post  office,  Mecklen- 
burg county,  Virginia. 

S/ianiahTown.  See  St.JagodelaCuba. 

Sfiarta,  post  village  and  township, 
Livingston  county,  New  York,  28  miles 
SVV  from  Canandaigua.  Population  1810, 
1397. 

Sparta,  post  town  in  Sussex  county. 
New  JvTsey  ;  12  miles  NW  of  Rockaway, 
48  of  Newark,  and  43  NE  of  Easton,  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Sjiarta,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Hancock  county,  Georgia,  containing 
the  county  buildings,  and  two  academies, 
25  miles  NE  from  Milledgville. 

Sfiaria,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
White  county,  Tennessee,  on  a  branch 
of  Caney  river,  30  miles  E  from  Mur- 
fref  sborough. 

Spartanburg,  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  bounded  by  North  Carolina  N ; 
York  and  Union  districts.  E;  Ennoree 
river,  or  Laurens  S  ;  and  Greenville  W. 
Length  40  ;  mean  width  22  ;  and  area 
880  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Broad 
river  and  its  numerous  branches.  Surface 
hilly,  and  soil  productive.  Chief  town, 
Spartanburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        .        -        6,047 
do.     do.    females  -         -         5,788 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do,    females     - 


6,955 
6,700 


Total  v.hite,s        -         .     "   .         -  11,835 
All  o'.her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  33 

Slaves 2,391 


Total  wiiites       ....  13,655 

Fi'ee  persons  of  colour,  males     -  15 

do.              do.      females  11 

Slaves,  males       -         -         -         -  1,574 

do.    feaiales    ....  1.734 


Total  populaiion  in  1820     -         -      16,989 

Of  these ; 
Foieig'ners  not  naturalized  -  44 

Engaged  in  At; riculture  -        3,983 

do.        in  Man-ufactures        -  351 

do.        in  Commerce     -        -  ^9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20  nearly. 

Spartanburg,  post  village,  Spartanburg 
district,  South  Carolina,  on  a  branch  of 
Pacolet  river,  about  120  miles  N  from  AU' 
gusta. 

Spartnvento,  ancient  Hercules,  southern 
cape  of  Italy,  opposite  Sicily.  Lon.  16  48 
E,  lat.  38  0  N. 

Spartel,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Rarbary,  at  the  entrance  of  the  straits  of 
Gibraltar.'    Lon.  5  56  W,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Spetin.     See  Ztochy,  Loch, 

Sp^edsville,  p  st  village,  on  Six  Mile 
creek  of  Cayuga  lake,  in  the  NE  part  of 
Tioga  county.  New  York,  seven  miles  SE 
from  Itliica. 

Speed-well  Mills,  post  office,  Barnwell 
district.  South  Carolina. 

Speightstoion,  seaport  of  Barbadoes,  on 
the  W  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  58  31  W, 
lat.  13  15  N. 

Speigletoxvn,  village  in  the  NW  corner  of 
Renssalaer  county.  New  York. 

Spello,  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbr'a,  on  a 
hill,  three  miles  NW  of  Foligni,  and  13  N 
of  Spoietto.     Lon.  12  24  E,  lat.  42  50  N. 

Spencer,  township  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1453  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820, 1548.  It  lies  about 
12  miles  SW  of  Worcester. 

Spencer,  township,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Tioga  county,  New  York,  about 
midway  between  Smithboro'  on  Su^que- 
hannahand  Ithica,  near  the  head  of  Cayuga 
lake,  about  15  miles  from  each.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  3128  ;  and  in  1820, 1252. 

.Spencer,  county  of  Indiana;  bounded  by 
Oliio  river  S  ;  Warrick  county  W  ;  Dubois 
N  ;  and  Perry  E.  Eength  30 ;  breadth  12  ; 
and  area  324  square  miles.  It  is  generally 
hilly  and  broken,  and  drained  by  small 
creeks,  the  principal  of  which  are  Ander- 
son and  Little  Pigeon  creek.  Soil  mostly 
excellent.     Chief  town,  Rockport. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...  980 

do.  do.    females    -        -        -  897 


Total  poptiUtion  in  1810 
9BA 


14,259   Total  whites 


L87- 


s    I-'    I 


-D     1-     <J 


Free  persons  oi'  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males      .        -        .        . 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,882 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  10 

Engaged  in  \f;riculture       -         -  488 

do.         in  Manijiactures  .  0 

do,        in  Commerce        -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5^. 

Spencert'nvn,  post  village  and  township, 
Columbia  county,  New  York. 

Spey,  river  of  Scotland,  rising  in  Inver- 
ness-sliire,  and  failing  into  the  German 
Ocean  at  the  village  of  Speymouth. 

Spezzia,  or  Sputia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  witii  a  good  harbour,  it 
is  seated  at  the  fool  of  a  hill,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  47  miles 
SE  of  Genoa,  and  65  NW  of  Florence. 
^Lon.  9  37  E,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Spice  Islands.     See  Moluccas. 

Spielbersr,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  13  miles  SSE  of  Anspach. 

Spietz,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  seated  on  tlie  W  side  of  the  lake 
Thun,  20  miles  SE  of  Bern. 

Spigelbnrg;  town  of  Germany  in  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  22  miles  SW  of  Hildesheim.     Lon. 

9  46  E,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Spigna,  town  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat, 
with  a  castle,  1.5  miles  N  by  W  of  Savona, 
and  40  SE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  26  E,  lat.  44 
45  N. 

Spilemburgo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian 
Friuli,  ?^7  miks  NW  of  Aquileia,  and  47 
N  by  E  of  Venice.    Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  46 

10  N. 

Spilsby,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday,  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  30  miles  E  of  Lincoln,  and  132  N  by  E 
of  London.     Lon.  0  7  E,  lat.  53  12  N. 

Spinalo7tga,  town  of  the  island  of  Candia, 
in  the  Mediterran?an.     It  has  a  good  har 
hour,  situated  near  the  cape  of  Spinalonga, 
30  miles  E  of  Candia.    Lon.  25  58  E,  lat. 
35  20  N. 

Spinie,  lake  of  Scotland  in  Inverness-shire, 
about  five  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  broad, 
situated  in  a  flat  country.  During  winter, 
great  numbers  of  wild  swans  migrate 
hither. 

Spire,  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine,  50  miles  in  length 
and  30  in  breadth,  where  broadest,  divided 
into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine,  and  is  a  fer- 
tile country. 

Spire,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
the  Rhine,  and  capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the 
same  name,  now  belonging  to  Bavaria,  on 
the  W  side  of  the  Rhine,  seven  m.iles  N  of 
Philipsburg.     Lon.  8  32  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 


Spirebach,  town  of  German}-,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  eiglit  miles  N  of  Landau. 
Lon.  8  12  E,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Spiniii  Santo,  seaport  of  Brasil,  in  South 
America,  capital  of  a  government  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle.  Lou.  41  0  K, 
lat.  20  10  S 

Spiriin  Santo,  town  of  the  island  ofCuba, 
155  miles  ESE  of  Havaiinah.  Lon.  79  47 
E,  lat  22  15  N. 

Spital,  lown  of  Germany,  in  Carlnthia,  on 
the  Liser,  near  the  Diave,  30  miles  W  of 
Clagep.fuit.     Lon-  13  37  E,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Spited,  ancient  village  in  Lincolnshire,  11 
miles  N  of  Lincoln,  noted  for  two  s{)rings, 
one  called  .Julian's  'Well,  and  the  other 
CasiletOii  Well.  It  was  part  of  the  Roman 
causeway,  leading  from  London  by  Lin- 
coln, to  tne  Humber.  Great  numbers  of 
Roman  coins  have  been  dtig  up  in  this  vil- 
lage. 

Spithead,  famous  road  betv/een  Ports- 
mouth and  the  isle  of  Wight,  where  the 
royal  navy  froqtiently  rendezvous. 

Spitzbcrgen,  most  northern  country  of 
Europe,  being  to  tlie  N  of  Norway,  be- 
tween Greenland  to  the  Vv",  and  Nova 
Zembla  to  the  E.  The  coast  is  beset  with 
craggy  mountains,  and  in  the  winter  it  is 
continual  night  for  four  monihs.  The  ani- 
mals are  large  white  bears  and  white  foxes. 

Split  liocic,  post  village,  Essex  county, 
New  York. 

Splngen,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
soiis,  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Hinder 
Rhine.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  valley  of 
Rhinewald.  and  is  42  miles  SW^  of  Coirc. 

Spoletio,  duciiy  of  Italy,  55  miles  long, 
and  40  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Ancu- 
na  and  Urbino,  on  the  E  by  Naples,  on  the 
S  by  Sabina  and  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter, 
and  on  the  W^  L'y  Orvieto  and  Perugino. 
It  was  formerly  a  part  ot'Umbria. 

Spoletto,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  capital  of 
a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
parti)'  on  a  hi'l,  and  partly  on  a  plain,  in  a 
coimtry  noted  for  good  wine,  near  the 
river  Tessino,  40  miles  E  of  Orvieto,  antl 
60  N  by  E  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  6  E,  lat.  42 
45  N. 

Sponheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  naine,  27  miles  W  of 
Mentz,  and  45  E  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  21  E, 
lat.  49  54  N. 

Spoon,  river  o\  Illinois,  rising  between 
the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  river,  at  lat.  41 
20  N,  and  falls  into  the  form.er  150  miles 
above  its  influx  into  tiie  Mississippi. 

Spotsylvania,  cotmty  of  Virginia  ;  bound- 
ed by  Caroline  SE  ;  by  North  Anna  river, 
or  Hanover  and  Louisa  counties  SW ; 
Orange  NW,  and  Rapid  Ann  and  Rappa- 
hannoc  rivers,  or  Culpepper  and  Stafford 
NE.  Length  22  ;  width  18  ;  and  area  about 
955 


s 


11 


S  P  K 


400  square  miles.  The  sources  of  the 
Maltapany  river  are  m  this  couiitj'.  Sur- 
face pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town ,  Fredericksburtij. 
Population  in  1310. 


Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 

Total  whites 

All  other  ]Dersons  except  Indi: 

not  taxed 
Slaves         .... 

ins 

2,784 
2,812 

5,596 

565 
7,135 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

13,296 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         2,884 

do.  do.  females  -  •  -  3,055 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       ....  5,939 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    .  256 

do,             do.      females  335 

Slaves,  males       -         -         -         -  4.170 

do,    females   -        -        -        -  3.554 

Total  population  in  1820     -         -       14,254 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  29 

Engag'ed  in  Agriculture  -         3,356 

do,        in  Manufactures  .  450 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  164 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  35^. 

Spoltcii  Tavern,  post  office,  Stafford 
county,  Virginia. 

Spread  Eagle,  post  office,  on  the  Lancas- 
ter road,  15  miles  NW  by  W  froin  Phila- 
delphia. 

Spree,  vwfv  of  Germany,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  Bohemia,  and  passing 
through  Lusatiii,  into  the  marquisaie  of 
Brandenburg,  runs  by  Berlin,  and  falls 
into  the  Havel,  opposite  Spandaw. 

Sfiriffg,  townsliip  of  Adams  county,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  river.  Population  in  1820, 
1552. 

Sprijig,  township  of  Centre  county, 
Pennsylvania,  including  Bellefonte  the 
coutity  scat.     Population  in  1820,  887. 

Springborough,  Jjost  village,  Warren 
county,  Ohio,  containing  about  250  in- 
habitants. 

Spring  CreeA",  township  of  Mi.imi  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  675. 

Springjield,  township  of  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  30  miles  NW  from 
Concord.     Population  in  1820,  967. 

Springfield,  post  town  and  township, 
Windsor  county,  Vermont,  on  Connecticut 
river,  13  miles  below  Windsor.  Popula- 
tion in  1822,  2600. 

Springfield,  i)ost  town  and  township,  in 
Hampden  county,  Massachusetts ;  on  the 
956 


E  banii  of  Connecticut  river,  29  miles  S\V 
from  Brookfield,  and  24  N  by  E  from  i] 
Hartford,  containing  2812  inhabitants  in 
1810.  and  in  1820,  3970.  The  post  town 
or  village  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the 
county,  and  stands  on  the  bank  of  Connec- 
ticut river,  directly  opposite  the  month  of 
Wcstfie'id  river,  and  contains  the  county 
buddings,  a  bank,  three  churches,  and  a' 
considerable  number  o''  elegant  private 
houses.  In  its  vicinity  are  a  very  expen- 
sive paper  manufactory,  and  a  manufactory 
of  hollow  ware. 

Here  is  also  tlie  site  of  the  principal  ar- 
moury of  the  United  States.  The  arsenal 
is  within  the  village,  consisting  of  exten- 
sive buildings  devoted  to  the  various  ob- 
jects embraced  by  the  establishment,  and  a 
hall  devoted  to  public  worship.  The 
water  works  are  placed  on  Mill  river, 
about  a  mile  south  from  the  arsenal,  and 
are  erected  on  three  separate  sites,  upper, 
lower,  and  middle;  containing  five  shops, 
28  forges,  10  trip  hammers,  18  water 
wheels,  Sec.  presenting  one  of  the  mo^t 
extensive  assemblages  of  wheels,  and  other 
machinery  put  in  motion  by  water  to  be 
found  in  the  Unit  d  States. 

From  240  to  250  workmen  are  employ- 
ed, who  complete  on  an  average,  45  mus- 
kets daily.  So  great  is  the  water  power 
ai  the  disposal  of  the  United  States  at  this 
place,  that  the  works  may  be  increased  to 
any  assignable  extent  that  the  exigencies 
of  the  government  may  demand.  Since 
its  first  furmat;on,  this  armory  has  produ- 
ced about  130,000  muskets  and  1500  car- 
bines;  and  nearly  50,000  n-iuskeis  iiave 
been  repaired.  From  1795  to  1817,  in- 
cluding the  first  cost,  that  of  the  whole  es- 
tablishment amounted  to  gl,820,120.  « 

Springfield  is  the  seat  of  a  very  exten- 
sive commercs,  and  in  the  vicinity  we  have 
no'-iced  only  the  most  prominent  of  its 
manufacturmg  establishments.  Opposite 
this  vill  *ge,  the  Connecticut  river  is  crossed 
by  a  bridge  30  feet  wide,  and  1234  feet  in 
length. 

Springfield,  post  village  and  township,  of 
Otsego  county.  New  York,  containing  1859 
inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  2065  ;  60 
miles  west  of  .Albany. 

Springfield,  township  of  Burlington  coun- 
ty. New  jersey,  containing  1500  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1568  ;  and  situated  18 
miles  south  of  Trenton. 

Springfield,  po>t  town  in  Essex  county; 
New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  NW,  of  Eli- 
zabethtown,  and  about  the  same  distance 
SW  of  New.ark,  on  the  west  side  of  Rah- 
way  river, 

Springfield,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  containing  1287  inhabitants 
in  1810,  and  in  1820.  1580;  situated  be- 
tween  Durham  and  Richland,  and  joining 
Upper  Saucon  in  Lehigh  county. 


S  F  ti 


S  T  A 


Spring-field,  township  of  Pennsylvania, 
between  D.aby  and  Crum  creeks,  10  miles 
S\V  by  W  from  Plukdelphia.  Population 
in  1810,  541. 

Sprijigfield,  township  of  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvaniw,  on  Great  Augwick 
creek.  25  miles  south  from  IIimtinKdon, 
and  an  equal  distance  NE  by  E  from  Bed- 
f;-rd.  Population  in  1810,  751;  and  in 
1820,  900. 

Springfield,  township  of  Mercer  county, 
Pensylvania.  on  Neshanoc  creek,  and  in- 
cluding Mercer,  the  county  seat.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  813  ;  and  in  1820,  598. 

Springfield,  post  town  in  Ham])shii'e 
county,  Virginia ;  situated  on  tiie  W  side 
of  the  souih  branch  of  Potomac,  58  miles 
AV  by  N  of  Winchester,  and  about  14  SW 
of  Oli-towii,  Maryland. 

Springfield,  post  vdlage,  Loudon  county, 
Virtrinia. 

Springfield,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Effingham  county,  Georgia,  22  miles  NNW 
"from  Savannali. 

Springfield,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
parish  of  St.  Helena,  Louisiana,  on  Notal- 
bany  river,  and  on  the  road  between  New 
Orleana  and  Natchez;  58  miles  from  the 
former,  and  98  miles  from  the  latter 
place. 

Springfield,  township,  in  the  southern 
borders  of  Portage  county,  Ohio ;  contain- 
ing tlie  pond  or  head  spring  of  Tuscarawas 
river.     Population  in  1820,  587. 

Sprinr-field,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1304. 

Springfield,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  466. 

Springfield,  township  in  the  northwestern 
part  ot  Jert'erson  county,  Ohio.  Popula- 
tion in  1820, 1135. 

Springfield,  small  village  in  Salem  town- 
ship, Jefferson  county,  Ohio,  15  miles  NW 
from  Siubenville. 

Springfield,  townsliip  of  Gallia  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  588. 

Sfiringfiteld,  township  of  Ross  county, 
Oliio,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Scioto  river, 
opposite  Chillicothe.  Population  in  1820, 
1593. 

Springfield,  township,  Clark  county, 
Ohio,  containing  1,874  inhabitants,  in  1820. 

Springfield,  flourishing  post  town,  and 
seat  of  justice  for  Clark  county,  Oliio,  con- 
taining a  woollen  cloth  and  cotton  factory. 
It  stands  on  an  eastern  fork  of  Mad  river, 
13  miles  from  Urbanna,  and  43  W  from 
Columbus.     Lat.  39  48  N,  ion.  6  43  W. 

Springfield,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Ohio. 

Springfield,  township  of  Muskingum 
county,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  tlie  vil- 
lage of  Putnam,  opposite  Zanesville.  Po- 
pulation  in  1820,  779. 

Springfield,  post  town  of  Hamilton  coun- 


ty, Ohio,  15  iv.i'es  N  of  Cinclniati,  on 
tlie  road  to  Hamilton,  contaming  220  in- 
habitants. 

Springfield,  township  in  the  northern 
liorders  oiHamilioo  county,  Ohio,  conla.n- 
ing  2,197  inhab.tants  in  lci20.  In  this 
township  is  situated  the  town  or  village  of 
Spriiigheid. 

Springfield,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Washington  county,  Kentucky,  on  a  brancli 
ot  Beech  fork  ol  Salt  river,  about  50  miles 
SE  irora  Louisville.  A  catholic  c^dicge 
ha    been  erected  two  miles  from  this  town. 

Springfield,  post  town  and  si  at  of  ju;-tice, 
Robinson  county.  Tennessee,  on  the  south 
branch  ot  Red  river,  30  miles  NN  W  i'rom 
Nashville. 

Sl)rii!g-/uli,  post  village,  Fauquier  county, 
Virginia. 

Spring-hill,  post  village,  Loui.^a  county, 
Virginia. 

Spring.pjlace,  Moravian  establishment,  in 
the  NW  part  of  Georgia,  amongst  the  Che- 
rokees,  130  miles  NW  from  Athens,  in 
Georgia. 

Springto-te?),  post  village,  Bucks  count}', 
Penns}  Ivania,  seven  miles  SE  from  Bethle- 
hem, 

Springville,  post  village,  and  one  of  the 
southern  tosvnships  of  Susquehannah 
county,  Pennsylvania,  six  miles  south  from 
Montrose. 

Springville,  township,  Clarke  county, 
Indiana. 

Spring  -water,  one  of  the  soutiiern  town- 
.ships  of  Livii.gston  county,  New  Vork. 
Population  in  1820,  1154. 

Sprottaii,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Glogaw,  with  walls  flanked  by  towers,  and 
a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Bobar  and  Sprotta,  20  miles  S 
W  of  Glogaw.     Lon.  15  38  E,  lat  51  40  N. 

Spurn  Head,  longsickle-sh.irped  promon- 
tory in  Yorkbhire,  at  the  NE  entrance  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  on  which  is  a 
light-house.     Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Squam  hai'boxir,  Essex  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  NE  side  of  Cape  Ann,  and 
opposite  Gloucester. 

Squilace,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Uiteriore.  It  was  formerly  fa- 
mous,  but  is  now  a  small  place,  seated  on 
the  Favelone,  near  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name,  30  milts  SW  of  St.  Severino,  Lon. 
16  40  E,  lat,  39  3  N. 

Stantsburg,  post  village,  Uuchess  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  the  Hudson,  10  miles 
above  Poughkeep-,ie. 

Stablo,  or  Slavelo,  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Liege  ;  here  is  a  manufacture  of 
leather,  which  is  sent  to  foreign  parts.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Recht,  nine  miles  S  of 
Limburg.     Lon.  6  5  E,  lat  50  29. 

Stade,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Bremen,  on  the  Swingel,  near  its  conflii- 
957 


S  T  A 


S   T  A 


ence  with  the  Elbe,  22  miles  W  of  Ham- 
burg, and  45  NE  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9  17 
E,  Jat.  53  36  N. 

Siadtliagen,  lown  oF  Germany,  in  the 
circle  uf  Westphalia,  and  county  (,f  Schau- 
enberg  ;  here  is  a  p,.]ace,  m  the  garden  ot 


communicate.  Thus  the  great  ports  of 
Bristol,  Liverpool,  and  Hull,  are  all  acces- 
siblf-  to  the  various  products  and  manufac- 
tiTesofStaffordshire  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  1  r-nt,  Dive,  Sow,  Churner,  Stour, 
Pfak,  ^nd  Manyfolcl.     Population  in  1801, 


which  is  a  minerals;  ring,    li  is  e^ght  n.iles     239.153;  in   1811,  295,153;  and  in  1821 
E  o!  IMinden      Lon.  9  14  E,  lat  52  24  N.       341, 8j4. 


Suifurda,  town  of  Pied'ncnt,  in  the  mar 
qinsat>'  uT  SjIuzzo,  sealed  on  the  Po.  with 
a  rich  aiSbcy.  It  is  fumcus  f-  r  a  victi<ry 
gained  by  the  Frenc!)  in  1690.  over  the 
duke  of  Savoy.     Lon  7  25  E,  lal.  44  34  N. 

Sliffa,  island  of  Scot  land,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,  a  litsie  to  the  west  of  Mull.  It 
is  one  mde  long,  and  h.dr  a  mlie  boad- 


Stufford,  post  village,  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  45  miles  NE  froni  Ruiiand. 

Shiffbrd,  post  vdiage.  and  vownship  of 
Tolland  coun>,  Connecticut,  near  the  head 
of  Willamantic  river,  26  n  iles  >/E  from 
Hartford.  The  village  is  elevated,  and  the 
adjace:it  country  in  a  peculiar  degree  p!ea- 

nt  and  romantic      The  mineral  springs 


T  he  whoie  -on  h-^v  est  end  is  supported  by  at  this  place  have  become  a  place  of  grea. 
ranges  of  natural  p  ilars  mostly  above  50  resort  in  summer,  and  the  waters  are  found 
feet  i;igh    standmg  in  cotonades,  r.cc.-rding     efficacious  in 


as  the  bays  i.r  points  ot  land  f  .rm  tiiem 
sel^es  ui>on  a  firm  basis  of  solid  unibrned 
rock.  This  is  every  vvhere  supported  by 
ba-;a!tic  rock.s  and  piilarc,  snperi.ir  in 
beauty  and  grandeur  to  those  v/hich  form 
the  OJi ant's  Causeway  in  Ireland. 

Slaffelsteiiiy  town  of  Germany,  in  F^ancn- 
nia,  and  bishopric  of  B;<m:-.erg,  siU;ated  on 
the  L.iuler,  15  miles  NNE  'of  Bamberg. 
Lon.  11  12  K,  ia.   50  15  N. 


oui,  rheumatism,  scorbutic 
complaints,  &c.  The  accommodations  for 
y&i.ers  are  extensive  and  convenient. 
There  are  in  the  township,  five  churches, 
tv.'o  cotton  factories,  a  manuftctory  of 
ciockoj  and  two  castmg  houses  for  making 
hollow  iron  ware.  Population  in  1810, 
2,355  ;  and  in  1820,  2,369. 

Staji'ord,  township,  Monmouth  county. 
New  Jersey.  The  sod  is  gener.dly  sandy, 
yet  there  are  zomt  very  good   (arms,   '.he 


noc  river  SW  and  W ;  Fauquiei'  county 
NW  ;  and  Pri.ice  William  N.  Length  20  ; 
mean  width  12;  and  area  240  square  miles. 
Surface  very  hilly,  and  sod  sandy.  Chief 
towns,  Staiford,  Falmouth,  and  North  Marl- 
boro'. 

Population  in  1310. 
Free  white  males         ...        2,590 

do.    do.    females     -        -        -        2,729 


Suijjord,  borough,  and  county  town  of  principal  settleoient  is  Mannahawkin,  a  post 
Staffordshire,  U  NW  of  Li  chfi.ld,and  135  town,  comaining  30  dwelling  house>,  and 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  24  W,  lat.  52  48  .two  placcj  of  public  worship.  Population 
N.  in  1810,  1,239  ;  and  in  1820,  1,428. 

Stafford,  county  of  Enghind,  55  miles  Stafford,  county  of  Virginia,  between 
long,  and  42  broad.  This  is  a  long  and  *l^e  Potomac,  and  Eappahannoc  rivers  ; 
nanov/  tract  of  cmmtry,  ending  in  a' point  bounded  by  King  George  SB  ;  Rappahan- 
ai  the  N  and  S  extrerai'ies,  having  to  the  ----- 

W  the  counties  of  Chester  and  Salop  ;  to 
the  E  those  of  Deriiy  and  Warv^^ick  ;  and 
to  the  S  Worcestershire.  The  rive."s  Dove 
and  Trent  form  a  natural  boundary  on  the 
Derbyshire  side  ;  on  the  other  sides  it  has 
no  remarkable  limits.  The  S  extremity 
of  the  county  is  enlivened  by  various 
branches  of  the  hardware  manufacture, 
in  vvhich  it  participates  with  the  neigh- 
bouring Birmingham.  The  trade  of  this 
coun'.y  is  in  a  pecidiar  niai  ner  assisted  by 

the  grand    system   of  canal   navigation,  of 

which   it  is,  as   it    were,  the  centre,    and 

w-hich  is  carried  through  its  whole  length. 

The  grand  trunk,  as  it  has  been  ingeniously    Total  population  in  1810     - 

terined,  enters  the  N  of  the   county  from 

Cheshii-e,  and  after  piercing   Harecastle-        Population  in  1820. 

hdl,  by  a  subterraneous  pa-sage  of  a  mile    Free  white  males        -        -         . 

and  a  half  in  length,   passes,  through  the        do.  do.     females      - 

potteries,  and  thence  southwards  across  the    All  other  persons  except  Indians 

'I'rent  almost  to  Litchfield,  from  whence  it        not  taxed         -         .         .        - 

turns  sf;ort  over  the  Trent  again,  and  over 

tiie  Dove,  in  its  way  to  mix  with  the  Trent    Total  whites         .... 

at  Wdden-ferry.    From  the  neighbourhood    Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

of  Stafford  it  sends  off  a  branch  which  runs  do.  do.    females    - 

directly  southwards  by  Pinkridge,  and  near    Slaves,  males        .         .         .         - 

AVolverhampton,  to  join  the  Severn  near        do.     females     -         ... 

Kidderminster.     With    this   a  canal  from 

Birmmgham,  and  anotherfrom  Stourbridge    Total  population  in  1820. 
95d, 


Tot;d  whites       .        -         .         . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         .... 
Slaves         -         -        .         .         . 


5,319 

316 
4,195 

9,830 


2,264 

2,524 


9,5ir 


S  T   \ 


S  T  A 


t)F  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  15 

Engaged  in  Agriculiure       -        -  4,070 

do.       in  MaiiuJactures     -         -  193 

do.      in  Commerce        -        -  47 

Populaiion  totlie  sqiia'C  mile,  39i. 

St(iffi(rth,  town  of  Ge- many,  in  Upper 
Saxon}',  and  priticipuliiy  of  Anhalt  B  rn- 
biirg-,  21  miles  SSW  of  Magdeburg.  Lon. 
11  40  E,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Sta^irn,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Earope,  in 
Macedonia,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Contessa. 
It  is  remarkable  for  being  the  blvlh-place 
of  Aristotle,  wheace  he  is  called  the  S>agir- 
ite.  It  is  now  called  Lyba  Nova,  and  is  16 
mdes  fr«  m  Conlessa.  Lon.  22  48  E,  lat.  41 
15  N 

Stagno,  seaport  of  Ragnsi:n  DaJmatia,  on 
a  neniiisul.,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  30  miles 
NW  of  Ragusa.     Lon.  If  50  E,  lat.  43  12 

N. 

Sfn^fvi/le,  post  office,  Xew  York,  in 
Orange  county. 

Stain,  town  of  Austria,  op.  the  Da.^ube, 
over  which  is  a  toll-brid^-e,  65  miles  \Y  of 
Vienna.     Lon. '^5  0  E,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Stains,  town  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  At 
some  distance  f.bove  the  bridge,  at  Coin 
Ditch,  is  the  London  R^ai'k  Stone,  which 
is  the  ancient  boundary  of  the  jurisdiction 
to  the  city  of  London  on  the  Vhames,  and 
bears  the  date  of  1280.  Stains  is  17  miles 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  0  25  W,  lat.  51 
27  N. 

S'albridge,  town  of  Dorsetshire,  with  a 
manufacture  of  stockings.  Here  is  an  a.i- 
cient  cross  of  one  stone,  21  fet  high,  on  a 
base  of  eight  feet.  It  is  20  mil  s  N  by  E 
of  Dorchester,  and  111  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  2  18  W,  lat.  50  57  N. 

StaUmene      See  Lemnos 

Stamford,  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  on  the 
most  southern  part  of  the  county,  is  26 
miles  N  of  Huntnigdon,  and  89  N  by  W  of 
London.     Lon.  0  31  W,  iat.  52  42  N. 

Stamford,  township,  Bennington  county, 
Vermont,  10  miles  SB  from  Bennington. 
Population  in  1820,  400. 

Stamford,  post  town  in  Fairfield  count}', 
Connecticut,  on  a  small  siream  that  runs 
into  Long  Island  Sound,  20  miles  SW  of 
Fairfield,  and  44  NE  of  New  York.  Tiie 
township  had  4352  inhabitants,  in  1810; 
and  in  1820,  3284.  Stamford,  is  a  fine  vil- 
lage  of  between  60,  and  70  well  built 
houses,  with  a  harb  lur  admitting  vessels  of 
seven  feet  draught. 

Stamford,  post  town  of  Delaware  county, 
New  York,  cont-dng  1658  inhabitants  in 
1810 ;  and  in  1820,  1495 ;  it  is  60  miles  S  W 
of  Albany. 

Stampalio,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  60 
miles  W  of  Rhodes,  and  o7  from  the  oast 
of  Natolia.    It  is  15  miles  long,   and  five 


bro.ad,    almost    without    inhabitants,    and 
wants  fresh  water. 

Suiin/jing-  :;rGunds,  post  village,  Ken- 
tucky, m  Scot  county. 

Siuiniankvil/f  post  village  in  the  western 
part  of  Orange  county,  Virginia,  at  tiie 
f  )ot  of"  t'-.e  Blue  R  dge,  70  indes  W  from 
Fredericksburg. 

Stunchio.  fertile  Island  of  the  Archipela- 
go, ne^r  the  coa.st  of  Natolia,  12  miles  NE 
of  Stampulio,  and  40  iSTW  of  Rliodes.  It  is 
the  ancient  Cos,  the  birth  place  of  Hippo- 
crates and  Vpeiies;  a:!d  is  23  miles  long, 
and  10  broad.  The  capital,  of  the  s»me 
n.jme,  is  well  built,  and  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountsin,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and 
near  a  go.od  iiarbour.  Lon.  26  54  E,  lat.  36 
45  N. 

Standi'sii,  small  post  town  in  Cumberland 
county,  Maine,  on  the  E  ^ide  of  Saco  river, 
25  miles  NW  of  Portland. 

Staiulon,  lov.n  in  Hertfordshire,  eiglit 
n.iles  N  of  Her:  ford,  and  27  of  London. 
Lon.  0  5E,  lat  51  56  N. 

Stanford,  post  village  and  town-hip. 
Duchess  county,  New  York,  18  miles  NE 
from  Pougliksepsie  Popul  .tion  m  1810, 
2335  ;  and  in  1820,  2518. 

Siarford,  post  town  and  seat  of  j  islice, 
Lincoln  county,  Kentucky,  near  Dick's 
river,  10  miles  SE  from  Danville.  Popula- 
tion 500. 

S.anmore,  dreary  district  in  the  E  angle 
of  Westmoreland,  of  the  most  savage 
aspect,  and  which  has  been  described  in 
poetry  and  romance.  Here  is  a  fragment 
of  Rerecross,  set  up  as  a  boundary  bettveen 
England  and  Scotland,  when  Cumberland 
belonged  to  the  latter. 

Stanhope,  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
20  miles  W  of  Durliam,  and  264  N'  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  0  W,  Lt.  54  48  N 

Stanley,  town  in  Glouces.ershirC;  12  miles 
S  of  Gloucester,  and  104  W  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W,  lut.  51  40  N. 

Stanmore,  Great.,  village  in  Middlesex ; 
here  is  a  hill,  which  is  so  very  elevated, 
that  the  trees  upon  it  are  a  sea-mark  from 
the  German  Ocean. 

Stanmore,  Little^     See  IVhitchurclu 

Stanton,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  16  miles 
E  of  Lincoln,  and  129  N  of  London-  Lon. 
0  2  W,  lat.  5:^  18  N. 

Stantz,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
the  canton  of  Underwalden,  on  a  plain  at 
the  foov  of  the  Stanzberg,  near  the  lake  of 
Lucern,  29  miles  S  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  22 
I-:,  1  .t.  46  51  N. 

Suiraia  Russa,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Novogorod,  seated  on  the 
river  Polish,  near  the  lake  llmen  40  miles 
S  by  E  of  Novogorod,  Lon.  33  2  E,  lat.  57 
40  N. 

Stargard  town  of  Germany  in  Pomerenia. 
It  h.is  manufactures  of  sergesj  shalloons, 
tammies,  druggets,  &c.  and  is  seated  on 
959 


s  r  A 


S  T  A 


the  Ihna,  18  miles  SE  of  Stettin,  and  37 
NW  of  Landsperg.  Lon.  ;'5  8  F,,  lat.  53 
32  N.     ■ 

Stargard,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxon}',  30  miles  distant  from  New  Bran- 
denburg. 

Stark,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  N  by 
Portage  ;  E  by  Columbiana  ;  S  by  Tusca- 
rawas ;  and  VV  by  Wayne.  Lenc^th  33 ; 
width  30  ;  and  area  ROO  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  various  sources  of  Tuca- 
rawas  river.     Chief  town  Canton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,462 

do.    do.     fetyiales  -        -        1,265 


Total  whites  -        ,        .        2,727 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        _        _               7 

Slaves      -        -  _        _        - 


Total  population  in  1810 

Popidatlon  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        .         . 

do.    do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .         .         . 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

fio.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males    -        .        .        . 
do.    females 


Total  popvdation  in  1820     - 


2,734 


7,600 
5,88U 

0 

13,480 

15 

11 

0 

0 

14,506 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  49 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         2,053 

do.        in  Manufactures  ••  402 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  20 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  35^. 

Starks,  post  village,  and  township  So- 
merset county,  iMaine,  on  Kennebec  seven 
miles  W  from  Norridgewock,  Popula- 
tion 1820,  1053. 

Starksbormigh,  post  village  Addisou 
county,  Vermont,  28  miles  W  from 
Montpelier. 

Starr,  township  of  Hocking  county, 
Ohio.     Popu  ation  1820,  367. 

Start  Point,  promontory  of  l^evonshire, 
in  the  English  Channel,  14  miles S  by  W 
of  Dartmouth.  Lon  3  51  W,  lat.  50 
9  N. 

Slaten  Island,  island  of  North  America, 
■which  forms  the  county  of  Richmond  ii; 
the  state  of  New  York.  On  the  S  side 
IS  a  coniderable  tract  of  level  land; 
but  in  general,  this  island  is  rough,  and 
the  hills  high.  See  Richmond  county  jK'ew 
York. 

Slaten  Land,  barren  craggy  island,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean  in  55  S  lat.    Between 
960 


this  island  and  Terra  del  Fuego  is  the 
strait  of  Le  Maire, 

Siatesboron^h,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice,  Bullock  county,  Georgia,  45 
miles  NW  from  Savannah. 

Statesburg,  post  town,  Sumpter  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  near  the  Wateree, 
30  miles  S  from  Camden,  and  10  miles 
NW  from  Sumpterviile. 

StaiesviUe,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice Iredell  county.  North  Carolina,  on  a 
branch  of  South  Yadkin  river,  about  130 
miles  W  from  Raleigh. 

Sates  of  the  Church,     See  Italt/. 

Stavanger,  episcopal  town  in  Norv/ay, 
in  t!  e  provirice  of  Bergen,  ca])ital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  har- 
bour. It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  near 
the  fortress  of  Doswicit.  75  miles  S  of 
Bergen.     Lon.  5  45  E,  lat.  59  6  N. 

Stavaren,  ancient  seaport  of  the  United 
Provinces  in  Friesland,  formerly  a  con- 
siderable town,  but  now  much  decayed, 
ihe  harbour  being  choked  up  with 
sand.  It  is  seated  on  the  21uider-Zee, 
eight  miles  W  of  Slooten,  and  15  NE 
of  Enchuysen.  Lon.  5  13  E,  lat.  52 
54  N. 

Staubbach,  celebrated  cataract  of  Swis- 
serland,  near  the  village  of  Lauterbrunn, 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  which  falls  down 
a  rock,  930  feet  high  with  such  impe- 
tuosity, as  to  resolve  itself  into  a  fine 
spray,  which,  viewed  in  somv  particular 
situations,  resembles  a  cloud  of  dust. 
Hence  it  drives  its  name;  the  word 
Staubbach,  in  German,  signifying  a  spring 
of  dust.  The  brook  which  forms  this 
torrent  is  named  the  Kupfer-Bachelin, 
or  Rivulet  of  Copper. 

Staeufen,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  and  subject  to  Austria. 
Lon.  7  44  E,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Stauffenbuvg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  10  miles  from 
Wetzlar. 

Stminton,  post  towii  and  seat  of  justice 
for  the  county  of  Augusta,  Virginia,  is  a 
corporate  town,  situated  on  the  S  b.  "inch, 
of  Shenandoah,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
valley  between  the  N  and  S  Mountains, 
a  little  N  of  Madison's  Cave.  Contains 
about  200  houses,  three  handsome  brick 
churches,  Presbyterian,  Episcopalians, 
and  Methodist,  two  court-houses,  one  of 
brick  for  the  Chancery  court,  and  the 
other  of  stone  for  the  county  circuit  and 
corporation  courts,  three  taverns,  and 
12  stores,  containing  1355  inhabitants ; 
distant  120  miles  NW  from  Richmond, 
95  SW  from  Winchester,  174  miles  W 
from  the  city  of  Washington. 

Staunton,  village  on  Miami  river,  in 
Miami  county,  Ohio. 


S  T  E 


S  T  E 


Staunton,  township  of  Miami  county, 
Ohio,  \V  from  Miami  river.  Topulation 
1320,  774. 

Stavropol,  town  cf  Russia,  i.i  the  gover.i- 
inent  of  Siinbirsii.  Lm.  C8  58  E  lat.  53 
44  N 

Stavropol,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Caucasus.  Lon.  41  60  E,  lat. 
44  .56  N. 

Steils/iianmilfe,  post  village  Orange 
townshi])  Meii^s  county,  Ohio. 

Sireg-e,  town  of  DrtMiark,  in  tl'.e  island 
of  Meon,  with  a  harbour  38  miles  SSVV 
of  Copenhagen.  L  .n  12  20  E,  lat.  55 
5  N. 

SceenbL'r^en,  strong  town  of  Bra- 
bant, in  the  marqnisate  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom.  It  has  a  communication  with  the 
Maese,  and  is  s(.'ven  miles  N  of  Berjifen- 
op-Zoom,  and  17  W  of  Breda.  L;)n.  4  28 
E,  lat  51  32  N. 

Siet^iifceet;  town  of  Vorway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Drontheim.  Lon  11  34  E,  lat. 
63  50  N 

Stetiikirk,  village  of  Hainault,  famous 
for  th-  victory  obtained  over  William  If  I. 
in  1692,  by  the  duke  of  Luxemburg.  It 
is  15  miles  N  of  Moiis,  and  16  VV  of 
Brussels 

SteenKH.'ck,  strong  town  of  Overyssel, 
.seated  on  the  river  Aa,  20  itiiles  SE  of 
Slo'iten,  and  32  N  of  Deventer.  Lon.  5 
50  E,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Stecfcbiirg-,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  E 
Gothland,  seated  on  the  B^lti ;..  2)  miles 
S  of  Nikoping,  .nul  82  SW  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.   16  40  E,  lat.  58  15  N 

Sielii,  town  cf  Swisserland,  in  the  can- 
tori  of  Zaric.  It  is  seat;-d  o!i  the  Rhi-.ie, 
where  it  issues  fr.m  tht- 1  ike  (f  Con 
stance,  commandiir^  a  deiit^hthii  pros- 
pect and  is  15  miles  W  of  Ci.n-itance, 
and  15  NE  of  Zuric.  L^m.  8  48  E,  iat. 
47  4:!  X. 

Stdnan,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia, 
and  capital  (if  a  circle.  Lon  16  50  E, 
lat.  52  23  N. 

Sleiiifiii't,  town  of  Gt^vmany.  in  the 
citcie  of  'vVfSti)halia.  It  has  an  acade- 
my, anrl  is  seated  (.n  the  V-cht,  16  milfs 
N'vV  of  Munster.  Lan.  7  41  E,  lat.  12 
15  N. 

StL-iiiheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  a  hili, 
near  the  river  Maine,  with  a  castle,  nine 
miles  from  Francfort.  Lon.  3  54  E,  kit. 
49  52  N. 

Steke,  town  cif  Denm.irk,  on  the  N 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Mona,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  a  lake.  Lon. 
12  15  1--,  lat.  55  4  N. 

Stellenboch,  one  of  the  provinces  or  dis- 
tricts of  the  colony  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  SE  from  Cape  town. 

S>mo.v,  fortified  town  -.f  France,  in 
6F 


tiie  department  of  Meuse,  and  late  duchy 
of  Bar,  seated  on  the  river  Meuse,  24 
miles  N  by  W  of  Vcrdum.  Lon.  5  19  E, 
lat.  50  28  N. 

StPivhil,  town  of  Gemanv,  in  the  mar- 
q-iisate  of  Brandenburg,  and  subject  to 
Prussia.     Lon.  12  6  E,  lat   52  45  N. 

Siennis,  village  i  1  the  island  of  Orkney. 

St-^p/icntfnun,  SE  townsliip  of  Rvnsselaer 
county,  New  York,  containing  2667'  in- 
l.abitants  in  ISlO;  and  in  1320,  2592; 
about  20  miles  .SK.  f''om  Alb.viy. 

Stepney,  village  E  of  London,  and  al- 
most contiguous  to  it. 

Sterlin/i;  township  of  U'orcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  contaiiiing  M72  inha- 
bitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1:<20,  1710. 

Stei-liii^;  post  village,  Windham  county, 
Connecticut,  44  md.  s  K  from  Hartford. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  acaJeiny,  and  a  very 
extensive  cotton  factory,  containing  1600 
spindles.  P  pulation  1810, 1101  ;  and  in 
1820,  1200.        ♦ 

Sterling':  post  village  and  township 
C'avu^^a  county  New  York. 

Sterlin^ville,  post  village,  Granville 
county,  North  Carolina. 

Sternberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  marquisute  of  Branden- 
burg. It  carries  on  a  great  commerce 
in  cattle  and  is  20  miles  NE  of  Franc- 
fort  on  the  Oder.  Lan.  15  11  E,  lat.  52 
SON. 

Sternberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  16  miks  SE  of  VVismar.  Lon. 
11  50  E,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Stertzingcn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Tyrol,  .seated  .at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
on  the  river  Evsoch,  12  miles  NvV  of 
Brixen. 

Steiin,  or  Stettin,  seaport  of  German}', 
in  Pnmerania.  It  is  a  nourishing  place, 
and  carries  on  a  consiclerabk-  trade.  It 
is  seated  on  the  0:?er,  70  miles  N  by  E 
<i  B.riin,  and  72  N  if  Francfort.  Lon. 
11.  38  E,  lat   53  .35  N. 

Steuben,  cour.ty  of  New  Y'ork  ;  i)ound- 
ed  by  Tioga  county,  in  Penr.sylv-inia  S  ; 
Aliegariv  cou^ay  in  N  w  York  W  ;  Liv- 
ingstit'/aiid  O  itario  N  ,  and  Sent-ca  lake 
and  Tioga  county  in  Nf^w  Y-a-k  E. 
Lpi.gth  and  bn^adth  n^-arly  equal,  each 
about  40  miles.  Area  1600  square  miles. 
The  NE  anf>ie  is  drained  by  Croaked 
lake,  into  S  iv  ca  lake  ;  from  the  NVV 
angle  the  v.'aters  are  discharged  into  the 
Cau<  serago  brarxh  of  Genesee  river  ; 
find  t!ic  residue  drained  by  Cainsteo, 
and  Tioga  rivers,  and  thfir  branches. 
Surface  generally  very  hilly  and  broken. 
Chief  town,  Bath. 

p.-.pulalifin  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        2,755 
961. 


s  r  E 


s  r  K 


Free  white  females  « 

Total  whites       -         .         -         . 

All  olher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        . 

Slaves         ..... 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    -        *       - 
do.    do.    females 


,373 


Ste-ivarCy  NW  county  of  Tennessee,  E  c. 
Tennessee  river ;  bounded  by  Kentucky 
7,130  NE  ;  Montgomery  county  in  Tennessee  E  ; 
Dickson  county  SE ;  Humphreys  S  j  and 
Tennessee  river  or  Henry  county  W. 
Length  22  ;  mean  width  20 ;  and  area  560 
square  miles.  It  is  washed  on  one  side  by 
7,246  Ten-essee,  and  traversed  from  SE  to  NW 
— —    by  Cumberland  river.    Cliief  town,  Dover. 


29 

87 


11,457 
10.356 


Population  in  1810. 


Total  whites     ...        -  21,813 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  69 

do.             do.       females,  61 

Slaves,  males       .        -        .        ,  24 

do.     females  -        -        -        .  22 


Total  population  in  1820 


21,989 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalize^  -        -         155 
E:igaged  in  Agriculture        -        •      4,147 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -         832 

do.       in  Commerce  •        -  25 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  13J. 

Steuben,  post  village  and  township 
Washington  county,  Maine,  55  miles  W 
from  iVIachius.  Population  1810,  552 ; 
and  in  1820,  780. 

Steuben,  township  of  Oneida  county.  New 
York,  20  miles  N  from  Utica.  This  tract 
was  granted,  for  his  revolutionary  services 
to  Baron  Steuben,  and  here  ri-st  his  re- 
mains. 

Steubmiville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Jefferson  county,  Ohio.  I:  was  !  lid 
out  in  thick  woods  in  1798,  and  in  1810, 
contained  800  inhabitants ;  and  by  the  cen- 
sus of  1820,  2539.  This  town  1  ke  most 
others  on  the  Ohio,  rises  from  the  r  ver  by 
different  stages  of  elevation.  The  adja- 
cent country  is  in  a  pecul:tr  manner  ro 
mantie  and  pleasing  to  the  eye  The 
dwelling  hovises  amouat  to  about  460 ; 
Avith  three  churches,  two  banks,  a  market 
house,  an  exten-ive  woollen  cl'-.th  factory, 
put  in  miition  by  ste:ni,  also  a  s'eam  cot- 
ton factory,  a  p^per  mil!,  a  weekly  news- 
paper printing  office,  an  academy,  an  air 
foundry,  &c  It  is  39  m  les  by  land  and  70 
by  water,  from  Pittsburg.  Lon.  W  C  3  40 
W,   ljt.40  25  N. 

Stevenage,  town  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday,  12  miles  NNW  of 
Hertford,  and  31  N  by  W  ot  London.  Lon. 
0  10  "WMat  51  59  N. 

Stevensbwg,  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Virginia,  10  mile^  NE  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  eigl.t  SW  of  Winchester. 

Stevensburg,  post  village,  Culpepper 
county,  Virginia,  30  miles  NW  by  W,  from 
Fredericksburg 

Stevemville,  post  village, King  and  Queen 
coiwtv,  Virginia. 

962 


Free  white  males 
do,  do.    females       -        -        - 

1,829 
1,636 

Total  whites         .... 
All  other  per-ons  except  Indians 
not  taxed          .... 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810       - 

3,465 

18 
779 

4,262 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whiles,  males 

do.      do.     fem;des 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

3,475 
3,522 

0 

Total  whites       ....  6,997 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  27 

do.           do.       females  21 

Slaves,  males           _        -        -  670 

do.     females        -        -        -  673 


Total  population  in  1820 


8,388 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  2,238 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  135 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  15 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Steiuart's  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  S 
Pacific  0;ean,  discovered  by  captain  Hun- 
ter in  1791,  and  named  by  him  in  honour 
of  admiral  Keith  Stewart.  Lon.  163  18 
E,  lat.  8  26  S. 

Ste-cuartsiovm,  small  town  of  Scotland  in 
the  connty  of  Ayrj  14  nv.les  NNE  of  Ayr. 

SteTvartsto7vn,  inconsider;ible  town  of  Ire- 
land in  the  county  of  Tyrone,  five  miles 
NNE  of  Dunganiion. 

Stewart  stow  n,  post  village,  and  township, 
Coos  county,  New  Hampshire  ;  on  Con- 
necticut river.     Population  in  1820,  363. 

Steyning,  borough  in  Sussex,  51  S  by  W 
of  Lon.'lon. 

Steyre,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  and  quar- 
ter of  Traun.  It  caiTies  on  a  great  trade 
in  iron,  and  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Steyre  and  Ens,  20  miles  SE  of  Lintz, 
Lon.  1  23  E,  lat.  48  6  N. 

Steyregg.  town  of  Austria,  36  miles  ESE 
of  Puussr.u,  and  84  W  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  20  E,  lat.  40  15  N. 

St.  George's,  post  town  in  New  Castle 
county,  Delaware,  on  the  N  side  of  St. 


S  T  I 


are 


iaaorge's  creek,  ten  miles  9  of  New  Cas- 
tle, and  nine  N  of  Cant  well's. 

Stick/ta7iseii,  town  and  citadel  of  Ger- 
many in  Westphalia,  and  county  of  East 
Friesland,  18  miles  ESE  of  Embd'en.  Lon. 
7  13  E,  lat,  53  14  N. 

Stiligiano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basllicata, 
famous  for  its  baths,  and  seated  near  the 
river  Salandrella. 

Stilhvaier,  post  town  in  Saratoga  county, 
New  York ;  situated  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson  river,  16  miles  N  of  Troy,  IS  E 
of  Ballstown,  and  24  N  of  Albany.  It  was 
at  this,place  on  October  7th  1777",  that  the 
decisive  battle  was  fought  bctvv'cen  the 
American  and  British  armies,  which  pro- 
duced the  surrender  of  the  latter,  with 
their  general,  Burgoyne.  Population  1810, 
2492,  and  in  1820, 

Sld/on,  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  cele- 
brated for  a   ricli   kind  of  cheese,  some- 
times called    Eng-lish  Panuesan.     It  is  14 
miles  S  by  E  of  Stamford,  and  75  N  by  E 
-of  London. 

Sti?icliar,  river  of  Scotland,  in  the  N 
part  of  Ayreshire,  which  has  a  rapid  course 
of  26  miles,  and  enters  the  ocean  below 
Bailantrae, 

Stiria,  formerly  a  duchy  of  German}^ 
now  Inner  Auf-tria,  125  miles  long  and  17 
broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Austria,  E 
by  Hungary,  S  by  Carniola,  and  W  by  Ca- 
rinthia  and  Salzburg.  It  is  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower  Stiria  ;  the  foi-mer  con- 
tains the  circles  of  Judenburg  and  Bruck, 
and  the  latter  those  of  Gratz,  Marchburg, 
and  Cilley.  Though  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, there  is  much  land  fit  for  tillage,  and 
the  soil  is  fertile.  Gratz  and  Judenburg 
are  the  chief,  towns. 

Stirling,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
Stirlingshire,  on  the  river  Forth.  Here 
are  two  churches  and  a  famous  grammar 
school.  In  the  town  and  its  neighbour- 
hood are  manufactures  of  carpets,  sha- 
loons,  and  other  woollen  stufis ;  and  the 
cotton  trade  is  very  flourishing,  Stirling 
from  its  commodious  situation,  commands 
the  pass  between  the  N  and  S  part  of 
Scotland.  It  is  30  miles  NW  of  Edinbnrg. 
Lon.  3  45  W,  lat  56  6  N. 

Stirling,  county  of  Scotland,  35  miles 
long,  and  10  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Perthshire,  NB  by  Clackmananshire  and 
the  frith  of  Forth,  SK  by  Linlithgowshire, 
S  by  Lanerkshire  and  Dumbartonshire, 
and  \V  by  Dumbartonshire,  It  is  divided 
into  22  parishes,  and  contains  60,000  in- 
habitants. The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Forth,  Carron,  and  Avon  ;  and  the  great 
c:mal  crosses  it  from  the  moutli  of  the 
Carron.  The  S  part  of  the  Cviunty  is  n-.oun- 
tainous,  but  the  part  near  the  Forth  is  i'er- 
tile.  It  abounds  in  coal,  ironstone,  and 
limestone.  Population  1801,  50,825  ;  in 
3811,  58,174  ;  and  in  1821,  65,331. 


Stiriun,  town  of  German}',  in  the  duciiy 
of  Berg,  sealed  on  the  Roer,  12  miles  N 
of  Dusseldorp.     Lon  6  52  E,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Stochem,  town  of  Germany,  in  Liege, 
seated  on  the  Maesc,  12  miles  N  of  Maes- 
tricht.     Lnn.  5  42  E,  lat,  51  4  N. 

Stock,  township  of  Harrison  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  483. 

Stockach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Neilenburg.  It  is  seated  on  ft 
river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  N  of 
Constance.     Lo-i.  9  10  E,  lat.  47  .50  N. 

Stochbriilge,  borough  in  Hampshire,  nine 
miles  NW  of  Winchester,  and  67  W  by 
S  of  London.     Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  51  9  N. ' 

Stockbridge,  post  town  in  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  14  miles  N  of  Shef- 
field, and  67  NW  of  Hartford  in  Connec- 
ticut.  It  had  1261  inhabitants,  in  1810  ; 
and  in  1820,  1377. 

Stockbridge,  post  village,  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  26  miles  NW  from  Windsor, 

Stockdoii's  valleif,  post  village,  Cutnber- 
land  county,  Kentucky. 

Stockrau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
duc'iy  of  Austria.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Danube,  and  is  six  miles  NW  of  Neuberg. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  in  a  si- 
tuation remarkable  for  its  romantic  scenery. 
This  capital  whicii  is  very  long  and  irre- 
gular, occupies,  besides  two  peniiisulas, 
seven  small  rocky  islands,  seated  in  the 
Maeler,  in  the  streams  which  issue  from 
that  lake,  and  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  A 
variety  of  contrasted  views  are  formed  by 
numerous  rocks  of  granite,  rising  boldly 
from  the  surface  of  the  water,  partly 
bare  and  craggy,  and  p^irtly  dotted  with 
houses,  or  feathered  with  wood.  The 
harbour  is  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic  ;  the  wa- 
ter is  as  clear  as  crysta/,  and  of  such  depth, 
that  ships  of  the  largest  burden  can  ap- 
proach the  quav,  which  is  very  large,  and 
lined  with  .s'jacious  buildings.  Towards 
the  sea  a!oyi\xi  two  or  three  miles  from  the 
town,  *J«e  harbour  is  contracted  into  a  nar- 
row .strait,  and  winding  among  high  rocks 
d"oappears  from  the  sight ;  and  the  pros- 
pect  is  terminated  by  distant  hills  over- 
spread with  forest.  It  i^  far  beyond  the 
power  of  words,  or  of  the  pencil,  to  de- 
lineate tliese  singid.ir  views.  The  central 
island,  from  which  the  city  derives  its 
name,  and  the  Ilitterholm,  are  the  hand- 
somest  parts  of  the  tov/n.  At  the  extremi- 
ty of  tlie  harbour,  several  streets  rise  one 
above  another,  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre  ;  and  the  royal  palace,  a  magnifi- 
cent building,  crowns  the  summit.  Ex- 
cept in  the  suburbs,  where  several  houses 
are  of  wood,  painted  red,  the  generality 
of  the  buildings  are  of  brick.  There  are 
here  an  academy  of  sciences,  and  an  ar- 
senal. Stockholm  is  200  miles  NE  of  Co- 
pe nha-^en,  and  900  NE  of  London.  Lon, 
IS  9  li,  Int.  ;'i9  20  N. 

9m 


S  T  (J 


b   T   O 


Stoekholm,  post  villag'e,   and  town,  and  Ali  other  persons  except  Indians  not 

township,  St.  Lawrence  county,  New  York,        taxed 1'22 

30  miles  E  from  Og-densbiirg.     Population  Slu\  es           .        -         .         .         -  1,746 

1810,  307;  and  in  18-0   82'J.  ;; 

Stockholm,  post  viliaiTP  and  township,  Total  popu;ation  in  1810     -        -  11,645 

Morris  county,  N'j  w  Jersey.  

i'Abckjwrt,  town  in  Cheshire.     It  has  Population  in  1820. 

a  considerable  manufacture  of  cotton  and  Free  white  rnale^.        -        -        -  5,689 

printed  goods,  and  is>  seated  on  the  Mer-  do.     do.     lemales    -        -        -  5,945 

sey.  six  miles  S  ot  Manchester,  and  175  All  o  her  persons  except  Indians 

Lon.  2  IS  W,  lat.  55  not  taxed         -        .        .         .  0 


Total  whites         -         .         .  - 

Free  pt  rsons  (  f  coleur,  males  - 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  nudes       .         .         .  . 

do.    females     .         .         -  . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 


11,634 

.      106 

89 

1,065 

1,139 

14,033 


6 
5,511 

418 

28 


ISNVV  of  London 
33  N. 

Stockton,  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. It  has  a  large  maiiufacture  of 
sailcoth,  a  trade  in  lead,  C(  rn,  and  but- 
ter, Knd  is  r.cted  for  its  good  ale.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Tei  s,  iiot  f^r  from 
its  mouth,  18  miieG  SSE  of  Durham,  and 
244  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  6  W, 
lat.  54  38  N. 

StockzQiv,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Sile- 
sia, in  tt\e  principality  of  Teschtn,  heated    Fore  gners  n.t  naturi^lized 
on  the  Vistula,  12  mdes  SPL  of  Teschen.    t>'g:<gi^d  in  AgT.ctdturL- 
Lon.  18  32  E,  lat.  49  45  N.  do.       in  Manufactures 

'itoddart.  township  of  Cheshire  coun-        tlo.      in  Cotnmeice 
ty,  Ntw  Hiii-.ipshirc,  containing  1132  in-    Populaion  to  tlie  square  mile,  14|. 
habitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820,  r2u3.  iYoXrcs, -SW  township  of  Madison  coun- 

Stoddartsville,  post  village  in  Coving-    ty,  Ohi  .    Population  1820.  461. 
ton  township.  Luzerne  county,  Pennsyl-        Stokesley,  town  in  the  North  ric'ingof 
vania,  on  the  rluht  bank  (if  the  Lehigh    Yorkshire,  36  miles  N  of  York,  and  239 
river,   32  miles  NW  from  Easton,  and    N  by  VV  of  London.    Lon.  1  2  W,  lat. 
18  mik  s  SE  c-f  \\iike>barre.  54  29  N. 

Sioke,  village  in  Dorsetshire,  near  Stolberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Thu- 
"which  in  1750,  some  antiquities  were  ringia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
dug  up.  ^  name.     It  lias  a  castle,  where  the  count 

Stoke,  village  in  Norfolk.  SE  of  Down-  resides,  and  is  seated  in  a  val'.ey  between 
ham,  and  a  fVny  ra  the  Stoke,  which  two  niountain.s,  10  mies  N  of  Nordhau- 
3S  navigable  to  it  from  the  Ouse.  sen,  and  58  NW  of  Leipsic.     Lon.  11  8 

Stake,  vi.\avc  in  Suffolk.     Its  church    E,  lat.  31  42  N. 
which  is  situated  on  a  hill,  has  a  tower        Siolhofftv,  town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
120  feet  high,    ana  is  a  land  mark   to   bia,  seated  in  a  mi  rass,  near  the  Rhine, 
ships  that  pass  the  mouth  of  the  harbour    eight  nules  SVV  of  Baden,  and  12  NE 
of  Harwich,  at  13  mi!<  stf.stance.  of'strasburg.     Lon.  S  10  E,  lat  48  41  N. 

Stoke,  or  Stoke  Fvges.  \\lh^^,  ;„  Buck-  Siolpen,  town  of  Pc.merania,  in  a  val- 
inghar.ishire,  tour  mdes  NNW  a  wind-  ley,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  50  miles 
sor  Its  churchyard  was  the  sctne  of  NE  of  C  Iberc:,  and  66  NVV  of  Dantzic. 
Gray  s  celebrated  Elegy.  L^n   16  35  E.'^lat.  54  32  N. 

Stokecomer,  town  in  Somersetshire,  stone,  town  of  Staffordshire,  on  the 
26  miles  W  of  Wells,  and  152  W  by  S  of  Trent,  seven  miles  N  by  VV  of  Stafford, 
London.  and  140  NW  of  London.    Lon.  2  6  W, 

Stoke   Vabernon,   village  in    Surry,    lat.  54  54  N 
with  sulphureous  springs.  Stoyieham,  A'orth,  village  in  Hants, 

,S/oAri,  county  ot  North  Carolina  ;  seated  on  the  Itchen.  three  miles  NE  of 
bounded  by  \  irginia  N  ;  Rockingham  Southampton.  In  its  church  is  an  ele- 
and  Guilford  counties  >n  N<  rth  Carolina  gant  mcnumc-nt  erected  in  1783  to  the 
E;  Rowan  S;  and  Surry  W.  Length  memory  of  Admiral  Hawke. 
40;  width  24;  and  area  960  square  AVcTZf/ifn^-f.iemarkablt  heap  of  stones 
mileiv  It  IS  drained  by  the  sources  of  on  Salisbury  Plain,  six  miles  NE  of  Sa- 
the  Dan  and  Yadkin  rivirs.  Chief  towns  lisbury.  It  has  puzzled  many  diligent 
Germantown  and  Salem.  inquirers  to  account  for  the    laying  .of 

those  enormous  stones  one  upon  another, 
4,961  for  they  are  so  heavy,  that  it  is  thought 
4,816    no  method  now   known  is  sufficient  to 

have  raised  those  that  lie  across,  to  that 

9,777   heiglit. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  while  males 
do.     do.     females 


Total  whites 


■^64 


S  T  t) 


S  T  0 


Stone  Arabia,  post  village  in  Palatine, 
Montgomery  county. 

Stone  Jort,  post  village  in  Franklin 
ecu  .ty.  1  enne-see. 

Slone/iam.  township  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  nine  mil-  s  N 
from  BiiSton.     Pupuiation  1820,  61.5 

Stone/ia-ven,  county  town  ot  Kincar- 
tlineshire,  Scotland,  with  a  good  tiarbour 
secured  b\  a  stone  pi-r.  It  lias  some 
trade  in  canvass,  dritd  h-h,  and  oil  It 
is  14  miles  S  by  W  of  Aberdeen. 

Stoningion,  |)Ost  town  and  borough  in 
New  London  county,  Connecticut ;  lying 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  15  miles  east- 
ward of  New  London,  and  near  the  W 
line  of  Rhode  Island ;  in  lat.  41  30  N, 
and  Ion.  72°  VV. 

Stoninglon  was  incorporated  as  a  bo- 
rough in  1801,  and  now  contains  exclu- 
sive of  the  residue  of  the  tiAvnship,  800 
inhabitants ;  two  woollen  and  one  cotton 
factory  ;  an  acade<r.y  ;  and  two  houses 
of  public  worship  'i'his  little  town  gain- 
ed just  celebrity  for  tht-  gailant  and  suc- 
cessful resistance  made  by  its  inhabitants, 
against  a  bombardment  attempted  by  a 
British  squadron,  August  1814, 

Stonesborough,  post  village  in  Green 
county,  Kentucky. 

Stone's  river,  river  of  Tennessee,  fall- 
ing into  the  Cumberland,  six  miles  above 
Nashville.  It  chiefly  drains  Rutherford 
county 

Siones-oille,  post  village  in  Greenville 
district.  South  Carohna. 

Stony  jwini,  post  village  in  Albemarle 
county,  Virginia. 

Stony  point,  post  village  in  Abbeville 
district,  South  Carolina. 

St9n£,  inlet  of  Charleston  district, 
South  Carolina,  opens  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  between  John  and  James  islands, 
about  12  miles  S  from  Charleston. 

Stone  creek,  township  of  Somerset 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Stony  creek, 
hranch  of  Conemaugh,  10  mi-es  E  from 
Somerset.     Population  1820,  754. 

Storkau.  town  in  Upper  Saxony,  24 
miles  ESE  of  Berlin,  and  25  WSW  of 
Francfort  on  the  Oder.  Lon.  13  35  E, 
lat.  52  24  N. 

StormarUi,  principality  in  the  duchy 
of  Hoistein,  bounded  on  the  N  liy  Hol- 
stein  Prnptr,  on  the  E  by  Wageria  and 
Lawenherg,  and  on  the  S  and  W  by  Lu- 
nenburg and  Bremen,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Elbe.  Gluckstadt  is  the 
capital. 

Stornaway,  town  of  Scotland  in  the 
isle  of  Lewis.  It  has  a  harbour  called 
Loch  Stornaway,  on  the  E  side  of  the  N 
division  of  the  island. 

Stortford,  or  Bishop's  Stort^ord,  town 
jn  Hertfordshire.    It  is  seated  on   the 


side  of  a  hill  on  the  river  Stort,  which 
has  been  made  navigable  hence  to  the 
Lea.  It  is  12  miles  NE  of  lli-rtford, 
and  30  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  E,  iat. 
51  55  N 

Slossen  town  of  Germany,  in  U(;per 
Saxony,  six  miles  S  nf  Wei.^senstls  and 
six  SE  nt  Nam  burg. 

Stoughton,  township  of  Norfolk  coun- 
ty, Massac  use tts,  roiiiaining  1134  inha- 
bitants in  1820;  and  in  1820,  1313,  and 
situated  1(5  miles  SVV  ot  Boston. 

Stour,  river  wiiich  rises  on  the  most 
northerly  point  of  Dorsetshire,  on  the 
tdge  of  Wiltshire,  and  after  washing 
Stourminster  and  IJianford,  tluws  to  the 
Hampshire  border,  and  enters  the  sea  at 
Christ  church. 

Stour,  small  stream  in  Kv-nt,  which 
rises  in  liie  Wealk,  fiuws  by  Cunterbury, 
and  empties  itself  into  the  sea  beiow 
Sandwich. 

Slour,  most  considerable  river  in  Suf- 
folk, whici)  forms  the  entire  boundary 
between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  watering 
Clare,  Sudbury,  Nayland,  and  Manning- 
tree,  and  being  joined  by  the  Orwell 
an  arm  of  the  sea  from  Ipswich,  at  which 
place  it  receives  the  Gippmg,  it  falls  into 
the  sea,  and  forms  the  harbour  of  Har- 
wich. 

1^'tour,  river  in  Staffordshire,  which 
runs  through  the  south  angle  of  that 
county  in  its  course  to  meet  the  Severn, 
in  Worcestershire 

Stourbridge,  town  in  Worcestershire. 
This  town  is  noted  for  its  glass  and  iron 
works ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Slour,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  21  miles  N  of  Wor- 
cester, and  124  NW  of  Lon'Jon.  Lon 
2  0  W,  lat.  52  32  N. 
^  Stourbridge,  or  Slurbich,  field  near 
Cambridge,  famous  for  an  annual  fair 
on  the  seventh  of  September.  This  fair 
is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Cambridge ;  and  the  commodi- 
ties are  horses,  hops,  iron,  wood,  lea- 
ther, cheese,  &c. 

Stourminster,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  20 
miles  NE  of  Dorchester. 

Stourfiort,  considerable  village  in  Wor- 
cestershire where  the  Staff* ;rd shire  and 
W^orcester  canal  joins  the  Severn,  is  a 
place  in  a  manner  created  and  from  a 
plain  field  is  become  a  thriving  and  very 
busy  centre  of  inland  water  carriage. 
It  lias  a  stone  bridge  over  the  Severn 
finished  in  1775,  and  is  four  miles  south 
of  Kidderminster. 

Stouts,  village  in  Washington  county, 
Missouri. 

Stow,  town  in  Gloucestershire.    Some 
call  it  Stow  on  the  Would ;  and  it  is  not 
only  seated  on  a  bleak  hill,  but  is  desti- 
tute of  wood  and  water.     It  is  11  miles 
965 


S  T  R 

south  of  Campden,  and  77  VV  by  N  of 
London.     Lon.  1  50  VV,  lat.  51  54  N. 

SLOW  creek,  town  of  Cumberland 
county,  New  Jersey  Population  1820, 
884. 

Stoiv,  township  of  Portage  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  578. 

Stoweij,  town  in  Somersetshire,  seven 
miles  W  by  N  of  Biidgewater,  and  145  W 
by  S  of  London.  Lon.  3  9  W,  lat.  51 
10  N. 

Sioio  Market,  town  in  Suffolk,  it  is  seated 
between  the  branches  of  the  Gippinj,'  and 
Orwell,  and  has  a  navigable  cut  to  Ipswich. 
Its  cherries  are  though i  to  be  the  firest  in 
England,  and  it  h*%  a  large  manufacture  of 
woollen  stuffs.  It  is  12  miles  NW  of  Ips- 
wich, and  75  NNE  of  Lond  )n.  Lon.  1  6 
E,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Stoystoim,  post  village,  and  borough, 
Somerset  county,  Pennsylvania,  29  miles 
W,  from  Bedford.  Poptda'ion  in  1820, 
204. 

Strabane,  toVrU  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Tyrone,  on  the  Mounne,  11  miks  SSW 
of  Londonderry.  Lon.  7  19  W,  lat.  54 
50  N. 

Strabatie,  township  of  Washmgton  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  the  head 
waters  of  Chanier  creek,  five  m'nex  E  of 
Washington.  In  1810  it  contained  2395 
inhabitants;  and  in  1820,  2571. 

Stradella,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Ver- 
sa, near  the  Po,  10  miles  SE  of  R  vin,  and 
47  NW  of  Parma.  Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  45 
5N. 

Strafford,  county  of  New  Hampshire; 
bounded  by  Maine  E;  Rockingham  S,  and 
SW  Grafton  NW  ;  and  Coos  N.  Length 
70  ;  mean  width  21 ;  and  area  1460  square 
miles.  Surface  extremely  diversified.  Pis- 
cataqua  river  rises  in  its  southeastern  an- 
gle. I'he  body  of  the  county  is,  however 
drained  bv  the  sources  of  Merrimac  river, 
and  Winnipissioge,  and  other  lakes  occupy 
the  central  parts.  Soil  tolerablj  productive 
in  grain,  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns 
Dover,  and  Gilmantown. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.     females 


Total  whites       .        -        .        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        - 

Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810     - 


20.681 

20,828 

41,509 


41,595 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -      24,912 

do.    do.  females  -        -      25,638 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .        -        -        .  0 

.966 


S  T  R 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


50,617 


Of  these ; 

Foreiijiiers  not  naturalized  -  H 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -         -       10,284 

do.         in  Manufactures  -         1,538 

do.         in  Commerce       -         -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34J. 

Stafford,  post  village  and  township  of 
Orange  county,  Vermont,  30  miles  N  from 
Windsor.  Popvdation  in  1810,  1805;  and 
in  1820  uncertain.  In  this  town  is  a  re- 
markable copperas  mine. 

Straits  of  Calais.     See  Pas  de  la  Calais. 

Straelen,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Prussian  Guelderland,  five  mdes  SW  of 
Gueldres.     Lon.  5  57  E,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Strahiind,  strong  seaport  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  Pomerania,  surrounded  by  the  Ral- 
tic,  and  the  lake  Francen,  and  has  a  har- 
bour separated  from  the  isle  of  Rugen  by 
a  narrow  strait.  It  is  15  miles  NW  of 
Gripswftld,  and  40  NE  of  Gustro.  Lon.  13 
28  E,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Slrangford,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Down,  seated  on  the  narrow 
channel  that  connects  Lough  Strangford 
with  the  Irish  Sea,  seven  miles  E  of  Down. 
Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  54  31  N. 

Strangford,  Lough,  deep  inlet  of  the  sea, 
in  the  county  oi  Down,  on  the  E  coast  of 
Ireland.  It  contains  54  islands  that  have 
names,  and  many  others  that  are  nameless. 
The  burning  of  Kelp  profitably  employs  a 
great  number  of  hands  in  these  islands. 
The  bar,  or  entrance  into  it  from  the  Irish 
Sea,  is  three  m.lles  below  Strangford. 

Stranraiver,  borough  in  Wigtonshire, 
situated  on  Loch  Ryan.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  linen,  and  is  eight  miles  W  of  Glen- 
luce.     Lon.  5  15  W,  lat.  o5  0  N. 

Sirasherg,  town  and  lordship  of  Suabia, 
18  miles  E  of  Rotwell,  and  19  W  of  Bu- 
chau. 

Strasburg,  commercial  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and 
late  jirovince  of  Al  ace.  It  is  situated  a 
quarter  of  a  league  from  the  Rhine;  and 
the  river  111  runs  through  it,  and  forms 
many  canals.  There  are  six  bridges  of 
communication  between  the  different  qu.ir- 
ters  of  the  city  ;  and  the  inhabit.nts,  exclu- 
sive of  tlie  g;.rrison,  are  computed  to  be 
46,000  The  principal  structures  are  made 
of  a  red  stone,  dug  from  the  quarries, 
wUich  are  alaig  the  Rhine,  This  town 
formerly  imperial,  was  taken  by  Lewis  XIV. 
in  1681.  Tiie  citadel  and  fortifications, 
v.'hich  he  conptrucled.  have  been  ,so  much 


S  T  R 


S  T  H 


augmented,  that  Strasburg  may  be  consi- 
dered as  one  of  the  strong'^st  places  in  Ku- 
rope,  h  was  confirmed  to  France  by  ihe 
peace  of  Ryswick  in  1697.  The  'own  is 
entered  by  six  gates.  Before  the  French 
revohrion  it  was  an  irchiepiscopal  see.  In 
the  cathedral  is  a  dock  which  shows  thc> 
motiiins  of  the  constellations,  th'  revoln- 
tion  of  the  sun  and  moon,  the  days  of  the 
weeks,  the  hours,  &c.  Another  remarka- 
ble circumstance  in  this  cathedral  is  its 
pyramidical  tower,  which  is  549  feet  high. 
Here  is  a  school  of  artillery,  and,  in  one  of 
the  Lutheran  churches  the  mausoleum  of 
Marshal  Saxe.  Str  tsburg  is  55  miles  N  of 
Brasil,  and  255  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  51  E, 
lat.  48  35  N 

_  Stvasburg,  strong  town  of  Westera  Prus- 
sia, in  C  dm,  with  a  castle,  on  the  Drig'^ntz, 
30  miles  from  Th  rn.  Lon.  18  23  E,  la». 
53  5  N. 

Strasbiirg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Uncker  marche  of  Brmdenburg,  12 
miles  N  of  Prenzio,  and  56  N  of  Berlin. 
Lon.  13  43  E,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Strasbur:^,  post  town  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania;  eight  miles  SE  ot  the  bo- 
rough of  Lancaster,  and  55  W  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Strasburg,  post  town  in  Franklin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  10  miles  NW  of  Chambers- 
burg,  13  W  of  Shippensburg,  and  5o  E  of 
Bedford. 

Strasburg,  post  town  in  Shenandoah 
county,  Virginia  ;  situated  on  a  branch  of 
Shenandoah  river,  18  miles  S  by  W  of  Wm- 
chester,  and  32  NB  of  Newmarket,  contain- 
ing about  500  inhabitants. 

Stratford,  considerable  village  in  Essex, 
four  milt-s  ENE  of  London.  It  is  separa- 
ted from  Bow,  in  Middlesex,  by  the  river 
Lea,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  said  to  be  the 
most  ancient  stone  bridge  in  England. 

Stratford  on  Avon,  corporate  town  inWar- 
wickshire,  chiefly  memorable  for  the  birth 
of  Shakspeare,  who  was  interred  here  in 
1616  ;  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  eight 
niiies  SW  of  Warwick,-  and  94  NW  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  44  W.  lat.  52  15  N. 

Stratford,  Fenny,  town  in  Bockingham- 
shire,  seated  on  the  Roman  Watl  ng  street, 
12  miles  E  of  Bii.  kingiiam,  11  from  Dun- 
stable, and  45  NW  of  London.  Lon  0  42 
W,  lat  51  58  N. 

Stratford. St. Mary^s,  considerable  village 
in  Suffolk,  which  h  <s  a  share  in  the  wool- 
len manufacture.  It  is  12  miles  SW  of  Ips- 
wich. 

Stratford,  Sto7iey,hrge  town  in  Bucking- 
hamshire, stunds  with  a  st  ne  bridge  on 
river  Oyse,  to  which  the  Watling  street 
comes,  crosses  thec-mntry  from  Dunstable, 
six  miles  from  Fenny  Stratford,  and  52 
from  London,  in  the  road  to  Chester.  Lon. 
0  50  W,  lat.  ,52  3  N. 


Stratford,  post  village  and  township,  Coos 
county.  New  Hampshire.  Population  m 
1830,  335. 

Strafford,  post  town  of  Fairfield  ci)unty, 
Connecticut;  simated  on  the  W  --ide  of 
Stratf  ird  river,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
Sound.  In  1810  it  c  .n'a.ned  2895  inhabi- 
tants ;  and  in  1820,  3438.  Ii  contaujs  an 
academy  and  four  churches. 

<S'/m{/b)v/,:owiisi'.ip  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, N  w  York,  15  miles  NW  from  Johns- 
town.    Population  in  1820,  407. 

Siratham,  townsh.p  ofRockmgham  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  eight  miles  SW  from 
Portsmo  !th  Population  m  1810,  876; 
and  in  1820,  892. 

Strathbogic,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, 13  m  les  SW  n^  Bail",  and  45  N 
W  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  25  W,  lat.  57  25  N. 
Strathern,  beauti'ul  vale  m  Perthsiilre, 
about  30  miles  in  length,  full  of  ricti  mea- 
dows and  cornfields,  divided  by  the  river 
Earn,  which  serpentines  finely  through  the 
middle,  falling  into  the  Tay,  of  which  there 
is  a  sight  at  the  E  end  of  the  vale.  It  is 
prettily  diversified  with  groves  of  trees  and 
gentlemen's  houses. 

Stathmore,  valley  in  Kidcardine-ihire,  one 
of  the  finest  tr»cts  in  Scotland.  It  begins 
near  Stonehaven,  exendin;.,  SW  almost  as 
far  as  Ben  Lomond,  and  is  sheltered  to  the 
NW  by  th.   Grampian  mou^'ains 

Strathmorey'wev  in  S-therlandshire,  that 
falls  mto  Loch  Hope.  On  this  river  are  the 
ruins  of  a  curious  ancient  fort,  called  Dor- 
nadilla. 

Strathnaver,  district  in  Sutherlandshire, 
which  comprises  the  NE  part  of  that  coun- 
ty. It  takes  its  na  ".e  from  the  river  Naver. 
Strathspey,  fertile  vale  in  MurrayshirCj 
famo'is  for  giving  name  to  a  populous  spe- 
cies of  Scoch  mvisic.  Tuliochgorum,  Ro- 
thiemerches,  and  several  other  piaces,  ce- 
lebrated in  smg,  are  mft  with  in  this  vale. 
StiMthy  river  in  Sutherlandshire,  which 
flows  into  an  exensive  bay  of  the  North 
Sea,  shell ered  by  a  large  promontory  to 
which  it  gives  name. 

Stratton,  town  in  Cornwall,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday:  It  is  seated  between  two 
rivulets  which  here  unite  and  fall  into  the 
Bristol  Channel  at  a  smali  distance  It  is 
18  miles  NW  of  Launceston,  and  221  W  by 
S  of  London.     Lon.  4  43  VV,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Stratton,  township  of  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  40  miles  SW  from  Windham. 
Population  300. 

Straubmgen,  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  large 
place,  with  broad  streets,  handsome 
churches,  and  fine  convents.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  22  miles  SE  ot  Ratisbon, 
and  65  NE  of  Mtmich.  Lon.  12  35  E,  lat. 
48  54  N. 

Strawberry  Plains,  post  village,  Knox 
county,  Tennessee, 

967 


S  T  R 


S  T  U 


Straivherry,  'inall  river  nf  Arkansaw,  and 
Missouri,  a  westerii  branch  of  Black  river. 

Straiutovjn,  post  village,  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania. 

Sn\'athavi,  village  in  Surry,  five  miles 
S  of  London  A  mineral  water  of  a  ca- 
thartic quality  was  discovered  in  this 
parish  in  1660,  quantities  of  which  are 
seiit  to  some  London  hospitals. 

Strebla,  town  of  Germany,  m  Upper 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  14  miles  M  W 
of  Meissen,  and  18  NVV  of  Dresden. 
Lo!!,  23  15  E,  lat.  >1  oO  N. 

Strelitz,  Old.  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
and  duchy  of  Mfcklenburg  Sirelitz. 

Strditz^  JVetv,  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg;  Strelitz,  was  founded  by 
Adulphus  Frederick  III. 

Strcng,  or  Strengues,  town  of  Sweden, 
in  Sudermania,  with  a  coll.  ge.  It  is 
seated  on  the  lake  Maeler,  50  miles  W 
of  St..ckholm.  Lon.  17  40  E,  lat.  59 
20  N. 

IStrcigau,  town  of  Bohenaia,  in  Sile- 
sia, nine  miles  NVV  ot  bchweidnitz, 

Sirinon,  now  Eiiiboid  river,  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Uomania.  It  falls  into 
the  gulf  uf  Contessa. 

Siroems/iohn,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West- 
manland,  on  the  lake  Maeler,  45  miles 
SW  of  Upsal.  Lon.  16  24  E,  lat  59 
SON. 

Stroma,  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Caithness-shire,  once  used  as  a  place  of 
interment,  by  the  inhabitants  ui  several 
of  t'le  neighbiiuring  islands.  In  the  c.i- 
verns  of  this  island,  uncovrupted  human 
bodies  that  had  been  dead  sixtv  years  or 
more,  were  formerly  to  be  found.  This 
island  is  fertile  in  corn,  and  is  inhabited 
by  about  40  families,  who  do  not  plough, 
but  dig  their  corn  land. 

Strombevff,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, capital  of  a  small  district,  in  the 
bishnpr'C  of  Munster.  It  is  20  miles 
SE  ot  Munster,  and  20  NVV  of  Pader- 
born     Lon.  7  43  E,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Stroinberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  LoAver  Rhine,  26  miles  W  of 
Mentz,  and  48  E  of  Treves,  Lon.  7  21 
E,  lat.  49  57  N. 

Stromboli,  the  most  northern  of  the  Li- 
pari  islands.  It  is  a  volcano,  vvhich  rises 
in  a  conical  form  above  the  surface  of  the 
sea.  Of  all  the  volcanoes  recorded  in  his- 
tory, Stromboli  seems  tn  be  the  only  one 
that  burns  without  ceasing  /Etna  and 
Vesuvius  often  lie  quiet  for  many  months, 
and  even  years,  without  the  least  ap- 
pearance cf  Hre  ;  but  Stromboli  is  con- 
tinually flaming,  and  for  agt  s  past,  has 
bet-n  lookfd  upon  .as  the  great  lighthouse 
of  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Lon.  15  45  E,  lat,  38  40  N. 

Stromness,  town  on  the  W  side  of  the 
968 


island  of  Orkney,  with  an  excellent  hai 
hour,  nine  miles  W  of  Kirkwall.  ■] 

Stronisoe,  town  of  Norway,  18  miles  \ 
SVV  of  Christiania.  Lon.  10  20  E,  latf  59  ■ 
43  N.  j 

Stromstadt,  town  of  S-veden,  celebra-  , 
ted  for  its  shell  fish.  Lon.  11  5  R,  lat.  >f 
59  43  N.  ' 

Strongville,  one  of  the  southern  town- 
ships of  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  297 

Sirongoti,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  a  high  rock,  surrounded 
by  others,  three  miles  from  the  sea,. and 
seven  N  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  26  E, 
lat.  .39  20  N 

Slronsa,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Orkneys,  situated  NF,  of  that  called 
M.uiiland. 

Stroud,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  seat- 
ed on  a  brook,  whose  waters  being  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  dying  of  scarlet,  its 
banks  are  crov^ded  with  the  houses  of 
clothiers ;  and  a  navigable  canal  accom- 
panies its  progress  to  the  Severn.  This 
town  has  like  w ise  a  manufactory  of  broad 
cloth,  and  the  canal  has  been  lately  ex- 
tended to  join  the  Thames  at  Lechlade- 
See  Thames.  Stroud  is  11  miles  SE  of 
Gloucester,  and  102  W  by  N  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  VV,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Stroudaburg,  village  and  post  town, 
on  the  north  bratit  h  of  Smith fie'd  creek, 
Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania.  It 
is  built  upon  one  street,  and  is  the  fourth 
in  size  in  Northampton.  An  academy 
has  recently  been  established  there.  It 
is  three  miles  NVV  from  the  Delaware 
Water  Gap. 

Stiiartsbiirg,  post  village,  on  the  road 
from  Pittsburg  to  Greensburg,  18  miles 
from  the  former. 

Stuart's  lake,  lake  of  North  America, 
W  of  the  Chippewan  mountains.  It  is 
but  imperfectly  known  but  represented 
as  300  miles  in  circumferencre  The  NW 
company  have  a  fort  on  its  banks  at  lat. 
54  30  N,  and  Ion.  AV  C  48  W.  I 

Stuhliveissenburg,  strong  town  of  Low-  ' 
er  Hungary,  capital  of  Ekekersedgewai*. 
It  had  the  title  of  regalis,  or  royal,  be- 
cause formerly  the  kings  were  crowned 
and  buried  here.  It  has  been  several 
times  taken  by  the  Turks,  but  has  been 
in  the  hands  of  the  house  of  Austria 
ever  since  1688.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rau- 
siza,  20  miles  SW  of  Buda.  and  162  N 
by  W  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  40  E,  lat. 
47  19  N. 

StuUngen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle,  35  miles 
W  of  Constance.  Lon.  8  54  E,  lat.  47 
45  N. 


s  u  c 


S  U   D 


Stia'brJdffe,  townsliip  of  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  Ci!ntainii!g  1927 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  2u  niiles 
SW  of  \Vorct:'hter .  n.ar  the  Conr.ectictil 
line.  Population  1810, 19i7  ;  and  in  1820, 
1633. 

Siurgeon,  bay  of  Green  bay,  Sftting 
up  SE  lowanls  lake  Michigan,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Menonnonic  river,  and  45 
milts  NNE  from  the  moutli  of  Fox  river. 

Stufgard,  city  of  Buabia,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg.  It  i.s  sur- 
rounded by  walls  and  ditcht-s,  aiid  has 
an  ancient  castle,  with  a  rich  cabinet  of 
curiosities,  a  mug  lificent  palace,  an  cr- 
phan  house,  a  college,  a  ducal  academy 
and  observatory,  a  military  academy,  and 
one  of  the  larg>  st  iibrarii  s  in  Germany. 
It  has  manufactures  of  silks,  stockings, 
ribands,  £cc  and  possesses  an  academy 
'  of  painting,  scalpture  and  architecture, 
and  around  it  are  innumerable  vineyards 
and  garden-,  'i^hc  streets  are  narrow 
in  the  city,  and  the  houses  generally  >  f 
wood;  but  there  are  fine  houses,  and 
straight  streets,  in  one  of  the  suburbs, 
Stutgard  was  tak^n  by  the  French  in 
June  1796,  and  in  Novtmbi  r  1799.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain  among  mountains,  near 
the  river  Neckar,  36  miles  E  of  B^den, 
and  52  NE  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  9  21  E, 
lat.  48  44  N. 

Suabia  country  of  Germany,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Franconia  and  the  circle  of 
.  Lower  Rhine,  W  by  thai  circle  and  Al- 
sace, S  by  Switzerland,  and  E  by  Bava- 
ria. It  contains  the  greater  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Wirterniierg,  the  rnargra- 
vate  of  Baden,  and  some  other  territo 
ries . 

Siiakan  or  Suaquam,  seaport  and  the 
capital  (!f  the  cimntry  of  Abex,  seated 
on  a  smal!  iblHiid  of  tiie  same  nnme,  in 
the  fled  Sea.  It  is  iht-  rtsider.ee  of  a 
Turkish  governor  under  the  bashaw  of 
Cairo,  and  waa  once  a  very  fiourishing 
place,  but  is  now  gone  to  decay.  Lon. 
37  55  E,  lat.  19  56  Is. 

Subiaco,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  si-at-.d  on  the  Tever.)ne,  33 
miies  E  by  N  of  Rome. 

Sucanada.  town  in  tho  SW  coast  of 
Borneo  cipital  of  a  kingclom  ot  the 
saice  name.  Th<'  chief  products  of  the 
country  are  camphor  and  diauionds.  It 
is  seated  at  the  m  uth  cf  a  river.  Lcr.. 
no  15  E,  lat.  1  10  S. 

Success  l^ay,  bay  oi)  the  SE  coast  of 
Terra  del  Fucgo.  The  south  promnn- 
tory  at  its  entrance,  is  called  Cape  Suc- 
cess    Lon.  65  27  W,  lat  .55  1  S. 

Success,  township  of  Cons  county.  New 
Hamphire.     Piipul.ition  1820,  uncertain. 

SucfiiC('/i<x,  city  of  Guatimala,  GJ  miles 
WNW  from  the  city  of  Guadmala. 
5"  G 


Suckasunny,  post  village  in  Morris 
C(;unty,  New  Jersey,  10  miles  NVV  from 
M  rristown 

Suczava  tow^n  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Moldavia,  formerly  a  flourishing  city, 
but  now  much  declined.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  70  miles  N\V 
of  Jas^y.     Lon  25  52  E,  lat.  47  57  N. 

Suda,  strong  fort  of  the  isle  of  Can- 
dia;  situate  on  an  islet,  in  a  gulf  of  its 
name,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  and  sa- 
fest harboui  s  in  the  lievant.  This  fort 
was  constructed  by  the  Venitians,  who 
preserved  it  a  great  while  after  Candia 
was  no  longer  in  their  possession.  It  is 
eight  n  iles  E  of  Canea. 

Sudbury,  borough  in  SufFold,  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor  ;  on  the  Stoar  (which  is 
navigable  •  hence  to  Manningtree)  14 
miles  south  of  Bury  St.  Edmund,  and  54 
NE  of  London  Lon.  0  50  E,  lat.  52 
11  N 

Sudbury,  post  village  in  Rutland  coun- 
ty, Vt  rmont,  43  miles  Vv"  from  Windsor. 

Sudbury,  townshij)  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  25  miies  W  from  Bos- 
ton. Population  1810,  1287  ;  and  in  1820, 
1417. 

Suderhamn,  tov/n  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Helaing'and,  which  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade  in  linen,  butter, 
timber  and  flaz.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  near  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, 20  miles  N  of  Gesle.  Lon,  17  5  E, 
lat.  63  20  N. 

Suderkofiing.  town  of  Sweden,  in  E 
Gothland,  10  miles  south  of  Nordkoping, 
and  90  SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  56 
E,  lat    53  19  N. 

Sundermania,  or  SudermanlarM,  pro- 
vince of  Sweden  Proper,  62  mile.s  Inng, 
and  42  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Up- 
land and  Wcstermania,  on  thi-  E  by  the 
peninsula  uf  Tarin,  on  the  S  by  the  Bal- 
tic, and  on  the  W  by  N-ricix"  It  is  the 
most  populous  part  in  Sweden,  and 
abounds  in  corn,  and  mines  of  divers 
metals.     Nik' ping  is  the  capital. 

Sudcrtelge,  town  of  Sv/eden,  in  the 
province  of  Sudermania,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  worsted  and  silk  stockings.  It  is 
16  miles  WSVV  ot  Stockliulm.  Lon.  18 
0  E,  lat.  59  10  N. 

Sudkr's  cross  roads.  See  Sadler's 
c;o.j.s'  roads,  in  the  Ac'dei  da, 

Sudoree,  ov,c  of  tne  Faro  Islands,  in 
t!)e  Norti'.ern  Ocean  ;  remarkable  for  a 
dangerous  whirlpool  nei;r  it,  which  is 
occasicned  by  a  crater,  61  fathoms  deep 
in  the  centre.  The  danger,  especially 
in  storms,  is  very  gre&t ;  but  at  the  re- 
iiax,  and  in  very  stiii  weather,  the  in* 
habitants  venture  in  boats,  f(;r  the  sake 
of  fishing. 

90 


S  U  F 


S  U  G 


Suenborg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Funen,  with  the  best  harbour 
in  the  island.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
woollen  and  linen.  It  is  22  miles  south 
of  Odensee.     Lon.  10  Z7  E,  lat.  55  9  N. 

Suez,  seaport  of  Egypt,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  at  the  N  eiid  of  the  W  gulf 
of  the  Red  Sea,  called  the  gulf  of  Suez. 
This  gulf  is  separated  from  the  Medi- 
terranean, by  an  isthmus,  125  miles  over, 
which  joins  Asia  to  Africa.  The  town 
is  surrounded  by  a  sandy  cou  try,  and 
is  without  water.  It  is  65  miles  E  of 
Cairo.    Lon.  32  45  E,  lat.  30  2  N 

Suffielcl,  post  town  in  Hartford  coun- 
ty, Connecticut ;  situated  on  the  VV.b  nk 
of  Connecticut  river,  18  miles  north  of 
Hartford,  and  55  N  by  E  of  New  Ha- 
ven In  1810  the  township  contained 
2686  inhabitants;  and  in  1820,  2681. 

Suffield,  southern  township  of  Portage 
county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  290, 

Suffolk,  county  of  England,  58  miles 
long  dud  28  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Cambridt^eshire,  on  the  N  by  Norfolk, 
on  the  S  by  Essex,  and  on  the  E  by  tlie 
German  Oct  an.  It  lies  in  the  diocess  of 
Norwich  ;  contains  22  hundreds,  28  mar- 
ket towns,  and  575  parishes ;  and  sends 
16  members  to  parliament.  Suffolk  is  in 
general  a  level  country,  without  any  con- 
siderable eminences  The  principal  ri- 
vers are  the  Stcur,  Waveny,  Little  Ouse, 
Larke,  Deben,  Gipping,  and  Orwell. 
Ipswich  is  the  principal  town  ;  but  the 
assizes  are  held  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's. 
Population  1801, 210,-431;  in  1811,  234,211; 
and  in  1821,  270,542. 

Suffolk,  county  of  Massachusetts,  com- 
prising only  the  townships  of  Boston,  and 
Chelsea.  See  those  articles.  This  coun- 
ty comprises  only  a  very  small  spot  on 
the  continent,  Boston  peninsula  and  the 
islands  in  the  harbour. 

Population  in  1810. 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 


43,941 


Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females   - 

Total  whites     -        .        -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 
Slaves               .... 

Total  population  in  1810  - 

18,050 
16,847 

32,897 

1,484 
0 

34,381 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         ... 

do.  do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

20,430 
21,734 

50 

Total  whites               -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do,            do.     females    - 

pro 

42,214 
775 
952 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -        1,772 
Engaged  in  Agi-iculture     -        -  194 

do.        in  Manufactures  -        2,905 

do.  in  Commerce  -  -  2,499 
Suffolk,  county  of  New  York,  compri- 
sing the  E  part  of  Long  Island  ;  bounded 
by  Queen's  W  ;  Long  island  Sound  N ; 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  NE,  E  and  S. 
Length  80 ;  mean  width  8 ;  and  area 
64 J  square  miliS.  The  same  range  of 
hilis  which  has  been  noticed  as  passing 
through  the  N  side  of  King's  and  Queen's 
counties,  is  continued  in  Suffolk,  in  which 
latter  county  they  expire  near  Poconic 
bay.  The  south  side  of  Suffolk  ceunty 
is  an  alluvial  plain.  Soil  of  the  whole 
county  rather  sterile.  Chief  towns,  Ri- 
ver head,  Sag  harbour,  and  Southamp- 
ton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  malt-s  -        -        9,650 

do     do.     females  -        -        9.677 

Total  whites  -        -        -      19,327 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....       1,S7S 
Slaves 413 


Total  population  in  1810  -      21,113 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        •      11,191 

do.     do,    females  -        -      11,250 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  342 


Total  whites            -        -        -  22,783 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  523 

do.            do.      females  643 

Slaves,  males            ...  171 

do.    females         ...  152 


Total  population  in  1820  -      24,272 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  12 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         4,642 

do,        iu  Manufactures  -         1,099 

do.        in  Commerce       -         •  342 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  38. 

Suffolk,  post  town,  and  the  principal 
seat  of  justice  in  Nansemond  countj% 
Virginia  ;  lying  on  the  SE  side  of  Nan- 
semond river,  28  miles  SW  of  Norfolk, 
and  65  SE  of  Petersburg  on  the  Appo- 
mattox.    It  has  about  350  inhabitants. 

Sugar  creek,  SW  township  ot  Stark 
county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  492. 


S  U  L 

Sugar  creek,  township  of  Tuscarawas 
county,  Ohio,  in  which  is  laid  out  the 
town  of  Shanesville.  Population  1820, 
988. 

Sugar  creek,  township  of  Green  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  1820,  1881. 

Sugar  creek,  township  of  Wayne  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  642.    . 

Sugar  loaf  southern  township  of  Lu- 
zerne county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Nescopec 
creek.    Population  1820,  1112. 

Sugelmessa,  or  Sigelmessa,  province  of 
Barbary ;  bounded  on  the  S  by  the  king- 
dom of  Tafilet,  and  on  the  N  by  Mount 
Atlas.  It  is  about  100  miles  in  length  ; 
abounds  in  corn,  dates,  and  other  fruits, 
and  has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  antimony. 
The  government  is  a  republic.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  same  name  is  seated  on  the  Zig, 
150  miles  NNii  of  T^^filet.  Lon.  5  5  W, 
lat.  29  40  N. 

Sullivan,  post  town  in  Hancock  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  at  the  head  of  Frer.ch- 
-man's  bay,  35  miles  E  of  Castine,  in  lat.  44 
30  N,  and  lon.  68  23  W. 

Sullivan,  township  Cheshire  county, 
New  Hampshire,  38  miles  SW  from  Con- 
cord. Population  in  1810,  515  ;  and  in 
1820,  582. 

Sullivan,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Delaware  river  or  Pennsylvania  SW  and 
W;  Delaware  countj'  in  New  York  NW ; 
Ulster  NE  ;  and  Orange  SE.  Length  33  ; 
mean  width  25 ;  and  area  825  Surface 
broken,  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  It 
is  watered  by  numerous  creeks  flowing 
into  the  Delaware,  particularly  Nevesink 
and  Beaver  creek.  Soil  of  middling  quali- 
ty.    Chief  towns,  Monticello  and  Rome, 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        3,228 

do  do.    females      -        -        -       2,826 


Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,882 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  358 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  26 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  10. 

Sullivan,  post  village  and  township, 
Madison  county,  New  York,  on  Chittenen- 
go  creek,  30  miles  west  from  UUca. 
Population  in  1810,  1974  ;  and  in  1820, 
2932. 

Sullivan,  NE  county  of  Tennessee ; 
bounded  by  Scott  and  Washington  coun- 
ties, A'irginia  N ;  Ashe  county,  North 
Carolina  E ;  Carter  county  in  Tennessee 
SB ;  Washington  S ;  and  Hawkins  W. 
Length  50  ;  mean  width  12  ;  and  area  600 
square  miles.  Holston  river  flows  ihroHgh 
the  entire  length  of  tliis  county  from  east 
to  west,  receiving  the  AVantanga  river  from 
the  SE  about  two  thirds  down  the  county. 
Surface  generally  hilly,  and  in  part  moun- 
ta  nous.  Good  river  soil.  Chief  town, 
Blountville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        3,065 

do     do.      females  -        -        3,006 


Total  whites       .        -        -        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -        -        - 

Slaves,  .        .       .       - 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        - 

Total  whites        -        -        ^        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females  - 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -        - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 


Total  whites             -        -        -  6,071 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -        -        -  ^^3 

Slaves                -        -                -  ''''^ 


6,054 

11 

43 

6,108 


4,579 
4,219 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males       -         .         - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        •         - 

Total  whi'es       .        -         -         • 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        • 
do.    females  -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Oftliese; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 


6,847 


7,015 


8,900 


2 

670 

167 

19 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Sullivan,  SW  township  in  Mednia  county, 
Ohio  ;  containing  183  inhabitants  in  1820. 
Sullivan,  county  of  Indiana;  bounded  by 
Wabash  river  W  ;  Vigo  county  N  ;  Martin 
E ;  and  Davies  and  Knox  S  Length  26  ; 
mean  width  25;  and  area  630  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  various  creeks  of  Wabash. 
Chief  town,  Marion. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males,      ...         1,852 
do.  do.    females   .        -        -         1,618 


239   Total  whites       -        -        -        ■        ^'^'^^ 
971 


&  u  w 


s  u  M  ; 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
dn.        do.         femaies 
Slaves,  males      .        .        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1S20      - 


3,498 


10 
1,169 

26 
12 


Of  these  ; 
P'oreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do,        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  5 

Sullivan,  small  low  island  on  the  NE 
side  of  Charleston  harbour,  six  miles  SE 
from  Charleston. 

Sully,  town  of  France,  in  the  dt-partment 
of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Orieanois, 
seated  on  the  Loire.  20  miles  SE  of  Or- 
leans.   Lon.  2  26  E,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Sulmona,  town  of  Naples,  in  Ahruzzo 
Citeriore,  anciently  called  Sulmo.  It  is  re- 
markable  for  being  the  birh-place  of  Ovid. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sora,  26  miles  SW  of 
Cheiti.     Lon.  14  55  E,  lat.  42  0  N. 

Sultunia,  considerable  town  o  '  Persia,  in 
Irac  Agemi.  Here  is  a  magnificent  mosque, 
which  contains  the  tomb  of  sultan  Choda- 
bend.  It  is  50  miles  XVV  of  Casbin  Lon 
51  53  E,  lat.  36  16  N. 

SuUampoiir,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Lahore.  Lon.  73  50  E, 
lat.  SO  25  N. 

Suliampoiir,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Oude,  li'-e  miles  N  of 
Allahabad.     Lon.  82  30  E,  lat  29  5  N. 

Sultz,  town  of  Germ.anv,  in  Wirteraburg, 
near  the  Neckar,  where  there  are  some 
salt-woi  ks  sufficient  to  supplv  the  duchy 
•tt'ith  salt.  It  is  12  miles  SE  of  Frenden- 
stadt,  and  12  N  of  Rothweil.  Lon.  S  o5  E, 
lat.  48  18  N. 

Siiltz,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  medicinal  spnng, 
12  miles  SSW  of  Colro-^r. 

SxiUzbacli,  town  of  Bavaria,  subject  to 
the  duke  of  Neuhurg  Sultzbach.  It  is  10 
miles  NW  of  Amberg,  imd  32  N  of  Ralis- 
bon.     Lon,  11  56  E,  "lat.  49  38  N 

SuUzburg,  town  of  B::denl)urlacl5,  in  a 
territory  fertile  in  good  wine,  eight  .miles 
SW  of  Friburg.     Lor,.  7  30  E,  lat.  4~  54  N. 

Sumasinia  River.  See  article  Mexico, 
page  592. 

Sumatra,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  the 
most  western  of  th.e  Sunda  islands.  Its 
general  direction  is  nca.-'sy  NW  and  SB. 
The  eqna'.or  divides  it  into  almost  t-qual 
parts  ;  tile  one  extremity  beinnr  in  5  33  N, 
the  other  in  5  56  S  lat.  and  Achcen  Head, 
i's  N  extremity,  is  in  lon,  95  34  N.  It  is 
950  miles  in  length,  and  from  150  to  200 
in  breadth  ;  separated  from  Malacca,  by 
the  strait  of  that  name,  and  from  Java,  by 
?-hc  strait  cf, Sunda.     Th^  island  is  sur. 


iO  passed  by  few  in  the  beautiful  mdulgences 
10  of  nature.  A  chain  of  mountains  run 
4  through  its  whole  extent;  the  ranges,  ii 
4  many  parts,  being  double  and  treble ;  yet 
their  altitude  is  not  sufficient  to  occasion 
their  being  covered  with  snow  during  any 
part  of  the  year.  Between  these  ridges 
are  extensive  plains,  considerably  elevated 
above  the  surface  of  the  maritime  lands. 
In  these,  the  air  is  cool  ;  and,  from  this  ad- 
v.intage,  they  are  esteemed  the  most  eli- 
gible ponion  of  the  country,  arc  the  best 
inhabited,  and  the  most  cleared  from 
woods,  v/hich  elsewhere,  in  general,  cover 
both  hills  and  v:dleys  with  an  eternal  shade. 
H  re  too  are  found  many  lakes  and  rivers, 
tliHt  facilitate  tiie  communication  between 
the  different  parts  The  inhabitants  con- 
sist of  Malays,  Achenese,  Ba  tas,  Lampoons, 
and  Kejaifgs  :  the  latter  .re  taken  as  a 
standard  of  description,  with  respect  to  the 
person,  m mners,  and  cu-stoms  of  the  Su- 
matrans.  They  are  rather  below  the  nid- 
dle  stature  ;  their  bulk  in  pr  iponion  ;  their 
limbs,  for  the  most  part,  slight,  but  well- 
shaped,  and  particidarly  small  at  the  wrists 
and  ancles.  Their  hair  is  strong  and  of  a 
shining  black.  Rice  is  the  only  grain  that 
grows  in  the  country.  Here  are  sugar- 
canes,  beans,  peas,  radi-hes,  yams,  pota- 
toes, pumpkins,  ^nd  several  kinds  of  pot- 
herb.s  unknown  to  Europe  ;  and  also  most 
of  the  fruits  to  be  met  with  in  other  parts 
of  the  East  Indies  in  the  greatest  perfec- 
tion. Indigo,  salt-petre,  sulphur,  arsenic, 
brasil  wood,  two  species  of  the  bread-fruit 
tree,  pepper,  cass  a,  campliire,  benjamin, 
coffee,  and  cotton,  are  likewise.the  pro- 
duce of  this  island.  Here  also  is  the  cab- 
bage trte  a'^d  silk  cotton  tree;  and  the 
forests  contain  a  great  variety  of  valuable 
species  of  wood,  as  ebony,  pine,  sandal, 
eagle,  or  aloes,  teak,  manchinee!,  and  iron 
wood,  and  also  the  banyan  tree.  Bees' 
wax  is  a  commodity  of  great  importa'.ce 
here  ;  and  there  are  likewise  edible  birds' 
nests.  Gold,  tin,  iron,  copper,  and  lead, 
are  found  in  the  cuntry  ;  and  the  former 
is  as  plentiful  here  as  in  any  part  of  Asia. 
Sumitia  is  divided  into  manv  petty  king- 
doms, th^  chief  of  which  are  Acheen,  In- 
drapore,  P.limhan,  and  Jambi.  The 
English  and  Dutch  have  factories  <;n  'his 
island  ;  the  princii  al  one  of  the  former 
being  Fo 't  Marlborough,  at  Beticoolen. 

Siimbnl,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Oud'^,  45  miles  WNW  of 
BereiUv,  and  65  E  of  Delhi  Lon.  78  55  E, 
lat.  21  25  N. 

Samhnlpour,  or  Semilpour,  town  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of 
O  is-a.  280  miles  west  of  Calcutta.  Lon, 
83  40  E,  lat.  21  25  N. 

Snmeh,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  in  the 
province  ofNatolia,  34  miles  E  of  Perga- 
mo. 


■S  V  M 


S  U  N 


Sumevein,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  seat- 
ed in  'he  island  of  Schui,  made  by  the 
riv.  r  Danube  It  is  16  miics  south  of 
Prei'burg.     Lon.  17  23  E,  !at.  48  4  N. 

Summary,  pi'St  town,  Montg  mery  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  35  miles  NNW  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Summerfield,  post  town,  Guilford  county, 
North  Carolina. 

Summit,  township  of  Schoharie  county, 
New  Y)rk.     Population  in  1820,  1468, 

Sumner,  post  village  and  township,  Ox- 
ford county,  Main-,  six  miles  NE  from 
Paris.     Population  in  1820,  1055. 

Sumner,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  bounded 
by  Kentucky  N;  Smith  E,  Cumberland 
river  or  Wilson  S  ;  Da\ison  SVV  ;  and  Ro- 
bertson NW.  Lengtli  30 ;  mean  width 
16  ;  and  area  450  square  miles.  It  is  wash- 
ed on  the  S  by  Cumberland  river,  and 
drained  by  various  creeks  of  tliat  stream. 
Chief  town,  Gaiatin. 

Population  in  1816. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,145 

do.     do.     females  -        -        4,816 


gle  of  Sumner.      Chief  town,  Sumpter- 
vdle. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        .3,692 

do.    do.    females  -        -        3,436 


Total  whites               -        -        -  9,961 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .       -       -        -  97 

Slaves         .        -        -        .        -  3,734 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 

do.     do.  females     .        .         . 
.All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

Total  whites       .        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  msles     - 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males     -        .        -        - 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Enj^agad  in  \g'riculture 

do.        in  Manufactiire.'! 

do.        in  Commerce 


13,792 


6,820 
6,481 


19,211 


13 
4,507 
472 
76 
Population  to  the  Kquare  miie,  42. 

Sum[)ter,  district  of  Scuth  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Santec  river,  or  Charlestown 
district  S  ;  Santee  river,  or  Orangeburg 
S\y  ;  Waleree  river  or  Richland  VV; 
Kers'iaw  NW;  I.ynch's  creek,  river,  or 
Darlington,  NE  ;  and  Williamsburgh  N. 
Length  50  ;  mean  width  30 ;  and  area  1500 
square  miles.  The  central  part  of  tliis 
district  is  drained  by  Black  river  branch 
of  Great  Pedee.  Soil  generally  sandy, 
.  Surface  level.  The  canal  connecting  San- 
tee river  with  Charlestown  harbour  leaves 
the  Santee,  nearly  oytiosite  to  the  SE  an- 


Total  whites       .        -        -        -  7,128 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  288 

Slaves 11,638 

Total  population  in  1810         -      19,054 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        4,585 

do.    do.    females     -        -        -        4,259 
Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       ....  8,844 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  187 

do.            do.      females  195 

Slaves,  males      ...         -  7,961 

do.    females           -        -         -  8.182 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      25,369 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  17 

Engaged  in  Ai^riculture     -         -         9,369 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  246 

do.         in  Comm^  rce       -         -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17  nearly. 

Swnpterville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Sumpter  district,  South  Carolina,  on 
a  branch  of  Black  river  100  miles  a'little 
W  of  N  from  Cliarleston, 

Svnapee.  lake  of  New  Hamphire,  on  the. 
western  border  of  Hillsborougii  and  eastern 
of  Cheshiri  county,  discharging  tarotigii 
Sugar  river  into  Connecticut  river,  li  is 
through  this  hike  that  a  channel  of  water 
communication  is  designed  to  unite  Mer- 
rimac,  and  Connecticut  rivers. 

Sunbvry,  county  of  New  Brunswick. 

Sovart,  district  in  Argylshire,  in  the  pe- 
ninsula at  the  NW  end  of  that  count}'.  It 
Is  remarkable  for  numerous  veins  of  lead, 
which  however  are  not  very  produce ve. 

Smiart  Jjoch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  in 
Argyleshire,  which  divides  ihe  island  of 
Mull  from^the  district  of  Morven. 

Sunbury,  post  town,  borough,  and  seat 
of  justice,  in  Noithumbcrland  coriutj', 
Pennsylvania ;  situated  on  th-.-  E  side  of 
Susqueb.^mnah  river,  two  miles  below 
Northumberland,  56  N  of  Harrlsburg,  and 
164  NW  of  Philadelphia,  containing  about 
700  Inhabitants. 

Sanbury,  post  town,  Gates  county.  North 
Carolina,  about  40  miles  SW  from  Norfolk 
in  Virginia. 

Simbu-.y,  flourishing  post  town,  :uid  town- 
ship in  the  eastern  part  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  1820,  875. 

Simbnri',  post  town,  and  port  of  entry, 


SUN 


S  U  R 


in  Liberty  county,  Georgia  ;  lying  on  the 
S  side  of  N.  Newport  river,  45  miles  S  by 
E  of  Savannah,  in  lat.  31  43  N,  and  Ion. 
81  18  W.  The  harbour  is  formed  and  de- 
fended from  the  weather  by  u,e  interposi- 
tion of  Catherine  Island,  which  lies  off  its 
entrance.  An  academy  was  erected  here 
in  1788,  which  has  become  a  very  flourish- 
ing institution. 

Stmk  Island,  island  within  the  mouth  of 
the  Humber,  about  nine  miles  in  circuit, 
separated  from  Yorkshire  by  a  channel, 
near  two  miles  broad. 

Sunning,  village  in  Berkshire,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  two  miles  iNE  of  Reading. 
It  was  once  an  episcopal  see. 

Sunjiing  Hill,  village  in  "Berkshire,  in 
Windsor  Forest.  It  is  noted  for  its  me- 
dicinal wells,  which  are  efficacious  in  pa- 
ralytic cases,  and  is  six  miles  SSW  of 
Windsor. 

Sunda,  strait  between  Sumatra  and  Bor- 
neo. 

Sunda  Islands,  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  the  straits  of  Sunda.  The 
chief  of  them  are  Bornea,  Java,  and  Su- 
matra. 

Sunderbunds,  or  The  Woods,  a  tract  of 
country,  consisting  of  that  part  of  the  Del- 
ta of  the  Ganges,  in  Hindoostan  Proper, 
and  in  the  soubah,  of  Bengal,  which  bor- 
ders on  the  sea. 

Sunderburg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Alsen,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  strait,  called  Sunderburg  Sound, 
12  miles  E  of  Fiensburg.  Lon.  10  0  E, 
lat.  54  51  N. 

Simde-  fho  or  Melnndy,  fortified  island 
and  seaport  of  the  Deccan,  on  the  Concan 
coast,  reduced  by  conuTiodore  James,  in 
1756.  It  is  about  10  miles  NE  ot  Vmgor- 
la  Rocks,  and  36  NNVV  of  Goa.  Lon.  7o 
20  E,  lat.  16  3  N. 

Sunderland,  township  of  Bennington, 
Vermont,  15  miles  NE  from  Bennington. 
Population  1810,  575  ;  and  in  1820,  600. 

Sunderland,  post  village,  and  township, 
Franklin  county,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Connectictit  river,  eight  miles 
below  Greenfield.  Population  1810,  551 ; 
and  in  1820,  597.  * 

Sunderland,  seaport  in  the  bishopric  of 
Durham.  It  is  a  large  and  thriving  town, 
which,  for  the  exportation  of  coals,  is  next 
in  consequence  to  this  side  of  the  king- 
dom to  Newcastle.  Its  port,  on  the  mouth 
of  the  Were,  though  improved  from  its 
former  state,  will  not  admit  the  largest 
ships.  There  are  several  glass-houses  at 
Sunderland ;  and  it  also  exports  grindstones 
and  other  articles.  It  is  13  miles  NE  of 
Durham,  and  264  N  by  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  14  W,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Sunderland,   town  of  the  United  States, 
in  Massachusetts  ;  sealed  on  Connecticut 
river.  100  miles  W  of  Boston. 
974 


Sunds-wall,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Medrlpadia.  It  carried  on  a 
trade  in  tar,  bark  of  birch  trees,  deals  and 
linen,  and  is  s-aled  near  tiie  gulf  oi  Both- 
nia.    Lon.  18  5  E,  laU  62  45  N. 

Sunfish,  township  of  Pike  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  502. 

Sjinneberg  or  Sonneberg,  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Saxony,  and  terri- 
tory of  Sternburg,  with  a  castle,  sealed  on 
the  Darta,  50  miles  E  by  N  of  Berlin. 
Lon.  15  10  E,  lat.  52  41  N. 

Superior,  lake  of  North  America.  See 
St.  Laivrence  basin,  and  St.  Mary's  straits. 

Supino,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  xVIo- 
Iise,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  the  Tamara,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appennines,  17  miles  N  by  W  of  Bene- 
vento. 

Sur.     See  Sotcr. 

Sura,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Westmanland. 

Surat,  city  and  seaport  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan.  It  is  said  to  have  200,000 
inhabitants,  and  its  trade  is  very  considera- 
ble. Surat  IS  situated  on  the  confines  of 
Guzerat,  20  miles  up  the  river  Tapty,  and 
177  N  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  48  E,  lat.  21 
ION. 

Sure,  river  of  Ireland  in  Tipperary, 
which  flows  into  St.  George's  Channel. 

Surgooja,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  180  miles  SSW  of  Patna 

Surinam,  country  of  South  America, 
in  Guinea,  extending  75  miles  long  a 
river  of  the  same  name.  It  abounds 
with  game  and  singular  animals  of  dif- 
ferent kinds;  the  toad,  in  particular, 
being  n-markable  for  its  enormous  size 
and  ugly  form.  It  priduces  fruits,  in- 
digo, sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  gums,  and 
wood  for  dyeing.  The  woods  are  full  of  ■ 
monkeys,  and  it  is  said,  there  are  ser-  j 
pei  ts  30  feet  long.  The  capital  is  Para- 
maribo. 2 

Suringia,  commercial  town  of  Japan,    ', 
in  the    island  of   Niphon,    capital  of  a     , 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,     , 
where  the   emperors  formerly  resided. 
Lon  139  5  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Surry,  county  of  England,  37  miles 
long,  and  27  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Middlesex,  on  the  E  by  Kent,  on  the 
S  by  Sussex,  and  on  the  W  by  t^mp- 
shire  and  Berks.  It  lies  in  the  diocess 
of  Winchester;  contains  13  hundreds, 
11  market  towns  (including  Southwark) 
and  140  parishes ;  and  sends  14  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  The  air  is  generally 
temperate  and  healthy.  Suny  has  been . 
compared  to  a  piece  of  coarse  cloth 
with  a  fine  border;  its  circumference 
being  in  general  fertile,  but  its  middle 
parts  barren.     On   the  banks    of  the 


n  V  R 


S  U  S 


Thames  it  has  a  range  of  beautiful 
meadows  interspersed  with  nuiiifcrous 
villas  and  pleasure  gnmncls  P  puLuioii 
1801,  269,043 ;  in  1811,  353,851  ;  and  in 
1821,  398,658. 

Surry,  county  of  Lower  Canada. 

Surry,  post  village  and  township  Han- 
cock county.  Maine,  18  miles  NK  from 
Cdstine  Popuiation  1810,  360 ;  and  in 
1820,  428. 

Surry,  township  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  40  miles  S\V  from 
Concord.  Population  1810,  564  ;  and  in 
1820,  570. 

Surry,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
James'  river,  opposite  Charles'  city  coun- 
ty N  ;  Jaait  s'  river  opposite  James'  city 
county  NE  ;  isle  of  Wight  SE  ;  Sussex 
SW,  and  VV  ;  and  Prince  Gtorge  N\V. 
The  NK  sources  of  BUck  river  branch  of 
Nottaway  rises  in  Surry.  Length  22 ; 
mean  width  15 ;  and  area  330  square 
miles  Chief  town,  Cobham. 

~  Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        1,355 

do.    do     females  -        -        1,396 

Total  whites  -  -  -  2,751 
All  oti-.'-r  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  664 

Slaves 3,440 


Free  white  females 


4,752 


Total  population  in  18 iO 


6,855 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...         1,280 
do.     do.     females     ...         1,362 
A'.l  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      '  -        -        w        -  0 


Tot;il  whites       .... 

2,642 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

308 

do.            do.        females  - 

304 

Slaves,  males       .... 

1,783 

do.   females    -        -        -        - 

1,552 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        6,594 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  1,848 

do.      in  Manufactures    .        -  215 

do.      in  Commerce         -        -  37 

Population  to  the  square  mile  20. 

Surry,  county  of  North  Carolina ; 
bounded  by  Virginia  N  ;  Stokes  county 
in  North  Carolina  E ;  Rowan  and  Irtdeil 
S  ;  and  Wilkes  and  Ashe  W  ;  and  area 
726  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
extreme  northern  sources  of  tbe  Yadkin. 
Surface  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
Chief  towns,  Rockford  and  Huntsville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        4,061 


Total  whites        -         •                 -  8,813 
All  01  her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  84 

Slaves         -        ■        -        -   '     -  1,469 


Total  population  in  1810             .  10,366 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        ...  5,296 

do.   do.    females     ...  5,547 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites       -         -        -         -  10,843 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  65 

do.            do.        females,  47 

Slaves,  males      .        -         .        .  711 

do.    females          _        .        -  654 


Total  population  in  1820 


.  12,320 


Of  these  ; 
Foreif^ners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         3,366 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  156 

do.         in  Commerce        .         -  IS 

PopuLiti  n  to  liie  square  mle,  17. 

Sursee,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Lucern,  seated  near  the  lake 
of  Sempach,  five  miles  S  of  Lucern. 

Sursoofy,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
114  miles  NW  of  Delhi. 

Sus,  river  of  Morocco,  which  forms 
the  S  boundary  nf  the  empire  of  Mo- 
rocco and  enteis  the  Atlantic  at  M^zza. 
It  fertilizes  its  banks  by  annual  inunda- 
tions. 

Susa,  seaport  of  Tunis.     See  Sousa. 

Susa,  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  ca- 
pital of  a  marquisate  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fort.  It  is  seated  on  the  Doria, 
among  pleasant  mountains,  and  is  called 
the  key  of  Italy,  being  the  principal  pas- 
sage out  of  iFrance  in  Italy.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1704,  but  re- 
stored to  the  duke  of  Savoy  1707.  It  is 
30  miles  NW  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  24  E, 
lat.  45  20  N. 

Susannah,  village  of  Clermont  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  on  Ohio  river. 

Susdal,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Volodimir.  capital  of  a  duchy  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  built  of  v/ood,  and 
seated  on  the  Khasma,  90  miles  NE  of 
Moscow.     Lon.  40  25  E,  lat.  56  26  N. 

Susquehannah,  river  of  the  United 
States.  This  noble  stream  from  the  ca- 
price of  geographical  nomenclature 
looses  its  name  at  its  junction  with  tide 
water  ;  an  error,  now  beyond  remedy. 

Undt-r  the  general  head  of  the  conflu- 
ents of  Chesapeak  bay  is  included  a  basin 
of  navii^ation,  m  form  of  an  immens.e  trian»- 
975 


3  U  S 


S  U 


gle,  having  450  miles  base  from  the  ex- 
treme soatliern  sources  of  Nansemoiid 
river,  lat  36  40  N,  to  those  of  the  Chenan- 
go branch  of  Susquehanna!),  lat.  42  55  N, 
and  250  miles  perpendicular  from  Cape 
Henry,  N  luf.  37  0,  East  Lon.  ivimt  Wash- 
ington City  1  10,  to  tiie  extreme  western 
sources  of  James'  civer,  N  la..  37  15,  West 
lon.  from  W-  shingt  m  Ciiy  3  20.  with  an 
area  of  65.000  squ-a-e  miles  This  is  by 
far  the  most  extensive  and  peculiar  basin 
of  the  Atlantic  si  pe  of  the  Unted  States. 
The  bay  of  Chesape^ik  penetra'es  it  from 
north  to  snilh  175  miles.  Into  the  wes- 
tern side  of  this  great  bay,  or  rather  gulf, 
flow  a  number  of  tributary  brandies,  of 
which  she  principal  are,  James'  river  York 
river,  Rappahannoc,  Potomac,  Fatuxent, 
Patapsco,  anJ  Susquehannah. 

The  Siisquehann:'.!!  loses  its  name  at  the 
foot  'if  ;ts  iails,  a\  N  lat.  39  33,  exac:ly  one 
degree  E  from  Washington.  From  its 
magnitude,  and  fnm  the  western  origin  of 
its  sources,  the  Susquehannah  seems  to 
form  a  natural  chaio  of  water  C'>mmunlca- 
tion  between  the  Atlamic  Oce.n  and  Ohio 
valley;  and  the  curious  fact,  that  all  its 
great  tributaries  flow  from  the  right  and 
completely  pierce  the  .Appalachian  chain, 
renders  this  observation  sill  more  striking. 
If  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  general 
physiognomy  of  the  Susquehannah,  we  iind 
i'vS  extreme  northern  source  in  Madison 
county,  New  York,  witlim  16  miles  of 
Oneida  lake,  and  15  from  the  hne  of  the 
Great  Canal,  and  in  the  angle  between  the 
sources  of  the  Mohawk  and  Seneca  rivers. 
This  is  the  Chenango  river,  afterwards 
augmented  by  the  Bnst  branch.  Thi-  lat- 
ter originates  in  the  northern  spine  of  the 
Caisbergs,  in  the  angle  oetween  the  heads 
of  the  Coquago  brancli  of  Delaware,  the 
Chenango,  and  opposite  to  the  Mohawk 
river,  reaciiing  wiihin  less  than  ten  miles 
from  the  line  of  the  Great  Canal  of  New- 
York.  The  East  branch  is  correctly  so 
called,  as  its  sources  are  in  fact  the  most 
eastern  tribu'.ary  waters  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah. The  East  branch  and  Chenango 
unite  in  Broome  county  in  New  York ;  the 
former  having  by  an  abrupt  curve  entered 
and  retreaied  from  Peimsylvania.  Below 
their  junction  the  united  waters  flow  a 
little  south  of  west,  enter  Tioga  county  in 
New  York,  and  turning  nearly  south  into 
Bradford  county  in  Pennsylvania,  receive 
the  Tioga  branch  from  the  north-west,  at 
Tioga  Point. 

The  Tioga  river  rises  in  the  angle  be- 
tween the  sources  of  the  Genesee  and  Se- 
neca rivers,  in  Steuben,  Allegheny,  and 
Ontario  counties,  in  New  York,  and  within 
30  miles  from  the  line  of  the  Great  Can;u. 

The  general  course  of  the  Tioga  i-iver 
is  from  north-west  to  south-east,  by  com- 
parative courses    about    80   inites.     The 
976 


general  course  of  the  Susquehannah  propei, 
already  noticed,  is  from  north-east  to  SDUth 
west,  by  comparative  courses  120  miles. 

What  in  a  partictilar  manner  render 
remarkable  the  two  great  northern  consli- 
tuents  of  the  .Susquehannah,  is  their  enclo 
sing  the  two  long  aim  navigable  lakes  Se- 
neca and  Cayuga  ;  the  latter  stretching,  in 
an  almost  direct  line,  from  the  Great  Canal 
u>  within  20  miles  of  the  Tioga  river,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Newtown  creek,  about  ;;0 
miles,  by  cotripurative  courses,  above  Tioga 
Point ;  and  the  latter,  or  Cayuga,  stretch- 
ing also  from  the  line  of  the  Grc-at  Canal, 
to  vrithin  30  miies  from  the  Susquehannah, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego,-  about  2G 
miles  a'^ove  Tioga  Poin^.  Nature,  in  this 
section  (jf  country,  seems  to  have  advanced 
liaif  way  to  aid  the  efforts  of  m;-.n  in  form- 
ing channels  of  communication  betv/eeii 
the  basins  of  the  Susqueiiannah  and  ' > 
Lawrence.  The  two  fine  lakes  of  Senec 
and  Cayuga  are  each  respectively  upwar> 
of  35  miles  in  length,  and  occiipying  tli: 
angle  between  the  two  main  northern  con- 
stituents of  the  Susquehannah,  would  ap- 
pear to  have  been  placed  in  their  actual 
position,  as  if  to  give,  in  their  utmost  ex- 
tent, the  greatest  navigable  facility. 

From  the  Tioga  Point,  the  Susqurhan- 
nah  flows  by  comparative  courses  60  miles>, 
to  the  month  of  the  i^awahannoc  creek,  in 
the  centre  of  Luzerne  county.  In  this 
range,  the  river  flows  nearly  due  soutii.  10 
miles  to  the  western,  or,  more  correctly, 
north-western,  verge  of  the  Appalachian 
mountains.  Hi'herto,  the  entire  tributary 
waters  of  this  stream  have  originated  and 
flown  north-west  of  the  Appalachian  chain, 
and  on  the  secondary  formation.  At  the 
miuths  of  the  Towanda  and  Wysaukin 
ceeks,  tlie  river  curves  to  SE  and  enters 
the  moup.tains,  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
their  genei'al  range.  Continuing  about  10 
miles  still  farther  upon  the  secoiulary,  the 
river  enters  on  the  great  central  transition 
formation,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tunkhan- 
n'>c,  where  it  passes  the  main  ridge  of  the 
Appalachian  chain,  and  issues  into  the  fine 
valley  of  Wyoming,  across  which  it  main- 
tains a  south-east  course  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Lawahannoc.  Here  the  now  noble 
stream  of  ti^e  Susquehannah  again  turns  at 
nearly  right  angles,  and  flows  down  the 
remarkubie  Wyoming  valley,  by  compara- 
tive courses,  70  miles,  to  its  junction  v.'ith 
the  west  branch  at  Northumberland  ami 
Sunbury. 

The  west  branch  rises  entirely  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  within  the  Appalachian  val- 
leys, though  upon  the  secondary  formation. 
Its  general  course  is  nearly  from  west  to 
east,  by  comjjarative  courses,  150  miles,  to 
wlicre  it  p.:sscs  the  main  ridge  of  the  Ap- 
palacliian  ciiain,  and  enters  on  the  transi- 
tion formation  20  miles  below  Wiliiamspcrt. 


U'  s 


s  u  s 


Here  tlie  river  pierces  the  moaiitaiu,  tiows    bin  pariaiccs,  ift  common  with  its  three  con- 
into  the  grrat  valley,  and  turning  to  nearly    tigiioi:s  Atlantic  basins,  those  of  Roanoke, 
due  south  25  miles,  to  its  junction  with  the    Dekv/arc,  and  Hudson. 
Susqiiehannah.  These  very  important  facts  prove  how 

Below  the  moutli  of  the  West  Branch,  little  we  are  advanced  in  a  correct  view  of 
the  Susquehannali  pursues  a  general  du'c-c-  any  of  these  basins,  in  a  navigable  point  of 
lion,  a  little  wcst  of  south,  40  miles  to  the  view,  by  the  most  minute  knowledge  of 
mouth  of  the  Juiiiata  The  latter  is  lite-  the  relaiive  position  of  the  mountains,  the 
rally  a  monntuin  stream,  and  has  its  whole  extent  and  relative  position  of  the  ditlerent 
valley  on  the  central  transition  formation,  formations,  or,  more,  that  of  the  courses  of 
lis  general  course  is  nearly  from  west  to  the  rivers  ihemst-lves.  Falls,  iii  the  proper 
east,  parallel  to  the  Wt^st  Brand).  Similar  sense  of  the  term,  are  rare  in  any  of  the 
to  the  oilier  secondary  rivers  of  ttie  babin  Atlantic  rivers.  What  are  usually  denomi- 
of  the  Susquehannah,  the  Juniata  traverses  nated  falls  are  in  reality  rapids  ;  but  those, 
the  Appalachian  ridges  in  several  places,  in  respect  to  either  their  position  or  mag- 
and  flows  in  either  a  parallel  direction,  of  nitude,  have  but  an  incidental  connexion 
at  right  angles  to  those  ridges.  with  the  mountain  ridges.     In  mostinstan- 

Below  the  mouth  of  Juniata,  the  Stisque-  ces,  where  the  rivers  do  pass  the  moun- 
haiuah  asiumes  a  south-east  direction  of  tains,  rapids  occur  ;  bvit  this  coincidence  is 
80  miles,  by  comparative  courses,  and  be-  by  no  means  universal.  The  rivers,  in  a 
ing  precipitated  from  the  primitive  on  the  number  of  the  mountain  gaps,  present  an 
sea-sand  formation,  loses  its  name  and  rank  intervening  smooth  sheet  of  water.  This 
as  a  river  in  Chesapcak  B.-^y.  is  remarkably  the  case  with   the  Juniata, 

.  Between  the  head  of  the  latter  bay,  and  below  Bedford,  and  with  the  Lehigh,  at  its 
the  mouth  of  the  Juniata,  t!ie  Susqueh^n-  passage  througli  the  Kittatinny  range, 
iiah  passes  three  mountain  ridges  :  the  Kit-  The  real  fall  of  the  water  in  its  descent 
tatmny  above,  and  the  IMiie  Ridge  below  from  the  inountain  valleys  to  tiie  level  of 
Ilarrishuigh,  and  what  may  correctly  be  the  tides,  can  in  no  instance  be  even  tolera- 
called  the  south-east  mountain,  below  the  bly  correctly  estimated  by  a  comparison 
mouthof  the  Conestogo  and  Pequea  creeks,  with  its  course  through  the  mountains. 
The  valley  of  the  Susquehannah  proper  Every  stream,  to  be  well  understood,  must 
presents  an  area  of  inland  navigation  of  be  stirveyed  separately,  and  considered  a 
about  20,000  square  miles.  whole  in  itself. 

If  we  turn  our  eye  to  the  whole  basin  of  Before  quitting  tl^s  general  review  of 
the  S'lsqnehantiah,  and  consider  it  geo-  the  basin  oi  the  Su-quehannah,  we  may  re- 
graphically,  we  have  before  us  a  mighty  mark,  that  the  main  volume  of  that  river, 
link,  which  cormects  the  three  great  river  from  its  source  to  the  Atlantic,  receives  all 
sy.stems  of  North  Americii — '.hose  of  the  its  large  tributary  streams  from  the  right, 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  St.  Lawitence,  and  Atlantic  and  serves  as  a  common  recipient,  lying 
Ocean  proper.  The  natural  facilities  it  along  the  base  of  an  inclined  plain,  ex- 
presents  to  channels  of  inland  navigation  tending  from  the  37th  to  tiie  42d  degree  of 
will  be  shown  in  tiie  sequel,  with  the  rela-  north  latitude.  It  will  be  seen  by  inspec- 
tive  elevation  of  its  motmiain  valleys,  and  lion,  that  this  feature  is  also  prominent  m 
the  obstructions  opposed  to  artificial  water  the  physiognomy  of  the  Potomac,  Dela- 
routes.  ware,  and  the  Hudson.     See  James^  river. 

If  we  examine  this  basin  geologically,  ^'"'''^^  "'^^'''  Happahanuoc,  Potomac,  Patux- 
we  find  its  general  physiognomy,  in  a  very    ^'*''  -^  alnj'^co,  ike. 

remarkable  manner,  commanding  our  at-  The  subjoined  extracts  are  taken  from 
tention.  We  have  in  this  basin  all  the  for-  t^'ie  resolves  of  a  tTieeting  at  Wilkesbav- 
mations  wliich  the  world  aftbrds,  from  the    re,  Nov.  4lh,  1822. 

highest  class  ofprlmitive  rocks  to  the  most  "  VVhereas  the  complete  and  unob- 
recent  alluvion.  And  we  have  all  those  structed  navigation  of  the  river  Susque- 
formations  on  an  immense  scale.  But  the  hannah  is  wished  for  by  every  friend  to 
circumstance  arising  out  of  this  geological  the  prosperity  of  the  commonwealth, 
structure,  most  worthy  of  our"  attentive  and  is  calculated  to  advance  the  imme- 
observation,  is  th:^t  the  courses  of  tlie  diate  and  lasting  interests  of  all  who  in- 
waters,  or  their  fitness,  or  tinfitness  for  habit  its  borders  and  the  borders  of  its 
nayigation,  appears  to  be  totally  indepen-  tributary  streams,  and  whei'eas  a  con- 
dent  of  the  rock  formations.  It  appears,  venient,  cheap,  and  safe  market  at  all 
also,  that  although  the  mere  windings  of  seasons  throughout  its  channel,  would, 
the  streams  are  influenced  by  the  mountain  in  our  opinion,  put  an  end  to  pecuniary 
ridges,  that  their  general  courses  towards  suffering  in  the  midst  of  abundance,  and 
the  recipient,  into  which  the  waters  are  to  the  great  depression  of  property  sur- 
discharged,  have  no  dependence  upon  rounded  with  unavailing  sources  of 
either  the  mountains  or  rock  formation,  wealth. — We  feel  it  incumbent  upon  us 
The  latter  qharacter  the  Susquehannah  ba-    tn  endeavour  to  impress  the  public  mind 

6  H  orr 


s  L  y 


s  u  s 


the  importance  of  the  object,  and  through 
the  public  voice  to  call  upon  the  i-epir- 
sentativcs  of  the  people  to  take  mea- 
sures for  effecting  the  proper  and  neces- 
sary improvements  in  tlie  channel  of 
this  noble  rivtr. 

"  A  single  e:lance  at  tlie  map  of  Penn- 
sylvania is  sufficient  to  convince  the  most 
unbelievini^,  and  a  more  thcrougli  exa- 
mination of  the  vast  tract  of  country  wa- 
tered by  this  river  and  its  biMnches  will 
strike  the  reilecting  mind  with  astonish- 
ment, that  our  state  has  not  yet  called 
into  actinn  tiiose  great  agricultural,  ma- 
nuSacturing,  and  cnmrnt-rcial  advanta- 
ges which  its  improvement  would  inevi- 
tably prodi'.re.  That  these  advantages 
cannot  Wfli  be  overrated  is  evident,  if 
■we  will  but  take  the  tmuble  to  trace  on 
the  maps  the  sources  of  the  Susqui-han- 
nah  :.nd  its  numerous  brai.chrs,  ;-.nd  ex- 
amine into  the  nature  and  resources  of 
the  country  v?hich  thi^y  water  in  all  tlieir 
various  windings. 

"  This  territory  (that  drained  by  the 
Susquehannah  proper)  may  bs  eni'pha- 
tically  called  the  heart  of  Pennsylvania. 
It  furnishes  a  greater  surplus  of  graiii  than 
all  the  rest  of  the  state  together  ;  it  fur- 
nishes beside,  four  fifths  of  all  ilic  lumber 
Vt'hich  finds  its  way  to  thv  BiUimore 
market,  and  much  of  that  sent  to  Phila- 
delphia. Its  ores  are  abundant,  and  al- 
ready manufactures  more  iron  than  any 
other  district  in  the  state,  and  the  quan- 
tity can  be  increased  to  any  amount.  Its 
mountains  abounds  in  stciie-coal  of  the 
best  quality  ;  this  article  is  found  on  the 
Juniata,  on  the  west  branch,  and  the 
county  of  Luzerne  alone,  could,  v/ere 
the  Susquehannah  made  easy  of  naviga- 
tion, furnish  a  sr.fficic'nt  supply  for  all  the" 
cities  and  towns  in  the  Atlantic  sea  board. 
Bradford  county  has  extensive  n)incs  of 
bituminous  coal,  and  Susquehannah  has 
her  salt  springs.  Ih  short  the  more  we 
examint  into  the  nature  and  extent  of  our 
resources,  the  more  we  are  astonished 
at  our  supineness  and  neglect. 

"  The  counties  of  Sttuben,  Tioga,  Ot- 
sego, Broome,  and  part  qf  Delaware,  in 
the  slate  of  New  York,  are  also  depend- 
ant upon  this  river  for  an  nutlet  for  the 
produce  of  their  labour,  and  are  anxious 
for  itsim^jrovement. 

"  The  country  embraced  by  the  Sus- 
quehannah and  :ts  waters  contains  about 
22,000  square  mi'es,  or  about  f  urtctn 
milions  of  acres,  producing,  or  capabU; 
of  pr(>duciiii^,  all  the  matt  rials  for  the 
manufacture '/f  iron,  steel,  cutlery,  glass, 
stone  ware,  pottfry,  queens  ware,  cnbi- 
net  ware,  cloths  of  wool,  hemp  and  flax 
iG  all  their  \  ariety,  cordage,  spirits^^malt 
liqnor.s ;   in  r.horc,  everv  artif'le   which 

9r« 


is  necessary  for  the  comfort  and  coi.> 
nience  of  m?.n,  .The  who'e  of  thiscoun 
try  is  well  calculated  for  the  growing  o; 
grain  and  p'.dse  of  all  kinds,  comtnon  to 
temperatt  latitude  ;  raising  of  cattle, 
sheep,  s%vine,  poultry,  and  conseqiscniiy 
of  beef,  perk,  buttei",  chetse,  feathers  ;. 
and  is  well  stockfd,  more  particularly 
al(;ng  the  northern  side  of  the  state  for 
about  60  or  70  uiiles  in  width,  with  tim- 
ber of  the  best  quality  for  boards,  sc-.nt- 
iing,  masts  and  spaia  f>.r  our  shipping, 
and  iunjber  for  every  description  of  Imild- 

"  To  the  m-jrchant  then  we  say,  open 
to  us  tlie  safe  navigation  ;)f  the  Susque- 
liaiiaah,  and  we  will  throw  into  your 
hands  the  products  of  our  mines,  our  fo- 
rests and  our  suil,  property  t'.i  the  amount 
of  from  three  to  five  m.llions  of  dcliars, 
anruaily.  This  |)roj)erty  you  can  turn 
to  your  own  profit  as  well  as  ours,  and. 
in  return,  we  will  receive  such  commo- 
dities as  Will  suit  your  condition  and 
i,ur  wants.^  The  beneht  will  be  recipro- 
cal— the  interest  mutual — the  objtct  pa- 
triotic— the  times  favourable  for  its  com- 
pletion— let  us  no  loHf^er  hesitate. 

"To  the  manufacturer  we  say,  open 
the  navigation  of  the  river,  and  you  ob- 
tain at  a  cheap  rate  the  raw  materials 
for  canying  on  your  various  occupations 
to  the  gnatist  advantage.  Shall  vie  re- 
main tributary  to  Russia  and  Sweden  for 
iron  and  steel,  when  our  mountains  are 
filled  widi  the  riclust  of  ore  }  Shall  we 
be  cependcnt  ujjou  Eunpe  and  Asia  for 
the  clothes  we  wear,  when  we  can  fur- 
nish you  v/ith  the  wool,  the  flax,  the 
hemp,  the  water  power,  and  all  the  ma- 
terials f>)r  carrying  ou  your  business  with 
profit  to  y  urse'.vts,  to  us,  and  with  ad- 
vantage tw  your  c  untry. 

"  To  the  farmer  we  s?.y,  shall  our 
agricultural  industry  retpain  unrewarded 
and  circuniicrib'r'd  ?  Shall  millions  of 
acres  cf  the  finest  land,  covered  with 
timber  of  the  b-st  quality,  and  contain- 
ing v/ithin  its  bosom,  mines  of  iron,  cop- 
per, lead,  coal,  marble  in  abundance, 
continue  a  mere  solitary  wilderness,  and 
an  exhausting  encumbrance  to  the  pro- 
prieters  ?" 

Susquelicnnah,  ccunfy  of  Pennsylva- 
nia; hund.^d  by  BrcKime  county  in  Kew 
York  N  ;  Wa>  ne  auDty  in  Pennsylvania 
E  ;  Luzsriie  S  ;  and  B'-adford  W  Lene,th 
34 ;  width  23  ;  and  area  800  square 
milts.  Surface- hilly,  and  S'il  generally 
of  itiiddiing  quality. 

Th'^  Is^cal  tf  atures  of  tiiis  county  are 
very  peculiar.  The  Susquehannah  river 
enters  and  again  retires  from  its  north- 
ern border;  and  thence,  after  uu  im- 
mense sweep  through  Broome  and  Tioga 


s  u  s  ^  '    ^ 

ccunties  in  New  York,  and  Bradford  l^^Ol  159,311  ;  in  1811,  190,083  ;  and  in 
ccur-tv  in  Pennsylvania,  it  again  r  aches    1821,  232,927. 

in  the  NW  angle  of  Luzenu-,  within  Susficx  NVV  county  of  ^ew  Jersey ; 
less  tiian  fi^-e  miles  from  the  SW  ans^le  bounded  bv  Delaware  river  or  Luzerne 
of   susnue^iannah       From  this   si.t.ccu  ar    cr;unly  ot    Ptiinsylvania  W   ;    Delaware 

river   or   Pik.     coonty  m   Pr-nnsylvanio. 

NVV  ;  Orange  county  in  New  Y.^rk  NE  ; 

and   B  riren.    iMorris,    and   Huntingdon 

9         -IT  -r  0  1-7'  T         i\.      irO    . 


position,  the  crerks  of  the  hitter  county 
How  from  its  centre  Uke  radii  (>f  a  cir 
cie,  and  yet  u^ariy  aU  enter  Susqufhan- 
nah  river.  Chief  town  of  this  county 
Moirtrose. 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        5,149 
do.     do.     females  -        •        4,761 

AU  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  tax  'd       -        -        -        - 


Total  whites     ....  9,910 

Free  persons  if  colour,  mahs  22 

do.            do.        females  28 

Slaves,  males             -        -        -  0 

do.     f<;ma]es          ...  0 

Total  populatio:i  hi  1S20            -  9.960 


Counties  in  New  Jersey  SE.  L'-ngtli  58  ; 
mean  width  18  ;  and  area  about  1000 
square  miles.  It  is  a  hilly  or  mcuntam- 
ous  tract.  B  sides  the  Delaware,  it  is 
watered  by  Ptntterkiil,  Paulingskill,  Pe- 
quest  cree's,  Mnskonetoung  creek,  and 
tl-.e  WallkiU.  The  alluvial  valleys  and 
^  much  ofthe  highland  soil  excellent.  Chief 
town  Newton.  See  Sussex  jVerj  Jersey 
in  the  Addenda. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -         -         12,7o8 

do.    do.    females  -        -        12,034 


3'.9 

1,86:J 

271 

23 


Total  wliitcs  -  ■•        ; 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .         .         -         - 
Slaves        ..... 


24,80^ 


T.tal  population  :n  1819, 

Populatioa  In  1820. 
Fr*^e  wltua  males 
do.  d;>.  ftmales 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturaiiztd 
Engaged  in  A;-ricu'.ture 

(lo.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Populalioti  to  the  square  mile-  13^. 

Stitsex,  cou'.ty  of  England,  70  mill's        

in  lengr.h,  and  23  where  brcadtst  |^  b'>ui.d-    ;^]i'o\|,er  persons  except  Indians 
ed  on  the  N  by  Surry  on  Uie  NE  and  E       jj  ,.  taxed     - 
by  Kent,  on  the  S  by  the  English  charm,-', 
and  on  the  W  by  Hanr.pshir.-.    The  N     i',,tal  whites    - 
part  of  Suss-x,   a  tract  continued  from    Fre;  persons  of  colour,  males 
the  Weald  of  Kent,  and  of  the  same  na-  jo.  jo.      females 

ture  with  it,  was  form.erly  entirely  co-  s'.aves,  males 
vered  with  forests  ;  and  though  many  of  j,,.  fcm<des 
these  have  been  cut  do%vn,  it  is  still  well 
furnished  with  fim.ber  br.th  of  large  and 
small  growth.  The  middle  line  of  the 
county  is  a  rich  tract  of  arable  and  mea- 
dow. To  it  succeed  the  Downs,  a  range 
of  green  open  hills  of  a  chalky  soil.  To 
wards  the  sea  the  land  in  general  de- 
clines,  and  in   some  parts  is  marshy 


869 
478 


Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  u,ot  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.         ill  >lanuf:icture3 
do.         in  Commerce 


26,149 


16,354 
15,547 

0 

51,901 
259 
214 
172 
206 

32,752 


122 

5,539 

1,611 

97 


This  county  was  formerly  famous  fv  r  Population  to  the  square  mile,  33^-. 
iron-works,  in  which  great  quantities  of  Sussex,  southern  county  of  Delaware  ; 
charcoal  were  used  for  smelling  the  ore,  bour.ded  by  Dt-lawaie  b.ay  NE  ;  Atlantic 
and  thus  the  woods  came  to  bf  gradually  Ocean  E  ;  Worcester  county  in  Maryland 
wasted.  The  works  are  now  almost  or  g.  Somerset  county  in  Maryland  SW;  I)or- 
entireiy  abandoned  ;  this  business  from  chestev  and  Caroline  counties  in  Maryland 
the  late  improvements  made  in  smelt-  \^'.  ;,n,i  Kent  county  in  Delaware  N. 
ing  iron  with  pit-coal,  having  migrated  Lengtli  32  ;  nienn  witlvh  30  ;  fand  area  960 
to  the  counties  which  abound  in  that  squarj  ni  le.s.  Surfnce  geneia'dy  level  and 
cheaper  article,  as  well  as  in  Imn  ore.  'm  pari  marshy.  Soil  iandy  in  part  and  of 
The  prndi'.ctis  for  which  Sub=^  x  : '-  't  pre-  middhng  (luality.  Us  waters  flov/  from  its 
sent  distinguished,  are  chiei^y  corn,  hops,  centre  in  opposite  directions;  Nantikoke 
wool,  cattle,  and  timber  It  is  not  dis-  drains  iu  western  side.  Pocomokc  river 
tinguisht  d  for  any  manufacture,  but  tliat  has  its  source  near  iXs  southern  limits ;  In-, 
of  gunpowder  at  Battel,  and  of  needles  dian  nve-.',  interlocking  sources  with  both 
at  Chinchester  The  principal  rivers  the  preceding  flows  into  ihe  Atlantic 
are  the  Arun,  Adur,  Ouse,  and  Rother.  Ocean;  and  Cold  spring,  Bioadkill,  Prune- 
Chinchester  Is  the  cacital.     Population    hook,   Slaughter,   Cedar,    and    Mispillan 

979 


S  TJ  S 


y  w  A 


creeks  enter  Ihe  bay  «f  Delaware.     Chief 
towns,  Georgetown,  and  Lettistown. 

Popula'iion  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -         -        -       16,958 

do.  do.  females     -        -        -      10,789 


Total  whites       .         -         -        . 

21,747 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          •         -        -         . 

3,601 

Slaves         -         .         .         .         - 

2,402 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

27,750 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

9,455 

do.   do.     females    -         -  '      - 

9,277 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ... 

0 

Total  whites       ....  18,732 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  1,524 

do.              do.      females  1,557 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,274 

do.    females            ...  970 


Total  population  in  1820 


24.057 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  2 

Engaged  in  Agriculture               -  4,758 

do.       in  Manufactures             -  439 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  149 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Siissea;  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
by  Southampton  SE  ;  Greenville  SW  ;  Din- 
widdle, and  Prince  George  NW;  and  Sur- 
ry NE,  and  E.  Length  38;  mean  width 
20  ;  and  area  760  square  miles.  More  than 
four  fifths  of  its  entire  surface  is  drained 
by  the  Nottaway  river  and  its  confluents. 
Black  water  river,  however,  also  contri- 
butes to  water  the  NE  section.  Chief 
town  Hunting. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        .        -        2,221 
do.    do.    females  -        -        2,215 


Total  whites       -        .        .        -  4,436 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       -       _       _  532 

Slaves,      -        -        -        -        -  6,344 

Total  population  in  1810           -  11,362 

Population  in  1820. 

■Pree  white  males        -        -        -  1,975 

do.    do.  females    -        -        -  2,180 

Total  whites       ....  4,155 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  324 

do.           do.       females  -  360 

Slaves,  males      ....  3,707 

do.    females  ....  3,338 

Tdtal  population  in  1820    -        -  11.8a4 


Of  thesie ; 

Foreigner^  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -  -  3,880 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  47 

do.        in  Commerce        -  -  7 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15|. 

SutherlttJul,  includes  the  divisions  of 
Sutherland  and  Strathnavershire,  it  is 
bounded  on  the  N  and  part  of  the  W  by 
the  Northern  ocean;  on  the  SW  by  Ross- 
siiire,  on  the  S  and  SE  by  the  Frith  of 
Dornock,  and  on  the  E  by  Caithness-shire. 
It  is  about  50  miles  long  from  N  to  S,  and 
46  in  its  broadest  part  from  E  to  W,  ter- 
minating at  t!ie  S  to  not  more  than  12 
miles  bro.id.  It  is  mountainous,  but  the 
valleys  are  fertile  :  abounding  with  black 
cattle  and  v/ild  fowl.  Population  in  1801,  d 
23,117;  in  1811,  23,629;  and  in  1821,  f 
23,840.     Dornock  is  the  county  town. 

Sutri,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Piizzulo,  22  miles 
NW  of  Rome. 

Sutton,  post  village,  and  township,  Hills- 
borough county,  New  Hampshire,  20  miles. 
NW  from  Concord.  Population  in  1820, 
1573. 

Sutton,  post  town  and  township,  Wor- 
cester county,  iMassachusetts  ;  10  miles  S 
from  Worcester.  Population  in  1810,  2660; 
and  in  1820,  2056. 

Sutton  Colefield,  corporate  town  in  War- 
wickshire, 24  miles  NNW  of  Warwick, 
and  110  NW  of  London. 

Suza,  city  of  Italy.     See  Susa. 

Suzanne,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mayenne,  with  a  considerable 
paper  manufacture,  24  miles  W  of  Mans. 

Swabia.     See  Suabia. 

S-waffham,  town  in  No;-folk,  on  a  bill,  28  i 
miles  W  of  Norwich,  ;ind  93  NE  of  Lon-  .  \ 
don 

Swale,  river  in  Yorkshire,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Westmoreland,  flows  E  by 
Kichmond  and  then  SE  to  its  junction 
with  the  Ure,  a  little  below  Aldborough, 
where  their  united  stream  forms  the  Ouse. 

Swally,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat, 
with  a  harbour,  where  ships  receive  and 
deliver  their  cargoes  for  the  merchants  of 
Surat.  It  is  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Cam- 
bay,  15  miles  W  of  Surat.  Lon.  72  33  E, 
lat.  21  10  N. 

Sivahvell,  village  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, seated  on  the  Derwent,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Tyne,  13  miles  WNW  of 
Sunderland.  Here  are  famous  iron  works, 
originally  established  by  a  blacksmith, 
about  the  year  1691. 

Sivan,  island  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of 
Kennebec  river. 

Stuan,  township  of  Hancock  county, 
maine,  15  miles  NW  from  Castine. 

Swansborough,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Onslow  county.  North  Carolina,  on 


3  W  E 


S  W  1 


Wliite  Oak  river,  near  its  mouth  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  about  4C'  miles  SSW  troin 
Newbern. 

Swansea,  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorpfan- 
shire,  on  the  Bristol  Channel,  205  miles 
W  from  London 

S-Mans€t/,  pos'  vill.ge,  and  township, 
Cheshire-  c»unty,  Ntw  Hanipsh  re,  44  miles 
SW  from  Concord.  Population  in  1810, 
1400  ;  at.d  in  1820   1716 

SwanSet;,  post  village  and  tovviisliip  of 
Bristd  loiinty,  Mas^achusi  tts;  16  mili*s  S 
from  Taunton.  Papulation  in  1810,  1839; 
and  in  1820,  1833. 

Sivatitoii,  township  'of  Franklin  county, 
Vermont,  on  lake  Champiain,  30  mdes  N 
from  Burlington. 

Swanton,\i\  tige  of  .Maryland,  three  miles 
SEfiom  Georgetown. 

S'iua7isville,  township  of  Hancock  county, 
Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  Penobscot 
river.     Population  in  1820, 503. 

Sivatnra,  river  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in 
Schuylkill  con  ty,  about  15  miles  SW  rrom 
Orwiesburg.  It  flows  thence  SS,  .nt^r. 
the  NE  allele  of  Lebanon,  througli  wiiich 
and  U.'-.iphin,  it  meanders  into  th.-  Susque- 
hamiah  at  .Middletuwii,  with  aa  entire  com- 
parative course  of  about  50  miles.  The 
valley  of  this  stream  as  far  as  the  mouth  of 
Quitapahilla  branch,  about  two  miles  above 
the  limit  between  Dauphin  and  Lebanon 
counties,  part  of  the  intended  channel  ol 
communication  between  Susquehannah, 
and  Schuylkill  rivers. 

Smatara,  tovvnshi[)  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  al>ng  the  Susquelia'inah 
river,  between  Mdd:etown  and  Harris- 
burg.  Population  in  1810,  2291  ;  and  in 
1820,  1788. 

Sxoeasy's-vUle,  post  village,  Adams  coun- 
ty, Missis>ippi. 

Sweden,  kingdom  of  Europe,  extend- 
ing «00  miles  from  N  to  S,  and  450 
from  K  to  \V  ;  bounded  on  the  X  by  Danish 
Lapland,  E  by  Russia,  S  by  the  gult  of 
Finland  and  the  Baltic,  and  W  by  the 
Sound,  the  Categat  and  Norway.  It  is 
divided  into  five  gt  neral  parts  ;  Sweden 
Proper,  Gothland,  Nordland,  Lapland, 
and  Fiiland;  and  each  of  these  is  sub- 
divided into  provinces.  Sweden  Pr  .per 
contaiiiS  Upland,  Sudermania,  Nericia, 
Westmania,  and  Dalecarha.  Gothland 
contains  East  G  uniand,  Smoland,  West 
Gothland,  VVermeland,  Bahus,  Daiia^ 
Schunen,  Halland,  Blekingen,  and  the 
isles  of  GothUiid  and  Oeland.  Nord- 
iaad  includes  Gestricia,  Helsingia,  Me- 
delpadia,  lemptia,  \iigermania,  and  West 
Bothnia,  Swedish  Lapland  comprises 
Uma,  Pithia,  Lula,  rornea,  and  Kemi : 
these  have  no  towns,  and  take  their 
names  from  rivers  that  rise  near  the 
borders  of  Norway  and   flow   into  the 


gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  greater  part  oi' 
Fioland,  was  ceded  to  Russia  in  1808. 
In  1814,  Xorway  was  ceded  to  Sweden, 
with  near  a  million  of  inhabitants.  The 
whole  monarchy  now  contains  35u,OUO 
square  nnle>,  with  a  pojndation  of  about 
3,500  000  inhabitants  It  extends  from 
lat  55  to  70  N.  The  whole  country  is 
well  watered  by  rivers  (though  not  a 
single  navigable  one  worth  mentioning) 
numerous  iakes,  and  inland  pieces  of 
water,  on  the  banks  of  which  the  p  daces 
and  villas  are  usually  built.  At  Stock- 
holm, spring  and  autumn  are  scarcely 
to  be  perceivid  j  for  winter  continues 
nine  months,  and  summer  during  the  re- 
maining three.  In  winter  the  cold  is  ex- 
cessive, and  in  summer  the  heat  is  consi- 
derable, the  air  being  serene  all  that  time. 
Sweden  produces  crystals,  amethyst,  to- 
pazes, porphyry,  lapis  lazuli,  agate  cor- 
m  Han,  marble,  and  otiier  fossils.  The 
rliief  wealth  of  the  country,  howtver, 
arises  i'rom  her  mints  of  silver,  copper, 
lead,  and  iron.  The  last  mentioned  me- 
tal employs  no  fewer  than  4,i0  forges, 
hammering-mills,  and  smelting-hnuses. 
The  iirst  gallery  of  one  silver  mine  is 
100  fathoms  below  the  surface  of  the 
earth ;  the  roof  is  supported  by  prodi- 
gious oaken  beams,  and  from  thence  the 
miiurs  descend  about  40  fathoms  to  the 
lowest  vein  The  articles  of  export  are 
boards,  gunpowder,  leather,  iron,  copper, 
tallow,  skins,  pitch,  rosin,  and  masts ; 
and  it  imports  salt,  brandy,  wire,  linen 
cloih,  stuffs,  tobacco,  sugar.  s])ice,  and 
pap  r. 

Stveden,  post  village  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  C'O  miles  SW  from  Paris,  Popu- 
lation 1820,  249 

Sweden,  township  of  Genesee  county, 
N-w  York      Population  1830,  J761. 

Swedesboro' ,  post  town  in  Gloucester 
county.  New  Jersrv,  situated  on  the  S 
side  ot  KaccrK)n  cre«.k,  -ight  miles  S  of 
Woodbury,  aitd  16  SW  from  Philadel- 
phia 

Sweet  Sfirings,  post  village,  Monroe 
county,  Virginia.  43  miles  SW  of  Bath 
court-house,  and  93  ir.  the  same  course 
from  Stau'iton  These  waters  havrrlong 
been  famous  for  their  medicinal  virtues, 
and  attract  a  numerous  cor«pany  of  va- 
letudinarians yearly 

SvjUzerland,  country  of  Europe, 
bounded  on  th-  N  by  Suabia,  E  by  Tyrol, 
S  by  Savoy  and  Italy,  and  W  by  France. 
It  is  220  miles  long  and  130  broad,  se- 
parated from  the  adjacent  countries  by 
high  mountains,  called  the  Alps.  Swit- 
zerland was  divided  into  13  cantons,  ex- 
clusive of  their  allies  and  bailiwics ; 
namely,  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  Under- 
walden,  Zug,  Friburg.  Soleure,  Zurich, 


S  W  I 

Bern,  Basfl,  SchaflFiiausen,  Glarus,  and 
Appenzel.  The  first  seven  are  crith-iics, 
the  next  four  art-  Calvinists,  and  the 
other  two cor.taiu  both  rf!igio;<s.  There 
are  four  passat;es  over  the  Alps  into  Italy 
from  Switzeriand  ;  the  first  is  b:  yotKl  thr 
Jake  of  Geneva,  ovfr  Mount  Cenni^, 
which  leads  to  Savoy  ;  the  second  brgins 
in  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  crosses 
Mount  St.  Bern&rd,  a!>d  leads  to  the 
valley  of  Aousia  in  Piedmont ;  the  third 
begins  in  the  country  of  the  Grisr'ns, 
crosses  Mount  ^impleberg,  and  leads  to 
the  duchy  '•  Milan;  the  fourth  cr-.sses 
Mount  St.  Gothard.  and  the  Baiiisvics 
ol  Jta'V,  and  terminates  in  the  ^^^l.^ne!le. 
The  principal  lakes  are  thfise  of  Con- 
stance, Geneva,  Locern,  Zurich,  and 
Neuchatel.  The  most  considerable  ri- 
vers are  the  Rhine,  Rhone,  Aar,  Arve, 
Reuss,  and  Ltmmal.  Switz'  rland  ex- 
ceeds every  courttry  in  the  "Worh!  in  di 
versity  ot  appearance  :  the  vast  chain  *,f 
Alps  '.vith  enorme,us  precipices,  exten- 
sive regi:  ns  of  perpetual  snow,  and  gla- 
ciers th:it  re.senihle  seas  of  ic?,  are  con- 
trasted by  th.e  vineyards  and  cultivated 
field,  the  richly  wooded  brow,  and  the 
verdant  valley  with  its  crystal  stream. 
Agriculture  cannot  of  course  be  carried 
to  great  extent,  but  the  grain  pvo.luced 
is  sufficient  for  domestic  consumption. 
The  chief  riches  consist  of  excellent 
pastures,  in  which  many  catt'e  are  bred 
arid  fattened,  and  the  gOits,  and  cha- 
mois, fied  on  tile  mountains,  and  in  the 
woitds.  The  men  are  generally  strong  and 
robust,  for  which  reason  they  are  prefer- 
red bv  severa'  natims  f(,r  the  military 
service.  Tiio  women  are  to!ej;iblv  hand- 
some, I  ave  many  good  qualities,  and  are 
in  general  very  industrious.  Tin  pea- 
sants retain  their  old  manner  of  dress, 
and  are  content  to  live  upon  milk,  but- 
ter, and  cheese  ;  and  there  are  some  of 
the  mountaineers,  who  nevfr  have  any 
bread  I  \79~,  the  partisans  of  France 
having  excited  disturbances  in  Switzer- 
land, the  Fre?icr.  entered  the  country  ; 
and,  after  def  aling  the  troops  and  pea- 
sants, who  eppr-bed  them,  in  several  b.->t- 
tles.  they  aJjolished  the  constitutions  of 
the  priiicipal  cantons,  erected  what  was 
termed  the  Helvetic  republic,  and  vest- 
ed the  government  in  two  councils  and 
a  directory.  This  constitution  was  abo- 
lished in  1802,  by  tiie  Mrst  consul  of 
France,  and  another  was  pr^^serited  for 
their  acceptance,  but  rejected  ;  and  he 
offered  them  a  new  one,  in  1803,  which 
they  consented  to  accept  By  the  new 
constitution,  exclusive  of  the  territories 
of  Valais  and  Neuchatel,  the  country  is 
divided  into  19  cantons :  the  six  new 
ones  are  Pays  de  Vaud,  Tesin,  Ar^au, 
982 


S  Y  D 

Grisons,  St.  Gall,  and  Thurgau ;  of  i 
which  the  first  two  are  catholics,  and  the 
other  four  contain  both  catholics  and 
protestants  Each  canton  has  its  dis- 
tmct  interna!  government.  The  general 
government  of  the  country  is  by  a  diet, 
composed  of  a  mr-mbev  from  each  can- 
ton, whicli  assembles  annually  in  June  j 
at  Friburg,  Bern,  Soleure,  Basil,  Zurich,  ' 
or  Lucern,  in  rcstation  ;  and  the  presi- 
dent is  styled  Landamman  of  Switzer- 
land. The  diet  declares  war,  concludes 
peace,  makes  alliances  with  foreign 
states,  and  also  decides  on  all  treaties 
on  commerce.  The  armed  force  is  fix- 
ed at  30,000  men.  In  December,  1813,  - 
the  allied  armies  traveised  this  country, 
for  the  purpose  of  invading  France,  when 
some  partial  changes  again  took  place  « 
in  the  administration  of  Switzerland, 
which  was  the  cause  of  violent  commo- 
tions amongst  several  of  the  cantons; 
but  in  1814,  en  the  meeting  of  the  diet, 
these  disturbances  were  appeased,  and 
a  federal  com[)act  was  signed  on  the  8th 
of  September,  by  the  deputies  of  ail  the 
19  cantons  at  Zurich. 

S%viizerla7id,  county  of  Indiana,  bound- 
ed by  Ohio  river  E,  SE,  and  S,  Jeffer- 
son W  ;  Ripley  NVV  ;  and  Dearborn  N. 
Lengtli  24 ;  mean  width  13  ;  and  area 
312  square  miles.  Surface  liillj',  and  i 
soil  productive.    Chief  town  Vevay.  i 

Population  in  1820-  \ 

Free  white  males        -         -         -         2,070     ' 

do.     do.    iemales   -         -         -         1,855 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites        .         .         - 
Free  persons  (vf  coL/ur,  male:} 

do.     do.  females    - 
Slaves,  males      - 

do.     females 

Total  pnpidation  in  1820  - 


,925 
5 
4 
0 
0 

;.934 


91 
690 

58 
1 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  nrituralized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 
do.     in  Manufactures 
do.     in  Commerce 
Population  t  >  t!ie  square  mile,  \2l. 

Syn,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goddand, 
^3  Kiilcs  SW  of  Lindkoping. 

Siicamore,  township  in  tlieV-NK  quarter 
of  Hamilton  ct^unty,  Ohio.  Tlie  soil  of 
th(;  land  is  generally  fertile,  and  well  irri- 
gated by  mill  creek  and  several  of  its 
branches.  Montgomery,  Reading,  and 
Sliaron  villages  are  laid  out  in  this  town- 
ship.    Popuktuni  1820,  3385. 

Sycamore  j^rove,  post  village,  Mecklen- 
biu"g  county,  Virginia. 

Siidenham,  village  in   Kent,  in  the  de- 


i'  A  K 


1'  A  JJ 


clivity  of  a  hi.'l,  ei^rht  miles  S  by  E  or  Lf.ii- 
don.     ft  is  noted  for  medicinal  w.Hls. 

Su'ljiev,  township  of  Kcnnebeck  crxmty, 
Ma'ne  containing  1558  i:.!iibitants in  1810, 
and  in  1820,  1S9^^ ;  situated  on  '.he  VV  >ide 
of  Kei.nebeck  river. 

Sydwy  buy.  hay  on  the  S  side  of  Nor- 
folk islani,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  for.~ed 
by  Point  Hunter  and  Point  Koss,  which 
are  near  two  miles  asunder.  On  liiis  bay 
a  settlement  ol  convicts  is  formed  from 
Ensfland.     Lon.  168  12  E,  lat.  29  4  S. 

Sydney  cove.,  town  or  settlement  of  con- 
victs founded  at  Port  J.ickson,  in  New  S 
Wales,  in  February,  1783. 

Syr.imeSy  township  of  Lawrence  county, 
Ohio,  on  Symmes  creek.  Population  1820, 
247. 

Syracuse,  strong-  city  of  Sicily,  in  Valdi- 
Noto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  fine  liar- 
bour,  defended  by  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
near  the  sea,  72  nnles  S  by  \V  of  Messina, 
and  110  SE  of  Palermo.  Lon.  15  30  E, 
1  at.  37  5  N. 

Syria  or  Siiri.itnn,  province  of  Turkey 
in   .'Vsia,   bounded  on    the  N  bv  Diarbeck 


md  Natoiia,  on  the  E  by  Diarbeirk  n.n  1  the 
deserts  of  Arabia,  on  the  S  by  the  same 
fleserts  .nd  .lud-^a,  and  on  the  V.  by  the 
Mediterranean.  Under  the  general  name 
'^i  Syria,  were  included  the  ancient  Phoe- 
nic  3,  lv!n,e^  S  of  Syria  Proper,  This  pro- 
virce  abounds  in  oil,  corn,  aid  several  sorts 
ot  fVpus.  lis  v>,eli  as  pe-s,  beans,  aiif".  ail 
kinds  ot  piils<  and  g-ardea-s  ufT ;  hsit  it 
woidd  produce  much  more  than  it  does, 
if  il  were  well  cuitivatefl ;  for  there  are 
f.ne  plains  and  pastures,  'I'he  inhabitants 
have  a  trade  in  silk,  camlets,  and  salt. 
Damascus  's  the  capital. 

Syrian,  town  of  Pegu,  seated  near  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  is  one  of  ihe  extrem-^-  branches 
of  the  Ava.     Lon.  96  40  E,  lat.  16  50  N. 

Szeben,  town  of  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  river  Tareza,  30  miles  N  of  Oassovia: 
Lon.  21  25  E,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Szelely,  town  of  Hungary,  18  miles  ESE 
of  Debreczen.    Lon.  22  15  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Szuccn,  town  of  Wes'ern  Pru^s  a,  in  the 
pjilatinate  of  Lulm,  seated  on  the  Vistula. 
Lon.  18  24  E,  lat.  53  14  N. 


Tiiafe,  or  Tave,  rapid  river  in  Glamor- 
garsshire,  which  enters  the  Bristol  Channel 
at  Cardiff".  On  this  river,  near  Caerphilly, 
is  a  stone  bridge  called  Pont  y  Pryddal : 
of  a  sinijie  arcli,  supposed  one  of  tlie 
widest  in  the  world,  140  (e(.t  in  the  spun, 
and  34-  iiigh,  planned  and  executed  by  the 
self-iauj;tit  genius  of  a  common  mason  in 
this  county. 

Taaif,  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
of  Hedjas.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
dried  fruits,  and  is  situated  on  u  l.ifty 
mountain,  90  miles  SE  of  Mecca.  Lon. 
41  35  E,  lat.  21  5  X. 

Taas,  city  or  Arabia,  in  the  pro'.ince  of 
Yeman,  where  is  the  tomb  of  a  saint,  who 
Eccording  to  ti-adi\ion,  was  king  of  the 
country.  When  NL  Ni^buhr  was  here  it 
had  a  g  i:Tison  of  600  men.  It  is  48  milr-s 
ENE  of  M"cha.  Lon.  44  10  E,  lat.  13  45 
S. 

Taata,  town  of  Upper  Eg\  pt,  one  mile 
from  the  Nile.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  go- 
vernor, has  many  furious  remains  of  an- 
tiquity, and  iS  200  miles  S  of  Cairo.  Lon. 
31  25  E.  lat.  26  56  M. 

Taba^a.  an  island  of  America,  in  l!ic;? 
Sea,  aid  bay  ot  Pa:'.ama,  four  miles  long; 
and  three  bro>d.  It  is  a  raouilalnius 
place,  abounding  with  fruit  trees,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Spanuirds.  Lon.  80  16  W, 
lat.  7  50  S. 

Tabarca,  island  on  the  coast  of  Barbary, 
.50  miles  VV  of  Tairs.  Lon.  9  16  E,  la*. 
36  50  N. 


Tabaria,  the  ancient  Tiberias,  a  town  of 
Palestine,  Situated  on  the  W  s  de  of  a  lake, 
formerly  called  the  sea  of  Tiberias,  50 
miles  NNE  of  Jerusalem,  and  70  SSW  of 
Damascus.     Lon.  35  45  E,  lat  32  40  N. 

TViiasco,  province  of  Mexico;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  on  the 
E  by  Yncata,  on  tiie  S  by  Ciiiapa,  and  on 
the  W  by  G'laxaoa  It  is  about  100  miles 
111  lengt!),  and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth, 
and  its  chief  riches  consist  in  cocoa  nuts. 
The  air  is  extremely  moist,  and  there  are 
showers  every  day  for  nine  monllis  in  the 
year. 

Tabasco,  island  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  -it  Tabasco,  about  30  miles  long, 
and  ten  broad,  formed  by  the  river  Tabas- 
co, an!  the  rivers  Si.  Peter  and  St.  Paul. 

Tabasco,  capital  of  the  province  of  Ta- 
basco. Cortcz  obtained  a  victory  here  on 
his  first  arrival.  It  is  situaicci  in  the  island 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  58  15  E,  lat.  17 
40  N. 

Table  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Sea.  Lon.  16  77  E,  lat.  15 
38  S. 

Table  Mountain,  promontory  of  Africa, 
near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being  'he 
most  southern  promontory  in  the  Old 
World.  The  bay  at  the  fojt  of  it  is  called 
Table  Hay. 

Table  Mountain,  mountain  of  Pendleton 
distr  ct.  South  Carolina,  rising  4300  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  ocean.  On 
Q83 


T  A  G 


T  A  I 


one  side  it  is  said,  there  is  a  precipice  of 
rocks  900  feet  high. 

Tabor,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Beciiin,  on  a  mountain,  which  the  Husites, 
under  their  celefirated  general  Zisca,  for- 
tified and  made  tl'eir  principal  retreat.  It 
is  25  miles  N  by  E  of  Budweis,  and  45  S 
by  E  of  Prague,  Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  49 
23  N. 

Tabvistan,  province  of  Persia,  on  the  S 
shore  of  the  Caspian  sea,  bounded  by  As- 
trabad  on  the  E,  and  Chilan  en  the  W. 

Tacazze,  the  great  south-eastern  branch 
of  the  Nile,  called  pai-ticularlj',  the  Nile  of 
Tigre,  contradistinguished  from  the  Arn- 
haro,  or  middle  district. 

Tecames,  bay,  seajiort,  and  district  of 
New  Granada,  on  the  Pacific  ocean.  The 
port  is  situated  at  lon.  W  C  2  40  W,  lat. 
0  52  N. 

Tachim  or  Tachaiu,  town  of  Roliemia,  in 
the  circle  of  Pilsen,  21  miles  W  of  Pilsen. 
Lon.  13  27  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Tadcaster,  town  in  the  West  riding  of 
Yorksliire.  Great  plenty  of  limestone  is 
dug  up  near  it ;  and  there  is  a  large  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  Wharf.  It  is  nine 
miles  SW  of  York,  and  188  N  by  W  of 
London.     Lon  1  12  W,  lat.  5o  52  N. 

Tadivan,  or  Taduaii,  town  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Farsistan,  60  miles  S  of 
Schu-;is.     Lon.  54  15  E,  lat.  28  45  N. 

Tadmor.     See  Palmyra. 

Tadoitsac,  town  of  Lower  Canada,  in  N 
America,  which  is  a  place  of  great  resort 
for  trading  with  the  Indians,  who  bring 
thither  furs  t(r  exchange  for  cloth  and  other 
European  good*.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Saguenay,  98  miles  NE  of 
Quebec.     Lon.  69  35  W,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Tafala,  or  Tafalla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 
varre, with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Cidazzo, 
in  a  country  producing  good  wine,  18  miles 
S  of  Pampeluna.  Lon.  1  36  W,  lat.  41 
29  N. 

Tqfilet,  kingdom  of  Barbary,  in  the  em- 
pire of  ilorocco  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Fez 
and  Tremesen,  on  the  E  by  the  Beribernes, 
on  the  S  by  the  deserts  of  Barbary,  ;ind  on 
the  W  by  Sus,  Morocco,  and  Pez.  Tafilet, 
the  capital,  is  a  trading  place,<wlth  a  castle, 
and  seated  on  a  river,  275  miles  SE  of  Mo- 
rocco.    Lon.  5  45  W.  lat.  28  2  N. 

Taj-a?i)'ocA-,  flourishing  city  of  Russia,  on 
the  NE  side  of  the  sea  of  Azoph,  about  30 
miles  <rom  the  mouth  of  the  Don.  The 
very  rapid  advar.ce  m  population,  wealth, 
science,  civilization,  and  commerce  of 
Tcherkask,  Azc-ph,  Taganrock,  Odessa, 
Sevastopol,  and  other  Russian  towns  along 
the  Black  aid  Azoph  seas,  is  a  very  striking 
and  truly  pleasing  revolution  in  human 
happiness  in  a  very  fine  section  of  the  earth. 
Taganrock  now  contains  10  OOOintiabiiants, 
and  extensive  commercial  prosperity.  In 
1817,  387  vessels  sailed  from  its  port,  laden 
984 


with  wheat,  tallow,  bees'-wax,  wool,  hemp, 
wine,  coal,  isinglass,  fish,  hides,  iron,  &c. 

Tagasta,  town  of  Africa,  in  Algiers,  fa- 
mous for  being  the  birth  place  of  St.  Au- 
gustine. 

Tas^e,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a  castle 
on  a  mountain,  60  miles  E  of  Mecca.  Lon. 
42  5  E,  lat.  21  45  N. 

Taghmon,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wexford. 

Taglicicozzo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  18 
miles  SW  of  Aquila,  and  33  ENE  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  57  E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Tagost,  town  of  African  Morocco,  the 
largest  in  the  province  of  Sus.  A  great 
many  Jews  live  here,  who  carry  on  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  97  miles  S  of  Tarodant.  Lon.  8  5 
W,  lat.  23  23  N. 

Tagumadert,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tafilet  in  Africa,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a 
mountain,  seated  on  the  river  Dras.  Lon. 
6  43  W,  lat.  27  10  N. 

Tagjts,  river  which  has  its  source  on  the 
confines  of  Arragon,  in  Spain,  runs  through 
Nev/  Castile,  by  Toledo  and  Tal.avera, 
whence  it  proceeds  to  Alcantara,  in  Estre- 
madura;  when  entering  Portugal,  it  washes 
Santaren,  below  which  it  forms  the  har- 
bour of  Lisbon,  and  then  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  This  river  was  formerlj'  fa- 
mous for  its  golden  sands,  and  is  called 
Tejo  by  the  Portugese. 

Tahooroxva,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  lying  off  the  SW  part  of 
Mowee,  from  which  it  is  distant  three 
leagues.  It  is  destitute  of  wood,  and  the 
soil  seems  to  be  sandy  and  barren. 

Tai-ming-fon,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  I'e-Tcheli,  with  one  city  of  the 
second  class,  and  eighteen  of  the  third,  in 
its  district. 

Tain,  borough  and  seaport  in  Ross-shire, 
on  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  12  miles  N  of  Cro- 
marty. 

Tainton,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  se- 
ven miles  W  of  Gloucester. 

Tai-onang,  capital  of  the  island  of  For- 
mosa, in  the  China  Sea.  It  is  a  large,  well 
peopled  p'ace,  and  carries  on  a  great  trade. 
Lon.  120  30  E,  lat.  23  25  N. 

Tai-ping,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  K:ang-nan.  It  is  built  upon  the 
banks  of  die  river  Kiang,  and  its  plains  are 
watered  by  a  number  of  navigable  rivers, 
which  render  it  very  opulent.  Its  juris- 
diction exiends  over  only  three  cities.  Lon. 
107  15  E,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Tai-tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tche-kiang  It  has  six  cities  in 
its  district.     Lon.  121  2  E,  lat.  28  55  N. 

Tailebonrg,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  ter- 
ritory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  the  Charente, 
30  miles  SE  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  0  40  W,  lat. 
45  46  N. 


1    A  M 


iat-iong-jini,  city  of  Cliina,  in  the  pfo- 
vince  of  CiFiaii-si. 

Tai-yeuen-fou,  city  or"  China,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Chaii-si.  Tlie  principai 
articles  of  its  trade  are  liard-vare,  stafTi  of 
difftri'nt  kinds,  purticiilarly  carpets  in  inii- 
tion  of  those  of  Tiiilccy.  it  is  160  miles  S 
W  of  Peking. 

Talamane,  seaport  ofTuscany  in  Italv,  15 
miles  NT  of  Orb:tcllo.  Lon.  11  6  E,  lat.  42 
30  N. 

Tuiavera,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
wita  a  fori.  It  be.ongs  tj  the  arclibishop 
of  TuleJo,  und  is  seated  on  the  T;ijo,  in  a 
vadcy  abounding  iu  corn,  fruus,  and  excel- 
lent wine,  5.S  mdes  S\V  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
4  1  W,kt.  39  41  N. 

Tidavcruela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  seated  on  the  Giiadiaiia,  14  miles  E 
of  Badajoz.     Lon.  6  34  W,  lat,  38  34  N. 

Titlbot,  county  of  Maryland,  occupying 
the  peninsula  between  Tuckahoe  river, 
and  Clioptank,  Ciiesapeake,  and  St.  Mi- 
diacl's  bays ;  bounded  N  by  Queen  Ann 
county  ;  E  by  Tuckahoe  river  or  Caroline 
county ;  and  SE  by  Clioptank  bay,  or  Dor- 
chester county.  Length  25  ;  mean  width 
S ;  and  area  2'JU  square  miles.  Beside 
Ciioptankj  and  Si.  Michaels  bays,  it  is  pe- 
netraied  by  Treadhaven  nver  about  10 
miles.    Chief  town  Easton. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.  females     - 


Total  whites      .        .        .        - 

Ali  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Slaves     ■ 

Total  popidation  in  1810    - 


3,643 
3,633 

7,276 

2,003 
4,878 

14,157 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  nnaies  -        3.660 

do.    do.    females  -        -        3,727 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        _        -  0 


Total 

whites 

. 

, 

, 

7,387 

Fi'ee  persons  of 

colour, 

,  males 

1,042 

do. 

do. 

females 

1,192 

Slavej 

!,  males 

. 

. 

. 

2.488 

do. 

females 

- 

- 

2,280 

Total 

population  in 

1820 

14,389 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  7 

Enj^^aged  in  Agriculture      -         •        3,500 

d).        in  Vlantifactures  -  675 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  182 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  71. 

Talgaguniia,  town  of  South  iVmerica,  in 
Chih.     it  is  now  tiie  only  Spanish  settle- 
ment in  the  bay  of  Conception,  and  Is  seat- 
6  r 


ed  on  the  SE  shovCj  near  tlie  ruins  of  the 
old  city  of  Conception,  nine  mdes  from  the 
new  city  of  Conception.  Lon.  7o  0  W, 
lat.  36  42  S. 

TaUach,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  VVaterford,  23  miles  WN  W  of  Cork,  and 
32  WSW  of  Waterford. 

Tallano,  seaport  of  Corsica,  situated  on 
the  gult  of  Tnllaiio,  30  miles  SSW  of  Cortes. 
Lon  9  18  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Tallapoosa,  eastern  branch  of  Alabama 
river,  rises  in  Georgia  in  the  same  ridge  of 
m  iuntains,  and  between  the  sources  of  the 
Coosa  and  Chaiahooche  rivers,  its  general 
course  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  former,  200 
miles  to  where  they  unite  and  form  the 
Alabama.  The  Tallapoosa  is  navigable 
about  30  miles. 

Tailard,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Alps,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  Durance,  47  miles 
S  of  Grenoble.  Lon.  6  20  E,  lat.  44  28  N. 
Tallmadge,  post  village  and  township. 
Portage  countj',  Oliio,  containing  a  furnace 
forge  and  an  academy.  Population  in  1820, 
742 

Talmont,  seaport  of  France,  in  "the  de- 
partmtnt  of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  tei'- 
ritory  of  Saintonge,  seated  on  a  peninsula  of 
Gironde,  20  miles  SS  of  Saintes,  and  260 
SW  of  Paris.     Lon.  0  50  W,  lat.  4532  N. 
Tumalameca,  town  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  Firma,  and  government  of  St.  Mar- 
tha,  seated    on   the    Rto-de-la-Madalena. 
Lon.  74  45  W,  lai.  9  6  N, 
Taman.     See  Phanagoria. 
Tamar,   river  of  England,   which  runs 
from  N  to  S,  and  divides  Cornwall  from 
Devonshire,  and  after  forming  the  harbour 
of  Hamoze,  enters  Plymouth  Sound. 

Tamara,  capital  of  the  island  of  Socotera, 
with  a  good  harbour.  The  trade  consists 
chiefly  in  aloes,  frankincense,  ambergrise, 
and  dragonsblood.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay, 
on  the  N  coast  of  the  island,  Lon.  53  45 
E,  lat.  11  56  N. 

Tamarica,  or  Iiamaria,  province  of  Bra- 
si!,  between  Paraibo  on  the  N,  and  Fernam- 
buco  on  the  S.  On  tlie  coast  is  an  island 
of  the  same  name,  24  miles  in  length, 
which  has  a  harbour  and  good  fresh  water. 
Lon,  35  5  W,  lat.  7  56  N. 

Tumbof,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  thf  same  name,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tzna,  which  flows 
into  the  Mokscha,  228  miles  SE  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  41  4  E,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Tame,  inconsiderable  rivulet  in  Oxford- 
shire, which  flows  into  the  Thames  at  Dor- 
chester, and  has  been  erroneously  suppo- 
sed to  give  name  to  the  Thames.  See 
Thames. 

Tame,  town  of  Oxfordshire,  with  a  fa- 
mous free  school,  and  a  small  hospital.     It 
is  seated  on  a  small  rivulet  of  the  same 
name,  12  miles  E  of  Oxforxl,  and  45  W  bv 
QS;5 


T  A  !v 


riovth  or  London.     Lo:i.  0  55  W,  lat.    51 
45  N. 

Tamieh,  town  of  Egypt,  on  one  of  the 
cana]«  which  ruris  n.t  ■  tiie  Xile. 

Tampico.  hay  an;l  se'p'irt  of  VIexico, 
near  the  r,>r,uth  of  ihe  M'iC'ez  'enia  river. 
Lon.  VV  C  11  36  W,  !ar.  22  45  N 

7\iin-u>oi'ih,  oor^'Ui^h  in  Staffur  is^iirp,  on 
the  Tume,  eight  miles  SK  -f  f/'s'chfvid,  antl 
114  NVV  of  London.  Lon.  1  38  W,  lat.  52 
49  N. 

Tanrworth,  post  town  in  Strafford  county, 
New  H  mp  hire  ;  siuiate  1  on  t  e  N  si;!e  of 
Ossippee  river,  anl  joi  ling  Graft  n  cotmty 
on  the  N\V.  The  inhabitants  were  sta  eJ 
at  1134  in  the  census  of  1810;  and  in 
1820,  1442. 

Tandro,  river  of  Piedmont,  wliich  rises 
in  the  Appennine.-.,  and  flows  by  Cherasco, 
Alba,  aid  Asti,  t  >  Alessandri.i,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, and  fall,  irto  the  Po. 

Tanasserim,  t  ivfn  of  the  kingdom  of 
Slam,  in  Asia,  capital  of  a  pr  evince  of  the 
came  name,  220  miles  SW  of  Siam.  Lon. 
98  0  E,  lat.  n  50  N.     • 

Tanbof,  government  of  Russia,  formerly 
a  part  >f  the  ^'overnment  of  Voronetz,  con- 
taining 13  districts 

Tancos,  town  of  Fotugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  seated  on  the  Zez.ra,  near  its  fall 
into  the  Tajo  60  mdes  XE  of  Lisbon. 
Lon  8  30  W,  lat.  ,9  20  N. 

Tar.crowall,  town  of  Africa,  in  Nigritia, 
seated  on  the  Gambia,  where  the  E'g  isli 
have  a  fort,  39  mi!f-s  E  of  James'  river. 

Tanda,  o?  Tanrab,  tiwn  in  Mindoostan 
Proper,  in  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  120 
miles  NW  of  Dacce.  Lon.  8"  56  E,  lat. 
23  25  X.    • 

Tandaifo.     See  Samar. 

Tan:'i/(o-wn,  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland;  situated  on  a  branch  of 
Monacasy  creek,  20  miles  N  by  E  of 
Fredericktown.  12  N  by  W  of  Westmin. 
ster,  and  40  of  Baltimore. 

Tangataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Oce^im,  the  residence 
of  the  sovereign  and  t!ie  ciiief-*. 

Tangermutide,  toww  of  Germany,  in  the 
eld  marche  of  Brandenburg,  en  the  Tan- 
ger,  where  it  falls  into  the-  Elbe,  24  miles 
NW  of  Brar.denb'  ,rg,  and  28  NE  of  Magde- 
burg.    Lon   13  30  E,  1  :t.  52  46  V. 

Tangier,  seaport  'fthe  kingdom  of  Fez 
in  Africa  It  is  130  mdes  N  ■  f  F.  z.  Lm. 
5  50  W,  lat.  35  49  X, 

Tang-ipao,  river  of  Louisi..'na  ;ind  .Missis- 
sippi, rising  in  the  latter  in  Amite  cotmty, 
enterlocking  with  the  sources  tsf  Amite  and 
Bogue  Ciiitto  ;  its  general  course  SSE,  25 
miles  in  Mississippi  and  45  in  Louisiana, 
separating  in  t  e  latter,  the  parishes  of  St, 
Tammany  and  St.  Helena,  and  after  an 
entire  course  of  70  mdes  is  lost  in  Lake 
Pontchartrain,  abo.it  10  miles  east  of  the 
.Wri?3  of  Manchac.  Like  that  of  all  the 
.     9.<T6 


neigiiboiiring  streams,  the  country  drained 
by  t'e  Tangipao  is  a  sterile  pine  forest. 

Tanjore.  prn-ince  of  Hindoostan,  on  tiiC 
coast  Ci  Ci^romandid  ;  botindrd  b\  Gingi  on 
the  N,  by  tiie  mountains  of  Gute  o^  the  \V, 
by  Madur'i  and  the  fi'^'iing  co  >st  on  the  S, 
and  by  the  -ea  o:t  \\v  E,  bei'tg  separated 
from  tlie  ishn  1  of  Ceylon  by  a  narrow 
strait. 

Tahjore,  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  C^r- 
natx,  capital  of  a  province  '>f  the  same 
name.  1  i.s  seate  !  on  the  Cauverav,  156 
milt-s  S  bv  W  of  Madr.is,  and  166  SE  of 
Seriiij-a  .atam      Lon  79  12  E,  lat    10  46  N. 

Tanhia,  or  Tmk-ialing,  town  and  fortress 
of  Thibet,  at  the  font  of  Motint  Langur, 
275  miles  W  b>  S  of  L.!ssa. 

Tanna,  tortile  and  cf^:isider:.ble  island  in 
the  So'itli  Sea,  and  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides. There  is  a  volcano  in  the  islands, 
and  the  soil  is  verv  fertile  in  the  tropical 
fruits  and  forest  trees.  The  coast  also 
abounds  in  fish.  Lon.  169  46  E,  lat.  19 
30  S 

Tauore,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar.  Lon.  To  50  E,  lat.  10 
55  N. 

Tantcdlan,  ruinous  costle  in  Haddington- 
shire, two  miles  Fi  of  N  Berwick., 

Taoo,  most  southern  of  the  Friendly 
Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about 
10  leagues  in  circuit. 

Taormina,  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Demona,  seated  on  a  rock,  88  miles  S  of 
Messina,  famous  for  its  costly  marble  and 
excellent  wine.  Lon.  15  34  E,  lat.  38 
21  N. 

Taos,  town  of  New  Mexico,  on  the  east 
side  of  liio  Grande  del  Norte  above  Santa 
Fe.    Lon.  \V  C  29  45  \V,  lat.  37  20  N. 

Taoukaa,  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  145  9  W,  lat  14  30  S. 

Tappahannock,  post  town  in  Essex  coun- 
ty, Virginia ;  situated  on  the  S  side  of 
Rappah  nnock  river,  57  m'l  -s  NE  of  Rich- 
moiul,  53  SE  of  Fredericksburg,  and  117 
from  Washingt'm  It  is  a  low  unhealthy 
situation,  but  a  place  if  considerable  trade, 
and  has  ab.nit  600  inhabitants 

Taploe,  village  in  Buckinghamshire,  one 
mile  from  Maidenhead.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  its  m  jestic  wood-lands, 
handsome  vilas,  and  picuresque  f.ppear- 
aice. 

Tapoor,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doosta's  15  miles  SS  W  of  Darampoovy,  and 
83  ESE  ot  Seringapatiim. 

Tapty,  rvcr  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoos- 
tan v.htch  rises  at  Maltoy,  84  miles  to  the 
NW  of  Nugp:)ur,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Cambay,  abou'  20  miles  below  Surat. 

Tar,  or  PamUeo,  river  of  North  Carolina, 
which  flowing  by  'i'arborough  and  Wash- 
ington, enters  Pamlico  Sound,  40  miles  SE 
'^t  the  latter  town.     It  is  navigable  40  mile^ 


r  A  a 


I  A  R 


to  Wtxshingtoii,  for  vessels  drawing  nine 
feet  water,  and  for  boats  to  Tarboroiigli  50 
niil.^:-^  still  lugluT. 

Taransa,  one  of  the  Htbritles,  or  VV 
Islands  of  Scotland.  Lcn.  8  55  VV,  lat. 
58  2  N. 

Taranto,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
(I'Otrantn.  This  town  gave  name  to  the 
venomous  spidtrs  called  tarantulas.  It 
is  55  miles  NVV  of  Otranto.  and  160  E 
by  S  of  Naples.  L  .n.  17  29  E,  kt.  40 
Z5  N, 

Turragalla,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Taiilet,  in  Africa,  with  a  castle  seated 
on  the  Dras,  275  miles  SW  of  ratilet. 
Lon.  6  3  W,  iat  27  '.0  N 

Tarare,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Lyonnois  seated  on  the  I'or- 
dive,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name,  25  miles  NVV  of  Lyor.s.  Lon. 
4-43  E,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Tarascon,  town  <f  France,  ir.  the  de- 
p~artment  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  on  tlie 
Rhone,  opposite  Beaucaire,  with  which 
il  communicates  by  a  bridge  of  boats. 
It  has  some  trade  in  oil,  braiidy,  starch, 
and  ituffs  of  coarse  silk,  and  wool.  It 
is  10  miles  N  of  Aries,  and  375  S  by  E 
of  Paris.     Lon  4  39  E,  lat.  43  48  N. 

Tarascon,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Am;  ge,  and  lite  province 
of  Provence,  seattd  on  the  river  Arriege, 
seven  miies  SE  of  Fnix. 

Tarazona  town  of  Spain,  in  Arrat^on. 
It  is  seat!.'d  partly  on  a  rock,  and  partly 
in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  rivi-r  Chiles,  13 
miles  SW  of  Tud-lla,  and  127  NE  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  1  26  W,  lat  41  55  N. 

Tardat,  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Cromarty,  six  miles  E  of 
Tain. 

Tarbat,  Eudt,  town  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Argyle,  25  miles  N  of  Camp- 
beUtown. 

Tarbcs,  populous  town  of  France,  late- 
ly in  the  pi  o\  ince  of  Gascony,  now  capi 
talof  the  department  of  Upper  Pyrenees, 
on  the  Ad(  ur,  42  miles  SW  of  Auch,  and 
112  S  by  E  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  3  E, 
lat  43  14  N 

Tarborougb:  post  town  in  Edgecombe 
county.  North  Carolina ;  lying  on  the  S 
side  of  Pamlicn  river,  34  miles  S  of  Ha 
lifax,  44  W  by  N  of  Washington,  and  83 
NW  of  Newbern.  It  has  about  600  in- 
habitants, and  an  academy.  It  is  a  place 
of  much  inland  trnde 

Tarentesia  province  cf  Savoy,  which 
is  a  disagreeable  barren  country,  full  of 
mcutitalns.    Moutier  is  the  capital. 

Targa,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  on  the  Mediterranean.   Lon. 
■   ^6  W,  lat.  35  20  N, 


Targorod,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  50  miles  SW  of  Jassy.  Loa. 
26  29  E,  lat.  46  49  N 

'J'ai'iJJ'a,  town  if  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle  seated  on  an  emmence, 
on  the  stndts  of  Gbraltar,  17  miles 
WSVV  of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  5  40  W,  lat. 
ZO  0  X. 

"Turku,  capita!  of  Daghestan,  seated  on 
the  W  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  51  miles 
SE  of  Terki  and  30J  NE  of  Tauris.  Lon. 
47  5  E,  lat   45  50  N. 

Tarlton,  post  villas^e  Pickaway  coun- 
ty, Ohi  •,  between  Chilicoihe  and  Lan-' 
caster  17  miles  distant  from  each. 

Tarn  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing  part  ot  the  late  province  of'Langue- 
doc.     Gaslres  is  the  capital. 

Tarn,  river  of  France  which  gives 
name  to  the  abive  department.  It  has 
its  sourcf  in  the  drpartmeut  of  Lozhere, 
and  having  watered  .Vlithud,  Alby,  Guil- 
lac,  Montaubari,  and  Moissac,  falls  into 
the  Garoriue 

Tarnomrz.  town  of  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Oppi  len,  in  the  vicinity 
of  whi  h  is  a  silver  mine.  It  is  38  miles 
SE  of  Oppekn.  Lon.  S  15  E,  lat.  50 
20  N, 

Taro,  or  Borgo  diVal-di-Taro,  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma,  capi- 
tal  of  the  territory  of  Val  di-Taro.  It 
is  sealed  on  the  river  Taro,  25  mile.s 
SW  of  Parma  Loq.  19  9  E,  lat.  44 
36  N. 

Tarodant,  or  Tarudant,  town  of  Mo- 
rocco, in  the  province  of  Sus,  seated  near 
the  Atlasitic,  120  miles  SSW  of  Morocco, 
Lon   8  10  W,  lat.  30  0  N. 

Tarruga,  or  Tarreca,  town  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the 
river  Ci  rv  ra,  15  miies  E  by  S  of  Lerida, . 
and  60  W  of  Barcelonia.    Lon.  1  3  E,  lat. 
41  ^'8  N. 

Tarragona  strong  seaport  of  Spain,  iu 
Catalonia  with  a  ur.iversity.  It  carries 
on  a  great  trade,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
on  the  Alediterranean,  35  miles  NE  of 
Tortosa,  and  2c'0  miles  E  by  N  of  Ma- 
drid.    Lon.  1  13  E,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Tartary,  country  of  Asia,  which, 
taken  in  its  utmost  limits,  reaches  from 
the  eastern  ocean  to  the  Caspian  Sea, 
and  from  Corea,  China,  Tibet,  Hin- 
doistan,  and  Persia,  to  Russia  and  Sibe- 
ria. It  lies  between  55  and  135  E,  lon. 
and  between  35  and  55  N  lat.  being 
36';0  miles  in  length  and  960  in  breadth  ; 
but  in  the  narrowe.it  part  not  above  330 
broad.  It  may  be  considei'ed  under 
twii  grand  divi>i(ms ;  namely.  Eastern 
and  'Western  Tartary  The  greatest 
part  of  the  former  either  belongs  to  the 
emperor  of  China,  is  tributary  to  him, 
-r   is  under  -  hi^  ;protection  ;  and  is  di- 

of5r 


r  A  T 


r  A  V 


vided  into  three  provinces,  Tcitcicar, 
Kirin,  and  Leao-tong.  A  considerable 
part  of  Western  Tartary  has  been  con- 
quered by  the  Russians;  and  t';,it  pai't 
ef  it  E  from  the  mountains  of  unaus,  or 
Belur,  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  is  called  lu- 
dependent  Tartary,  which  has  tor  many 
ages  been  attached  to  Persia.  These 
va«t  countries  include  all  the  central 
part  of  Asia,  and  are  inhabited  by  Tar- 
tars of  different  denominations  and  dif- 
ferent manners.  For  various  particulars 
concerning  them,  see  the  articles  Ab- 
khas,  Circassia,  Crimea,  Cossacks,  Geor- 
gia, Imeritia,  Kaltnucs,  Kisti,  Lesguis, 
Mandshurs,  Mingrelia,  Monguls,  Ossi, 
Somovedes,  Turcomans,  and  Usbecs. 

Tartas,  towm  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Landes,  and  late  province 
of  Gascony.  The  Midouseruns  through 
it ;  and  on  one  side  of  this  river  it  rises 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre ;  the 
other  is  seated  on  a  plain.  It  is  12 
miles  NE  of  Dax.  Lon.  0  48  E,  lat.  43 
50  N. 

TarviSt  or  Tarivis,  town  of  Germany, 
in  Carinthia,  46  miles  NNVV  of  Trieste. 
Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46  34  N. 

Tassacorta,  maritime  town  of  the 
isle  of  Palma,  one  of  the  Canaries.  It 
lies  SW  of  St.  Cruz,  and  being  exposed 
to  westerly  winds  is  little  frequented, 
but  by  boats.  Lon.  17  58  W,  lat,  28 
38  N. 

Tassasudon,  capit  J  o;  B{)Otan,  260 
miles  S  by  W  ot  Lasa,  Luii.  89  0  E, 
lat.  27  43  N. 

Tassing,  is'aii.-'  f  Denmark  be- 
tween Funen,  Liii  ^•;t  iaiid,  and  Arroe. 
It  is  separated  frf.n  the  fo  mer  by  a 
strait,  and  contains  a  few  towns  and  vil- 
lages. 

Tasso,  ancient  Tha&os,  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  near  Romania,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Contesa.  It  is  35 
miles  in  circumference  and  was  formerly 
famous  for  mines  of  gold,  and  quarries  of 
beautiful  marble.  The  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  has  a  good  harbour,  and  se- 
veral castles. 

Tasso,  mountain  of  Italy,  between  Ber- 
gamo and  Como,  from  -which  the  illus- 
trious family  of  the  poet  Tasso  took  their 
name. 

Tale,  township  of  Clermont  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1775. 

Tatnall,  county  of  Georj»ia  ;  bounded 
by  Appling  S;  Telfair  anc!  Montgomery 
W  ;  Emanuel  N W  ;  Camchee  river, 
or  Bullock  County  NE;  and  Liberty  and 
Wayrie  SE.  Length  60  ;  mean  width  30 ; 
ana  area  ISOO  squ'sro  miles.  Oconee  and 
Oakmuigee  river,''  unite,  and  form  the 
Alat'.imaha,  on  the  wt.'^tern  boundary  of 
Khis   covmfv.      Th.-   latter  .stream  \v]nr'^. 


SE  through  the  county,  and  receives 
from  the  north  about  its  centre,  Great 
Ohoopee. 

*     Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       .         -        -  835 

do.     do.    females    -  -  765 


Total  whites       -         -                  -  1,600 
All  other  jjersons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                 -         -         -  64 

Slaves 542 

Total  population  in  1810,  -        2,206 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,062 
do.     do.    females     -        -        -        1,001 
All  other  pei^ons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .....  Q 

Total  whites       -        -        .  2,06," 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  8 

do.            do.        females  5 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        .  291 

do.     females            ...        .  277 

Total  populaticn  in  1820     -        .        2,644 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  6 

Engaged  in  Agricultiirt;      -        -  794 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  0 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  I3. 

Talta,  or  Sinde,  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sindy. 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
Sinde  or  Indus,  which  admits  of  an  un- 
interrupted navigation  to  Moultan  and 
Lahore,  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  a 
very  extensive  trade  was  carried  on  be- 
tween these  places  in  the  time  of  Aurung- 
zebe  but  at  present  very  little  remains, 
owing  to  a  bad  governm<-nt  in  Sindy,  and 
to  a  hostile  disposition  of  the  Seiks  the 
present  possessors  of  Moultan  and  La- 
hore, VV  of  Taita,  are  found  mines  of 
iron  and  salt.  Tatta  is  741  miles  NW 
of  Bombay.    L.on.  67  37  E,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Tattah,  small  town  on  the  common 
frontiers  of  Morocco,  Drah,  and  Zang- 
haga,  and  in  the  route  from  Morocco  and 
Sus  to  Tombuctou.  It  is  170  miles  SSE 
of  Morocco. 

Tattershall,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  on 
the  Bane,  near  its  f  nnfluence  with  the 
Witbam.  20  miles  SE  of  Lincoln,  and 
127  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  8  VV,  lat.  53 
6  N. 

•Tauaatus,  town  of  Sweden  in  Finland, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Tavasteland. 
seated  on  a  river  which  falls  into  the  lakr 
Wana,  62  miles  NE  of  Abo. 


1   A  L 


T  A  Z 


island  of  New  Zealand  ;  about  i 00  miles 
lonp:,  and  with  a  mean  width  of  100. 

TaucheU  town  of  Poland  in  Pomerel- 
lio,  seated  on  the  V=  rd.  30  miles  NW  of 
Culm.     Lon.  18  5  E,  iat.  53  38  N. 

Taverna,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore.  seated  on  the  Coroco,  20  miles 
Eof  Nicastro,  and  70  KE  ofReggio.  Lon. 
16  44  E,  Iat.  S9  11  N, 

2ax'2m,  or  Tavila,  considerab'f  town 
of  Portugal,  capital  of  Algai  va,  with  a 
castle,  and  one  of  the  best  ;  arbours  in 
the  kinp,dom  defended  by  a  fort.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Galaon,  between  Capt-  Vincent 
and  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  100  miies  W 
by  N  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  7  46  W.  Iat.  o7 
IS  N 

Tavistock,  borough  in  Devonshire,  on 
the  i-iver  Tavy,  ?.2  miles  W  by  S  of  Exe- 
ter, and  206  of  London.  Lon.  4  12  W, 
Iat.  oO  3 J  N. 

Taumago^  island  of  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Quiros  in  1806. 
Lon.  176  45  W,  Iat   13  0  S. 

Taunton,  borough  in  Somersetshire, 
on  the  Thorse,  which  is  navigable  hence 
to  tht-  Parrel .  It  has  a  large  manufac- 
ture of  silk,  and  a  considerabl<^  one  of 
woollen  ^oods,  such  as  serges,  duroys, 
druggets.  &c  It  is  31  miles  NE  of 
Exeter,  and  14u  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  17  W,  Iat,  50  59  N. 

Taunton,  river  of  Massachusetts  in 
North  America.  It  I'ises  in  the  Blue 
Mountains,  and  running  SE  falls  into 
Narragaiisett  Bay,  on  the  E  side  of  Rhode 
Island! 

Taunlon,  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Bristol  coui.ty,  Massachusetts  ;  ly:ng  on 
the  W  side  of  Taunton  river,  25  miles 
N  of  New  Bedford,  and  35  S  of  Boston. 
The  township  contained  3900  inhabi- 
tants in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  4520.  It  con- 
tains an  academy,  a  bank,  the  county 
buildings,  two  cotton  factories,  a  paper 
mill,  a  furnace,  a  nail  factory,  three  rol- 
ling and  slitting  mills,  &c. 

Taunton-Dean,  or  Vale  of  Taunton, 
an  extensive  tract  of  land  in  Somerset- 
shire, famous  for  its  fertility 

Taureau.  isle  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Fiiisterre,  and  Idte  province 
of  Bretagne,  iying  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Morlaix  On  this  island  is  a  castle, 
which  defends  the  port  of  Morlaix.  Lon. 
3  51  W.  Iat.  48  40  N. 

Taurida,  government  of  Russia,  bound- 
ed S  by  the  Black  sea ;  W  by  Chrrson  ; 
N  by  Ekaterinoalaf ;  and  E  by  Caucau- 
sus.  It  takes  its  name  from,  and  in- 
cludes the  Crirnvja,  the  ancient  Taurica 
Chersonesus.    See  Crimea. 

T^,„.,v  ^;»,.  ^^  pcx-sia,  capita!  of  Ader- 


beitzan,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
Persia  It  is  about  fiv."  miles  in  c  Ircum- 
ference  arid  carries  on  a  prodigious  trade 
in  cotton,  cloth,  silks,  cold  and  silver 
brocades,  hue  lurbans,  and  sliagreen 
leather.  There,  are  500  caravansaries, 
and  250  mosques.  It  is  seated  in  a  de- 
lightful plain  surrounded  by  mnuntainf?, 
95  mil>'S  SE  of  Xaksivan,  and  320  NW 
of  Ispahan.    Lon.  47  50  E,  Iat.  38  !8  N. 

Tauris,  great  chain  of  mountains  in 
Asia,  which  begin  in  the  E  part  of  Little 
Carmania,  and  extend  far  into  India. 
In  different  places  tliey  have  difTf-rent 
names. 

Taus,  town  of  Bthemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Pilsen.  26  miles  «W  of  Piisen, 
and  50  S  of  Saatz.  L.';n.  13  45  E.  ht  49 
25  N. 

Tavy,  river  in  Drvonshire,  which  ris- 
ing in  DartmtKir  Forest,  waters  Tavy- 
stock  and  then  enters  the  harbour  of  Ha- 
mouze,  ab.^'ve  Plymouth. 

Taiv,  river  in  Devonshire,  which  ris- 
es in  the  centre  of  the  county,  flows  to 
Barnstable,  and  dien  turns  VV  to  join  the 
Trowbridge,  at  its  mDuth  in  the  Bristol 
Channel. 

Tawy  river  in  Glamorganshire  in  S 
Wales,  which  flows  parallel  to  the  Neath, 
and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel,  at  Swan- 
sey  Bay 

Tay,  one  of  the  largest  riveisin  Scot- 
land, dividinc;  it  into  S  and  N.  It  rises 
out  of  th'.'  mountains  of  Breadalbane,  and 
after  spreading  into  a  lake  of  the  j-ame 
name,  15  miles  long  and  about  rvv^o  broad, 
runs  E  through  Athol,  then  turning  to 
the'SE  in  a  course  of  near  40  miles,  ex- 
clusive of  winding.s,  falls  into  the  frith 
of  Tay. 

Tay,  Frith  of,  arm  of  the  sea.  which 
divides  Fifeshire  from  the  counties  of 
the  N  and  S  sands  may  be  near  a  mile, 
without  about  three  fathoms  wate-,  but 
within  the  Frith  it  grows  deejjer,  and 
in  the  road  to  Dundee  is  full  six  fa- 
thoms. 

Tay,  Loch,  lake  in  Perthshire,  through 
which  flows  the  river  Tay.  It  is  15 
n;iles  long,  and  in  many  parts  above  one 
broad. 

Taylorsville,  post  village  of  Shelby 
count) .  Kentucky,  on  the  N  fork  of  Salt 
river,  50  milts  SVV  from  Louisville. 

TazenvelL  county  of  Virginia  ;  bound- 
ed by  Russel  SW ;  Kentucky  and  Cea- 
bell  county  in  Virt^inia  N  W  ;  Giles  NE ; 
Wythe  SE ;  and  Washington  S.  Length 
60 :  mean  width  40 ;  and  area  2-100  square 
miles  Surface  generally  hilly,  and  in 
part  moimtainous.  The  sources  of 
Chinch  and  Great  Sandy  rivers  art  in 
this  rountv,  and  from  its  NE  section  flow 


T  e  li 


T  C  I 


several  branches  of  Great  Kenhawa. 
Chief  town,  Jeffersonviile. 

Populaiioi.  ill  IclO. 
Free  white  muks     -        -        -        1.39?" 

do.  do.    females    -        -        -        1,282 


Total  whi.es  -         -         - 

All  other  persons  except  liuiiaiis 

not  -.axed         .         .         .        - 

Slaves        -         .        .        -         . 

Totiil  population  in  1810 

Poimlatoii  in  1820. 
Free  v.  hr.e  males        .        .        - 

do.  do.     females     ... 
All  rttser  persons  except  Indians 

!iOt  taxed        .... 

Tctidwiu.-        .         .         .         . 

Free  persons  of  cJ'nir,  nia'es    - 

'   do  do.       females 

Slavf^s,  males       .         .         .         - 
do.    iem:les 

Tota^  popvHition  in  1820     - 


2,661 
18 


3,007 


1,730 
1,705 


3,916 


O     th.esf:; 

Fovfigiv  rs  not  naturabzed  -  1 

EngUj^ed  in  Agiic'  luire      -        -  757 

do.        in  M=(niifaf.ti;res    -         -  2 

do.        in  CoiTiinerce         -         -  4 

P'ip:ilaton  tc  the  >quare  mile,  1^. 

Tazewell  post  Uwv.  and  st-at  of  jus- 
tice in  (  aibome  c<  unty,  Ttnnessee, 
aboijt  midway  beiw.ren  Clinch  and  Pew- 
ell's  river;  about  50  miles  NE  from 
Knr>xviUe. 

Tclmng  tcha,  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  S  part  of  Hou-quang.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Heng,  which  has  a  com- 
municiUion  xvith  an  extensive  !-dke,  call- 
ed 1  ong-ting-bou,  7^0  miles  S  by  W  of 
Peking.     L^n  112  25  E  l.,t  28  11  N. 

Tdiang-tcheou,  city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank  in  Fo-kien.  It  has  a  criisi- 
derable  trade  with  Eninny,  Poiig-hriu, 
and  Formos'.  ;  and  is  950  miles  S  of  Pe- 
king     Lrn.  U7  55  E.  lat.  24  32  N. 

Tchang-te,  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  is  H  -nan.  It  is  255  miles  SSW 
of  P.  king     Lon.  HI  5  E,  lat.  29  2  N. 

Tc/moking  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank  in  Quang-tong,  sealed  on  the  river 
Si,  70  miles  VV  of  Canton. 

Tchao-tcheou,  cit)  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank,  in  Quan-tong,  seated  on  the 
Pei-kiang,  85  miles  E  of  Canton 

TdiL  kiarig,  province  of  China  -  one  of 
thf  most  considerable  in  extent,  riches, 
ai.d  piipulation.  It  is  bound' d  on  the 
N  and  VV  by  Kiang-nan,  SW  by  Kiang- 
si,  S  by  Fo-kien,  and  E  by  the  Ocean. 
In  this  province,  whole  plains  are  co- 
vered with  dwarf  mulbe  rrv  trees,  pur- 
990 


posely  checked  in  their  growth ;  ana 
prudigous  quantities  of  siik-worms  are; 
bred  Ih  pniicijia!  brand:  of  trade 
consists  in  siiii  stuffs ;  and  those  in  which 
gold  and  silver  art  mtermixed  are  the 
most  beautilul  in  China.  Hang-tcheou 
is  the  capital. 

Tcheniigqf,  government  of  Russia, 
Jorrni.  ri>  a.  part  ot  flie  Ukraine.  Its  ca- 
pital, if  th'r  same  name,  is  seated  on  the 
Df'sne.  345  niiic;3  SSW  of  Muscow.  Lon. 
66  4 /.  E,  lat   51  24  N. 

Tche&me,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on 
the  W  oast  of  Natalia,  with  a  citadel. 
It  stands  alm^  st  opposite  Scio,  at  the 
head  of  a  spacious  road,  which  is  famous 
for  the  desit  ur.tinn  of  two  Turkish  fleets 
fiist  by  the  Russians,  in  1770,  secondly 
iiy  the  Greeks  in  18v'2.  See  Clmme,  It 
IS  four  niil^s  E  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  26  26 
E,  'hit.  58  2ti  N. 

Tcldng  fciang,  strong  city  of  China,  in 
the  p-ovii.cf  of  Kiang-na.i,  -25  milts  N 
by  N  'f  Nan-kiiig.  Lon.  118  55  E,  lat. 
32  14  N. 

Tching  tckcou  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  ot  Hou  quang,  seated  near  the 
canal  through  which  ail  barks  must 
piss  in  gi  ing  from  Sou  tcheou,  to  Ki- 
ang.  Under  it  are  five  cities  of  the  third 
class,  in  which  a  kind  of  plain  earthen 
ware  is  prepaw  d,  inghly  valued  by  the 
Chinese,  who  prefer  it  to  th^  most  ele- 
gant porcelain.  It  is  640  miles  SSW 
of  Pekiny      Lon  109  4u  E,  lat.  28  23  N, 

Tching  ling,  laig-  city  of  China,  in 
the  pr(  v.i.ce  of  P.  -tcheli.  Its  district 
coiUains  five  cities  of  the  second  and  27 
of  the  third  class  ;  ai\d  it  is  110  miles 
S  by  VV  <f  P.  king  Lon  114  21  E,  lat. 
38  9  N 

Tching  tou,  city  of  China,  the  capital 
of  Se-tch(  uen,  form,  rly  the  residence  of 
the  eiT.peri  rs,  and  one  (jf  the  largest  and 
most  b'  autiful  cities  in  the  empire.  Lon. 
103  44  E,  lat.  30  40N 

Tchi  tchecu,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Kiang.     Lon.  117  0  E,  'at.  30  45  N. 

Tchong-king,  city  of  China,  and  one 
of  the  most  comnT  rcial  in  the  province 
of  Se  Schuin.  1;  i'^  637  miles  SW  of 
Peking.    Lon.  106  .  0  E,  lat.  29  42  N 

Tchudskoi.  NE  c  ast  of  Asia,  inside 
of  B  eriiii^'s  straits.  Lon.  VV  from  Lon- 
don 160  46  lat  66  15  N. 

Tciticar^  the  most  northern  of  the 
three  departnu  nts  of  Easttrn  C-.inese 
Tavti.ry,  occupied  by  diflFerent  Tartars 
tribes. 

Tcit Clear,  city  of  Easter n  Tartary, 
capital  of  the  province  ot  the  same 
name,  and  the  residence  of  a  Mandshur 
general.  It  is  a  modern  city,  built  by 
the  emperor  ot  China,  to  secure  his  fror- 


r  ]•:  1 


E  1. 


tiers  acrainst  the  incursions  of  tlie  Rns-  than  one  halt'  are  Armenians,  the  remam- 

sian-.      It  is  se^tf-d   -u   the   Noiini,    600  der  are  principally  Georgians,    Willi  some 

miles   NNK  of  Peking.     Lon.  123  50  E,  Tartars.     Tefflis  is  a  place  of  considerable 
lat   47  2;>  N 


trade>  especially  in  furs,   which   are  con- 


Tease'i;  'vallev,  post  office  in  Kenhawa   veyed  hence  to  Constautir.ople  by  the  way 

luntv   Vircr'nia-  of  Erzerum     The  silks  of  this  country, 

Tebesta,  or  Tinsa,  town  of  Algiers,  in    are  bought  up   on  the  spot  by  tlie  Arme- 


cas-    nians,   and  conveyed  to  Smyrna  and  other 


the 

Constantia.    Lon.  8  5  E  lat.  34  51  N. 

Teceut,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Sus, 
seated  in  a  country  abi.unriirig  in  grain, 
dates,  and  sugar  canes,  four  miles  E  of 
Messa. 

Techs,  river  of  LouiRiana.  See  Atch- 
afalaya  and  Misshsifi/ii  basin,  page  612. 

Tecklenburg.  town  of  Wtstphalia,  ca- 
pital of  a  fertile  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  has  manufactur  s  of  linen  cloth,  and 
is  22  miles  N  by  E  of  Munstei 


rum.     Lon  65  3  E,  lat  41  59  N. 

Tef=a,  town  of  Morocco,  in  Africa,  70 
miles  NE  of  Morocco. 

Tegaza,  town  of  Zehara,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  that  name,  to  tlie  NE  of  Sene- 
gal. It  is  r.^mark'.»ble  for  m  .untains  of 
sidt.     Lon.  5  30  W,  lat.  21  40  N", " 

Tegerhy,  town  of  Fezzan,  m  Africa,  80 
miles  S\V  ot  xMourzook. 

Te?Uo,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Gri- 

T  g„    r    sons,""  capital  of  the   government  of   the 

same  name,  in  the  Valteline.     It  is  situated 

nine  miles  from 


^'^^-ni'lit  Lport  of   Mexico,   in   !'::^ ''^^  ■^''^i.^"'!;;"sc-;!clrio 
/       7'  A      'nipfifr  ii'ano,  and  12  trom  boncliio. 

^vx  lenuamcpec.  _  Tehmintepec,'resnantepec,ovTecoantepec, 


Oaxaca 

Tecrit,  town  of  Awatic  Turkty,  in  the 
government  of  Mosul, 
near  the  W  side  of 
soutii  of  Mosul. 


.wl    -n  «  rnrk  po'-^  "^  the  Parif.c  Ocean,  in  the  Mexican 

0  ,  se^t^-d  on  a  rock  f^^^^^          ^^.  ^             .j^Mated  at  the  bot- 

the  ligre.  1>.U  m.hs  ^^^^  ^^  ,j^^  ^^^^  ^^  Tehuaotepec.  and  near 

-"     -                     , -,               „-M,  .,r,  .u  the   month 'of  the  Chimalapa  river.     It  is 

Teculet,  town  of  Morocco,  with  an  old  ^^^^^j^.^.^^^, ,     ^,^^  ^iH     es  of  San  Francisco, 

castle,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  nver  ot  g_^^   oionisjo,  and  Santa  Maria  de  la  Mar. 

Lon.  W  C  18  0  W,  lat.  16  5  N. 

,,-          r  ^/f•  J  11     „^  ecof  Tehuantepec,  The  gulf  of,  is  a  semi-eUip- 

T.drfms-^on.  Village  of  M>ddl.sex.  seat-  ^.^^,  i^jenfin^  of  tha^  part  of  the  Pacific 

ed  on  the   Ihamcs,   12  mdes  vvbW    ot    ^ „^ ,,■„„  v,^(.„^„r,  rin-itimQio    ^.nH 


the  same  name,  150  miles  W  of  Moroc 
CO.     Lon.  9  45  W,  lat  31  5  N 


London. 

Tedla,  or  Tadila,  province  of  Moroc- 
co, which  extends  along  the  east  side  of 
Mount  Atlas,  to  the  borders  of  Fez  and 
Algiers. 

Tednest,  large  town  of  Morocco,  m 
Africa,  capital  oi  the  province  of  Hea. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  a  river.  Lon. 
8  35  W,  lat.  30  30  N 


Ocean,  stretch. ng  between  Guatimala,  and 
the  intendancy  of  Oaxaca. 

Tei^n,  river  of  Devonshire,  composed 
of  two  branches,  which  rise  in  the  centre 
of  the  county,  and  uniting,  enter  the  En- 
glish channel,  at  Teignmouth. 

Teigmnovth,  seaport  in  Devonshire,  has 
a  considerable  coasting  trade,  especially  to 
Liverpool.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the   Teign,   12  miles  S  of  Exeter,  and  280 


Tedsi,  commercial  town  of  Morocco,  ^y  ^,y  s  of' London.    Lon.  3  29  W,  1st.  50 

in  the  province  of  Sus,  seated  in  a  plain,  ^^  N. 

abounding  in  corn,  25  miles  SE  ot  Taro-  Teisendorf,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cir- 

dant.  cle  of  Bavaria,  12  miles  WN W  of  S;dtzbnrg. 

Tees,  river  which  rises  in  the  conhnes  Teisse,  river  of  Hnngary,  which  rises  in 

of   Cumberland,   divides  the  county  of  the  Carpathian  mountains,  passes  by  Tock- 

Durham  from  Yorkshire,  and  falls  into  ^y  ^^^^  Segedin,  and  falls  in  the   Danube, 


the  German  Ocean,  below  Stockton. 

Tefezura,  strong  town  of  Algiers,  in 
the  province  of  Tremesen,  12  miles  from 
the  city  of  that  name.  There  are  a 
great  niany  mines  of  iron  in  its  territory. 

Teffis,  city  of  Russia,  residence  of  the 
Ilussian  governor,  and  capital  of  Georgia, 
one  of  the  seven  Caucassian  nations  be- 
tween the  Black  Sea  and  the   Caspian.     It 


near  Titul. 

Tekin.     See  Bender. 

Teleinana,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
with  a  small  harbour,  and  a  strong  fort. 
It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ossa,  at 
the  extremity  of  a  point  of  a  craggy  rock, 
ten  miles' from  Orbilello.  Lon.  11  11  E, 
lat.  42  28  N. 

Telesa.    See  Cervilo. 

Telles,  seaport  of  Fez,  in   Africa,  120 


called   by  tiie  inhabitants  Thilis  Cnbar, 
(warm  town,)  from  the  warm  baths  in  its  ^    ,     ,.  ,„ 

neio-hbnurhood.    Though  its  circumference  miles  ESE  ot   1  angier.  ^ 

does  not  exceed  two  l-:^igllsh  miles,  it  con-        Telegein,  or  Telga,  trad.ngitown  of 

'ains  20,000  inhabitants,  of  which  more  den,  in  Suderraaiua.^seated  on  .he  S  bank 


Swe- 


T  E  iSl 


r  E  N 


of  the  lake  Maeler,  12  miles  SW  of  Stock- 
holm.    Lon.  17  24  E,  lat.  59  18  N. 

Telfair,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded 
by  Appling  S  ;  Doo-.en  SW  ;  Pulaski  N VV  ; 
Lilile  Oakmulgee  river  or  M-ntgom  ry 
county  NE  -,  and  Tatuall  E.  I-etigth  50  ; 
mean  width  25;  and  area  1250  square 
miles.  The  Oakmulgee  river  enter,  the 
NW  side  of  this  county,  and  after  an  im- 
raense  curve  to  the  SE,  E,  and  NE,  joins 
the  Oconee  at  its  NB  angle.  Ciiiei"  to  vii, 
Jaclc^ouville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Frtre  while  males        .        -         -  289 

do.  do.    females    .        -        -  236 

Total  whites       ....  525 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         -        .         .         .  1 

Slaves        .....  218 

Total  population  in  1810  -  744 


Population  in  1S20. 

Free  wliite  males 

746 

do.     do.     females 

677 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

0 

Total  whites 

1,423 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

14 

do.             do.        females 

21 

Slaves,  males           -        _        - 

S32 

do.    females         _        _       _ 

314 

Total  population  in  1820 


2,104 


1 

646 
15 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  it)  Agriculture 
do.    in  Manufactures 
do.     in  Comnnerce  -  -5 

Popula:ion  to  the  sqtuue  mile,  1|. 

Tell,  extie-.iie  western  lownbhip  of  Ilun- 
tifip,do!i  county,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  .SE 
from  Huntingdon.     Population  1820,  686. 

TelHclicrry,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Maiabar,  where  there  ^s  an 
English  factory.  It  .s  30  nniles  NXW  of 
Cahcut.     Lon.  75  50  E,  lat.  11  4S  N. 

TelUco,  river  of  Tennessee,  rises  in  the 
SE  angle  of  the  state,  flows  NW  into  Ten- 
nessee river  at  the  northern  corner  of 
Monroe  county. 

Tellico,  post  village,  Blount  county,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  right  bank  of  Tennessee 
river,  opposite  the  mouth  o:  Tellico  river ; 
40  miles  SW  from  Kuoxville. 

Tefis/t,  town  of  GeriTiany,  in  Moravia, 
seated  on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  at  tl;e 
source  of  the  river  Teya,  36  miles  WNW 
of  Ziia-.m.     I.on.  16  0  E  jat.  49  0  N. 

Temfiiidefusi,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  10 
n"»ile^  E  of  Algiers. 

Temesi'jur,  t.livn   of  Ilungarv,  capital  of 
qqo 


a  terrltoiy  called  the  bannat  of  Temeswar. 
It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  60  miles  NE  of 
Belgrade,  .in  !  150  SE  .^f  Buda  Lon.  22 
20  E,  lat.  45  57  N.         , 

Temissa,  large  t'.wn  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fezz.xn,  Here  the  caravan  of  ])d;<Tim^ 
from  Bornwii  and  N^gritia,  whicli  takes  its 
departure  from  Mourzonk,  and  travels  by 
way  of  C:iiro  to  Mecca,  usually  provides 
tlie  s'orts  of  corn  and  dates,  and  diled 
meat,  requisite  for  its  dreary  passage.  It 
is  120  mdes  ENE  of  Mourzook. 

'fe/n/i^e,  township  o*  Kennebeck  co^.nty, 
M.'^ine,  40  mil"s  XW  from  Augusta.  Po- 
pulation 1820,615. 

Te-.nplp,  towi-ship  and  post  town,  Hllls- 
borougli  county.  New  II  mpshjre,  30  miles 
S  from  Concord.  Population  1810,  941  ; 
and  In  1820,  752. 

Templeton,  township  and  post  town  in 
AVorcester  county,  MassacliuseUs ;  lying 
between  Aihol  and  Petersham,  28  miles 
NW  of  Worcester,  and  63  W  by  N  of  Bos- 
ton. Population  1810,  1205  ;  and  in  1820, 
1331. 

TempUn,  town  of  Gern>any,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  and  the  lacker  Marche  of  Bran- 
denburg, v,-hich  has  a  great  irade  in  tim- 
ber. It  is  15  miles  SW  of  Prenzlo,  and 
34  X  of  Berlin.     Lon.  13  25   E,  lat.  53  5 

±\mrock  seaport  of  Cuban,  seated  on 
the  sea  of  As oph,  20  miles  E  of  the  straits 
of  Caffa      L^  n.  37  20  E,  lat.  45  27  N 

Tenaserim,  town  of  Siam,  capiial  of  a 
province.  It  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  falls  into  the  bay  of 
Bengal.     Lon.  98  8  W,  lat.  12  12  N. 

Tenf)uri/,t<y*n  oi  Worcestersh-.re,  on  the 
Teme,  15  miles  W  by  N  of  Worcester, 
and  130  W  N  W  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W, 
lat.  52  16  N. 

Tenby,  seaport  in  Pembrokeshire.  Its 
tr.ide  is  inconsiderable.  It  is  ten  miles  E 
d"  Peml'sroke,  and  233  W  of  London.  Lon. 
5  5  W,  lat.  51  42  N 

Tench's  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  two  mdes  in  circunr.ferfnce,  dis- 
covered by  lient.  Ball,  in  1760.  Lan.  151 
31  E.  lat.   1  39  S. 

Tenda,  town  of  Ualy,  in  Piedmont,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  ot  a  mountain,  on  the 
river  Boga,  52  miles  S  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
45  E,  laL  44  10  N. 

J'aiffdos,  celebrated  island  in  the  Archi- 
pelago,  on  the  coast  of  I'.aUilia,  and  10 
miles  SW  of  the  sT-.iti  of  Galiip'oli.  This 
ishnd  still  retains  its  -uicient  name,  and  is 
one  of  (he  smallest  slands  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, situated  near  xh.  coast  of  Lesser 
Asia,^  near  the  ruins  o  Troy.  It  is  chiefly 
rocky,  but  fertile,  being  rem.rkabie  for 
prodiic'ng  the  best  M'jscadine  wine  in  the 
Levant ;  and  its  position,  thus  near  tlie 
mouth  of  tlie  Hellespont,  has  given  it  im- 


TE  N 


TEN 


portance  in  all  ages;   vessels   bound  to-  NE,   Kentucky   N;    and   the  Mississippi 

wards  Co;i-tantinople  findinjj;  shelter  in  its  river  W. 

p"rt,  or  safe  ancho'-ag^^in  the  road   durinef  JMiks. 

the  Etesian   or  contrary  winds,  or  in  foid  Tennessee  is  an  interior  state,  having 

weather.     It  is  II  miles  lonj^  and  seven  a  boundary  on  Kentucky,  commen- 

b'oad,  inhabited  almost  'vhoHy  by  Greeks.  cint^atthe  souih-west  anf^iecf  that 


state,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  and  running'  thence 
east  alo  \flj  the  south  boundary  of 
Kentucky, 


On  the  E  side  is  a  iarge  town,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  v/idi  a  fine  har- 
bour,  commanded  by   a   caslle.     On  tlie 

5th  of  June,  1794,  after  some  severe  shocks       Kentucky,  ....         64.' 

of  an  earthquake,  a  small  volcanic  island   Thence  up  the  middle  of  Tennessee 

was    discovered   to   have    emerged    from       river, 12 

the  sea,  between  this  town  and  the  Asiatic   Thence  by  a  line  a  little  south  of  due 
shore.  east,  along  the  south  boundary  of 

_  Tenen,   or  Knin,  episcopal  town  of  Ve-       Kentuckv,  to  the  extreme  soutli- 
nice,  in   Dalmatia,  on  the  borders  o"  Bos-        v/est  angls  of  Viiginia,       -        -         250 
nia.     It  is  48  miles  S  of  Bihacz      Lon.  16   Thence    ctmtinumg  the   last    noted 
oQ  E  I:Ht.  44  5  N.  line,  along  the  south  boundary  of 

Teneriff,  one  of  the  Canary  islands,  the       Vu-ginia,  to  the  extreme  north-east 
most  considerable  of 'hf^m  for  riches,  trade,        angle  of  the  state,     -         -         -         105 
and  population.     \    lies  W  of  the  Grand    Thence  south-west,  along  the  north- 
Canary,  is  70  miles  long,  and  22  broad,  and        west  bound;- ry  of  North  Carolina, 
abounds  in   wine,  different  sorts  of  fruits,       to  the  north  boundary  of  Georgia,     174 
cattle,  and  ga  T\e.     One  part  of  thi3*island   Thence  due  west  along  north  lat  ZS'^, 
IS  surr  >unded  by  inaccessible  jniStintains,     »  the  north  boundary  of  Georgia,  to 
and  one  in  particular,  the  Pike   of  Tene-    *   the  north-east  angle  of  Alabama,         100 
riff,  is   12,176  ;eet  ibove  the  level  of  the    Along  no^th  boundary  of  Alabama  to 
sea;  and   the  dist.nce  of /the   peak  from        the  Te:n:e^ee  river,  and  the  north- 
the  pirt  of  Oraava  is  about  11  miles,..  The        east  a^Ie  of  Mississippi,  .         140 

principal  dep;ndenc    of  the  inhabitants  is   Theice  to  tiie  north-west  angle  of 
on  thrir  wine,   (their  sta;)!:  comraid'ty.)        Mississippi,  and  the  south-west  an- 
oil,  c  >rn,  and  every  kmd  o^jtpc',^  for  ship- 
ping.    With  these  the  island  Jjounds;  and 
in  their  season,  produces  not  only  the  tropi- 
cal fruits,  hut  the  vegetable  productions 
of  the   European   gardens,  in  tii^  greatest 
plenty.     TeneriflT  enjoys  an  agre^eable  aft' 
healthful  mediocrity  (if  climate/*' St 
tophe  de   Laguna  is   the  capital 
governor  resides  at  Santa  Cr  iz. 

Teneriff,  'own'  of   Terra  F'rma,   in  the 


g!e   of  Tennessee  on  Mississippi 

river, 

Thenjie  up  the  Mississippi  river  to 
place  of  beginning,  ... 


able  aft^^ 
it.Ch|jp* 
but  me 


Area*  40,900  square   miles,   26,176,000 
acres. 

I'he  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in 


g 'vern'-nent  of  St.  Martlia,  seated  on  the'  Tennessea.i-;  f-om  its  south-west  to  north- 
Rio-de-la  Madelena,    100  miles  S  by  W  of  east  angles,  465  i:ii'es,  and  is  the  longest 

line  that  can  be  extended  in  any  state  of 
the  United  States.    The  mean  width  about 


St.  Martha.     I.on.  74  15  W.  lat.  9  47  N 

Teiiez,  town  of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  in  the 
pr.>vince  of  Tvemesr-n,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  stnmg  fort.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  foiir 
miles  from  the  sea.  Lor.  1  0  E,  lat.  39 
20  NT. 

Te-npran,  rich,  populous  and  commercial 
city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou- 
quang,  with  six  cities  dependent  on  it.  It 
is  20o  miles  W  bv  S  of  Nan-king.  Lon. 
112  21  E,  lat.  31  ON. 

Ten^fog  Men,  city  of  China,  under  the 


100  mdes. 

Extr."me  south.  North  lat.  35**.  Ex- 
treme  north.  North  lat.  o&  40. 

Tennessee  is  naturally  divided  into  two 
distinct  portions  by  Cumberland  moun- 
tains. These  sections  have  given  the  de- 
signating terms  of  East  and  West  Tennes- 
see. In  relation  to  the  rivers.  Higher  and 
Lower  Tennessee  would  be  equally  appro- 
priate. This  state  has  features  which  in  a 
remarkable  manner  distinguish  it  from  any 
other  section  of  the  United   Staves.    Its 


jurisdiction  of  H-ian,  in  the   province  of  difference  of  latitude  is  but  little,  being 

Ho-nan      It  is  f  mous  on  account  of  the  only  one  degree  and  f)rty  minutes,  and  yet 

tower,  erected  for  an  ooservatory  by  the  fg^r  states  in  our  union  presents,  on  an 

celebrat  d  aslron  .mer  Tcheoukoug,  who  equal  surface,  more  marked  change  of  cli- 

according    to  tlie   Chinese   invented    the  mate,  and  vegetable  production,  than  does 

manner  s  compass.  Tennessee.     Nor  does  any  two  contiguous 

Tennessee,  state  of  the  United  States;  sections  of  equal  extent,  and  similar  lati- 

bounded    by    Mississippi,    Alabama,  and  tude  in  the  United  States,  differ  more  in 

Georgia  S  ;  North  Carolina  SE ;  Virginia  general  physiognomy,  than  does  East  and 
6K  993 


'J.'  E  i\ 


T  B  K 


West,  or  Lower  and  Higher  Tennessee. 
Tlie  latter  is  a  co'npara'ive  alpine  region, 
the  former  depressfs  to  within  little  more 
than  300  feet  .ibuvc-  the  level  of  the  Gvslf  of 
Mexico.  Tims,  in  addition  to  the  m^re 
declivity  necessary  for  the  de^cellt  of  the 
streams,  Tennessee  l>as  a  slope  from  the 
summit  of  the  Allegheny  mi^un'ains  to  tjie 
surface  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The 
length  of  the  state  being  near  500  mi:es 
from  e,'!St  to  west,  embraces  all  the  various 
soils,  and  geological  formations,  from  tran- 
sition to  recent  alluvion  The  extreme 
north-east  angle  almost  touches  the  primi- 
tive mass  which  prevals  and  forms  the  sub- 
strata of  the  western  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

I  have  befWe  remarked,  the  singular 
coincidence  between  tb.e  courses  of  Ken- 
tucky, Greene,  Cumberland,  and  Tennes- 
see rivers.  It  would  appear  that  a  plain, 
having  an  inclination  to  the  south  v.-est, 
commenced  in  the  south-west  p;ivt  or  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  the  south  east  part  of  Ken- 
tucky and  north-east  of  Te  ^lessee.  Down 
this  slope  the  rivers  have  their  courses. 
Let  a  curved  line  be  drawn  from  the  great 
bend  of  K'  ntucky  river,  between  Jessa- 
mine and  Garrard  counties,  to  t'le  bend  in 
Salt  river,  between  Washington  :;nd  Har- 
din counties,  thence  to  the  ju'icticn  of 
Greene  and  Big  Barren  rivers  in  Butler 
county,  thence  to  the  great  bend  in  Cum- 
berland nver  near  Nuhville,  and  thence  in 
a  direct  line  to  the  Mircle  shoals  in  Ten- 
nessee This  curve  wnn  d  describe  a  very 
remarkable  inflectii)n  of  the  pLin  we  have 
noticed.  Thus  far  from  their  sources  the 
rivers  we  have  noticed  pursue  nearly  a 
parallel  course  souHiwest,  inflecting  to  the 
west  in  ascending  the  curve  fro;n  Tennes- 
see to  Kentucky  rivers.  Between  the  de- 
signated curve  and  the  Ohio  river  the  plain 
inclines  towards  the  latter,  and  the  courses 
of  the  rivers  conform  to  the  change  of  sur- 
face, all  turning  to  a  little  west  of  north, 
continues  that  direction  to  Ohio  river. 

From  the  peculiar  inilections  of  the  sur- 
face  of  this  part  of  Ohio  valley,  Tennessee 
has  taken  its  singular  natural  structure. 
The  range  of  Allegheny  m  runtains  we 
have  seen  pursues,  from  the  Hudson  river 
to  the  south-west  part  of  Virginia,  very 
nearly  a  south-west  and  north-east  direc- 
tion. At  the  latter  point  the  lateral  ridgea 
of  the  chain  commence  a  gradual  curve 
more  to  the  west.  The  two  ridges  v.  hich 
contribute  most,  however,  to  character  ze 
Tennessee  are,  the  Allegheny,  pr'>pi'i'ly  so 
called,  and  CumberLnd  mountain.  The 
former  bounds  the  state,  and  in  a  great  de- 
gree the  sources  of  Tennessee  river  ;  the 
latter  enters  Tenness-ee  between  Cumber, 
land  and  Tennessee  rivers,  and  by  a  very 
distinctive  ridge  crosses  the  whole  state 
obliquely,  and  is  th-  mountain  which  di- 
994 


vides  East  from  West  Tenne.ssee.  Afte? 
leaving  the  latter  ^tate,  Cumberland  moun- 
ta  n  passes  into  Alabama,  extends  south- 
west, and  crosses  Tennessee  river  near 
F'irt  Deposit,  and  is  imperceptibly  merged 
into  the  hilL  of  Alabama.  The  Allegheny  • 
ridge,  also,  after  entering  Georgia,  con- 
tinues over  the  north-west  angle  of  that 
slate  into  Alabama,  and  gradually  subsides 
into  hills  in  the  peninsula  between  Alaba- 
ma and  Ti.mbigbee  rivers. 

Between  those  two  ridges  in  the  south- 
west angle  of  Virginia,  at  North  lat.  37°, 
Tennessee  river  takes  its  source.  Under 
the  various  names  of  Hoiston,  Clinch, 
French  Broad,  and  Tenntssee,  the  differ- 
ent confluents  of  this  river  are  united  above, 
or  at  Kingston  in  Roan  county.  Continu- 
ing a  s.uth-west  course  out  of  Tennessee 
into  Alabama,  the  Tennessee  reaches  as 
low  as  North  lat.  34  25,  the  extreme  south- 
ern extension  of  the  Ohio  valley.  Here 
the  Teniiessf^e  is  turned  to  the  west  by  op- 
posing high  land.  The  inclined  plane, 
however,  down  which  Tennessee  had  thus 
far  flowed,  extends  still  further  south-west, 
as  is  demonstrated  by  the  courses  of  Tal- 
lapoosa. Coosa,  and  Black  Warrior  rivers. 
Even  the  higher  branches  of  the  Chatahoo- 
che,  and  Oakmulgt-e  rivers,  indicate  an  ex- 
tension of  the  sl'ipe  of  Tennessee  as  far  as 
their  sources. 

After  its  turn  to  the  westward  Tennes- 
see  river  inflects  a  li'tle  to  the  north,  and 
a'  the  point  ofre-entrance  into  Tennessee 
abruptly  turns  a  little  east  of  north,  in 
which  dirf-ction  it  continues  through  the 
state.  Where  it  enters  Kentucky  this 
river  again  tnrns  south-'. es!  by  nr.rth,  and 
finally  enters  Ohio  after  an  enire  compara- 
tive course  of  680  miles.  This  stream  is 
by  far  the  largest  confluent  of  Ohio. 

Cumberland  river    rises  north-west    of 
Cumberland  mountain,  North  lat.  37  0,  and 
flows  nearly   west    through    Kentucky    a 
little- north  of  Tennessee  hue,  200  miles,, 
enters  Tennessee  ia  Jackson  county,  and 
continuing    nearly  parallel  to   Tennessee    ', 
river,  .^s  far  as  the  tow  ■  ofNashville  ;  there    : 
again,     corresponding    with    its    counter    ' 
stream,  assumes  a  north-west  course,  and 
flowing  nearly  parallel  lo  Tenne?see,  en- 
ters Ohio  river  eleven  miles  above  the  lat- 
ter, after  an  entire  comparative  course  of 
440  miles. 

These  two  rivrs,  arid  particularly  t'le 
latter,  are  ;imongst  the  most  remarkable 
objects  in  the  hyd'ography  and  topography 
of  the  United  Sta'es.  Rising  on  the  pri- 
mitive, the  French  Broad  branch  of  Ten- 
ne.ssec  crosses  the  transition  to  the  secon- 
dary or  flat  formaiion.  When  enierlng  on 
the  latter,  we  have  already  seen  the  entire 
stream  turned  south-west  between  the 
lateral  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  system, 
and  carried  in  that  direction  upwards  of 


T  E  5l 


TEN 


three  Iiumlird  miles.  Following  all  the 
laws  of  analogy,  this  river  ought  to  have 
continued  d^wii  the  slope  on  which  it  ori- 
ginated, and  have  entered  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  by  the  channel  ot  Mobile.  On  the 
contrary,  the  river  turns,  and  actually 
passes  a  ridge  of  the  same  system  ot  moun- 
lains  which  would  have  seemed  to  deter- 
mine Its  course. 

Tennessee  is  divided  into  three  portions, 
whose  soil,  productions,  and  chmate,  have 
marked  distinction.  East  'l'e:ine8.->ee,  as  it 
is  common, y  called,  t.iough  takr;n  e.ther 
geographically  or  relatively,  is  the  soutli- 
eastern  part  uf  the  state  ;'  this  section  is 
composed  of  a  part  oftljc?  valley  of  Tennes- 
see river,  and  lies  in  a  direction  south-west 
and  north-east,  containing  about  one-third 
of  the  Siate. 

The  higlier  valley  of  Tennessee,  is  in 
form  of  an  oval  or  ellipsis,  whose  longest 
diameter,  from  the  north-west  angle  of 
Georgia,  to  the  south-west  of  Virginia,  is 
abouv  200  niiles,  its  greatest  breadth  from 
tiie  sources  of  Tennessee  and  French 
Bniad  to  those  oi  Cumberland  river  150 
miles,  or  embracing  an  area  of  more  than 
10,000  squar:-  mik-s,  (he  much  gr..ai.er  part 
in  Tennessee.  This  fine  vale  has  a  secon- 
dary calcareous  base,  is  v.ell  watered  and 
wooded.  The  soil  along  the  streams  is 
excellent,  though  in  the  intervals  poor  tind 
covered  with  pine  and  other  timber  indi- 
cative of  sterility.  This  region  is,  however, 
pre-eminently  distinguished  by  the  softness 
of  the  chmate  and  salubrity  of  the  air.  It 
is  no  doubt,  as  far  as  hea  th  is  concerned, 
the  most  desirable  section  of  tiie  United 
States.  The  face  of  the  country  is  varie- 
gated by  hill  and  dale,  and  except  on  its 
extremities  not  mountainous.  The  real 
elevation  abr)ve  the  ocean  has  never  been 
well  ascertained.  Adopting  a  similar  rule 
pursued  with  Ohio  and  other  streams,  and 
giving  due  allowance  for  the  much  greater 
comparative  fall  in  Tennessee,  woull  give 
for  the  sources  of  the  latter,  at  least  1500 
feet  above  the-level  ;>f  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

From  its  elevation,  and  also  from  the 
mass  of  ihe  Appahch  an  mountaitis  in  er- 
posing  between  its  surface,  and  the  warm 
air  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  climate  of 
Upper  Tennessee,  is  too  severe  to  admit 
the  profitable  culture  of  the  cotton  plant. 
The  cereal  graniina,  particularly  tnaize,  is 
produced  in  abundance,  as  is  fruit  of  various 
kinds.  Upon  the  v.hoie  it  is  the  country 
of  the  United  States  where  a  due  mean  is 
best  preserved,  between  heat  and  cold, 
and  between  an  Alpine  height,  and  alluvial 
depression. 

'I'ennessee  river,  on  issuing  from  the 
higher  basin  we  have  surveyed,  passes 
through  some  of  the  lateral  spurs  of  the 
Appalachian  mountains  ;  its  valley  is  here 
contracted  to  30  or  40  miles  wide.    The 


scenery  is  wild  and  picturesque,  the  banks 
rocky  and  precipitous,  ami  the  stream 
confined  and  extremely  rapid.  It  is  through 
this  mountain  breach  thai  the  stream  issues 
from  Tennessee  into  Alabama,  and  com- 
mences its  second  b.-.sin  or  dilatation  of  its 
valley.  This  second  basin  is  more  extensive 
than  the  first,  or  higher,  though  not  more 
than  one  half  die  former  is  in  Teunessec. 

Opposi'e  to  the  second  basin  of  Tennes- 
set;,  l  er'  the  elliptical  valley  ot  Cumber- 
land. These  regions,  together  with  the 
^pace  between  Tennessee  and  Mississippi 
river,  forms  W^st,  or  Lo^er  Tennessee, 
embracing  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
area  of  the  -tate. 

The  less  comparative  elevation  and  ex- 
posure to  mount-iin  influ>  nee,  superinduces 
in  West  Ten  essee  a  miire  t-  niperaie  cli- 
mate tii..n  in  the  eastern  sect  on.  Tne 
common  features,  such  as  nills,  vaijeys,  or 
mountains  of  ihe  fornier  are  less  bold  and 
prominent  tiian  m  those  of  ihe  latter.  Ap- 
proaching the  Mississippi  t  iC  varieu  sce- 
nery so  common  along  Ohio  is  no  more 
seen  Tne  country,  liiough  broken  into 
small  iiiiis,  is  co.nnparatively  level.  The  soil 
of  West  Tennessee  is  superior  to  ihat  of 
East  Tennessee,  liaving  more  river  alluvion 
in  the  former. 

The  substrata  are  calcareous,  and  com- 
posed of  secon<lAry  limestone.  Ths  rivers, 
tiiough  not  flowing  in  such  profound 
chasms,  as  do  those  of  Kentucky,  have 
nevertheless  deep  channels  and  precipitous 
banks.  It  is  this  calcareous  base  which 
imparls  such  exuberant  fertility  to  all  soils 
where  that  sione  prevails.  It  is  this  fossil 
which  enables  us  to  solve  a  problem  other- 
wise of  difficult  solution  ;  that  is,  the  very 
great  extremes  of  f  rtility  often  perceived 
in  contiguous  districts.  In  West  Tennes- 
see, as  elsewhere,  t!ie  beneficent  quality  of 
the  calcareous  aiimixture  in  its  soil,  produ- 
ces the  best  effi-cts  on  iis  agriculture.  Cot- 
ton, (he  most  valuable  staple  of  the  state, 
is  here  cultivated  in  great  quantity. 

A  remark  made  in  our  view  of  Kentucky 
applies  with  equal  force  to  West  Tennes- 
see ;  that  is,  the  fact,  that  the  best  land  is 
distant  from  the  w^ater  courses.  Bottom 
land  of  similar  specific  quality  with  that  on 
Ohio,  and  somf-  or  its  confluents  on  the 
higher  parts  of  tlie  basni,  is  very  rare  on 
e.ther  the  waters  of  Tennessee  or  Cumber- 
land. The  sharp  abrup  ridges  of  the  eas- 
tern and  south-eastern  part  of  Kentucky, 
are  succeeded  in  Lower  Tennessee,  by 
hills  of  a  more  conical  form,  and  more 
gentle  inclination. 

Though  less  diversified  in  its  exterior, 
than  either  Kentucky  or  East  Tennessee, 
West  Tennessee  is  far  from  exhibiting  a 
monotonous  aspect,  and  very  far  from  en- 
joying a  uniiorm  temperature.  A  very 
marked  difierence  of  seasons  is  perceptible 
^95 


TEN 

between  the  valleys  of  Tennessee  and  Cum- 
berland rivers,  even  where  but  iittie  chsnge 
of  latitude  exists.  The  winters  nt^ar  Nash- 
ville are  so  much  more  rigorous  than  thnse 
upon  the  waters  of  Duck  and  Buffivloe 
rivers,  as  to  cxcile  much  surprise  in  minds 
unaccustomed  to  connect  proniinent  effects 
with  their  more  latent  causes.  Tiiose 
causes  in  the  present  instance,  are,  how- 
ever, .sufficiently  obvious.  The  r,dge  cf 
hills  which  separates  the  two  va)ieys,  and 
shelters  that  of  Tennessee  from,  and  leaves 
that  of  Cumberland  exposed  to  norih 
winds.  As  far  as  vegetable  criieri;;  can  be 
adduced,  the  fact  is  eniablished  ;  the  cot- 
ton plant  succeeds  mucli  better  on  the 
waters  of  Lower  Tennessee  river,  than  on 
those  of  Cumberland,  where  soil  and  other 
circumstances  are  equal. 

As  in  every  instance  which  has  re;:ched 
my  knowledge  in  the  United  State,'',  the 
advantages  of  productive  soil,  and  l.-ngthen- 
ed  summer,  is  purchased  in  Tennessee  by 
a  sacrifice  to  health  The  immense  slope 
of  this  state,  comprises,  as  I  bs-fore  obser- 
ved, all  the  varieties  of  formation,  from  the 
most  ancient  transition,  to  the  most  recent 
alluvion  ;  it  also  presents  every  cl-.ange  of 
position,  from  the  m  st  salubrious,  to  those 
equally  exposed  to  the  deleterious,  com- 
bined efl'ecLS  of  heat  and  moisture,  to  any 
compriied  in  the  Uiiited  States.  It  may 
be  also  noted,  amongst  the  most  remarka- 
ble features  of  Tennessee,  iha  iis  greatest 
comparative  length  is  east  and  wtst ;  and 
that  it  occupies  the  longest  valley  in  that 
direction  which  exists  east  ot  the  Alississip- 
pij  in  the  United  States. 

The  civil  and   poli.ical  subdivisions  of 
Tennessee,    are    the   follcvving,    with  the 
result  of  the  census  of  1820  annexed. 
Counties.        Inhabitants.  Square  miles.  To  square  ndle 


Ten 


Ander-on, 

Bedford, 

Bledsoe, 

Blount, 

Campbell, 

Carroll, 

Carter, 

Claiborne, 

Cock, 

Davidson, 

Dickson, 

Franklin, 

Giles, 

Granger, 

Greene, 

Hamilton,. 

Hardin, 

Hawkins, 

Henderson, 

Henry, 

Hickman, 

HuHjphries, 

Jackson, 

Jefferson, 


4  668 
16,012 

4,005 

11,258 

4,244 

4,835 
5,508 
4,892 

20,154 
5,190 

16,3?! 

12,558 
r,651 

11,324 

821 

1,462 

10.949 


6,080 
4,067 
7,593 
8,953 


750 
875 
4.3S 
570 
420 

1,870 
560 
400 
570 
620 

1020 
700 
600 
360 
700 
470 
660 
680 

1,440 

1,6,S0 
730 
750 
500 
360 
996 


6 

18 

9 

20 

13 


14 
13 
32 

5 
23 
21 
14 
16 

2  nearly 

2 
16 


8 

5 

15 

22 


Counties.       Mtahitants.  .Square  miles. 

To  square  miles 

Knox, 

13,034 

'i5U 

3u 

L.wrence, 

3,271 

600 

5 

Lincohi, 

14,761 

58u 

25 

iM'Minn. 

1,623 

520 

3 

Mudisnn, 

1.900 

-Marion, 

3,888 

580 

6 

."Vliiury, 

22,141 

870 

25 

Montgomery  12,219 

700 

17 

Morroe, 

2,529 

1,050 

n 

JMorgan, 

1.676 

75U 

2 

Overton, 

7,128 

660 

11 

Perry, 

2,384 

1,050 

2 

Rhra, 

4,215 

600 

7 

Il.oane, 

7,895 

600 

11 

R'  hertson. 

9  938 

600 

I6i 

Rutherford, 

19  5.52 

610 

32 

Sevier, 

4,772 

660 

7 

SheSbv, 

354 

500 

7  7-10 

Smith. 

17,5S0 

540 

52 

Stewart, 

8,397 

620 

13 

Sulliviin, 

7.015 

600 

11 

Sumner, 

19,211 

450 

42 

Washington, 

,    9,557 

540 

iri 

"Wayne, 

2,459 

480 

5 

Warren, 

10  348 

800 

13 

White, 

8,701 

750 

11 

Willianison, 

20,640 

660 

31 

AMlson, 

18,730 

330 

56 

422,813  36,540 


IIJ 


To  the  ab'  ve  .iggrc  gate  amount  ot  square 
miles  included  in  the  inhabited  and  appro- 
pri  ted  parts  of  Tennessee,  may  b(  added 
1.'260  square  miles,  yet  unpurchasfd  from 
the  Cherokee  Indians,  and  lying  south  from 
tlie  counties  of  Hamilton,  M'Minn,  and 
Monroe,  and  nortl!  from  tiie  north  boun- 
dary of  Georgia.  This  will  produce  37,800 
square  miles  a.s  the  superficies  of  Ti  nnes- 
sec  ;  which  falls  about  one-twelfth  part  be- 
low the  actual  area;  but  deducing  water 
surface,  yields  very  nearly  the  arable  land 
of  the  state. 

Of  the  existing  population  of  Tennessee, 
2,737  are  free  b  acks,  and  79,157  are  slaves, 
leaving  a  white  population  »f  340,919. 

The  different  numbers  of  the  aggregate 
mass,  were  by  the  census  of  1820,  thus 
classed  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  312 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -     101,919 

do.        in  Manufacures  -         -        7  860 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  882 

The  large  coun  ies  of  Henry,  Carroll, 
Henderson,  Madison,  and  Shelby,  lie  be- 
tween the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  riveis, 
ai-.d  remain,  Shelby  excepted,  either  en- 
tirely uninhabited  or  but  very  thinly 
settled. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -     111,763 
do.    do.   females     .        -        -     104-,112 


Total  whites 


215,875 


T  E  R 


T  E  R 


Ail  otlier  perso  IS  except  Inaians 

•t  tuxed        ....  1,317 

Sluvts 44,535 

Total  population  in  iSlO     -         -  261,725 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

173,400 

do.  do.     females      - 

166,327 

All  o',her  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .         .         - 

52 

Tea!  wliites         .        .         .         - 

339,779 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

1^501 

d').                 do.    females    - 

1,226 

Slaves,  males       .        .        .        - 

39,747 

f'o.     females    - 

40,360 

Total  population  in  1{'20. 


-  422,613 


35,691 
105,602 


Of  these ; 
F.reigneis  not  natur  lized 
Engage^!  in  Agrif.ulti;re 
do.       in  Manuiiiclures     - 
do.       in  Commerce 
Popula'io!)  to  tiie  sqiia  e  mile,  15 

Progressive  population  : 
In  ir90 
1800 
In  1810,  and  in  1820,  as  in  the 
preceding  table. 

Tennessee  river.     See  Tennessee  state, 
Tensaiv,  river   of  Alabama,     See  Missis- 
sippi basin,  page  614 

Tensa-cu,  river  of  Loc.isianna,  it  is  the 
drain  of  the  inundated  lands  v.'est  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  in  the  parishes  of  Concor- 
dia, and  Washitau.  It  flows,  a  little  west 
of  south,  and  unites  with  Washitau  to  form 
Black  river,  after  a  comparative  course  of 
about  120  miles. 

Ten-tcheou-foii,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong,  with  a  grod  port.  It 
is  seated  on  the  N  side  of  a  peninsula  of 
the  Yellow  Sea,  200  miles  SE  of  Peking. 
Lon.  115  50  E,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Tevnestuilt,  town  oi  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  near  the  rivers  of'Seltenlein  and 
Schambach,  iive  miles  from  Erfurt. 

Teiinis,  town  of  Rgypt,  on  an  island  in  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  28  miles  SB  of  Da- 
mictta.     LoR.  32  15  E,  hit   31  2  N 

Tenievden,  corporate  town  in  Kent,  24 
miles  SW  of  Canterbury,  and  56  E  hy  S  of 
London.     Lon.  0  35  E,  lat.  51  12  X. 

TenUi^-aJ^  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beir.9, 
eight  miles  WNW  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  8  20 
W,  lat.  40  17  N. 

Tepic,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendancy 
of  Guadaliixar.i,  500  miles  N\V  of  the  city 
o'  Mexico. 

Teplitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of    Leitmeritz,    celebrated    for  its   warm 
baths,  14  miles  WNW  cf  Leitmentz. 
Teramo,  town   of  Naples,  in    Abruzzo 


Ulteriore,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Viciola 
and  Tordino,  10  miles  NW  of  Atri,  and  25 
NE  of  Aquileia.  Lon.  13  39  E,  lat.  42 
37  N. 

Terassn,  decayed  town  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Car^nnanin,  formerly  Tarsus,  c;ipi. 
tal  of  Ciiicia,  and  the  birth  place  of  St.  Paul. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean.  Lon.  o5 
55  E,  lat.  37  10  N. 

Terasson,  town  of  F.ance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  sea  ed  on  the  Vesere, 
20  miles  N  of  Sarlat.  Lon.  1  19  E,  lat.  45 
5  N. 

Tercera,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western, 
Islands.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains 
aLoMt  20,000  inhabitants.  Angra  is  the 
capital. 

Tcrchiz,  or  Terhiz,  town  of  Persia,  in- the 
province  of  Choravan,  120 'i.iles  WNW  of 
Herat.     Lon.  57  35  E,  lat.  35  5  X. 

Tei-^n,  tov.r!  of  Morocco,  seated  on  the 
Ommiial)i,-25  miles  from  Azamor. 

Tergovista,  or  Tervio,  commercial  town, 
capital  of  Walachii.     It  has  a  fine  palace. 


312 
101,919 
7,860 
882    belonging  to   the  waywode,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Ja'ioin'.z,  30  mdes  NW  of  Bucharest. 
Lon.  25  26  K,  lat  45  45  N. 

Tar/.!,  town  of  Circassia,  where  a  prince 
rcsidts  dependent  on  the  Rus.sii«is.  It  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  a 
marshy  place,  one  mile  from  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  125  E  of  Teffiis.  Lon.  47  50  E, 
lat.  43  22  N. 

Termini,  tov/n  on  the  N  coast  of  Sicily, 
in  Val  di  Deniona,  with  a  stiong  castle. 
It  is  famous  for  its  miner;.!  waters,  and  has 
a  fine  aqueduct.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  a  territory 
abounding  in  corn,  oil,  is.nd  w1)k,  20  miles 
SE  of  Palermo.  Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  38 
5  N. 

Termoli,  or  Termini,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Capitanata,  seated  near  tlie  sea,  70  miles 
NE  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  20  E,  lat.  41  59 
N. 

Ternate,  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  the 
prii^cipal  of  the  Mciluccay.  It  is  mountain- 
ous, but  produces  cloves,  and  otht  r  fruits 
proper  to  the  chmate  It  lie.s  a  iiitle  to 
the  W  of  f^ilolo,  and  100  miles  E  of  Ce- 
lebes.    Lon.  129  0  E,  lat.  ION. 

Ternavasso,  town  of  Piedmont,  six  miles 
NE  cf  Carniagnola,  I'.nd  eight  S  of  Chieri. 

Terneuse,  town  und  tort  cfFiander.s,  on 
the  W  branch  of  the  Sehekit,  called  the 
Hondt.  It  is  eight  miles  N  of  Sas-van- 
Ghent,  and  25  WNW  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  3 
45E,  lat.  5120  N. 

Temi,  ancient  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in 
the  duciiv  of  Spolc  o.  The  f'mous  cata- 
ract of  tiie  river  Ve.  no,  which  falls  from 
a  precipice  300  feet  high,  is  a  m  le  from 
this  city,  which  is  seated  on  an  island 
for.med  by  the  river  Nera,  on  v.hich  ac- 
count it  was  anciently  called  Interamna, 
Terni  is  the  birth-place  of  Tacitus  the 
997' 


T  B  B 


T  B  U 


historian.  It  is  15  miles  S  by  W  of  Spo- 
letto,  and  40  N  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  40  E, 
iat.  42  34  N. 

TernovOf  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
B'llgaria.  It  was  f -rmerly  the  seat  of  the 
princes  of  Bulgaria,  and  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  Jencra,  88  miles  NW 
of  Adrianople,  and  97  NE  of  Sophia.  Lon. 
26  2  E,  Iat.  43  1  N. 

Terracina,  anciently  called  Anxur,  a  de- 
cayed town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  the  cipitiil  of 
the  warlike  Volsci,  and  the  principal 
church  was  originally  a  temple  of  Jupiter. 
It  is  seated  among  oran.je  and  citron  groves 
near  the  sta,  '  n  the  side  oia  mountain,  46 
miles  SE  of  Rome,  Lon.  13  15  E,  Iat.  41 
24  N 

Terra  del  Eapiritu  Santo,  most  western 
and  largest  island  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Seas,  bemg  40  leagues  in 
circuit.  The  land  is  exceedingly  high  and 
mountainous,  and  in  many  places  the  cliSs 
rise  dirfctly  from  the  sea.  Lon.  165  0  E, 
Iat.  16  OS. 

Terra  del  Fuego,  undtr  this  niiT^a  are 
comprehended  several  islands,  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  America.  They 
take  their  name  from  a  volcano  on  the 
largest  of  iliem.  Tiiey  are  very  barren 
and  mountainous. 

Terra  di  Luvora.    See  Lavora. 

Terra  d'Otranto.     See  Otranto, 

Terra  Fnvna,  or  Tien  a  Firina.  See  Co- 
lombia, J^'eia  Grenada,  &c. 

Terra  Firma  Proper,  another  name  for 
the  province  of  Darien,  in  America.  See 
Darien. 

Terranova,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Yal  di  Nota. 
It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Mor.te  Leone, 
and  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  nver  of 
the  same  name,  20  miles  ESE  of  Alicata. 
Lon.  14  10  E,  Iat.  37  9  N. 

Terra  J\''uova,  ancient  seaport,  on  the 
NK  coast  of  Sardina,  seated  at  the  bottom 
of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  65  miles  NNE 
of  Sassari,     Lon,  9  35  E,  Iat,  41  3  N, 

Terre  an  BoeuJ,  an  ancient  outlet  of  the 
Mississippi,  about  15  miles  below  New 
Orleans. 

Terre  Haute,  post  office,  Vigo  county, 
Indiana,  three  miles  below  Fort  Harrison. 

Terriaio,  or  JMango,  small  village  of 
Pegiie,  beautifully  situated  on  a  Jiigh  com- 
manding bank  of  the  Irrawaddy  river,  and 
surrounded  by  groves  of  Mango  trees,  from 
which  it  takes  its  name.  Lon.  95  oS  E, 
Iat,  17  32  N. 

Terridon,  Loch,  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the 
W  coast  of  Ross-shire,  between  Gairlock 
and  Applecross.  It  has  many  creeks  and 
bays. 

Terrouen,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  seated  on  the 
Lis,  six  miles  S  of  St.  Omer. 

Terruel,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  in  a 
998 


large  fertile  plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Guadalquiver  and  Aldambra,  75  miles  SW 
of  S.-ragossa  and  112  E  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
1  0  W,  Iat.  40  25  N, 

Tervere,  or  Veere,  town  of  Zealand,  on 
the  NE  coast  of  the  isle  of  Walcheren,  with 
a  good  harbour,  and  a  fine  arsenal,  four 
miles  NE  of  Middleburg.  Lon.  3  42  E,  iat. 
51  56  N. 

Teschen,  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  duciiy  of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
Austria,  it  is  siirrounded  on  all  sides  by  a 
morass,  a'id  sealed  near  the  source  of  the 
V.s.uia.  The  inliabi  ants  carry  on  a  triide 
in  .eaiher,  woollen  suifis,  and  Hungary 
wines  ;  and  make  pretty  good  fire  arms, 
and  excellent  beer.  A  treaty  of  peace 
was  concluded  here  in  1779,  between  em- 
peror Joseph  II  and  Frederick  William  III. 
of  Prussia.  It  is  27  miles  SE  of  Troppau, 
and  65  SW  of  Cracow.  Lon.  18  17  E,  Iat. 
49  52  N. 

Tesegdelt,  town  of  Morocco  Proper,  seat- 
ed a;  the  mouth  of  the  Techubit.  It  is  200 
miles  W  ot  Morocco 

Tesino,  river  of  Swisserland,  which  has 
its  so-.;rf.3  in  Mount  St.  G  thard,  flows 
through  the  country  of  Grisons,  and  the 
lake  Magg!oi-e  ;  then  running  through  part 
of  the  Milai'.ese,  it  was!;es  Pavia,  and  a 
little  after  vails  into  the  Po. 

Tcset,  town  of  Zi.hava,  which  gives  name 
to  a  distiici.  Iv  id  170  mdes  S  of  Morocco, 
L«  n  6  56  W,  Iat.  15  24  N. 

Tessia,  town  of  Aust'.ia,  in  the  county  of 
Trol,  22  miles  NE  ot  Trent,  and  24  SE  of 
Bolzano,     Lon.  11  40  E,  Ut.  46  20  N. 

Test,  or  Tese,  river  which  rises  in  the 
NW  of  Hj-uts,  and  passing  Stockbridge 
and  Rumsey,  falls  into  the  bay  of  South- 
ampton. 

Teibiiry,  town  in  Gloucestershire,  25 
miles  ENE  of  Bristol,  and  99  W  of  London. 
Lon,  1  J^  W,  Iat.  51  36  N. 

Teticaco,  lake  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Lima,  and  province  of  Callao,  above  200 
miles  in  circumference. 

Tettnang,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
lordship  of  the  same  name.  It  it  eight 
mih  s  N  of  Lindau,  and  18  ENE  of  Con- 
stance     Lon.  9  50  E.  Iat.  47  46  N. 

Tetuun,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on 
the  river  Cus,  three  miles  from  the  Medi- 
terranean, 21  S  of  Gueia,  and  108  N  by  W 
of  Fez.     Lon.  5  26  W,  Iat.  35  27  N. 

Teverone,  T-\ev  of  Italy,  the  ancient  Anio, 
which  rises  in  the  Appenines,  50  miles 
above  Tivoli.     See  Solfatara. 

Teviot,  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  in  the  SW  of  Roxburgshire, 
and  passing  almost  through  the  centre  of 
that  county,  falls  into  the  Tweed,  near 
Kelso, 

Teviotdale.     See  Roxburgshire. 

Teurart,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on 
a  mountain  near  the  nver  Za. 


T  E  X 


i'  E  X 


'Veuschnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  ot  Franconia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Bamberg,  34  miles  NE  of  Bamberg.  Lon 
11  27  Ei  lat  50  22  N. 

Teusera,  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledulge- 
rid,  diviiled  into  t.vo  pans  by  a  fiver  It 
stands  on  the  confines  of  Tunis,  in  a  coun- 
try abounding'  in  dates.  Lon.  10  16  E,  lat. 
31  29  N. 

Tewkesbury,  borough  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a  manufactory  of  cotton  stockings,  102 
miles  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  \V, 
lai.  52  0  N. 

Tetvksbury,  township  of  Hunterdon  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  containing  1308  inhabi- 
tants in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1490.  It  is 
situated  on  tbe  NE  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware. 

Teivksbiiry,  township  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Middlesex  county,  on  the  S  side  of  the 
river  Merrimac,  20  miles  NW  of  Boston. 
Population  in  1810,  943;  and  in  1820, 
1008. 

Ttfxas,  province  of  Mexico,  in  the  Provm- 
cias  Internas ;  bounded  SW  by  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte,  on  the  NK  by  the  Uni- 
ted vStates,  from  the  sources  of  Rio  Grande, 
to  the  mouth  jfSabine,  and  SE  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  Length  from  the  montii  of  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte  to  its  source  1200  mili-s. 
The  bread'h  is  very  unequal,  the  province 
ending  in  a  point  to  the  NW  whilst  rom 
the  mouth  of  Ro  Grande  to  the  NW  angle 
of  Louisiana,  it  is  more  tl>an  550  miles. 
The  whole  may  be  considered  an  immense 
triangle,  whose  base  is  the  gerseral  course 
of  Rio  Grande,  and  whose  perpendicular 
would  be  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouih  of 
that  river,  to  the  NW  angle  of  Louisiana, 
area  240,000  square  miles  ;  extending  from 
lat.  26  0  to  40  0  N.  Texas  exhibits  a  very 
great  variety  of  climate;  it  is  however  com- 
paratively a  cold  and  dry  country.  Though 
intersected  by  a  n«mber  of  rivers,  and 
checkered  by  some  mountains,  the  general 
surface  is  level,  and  except  near  the 
streams  sterile.  Immense  prairies  extend 
aloDg  the  rivers,  on  wlrch  tiie  bison,  deer, 
wild  goat,  and  wijd  horse,  range  in  herds 
to  the  amount  of  countie  s  thousands.  Like 
many  other  regions  to  the  SW,  Texas,  is  to 
to  an  astonishing  degree  void  of  spruig 
water.  The  earth  and  heaven  are  alike 
arid.  This  circumstance  will  for  ever  pre- 
vent a  dense  populati'Ui  from  being  spread 
over  this  Ci-untry.  It  will  be  a  picture  on 
which  many  richly  glowing  parts  m.ay  be 
seen  but  taken  as  a  whole  vvill  appear  the 
representadon  of  nakedness  and  desolation. 
Towards  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  a  low  border 
of  sea  marsh  skirts  the  whole  province. 
Thfi  banks  of  the  rivers  in  the  interior,  are 
picturesque,  and  often  to  a  small  extent  ex- 
tremely productive.  Except  near  the  sea 
coast,  I'exas,  shares  with  all  the  internal 


provinces,  an  air  of  the  highest  degree  of 
elasticity  .and  salubrity.  Sugar,  cotton,  to- 
bacco, rice,m  ize.all  the  European  cerealia, 
and  friiils  may  be  c.d'ivaled,  together  willr 
many  useful  vegetables,  (perhaps  coffee,) 
which  canviot  be  produced  in  Europe. 

Texas  cannot  be  considered  as  peopled 
by  the  civilized  descendants  of  Europeans. 
St.  A-.itonio  de  Behar;  St.  Altar,  La  Bahia, 
and  Nacogdoches,  i^re  the  only  Spanish 
settlements,  or  presdios  existing  in  the 
country,  the  whole  failing  short  of  10,000 
whites.  Even  the  native  Indians  are  com- 
paratively few  in  number.  The  most  nu- 
merous tribes  are  those  of  the  Heitans,  or 
Cumaiicbes,  who  are  nomadic,  having  no 
fixed  residence,  rove  over  the  pUiins  on 
horscbiick,  and  though  occup3'ing  the  ex- 
tent of  an  empire  are  very  limited  in  num- 
ber. Otlier  more  settled  tribes  exist  to- 
wards the  gulf  of  Mexico  It  may,  how- 
ever, be  doubted,  whether  there  are  40,000 
human  beings  in  all  Texas. 

At'.er  the  Spaniards  had  formed  presi- 
dios, or  missions  in  New  Mexico,  more  than 
a  century  elap-ed  before  they  extended 
their  colonies  into  Texis.  As  late  as  1714, 
the  most  northeastern  establishment  of 
Spain  towards  the  mouth  of'Rio  Grande  del 
Norte  was  in  New  Leon.  In  1699  the 
F.-ench  came  to  the  mouth  of  tUe  Missis- 
sippi and  commenced  the  settlement  of 
Louisiana,  which  tha'  nation  claimed  in 
virtue  r.f  La  Suiles  discoveries  made  16 
years  before. 

La  Sallf,  discovered  the  Mi>^sissippi  and 
explored  it  to  its  mouth  in  1633 ;  and  in 
1585,  February  I6th,  in  an  attempt  to  rc- 
tura  by  sea  i'roin  France  to  the  Mississippi, 
by  mistake  landed  in  Texas,  at  the  mouth 
of  tlie  Guadaloiipe  or  Colorado  river. 
M  rch  19th,  1687",  he  was  murdered  by 
one  of  his  own  men,  and  his  colony  bro- 
ken up  by  a  Spanish  detachment  sent  from 
New  Leon. 

When  the  French  began  to  extend  their 
forts  and  settlements  along  the  Mississippi 
and  its  confluents,  the  circumstance  arous- 
ed the  vigilance  of  the  Spanish  authorities 
in  Mexico.  The  jealousy  of  the  Spaniards 
was  indeed  superinduced  by  ihe  active  cu- 
riosity of  the  French.  In  1714,  Bienville 
'governor  of  Louisiana,  sent  St.  Denis  to 
explore  the  regions  claimed  bj  France  W 
of  the  Mississippi ;  St.  Denis  penetrated  to 
the  Spanish  settlements  west  of  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte,  and  returned  to  Louisia- 
na.  J.anuary  1717,  a  French  detachment, 
formed  a  fort  at  Natchitoches  ;  and  in  the 
same  month  a  Spanish  force  settled  at  the 
Adayes,  nine  miles  we.st  of  Natciiitoches. 
France  gav.i  the  name  of  Louidana  to  all 
the  country  E  of  Rio  Grande,  and  the 
Spaniards  designated  all  the  regions  be- 
tween Red  and  Rio  Grande  rivers,  the  pro- 
vince of  Las  Texas     So  has  rested  this 


T  H  A 

clasliing  of  claims  and  confusion  of  names, 
until  March,  1821,  when  tlie  treaty  of 
ISi^i*  w.s  finally  ratified  by  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  S  ates,  and  the  boun- 
daries of  Louisiana  and  Texas  definitely 
fixd. 

As  defined  by  that  treaty,  paat  of  Arkan- 
saw  and  Rrd  rivers  are  included  in  Texas. 
The  riwrs  fiowing  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico 
whose  sources  are  in  tlie  interior  of  Texas, 
are  Sabine, Trinity,  Bassos  a  Dios, Colorado, 
the  united  ;.treams  of  St.  Marc  and  Gua- 
d:iIoupe,  Nueces,  and  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte.  The  shore  is  very  much  indented 
by  bays  and  inlets.  A  cliain  ^f  islands  ■;x- 
teiids  from  Sabine  to  Rio  Grande,  within 
which  are  several  good  harboui's.  But  like 
Louisiana  the  shores  are  naked,  and  low, 
and  have  a  desolate  appearance.  Naviga- 
tion is  dangerous  from  the  Siiallowness  of 
the  sea,  and  the  entire  want  of  land- 
marks. 

St.  Antonia  de  Behar,  is  the  capital  and 
residence  o'  the  Commandant  General.  La 
Bahia  is  a  mere  mud  fort,  and  Nacog- 
doches, on  tlie  head  waters  of  Natchez 
river,  is  a  small  village  or  presidio,  con- 
taining only  s  f  w  houses  and  farms. 

Texel  island  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  North  Holland,  sepa- 
rates from  the  continent  by  a  narrow 
channel  It  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Zuy<1er  Zee,  and  is  11  miles  long  by  two 
wide. 

Teya,  river  of  Germany  which  has 
its  sourcf  nearTeltsh,  in  Moravia,  flows 
E  bv  Znaim,  on  the  borders  of  Austria, 
and  enters  the  Moraw  on  the  confines  of 
Hungary. 

Teyn,  tov/n  of  Bohemia,  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Prague,  52  miles 
SW  of  that  city.  Lon.  13  40  E,  lat,  49 
38  N. 

Tezar,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Cuzi,  seated  on 
a  small  river,  45  miles  E  of  Fez.  Lon. 
4  15  W,  lat-  33  40  N. 

Tezcuco,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  of  Mvxico,  formerly  remarkable 
for  its  extensive  cotton  factories,  whic'.i 
from  the  rivalry  of  Queretara  have 
greatly  declined.  It  stands  on  the  E* 
side  of  Lake  Tezcuco  20  miles  NE  from 
Mexico.  Lon  VV  C  21  51  W,  lat.  19  30 
N,    Population  5000. 

Tezcuco,  lake.     See  Mexico  the  city 

Tezela,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Al 
gitrrs,  in  Tremesen,  with  a  castle,  15 
miles  frt  m  Oran.  Loti.  0  25  E,  lat.  35 
25  N. 

Tezote,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
seated  on  tlie  point  of  a  rock,  eight 
miles  from  Melilla.  Lon.  1  55  W,  lat. 
44  40  N. 

Thainee,  town  of  Africa,  in  tlie  king- 
1000 


T  H  A 

dcm  of  Tunis,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  120  miles  S  of  Tunis. 
Lon   10  13  E,  lat   34  50  N 

Thames,  the  finest  river  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, w!  ich  takes  its  rise  from  a  copious 
spring,  called  Tiiames  H<'?.d,  two  miles 
SVV  of  Cirencester,  in  Gloucestershire. 
At  Oxford  (in  v/hose  academic  groves  its 
poetical  name  of  Isis  has  been  so  often  in- 
voked) it  is  joined  by  thf  Charwtll,  and 
proceeding  by  Abingdon  to  Dnrchester, 
it  receives  the  Thames.  Passing  by 
Wallingford  to  Reading,  and  forming  a 
boundary  to  Berkshire,  Buckingham- 
shire, Surry,  and  Middlesex,  it  waters 
H'.nley  iVIarlow,  Maidenhead,  Wind- 
sor, Staines,  Chertsey,  Kingston,  and 
Brentwood,  :ii  its  course  to  London; 
during  which  it  receives  the  Kennet, 
Loddon.  Coin,  Wey,  Mole,  Brent,  and 
Wandle.  From  London  the  river  pro- 
ceeds to  Greenwich,  Woolwich.  Grays- 
Thurrock,  Gravesend,  and  Leigh,  into 
the  German  Ocean,  in  which  c^.urse  it 
parts  Essex  from  Kent,  and  receives  the 
Lea,  Roding,  Darent,  and  Medway. 
The  tide  flows  up  the  Thames  as  high 
as  Kinj;ston,  which,  following  the  wind- 
ing of  the  river,  is  70  miles  from  the 
ocean  ;  a  greater  distance  than  the  tide 
is  carried  by  any  other  river  in  Europe. 
Though  the  Thames  is  said  to  be  navi- 
gable' 1^8  miles  above  London  Bridge, 
there  are  so  many  flats,  that,  in  summer, 
the  navigation  v/estward  would  be  stop- 
ped, were  it  not  for  a  number  of  locks  ; 
but  the  first  lock  is  52  mihs  above  that 
bridge.  The  plan  of  new  cuts  has 
been  adopted,  in  some  places,  to  shorten 
the  navigation  ;  there  is  one  near  Lech- 
lade,  and  another  a  mile  from  Abing- 
don A  still  more  important  undertak- 
ing was  effected  in  1789  ;  the  junction 
of  this  river  with  the  Severn.  A  canal 
has  been  made,  from  the  Severn  to 
Stroad;  which  canal  is  now  continued 
to  Lechlade,  where  it  joins  the  Thames ; 
a  distance  of  above  30  mi'es,  A  com- 
munication between  this  river  and  the 
Trent  and  Mersey  has  likewise  been  ef- 
fected, iiy  a  canal  from  Oxlord  to  Co- 
ventry ;  and  another  canal  extends  from 
this,  at  Braunston,  to  the  Thames  at 
Brer.tFord,  called  the  Grand  Junction 
Canal. 

Thames,  river  of  Connecticut,  form- 
ed  oi  two  principal  branches,  the  She- 
tucket  and  the  Norwich,  or  Little  River, 
which  have  their  junction  at  N'  rwich. 
From  this  place  the  Thames  is  naviga- 
ble 15  tniles  to  Lopw  Island  sound,  which 
it  enters  below  N-rw  London. 

Thames,  river  of  Upper  Cianada,  for- 
merly Galled  la  Tranche,  rises  in  the 
Chippewa   country,   and   running   SW, 


r  II  E 


1'  II  i 


waslies  the  equities  of  York,  Norfolk, 
Siiffoik  and  Kent,  and  disemljojjues  it- 
self uto  Lake  St.  Clair,  above  D 'trnit ; 
it  is  d  river  >f  considerable  txtf.-nt,  with- 
out fails.  From  its  upp-n-  brancheii,  it 
communicates  by  small  portages  with 
Lake  Huron,  and  the  Grand  riv^r;  the 
scite  of  Oxford  is  on  its  upper  fork  ;  and 
that  inten.lKd  for  Dorchester  on  its  mid- 
dle fork  ;  Lmdon  on  l!ie  main,  and  Chat- 
ham on  its  lowfM-  f  Tk  It  is  a  fine  inland 
canal,  and  capable  of  bein.^  liiglily  im- 
proved The  lands  on  its  bunks  are  ex- 
tremely fertile.  About  the  mouth  of  this 
river  are  lar^e  extensive  marshes,  or 
natural  meadows,  which,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  small  tracts  of  w  lodland  on 
the  banks  of  the  river,  and  a  fc  w  woody 
is'ands,  extend  about  12  mi'es  up  the 
country,  and  about  four  or  five  miles  in 
depth,  affording  hay  sufficient  for  a  nu- 
merous Sfttlem-nt. 

Thamsbruck    town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
Jn  Thuringia,  on  the  river  Unstrut,  three 
miles  N  of  Langensalza. 

Thanet,  island  comprising  the  E  an- 
gle of  Kent,  being  separated  from  the 
mainland  by  the  two  branches  of  the 
Stour.  It  produces  much  corn,  and  the 
S  part  is  a  rich  tract  of  marsh  land.  It 
contains  the  towns  of  Margate  and  Rams- 
gate,  and  several  villages. 

Thanhausen,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the 
piver  Mindel,  14  miles  N  of  Mindel- 
heim. 

Thasos,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on 
the  coast  of  Macedonia,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  C.ntessa,  It  is  12  miles 
long  and  eight  broad,  and  abounds  in  all 
the  necessaries  of  life.  The  fruits  and 
wine  a'^e  very  delicate  ;  and  there  are 
mines  of  :<;old  and  silver,  beside  quarries 
of  fine  marble.  The  chief  town,  of  the 
same  name,  has  a  harbour  frequented 
by  merchants.  Lon.  24  32  E,  lat.  40 
59  N. 

Thaxted,  town  of  Essex,  near  the 
source  of  the  Chelmur,  20  miles  N  by  W 
of  Chelmsford,  and  44  NNE  of  London. 

Theaki,  island  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  24  miles  long  and  seven  broad, 
separated  from  the  NE  part  of  that  of 
Cefalonia  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is 
the  ancient  Ithaca,  celebrated  as  the 
birth  place  and  kingdom  of  Ulysses.  The 
chief  town  is  Valthi,  which  has  a  spa- 
cious harbour.  Lon.  20  40  E,  lat.  38 
25  N. 

Theakiki.     See  Kankahee. 

Tfiebaid,  country  of  Upper  Egypt,  now 
called  Said  It  is  the  least  feitile,  and 
the  thinnest  of  people  of  any  province  in 
Egypt,  being  full  of  deserts  ;  now  inha- 
bited by  Arabs,  v/ho  are  robbers  by  pro- 
fession. 

S  J. 


'JViedes,  ancient  name  of  a  city  of  Up- 
p.  r  Egy[)t.  It  was  celebrated  for  having 
100  gates  ;  and  there  are  many  tombs 
and  magnificent  remains  of  antiquity. 
Three  villages,  named  Carnack,  Luxor, 
and  Gournou,  are  sealed  among  its  ruins, 
which  are  hence  called  the  antiquities tif 
Carnack  and  Luxor. 

'I'hebes,  in  Turkey.    See  Thiva. 

Themar,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
county  of  Henneberg,  near  the  river 
Werra,  10  miles  SE  of  Meinungen. 

Then'^aiy  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
princely  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Nellenburg.  It  is  situate 
on  the  Ht-gau,  eight  miles  N  of  Schaff- 
hausen. 

Thcodosia.    See  Cuffa. 

Thermia,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  S 
of  the  island  of  Zia,  and  near  the  gulf  of 
Engia,  12  miles  long  and  five  broad.  The 
soil  is  good  and  well  cultivated,  and  it 
has  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The  principal 
town  of  the  same  naime,  is  the  residence 
of  a  Greek  bishop.  Lon.  24  50  E,  lat. 
Sr  31  N. 

Thcssalon  river.  Upper  Canada,  runs 
into  lake  Huron  a  little  to  the  eastward 
of  Muddy  lake,  on  the  north  shore. 

Thessaly     See  Janna. 

Thetford,  borough  in  Norfolk.  It  has 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  woollen 
cloth  and  paper.  The  spring  assizes 
for  the  county  are  held  here.  It  is  80 
miles  NE  (jf  London.  Lon.  0  50  E,  lat, 
52  28  N. 

Thetford,  township  of  Vermont,  situ- 
ated in  Orange  county,  on  the  W  side 
of  Connecticut  river,  12  miles  N  of  Dart- 
mouth college  in  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire The  population  v/as  stated  at  1735 
by  the  census  of  1810. 

Thciix.  village  three  miles  NW  of  Spa, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  noted  for  a 
battle  fought  here  in  1794,  in  which  the 
Austrians  were  defeated. 

Thibet,  or  Great  Thibet,  country  of 
Asia,  lying  betv/een  81  and  102  pj  lon. 
and  25  and  40  N  lat.  bounded  on  the  NE 
and  N  by  the  desert  of  Kobi,  though 
we  have  but  a  faint  idea  of  its  extent  to 
that  quarter;  on  the  E  by  China,  on  the 
S  by  Assam  and  Burmah,  and  on  the  W 
and  SW  by  Hindoostan  Prcjjer  and  Boo- 
tan.  This  country  is  one  of  the  highest 
in  Asia  ;  it  being  a  part  of  that  elevated 
tract  which  gives  rise  not  only  to  the 
rivers  of  India  and  China,  but  to  those 
also  of  Siberia  and  Tartary.  Its  length 
from  E  to  W,  cannot  be  less  than  1600 
British  miles  ;  its  breadth  is  very  une- 

Jual.    It    is   divided   into    three  parts, 
Ipper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Thibet.  The 
Upper   division   seems  to   respect  the 
ctfuntries  towards  the  sources  of  the 
1001 


I   U  0 


1'  H  W 


(il^nges  and  Burrampooter ;  the  Middle 
that  in  which  Lassa,  the  capital  is  seat- 
ed, and  of  which  it  firms  the  centre  i 
and  the  Lower,  that  which  borders  on 
China. 

T/iiei,  or  Tiel,  strong  town  of  Guel- 
derland  on  the  Waal,  20  miles  W  of 
Nimeguen,    Lon.  5  16  E,  lat  51  56  ?-!. 

Taielt,  town  of  Flanders,  in  the  chateJ- 
lany  of  Courtray. 

Thiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  I'uy  de  Dome,  and  late  province 
of  Auvergne,  famous  for  its  statuary, 
hardware,  and  cutlerv.  It  is  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill.  23  miles  E  of  Cler- 
mont, and  220  S  bv  E  of  Paris.  Lon,  3 
33  E.  lat.  45  51  N. 

Thion-uille,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mnselie,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  14  miles  N  of  Metz,  and  195 
NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  15  E,  lat.  49  21  N. 
Thirslc,  or  Thursk,  \viyq\\%\\  m  the  N 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  20  miles  N\V  of 
York,  and  230  N  by  W  cf  Londr^n.  Lon. 
1  16  W,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Thive,  or  Thebes,  celebrated  city  of 
Livadir,  seated  bf'tween  iwo  rivers,  20 
miles  NW  of  Athens,  and  280  S'-V  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  23  40  E.  lat.  38 
17  N. 

Thoissel,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  A  in.  with  a  handsome  col- 
lege. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
near  the  Saone  and  Chalerone,  10  miles 
N  of  Trevoux,  and  200  SE  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  50  E,  lat.  46  13  N 

Thomas',  S(  island  of  Africa,  lying 
under  the  equator  in  8°  E  lon.  It  was 
discovered  in  1429,  and  is  almost  round, 
about  30  miles  in  diameter.  T!\e  snil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of  sugar 
eanes. 

Thomas,  Si.  one  of  the  Virgin  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  with  a  harbour,  a 
town  atid  a  fort,  15  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  belongs  to  the  Danes.  Lon.  64 
51  W.  lat.  18  21  NT. 

Thomas,  St.  archiepiscopal  town  of 
HindjQostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
subject  to  the  Portuguese,  and  three 
miles  from  Madras.    Lon.  80  25  E,  lat. 

13  2  N. 

ThoTnas,  St.  town  of  Columbia  in  Gui- 
ana>  seated  on  the  Orinoko.  Lon.  63  30 
W.  lat.  7  6  N, 

Thomastown,  post  town  in  Lincoln 
eounty,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  W  side 
of  Penobscot  b'^y  ;  seven  miles  S  of  Cam- 
den, the  same  distance  E  of  Warren, 
and  43  NE  of  Wiscassett.  Population 
1820,  25'fl. 

Thomdamm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  'f  Lower  Saxruy,  and  duchy  of 
Saxe-Lauenburg,  situated  on  the  Elbp, 

1QP2      ^ 


25  miles  SE  of  Lauenbnrg,  and  58  SE 
of  Hamburg      L  m  11  5  E,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Thomond,  c  mnty  of  Ireland,  also  cal- 
led Clare  ;  which  see. 

Thomfison,  township  of  Windham 
county,  Connecticut ;  containing  2467  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2928.  It 
is  situated  in  the  NE  corner  of  the  state ; 
joining  Rhode  I;iland  in  the  E  and  Mas- 
sachusetts in  the  N. 

Thomfison,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Sullivan  county.  New  York,  on 
Nevesink  creek,  34  miles  NW  by  W 
from  Newburg  Population  of  the  town- 
ship in  1810,  1300  ;  and  in  1820,  1897. 

Thompson,  tov,;nship  nf  Sandusky  coun- 
ty, Ohio     Population  1820,  162. 

Thompson,  township  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  W  from  Sciota  river.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  173. 

Thompson,  one  of  the  eastern  town- 
ships of  Geaui^^a  county,  Ohio.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  324. 

Thomhion^s  creek,  creek  of  Louisiana, 
in  New  Feliciana,  rises  in  the  SE  corner 
of  Wilkinson  county,  fiuws  south  and  falls 
into  the  M  ssissippi  nvf^r  opposite  Point 
Coupee,  after  a  course  of  25  miles. 

Thompson's  salt  works,  post  cflSce  in 
Jefferson  county,  Ohio. 

Thompsontown,  post  village  in  Mifflin 
couiity,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  west  branch  of  Susquehannah  river, 
10  miles  by  land  Lv'ow  Mifflin. 

Thonon,  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Chablais,  with  a  palace,  and  several 
convents.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Dra- 
ma, 13  miles  SW  of  Lausanne,  and  16 
NE  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  46 
19  N. 

Thorn,  city  of  Western  Prussia,  for- 
merly a  hanseatic  town  ;  on  the  Vistula, 
over  which  is  a  remarkable  bridge,  67 
miles  S  of  Dantzic,  and  105  NW  of 
Warsaw.    Lon.  18  42  E,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Thorn,  or  Thoren,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  bishop- 
ric (if  Liege,  seveH  miles  SW  of  Rure- 
mnnde. 

Thorn,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, in  a  marshy  soil  near  the  river 
Don,  10  miles  NE  of  Dohcaster,  and  167 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  53 
39  N 

Thorn,  township  in  the  NW  corner  of 
Perry  county,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated 
the  town  of  Thornville.  Population  1820, 
1031. 

Thornsburg,  small  post  town  in  Spot- 
sylvania county,  Virginia ;  lying  on  the 
NE  side  of  Mattapony  river,  IS  miles  S 
of  Fredericksburg,  on  the  Rappahannock, 
and  74  from  Washington. 


H  t 


T  I  A 


Thornbury,  town  of  Gloucestershire, 
24  m  les  S\V  of  Gloucester. 

Tliornbiiry,  small  township  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  o^)  Chester 
creek,  between  Egnioni  and  Birmingham, 
18  miles  WSW  ct  Philadeiphia.  In  1810 
the  inhabitants  were  564,  and  in  18J0,  537. 

Thorney,  village  in  Cambridgeshire,  six 
miles  NE  of  Peterborongh. 

Tkorney,  small  island,  in  a  bay  of  the 
English  Chan  .el,  ne;ir  the  coast  of  SussfX, 
with  a  village  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
moutli  of  the  Levant,  seven  miles  SW  of 
Chichester. 

T/iom/dli,  town  in  Dumfriesshire,  where 
fairs  are  held,  chiefly  for  woollen  yarn,  and 
coarse  woollen  stuff:^.  It  is  situated  on  an 
elev.ited  plain,  on  the  E  side  of  the  river 
Nitli,  15  m;les  N  by  W  of  Dumfries. 

T/ioriiton,  towns'nip,  Gvatton  county  New 
Hampshire,  48  miles  N  from  Concord.  Po- 
pu.ation  1810,  794  ;  aiid  in  1820,  857. 

Thornton^R  Gap,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  post 
office, Culpeppercointy,  Virginia, 50  miles 
NW  by  W  from  Fredericksburg. 

Thornton's  Biver,  SW  branch  of  the  Rap- 
pahannoc,  rising  in  the  Blue  Ridge  near 
Thornton's  Gap,  and  flows  nearly  E  through 
Culpepper  county,  Virgini:,  into  the  Rap. 
pahannoc. 

Thouats,  considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  two  Sevres  and  late 
province  of  Poilou.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
by  the  river  Thoue,  32  miles  SE  of  Angers, 
and  162  SW  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  15  W,  lat. 
46  59  N. 

Thrapston,  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
on  the  Nen,  over  wliich  is  a  bridge,  seven 
miles  N  of  Higham-Ferrers,  and  75  NNW 
of  London.     Lon,  0  36  W,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Three  hills  Island  one  of  th;r  New  He- 
brides, in  the  South  Pacific  Oce.m,  lying 
to  the  S  of  Mailicolio. 

'Three  Sisters.     See  Knriles 

Thuin,  town  of  Ha  nauit,  on  the  Sambre, 
eigl>t  miles  SW  of  Charleroy,  and  15  SE 
of  Mons.     Lon.  4  22  E,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Thiile.     See  Fula. 

Thule,  Suiilheni.     See  Sanchoich  Land. 

Thun,  lake  o*  Swi-serland,  in  ihr-  canton 
of  Bern,  five  Uagues  long,  and  one  broad. 
Its  borders  are  nchly  variegated,  and  co- 
vered wiih  !,umerous  villiigeH,  and  the  ri- 
ver .^ar  passes  through  it. 

Timn,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  th.  canton 
of  Bern.  It  is  seated  on  the  NW  extremi- 
ty of  this  lake,  where  the  river  Aar  issues 
from  it,  partly  in  a  small  island,  and  partly 
on  a  hiil,  15  miles  SSE  of  Bern.  Lon.  7 
20  E,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Thunder  Bay,  bay,  nine  miles  broad,  at 
tlie  NW  corner  of  lake  Huron,  in  North 
America.  It  receives  this  name  from  the 
contuiual  thunder  that  is  he-^rd  there. 

Thur,  river  of  Svi^isserland,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  S  part  of  the  county  of 


Toggenburg,  and  entei-s  the  Rhine,  seven 
miles  SSW  of  Sciiafr'hauscn. 

Thiirgmi,  formerly  a  baliwic,  now  a  can- 
ton of  Swisserland,  whicii  lies  along  tke 
river  Thur,  bounded  on  the  K  and  N  by 
the  lake,  town,  and  bishopric  of  Constance'; 
on  the  S  by  the  territory  of  the  abbot  of 
St.  Gallen  ;  and  on  the  \V  by  the  canton 
of  Zurich.     Frauenfield  is  the  capital. 

Thuringia,  formerly  a  langravate  of  Ger- 
many in  Upper  Saxony  ;  bounded  on  the 
E  by  Misnia,  on  the  S  by  Franconia,  on  the 
W  by  Hesse,  and  on  the  N  by  the  duchy 
of  Brunswick  and  the  principality  of  An- 
halt. 

Thurinan,  uow  Aihol,  post  town  of  War- 
ren county,  New  York,  containing  1330 
inhubitruts  in  1810;  and  in  1820,570;  and 
situated  75  miies  N  of  Albany. 

Thurso,  burough  in  Cai'hness-shire,at  the 
mouth  of  tlie  river  Tiiurso,  on  the  W  side 
of  Dunn;tt  Bay.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade,  and  a  manufacture  of  woollen  and 
linen  cloth  ;  and  salmon  fisheries  employ  a 
number  of  hands.  Lon.  3  16  W,  lat.  58 
36  N. 

Tiagar,  town  of  Hindoostari,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  fifty  miles  WSW  of  Pondicherry, 
and  75  S  of  Arcot.  Lon.  79  0  E,  lat.  11 
25  N. 

Tiano,  town  ol'  Naples,  in  Terri  di  La- 
voro.  It  is  15  miles  NW  of  Capua.  Lon. 
14  8  E,  lat.  41  14  N. 

Tiber,  river  in  Italy,  which  rises  in  the 
Appenines,  in  the  Fiorentino.  It  passes 
into  the  Eccl;  siastical  State,  washes  Borgo, 
St.  Sepuicro,  Citta-di-Castella,  Orto,  and 
Rome,  10  miles  from  which  it  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Ostia  and 
Porto.     Tivere  is  its  modern  Udme, 

Tiburoon,  cape,  at  the  most  westerly  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo. 

T\carte.     See  Tecort. 

Teckell,  town  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, five  miles  S  of  Doncaster.  Lon.  1 
11  W,  lai  52  27  N. 

Tickely,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostdn,  in  the  circle  of  Cicacole,  30  miles 
NE  of  Cicacole,  and  70  SW  of  Ganjam, 
Lon.  84  30  E,  lat.  43  50  N. 

Ticonderoga,  fort  of  the  United  States, 
in  New  York,  built  by  the  French  in  1756, 
on  the  narrow  passage  or  communication 
between  the  lakes  George  and  Champlain. 
It  had  ail  the  advantages  that  art  or  nature 
could  give  it.  It  was  taken  in  1752  by 
general  Amherst,  and  in  1779  by  general 
Bourgoyne,  but  was  evacuated  soon  after 
the  convention  at  Sas  atoga,  when  he  was 
obliged  to  stirrender  to  the  American  army. 
It  is  110  miles  S  of  Montreal,  and  185 
N  of  New  York.  Lon.  73  25  W,  lat.  43 
45  N. 

Tiddcnham,  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
Engla  d,  seven  miles  S  of  Colford. 

Tidenuell,  town  in  Derbyshire,  on  the  S 


T  I  U 


T  I  X 


coafines  of  the  Peak,  22  miles  N\V  of 
Derby,  and  158  NNW  of  Loiidon.  Lon/' 
1  46  W,  lat  53  15  N. 

Tidor,  one  of  the  Molucco  islunds,  in 
the  East  Indi-s,  lying  to  the  E  of  Gilolo, 
and  to  the  S  of  Ternate.  It  is  17  miles 
in  cii'curnference,  and  produces  cloves  and 
flax.  The  Dutch  are  masters  of  tlie  is- 
land, though  it  has  a  king  of  its  own.  The 
woods  and  the  rocks  that  surround  i',  ren- 
der it  a  place  of  defence.  Lon.  12G  0  K, 
lat.  0  50  N. 

Tiel.     See  Thiel 

Tiengen,  town  of  Cerniany,  in  'die  circle 
of  Suabia,  situated  on  the  Wutach,  29  miles 
Vi  of  Basle,  and  36  W  o;  Constance  Lon, 
S  5  B,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Tierra  del  Espiritu  Santo,  See  Teira 
del  Espiritu  Sa?ito. 

Tierra  del  Fuego.     See  Terra  del  Fitego. 

Tijffiii's  river,  rises  in  Michigan  territory, 
heading  with  the  Si.  Joseph  of  lake  Michi- 
gan and  the  river  Raisin  of  lake  Erie  ; 
flows  S,  enters  Ohio  crossing  Henr}',  and 
falling  into  Maumee  one  mile  and  a  quar- 
ter above  Fort  Defiance  in  the  SE  cornirr 
of  WUliam's  county.  It  is  navigabl  lor 
boats,  into  Michigan,  70  nr  80  miles  above 
its  mouth.  Channel  very  circuitous.  'J'he 
land  watered  by  this  stream  is  of  the  first 
rate  quality  ;  timbered  wi  h  liiiodendron 
tuiipifera,  various  species  o!  oak,  hon,  cien, 
black  and  white  walnut,  sugar  m;ij;l. ,  &c. 

Tiffin,  to\vnshi[)  of  Adams  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  1028. 

Tigris,  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  which 
has  its  source  near  th  it  of  tlie  Enphrati^s, 
in  the  mountain  of  Fcliilder,  in  Turcoma- 
nia,  afterwar^is  it  separates  Diarbeck  from 
Erzerum,  and  Khusistan  from  Irac  Arabia, 
and  uniting  with  the  Euphraies,  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Persia,  under  tlie  name  of 
Schat-el-Ardb.  This  river  passes  b\-  Diar- 
bekar,  Gezira,  Mausul,  Bagdad,  and  liiis- 
sarah. 

Tilbury,  East,  village  in  Essex,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Th.-me's,  E  of  Tilbury  Foit, 

Tilbury,  West,  v  llage  in  Es  ex,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  N  of  Tilbury  Fart. 

Tilbury  Fort,  in  Essex  on  the  Thames, 
opposite  to  Gravesend,  a  regular  fortifica- 
tion, which  may  be  termed  the  key  of  Lon- 
don,    iris  28  miles  E  by  S  of  London. 

Tillieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Evre,  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, sis  miles  NE  of  Verneuil,  and  12 
W  of  Dieux.     Lon,  1  3  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Tilsit,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lithuania, 
■with  a  considerable  trade  in  linse-ed, 
butter,  and  other  articles.  It  is  situated 
en  the  Memel,  50  miles  NE  of  Konings 
berg,  and  95  SSW  of  Mittau.  Lon.  22 
8  E.  lat.  55  8  N. 

Timdna.  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Po- 
payan,  eapital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
100-1. 


name,  whicii  abounds  in  fruits  and  pas- 
tures. It  is  seated  on  a  river,  130  miles 
KSK  of  Pupayan.    Lon.  73  55  W,  lat.  1 

3N. 

TiJiiballicr,  bay  at  the  mouth  of  La- 
fourche, in  Louisiana.  This  bay  is  about 
30  miles  in  length  and  from  three  to 
eight  wide.  The  adjacent  islands  and 
shc;re,  are  low  grassy  or  sandy  flats. 

Timcrijcotta.  town  and  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  pr>>vince  ot  G'  Iconda, 
fii  uiiies  SE  of  Hydrabad,  and  9.7  W  of 
Masulipatara.  Lon.  79  26  E,  lat.  15 
20  N. 

Timor,  islard  in  tlie  Indian  Ocean, 
bctive.  n  Celebes  and  Xvvv  Hr.iiand.  It 
is  150  miifs  long  and  37  broad,  and 
abounds  in  sandal  wood,  wax,  and  licney. 
'I  he  Dutch  lutve  a  fort  here.  Lon.  of 
the  SW  point  123  59  E,  lat  10  23  S. 

Tina, '  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  B'Snia,  on  tiie  river  Tis,  o7  miles 
KVV  of  Snalatro.    Lon.   17  9  E,  lat.  44 

■:.S  N; 

Tma,  or  Tinos  the  ancient  Tenos,  an 
island  of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the 
Cyciades,  to  the  \V  ot  ISicaiia.  It  is  17 
miles  h;ng  and  eigtit  br.^ad.  Tlie  for- 
tress stands  on  a  rock ;  Nicli  is  the 
prii  cipai  town.  Lon.  25  24  E,  lat.  37 
30  N. 

Tmdelsx'iUe,  ps  st  town  Montgomery 
county.  North  Carohna,  on  the  right 
hank  of  Ya.dkin  river,  90  miles  SW  by 
W  from  Kaleigh. 

Tmevi.ilij      See  Palamcotta. 

Timcai  island  in  th.e  Pacific  Ocean,  one 
of  the  Ladrones,  12  miles  in  length  and 
SIX  in  breadth 

Tinicum,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pvnnsylvania,  containing  1017inhabitarits 
m  1810;  and  in  1820,  1249.  It  i-s  situa- 
ted rn  the  .SW  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware, between  Phimstead,  and  Noxa- 
nuxon,  25  miles  N  W  of  Trenton  in  New 
Jersey. 

Tinicum,  tov/nship  f.f  Lelaware  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  It  lies  on  the  Dela- 
ware, below  the  mcuth  ot  Darby  creek, 
about  six  miles  from  Philadelphia,  and 
consists  principally  of  grazing  farms.  Po- 
pulation ISIO.  249;  and  in  1820,  182. 

Tinmouth,  seaport  in  Northumberland, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne.  nine  mdes  E 
of  Newcastle.  '  Here  ships  take  in  their 
loading  of  coal,  and  of  goods  brought 
from  Newcastle.  Lon.  1  6  W,  lat.  55 
6  N. 

Tinmouth,  town  of  Vermont,  in  Rut- 
land county,  15  miles  S  of  Rutland,  and 
25  Nof  Benninirtcn,  with  lOGl  inhabitants 
in  1810. 

Tinos.    See  Tina. 

Tincagd,  A'illage  in  Cnrnv/all.    Het'e 


1    1  o 


•1'  I  u 


are  the  remains  of  a  remarkable  fortifi- 
cation called  King  Arthur's  Castle. 

Tinto,  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  province  of  Seville,  and  its 
name  from  its  waters  which  are  tinge  i 
of  a  yellow  colour.  Near  its  spring  it 
has  a  petrifying  quality,  no  trees  or  plants 
growing  on  its  tanks.  It  tails  into  the 
Atlantic  about  18  mii«rs  below  Niebla. 

Tinztda,  town  ot  Barliary,  in  Biledul- 
gerid.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  in  a  country  fertile  in  dates  and 
barley,  and  abounding  in  indigo.  Lon 
6   13 'VV,  Lit,  27  oO  N. 

Tinzulie,  strong  town  of  Barbary,  in 
Biledalgerid,  seated  on  the  river  J3ras. 
Lon.  5  43  W,  lat   28  15  N. 

Tioga,  river  of  the  United  States, 
wiiich  "ises  in  Steuben  county,  New  York 
and  runs  m  a  SE  course  into  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  whc  re  it  falls  into  the  Susquehannah 
at  Tioga  Point.  It  is  navigable  by  bat- 
tesux  about  5')  milea. 
^  Tioga,  county  vi  Nt  w  Ycrk  ;  bouiided 
by  Bradford  count)  in  Pcnusyivania  S; 
hteubrn  county  m  New  York  VV  ;  Tomp- 
kins N  ;  and  Broonie  E.  Length  36  ; 
mean  width  28  ;  and  area  about  1000 
square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  but  in  a  pe- 
culiar degree  well  watered.  The  main 
branch  of  Susquehannan  crosses  its  SJ". 
angle.  Its  SW  is  in  a  similar  manner 
traversed  by  Tioga  river.  Cayuta  and  a 
number  of  other  large  creeks  drain  the 
central  parts,  and  flows  S  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  and  I'loga  rivers.  The 
northern  side  of  the  county  is  drained  by 
creeks  tailing  into  Seneca,  and  Cayuga 
lakes.  By  the  channel  of  Newtown 
creek,  along  the  western  side  of  Tioga, 
a  canal  has  been  projected  to  connect  the 
Susquehannah  and  St.  Lawrence  basins. 
Chief  towns,  Spencer,  and  Smithboro'. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.      do.   feiT!;i!CS      - 


Totid  whites        .... 

All  odier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .         .         .         - 

Skve,s 

Total  population  in  1810     - 


4,085 
3,714 

7,799 

39 
61 


7,899 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         8,712 

do.    do.    females     ...         8,123 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        .        .  0 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females    - 

Total  pi  pulation  in  1820 


66 


10,971 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
<lo.  1^0.      female' 


20 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  natuvalized  •  59 

Engaged  in  AgriculUire  -         2,411 

do.        ill  Manufactures  -  233 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  66 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17  nearly. 

Tioga,  post  village,  ard  township 
Ti.iga  county,  New  York,  on  Susque- 
hannah river,  17  miles  beiow  Binghanip- 
ton.  Population  1810,  5U0  ;  and  in  1820, 
1816. 

Tioga  county  of  Pennsylvania  ;  bound- 
ed by  Steuben  county  in  New  York  N  ; 
Bradtorci  in  Pennsylvania  E;  Lycoming 
SE  and  E  ;  and  Potter  W.  Ltn'gth  36  ; 
breadth  31 ;  and  arra  1108  .square  miles. 
Surface  broken,  and  soil  of  middling 
quality  The  main  southern  branch  of 
I'ioga  rivtr  rises  in  the  SE  angle;  and 
traverses  t.is  county,  fiowing  N  into  New 
York.  Its  SW  angle  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Pme  cretk,  Ciiief  town, 
Vv'el  sborough 

Population  in  18 10. 
Free  white  males  -        -  'JO - 

do.     do.     females  -        -  •         785 

Total  whites             -    ,    -        -  1,687 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed              ....  o 

Slaves      -----  0 

Total  population  in  1810  -        1,687 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  while  males        -        -         -         2,112 

do.    do.     females  -        -         1,892 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .         -         -  0 

Total  whites       -         .         -         -  4,004 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  H 

do.             do.       females  9 

Slaves,  males    •        -        -        .  0 

do.    femaks          ...  o 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        4,021 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  23 

Eng.aged  in  Agriculture      -         -  682 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  10 

I    do.        in  Commerce       -        -  2 
Popul.ation  to  the  square  mile,  3  2-3. 

Tioga,  to'.vnship  of  Tioga  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Tioga  river  10  miles 
NEfroin  Wellsborough.  Populati(>n  1810, 
WiT  ;  and  in  1820,  246. 


T  I  S 


T  O  B 


Tioughnioga,  western  branch  of  Che- 
nango river,  rises  in  Onoi:idaii,o,  and 
Courtland  counties,  New  York,  and  iiow 
Ing  SE  joins  Ciienango  river  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Chenango,  on  the  W  border  of 
Broome  county,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  50  miles. 

Tiperah,  or  Tiprah,  kingdom  of  Asia, 
lying  to  the  E  of  Hindoostan  Proper. 

Tipfiecanoe,  one  of  the  northern 
branches  of  Wabash,  brought  to  pubhc 
notice  by  a  severe  engagement  between 
the  United  States  troops,  and  the  Indians 
November  1811. 

Tififierary,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Munster,  60  miles  long  and 
40  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  King's 
County,  on  the  E  by  Queen's  County 
and  Kilkenny,  on  the  S  b}-  Waterford, 
and  on  the  W  by  Galway,  Ciarf ,  Lime- 
rick, and  Coi-k.     Cashel  is  the  capital. 

Tipperary  ,to-^r\  of  Ireland,  in  thi-  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  nine  niiies  SSW  of 
Cashel. 

TirmiOf  town  of  thi'  ountry  of  the 
Grisons,  capita!  of  the  Upper  ferzero. 
It  is  ir  miles  SW  of  Bormio  Lon.  9  46 
E,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Tirce,  one  cf  the  Hebrides,  or  West- 
ern Islands  of  Scotland,  lying  to  the  SW 
of  Col.  It  is  a  small,  rich  island,  and 
nott  d  for  its  marble  quarry,  and  a  hand- 
some breed  of  little  h'.rt,es. 

Tireh,  town  ti'  Turkey,  in  the  Asiatic 
province  of  Natolia,  situated  on  the  Mean- 
der, 32  railt-s  SSE  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27 
30  E,  lat.  28  10  N. 

Ttrlemont,  village  of  Austrian  Brabant, 
form^^rly  one  of  the  most  considerable 
places  in  that  duchy,  i)ut  ruined  by  the 
Avars.    Lon  4  41  E.'lat.  50  48  N. 

Tirnaii,  strong  and  considerable  town 
of  Upp-  r  Hungary  in  the  county  of  Nei- 
tra.  It  is  Sc-ated  on  the  Tirna,  five  miles 
W  of  Leopoldstadt.  and  22  NE  of  Prts- 
burg.    Lon   17    9  E.  lat.  48  24  N. 

l"rrol,  or  Tyrol,  county  of  Germany, 
in  Austria,  and  part  of  the  hereditary 
dominions  of  that  house.  It  is  150  miles 
long,  and  120  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Bavaria,  on  the  E  by  Carinthia  and 
Saltzburg,  on  the  S  by  the  territory  of 
Venice,  and  on  the  W  by  Sv/isserl  aid. 
Thou,iT;h  a  mountaino'us  country,  it  pro- 
duces as  much  corn  and  wine  as  the  in- 
habitants havf  occason  for,  and  has  rich 
mi  es  of  g'  Id,  silver,  and  copper.  It  is 
divided  into  four  parts  ;  lyrol,  properly 
so  called,  the  bishopric  of  Trent,  the  bi- 
shopric of  Brixen,  and  four  provinces  of 
Suabia,  which  are  united  to  Tyrol.  In- 
spruc  is  the  capital. 

Tisbury,  township  of  Duke's  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  N  side  of  the  is- 
iO06 


land  of  Marthas  Vineyard.  Population 
1810,,  1202  ;  and  in  1820,  1223. 

'ncan,  or  Cabaros,  island  of  France,  the 
most  eastern  of  the  Hieres,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Ticicaca,  or  Chucuito,  lake  of  Peru, 
in  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos,  It  is 
one  of  the  largest  in  bouth  America. 

Titc/ifield,  village  in  Hampshire,  seat- 
ed on  a  small  river,  six  miles  E  of  South- 
ampton. 

Titlisberg,  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  Swisserlaud,  at  the  toot  of  which 
is  the  greatest  part  of  the  valley  of  En- 
gelberg. 

Titimaning,  tow^n  of  Germany,  in  Saltz- 
burg, on  the  Saltza,  24  miles  NW  of 
Saltzburg.     Lon.  12  46  E,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Titul,  town  of  Upper  Hupgirj,  in  the 
county  of  Bodrog.  Lon.  20  30  E,  iat.  45 
SON. 

Tive-r.     See   Tiber.  \ 

Tiverton  borough  in  Devonshire,  on  the  1 
Ex,  over  which  is  a  stem,  bridge.  This 
town  has  been  noted  kr  its  great  wool- 
len manufacture,  and  is  14  miles  NNE 
of  Extter,  and  161  VV  by  S  of  London. 
Lr.'n.  3  38  W    lat.  50  44  N. 

Tiverton,  town&hip  of  Newport  coun- 
ty, Hiictle  Island,  containing  2857  in- 
habitants in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  2875. 
and  lying  about  14  miles  from  the  city  of 
Newport.. 

Tiume?i,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province 
of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Tura,  125  miles  W  of 
TobcAsk. 

Tivoli,  celebrated  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma.  Ntar  Tivoli  is 
the  remarkable  lake  of  Solfatara.  Ti- 
voli  is  seated  on  the  Teverone,  12  miles 
ENE  ot  R.mie,  and  15  NNE  of  Frescati. 
Lon.  12  43  E  iat.  41  59  N.  See  Solfa- 
tara and  Teverone. 

Tlascala,  fcruierly  a  republic,  and  at 
present  a  town  of  Mfxico,  about  70  miles 
E  from  the  city  of  Mexico,  Popu  ation 
4000. 

Tlemesen.     See   Tremesen. 

Tobago,  the  most  southward  of  the  is- 
lands in  the  West  Indians,  and  the  most 
eastward  except  Barbadoes.  It  is  32 
miles  long  aqd  nine  broad,  120  miles  S 
of  Batbadoes.  Lon.  59  0  W,  lat.  11 
10  N. 

Tijbiigo,  ii7//e,  island  near  the  NE  ex- 
tremely of  Tobago,  (in  the  West  Indies) 
two  miles  long,  and  cne  broad. 

Tobolsk,  govfri.ment  of  Russia,  which 
comprehends  the  W  part  of  Siberia.  It 
is  divided  into  the  two  proviBces  of  To- 
bolsk and  Tiunsk 

Tobolsk,  capital  of  Siberia,  and  of  the 
government  of  lobolsk,  seated  on  a  hill, 
at  the  continence  of  the  1'obol  and  Irtvsh, 


'4    «  G  , 

■juu  miles  E  by  N  of  Moscow,  and  1000 
E  by  S  of  Petersbiirgb.  Lun.  68  12  E, 
lat.  58  12  N. 

Toby,  NW  township  of  Armstrong 
county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  E  side  of 
Allegany  river.  Population  1810,  611  ; 
and  in  1820,  1156. 

Toby's  creek,  river  of  Pennss  Ivania,  rising 
in  M'Ke^n,  Ho\vi:ig  SW  eivers  an  ■  ira- 
verses  Jeftl-rso;!  county,  ami  from  thence 
betweeii  Armstrong  mul  Venango  con  ties 
falls  into  Allegany  river  at  the  vil.ag-  •  of 
Foxbiirg. 

Tocantiv,  large  riv&r  of  South  America, 
Brazil.  It  is  compos  d  of  large  branciies, 
the  Tocaniins  pr  >per  'o  the  SE,  and  tne 
Araguay  to  the  SW.  The  latter  is  the 
main  stream,  rising  in  Goias,  and  Viatfa 
grosso,  lat.  20  0  S  an.!  d  iwiui,'  a  li  tlo  E  i;f 
N  about  1000  miles  by  comparative  courses 
joins  the  T  cantin.  The  latter  Ij-s  its 
source  in  Goias,  lit.  16  0  S  and  by  com- 
parative courses  a  little  W  of  N  8j0  miles 
meets  the  Ara^ru^y,  at  lat.  6  OS,  Beiow 
their  junction  the  United  waters  flow  N 
300  miles,  and  are  fiiiaily  lost  in  the  cjian^ 
nel  of  Joanne,  or  Para. 

Tocat,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Na- 
tolia,  capital  of  a  pr  vince  of  the  same 
name.  Tiie  houses  are  handsomely  buiit, 
and  the  streets  pretty  well  paved,  which 
is  an  unconimon  thing  in  these  parts  ;  but 
tile  town  makes  a  very  odd  appe^rante, 
and  is  in  the  form  of  an  ^mphithratre. 
There  are  two  rugged  perpcn  liculat  rocks 
of  marble,  with  an  oM  castle  up'):i  each ; 
and  so  many  streams,  that  each  house  !i!is 
a  fountain.  H  re  ar-  20,000  T-u-kish,  4000 
Armenians,  and  400  Greek  families.  The  e 
ai-e  12  mosques,  and  a  vast  number  of  c'la- 
pels  ;  the  Armenians  have  seven  cluirnhi  s, 
and  the  Greeks  o  ily  one.  Besides  the 
silk  of  this  country,  th^y  manufiicure  much 
of  that  of  Persia,  and  make  it  into  seeing 
silk,  their  chi^f  <rade  s  in  copper  vessels, 
such  as  kettles,  drinking-cnps,  lantern>', 
and  candlesticks.  They  al-o  '^repare  a 
great  deal  of  yellow  Tu  key  leather  To- 
cat may  he  coisidt-retl  as  the  centre  of 
trade  in  Natolia  ;  for  rarava'  s  c  me  hither 
from  several  parts.  Its  teriiory  abounds 
in  fruits  and  ex  ellent  wine.  It  is  210 
miles  W  by  S  of  Erzerum,  and  283  N  of 
Aleppo.     Lon.  37  15  E,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Tocayma,  town  of  New  Grena'la,  seated 
on  the  Pati,  in  a  country  abonn  ting  in 
fruits  and  .sugar.  Here  sre  hot  baths  ne- 
tween  two  cold  springs  :  and  near  the  'own 
is  a  volcano.     I.-n  73  50  W   lat  4  3  N. 

Tockay,  strong  town  of  Upp- r  Hungary, 
in  the  county  of  ZiiTiplin,  with  a  c  stle. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  e.^cellent  wine  ;  but 
being  produced  only  by  one  vineyard,  it 
is  scarce  even  at  Vienna.  At  some  dis- 
tance from  it  are  large  saltworks.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bodrog 


T  (3  L 

and  Tc'iss",  75  miles  NW  of  Gr.  at  Wari- 
din,  and  90  NE  of  Buda.  Lon  21  25  E, 
lat.  48  10  N. 

T'jckoa  Falls,  Franklin  county,  Georgia. 
It  is  in  a  branch  of  Tugaloo  river.  The 
fall  near  200  feet. 

Tncort,  v  Tvggurt,  town  of  tt.e  king- 
dom ot  Algiers,  in  .Africa,  240  miles  SSE 
of  A  giers     Lon   4  40  E,  lat.  32  40  N. 

Todd;  county  of  Kentucky ;  bounded 
by  Kobertson  county,  Te'messee  S  ;  Chris- 
tian ^W  ;  Muhienburg  N;  and  Log^iu  E. 
Leogtii  30  ;  mean  width  15 ;  and  area  450 
squar^  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Red  river, 
i)raiich  of  Cumberland,  and  Muddv  fork  a 
branch  of  Green  river.  Cliief  town,  Klkton. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  wiiite  males        ...         1,715 

do.  do.     females    -        -        -         1,641 


Total  whites       - 

3,356 

Free  peisoni  of  colour,  males     - 

4 

do.            do.        females  - 

0 

Slaves,  male-       .         _         .         . 

869 

do.    females 

860 

Total  population  in  1820 


5,089 


Of  these; 
Firelgner?  not  naturalized  -  8 

Engaged  in  \griculture       -         -         1,303 
do.         in  Manufactures  -  35 

do         in.Conimerce        -         -  9 

Pop  1  tion  io  the  sq"are  m  le.  It. 

Todi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Sp  'letto,  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Tiber, 
22  m  les  S  of  Pelagia,  and  50  N  of  Rome. 
Lo  .  12  32  E,  la*.  42  44  N. 

Toqgenbiirg,  county  of  Swisser'and,  de- 
pending on  the  abbey  of  St.  Galien,  be- 
'v/een  high  mounfains.  It  is  fertile  in  corn 
a^d  fruit,  nd  is  divided  into  the  Upper 
lud  Lo'A  er  Is  contains  upwards  of  46,000 
inhabi  ant-,  the  majovi  y  of  whom  are  jfsro- 
test;oits. 

Toiasey.  town  of  Fr  nee.  in  the  def^art- 
ment  of  .\in,  25  miles  N  of  Lvons  Lon. 
4  52  K,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Tolaga  Bay,  bay  of  the  island  of  New 
Ze  land,  in  the  Fac.fic  Ocenn.  I.on.  178 
-3  K,  lat.  38  21  S. 

To'edo.  commercial  ci?y  of  Sp«in, 'in 
New  Castile,  of  hich  it  ^'  as  iormcrly  the 
capital.  It  is  advan'ageoosly  seated  on  a 
mo  ntain,  <m  t'  e  river  T.  gu,  which  sur- 
rounds it  on  two  sides ;  aod  on  the  land 
side  it  has  an  ancie  :t  wall  b'jilt  by  a  Gothic 
king,  and  fla-ked  with  100  towers.  It  has 
a  royal  c  stle,  a  famous  university,  und  se- 
veral mannftctures  of  silk  and  wool  It 
is  37  mi'(=s  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  20  W, 
lat  39  53  N, 

Tolen,   'own  of  the  Netherland,  in  Zea- 
land, in  an  island  of  the  same  name,  sepa- 
rated bv  a  narrow  ehan>-el  from  Dutch  Bra» 
10.07 


T  O  L 


T  O  M 


bant.  It  Is  five  miles  NW  of  l5ei-gen-op- 
Zoom.     Lon.  4  20  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Tolentino,  town  of  I'aly,  in  the  tnsrqai- 
nate  of  Ancona,  on  the  river  Chiento,  eitjht 
miles  SE  of  St.  Severino,  and  88  NE  of 
Rome.     Lon.  13  H  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Tolesburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Riga,  witia  a  harbour  seated 
on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  60  nni'.es  W  of  Nar- 
va.     Lon.  26  4  E,  lat.  59  38  N. 

Tolfa,  town  of  It;»ly  in  the  d  )niinions  of 
the  Pope  In  the  neighbourhood  avc  mines 
of  alum,  and  iron,  warm  baths,  and  qiiar- 
ries  of  alabaster  and  lapis  lazuli.  It  is  25 
miles  NW   of  Rome.     Lon.  12  40  E,  lat. 

42  10  N. 

Talhuys,  town  of  Gnilderland,  on  the 
Rhine.  It  is  eight  miles  E  of  Nimeguen. 
Lon.  6  0  E,  lat.'  51  56  N. 

Tolland,  township  of  Hampden  county, 
Massach-isetts,  on  the  right  banii  of  Co  i- 
necticut  river,  20  miles  b-="Iow  Springfield. 
Population  1810,  8  ;0  ;  and  in  1820,  692. 

Tolland,  county  of  Connecticut ;  bound- 
ed by  New  London  S  ;  Havtford  W  ;  Hamp- 
den'in  Massachusetts  N  ;  and  Wir.dh.am  in 
Connecticut  E.  Length  30  ;  mean  width 
15  ;  and  area  450  square  miles.  It  lies  on 
the  dividing  ground  between  the  sources 
of  the  Thames,  and  » arious  creeks  flowing 
SW  into  Connecticut  river.  Surface  gen- 
erally hilly.     Soil  of  middling  quality. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  whi  e  males         -         -         -        6,681 

do.     do.    females    -        -        -       6,878 

Total  whites  .  -  -  -  13,559 
All  otiier  persons  except  Indians  not 

taxed 220 

Sl.'ives  .--.--  0 


Total  popu'ation  in  1810     -        -  13  779 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males         -         -         -  6,910 

do.    do.    females   -        -        -  7,170 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          .         -         -         -  0 

Total  whites         -         -         .        -  14,0.S0 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  139 

do.           do.        females,  109 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -        •»  1 

do.    females     .        -        -        -  1 


Total  population  in  1820 


14,330 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  ii'^t  naturalized  -  13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -        -        3,967 

do.       in  Manufactures     -         •  533 

do.       in  Commerce  -         -  60 

Populaiion  to  the  square  mile,  32. 

Tolland,  post  town  and  the  capital  of  Tol- 
land county,   Connecticut,  17  miles  NE  of 
Hartford,  and  19  W  of  Pomfret,  contain- 
100« 


ing  1638  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
1607. 

Tolmezzo,  town  of  Italv,  in  Friuli,  30 
miles  NE  of  Bellumo.  Lon.  12  50  E,  lat. 
46  30  N. 

Tolmino,  town  of  flermmy,  in  Carniola, 
12  miles  N  of  Goritz. 

Tolna,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  s;tm.e  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  in  a  country  producing 
excellent  wine,  eight  miles  SW  of  Coloc- 
za,  and  45  S  of  Buda.  Lon.  19  28  E,  lat. 
46  33  N. 

Tolnani,  town  of  Hindoostan,  70  miles 
\V  of  Burhampour,  and  124  E  of  Surat. 
Lon.  75  3  E,  lat.  21  15  N. 

Tnlosa,  town  of  Spain,  th*^  capital  of 
Gui;)uscoa,  in  a  valley,  between  the  Araxis 
and  Oria,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  and 
npar  them  -everal  natural  cascades  It  is 
inhabited  by  a  great  number  of  artists, 
who  muke  sword  blades  in  high  esteem. 
It  was  taken  bv  the  French  in  1794.  It  is 
^7  miles  SW'  of  Bayonne,  and  47  SE  of 
Bjlboa.     Lon.  2  5  W,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Tohi,  town  of  South  America  in  Car- 
tliagena ;  famous  for  tlie  balsam  of  Tolu, 
brought  hence  to  Europe,  and  produced 
from  a  tree  like  a  pine.  It  is  seated  on  a 
bay  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  60  miles  S  of 
Carthagena.     Lon.  75  22  W,  lat.  9  30  N. 

Tomar,  town  of  Portugal,  in  E-trama- 
dura,  on  the  river  Naboam,  40  roiles  SE  of 
Coimbra,  and  65  NE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7 
55  W,  lat,  39  30  N.      . 

Tombec,  town  of  Brabant,  eigiit  miles 
S  of  Louvain,  Mid  10  E  of  Brussels.  Lon. 
4  49  E,  lat.  50  45  N. , 

Tumbelaine,  small  island  of  France,  witli 
a  town  of  the  same  n-^me,  on  the  coast  of 
Normandy,  in  a  small  gulf  between  .'Vvan- 
ches  and  St.  Malo.  This  island,  as  well  as 
that  of  St.  Michael,  in  which  there  is  a 
monastery,  are  every  day  joined,  at  low 
water,  to  the  main  land. 

Tombighee,  western  or  rather  NW  branch 
of  Ahdiama,  rises  on  the  NK  angle  of  Mis- 
sissippi, runs  SE  receiving  numerous  tri- 
butaries from  the  spurs  of  the  Allegany 
mountains,  which  are  here  scattered  in 
groups  over  the  country.  At  Cotton-Gin- 
Pnrt,"  .about  70  miles  SW  of  the  Muscle 
shoals  the  ^-arious  branches  unite  and  form 
a  fine  navigable  stream.  Thence  assuming 
a  course  E  of  S,  it  crosses  into  .Alabama, 
receiving  several  creeks  from  the  Choctaw 
couiitryOn  the  W,  and  the  Sipsey  river  on 
the  E.  It  unites  with  the  Tuckaloosa,  or 
Black  Warrior,  at  N  lat  32  30  after  a  course 
of  150  miles,  an^l  thence  turning  S  130 
miles  unites  with  Alabama,  forms  the  Mo- 
bile.  The  Tombi/bee  is  navigable  by 
schooners  to  St.  Stephen,  where  rapids  first 
occur  ;  but  barges  and  keel  boats  ascend 
to  Cottoa-Gin-Port,  220  miles  higher,  frl 


T  O  M 


1'  O  N 


^owi!lg■  the  bends  of  the  river.    See  Mo' 
bile,  page  642. 

Taitibttctoo,  kingdom  of  Nigritia,  which 
lies  \o  -he  Si-:  of  the  great  desert  of  Zj- 
hara,  and  ^V  ot"  ihe  empire  of  Cushua.  It 
produces  gitaf  plenty  of  cosn,  cuttle,  milk, 
and  butter  The  king  has  300  horsemen, 
besides  a  great  number  ot  f<;ot,  who  fre- 
quently tak  captives,  and  sell  them  to  the 
merchants  f  .-r  slaves. 

Tmnbitctoo,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  tiie 
same  name,  iii  Nigritia.  Here  is  a  great 
number  of  weavers  of  cotton  clotli ;  and 
hither  the  doth  and  other  merchandise  are 
brought  by  caravans  from  Barbary.  In- 
stead of  money,  they  make  use  of  shells 
and  small  bits  of  gold.  It  stands  near  the 
Niger     Lon.  1  3iJ  R,  lat  16  30  X. 

Tomebamba,  town  of  P(  ru,  in  the  au- 
dience of  Quito,  where  was  a  temple  of 
the  suo,  whose  fealls,  as  the  Spaniards 
assert,"  were  covered  with  gold.  It  is 
120  miles  S  of  Quito.  Lon  77  50  W,  lat, 
2  16  S. 

Tomina,  government  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, in  Beunos  Ayres 

TominL  town  of  the  island  of  Celebes, 
in  the  East  Indies,  in  a  bay  to  which  it 
gives  name.    Lon   119  U  E,  lat.  0  45  S. 

Tomfikins,  county  nf  N  w  York,  bound- 
ed  by  Seneca  lake  W  ;  Seneca  and  Cay- 
uga counties  N;  and  Courtland  E.  Length 
35  J  mean  width  15;  and  area  about  500 
square  miles.  Surface  generally  very 
hilly  ;  and  soil  productive.  It  is  in  great 
part  watered  by  the  confiutnt  creelis  of 
Cayuga  lake.    Chief  town,  Ithaca, 

Population  in  182G. 
Free  wUitt  males  -       -      10,536 

do    do.    females  -        -       10,073 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     .       -       -        -  o 


Total  whites  .        .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males 
do.    females         .        -        - 


Total  population  in  1820 


20,6S1 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  20 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        9.704 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  925 

do,        in  Commerce  -  73 

Population  to  the  square  mile  41. 

To7nfiki?is,  post  village  and  township  in 
Delaware  county,  New  York  ;  27  miles 
SW  from  Delhi.     Population  1820,  1206. 

Tom/ikmsville,  post  village  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Monroe  county,  Ki-ntucky ; 
about  40  miles  a  little  S  of  K  from  Rus- 
selville. 

Tomsk^  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  pro- 
«  M 


vince  of  Tomsk.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a  great  trade,  as  the  town  lies  on  the 
great  road  through  all  the  li  and  N 
parts  of  Siberia.  It  contains  above  2000 
houses,  ar.d  is  seated  on  the  river  Tom, 
105  miles  miles  ESE  of  Tobolsk.  Lou. 
84  59  E,  lat.  55  45  N. 

Tonderen,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  with  a  fort,  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  German 
Ocean,  25  miles  SE  of  Ripen,  and  30 
NW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  40  E,  Uit.  54 
58  N, 

Tongataboo ,  one  of  the  Friendly  Isl- 
ands in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about 
twenty  leagues  in  circuit,  somewhat  ob- 
long, broadest  at  the  E  end,  and  its  great- 
est length  from  E  to  W.  Lon.  176  46  E, 
lat.  21  9  S. 

Tongres,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege,  on  the  Neckar,  12 
miles  SW  of  Maestricht,  and  15  W  of 
Liege. 

Tong-tchan^,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Changtong-  It  is  150  miles  S  of 
Peking.     Lnn.  1 15  25  E.  lat.  36  .30  N. 

To7ig-chiien,  f'.rtified  city  ol''  China,  la 
the  provino"  of  St-.tchun  The  inhabi- 
tants are  all  soldiers  who  hav(  followed 
the  profession  of  arms,  from  father  to 
son.  It  is  867  miles  SW  of  Peking.  I.ou. 
101  30  E,  lat  25  55  N 

Tonqjisians,  people  who  inhabit  the 
E  part  of  Sibtria,  and  are  subject  to  the 
Russians.  They  are  all  pagans,  and 
chiefly  subsist  by  grazing,  and  hunting 
o:  sabhs. 

Toimexaanto^  small  river  orcreck  of  New 
York,  rises  in  the  S  W  angle  of  the  Gene- 
see-, flaws  N  aboiit  20  miles,  to  Batavia. 
Here  it  abruptly  turns  W  and  continues 
that  course  40  miles,  into  Niagara  river, 
opposite  Grand  Isle.  The  chann  I  (jf  this 
stream  for  a  distance  of  about  11  miles 
is  intendi-d  to  foi-ni  a  part  (jf  the  Erie 
canal.  Trom  the  western  border  of  Ge- 
nesee, it  forms  the  limit  between  Niag- 
ara and  Erie  counties. 

Tonna,  town. of  Gi-rmany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  six  miles  N  of  Gotiia. 

Tonnay  Bautoime,  town  of  France,  ill 
the  department  ot  Lower  Chr.rente,  and 
late  territory  c^f  Saintonge,  seated  on  the 
river  Boutonge,  17  tniles  N  of  Saintes. 
Lon.G34  W,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Tommy  Charenfc,  town  of  France,  in 
the  departmen.t  <:f  Lower  Charente,  and 
late  territory  of  Saintonge,  with  a  castle 
and  a  small  port.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Charente,  thne  miles  from  Rochefcrt, 
and  253  SW  of  Paris.  Lon  0  46  W,  lat. 
45  56  N. 

Tonniciis,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late 
province  of  (Juienne,  seated  on  the  Ga- 

1(1.0 


r  o  F 


T  O  li 


voniie,  two  miles  from  its  Junction  with 
the  Lot,  and  seven  E  of  Marmande. 

Tonnierre,  to.vii  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonr.e,  and  late-  province 
of  Burgundy,  famous  for  its  good  wines. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Armancon,  27  miles 
of  Troves,  and  102  Vj  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
4  E,  la't.  47  51  N. 

Tonning-n,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  Slc-svvick,  capital  of  a  territ  ry 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  pe- 
ninsula firmed  by  the  river  Eydtr,  where 
there  is  a  commcdi-jus  h?.rb;;ur.  2.5  miles 
SW  of  Sleswick,  and  53  NVV  of  Ham- 
burg    Lon.  9  10  E.  lat  54  3^  N. 

To7iqnin,  kinsjdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  C'ninaj  on  the  E  by  China, 
and  the  gulf  of  Tonquin,  on  the  S  by 
Cochin  China,  and  on  the  VV  by  Laos. 
It  is  about  1200  miles  in  length  and  5('0 
in  breadth,  and  is  one  of  ti)e  finest. and 
most  consider  ible  kingdoms  of  the  East, 
as  well  on  account  of  the  number  of  in- 
habitants, as  the  riches  it  contains,  and 
the  trade  it  carries  on.  The  natives  in 
general  are  of  a  middl-ny;  stature,  and 
clean-limbed,  with  a  tawny  cnmpiexion. 
Their  faces  are  oval  and  flattish,  and 
their  noses  and  lips  well  proportioned. 
Their  hair  is  black,  long,  lank,  and 
coarse.  This  kingdom  is  an  absolute  mo- 
narchy.   Cachao  is  the  capital. 

Tonaberg,  seaport  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuys,  30  miles  VV  of 
Fred:  rickstadt.  Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  58 
50  N. 

Toobonad,  small  island  in  the  South 
Sea,  discovered  by  Captain  Conk,  being  in 
any  direction,  net  .ibove  five  or  six  miles. 
Lon.  149  23  W,  iat-  23  25  S. 

Topdif.  town  in  the  N  riding  cf  York- 
shire, seated  on  a  c<.nsider-tble  ascent, 
on  the  Swale,  24  miles  N  .':f  York. 

Topely  or  Topi,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Bohemia,  24  miles  NW  of  Pilsen,  and 
56  W  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  10  E,  lat.  50 
10  N. 

TopUtz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Leutmeritz,  14  miles  WNW  of  Leut- 
meritz.    Lon.  14  10  R,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Topolitza,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Moldavia,  12  miles  SW  if  Niemecz. 
Lon.  26  9  E,  lat  46  51  N. 

Topolizau,  town  of  Hungary,  68  miles 
E  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  30  E,  lat,  48  35 
N. 

Topsfiehl,  post  village  and  township  in 
Essex  county,  Massachusetts ;  nine  miles 
N  from  Salem.  Population  1810,  815; 
and  in  1820   866. 

Topsham,  town  in  Devonshire,  on  the 
Ex,  five  miles  SE  of  Exeter  (of  which  it 
is  the  port)  and  170  SW  of  London.  Lon. 
3  26  W.  lat   50  39  N. 

Topsham,  township  of  Lincoln  county. 
1010 


Maine ;  situated  at  the  mcuth  of  the 
Andriscoggin  river,  containing  1271  in- 
habitants in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1429. 
The  township  contains  a  number  of  ma- 
nufactures, mills,  &c. 

Tor,  or  Eltor,  t'lwn  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
with  a  good  harbour.  In  the  garden  of 
which  are  fountains  of  bitter  water,  on 
the  Red  Sea.  Lon.  33  45  E,  lat.  28  27 
N. 

To-.'bay,  bay  of  the  English  Channel, 
on  the  coast  of  Devonshire,  to  the  E  of 
Dartmouth,  formed  by  two  capes,  called 
Bury  Point,  and  Rob's  Nose.  In  gales 
of  wind  it  is  often  the  station  of  the  Chan- 
nel fleet. 

Torbia,  town  cf  Piedmont,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Nice.     It  is  seven  miles  E  of  Nice. 

Torbole,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Trentino, 
14  miles  SE  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  39  E, 
lat  45  56  N. 

TorceUo,  town  of  Italy,  on  a  small  isl- 
and, seven  miles  N  of  Venice.  Lon.  12 
9  E.  lat  45  32  N. 

Tarda,  or  Toreiihurgh,  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, in  the  neighbourhood  of  which 
are  extensive  salt  works.  The  Hunga- 
rian language  is  said  to  be  spoken  with 
the  greatest  purity  in  this  town.  It  is  15 
miles  VV^NW  of  Ciausrnburg,  and  48  N 
W  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  23  12  E,  lat. 
46  50  Nv 

Tordesillas,  town  of  Spain  in  Leon,  in  a 
country  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  on  the 
river  Douero,  24  miles  W  of  Valladolid, 
and  75  SE  of  Leon.  Lon.  4  56  VV.  lat. 
41  48  N. 

Torgau,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Saxony  Proper,  27  miles  NE  of  Liepsic, 
and  35  NW  of  Dresden.  Loo.  13  3  E, 
lat.  51  34  N. 

Torignij,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  channel,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  seated  on  a  rivulet, 
seven  miles  SE  of  St  Lo.  Lon.  0  42  VV. 
lat.  49  0  N. 

Turmes,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  A  Vila,  in  Castile,  passes 
by  Alva,  Tormcs,  and  Salamanca,  and 
falls  into  the  Douero,  belov/  Mirande-de- 
Dnuero. 

Torna,  or  Toniayv,  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, capita'  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name  It  is  a  fortified  place,  and  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river 
Sayo,  22  milt-s  VV  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20 
43  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Tome,  river  of  Sweden,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Norway, 
forms  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  and  ta- 
king a  SE  course  enters  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, at  Torneo 

Toriieo,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Both- 
nia, capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  good  harbcim  It  is  situated 


T  O^ 


1   0  U 


at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 
^lame,  on  a  small  island  formed  by  it,  at 
the  N  extremity  of  Bothnia.  It  is  a  place 
of  some  trade,  because  all  the  Laplanders 
in  those  parts  come  and  exchange  their 
skins  and  other  articles,  for  what  they 
want.  The  houses  are  low,  and  the  cold 
so  severe,  that  sometimes  the  people 
lose  their  fingers  and  toes.  It  is  180 
miles  XE  of  Unia,  and  420  NNE  of 
Stockholm     Lon  24  17  E,  lat.  65  51  N. 

Toriiova,  episcopal  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Janna.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Dragoniza,  on  the  river 
Salempria,  10  miles  NWofLarissa.  Lon. 
22  36  E,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Toro,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated 
on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Doutro,  in  a  coun- 
try fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  and  whose 
vineyards  yield  excellent  red  wine.  It  is 
37  miles  N  by  E  of  Salamanca,  and  100 
NW  of  Madrid,  Lon  5  2  W,  lat.  41 
39  N. 

Torella-de  JMongris,  seaport  nf  Sjiain, 
in  Catalonia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ter, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Pyrenees  19  miles  E  by  S  of  Giroinia, 
and  62  NE  of  Barcelona,  Lon.  3  18  E, 
lat.  41  55  N. 

Torperley,  town  in  Cheshire,  nine  miles 
E  of  Chester. 

Torquay,  village  in  Devonshire,  on  the 
N  side  of  Torbay,  seven  miles  SE  of 
Newton  Bushel. 

Torre  del-Greco,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra-di-Lavora,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Vesuvius,  on  t  e  bay  of  Naples,  five 
miles  SE  of  that  city.  It  was  destroyed 
by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1631  ;  and 
again  in  1794,  was  overwhelmed  by  a 
torrent  of  lava.  The  inhabitants,  how- 
ever, escaped  with  their  lives,  about  15 
excepted. 

Torre  de  Moncorvo.  town  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Tra  los  Montes,  27 
miles  SE  of  Mirandela,  and  42  SSW  of 
Braganza.     Lon.  5  55  W,  lat.  41  0  N. 

Torre  de  las  Suliiuis,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, which  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  salt,  procured  from  a  small  lake  form- 
ed by  saline  springs  This  is  the  most 
considerable  salt-work  in  all  Spain.  It 
is  20  miles  SE  of  Origuela,  and  37  NN 
E  of  Carthagena.  liOii,  0  50  W,  lat.  37 
58  N. 

Torrejo,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 15' miles  S  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  21  W, 
lat.  40  10  N. 

Torres,  maritime  town  of  Spain,  in 
Granada,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
45  miles  SW  of  Granada,  Lon  3  56  W, 
lat.  36  39  N. 

Torres  J\'ovas,  strong  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Estrcmadura,  ^n  a  fertile  plain, 


on  the  river  Almonda,  55  miles  NE 
of  Lisbon.    Lon.  8  8  W,  lat.  39  10  N. 

Torres  Vedcas,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  near  the  Atlantic,  in  a  coun- 
try abounding  in  corn,  fruits,  and  good 
wine,  17  miles  S  of  Lisbon. 

Turriglia  town  of  Italy,  10  miles  N  of 
Genoa.     Lon,  8  44  E.  lat.  44  34  N.  ^ 

Torringford,  post  village  in  Litchfield 
county,  Connecticut;  in  the  SE  angle  of 
Torrington,  23  miles  a  little  W  of  N 
from  Hartford. 

Torrivgton,  corporate  town  in  Devon- 
shire, on  the  Towrldge,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  11  miles  S  by  W  of  Barnstable, 
and  194  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  4  0  VV, 
lat.  51  4N. 

Torrington,  township  of  Litchfield  coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  25  miles  N  of  VV  from 
Hartford.  It  has  one  of  the  largest  wool- 
len cloth  factories  in  the  state.  Popula- 
tion 1810,  1586  ;  and  in  1820,  1449. 

Torsil,  town  of  Swederi,  in  Sudermania, 
on  the  S  bunk  of  the  lake  M;  eler,  43  miles 
ot  Stockholm.     Lon.  17  20  E,  lat  59  20  N. 

Tm'tola,  pnncipa!  of  the  Virgin  Islands, 
in  ^he  West  Indies,  18  miles  long  and  seven 
broad.  In  this  islanc.1  almo.st  all  the  trade  is 
cai'ried  on  ;  it  is  r.esr  five  miles  lonj^  and 
two  broad,  but  badly  watered,  and  reckon- 
ed unhealthy.  They  cultivate  cotton  here, 
which  is  much  esteemed  by  the  manufac- 
turers, likewise  rum  and  sugar ;  it  has  of 
late  years  undergone  great  improvements. 
The  entrance  into  the  harbour  is  at  the  E 
end  of  the  island.  Lon.  63  0  W,  lat.  18 
33  N. 

Tortona,  town  of  Ital) ,  in  t!ie  duchy  of 
Milan,  capital  of  the  Tortones,  on  the  Scri- 
via,  28  miles  SE  of  Casal,  and  27  SW  of 
Milan.     Lon.  8  58  E,  lat  45  8  N. 

Tortorella,  town  o?  Naples,  in  I'rincipelo 
Citeriore,  five  miles  NE  of  Policastro. 

Tortosa,  city  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with 
a  university.  It  is  situated  in  a  countrj', 
fertile  in  corn  and  fruits,  and  abounding 
with  quarries  andniineti  of  silver,  iron,  ala- 
baster, jasper  of  divers  colours,  and  stones 
with  veins  of  geld.  Here  is  a  great  deal 
of  silk  and  oil,  and  very  fine  potters  ware, 
which  resembles  porcelain.  It  is  seated  on 
a  plain,  and  partly  on  a  hill,  Z5  niiies  SW 
of  Turragona,  and  180  E  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
0  35  E,  lat.  40  53  N\ 

Turtuga,  uninhabited  island,  tiear  the 
coast  of  Terra  Firma,  40  miles  W  of  the 
island  of  Margaretta,  end  about  30  miles  in 
circumference.  Lon.  62  20  W,  lat.  11 
30  N. 

Tortuga,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  near 
the  N  coa.st  of  the  island  of  Hi>.paniola.  It 
is  about  80  miles  in  circumference,  and  has 
a  safe  harbour,  but  difhcuU  of  access.  Lon. 
75  10  W,  lat.  20  10  N. 

ion 


T  O  I.. 


T  O  IT 


Tb^a,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  (i.italoiiia,  seat- 
eel  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  which  forms  a 
gocjfl  harbour,  where  vessels  are  sheltered 
iru.Ti  all  winclsj  except  the  SW.  It  is  37 
mi [.-9  NE  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  54  E,  lat. 
41  42  N 

Tosa?iiu,  ancient  Lyciis,  ri\-er  of  Natolia, 
Asiatic  Turkey.  It  passes  Tocat,  and  fulls 
mto  the  Jelnl  Erm:ik. 

Toscanella,  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  pstrimo- 
ry  of  St.  Pe  er,  35  miles  N  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  J5E,  1.11.42  2?  N. 

Tbsena,  smait  town  of  Sweden,  in  West 
G<:>thL'UKl,  20  miles  WNW  ot  Uddervella. 
Lon.  12  2  K,  !at.  58  33  N. 

Tossf>,  town  of  .Sweilen,  in  West  Goth- 
land, 42  miles  N\E  of  Uddervella.  Lon. 
12  15  E,  lat.  58  51  N. 

Tosiar^  ov  Shitsfar;  the  sh.ushan  of  tlsc 
scriptures,  town  o:  Persia  in  Khosistan,  on 
tne  banJc.s  of  the  Aiiwas,  ancient  Eulaeus. 
ofthe  Greelc.s,  and  lilai  of  the  scriptures. 
It  is  a  phtce  ofsome  manufactures  ao-d  com- 
merce, abont  2iJ0  mile.s  SE  from  Bagdad. 

'I'odicss,  borc-.igh  in  Devnnsliire,  on  the 
river  L'urt,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  has  a  man- 
nf*cii!Te  cf  hertzes  It  is  27  miles  SW  of 
Ex  ter,  and  196  W  bv  S  of  London.  Lon. 
3  44  W,  hu.  5(J  24  N.' 

Totti'7i!iam  High  Cross,  villaj^e  in  Middle- 
sex, live  miles  N  ^rf  London.  It  is  so  called 
from  J.  cra-.s,  whicii  his  existed  here  from 
time  immci^ioriaJ. 

Toiiertdffe,  villag-e  near  Middlesex,  near 
Chipping  ^Barnet,' 10  miles  NNW  of  Lon- 
don. 

Tonl,  town  ofFrance,  in  the  department 
ofM  tnthe.  and  late-  pn. vince  of  Lorrain, 
on  the  M  selic,  in  a  plain,  aim  st  stirroiind- 
ed  by  moun  ains,  10  mi.es  W  of  Nanci, 
and  167  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  2  E,  iat.  48 
40  N. 

Toula,  river  of  West  Chinese  T.artary, 
which  takes  its  course  from  E  to  W,  and  is 
a  broad,  deep,  and  rapid  rivei',  and  its 
banks  tire  surroimdel  with  woods  an<l  bt  an- 
tiful  meadows  The  m)un;ains  which  hang 
over  it  on  the  nortiiern  side  aie  covereil 
with  forests  of  aged  firs,  an:;  liave  the  same 
effect  upon  the  eye  as  an  immense  amph.i- 
theaire.  This  river,  .".fter  having  received 
the  waters  of  the  Selingue,  loses  itself  in 
the  Paical. 

Toulomea,  or  Tidmabme,  town  and  for- 
tress of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  seated  on 
the  Ranve,  70  miles  EXE  of  IMnultan. 

Toulon,  city  and  seaport  of  I'r.mce,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Var,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Povencp.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  80,000.  The  harbour  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  names  of  the  Old  Port, 
or  Merchants'  Port,  and  the  New  Port,  or 
King's  Port.  The  New  Haven  was  con- 
structed by  Louis  XIV.  as  were  the  fortifi- 
cations of  the  city  In  the  front  of  this 
haven  is  an  arsenal,  containing  all  the  places 
3013 


necessary  for  the  construction  and  Hull  g 
out  of  vessels ;  the  first  object  that  appears 
is  a  rope-walk,  entirely  arched,  extending 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  and  built  afler 
the  designs  of  V.ub;',n :  here  cables  are 
made,  and  above  is  a  place  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  hemp.  Here  likewise  i->  the  ar- 
moury for  muskets,  pistols,  halberts,  &c. 
In  the  parkof  artilierj,  are  cannons  placed 
in  piles,  bombs,  granadc,  mortar.-^,  and 
balls  of  various  kinds,  ranged  in  wonderful 
ordei .  The  long  sail  room,  the  foundry 
for  cannon,  the  dock  )  a;  ds,  the  basins,  &c. 
are  all  worthy  of  observation.  In  a  word, 
the  basins,  docks,  and  arsenal  at  Toulon, 
warranted  the  remark  of  a  foreigner  who 
visited  them,  that  the  king  of  France  was 
greater  there  than  at  Versailles.  Toulon 
is  the  only  mart  in  the  Mediterranean  for 
the  reexptn-tation  of  the  products  of  the 
East  Indies.  Tculon  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Mediterranean,  37  miles  SE  of  Mar- 
seilles, and  317  SSE  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  36 
E,  lat  43  7  N. 

Toulouse,  city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  late  province 
of  Limguedoc.  It  contains  56,000  inhabi- 
tants, although  its  piipulation  bears  no  pro- 
portion to  lis  extent.  Here  are  many  mon- 
uments -if  antiquity,  and  it  was  one  o"  the 
most  flourishing  cities  of  the  old  Gauls,  and 
A  Roman  colony  ;  m  process  of  time  it  be- 
came tlie  metroprdis  of  the  Visigoths, 
after'.vards  of  Aquitain,  and  at  length, 
one  of  die  most  considerable  governments 
of  France,  and  the  seat  of  a  parliament. 
Communicatng  with  the  Atlantic,  on  one 
side,  by  th  •  river  Garonne,  and  with  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  other  by  the  canal 
of  Languedoc  Toulouse  might  have  been 
a  very  c^irnmercial  ci'.y  :  but  the  taste  of 
the  inliabitants  has  been  principally  for  the 
sciences  and  belles-lettres.  Of  course 
there  are  two  colleges,  two  public  libraries, 
and  three  academies.  The  litt'e  commerce 
they  have,  consists  in  leather,  drapery, 
blanket."!,  mignionets,  oil,  iron,  mercery, 
hardware  and  books.  The  bridge  over 
the  Garonne  is  at  least  equal  to  those  of 
Tours  and  Orleans  :  it  forms  tlie  communi- 
cation between  the  city  and  suburb  of  St. 
Cvprian.  Toulouse  is  3"  miles  E  of  Auch, 
125  SE  of  Bouraeanx,  an^J  350  S  by  W  of 
Paris.     Lon.  1  21  E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Tour,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Puv  de  D.ime,  22  miles  S  of  Clermont. 
Lon.  3  10  E,  lat  43  25  N. 

Tour  de  Ilousillov,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees  and  late 
province  of  Rousillon,  seated  on  a  hill  near 
the  river  Tet,  two  miles  below  Perpignan. 

Tovr  du  Pin,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere,  and  late  province  of 
Danphiny,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  sjme 
name,  54  miles  S  of  Vienna. 

To-ur  In    Tilnnrhp,  town  of  France,  in  the 


r  o  r 


r  R  A 


department  of  Dovil'igne,  IJ  miles  NW  of 
Perigneiix.     Lon.  0  40  E,  lat.  45  18  N. 

Tom-  la  Villc,  town  of  France,  in  the  cle- 
panment  of  Cliarente,  and  late  province  of 
Normandy,  separated  irom  Cherburg  by  a 
river. 

Totirrain,  late  province  of  France,  58 
miles  iong  and  55  broad,  now  forininjj^  the 
department  o^  Indre  and  Loire,  b(iuiKled 
on  the  N  by  Maine,  on  the  E  (>y  Orlean- 
nois,  f>n  the  S  by  IJerrj,  and  on  the  W  by 
Anjou  and  Poiiosi.  The  river  Loire  runs 
through  the  middle  ;  and  it  is,  in  general, 
so  pleasant  and  ferule  a  country,  that  it 
was  called  the  fiarden  ofFraxc.  Tt  now 
forms  the  d:-p;,rtment  of  Tndre  and  Loire. 

Tourancourchy,  town  of  Hindoost-.n,  35 
miles  SSW  of  Tritchinopoli.  Lon.  fS  36 
E,  lat.  4r  5Q  N. 

'Vourinc,  town  of  Germany,  in  Liege. 
Lon.  5  0  E,  lat.  50  ,36  N. 

Tollman,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Marne,  ana  l.>.te  province 
oftiie  isie  of  France,  22  niiics  E  bv  S  of 
Pans.     Lon.  2  45  E,  lat.  43  43  X. ' 

Toutnay,  con-i.'ieral>k-  city  of  Flanders, 
capita!  of  the  Touniaysis,  is  a  large  trading 
place  with  several  fine  mantifactnres,  and  is 
particularly  famous  for  good  stockings. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  which  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  that  are  united  by  a 
bridge  14  mdes  SE  of  Lisle,  30  SW  of 
Ghent,  and  135  N  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
28  E,  lat.  50  33  N. 

Townehem,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Straits  o:  Calais,  nine  miles 
jNW  of  St.  Omer. 

Tmirtton,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  •■V.rdeche,,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  witli  a  fine  college.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  near  ilie 
river  Rhone,  40  miles  W  of  Gre.iohle,  and 
280  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  50  K,  lat.  45 
6  N. 

Toiirnus,  town  of  FrancQ,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy  seated  on  the  Saone,  in  a 
country  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  15  miles  S 
of  Chalons,  and  202  S  by  W  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  0  E,  lit.  46  34  N 

Tours,  considerable  city  of  France,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire, 
advantageously  seated  on  the  Loire,  near 
the  Cher.  Over  the  former  is  one  of  the 
finest  bridges  in  Europe,  consisting  of  15 
elliptic  arches,  each  75  leet  diameter.  It 
is  a  large  and  well  built  city,  and  the  streets 
very  clean  by  reason  of  several  fountr/msin 
it,  with  a  fine  mall  ab,>ve  1000  paces  long. 
Under  the  ministry  of  cardinal  Richelieu, 
27,000  pers'  ns  were  here  employed  in  the 
silk  manufacture ;  but  now  the  whole  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  only  22,000.  T!ie  red 
wines  of  Tours  are  much  esteemed.  In  one 
of  the  suburbs,  is  the  late  abbey  of  Mar- 
moutier,  reputed  the  most  ancient  in  the 


West.  Near  the  city  is  Plessls  les-Toiirs, 
a  late  royal  .palace,  built  by  tl.c  pr.'ifii<!;aie 
and  suoerstitinus  Lewis  XI,  wh,.  died  here, 
in  1483.  Tours  is  52  miles  NNE  of  Poi- 
tiers, 54  E  ^f  .Vngers,  and  127  S VV  of  '.'ans. 
Lon.  0  47  E,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Tonscra,  town  of  Barbary,  capital  of 
Biiedulgeri'l,  seated  in  a  country  aboi  .(i- 
in;^  in  dates,  and  dependant  on  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis.     Lon.  10  55  E,  at  32  30  X. 

To-iuanda,  township,  post  villa^'-e,  and 
seat  of  jusMce,  Braiford  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  right  hank  o<  the  Siisquehan- 
nah  river.  Population  of  the  township,  in 
1820,  1024. 

Td-i'ccster,  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
on  a  small  river,  52  miles  SE  of  Covtniry, 
and  60  NVV  ot  London.  Lon.  1  15  W, 
la!.  52  4  N. 

Trnvniscnd,  townsliip  of  Vlirhlicsex county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1246  i'ih&bitunls 
in  1810;  :.ndia  1820,  1482. 

Tuwnsend,  township  of  Vermont,  situated 
in  Windham  conn  j,  betwc^sn  Se.xton  and 
West  river.s,  about  15  miles  N"W  of  Rrat- 
tleboroiigh,  and  containing  1115  inhabitants 
in  1810.' 

To-.vn^end,  township  of  Huron  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  166 

Tonmsend,  township  of  Sanduskv  cnnntv, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  148. 

Tovridge,  river  in  D'  vonshire,  which 
rises  near  the  source  of  the  Tamar,  no'  far 
from  the  Bristol  Channel,  rims  SE  to  Hath- 
erly,  and  then  joining  the  Oak  from  Oak- 
hampton,  turns  short  to  the  N,  and  p  ssing 
by  Torrington  and  Biddeford,  enters  the 
Bristol  Channel,  at  Barnstable  Bay. 

Towton,  village  in  the  W  riding  of  York- 
shire, SE  of  Tadcasttf.  It  is  famous  for 
that  bloody  bnttle  between  the  forces  of 
the  houses  of  i'ork  and  Laiicaster,  in  w'.iich 
35,000  are  said  to  have  fallen  on  both  sides. 
It  was  f>ught  in  1461. 

To-vy,  river  of  South  W.t'c-s,  which  rises 
in  Cardiganshire,  enters  CarT.arthcnsldre 
at  i's  NE  extremity,  and  passing  by  Car- 
marthen, enters  the  Brist(d  Channel. 

Trachiiulmrg-,  or  Drachenbnrg,  town  of 
Germany,  in  Silesia,  and  capital  oftheprin- 
cipaiity  of  Trachenburg.  It  is  seated  on 
the  R.irtch,  12  miles  NE  of  Wolaw.  :,nd  26 
N  of  Breslaw.     Lon.  17  15  E,  h>t,  51  30  N. 

Trafalgar,  promontory  of  Spam,  in  An- 
dalus.a,  at  the  entrance  of  the  str.aits  of  Gib- 
raltar, 30  miles  SE  of  Cadiz.  Lon.  6  1  W, 
lat.  36  11  N. 

Trajaiiapoli,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Romania,  on  the  ^larizza,  57  miles  SW 
of  Adrianople,  and  112  NW  of  Constanti- 
nople.    Lon.  26  IS  E,  lut.  41  15  N. 

Tvajeito,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
voro,  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Min- 
turna,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Garigliano,  in 
the  .Mediterranean,  25  milesNW  of  Capua. 
Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  41  20  N. 
1013 


r  K  A 


T  K  A 


Train,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  IJa- 
varia,  on  the  Ambs,  five  tnilesS  of  Abens- 
berg,  and  20  K  of  Ingolstadt.  Lon.  11  52 
E,  lat.  4S  40  N. 

Truina.,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
on  a  hi.o;b  mountain,  at  the  source  of  the 
river  Traina,  22  miles  W  of  Mouiiv  Etna, 
and  70  SW  of  Messiud.  L<jn.  14  30  E,  lat. 
37  46  N. 

Tra  las  JiIo72tes,  province  of  Portugal, 
beyond  the  mountains,  with  regard  to  the 
other  provinces  of  this,  kingdom,  whence  it 
has  its  name.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X  by 
Galcia,  on  the  W  by  Entre  Douero-e-Min- 
ho,  on  the  S  by  lieira,  j.nd  on  the  E  by 
Leon.  It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  oil,  and 
abounds  in  cattle.  The  Donero  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  and  Miranda  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Tralee,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kerry,  seated  near  the  bay  of 
Tialee,  seven  mil'S  SSE  of  Ardfert.  Lon. 
9  36  W,  lal.  52  12  N. 

Trallebarff,  murilime  town  of  Sweden,  in 
the  province  of  Schonen,  near  the  Baltic, 

19  miles  S  of  Lund.     Lon.  13  5  E,  lat.  55 

20  N. 

Tranchin,  town  on  th'^  Waag,  50  miles 
NE  of  Presburg.  Lon.  17  50  E,  lat,  49 
56  N. 

Trancou,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra  los 
Montes,  in  a  fertile  country,  14  miles  W  by 
S  of  Pinnel.     Lon.  7  0  E,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Tram,  city  of  Naples,  in  Terra  ili  Bari, 
and  the  usual  residence  of  the  governor  of 
the  province,  which  is  somelimes  called 
Terra  di  Trani,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  26 
miles  W  by  N  of  Bari,  and  125  N  by  E  of 
Naples.     Lon.  16  36  E,  lat.  41  18  N. 

Tranqnebar,  seaport  of  Ilindoostan,  in 
the  coantiy  of  Tanjore,  with  a  fort  and 
factory,  belonging  to  the  D.^nes,  who  pay 
an  annual  rent  to  the  rajah.  The  town  is 
surrounded  by  a  wall  and  bastions  ;  and 
contains  three  Christ:an  churches,  a  large 
nnosque  for  t!:c  Mahometans,  and  several 
jiagodas  for  tlie  Genloos.  It  is  seated  at 
the  m.iuth  of  the  Cavery,  165  miles  S  of 
Madras.     Lon.  79  53  E.'lat.  11  1  N. 

Tvaiisiihaiiia,  com\\y  of  Europe,  former- 
ly annexed  to  Hungary ;  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Hungary,  E  by  Moldavia,  S  by  W^la- 
chia,  and  W  by  Hungary.  It  is  160  miles 
long  and  150  broad,  and  surrounded  by 
liigh  mountains,  which,  however,  are  not 
barren.  It  produces  as  much  corn  and 
wine  as  is  wanted,  a'^dtliere  are  rich  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  leal,  copper,  quickhilver, 
and  alum.  It  has  undergone  various  revo- 
lutions, and  now  belongs  to  Austria.  The 
inhabitants  are  of  various  religions,  as  Ro- 
man catholics,  Lutherans,  Calvinisls,  S.ci- 
iiians,  Arminians,  Greeks,  and  Mahometans. 
The  government  is  arlstocraticat ;  and, 
since  the  vear  1722,  rendered  hereditarv 
I«14 


to  the  princes  and  princesses  of  the  house 

of  Austria.     Hermanstadt  is  the  capital.  x 

Transylvania  Uni-venity.  See  Arti-  j 
cle  Ktntucky,  page  471,  and  Lexington  | 
page  507.  * 

Transylvania,  village  of  Jefferson  Jj 
county,  itentucky,  on  Ohio  river,  on  the  ^ 
poiiitabi.ve  the  mouth  of  Harod's  creek,  ' 
eight  miles  above  Louisville. 

Trapuni.  ancient  Drepanum,  seaport 
on  the  NW  coast  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Mazara,  with  a  fort,  and  an  excellent 
liarbr.ur  in  the  form  of  a  sickle,  whence 
its  ancient  name  Drepanum.  It  is  a 
trading  place,  famous  for  its  salt-works, 
and  fisheries  of  tunnies  and  coral.  It 
stands  on  a  small  peninsula,  30  miles  N 
of  Mazara,  and  45  W  of  Palermo  Lon. 
12  20  E,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Trap,  post  town  Montgomery  county, 
Pennsylvania,  nine  miles  NW  from  Nor- 
ristown. 

Trap.,  village  of  Somerset  county,  Ma- 
ryland, on  a  small  branch  of  Wiconnico 
river,  six  miles  N  from  Princess  Ann. 

Trap,  post  village  Talbot  county,  Ma- 
ryland, 10  miles  S  from  Easton. 

TrapollizTM,  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, near  the  centre  of  the  Morea,  30 
miles  nearly  N  from  Misitia,  and  20  SSW 
from  Corinth. 

Trarbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Moselle, 
47  miles  W  by  S  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  6 
E,  lat  49  58  N. 

Trasmaur,  town  and  castle  of  Aus- 
tria, seatt  d  on  the  Trasen,  12  miles  W  of 
Tuln. 

TraiL,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  in  a  small  island  joined  to  the 
mainland  by  a  long  bridge  of  wood,  and 
to  the  isle  of  Bau  by  another  of  stone,  22 
miles  SE  of  Sebenico.  Lon.  17  52  E,  lat. 
44  0  N. 

Travancore,  province  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Hindoostan,  extending  along  the 
coast  of  Malabar  from  Cape  Comcrin  to 
the  province  of  Cochin,  140  miles  in 
length,  bv  70  in  breadth  at  the  N  extre- 
mity, and  contracting  gradually  to  the  S 
point.  It  is  subject  to  a  rajah,  who  is  an 
ally  to  the  English. 

Travancore,  town  of  Hindoostan,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  and  exten- 
sive lines,  110  miles  SSW  of  Madura, 
and  230  SSE  of  Calicut .  Lon,  77  15  E, 
lat   8  25  N. 

Trave,  river  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  which  flows  by  Sege- 
berg,"  Oldeslo,  and  Lubec,  and  enters  the 
Baltic,  at  Travemunde. 

Traveller's  repose,  post  village  Green- 
briar  county,  Virginia. 


T  R  E 


T  It  E 


Travelln-^s-resit  post  village,  Green-  ganshirc,  en  a  branch  of  the  Tivy,   1> 

ville  distrirt.  South  Carolina.'  miles  S  by  E  of  Aberystwith,  and  204  W 

Travemunde,  strong  town  of  Lower  by  N  of  L.^  ndon. 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  Tregont/,   borough  in    Cornwall,  go- 
on the  Baltic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Trave.  verned  by  a  mayor,  with  a  market  on 
It  is  the  port  of  Lubec,  to  which  it  be-  Saturday  ;  seated  on  the  Fale,  six  miles 
longs,  and  is  12  miles  NE  of  that  city.  E  of  Truro,  and  255  W  bv  S  of  London. 

Travers,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Treguier,   seaport  cf  France,  in  the 

territory  of  Neufchatel,  11  miles  W  of  department  of  Cotes  du  Notd.     It   is 

Neufchatel.        *  seated  on  a  peninsula,  near  the  English 

Traunatein,  town   and   castle  of  Ba-  channel,  2i   miles  NW    of  St.  Brieux. 

\aria     Great  quantiues  of  salt  are  made  Lon.  .5  13  W,  hit    48  47  N 


here,  from  water  brought  above  14  miles 
over  mountains,  by  means  of  engines 
and  pipes,  from  Rfichenhall,  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  liver  Traun,  16  miles  WNW  cf 
Sdltzburg, 


Trelleborg^  town  of  Swvrden,  in  Scho- 
nen,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  26  miles  S  of 
Lund. 

Tremesan,  or  Tlcmsan,  city  of  Al- 
giers, in  the  province  of  Mascara.     It  is 


Trantenau,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the    surrounded  by  strong   walls,  and  inha 
circle  of  Kcnigingratz,   21   miles  N  cf  l)ited  by  poor  Arabs,  Moors,  and  Jews, 


Konigingratz. 

Trayguera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
tia,  30  miles  SW  of  Tortosa. 

Trebbin,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Middle  mark,  22  miles  SW  of  Ber- 
lin. 


In  the  tinne  of  the  Arabs,  it  was  the  re- 
sidence of  powerful  princes  ;  but  is  now 
dwindled  to  scarce  a  fifti)  part  of  the 
ancient  city.  Its  once  ttourishing  ma- 
nufactures of  carpts  and  woollen  co- 
verlets are  in  a  state  of  decay  ;  and  the 


Trebia.  river  of  Italy,   which  rises  in  former  masterpitces  of  architecture  have 

the   territory  of  Genoa,   flows  by  Bobio  disappeared,  for  there  is   not  a  single 

in  the  Milanese,  and  j<iinsthe  Po,  above  building  of  excellence  now  to  be  seen, 

Placenlia.  It  is  lUO  miles  SSW  of  Oran.     Lon.  1  2 

Trebignia,  tOAvn  of  Turkish  Dalma-  w,  lat.  34  56  N. 
tia  ;  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  at  the  mouth        Tremiti,   three  islands  of  Naples,  in 

of  the   Trebenska,    14   miles  N  of  Ra-  the  gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  frc;m  the  N 

gusa.  coast   of  Capitanata.    They  are  called 

Trebisaccia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala-  Tremiti  or  St.  Nicr.li,  St.  Dcimino,  and 

bria  Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Tarento,  10  Capraria.     The  first,  which  is  the  prin- 

miles  ENE  of  Cassano.  cipal  of  them,  has  a  Benedictine  convent 

TreAwonrf,  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  a  castle.     Lon.   15  30  E,   lat.  42 

in  Natolia.    The   walls  are  square  and  iqn. 

high,  with  battlements  ;   and    are  built        T?-emou27/e,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

with  the  ruins  of  ancient  structure,  on  partmi  nt  of  Vienne,   seated  on  the  Ben 

which  are  inscriptions  not  legible     The  naile,  35  miles  E  by  S  of  Poitiers. 


town  is  not  populous  ;  for  there  are  many 
gardens  in  it,  and  the  houses  are  but 
one  story  high.  The  castle  is  seated  on 
a  flat  rock,  with  ditches  cut  in  it.  The 
harbour  is  at  tiie  E  end  of  the  town,  ard 
the  mole  built  by  th-.-  Genoese  is  alnnost 
destroyed.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a 
very  steep  hill,  on    the  Black  Sea,  104 


Tremfi,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
20  miles  N  of  Balaguer. 

TrenscMn,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  its  name,  with  an  ancient  castle 
on  a  rock.  It  has  eel'  brated  hot  baths,  r-nd 
is  seated  near  the  Waag,  70  miles  NNE  of 
Presburg.     Lon.  18  0  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Trent,  principality  of  Germany,  in  the  S 


miles  NNW  of  Erzerum,  and  440  E  of   part  of  Tyrol,  among  the  Alps,  bounded  by 


Constantinople.  Lon.  40  25  E,  lat.  40 
45  N 

Trebitz,  town  of  Moravia,  witli  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  iron,  and  glass  ;  seated 
on  the  Igla,  21  miles  SB  of  Iglau. 

Trebnitz,  town  cf  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Oels,  with  a  Cistercian  nun- 
nery, 12  miles  N  of  Breslan. 

Trebsen,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  seated  on  the  Mulda,  14  miles 
E  by  S  of  Liepsic. 


Tyrol  Pr.per,  and  the  territories  of  Venice. 
It  produces  excellent  wine 

Trent,  fortified  city  ot  Germany,  capital 
of  the  Trcntino.  It  was  fornrierly  a  free 
imperial  city,  and  is  famous  for  a  cotmcil 
held  here,  w^  ich  began  in  1545,  and  ended 
in  1563.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  in  a  fertile  vallr v,  <>n  the  river  Adige 
67  miles  NW  of  Venice,  and  ii60  NW  of 
Rome.     Lon.  1 1  27  K,  lat.  46  8  N. 

Trent,  or  T'reniino,  formerly  a  bishopric 


Treffurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  of  Germany,  in  the  county  of  Tyrol,  seated 

Hesse,  with  a  castle,  36  miles  ENE  of  among  the   Alps  which  divide  Italy  from 

(tassel.  Germany.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Tyrol 

Tregairon,  town  of  Wales,  in  Cardi-  Proper,  on  the  B  by  Teltrino  and  BelKi^ 


i-  U  K 


T  It  t. 


ress,  on  the  S  by  Vicentino  u'kI  llie  Vero- 
nese, and  on  the  W  by  tlie  BresciHno. 

Ti-ent,  larg-e  river  of  Kiii^laiK],  which, 
issuing  tVoni  three  sprinj^'s  be'vveen  Con- 
glelon  an.l  Leek,  in  Staftordbh  re,  flows 
soutluvards  tlir.mg'h  Uu-  midst  of  the  coun- 
try, C'jntii.ually  aiigtuented  by  nils  from 
the  s  me  region  ;  and  at  lengtli,  having  re- 
ceiver! t'le  Tame  from  tlie  S,  acq>iires  a 
new  direct  on,  and  witli  a  NE  coiirie.  pe- 
netrates into  Dei-bysliir  •,  just  after  its 
junction  with  the  Dove.  After  fbrniing'to- 
wards  the  N  ]>art,  the  boundary  between 
Noltiiighainsliire  and  L'mcolnsf  ire,  a  cor- 
ner of  wiiich  it  crosses,  it  fal^s  jnio  the 
Humber  below  Gainsborough.  Parallel 
with  the  course  of  this  river  runs  a  canal, 
forming  a  communication  betwec-n  it  and 
tiie  Mersey,  and  joining  it  at  Wilden.  It  is 
navigable  thr-  ugh  the  v#hole  of  Notting- 
liamsiiire. 

Trent,  river  of  Xorth  Ctii'blina,  which 
fulls  iuto  the  Neus,  a*.  Xewbern,  w  here  it  is 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  broad.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  vessels  12  miles  above  iis  mouth 

Treiituu,  township  of  Hancocii  county, 
Maine,  30  miles  NE  from  Casline.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  639. 

Tientou,  post  town  of  Oneida  county, 
New  York,  containing  1548  inliabilants  ni 
1810;  and  in  1820,  3617.  It  is  situated 
165  miles  N\V  of  Albany. 

Trenton,  \^asX  town,  the  capita!  of  New 
Jersey  ;  situated  in  liunterdon  county,  on 
the  NE  bank  of  Delaware  rsver,  30  mdes 
NE  of  P-iiladelphia,  12  SW  of  Princeton, 
and  30  N  of  New  Brunswick,  in  iat.  40  15 
N,  and  Ion.  74  48  W.  The  Delaware  is 
navigable  thus  far  for  sloops.  Trenton 
contains  a  state  house,  two  banks,  an  aca- 
demy, two  very  extensive  coUon,  and  seve- 
ral other  munufectories.  A  very  elegant 
and  siibstiintiul  bridge  crosses  the  Dela- 
ware at  the  foot  of  the  falls,  opposite  this 
town. 


Slaves,  males     • 
do.  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


4.6 


3,942 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.      females 


1,282 
1,265 


Total  whites                -         -         -  2,547 
All  otlier  persons  except  Intlians 

not  taxed      -        -        -        -  272 

Slaves         .         .         -         .        -  181 

Total  population  in  1810  -        3,000 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -         1,598 

do.     do.  females    -        -        -        1,744 
All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -        -  0 

Total  whites       .... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do,  do.        females 

1016 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  40 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  227 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  433 

do.        in  Commerce     *  -  43 

Trenton,  p"st  town  in  North  Carolina, 
the  capita!  of  Jones  county,  seated  on  the 
N  side  of  Trent  river,  16  miles  SW  of 
Newbern,  50  NW  of  Beaufort,  and  81  N  by 
E  of  Wilmington. 

Trenton,  post  village,  Clinstian  county, 
Kentucky. 

Treptoxu,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pomerania.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  stockings  and  woollen 
stuffs,  and  is  seated  on  the  Rega,  near  its 
mouth  in  the  Baltic,  42  miles  NE  ofStetin. 
Lon.  15  19  E,  Iat.  54  10  N. 

Trcpto-v,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pomerani:i,  50  mil^s  S 
of  Stranslund,  and  50  WNW  of  Stelin. 
Lon.  13  12  E,  Iat.  5:,  39  N. 

Tresen,  or  Trosa,  seapnrt  of  Sweden,  in 
Sudermania,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  35  miles 
SW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  29  E,  Iat.  59 
ON. 

Tieahanish  Isles,  four  of  the  W  islands 
on  ihe  W  coast  ot  Scotland,  between  the 
island  of  Col  and  that  of  Mull.  They  are 
ver>  ferdle  in  corn,  &c. 

Trelhimroxu,  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia, 
sea-ed  on  the  Dniester,  45  mdes  below 
Kiof. 

Trcudienbrietzen,  town  of  Germany,  lu 
Upper  S,xony,  20  miles  S  of  Bradenburgh, 
and  34  SW  of  Berlin.  Lon.  12  43  E,  Iat. 
52  5  N 

Treves,  late  archbishopric  ^d  electo-  ; 
rate  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  electorate 
of  Cologne,  E  by  Wetteravia,  S  by  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine  and  Lorrain,  and  W 
by  Luxemburg.  It  is  100  miles  in  lengtli, 
but  the  bre;>cUh  is  very  different.  There 
are  many  mountains  and  forests;  but  near 
the  Rhine  and  Moselle  the  soil  is  fruitful, 
aboimding  in  corn  and  wine.  A  small  part 
of  this  territory  lies  on  the  E  side  of  the 
Jihine,  and  in  1800  was  given  as  an  indem- 
nity to  the  prince  of  Nassau-Weilburg,  and 
now  belongs  to  Prussia. 

Iheves,  cit}'  ef  Germany,  formerly  the 
capital  of  an  archbishopric  of  the  same 
name.  It  has  a  university,  numerous 
remains  of  antiquities,  and  many  fine 
churches  and  palaces ;  but  has  greatly  suf- 
fered by  war,  and  is  now  neither  larg^e  nor 
po))ulous.  It  is  seated  on  the  M'  selle 
(over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge)  between 
two  mountains,  covered  with  vineyardsj  2D 


T  R  l 


T  R  I 


miles  XE  of  Luxemburg-,  and  55  S  by  E  of 

Col()j,'ne.     Lon.  6  43  EJai.  49  47  N. 

'i'revi,  town  of  Ilaly,  if?  Umbria,  25  miles 
SE  of  [--erugia.  Lon.  U  51  E,  lat.  42  54  N. 

TrevigUo,  town  of  Italy,  in  tiie  diicliv  of 
Milan,  17  miles  ENE  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  28 
E,  ht.  45  35  N. 

Trevigo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Uheriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  23  miles  E 
of  Benevento.     Lon.  15  20  E,  lat.  42  6  N . 

Trevino,  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  on  a 
hil!,  near  the  river  Aguda,  10  mile*  SW  of 
Vittora.     Lon.  3  4  W,  bt.  42  48  N. 

Treviiano,  marquihate  of  1  aly  ;  bounded 
on  tiie  E  by  Friuli  and  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  S  by  that  gulf,  tiie  Dogadn,  and  the 
Paduano,  on  tiie  N  by  the  Fel'  rino  and  the 
Bellunese,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Vicentmo. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  corn, 
wine,  and  wood  ;  and  they  export  cattle, 
silk,  and  woollen  cioth.  Tieviso  is  the 
capital. 

Treviso,  or  Trevigio,  l,<rge  city  of  Italj*, 
capital  of  Trevisano,  on  the  Silis,  20  miie.s 
N\V  of  Ve-nice.  Lon.  12  25  E,  lat.  45 
44  N. 

Trevoux,  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  and  late  province  of  Besse. 
The  printing  press  here  celebrated  for  the 
Literary  Journals  composed  b\  the  Jesuits 
of  the  college  of  Louis  ie  Grand.  Trevoux 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hid,  on  the  river 
Saone,  12  miles  N  of  Lyons,  and  188  S  by 
E  of  Paris.     Lon.  4  51  E,  lat  45  67  N. 

Treysa,  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse,  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Ziegenheim.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  rivet-  Schwalm, 
17  miles  N  of  Marpug.  Lon.  9  15  E,  lat. 
50  50  N. 

Trezzo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
seated  on  the  Adda,  on  tiie  frontiers  o; 
Bergamasco.     Lon.  9  25  E,  lat.  45  45  N. 

Triberg,  town  of  Germany,  Suabia,  15 
miles  NE  of  Friburg,  and  15  S  Freuden- 
Etadt.     Lon.  8  20  E.  lat.  48  12  N. 

Tribesers,  town  of  Germany,  m  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony  It  is  seated  on  the  rive" 
Trebei,  22  miles  SSW  of  Straulsund,  and 
.SO  ESE  of  Rostock.  Lon.  13  8  E,  lat.  54  1  N. 
Tribstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Deux  Ponts,  18  miles  NW  of  Landau. 
Lon.  8  2  E,  lat.  49  22  N. 

Tricala,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Euro- 
pean province  of  Macedonia,  50  miles 
ENE  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  23  45  E,  lat.  41 
10  N. 

I'rjcala,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Euro- 
pean province  of  Janna,  21  miles  S  of  La- 
rissa. 

Tricnrico,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, 13  miles  SE  of  .\cerenza,  and  21  SW 
of  Malt-ra     Lon.  16  14  E,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Triceto,Xo\vn  ot  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore,  14  miles  ESE 
of  Scala. 

Trif-f!.     See  Treves;. 
6N 


Triest,  town  of  Carnlola.  It  is  a  strong 
place,  the  harbour  is  spacious,  but  not 
gooii ;  being  open  to  the  W  and  SW 
winds.  The  inhabitants  have  a  good  trade 
in  salt,  oil,  almonds,  iron,  Stc.  brought  frohn 
Lanbach;  and  they  make  good  v/ines.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  eight  miles  N  of  Capo  d'lstria, 
and  80  NE  of  Venice.  Lon.  14  4  E,  lat.  45 
56  N. 

Trigg,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded  by 
Tennessee  SE  ;  Tennessee  river  SW ;  Liv- 
ingston county  NW ;  and  Caldwell  and 
Christian  NE.  Length  45;  mean  width  10; 
and  area  450  square  miles.  Cumberland 
river  winds  obliquely  through  this  county 
to  the  NW.  Surface  low  and  flat  in  ge- 
neral. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males,       ...  1,619 

do.  do.     fe'iiales    -         -         .  1,420 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  q 


Total  whites        .         .         .         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.        do.        females 
Slaves,  males       .         -         .        . 
do.  females  _        -        _ 


Total  population  in  1820 


3,874 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  943 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  48 

do.         in  Commerce       -        -  6 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Trim,  the  county  town  of  F.ast  Meath,  in 
Ireland,  .seated  on  the  Boyne,  23  miles  N 
W  of  Dublin. 

Trincomale,  town  on  the  E  side  of  the 
inland  of  Ceylon,  with  .^  harbour,  reckorjed 
the  fin  St  in  the  Enst  Indies.  100  miles  NB 
of  Candy      Lon   81  52  E,  lat.  8  45  N. 

Triiig,  town  in  Hertfordshire,  22  miles 
W  of  Hertford,  and  31  WNVV  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  .;,6  W,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Trinidad,  inland  on  the  NE  coast  of 
Columbia,  si  par  ted  from  Paria  on  the 
S,  by  a  strait  abr^ut  10  miles  over ;  and 
from  Cum'.na  on  the  W,  by  the  gulf  of 
Paria.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1498  ;  it  is  62  miles  long  and  45  broad  ; 
produces  sugar,  cotton,  Indian  corn,  and 
fine  tobacco,  and  fruit ;  but  the  air  is  un- 
healthy. The  capita!  is  Port  d'Espagne, 
in  the  gulf  of  Paria,  near  the  Boca,  Lon. 
61  30  W,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Trinidad,  town  of  Guatimala,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  an  open  town,  but 
very  important,  there  being  no  other  har- 
bour on  this  coast.  A  mile  and  a  half 
hence  is  a  place  which  the  Spaniards 
call  one  of  the  Mouths  of  Hell ;  because 
it  is  qpntinually  covered  by  a  thick  smokej 

101  r 


V  R  I 


1   E  U 


and  emits  flames  from  time  to  lime.    It  basco,  in  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  and  i& 

is  70  miles  SE  ci  Guatiraala.    Lon.  89  separated  by  a  narrow  channel,  on  the 

30  W,  lat.  12  50  E.  E  from  the  isle  of  Port  Royal.     It  is  five 

Trinidad,  town  of  New  Granada,  seat-  miles  in  length,  and  almo.-,t  as  much  m 

ed  «n  the  Rio  de  ia  Madalena,  58  miles  breadth,  but  not  inhabited.    Lon,  of  the 

NW  of  St.  Fe  de  Bogota.  Lon.  73  45  W,  E  point  93  45  W,  lat.  18  0  N. 
lat.  4  45  N.  Tristan  d\,lcunhu,  lofty  island  in  the 

Trinity,  or  La  Tnnite,  town  of  Marti-  S  Atlantic  Oct-an,  15  miles  in  circumfer- 

nico,  with  a  spacious  and  safe  harbour,  ence.    Lon.  11  43  W,  lat.  37  8  S. 
It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade.     Lon         Tritchinopoly,  stn  ng  town  of  Hindoo- 

61  8  VV,  lat  14  55  N.  stan4n  the  Carnatic,  208  miles  SSW  of 

Trino,   town  of  Italy,   in  Montferrat,  Madras.     Lon.  78  46  E,  lat.  10  49  N. 
subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.    It  is        Tnvento,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 

seated  near  the  Po,  eight  miles  NW  of  MoHse,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river 

Casal,  and  "5  NE  of  Turin.     Lon.  8  30  Trigno,  or  Trino,  15  miles  N  of  Bogano, 

E,  iat.  45  26  N.  -  and  62  E  of  Naples,    Lon.  15  ^7  E,  lat. 

Trinoinaly,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  40  50  N. 
Carnatic,  near  which  the  troops  of  Hy-        Trochlelfing-en,   imperial  town  of  Ger-. 

der   Ally  were   defeated  by  tt'c  British  many  in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  16  miles  N 

in  1768.  It  is  45  miles  SSW  of  Arcot,  and  W  of  Buchau,  and  29  S  of  Stutgard.  Lon. 


52  VVNW  of  Pond-cherry.  Lon.  78  35  E, 
lat.  12  2  N. 

Tripoli,  among  the  ancients  was  a 
large  kingdom,  now  an  aristocralical  re- 
pviblic  in  Africa;  it  is  bounded  on  the  N 


9  7  E.  lat.  48  18  N. 

Trcigevy  town  of  Swissei'land,  and  the 
cl>ief  place  r>f  the  protestant  part  of  the 
canton  of  Apptnzel.  It  carries  on  an 
extensive    manufactory    of    cloth,    for 


by  the  Mediterranean;  on  the  E  by  Egypt;  which  it  has  been  long  celebrated.    It  is 

on  the  S  by  Sara,  or  the  great  desert;  seven  mil;  s  N  of  Appenzcl,  and  seven 

and  on  the  W  partly  by  Tunis,  and  part'.y  SE  of  St.  Gall, 

by  Biledulgerid  ;    extending  1000  miles  Troja,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 

along  the  Mediterranean  from  NW  to  S  at  the  foot  of  the  Aiipenines,  on  the  ri- 

E,  but  hardly  200  bioad  in  any  plac- ;  it  ver  Chilaro,  32  miles  NE  of  Beneven- 

has  several  cities,    some  of    which  are  to,  and  6o  NVV^  of  Naples,     Lon.  15  15 

large  and  populous,  particuarly  on  the  E,  lat.  41  21  N 

coasts,  where  they  carry  on  the  piratical  Trois  7iivi:-res.  town  of  Upper  Canada, 

business  to  great  advantage.     Near  its  on  the  river  St.  Lawrei.ce,  35  miles  SW 

capital  the  soil  is  tolerably  fruitful ;  but  of  Quebec.    Lon.  71  20  W,   lat.  46  35 

to  the  eastward  as  far  as  Egypt,  is  the  N. 

sandy  desert  of  Barea.     It  had  ihe  title  Troki,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 

of  a   kingdom,    but  is  now  a  republic,  a  palatinate  of   the  same  name.     It  is 

gDverned  by  a  dey,  elected  by  the  sol-  seated  among  morasses,  15  miles  W  of 

diers  Wilna,  and  85  NNE  of  Grodno.    Lon.  25 

Tripoli,  considerable  town  in  Barbary,  13  E,  lat  54  38  N. 

capital  of  a  country  of  ihe  same  name.  Tro,i.  St  town  in  Germany,  in  Liege,  21 

with  a  castle  and  a  fort.    It  is  pretty  miles  WNW  of  Liege.    Lon.  5  22  E,  lat. 

large,  and  tlu-  inhal>itants  are  noted  pi>  50 48  N. 

Tropea,  populous  town  of  Naples,  In 
Calabria  Ulttriore,  on  the  top  of  a  rock, 
on  the  E  coast,  10  miles  NW  of  Nicote- 
I'a,  and  45  N  by  E  of 'Reggio.  Lon.  16 
24  E,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Tropes,  St.  seaport  of  France,  in  the 


rates.  It  was  forme'ly  very  flourishing, 
and  has  now  some  trade  in  stuffs,  safiFron, 
corn,  oil,  dates,  ostrich  feathers,  and 
skins.  Tripoli  is  seated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, surrounded  by  a  wall,  275  miles 
SE  of  Tunis,  and  570  ESE  of  Algiers 
Lon.  33  12  E,  lat.  32  34N 


Tripoli,  ancient  and  considerable  town    department  of  Var,  and  late  province  of 


Provence,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Grimauld,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 12  miles  SW  of  Frejus,  and  58  E 
of  Marseilles.  Lon.  6  44  E,  lat.  43  16 
N. 

Troppau,  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  ca- 
pital of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
is  90  miles  NW  of  Damascus,  and  120  seated  on  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers 
S  of  Scahderoon.  Lon.  36  20  E,  lat.  34  Oppa and  M.hra,  40  miles  N  by  E  of  Ol- 
50  N.  mutz   and  72  S  hy  E  of  Breslaw.    Lon. 

Trist,  small  uninhabited  island  of  Mex-   ^^  40  E,  lat.  50  1  N. 
ico.    It  is  situated  on  the  coast  of  Ta-       Troupsville,  post   village  of   Ontario 
1018  . 


of  Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean,  defend- 
ed by  a  citadel  The  inhabitants  are 
near  60,000,  consisting  of  Turks,  Chris- 
tians, and  Jews.  About  it,  there  is  a 
great  number  of  mulberry  trees,  and 
other  fruits,  which  enable  them  to  carry 
on  a  silk  manufacture  in  the  town.    It 


T  R  O 


T  R  B 


county,  New  York  ;  oti  the  W  side  of 
ISiidus  bay  and  on  the  lake  Ontario. 

Troivbrid^-c,  town  in  \^'iltshire.  The 
inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  clot.ifrs, 
wiio  make  superfine  broad  cloth,  and 
kerseymere,  in  a  gnat  degree  by  machi- 
nery. It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  23  miles 
S\V  of  Marlborough,  and  98  W  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  2  6  W,  lat  51  19  N. 

Troijy  township  ui  Orleans  county,  Ver- 
mont ;  50  miles  N  from  Montpeher.  Po- 
pulation 250. 

Troy,  post  village  and  township  of 
Bristol  county,  Massachusetts  ;  50  miles 
S  from  Boston.  Population  1810,  1296  ; 
and  in  1820,  1300. 

Troy,  city  of  New  York,  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Rtushalaer  county.  It  stands 
on  the  Esi<le  of  Hudson,  iive  miles  above 
Albany.  The  site  is  a  plain,  bi  u;ided  by 
hills  rising  pretty  abriiptiy.  It  contains 
the  county  buildings,  five  churches,  and 
hi  the  vicinity,  eight  or  10  tlour  mills, 
an  extensive  cotton  and  woollen  cloth 
-factory,  one  for  fire  arms,  a  paper  mill, 
a  rolling  and  slitting  mill,  saw  mills,  &c. 
It  contains  a  considerable  number  of 
wholesale  and  retail  stores.  Tiiis  city 
has  increased  rapidly  in  population  trade, 
manufactures,  and  commerce.  Before 
the  year  1794,  it  was  a  very  trifling  vil- 
lage, in  1810;  the  population  was  3895  ; 
and  in  1820,  had  risen  to  5264,  Of  these 
tliei'e  were: 
Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  70 

do.         in  Manufactures        -         704 

do.         in  Commerce  -         275 

Troy,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice  for 
M  ami  county,  Ohio.  It  is  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Great  Miami  river, 
in  Concord  township,  eight  milcS  S  from 
Piqua,  and  21  N  from  Dayton.  It  con- 
tains fifty  dwellinij  r.ouses,  and  2S3  inha- 
bitants.    Lon.  7  8  W,  lai.  40  0  N. 

Troy,  NW  townsliip  of  Cayalioga  coun- 
ty, Oiiio;  containing  347  inhiibitants,  in 
1820. 

Troy,  township  of  Geauga  county,  Ohio. 
Population  182o,  uncertain. 

Troy,  river,  village,  and  township,  si- 
tuated in  Athens  county,  immediately 
above  the  mouth  of  Hockhocking  river. 
Population  1820,  527. 

Troy,  township  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  456. 

Troy,  p>)St  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 
Perry  county,  Indiana  ;  on  Ohio  river, 
above  the  mouth  of  Andersons  creek,  50 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  Green  river. 

Troy,  township  of,  Delaw.nre  countv, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  253. 

Troyes,  considerable  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Aube,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne.  Its  commd'ce, 
-once  very  flourishing,  now  consists  onlv  in 


some  linens,  dimities,  fustians,  wax-chaii- 
dlery,  caiidles,  and  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Seine,  3o  milts  ENE  of  Sens,  and 
90  ESE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  10  E,  lat.  48 
13  N. 

TrucLsville,  village  of  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Ohio. 

Trugillo,  town  of  Venezuela,  120  miles 
S  of  the  lake  Maracaybo.  Lon.  7  40  \N, 
lat  9  46  N 

Trumbull,  township  of  Connecticut*  si- 
tuated in  Fairfieid  county,  and  contain- 
ing 1241  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820, 
1232. 

TnimbuU,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  by 
Mercer  county  in  Pennsylvania  E  ;  Ce- 
biana  S  ;  Pvunage  arid  Geauga  \V ;  and 
N  by  Ashtabula.  Length  35 ;  mean  width 
25  ;  and  area  ^73  square  miles.  Sur- 
face hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Staples*  grain, 
flour,  live  stock,  butter,  salted  provi- 
sions, and  whiskey.  Chief  towns  War- 
ren. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        4,590 

do.     do.    females  -        -        4,026 


Total  whites       ....  8,616 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  ss 

Slaves 0 


Total  population  in  1810 


8,671 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -         8,140 

do.     do.    females     ...        7,352 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  4. 


Total  whites       ....  15,496 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  38 

do.            do.      females  12 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -       15,546 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -     ^        68 

Engaged  in  A  riculture     -         -        4,045 

do.         in  Manufactures  -  727 

do.        in  Comm  rce       -        -  47 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17^. 

Trumambnrg,  post  village,  Tompkins 
county.  New  York. 

Trims,  town  ot  the  coiuitry  of  the  Gri- 
sons,  where  the  independence  of  the  Gray 
League  was  first  ratified,  and  an  alliance 
concluded  between  the  chiefs  and  comniu- 
nities.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  seven 
miles  W  of  Hantz. 

Truro,  borough  in  Cornwall.    It  has  the 
benefit  of  the  coinage  of  tin.    Its  chief 
business  is  In  shipping  tin  and  copper  ore, 
1019 


T  S  C 


T  U  C 


found  in  abundance  in  its  neighbourhood. 
Truro  is  seated  in  a  vale,  between  the  ri- 
vers Kenwyn  and  St.  Allen,  and  at  the  head 
of  F  Imouth  haven,  10  miles  N  of  Fal- 
mouih,  and  257  \V  by  S  of  London.  Lon. 
4  55  W,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Truro,  p  ist  own  in  Barnsfible  county, 
Massachaselts ;  lyii^  near  Cape  Cud,  38 
miles  K  of  Ciiatham,  and  126  SE  of  Bos- 
ton, along  the  post  nad.  The  inhabitants 
who  are  about  1200  are  principally  the  fa- 
lailif'S  of  fishermen. 

Truro,  township  of"  Pra'iklJn  county, 
Ohio.     Populavion  1820  693. 

Truro,  friwn  of  Nova  Scotia,  40  miles  N 
by  W  of  Halifax 

Truxillo,  consi  lerable  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estramalura,  noted  for  being  the  birth 
place  of  Pizarro.  It  is  seated  among  moun- 
tains, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  top  of 
whicii  is  a  strong  citadel.  Itissiuated 
near  the  river  Almont,  65  miles  S\V  of 
Toledo,  and  117  SE  of  Madrid.  Lor..  5 
23  W,  lat.  39  6  N. 

Truxillo,  rich  commercial  seaport  of 
Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Lima,  and  in  the 
valley  of  Chimo,  built  by  Francis  Pizarro, 
in  1535.  It  is  sealed  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  a  small  river,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
380  mdes  NW  of  Lima.  Lon  78  35  W, 
lat.  8  1  S. 

Truxillo,  sti'ong  seapoft  in  Honduras, 
seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  niitne,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  and  surrounded  by  thick 
groves.     Lon.  85  50  W,  lat   16  20  N. 

Truseillo,  or  J^Tusstra  Senoru  de  la  Paz, 
town  of  Venezuela,  220  miles  S  ot  Mara- 
caybo.     Lon.  69  15  W,  lat.  9  21  N. 

Trydriffen,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  situated  between  Charles- 
town  and  Radnor  townships ;  and  joining 
Montgomery  county  on  the  NE.  In  1810 
the  inhabitants  amounted  to  1253,  and  in 
1820,  1449. 

Tsehopa,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Erzgeburg.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  blue  manufactures. 

Tschoulyms,  nation  of  Tartars,  who  oc- 
cupy the  country  lying  between  the  upper 
part  of  the  rivers  Ob  and  Yenisei.  The 
country  which  they  inhabit  is  for  the  most 
part,  fertile  with  large  forests,  and  moun- 
tainous  only  about  the  banks  of  the  two 
Yiousses,  which  take  their  sources  among 
the  mountains  of  the  proviice  of  Yeniseisk, 
near  the  river  of  that  name.  In  imitation 
of  the  Ostyaks  fishing  and  hunting  are 
their  principal  occupations  The  latter 
furnishes  them  with  the  means  of  paying 
their  tribute,  which  is  in  Marten  skins. 

Tschutski,  country  oS  the  E  extremity  of 
Asia,  opposite  the  NW  coast  of  America, 
bounded  by  the  Anadir  on  the  S.  The 
climate  is  cold,  the  soil  marshy,  abounding- 
m  rocks,  barren,  bare  of  woods,  and  ex- 
tremelv  wild  and  savage. 
1020 


Tshetshea,  See  Kisti. 
Tsi-nnn,  celebrated  city  of  China,  the 
capital  of  Chang-t'ing.  It  is  seated  S  of 
the  river  Tsi,  or  Tsing-ho,  160  miles  S  by 
E  of  Pekiiig.  Lon.  117  25  E,  lat  36  30  N. 
Tsi-nir'^-tcheuu,  city  of  Cr.ina,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tung,  and  district  of  Yen- 
tchefiu. 

Tshin  tcheou,  commercial  city  of  China, 
in  Chang-t';ng. 

Tsong-ming,  island  of  China,  15  miles 
long  and  10  broad,  lying  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Kian-ku,  and  si-parated  from  tlie  pro- 
vince of  Kiangnan,  by  two  channels,  13 
miles  broad.  Its  principal  revenue  arises 
from  sail,  which  i;.  made  in  such  abundance, 
on  the  N  side  of  the  island,  that  it  can  sup- 
ply most  of  the  neighbouring  countries. 
It  contains  only  one  city,  of  the  third  class, 
but  villages  are  very  numerous.  The  coun- 
try is  delightful,  and  intersected  by  many, 
canals.  Tlie  city,  of  the  same  name,  is  si- 
tuate'at  its  SEend.  Lon.  121  55  E,  lat. 
30  15  N. 

Tsongrad,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name  ;  seated  on  the 
Tiesse,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Koros, 
26  miles  N  of  Segedin. 

Tuam,  city  of  Ireland  in  the  county  of 
Galway.  The  cathedral  serves  as  a  parish- 
church.  It  is  20  miles  NNE  of  Galway, 
and  25  WSW  of  Roscommon. 

Tiiban,  one  of  the  strorigest  towns  of 
Java,  with  a  harbour,  and  a  king  of  its  own. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N  coast  of  the  island. 
Lon.  Ill  51  E,  lat.  6  0  N. 

Tubingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wirtemberg,  with  a  ceitbrated  uni- 
versity. Here  are  good  snuff  manufac- 
tures. It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  in  a 
country  abounding  in  corn  and  wine,  20 
miles  S  of  Stutgard,  and  50  E  by  S  of 
Strasburg.     Lon.  9   10  E,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Tucker'' s  Island,  or  Flat  Beach,  four  miles 
long,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide, 
six  miles  and  a  half  S  of  the  village  of 
Tucker^Gii,  separated  therefrom  by  the 
bay  of  Little  Egg  Harbour,  which  in  the 
best  channels  is  navigable  for  shallops,  is 
said  to  be  the  finest  bathing  upon  the  coast 
on  account  of  ;he  gradual  descent  into  the 
surf;  it  is  much  frequented  by  tlie  citizens 
of  Philadelphia,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
New  Jersey. 

Tuckerion,  post  village  and  port  of  entry, 
in  the  townsliip  of  Little  Egg  Harbxir, 
Burlington  county,  New  Jersey,  on  t!ie 
Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the  head  of  Tu,  kerton 
.Mill  Creek,  which  empties  mto  the  Bay  of 
Little  Egg  Harbour.  This  creek  is  navi- 
gable for  small  craft.  The  village  con- 
tains about  60  dwelling  Houses  and  Me- 
thodist and  Frier.ds  meeting  houses.  The 
dv/elUng  houses,  with  the  exception  of  one 
of  brick,  are  all  frame,  and  generally  paint- 
cd,  it  is  hafldsymely  laid  out.     Streets 


•P  V  E 


T  U  1. 


crossing  at  right  angles  and  shaded  with 
poplar  and  willow  tree 5.  There  is  one 
hotel  and  two  other  public  taverns  in  the 
village,  two  castor  oil  rniils  in  operation 
which  manufactures  c msideruble  q'lan'.ities 
of  oil  from  the  bean  cultivated  in  the  vi- 
cinlty,  or  from  those  imp  rted  ;  one  salt 
manufactory,  wh c;  produces  ^alt  by  eva- 
poration suificient  to  supply  the  neighbour- 
ing country  ;  and  in  the  Winter  jjl  luber 
salts  are  manuf:ictured  I'her  is  also  near 
the  village  a  saw  and  gri«t  mill  I'lii:  n-i- 
tural  curiosities  near  the  village  are  a 
spring  of  fresh  water  in  the  s.di  marsh 
near  the  Bay.  The  villaj'e  is  a  p  -it  of  en- 
try for  the  district  of  I  uil.  E<;g  llfi.b  >ur, 
which  extends  from  Barnegat  to  Briga;itii.e 
inlet.   Distance  from  Philadelphia,  52  miles. 

Tncuman,  extensive  province  of  Souh 
America,  lying  between  Chili  and  Para- 
guay, to  the  E  of  the  And.-s,  and  VV  of 
Rio  de  la  P.ata.  Tiiis  province,  with  itie 
country  S  of  the  river  Pl-ta,  forms  an  ex- 
te;isive  plain,  almost  widiout  a  tree  The 
5oil  is  a  deep  ferale  mould,  watered  by 
many  streams  from  the  Andes,  and  clothed 
in  perpetual  vcrdupe.  In  this  ricli  pas- 
turage, the  horses  and  cattle  imported  from 
Europe  have  mtiltiplied  to  an  almost  in- 
credible degree.  This  has  enabled  the  in- 
habitants, not  only  to  open  a  lucrative  trade 
with  Peru,  by  supplying  it  with  cattle, 
horses,  and  mules,  but  to  carry  on  a  com- 
merce equally  beneficial,  by  the  exporia- 
tion  of  hides  to  Europe  ;  notwitlistand.ng 
which,  the  towns  in  this  couniry  are  no  1 
better  than  paltry  villages,  to  which  the 
Spaniards  have  endeavoured  to  add  some 
dignity,  by  erecting  them  bishopricks. 

Tudela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  with- 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a  country  that  pro 
duces  good  wine,  on  th  -  r  vei-  Ebro,  44 
miles  S  of  Pamplona,  and  100  E  ot  Burgos. 
Lon.  1  38  W,  lal.  41  12  N 

Tver,  government  of  Russia,  ffjrmerly  a 
province  in  the  govern-nent  of  Xovogorod 
It  Was  the  first  province  modelled  accord- 
ing to  the  code  of  laws  of  Catharine  II. 
The  country  produces  abundantly  ah  kinds 
of  corn  and  vegetables.  Its  forests  yield 
the  most  vaiunble  timber.  Tlie  quadru- 
peds, and  the  feathered  race,  are  the  same 
as  in  all  the  N  of  Europe.  Besides  the 
fish  common  to  most  lakes  and  rivers,  there 
is  one  peculiar  to  the  waters  of  thp»-  nortii- 
ern  regions,  called  the  sterlet,  the  adpen- 
ser  i~utlienus  of  Lmnaeus,  and  is  a  species  of 
sturgeon,  highly  esteemed  for  the  flavour 
of  its  flesh,  and  for  its  roe,  of  which  the 
finest  caviar  is  made. 

Tver,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  commerce,  being  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Tverzaand  Volga,  .ilong 
which  is  conveyed  all  the  merchandise  sent 
by  water  from  Siberia,  and  the  S  provinces, 


towards  Petersburg.  It  is  divided  into  the 
olu  and  new  town:  the  former,  situate 
on  tue  opp'siie  side  of  the  Volga,  consiits 
almost  entirely  of  wooden  cottages  Ca- 
therine H.  ut  h  r  own  expense,  raised  '.he 
governor's  house,  the  episcop  :1  palaci^,  the 
courts  of  jus;ic'.-,  the  exch^iiigt,  the  |.'ris./!!, 
and  some  other  public  edifices ;  and  to 
every  person  u  ho  eni^ageii  to  buiid  a 
house  of  brick,  she  oflfi^red  a  loan  of  iJOl. 
for  12  years,  without  mterest  The  s'ree.s 
are  broad  and  long;  exiending  in  str.iiglit 
lines,  from  an  octatcon  in  the  centre  :  tiie 
houses  of  this  cctag')n,  and  of  t!ie  princi- 
p.il  sreets,  are  tf  brick,  stuccoed  white, 
and  m.ike  a  magnficeiit  appearance.  Here 
is  an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  vi'dich  admits 
600  stuo'eiUs,  In  1776,  iht;  c  np-essf 'Uad- 
ed  a  school  for  the  msiruction  &■.  200 
burght-ps'  children  ;  and  in  1779,  ar  aca- 
demy for  the  education  of  120  of  the 
yi)ung  nobility  of  the  pioii.ice.  Tver  is 
99  miies  NXVV  of  Moscow.  Lon.  36  i 
E,  lai.  56  7  N 

Tuftonhurough,  township  of  Strafford 
ceu'itv.  New  Hampshire,  on  riie  VVinnepis- 
seogee.  Population  1810,  709;  and  in 
1820,  1232 

Tugeloo  River,  one  of  the  constituents 
of  Savannah  river,  and  which  for  some  dis- 
tance separates  South  Caroiina  from  Geor- 
gia. 

Tiiggsville,  post  office,  Clarke  county, 
Alabama. 

Tuggurt,  country  of  Barbary,  in  Af- 
rica 

Tuggurt,  town  of  Barbary,  in  Africa, 
capital  of  a  country  of  the  same  name, 
310  miles  SSE  ot  Algiers.  Lon.  5  10  E, 
lat   S3  0  N. 

Tula,  government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly a  province  of  thf  government  of  Mos- 
cow, Containing  12  districts.  Its  capital 
Resan,  is  seat*-d  qn  the  Tubesh,  118 
miles  SE  ot  Moscow.  Lon.  40  45  E,  lat. 
55  25  N. 

Tulebras,  town  of  Spain,  m  Navarre, 
situated  on  the  nver  Queois,  seven  miles 
W  of  Tudela 

TuUamore,  town  of  Ireland  in  King's 
County,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name. 

Tulles,  episcopal  and  commercial  town 
of  France,  ni  the  department  of  Correze 
and  late  province  of  Guienne  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  coiiHuence  of  the  Correze  and 
Solaiif",  partly  on  a  mountain,  and  pAitly 
below  it,  in  a  country  surrounded  by 
mountains  and  precipices.  37  milt"-  SE 
of  Limoges,  an  i  62S\V  ot  Clermont  Lou. 
1  42  VV,  lat.  45  23  N. 

Tullow,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Carlov*^,  38  miles  SSW  of  Dublin. 

Tully,  township  in  Onondago  county. 
New  York ;  situated  between  Sempronius 
1021 


T  \]  N 


TUB 


®,nd  Fabius,  equidistant  from  both,  where 
is  a  post  iffict-.     Population  13^0,  119-i. 

Tuln,  town  of  G  riHany,  in  Austria, 
near  tlie  Wienarwild,  or  wood  <'t  Vii  una, 
and  near  the  river  Tuin,  in  a  country 
abounding  in  cc.rn  and  wine.  15  n\iltrs  W 
of  Viei.na,    Lnn   16  6  E.  lat   4S  14  N. 

Tulfiehotk-'n,  creek  in  Pennsylvania, 
which  rises  in  Dauphin  county,  and  its 
gtntral  course  is  SE  till  it  fails  into  die 
Schuylkill  about  half  a  nnile  ab  !ve  tht- 
biirough  of  Reading.  A  company  has 
been  incorpurated  for  cutting  a  canal 
between  this  creek  and  the  Swatara,  in 
order  to  -pen  a  water  comnnu  lication  be 
twetn  the  rivers  Delaware  and  Susque- 
hannah. 

Tu'fiehockfn,  township  of  B^-rk's coun- 
ty, Peiinsylvania,  lying  on  the  wat-rsof 
the  above  mentioned  creek,  and  contain- 
ing sviih  Btrn  and  B.  th'-l  townships 
5800  inhabitants  in  ISlj  ;  and  in  1320, 
3:238. 

Tumbez,  town  of  South  America,  in 
P(  ru,  in  the  audio  ce  of  Quito  It  v/as 
formerly  a  place  of  some  wote.  with  a 
magnificent  temple,  and  an  incas'  palace. 
The  Spainardi  titst  landed  here,  on  dis- 
coveri'ig  tlie  country.  It  is  seated  on  ;he 
Pacific  Ocfan,  270  miles  S  bv  W  of  Quito. 
Lo!!.  79  51  VV    Ut.  3  40  S  ' 

Tumet,  rapid  river  in  Perthshire, 
which,  after  exhibiting  inany  beautiful 
cataracts,  f  rms  itself  into  a  lake,  called 
Loch  Tumei,  and  then  falls  into  the 
Garry. 

Tunieti,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  To!)olsk,  125  milts  W  of  To- 
bolsk. 

Tii?}ifiach,  town  of  G  rmany,  in  Bava 
ria,  17  miles  NNW  of  Amberg,  and  32 
ENEof  Nuremberg.  Lon.  11  55  E,  lat. 
49  40  N. 

Tunbridge,  town  in  Kent,  on  the  'l\in, 
one  of  the  five  branches  of  the  Medway, 
over  each  of  which  is  a  stone  brid^^e. 
It  is  12  miles  WSW  of  Maidstone,  and 
30  SSE  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  E,  lat.  51 
14  N. 

Tunbridge,  Wells,  town  in  Kent,  five 
miles  S  of'  Tunbridge.  It  is  much  re- 
setted to  in  June,  JulVt  and  August,  on 
account  of  its  chalybeate  waters,  dis 
covered  in  1606,  by  Dudly  lord  Nnrth. 
The  Wells  are  o5  miles  SSE  of  Lnn 
don. 

Tunbndge,  township  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  situated  between  StraflTord  and 
Rar'doipli  and  joining  Windham  county 
in  the  S.  The  populati  n  was  stated  at 
1640,  in  the  census  of  1810  ;  and  in  1820, 
perhaps  1700. 

Tunkiiiskoi,  town  of  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Irkut,  80  miles  SW  of  Irkutsk.  Lon. 
103  15  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 
1022 


Timkhannock,  township  of  Luzerne 
co.inty,  Peniisvlvania,  containing  884  in- 
hainttnts  in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1132. 
Sitmtid  on  the  east  branch  of  Susque- 
ha.inah,  and  watered  by  Tunkhannock 
creek. 

Tunkhaimock,  small  river  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, rising  in  Susquehannah,  and^  flowing 
SW  into  Luzerne  county,  falls  into  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  55  aiiles  above  Wilkes- 
barre 

Ttinja,  town  of  New  Granada,  in  South 
America,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  a  nigh  mnuntain, 
in  a  cou'  try  v^here  there  are  gold  and 
emeralds,  30  aiiles  SW  of  Truxillo.  Lon. 
73  5  E,  lat.  5  0  N 

'I'lunn,  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  N  by  tlie  Mediterranean,  on  the  E 
by  that  sea  and  Tripoli,  on  the  S  and  S  W 
by  Bileduigt  rid,  £;>d  on  the  W  by  Al- 
giers*. It  extends  300  miles  from  E  to  W, 
and  25!j  from  N  to  S  The  most  re- 
markable rivers  are  tb.e  Guadilcarbar, 
Magri:;a,  Magereda,  and  Caps.  The 
f()rm  of  government  is  aristocratic,  that 
is.  by  a  c 'Uncil  whose  president  is  the  dey. 
The  metnbers  of  the  divan,  or  council, 
are  chosen  by  the  dey,  and  he,  in  his 
turn,  is  electvd  by  the  divan,  which  is 
compcised  of  soldiers,  who  have  mire 
than  once  taken  off  the  dey's  head.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  linen 
and  w(K>llen  cloth.  In  the  city  of  Tunis 
aloat-,  are  above  300J  clothiers  and  wea- 
'  ver«.  'I'hey  have  alsn  a  trade  in  horses, 
olives,  oil.  soap,  and  (-.striches'  eggs  and 
feathers  The  established  religion  is 
M.thometanibm  ;  and  the  inhabitants  con- 
sist of  Moors,  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews,  and 
Christian  slaves. 

Tunis,  large  and  celebrated  city  of 
Barbaiy,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  point  of 
the  gulf  of  Goletta,  about  10  miles  from 
the  sitr  of  the  famous  city  of  Carthage. 
The  city  has  no  water,  but  what  is  kept 
in  cisterns,  except  one  well,  kept  for  the 
bashaw's  use.  The  harbour  has  a  very 
narrow  entrance,  through  a  small  chan- 
nel, which  is  well  fortified  The  Ma- 
hom^  tans  have  nine  colleges  for  students, 
besides  a  great  number  of  smaller  schools, 
Tunis  is  a  place  of  great  trade,  10  miles 
from  the  sea,  275  NW  of  Tripoli,  and 
380  E  of  Algiers.  Lon.  10  16  E,  lat,  36 
42  N. 

'runkevstoxon.     See  Ephrata. 

Tirra.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Tyrol,  24  miles  SW  of  Trent. 

Titrbot,  northern  township  of  North- 
umberland county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Susquehannah  river,  containing  2917  in- 
habitants in  1810,  and  in  1820.  2752. 


1   U  K 


T  U   R 


Turdihehii,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmerit  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  iale  pro- 
vince of  Alsace,  remarkable  for  a  vic- 
tory gained  here  by  Tureiinf,  ovrr  the 
Austrians,  in  1675  It  is  seated  near 
the  river  Colmar,  one  mile  NW  of  Col- 
mar. 

Turconi,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  where  the  allies,  un- 
der tht?  duk'f  of  York,  were  defeated  by 
the  French  in  1794.  It  is  six  miles  NNE 
of  Lille. 

Turcommania,  province  of  Turkey,  in 
Asia,  part  of  Armenia. 

TurcomaiiSt  Terekemens,  or  Trukhmeni- 
ans,  people  of  Asia,  who  speak  the 
Tiiikish  dialect  of  the  Tartar  language, 
and  inhabit  the  Eastern  slope  of  Mount 
Caucasus,  the  coast  of  the  Caspian  about 
Boinak,  Derbent,  and  Utemish,  and  thr 
southern  promontory  between  the  sea 
and  the  river  Alazan.  Most  of  these 
tribes  are  now  nominally  subject  to  Rus- 
sia. They  are  the  Cardrichians  of  Xe- 
nophon. 

Turen/ie,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Correze,  16  miles  SSW  of 
Tulle. 

Turin,  fortified  city  of  Piedmont,  ca- 
pital of  the  d  •minions  of  ttv  king  of 
Sardinia.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  D;iria  with  the 
Po.  Here  is  a  citadtl,  d<emtd  the 
strongest  in  Europe ;  and  a  university 
founded  in  14u5,  by  Amadoe  duke  of 
Savoy.  Most  of  the  streets  are  well 
built,  uniform,  straight,  and  terminate  on 
some  agreeable  obj  ct:  the  Strada  di 
Po,  the  finest  a.id  iargfst,  kads  to  the 
royal  palace,  and  is  adorned  with 
piazzas,  filled  with  shops  ;  as  are  vari- 
ous others  of  the  best  streets  ;  all  of 
which  are  kept  clean  by  means  of  a 
canal  from  the  Doria,  with  sluices  that 
flow  through  them  into  the  Po.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  to  be  80000. 
The  citadel  is  a  regular  ptntag<  n,  and 
comprehends  an  extensive  and  well- 
furnished  arsenal,  a  cannon  foundry,  a 
chemical  laboratoiy,  &c.  There  are  fine 
walks  on  the  rampt-.rts  and  walls  of  the 
city  ;  fine  gardens  on  the  side  of  the 
river  Po  ;  and  a  charming  public  place 
called  the  Corfo,  where  many  people 
assemble  in  an  evening  to  exhibit  thvm- 
selves  and  their  equipage.  Near  this 
city,  on  the  banks  of  the  Po,  is  the  beau- 
tiful castle  of  Valentin,  the  garden  of 
which  is  applied  to  botanical  studies. 
In  1814,  it  was  restored  to  the  king  of 
S?irdmia.  Turin  is  68  miles  NW  of  Ge- 
noa, and  80  SW  of  Mi:an.  Lon.  7  40  E, 
lat  45  4  N. 
Turi-age,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 


vince of  Sudermanland,  24  miles  VVSW 
of  Stockholm. 

Tiiri/isk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment if  roboisk.  with  a  fort,  190  miles 
W  by  S  of  Tobejlsk.  Lon.  63  44  E,  lat. 
58  5'N. 

Turivncari),  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysoi'c,  consisting  of  an  outer  an  inner 
fort,  strongly  defended  by  a  ditch  and 
mud  wall,  and  an  open  suburb  at  a 
little  distance.  Here  are  two  small 
temples  of  curious  workmanship.  It  is 
34  miles  S  of  Sera,  and  50  N  cf  Seringa- 
patam. 

Tyrkestmiy  country  of  Western  Tartary, 
boimded  on  the  N  and  E  by  the  country  of 
the  Kalmucs,  S  by  Bokharia,  and  W  by  the 
lake  Aral.  The  cliief  of  this  country  is 
generally  called  the  khan  of  the  Karakal- 
palis.     The  capital  is  Taraz. 

Turkey,  large  empire,  extended  over 
part  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  (\frica.  Turkey 
in  Europe  is  bounded  on  the  N  by  Croatia, 
Sclavonia,  Hungnvy,  Transilvania,  and  Po- 
land, E  hy  New  Russia,  the  Black  sea,  the 
sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Arohipelago,  S  by 
the  Mediterranean,  and  VV  by  that  sea  and 
the  Venetian  and  Austrian  territories.  It 
contains  Moldavia,  Bessarbia,  W.lachia, 
Bulgaria,  Servia,  Bosnia,  part  of  Cro.iua 
and  Dalrriatia,  Romania,  Mscedonia,  Alba- 
nia, Janna,  Livadia,  and  the  Morca.  These 
countries  lie  between  17  and  4J  E  Ion.  and 
36  and  49  N  lat.  Turkey  in  Asia  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  the  Black  sea  and  Circas- 
sia,  E  by  Persia,  S  by  Arabia,  and  W  by 
t'.e  Me  literriuean  and  the  sea  of  Marmora. 
It  lies  between  27  and  46  E  Ion.  and  28 
and  45  N  lar.  and  contains  the  countries  of 
Irac-Arabi,  Diarbek,  Cordistan,  Armenia, 
Caramania,  N  tolia,  ;ind  Syria,  with  Pales- 
tine. In  Africa,  the  Turks  have  Egypt, 
part  of  Nubia,  and  Barca  ;  and  the  states  of 
Tripoli,  Tunis,  and  Algiers  are  under  their 
protec'ion.  Or  these  countries  (which 
see  respectively)  the  clim;ite,  productions, 
manners,  &c.  must  be  various.  The 
Turks  are  generally  robust,  well-shaped, 
and  of  a  good  mien.  I'hey  shave  their 
heads,  but  wear  long  beards,  excep'  those 
in  the  seragli  ,  or  palace,  and  military 
men,  who  wear  only  whiskers.  The  tur- 
ban worn  by  the  men  is  white,  and  consists 
of  long  pieces  (!f  thin  linen  made  up  to- 
ge'her  in  sever d  folds.  N;>  one  but  a 
Turk  must  pres'ime  to  wear  a  white  tur- 
ban. T  eir  elm  lies  are  long  and  full. 
They  sit,  eat,  and  sleep  on  the  floor,  on 
cushions,  mairasses,  and  carpets.  In 
general,  they  are  very  moderate  in  e.ting, 
and  their  meals  are  despatched  with  great 
hasie  Their  princ'pai  fvod  is  rice  ;  and 
the  f  ugal  repas;  is  oHowed  by  fruit  and 
cold  w.ater,  which  art.  succeeded  by  hot 
coffee,  and  pipes  with  tobacco.  With 
1023     ^ 


T  U  R 


T  tJ  S 


opium  they  procure  what  they  call  a  kief, 
or  placid  intoxication.  Chess  a;ui  dratigiits 
are  favourite  games  ;  and  the  coffee-houses 
and  batlis  furnish  other  sources  of  amuse- 
ment.  Polys^amy  is  allowed  among  tliem  . 
bu>  The.r  wivee,  pr^^perly  so  called,  are  no 
more  than  four  in  number.  The  fair  sex 
here  are  kept  tinder  a  rig^orous  confine- 
meni  :  th  Arabc  word  Harani,  which  sig- 
nifies.a  -acred  or  proiubited  thing  is,  in  its 
fidUsi  sen.-e,  used  bo'h  of  the  habitation 
of  ihe  wonnen,  aivd  of  the  women  them 
selves.  The  Turks  believe  m  one  God, 
and  that  his  gr  at  pr>  phet  is  Maliomet : 
they  ai^propriate  to  ihemselves  the  name 
of  Moslemin,  which  has  been  corrupted 
into  Musselman,signi  ving  persons  pro  es- 
sing  the  doctrine  (.f  Mahomet,  which  he 
calls  Ishim.  Drinking  wii.e  is  prohibited 
by  this  prophet  n  the  Koran,  yet  the 
Turks  make  use  of  t  occusi>)nally,  without 
any  scruple  ;  tliough  instead  of  it  they 
ger.erally  use  snerbet  a  liquor  made  of 
honey,  spices,  and  the  juice  of  fruits. 
They  expend  great  sums  on  fountains,  not 
only  in  the  towns,  but  in  the  country,  and 
other  ."•olitary  places,  fnf  the  refreshmen:  of 
travellers  and  labourers.  They  are  chari- 
table towards  strangers,  let  their  religion 
be  what  it  will ;  and  no  nation  sulfers  ad- 
versity with  greater  patience  than  they. 
The  gr^nd  signior  is  absolute  master  of  the 
goods  and  lives  of  his  subjects,  insomuch 
that  they  are  little  better  than  slaves.  The 
grand  vizier  is  the  chief  next  the  emperor ; 
but  it  is  a  dangerous  place,  for  he  often 
deposes  them,  and  takes  ofPthtir  heads  at 
his  pleasure  Though  the  grand  signior 
has  such  prodigious  power,  he  seldom  ex- 
tends it  to  persons  in  private  life,  for  these 
may  remain  as  quiet  as  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world.  The  nobility  among  the  Turks 
aie  the  chief  military  officer.*,  judges,  and 
ecc!esia.-tics.  The  beglei  begs  or  viceroys, 
the  bashaws  or  governors,  ihe  sangiacs  or 
depuU-governors,  and  the  officers  oi  state, 
are,  m  gene:al,  the  children  of  Christian 
parents,  who  aie  commonly  taken  in  war, 
or  purchased.  The  Turks  have  always 
very  numerous  armies  on  foot,  the  chief  of 
which  are  the  janisaries,  who  have  been 
bred  in  the  seraglio,  and  have  used  military 
discipline  from  ti  eir  infancy.  Of  these 
they  have  always  25  000,  and  there  may  be 
about  100  000,  who  have  that  n.ime.  The 
tributary  princes  are  obliged  also  to  send 
auxiliaiies.  The  whole  Turk  sh  army  is 
nominally  about  400,000  men,  but  effec- 
tively no.  i-b -ve  150,000.  Their  na%y, 
which  is  laid  up  at  Constantinople,  consists 
of  about  -10  larg-  sh  ps;  but  in  time  of  war 
auxiliarv  ships  are  received  from  Algit  rs, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli ;  they  also  buy  up  or 
hire  merchant  ships,  and' thus  raise  a  fleet 
nf  150  sail,  exclusive  of  galleys.  Constanti- 
nople is  the  capital  of  all  Turkev.  This 
10?4 


empire  is  now  in  a  disturbed  state.  The 
Greek  of  the  .M.irca,  and  the  adjacent 
places  have  revolted,  and  have  hitherto 
s:icce  sfully  sustained  their  revolt.  In  all 
human  probabdity,  if  left  to  themselves, 
I  hat  part  of  Europe  is  lost  to  the  Ottoman 
Turks 

Turkey,  townsh  p  of  Essex  county,  New 
Jei-Si-y,  14  mdes  NW  from  Elizabeih  town. 

rii^kei!  Foot,  post  vdiage,  Somerset 
coiinty,  Pennsylvania. 

Tiirkeii  Point,  Cecil  county,  Maryland, 
betwce.'  Ni-rdi  East  river  and  Eik  river. 

Tnikheim      See  Durk/wini. 

TurA'in,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Caucasia,  situate  on  the  Caspian 
sea,  l40  mi  es  S  pf  Astracan.  Lon.  47  15 
E,  .at.  44  15  N. 

Tu'-nagain  Cape,  cape  on  the  E  side  of 
the  nort.-eru  island  of  New  Zealand.  Lon. 
176  56  E,  lai    40  28  S. 

Twnan,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Bunizlau,  on  the  river  Iser,  12  miles  N 
NE  of  J'mg  Buntzlau. 

Turner,  post  town  In  Oxford  county, 
Maine,  on  the  west  side  of  Androscoggin 
river,  18  miles  E  from  Paris.  Population 
in  1810.  11,9 ;  and  in  1820,  1726. 

Turnhout,  town  of  Brabant.  Here  Prince 
Maurice  in  1600.  at  the  head  of  800 
cavalrv,  routed  a  Spanish  army  consisting 
of  6000  horse  It  is  24  miles  NE  of  Ant- 
werp.     Lon.  5  0  E,  lat  51  22  N. 

Tnrsi,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  seated  on 
the  river  Sino,  50  miles  S  W  of  Bari.  Lon. 
16  50  E,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Turtle  Creek,  creek  of  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  Monongahela, 
12  miles  above  Pittsburg. 

Turtle  Creek,  township  of  Shelby  countv, 
Ohio,  containing  the  vdiage  of  Sydnev. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Turtle  Creek,  township  of  Warren  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Lebanon. 
Population  in  1820,  4773. 

Turtle  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon.  177  5  W,  lat.  19  48  S. 

Tuscaloosa,  county  of  Alabama  ;  bounded 
S  by  Perry  and  Greene ;  W  by  Pickins  ; 
N  by  Jefferson,  and  E  by  Shelby  and  Bibb. 
Length  40;  men  width  30;  and  area  1200 
square  miles.  Tuscaloosa  river  winds 
across  this  county  from  N  to  S.  Chief 
town,  Tuscaloosa. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        -        -        3,101 
do.    dp.     females  -        •        2,793 

I  - 

Total  whites     ...        -  5,894 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  0 

do.           do.        females  0 

Slaves,  males            -        -        -  1,176 

do.    females          -        -        -  1,159 


Total  population  in  1820 


8,229 


i*  U  S 


•r  w  E 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturali«e3        -  -3 

Engaged  in  Asjriculture  -        2,600 

do.        in  Manufactures         -  78 

do.        in  Commerce  -  46 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7  nearly. 

Tuscaloosa,  village  and  seal  of  justice, 
Tuscaloi:sa  county,  Alabama,  on  the  bank 
of  Tuscaloosa  river,  about  o5  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  that  stream. 

Tuscanij,  sovereign  state  of  Italy,  with 
the  title  of  a  grand  duchy  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Romagna,  the  Bolognese,  the 
Modenese,  and  the  Parmesan  ;  on  the  S  by 
the  Mediterranean ;  on  the  E  by  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  the  Peru^ino,  the  Orvietano, 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  and  the  dr.chy 
of  Castro  ;  and  on  the  W  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  territory  of  Lvicca,  and  that  of 
Genoa  It  is  130  miles  long,  and  100 
broad,  and  watered  by  several  rivers,  of 
whicli  the  A.rno  is  the  chief.  There  are 
several  mountamsi,  in  wliicii  are  mines  of 
iron,  alum,  and  vitriol ;  also  quavries  of 
murble,  alabaster,  and  porphyry,  besides 
hot  batlis  and  mineral  waters  Many  parts 
of  it  are  fruitful  in  corn  and  wine,  and  pro- 
duce plenty  of  citrons,  oranges,  pnmegra- 
nates,  and  other  fruits.  The  .nhubitants 
are  distinguished  by  their  attachment  to 
commerce,  and  have  established  various 
manufactures,  particulaily  of  silks,  stufls, 
eanhen  ware,  and  gili  leather.  They  are 
much  visited  by  foreigners,  on  account  of 
their  politenes.s,  and  becavise  the  Italian 
language  is  here  spoken  \n  its  greatest 
purity.  This  duchy  is  divided  into  three 
parts ;  namely,  the  Floi'entino,  the  Pisano, 
and  ihe  Sienese.  It  is  now  an  indepe.ide  .t 
duchy  ijoverned  by  an  Austrian  prince. 
Population  1,180,000.  Chief  cities,  Flo- 
rence, Leghorn,  and  Pisa. 

Tuscaratoas  river.  See  St.  Latvrence 
basin. 

Tuscarawas  couniii,  bounded  N  by  Stark, 
Vi  by  Harrison,  S  by  Harrison  and  Guern- 
sey, and  W  by  Coshocton  counties  Ft  is 
30  by  29  miles  in  exie-it,  containing  680 
square  miles.  The  principal  waters  are  the 
Tuscarawas,  San.iy,  Conoten,  Stillwater 
and  Sugar  creeks.  Chief  town,  New  Phila- 
delphia. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -        -        -       1,582 

do.  do.    females       -        -        -       1,457 

Total  whites        -        -        -        -  3,039 
A.11  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          .        .        ,        .  6 

Slaves          .        .        -        .        .  0 

Total  population  in  1810      - .      -      3,045 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males  -        -        4,299 

do.      do.    females  -        -        4,025 

6  G 


All  other  persons  except  In(iiaii$ 
not  taxed      -        ....        G 

Total  whites       ...        -  8,324 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  2 

do,           do.       females  3 

Slaves,  males           _        _        .  0 

do.     females       _       -       -  0 

Total  population  in  1820     -        -        8,328 

Ofihe>e; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  296 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         1,364 
do.        in  Manufactures     "■     -  388 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  12 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

TuscaraiuaSf  township  in  the  we.stcrri 
borders  of  Stark  county,  Oiiio.  Population 
in  1820,  735. 

Tiiscara-uias,  small  village  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Tuscarawas  river,  and  in  tho 
county  of  the  same  name,  Ohio,  nine  miles 
southerly  fi'om  New  Philadelphia. 

Tnscaroras.     See  Oneidas 

Tuds,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Gri- 
sdRs,  18  miles  S  by  VV  of  Coire. 

Tiiskaloosa,  or  Bhick  Warrior,  the  prin- 
cipal branch  of  Tombigbee  ;  rises  in  the 
spurs'  of  Alleghany  mountains,  20  or  25 
miles  south  of  the  great  bend  of  Tennes- 
see, about  34°  N  lat.  It  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Big  and  I^ittle  Warrior 
river,  having  a  general  course  to  the 
SW  230  miles  falls  into  the  Tombigbee. 
The  Tuskaloosa  is  navig^blt  for  boats 
of  requisite  tonnage,  160  miles  below  its 
mouth. 

Tntbury,  town  in  Staffordshire,  15  miles 
E  of  Stafford,  and  34  NE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  VV,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Tvlacorin.  town  of  Hindonstan,  with  a 
Dutch  factoiy.  It  is  60  miles  NE  of  Cape 
(::omnrin.     Lon.  76  40  E,  lat.  s  15  N. 

Tvtwa  town  <  f  Russia,  situat<  d  on  the 
Lena.     Lcn    !05  4t'  E    Int   54  40  N, 

TuTford.  tiiwn  in  Nottinghamshire,  13 
milts  NNW  of  Newark,  and  137  N  by 
W  of  London.  Loa.  0  50  E,  lat.  5J  16 
N. 

Tiiy,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  62 
miles  S  of  Compestella,  and  254  west  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  8  12  W,  lat.  42  4  N. 

Tnzla,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  situa- 
ted on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  28 
miles  N  of  Cogni.  Lon.  35  55  E,  lat.  38 
20  N. 

T-iveed,  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
from  innumerable  springs  in  the  moun- 
tainous tract  of  Peeblesshire,  called 
Tweedsmuir.  It  divides  England  from 
Scotland,  arid  falls  into  the  German  Ocean 
at  Berwick. 

T-ae^ildnle,    See  Peeblesshire > 
•19S.^' 


Tiveedsmuir,  rugged  and  heathy  moun- 
tain, in  th'r  S  part  of  Petblessliii  e. 

TTvickerhavi^  Village  in  Middlesex,  seat- 
ed on  the  Thames,  three  rniies  SSW  of 
Brentford.  A  branch  of  the  Cohi  here 
falls  into  the  Thames  on  which  are  erect- 
ed some  powder  and  oil  mills. 

T-,i'iggs,  county  of  Georgia ;  bounded 
W  by  the  Oakmulgee  river,  or  Monroe 
eounly  ;  Jones  county  X\V  ;  Wilkinson 
NE ;  and  Pulaski  SE.  Length  27;  mean 
"widili  15 ;  and  area  about  400  square 
miles.     Chief  town,  Marion. 

Population  in  1810. 
Ej'ee  white  males       -        .        -        1,434 

do.  do.   females     -        -        -        1,322 


r  Y  R 

Ohio  river  xNW  ;  Ohio  county  N;  Har- 
rison SE  ;  and  Wood  SW.  Length  3j  j 
mean  width  20 ;  and  area  600  square 
miles.  Surface  very  broken,  but  soil  ge- 
nerally fertile. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        .        1,116 

do.     do.    females   .        -        -        1,087 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  India 

not  taxed 
Slaves        .         -        -        . 

,ns 

tns 

s 

2,756 

7 
642 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Population  in  1820. 
Eree  white  mules 

do.   do.    females    - 
All  other  persons  except  Indij 
not  taxed 

Total  whites       .        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.              do.       female 
Slaves,  males      ... 
do.    females 

3,405 

3,599 
3,369 

• 

0 

6,968 

8 

9 

1,773 

1,689 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

10.447 

0 

3,319 

0 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  26. 

Tioin^  township  in  Dark  county,  Ohio 
Population  1820,  228. 

Txoin,  township  in  Ross  county,  Ohio ; 
eight  miles  west  from  Chilicothe.  Popu- 
lation 1820,  1512, 

T-ivin,  township  of  Prebble  county,  Ohio. 
Population  1820,  865. 

Tybee,  island  of  Georgia,  at  the  mouth 
of  Savannah  river. 

Tyboine,  SW  township  of  Perry  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  joining  the  SE  side  of 
the  Tuscoroa  mountain.  In  1810  the  in- 
habitants were  stated  at  1799 ;  and  in 
1820,  1965. 

Tycokziii,  town  of  Poland,  in  Polachia, 
with  a  castle  and  a  mint.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Narew,  22  tniles  NW  of  Bielsk. 
Lcn.  23  40  E,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Tydore,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands, 
three  leagues  S  of  Ternate. 

T^yler,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  bv 
1026 


Total  whites       .         -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.     do.  females    • 
Slaves,  males      -         -         . 

do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 
do._  in  Manufactures 
do.     in  Commerce 


2,314 


1:: 

50O 

43 

5 


Population  to  the  square  mile,  4  nearly. 

Tyue,  river  in  Northumberland,  form- 
ed by  a  branch  from  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, and  another  from  the  hills  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland.  These  uniting  a 
little  above  Hexam,  form  a  large  river, 
wliich  flows  by  Newcastle,  and  enters  the 
German  Ocean,  at  Tinmouth. 

Tyne,  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  in  the  S  of  Haddington- 
shire, w;itfi's  Haddington,  and  enters  the 
German  Ocean  to  the  west  of  Dunbar. 

Tynemoiith.     See  Tinmouth. 

Tyngsboroitgh,  postvil'age  and  township 
in  Middlesex  county,  Massachasetts ;  28 
NW  from  Boston.  Population  1810,  704; 
and  in  1820,  808. 

Tyre,  S(  aport  of  Syria,  in  that  part 
formerly  called  Phoenicia,  now  a  heap 
of  venerable  ruins.  It  has  two  har- 
bours, that  on  the  N  side  exceedingly 
good  ;  the  other  dioked  by  the  ruins  of 
the  city.  It  is  60  miles  SW  of  Damas- 
cus, and  now  called  Sour  or  Sur.  Lon. 
35  50  E,  lat.  33  18  N. 

Tyrinq-ham,  township  of  Berkshire  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  15  miles  SSE  from 
Lenox.  Population  1810,  1682 ;  and  in 
1820,  1443. 

Tyrna-w,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Trentschan,  30  miles 
NE  of  Presburg.  Lon,  17  33  E,  lat.  48 
23  N. 

Tyrone,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Ulster,  46  miles  long,  and  37 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  b>  Londondtr- 
ry ;  on  the  E  by  Armagh  and  Lough 
Neagh,  on  the  SW  by  Fermanagh,  and 
on  the  W  by  Donegal.  It  is  a  rough 
country,  but  tolerably  fruitful;  contains 


V  A  G 


V  A  B 


30  parishes,  and  sends  10  member-s  to 
parliament.    The  capital  is  Dungannon. 

Tyrone,  township  of  Perry  county, 
Pennsylvania ;  between  Big  Buffaloe  and 
Sherman's  creek,  with  Rye  township  in 
the  east,  and  Tyboine  in  the  west.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1810,  it  contain- 
ed  2604  inhabitants  ;  and  in  1820.  22.36. 

Tijrone,  one  of  the  northtrn  townships 
of  Fayette  county  Pennsylvania;  betv/een 
Yiuighiogany  river,  and  Jacob's  creek. 
Population  1810,  989  ;  and  in  1820,  1058- 

Tyrone,  township  of  Hu' tingd'  n  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania  ;  on  Sinking  creek,  14 
miles  NW  from  Huntingdon.  Population 
1810,  753  ;  and  in  1820.  S13. 

Tyrrel,  county  of  North  Carolins;  bound- 
ed by  Albemarle  Sound  N ;  Roanoke 
Sound  E  ;  Pamlico  Sound  SE;  Hyde  coun- 
ty S  ;  and  Washington  W.  Length  40 ; 
mean  width  18  ;  and  area  720  square 
miles.  Surface  level,  and  soil  g  neral- 
ly  poor,  sandy,  or  marshy.  Alligator 
river,  or  bay,  puts  up  from  Albemarle 
-Sound,  and  divides  the  county  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts.  Chief  town,  Ehza 
beth. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -        1,191 

do.    do.    females  -        -        1,229 


Total  v.hites       ...  - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  maleis  - 

do.  do.       females  - 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -  - 

do.    females  -        -        -  - 

Total  population  in  1830    - 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Comrnf-rce 


Total  whites       -        -        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       -       -       - 
Slaves,      .       -       -       -       - 

Total  population  in  1810 


2,420 

34 
910 

3,364 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,498 

do.    do.   females    -        -        -        1,509 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        -  0 


4,319 


0 

1,340 

40 

83 


I'opula  ion  to  ihe  square  mile,  6. 

Tysu.d,  town  of  Dcrnmark,  in  the  pro- 
vince i)f  North  Jutland,  with  a  citadel, 
on  the  gulf  of  Limford,  44  rtiiles  NW  of 
Wiburg,  and  46  W  of  Alburg.  Lon.  rf 
25  E,  lat.  56  54  N. 

Tyvy,  or  Teivy,  river  in  Wales,  which 
issuing  from  a  lake  on  the  E  side  of  the 
country,  enters  the  bay  of  Cardigan,  be- 
low the  town  of  Cardigan. 

Ty-wappity,  extensive  Hat  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  in  Miss  uri ;  partly  in  New 
Madrid,  and  partly  in  Cape  Girardeau 
counties. 

Tzadurilla,  town  of  Natolia  Proper, 
near  the  river  Sangar,  or  Aclu,  63  miles 
SE  of  Isnic.    Lon.  31  8  E,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Tznritzyn,  town  and  fortress  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Sarat^f.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Volga,  122  miles  NW  of  Astra- 
can.     Lon   45  25  E,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Tzernitz,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Romania,  near  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  32  miles  NNE  of  Adrianople. 
Lon.  26  40  E,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Tzivilsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kasan,  57  miles  west  of  Kasan. 
Lon.  47  25  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 


V,  u. 


Vaasi,  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Channel  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  five  miles  froth  Har- 
fleur,  and  eight  from  Vulogne. 

Vabres,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveiron,  and  late  province 
of  Rcergue,  30  miles  SE  of  Rodez,  and 
33  E  of'Alby.  Lon.  2  55  E,  lat.  43  57 
N. 

Vacha,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  40  miles  SE  of 
Cassel.    Lon.  10  12  E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Vache,  one  of  the  West  India  Islands, 
lying  to  south  of  St.  Domingo,  opposite 
St.  Louis.  The  buccaneers  began  a  set- 
tlement here  in  1673,  and  they  made  it 
one  of  their  rendezvous. 


Vachelme,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of 
Naples. 

Vada,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  seat- 
ed on  the  Tuscan  sea,  20  miles  south  of 
Leghorn.    Lon.  10  20  E,  lat.  43  15  N. 

Vadagary,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  province  of  Madura,  64 
miles  SSW  of  Madura. 

Vadin,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Euro- 
pean province  of  Bessarabia,  situated  on 
the  Danube,  32  miles  west  of  Nicopoli. 
Lon.  25  0  E,  lat.  44  25  N. 

Vado,  seaport  cf  Italy,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  with  a  fort ;  taken  by  the 
French  in  1795 .    It  is  three  miles  jvest  ot 


\    At 


\   A  h 


Savena,  aad  24  SW  ef  Genoa.  Lon.  §  8 
E,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Vadstein,  town  of  Sweden,  in  East 
Gothland,  on  the  side  of  the  lake  Wet- 
ter, near  the  river  Motala,  32  miles  west 
of  Nordkloping.  Lon.  15  55  E,  lat.  58 
12  N. 

Vaduiz,  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  Suabia,  26  miles  south  of  Lindau,  and 
'34  SSE  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  22  E.  lat. 
47  7  N. 

Vaena,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  at  the  source  of  the  Castro,  23 
miles  SE  of  Cordova.  Lon.  3  50  W,  lat- 
Sr  40  N. 

Vaihingen,  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
on  the  Neckar,  24  miles  SW  of  Habliron. 
Lon.  9  3  E,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Vaiseaux,  small  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, on  the  north  coast  of  Louisiana,  be- 
tween the  mouths  (if  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Mobile,  with  a  small  harbour.  See 
iSMp  Island. 

Valais,  county  of  Svvisserlaiid,  extending 
100  miles  from  E  to  W,  and  divided  inl'o 
Upper  and  Lower  Valais.  The  former 
reaches  from  Mount  Furca  to  the  river 
Murge,  below  Sion;  and  ^he  latter  from 
that  river  to  St.  Gingou,  on  the  i.ike  of 
Geneva.     Population  120,000. 

Val,  village  of  the  Netherlands,  three 
miles  W  of  Maestricht,  where,  in  1744, 
marshal  Saxe  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
duke  of  Cumberland. 

Val  di  Demona,  province  of  Sicily.  It 
means  the  valley  of  Demo' s,  and  is  so  cal- 
led, because  Mount  ^tnais  situati  d  in  this 
province,  which  occasioned  ignorant  and 
superstitious  p"ople,  at  he  time  of  its  fiery 
eruptions,  to  believe  it  was  a  chimney  of 
hell.  This  province  is  said  to  contain  up- 
wards of  300,000  inhabitants.  The  capital 
is  Messina. 

Val  di  JMazara,  province  in  the  W  angle 
of  Sicify,  so  called  from  the  town  of  Aiaza- 
ra.  It  contains  Palermo;  the  capital  of  the 
whole  island. 

Valdl  JK'otOf  province  of  Sicily  ;  so  called 
from  the  Noto,  which  is  its  capital  town. 

Val  Ombrosa,  celebrated  monas\ery  of 
Tuscany,  in  the  Appennines,  15  miles  E  of 
Florence. 

Valckoiuar,  town  of  Scl^vonia,  seated  on 
the  Walpo,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Danube,  between  Esseck  and  Peterwara- 
din,  70  miles  NW  of  Belgi'ade.  Lon.  19 
51  E,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Valdai,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  on  the  side  of  a  lake 
of  the  same  name  Its  environs  abound 
with  beautiful  lakes,  sprinkled  with  woody 
islands,  and  skirted  by  forests,  cornfields, 
and  pastures. 

Valdai,  lake  of,  in  the  government  of  No- 
vo|»ocod,  in  Russia.    It  is  about  20  miles  in 


cireumfereBee.  In  the  middle  of  it  is  an 
island  on  wiiich  there  is  a  convent. 

Valdai  Hdls,  hills  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernments of  Nov>  gorod,  Tver,  and  Volog- 
da. Thty  separate  the  sources  of  the  Vol- 
ga, from  those  of  the  Masta,  Volkof,  and 
other  streams  flowing  into  the  lialtic,  and 
lake  Ladoga. 

Valdasnes,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tra  los  Monios,  nme  miles  ESE  of 
Mirandola. 

Valdeburon,  town  of  Spain.  Lon.  4  55  W, 
lat.  43  5  N. 

Valdecona,  town  of  Spain,  15  miles  S  of 
Tortoso.     Lon.  0  35  E,  lat,  11  15  N. 

Valdig-etJi,  VA\n  of  Portugal,  in  Beira. 

Valdivia.     See  Baldivia. 

Valence,  episcopal  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Drome,  ami  late  province  of 
Dauphim,  on  ih-  Rhone,  30  miles  N  by  E 
or  Vivers,  and  335  S  by  E  of  Paris.  Lon. 
4  52E,  lai.44  56  N. 

Valence,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Gaienne,  situated  on  the  Garonne. 

Valenca  d'  Alcantara,  considerable  town 
of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  15  miLs  SW  of 
Alacanti  a,  and  37  N  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  30 
W,  lat.  39  26  N. 

Vulencey,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  and  late  province  of  Berrj'. 

Valencia,  province  of  Spain,  formerly  a 
kingdom  ;  bounded  on  the  E  and  S  by  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  NE  by  Catalonia, 
on  the  NW  by  Arragon,  and  on  the  W  by 
New  Castile  and  Murcia.  It  is  162  miles 
long  and  62  broad,  and  is  the  most  pleasant 
and  populous  country  in  Spain,  for  here 
they  enjoy  a  perpetual  spring.  It  is  w;<ter- 
ed  by  a  great  number  of  streams,  which 
render  it  fertile  in  all  the  necessaries  of 
life,  especially  fruits  and  wine ;  and  in  the 
mountains  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
alum. 

Valencia,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  univer- 
sity. It  is  a  very  populous  place,  and  has 
several  good  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
silk,  carried  on  with  gr  at  success  and  in- 
dusiry  ;  for  even  the  very  children  are  em- 
ployed "in  spinning  silk.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Guadalvia  (over  which  are  five  bridges) 
near  ihe  Mediterranean,  130  miles  ESE  of 
Madrid.     Lon.  0  10  E,  lai .  39  23  N. 

Valencia,  JVe~v,  town  o-  Caracas,  seated 
on  the  bike  Tocaragea,  57  miles  SW  of 
Port    Cavallo.     Lon.  65  30  W,  lat.  9  50  N. 

Valenciemies,  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North.  It  contains  about 
20,000  souls,  and  the  Scheldt  divides  it  into 
two  parts.  It  is  20  m^les  WSW  of  Mois,  28 
SE  of  Lisle,  and  120  NNE  o!  Paris.  Lon. 
3  37  E,  lat  50  21  N. 

Valenzo-do-Miidw,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Entre-Mi.nho-e  Donero, 
seated  on  an  eminence,  near,  fheriveu  Mirt- 


V  A  L 


V  A  t 


lio,  rtiree  miles  S  of  Tuv,  Lon.  8  11  W, 
]at.  42  2  N. 

Valentine,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment ol  Upper  Garonne,  nine  miles  NE  of 
St.  Bernard.     Lon.  0  57  E,  lat.  43  1  N. 

Valenza,  or  Valencia,  strong  town  of  Italy, 
iu  the  Milanese,  capital. of  the  Lomclme, 
and  subject  to  the  king'  of  Sardinia,  on  a 
mountain  near  the  river  Po,  12  miles  E  of 
Casal,  and  35  SW  of  Milan.  Lon  8  56  E, 
lat.  44  58  N. 

Valestra,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ducliy  of 
Modeua.     Lon.  10  52  E,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Valletta.     See  JIalta. 

Valeite,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  and  late  provhice  of  An- 
joumnis  ten  miles  S  of  AngoUme.  Lon  0 
15  E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Valkenburg,  or  Fauqnemont,  town  ot 
Dutch  L.inburg,  on  the  G.icL.  Lon.  5  50 
E,  lat.  50  52  N 

Valladolid,  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile. 
Tiie  environs  of  this  ci'y  are  a  finr  pla  n 
covered  w  th  gard  n  ,  orchards,  vLiiey«rds, 
meadows  a  id  fiel  is.  It  is  seat  ci  on  the 
Kscurva  and  Pisuerga.  near  the  Doiu  ro, 
52  miles  SW  of  Burgos,  80  SE  of  Leon,  and 
95  N  by  W  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  25  W,  lat. 
41  50  N. 

Valladolid,  town  in  the  peninsula  of  Juca- 
tan,  near  the  coasi  of  the  bay  of  Kunduras, 
94  miles  E  by  S  of  Alenda.  Lon.  88  30  E, 
lat.  20  33  N. 

Valladolid,  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Quilo,  situated  near  the  Andes.  Lon.  73 
5  W,  la'  6  2  S. 

ValUuloUd.  intenda'icy  of  Mexico;  bound- 
ed by  tiie  Pacific  Ocean  W  ;  Guadalaxara 
NW ;  Guanaxuata,  or  Santlag'o  river  N  ; 
and  Mexico  NE,  E,  a  :d  SE  Length  250  ; 
mean  width  100 ;  and  area  about  26,400 
square  miles,  {See  table,  page  590.)  Situa- 
ted on  the  Western  deciiviiy  of  Auahuac  ; 
intersected  with  hills  and  charming  v;iliey  , 
which  exhibit  to  the  eye  of  the  traveller, 
St  very  uncommon  appearance  under  th 
ton'id  zone,  extensive  and  well  water- 
ed meadows.  Valadoiid  enjoys  generally 
a  mild  and  temperate  climate,  exceedingly 
conducive  to  the  health  of  ihe  inhabitants. 
It  is  only  when  we  descend  the  table 
land  of  Aric,  and  approach  the  coast,  that 
we  find  a  climate  la  which  the  new  colo- 
nists, and  frequen'ly  even  the  old  iniiabi- 
tan'is,  are  subject  to  the  scKirge  ofint  r- 
mittent  and  putrid  fevers.  The  general 
level,  independent  of  particufir  motnUain 
summits,  difliers  in  relative  elevation  from 
the  low  shores  of  the  Pac.fic  to  the  fine 
plain  between  the  hills  of  Agua^arco,  and 
the  villages  of  Teipa,  and  Petatlan  2600 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ocean. 

In  this  fine  country  the  fruits  and  grain 
of  the  temperate  is  followed,  and  frequent- 
ly irrfrrnTJixed.  with  th&  ]>lants  of  the  torrid 


zone.     Cotton  and  Indigo  are  its  most  val- 
uable vegetable  staples.  ' 

Valladolid  contains  two  cties  of  consi- 
derable magnitude,  V^diadohd  the  capital 
and  Pasacaro  Tzintzontzan,  bears  the 
name  of  a  city  but  is  in  reality  a  poor  Indi- 
an village.  It  contains  a  part  of  the  volca- 
nic region  of  Mexico.  Sre  loruilo.  Within 
its  limits  are  tii-.  mines  of  Zitiquaro,  A.n- 
gangueo,  Tkpusahua,  the  Re-al  del  Oro, 
and  Inguaron. 

Valladolid,  de  Mechoacan,  capital  of  the 
iHtendancy  of  the  same  name,  is  elevated 
6396  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Occan,  at 
latitside  19  42  N.  Snow  has  been  known 
to  fall  in  its  streets.  The  aqut  duct  which 
supplies  this  city  with  potable  water,  cost 
upwards  of  900,000  dollars  See  Mecho- 
acan. 

Valiclonga.  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Uit.'riore.  Lon.  16  4J  E,  lat.  38 
44  N. 

Vallemont,  tcwn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  vvith  a  castle,  16 
miles  N  by  W  of  Caudebec.  Lon.  1  25 
W.  lat.  49  46  N 

Vallencay.,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre.  Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  47 
10  N. 

Vallengin,  town  of  Swisserland,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
principality  of  Neuchatel.  It  is  seated 
near  the  lake  of  Neuchatel,  25  miles  NW 
of  Bern.  Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  47  0  N.  See 
JVeuchatd. 

Vallers.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  with  some 
mineral  waters.  Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  47 
24  N. 

Vallerij,  St.  commercial  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
and  late  province  of  Pic.irdy,  at  the 
m  luth  of  the  river  Sdmme,  whose  en- 
trance is  very  dangerous.  It  is  10  miles 
NW  of  Abbeville,  and  100  N  by  W  of 
Paris     Lon.  1  37  E,  lat.  30  11  N. 

Vallery  en  Caux,St.  si-aport  of  Fl'ance, 
in  the  dt'partmt  nt  of  Lower  Seine,  and 
late  province  of  Normandy,  15  miles  W 
by  S  of  Dieppe,  and  105  NW  of  Paris. 
Lon   0  41  K,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Faliier.  St.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  seven  mik  s  NE  of  Tournon. 
Lon.  2  5  E,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Valogne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment <'f  the  Channel,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy,  noted  for  cloth  and 
leather.  It  is  seated  on  a  brook,  eight 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  158  W  by  N  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  26  W,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Valona,   town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  Upper  Albania,   with  a  harbour.    It 
is  seated  on  the  g.ulf  of  Venice ,   ne.^p 
Tn?9 


VAN 


t  A  R 


the  mountains  of  Chimera,  50  miles  S  of 
Durazza-     Lou.  19  23  E,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Vai/iarayno,  town  of  ChirK  with  a  well 
frequented  iiarbou;  d.  tended  by  a  strong 
fort.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pacihc  Ocean, 
at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain.  Lon.  72 
14  W,  iat.  o3  3  S.  Since  the  revolution 
in  Spanish  America  has  opened  this 
port  1817,  it  has  become  a  place  of  very 
extensive  trade,  but  the  enormous  im- 
portation of  British  goods,  affords  no  safe 
criieriun  to  estimate  the  solid  prosperity 
of  Its  inhabitants  Acc'  rding  to  Mr. 
Morse,  from  February  1817,  to  July 
1818,  3,S0a,U0O  dollars  worth  of  British 
manufactured  goods  entered  Valparayso. 
Population  7U00. 

Falrees,  town  of  France,  in  the  Ve- 
naissin,  12  miles  E  of  St.  Paul  Trois 
Chateaux. 

Fals,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardtche,  and  late  province  of 
Dauphiny,  remarkable  for  a  min' ral 
spring.  It  is  stated  on  the  Ardech,  three 
miles  N  of  Aubcoas.  Lon  4  26  E,  Iat. 
44  48  N. 

Valteline,  caHed  by  the  inhabitants  Val- 
le-te  lino,  fertile  valley  of  SAvisserland, 
subject  to  the  Grisons.  It  is  about  50 
miles  in  length,  extending  from  the  con- 
fines of  Bormio  to  the  lake  of  Chiarenna, 
and  is  enclosed  between  two  chains  of 
mountains.  It  is  separated  by  the  N 
chain  from  the  Grisons,  by  the  S  chain 
from  the  Venetian  territories :  on  the 
E  it  borders  on  the  county  of  Bormio; 
and  is  bounded  on  the  W  by  the  duchy 
of  Milan  The  Valtelines  export  wine, 
silk,  planks,  cheese,  butter,  and  cattle. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
62,000,  and  are  all  Roman  Catholics.  It 
now  forms  apart  of  the  Lembardo-Vene- 
tian  kintidom. 

Valverde.  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
on  the  confines  of  Spain,  30  miles  N  by  W 
of  Alcantara,  and  38  SSE  of  GuardiJi. 
Lon.  6  19  W,  lat.  39  44  N. 

Valverde,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  and  eight  miles  from  Badajoz. 

Van,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  in  Ar- 
menia near  the  frontiei's  of  Persia.  It 
is  a  populous  place  defended  by  a  castle, 
seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is  likewise  a 
beglerbegic,  under  which  there  are  nine 
sajigiacates,  or  particular  governments. 
The  Turks  always  keep  a  numerous  gar 
rison  in  the  castle.  Lon.  44  30  E,  lat. 
38  30  N. 

Vanceburg',  post  village,  Lewis  coun 
ty,   Kentucliy,  near  the  Ohio  river,  35 
miles  NEby  E  from  Washington.  There 
are  salt  Avorks  near  this  place, 

Vandalia,  seat  of   government   Bond 
county,    Ulinol'?,  on  the    right    bank  of 
Kaskaskiasj    viver  about  55  miles   from 
1  o.'^^o 


St.  Louis.  It  was  chosen  whilst  occupied 
by  a  wilderness  as  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  Illinois,  and  is  now  rapidly  as- 
suming the  aspect  of  a  flourishing  village 
wth  the  ordiriary  state,  and  county 
buildings  found  in  those  places  in  the 
United  States  in  which  the  state  legis". 
ature,  and  c-iunty  courcs  are  held.  Lon. 
W  C  12  1  W,  lit  39  5  N.     . 

Vanderburgh,  county  of  Indiana ; 
bounded  by  Oiuu  river  S  ;  Posey  W  ; 
and  N;  and  Warrick  E.  Lvngth  20; 
mean  width  12  ;  and  area  240  square 
miles  It  is  drained  by  Big  Pigeon  creek. 
Chief  town,  Evansviile. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -  948 

do.     do.    females  -        -  83  9 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 


1,787 


1,798 


200 

388 

56 

1 


Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males  -        -        - 

do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
E:igaged  in  .Agricultui'e 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  7^-. 

Van  Diemen''s  Land,  the  S  extremity 
of  New  Holland,  discovered  by  Taxman, 
in  1642,  afterwards  visited  by  captain 
Cork. 

Van  Diejuen^s  Road,  road  of  the  is- 
land of  Tongataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands.    Lon  174  56  W.  lat  21  4  S. 

Vannes,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marbihan,  formerly  a  bish- 
op's see,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Morbihan. 
Its  principal  trade  is  in  wheat  and  rye 
for  Spain  ;  and  it  has  a  trade  als^in  pil- 
chards and  sea  eels.  It  is  three  miles 
from  the  Atlantic,  56  W  of  Rennes,  and 
255  W  by  S  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  46  W,  lat. 
47  39  N. 

Vansville,  post  town  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  15  miles  NE  from 
Washington. 

Vanwert^  county  in  the  NW  part  of 
Ohio  ;  bounded  by  Paulding  N ;  Putnam 
E  and  Allen  E ;  Mercer  S;  and  state 
of  Indiana  W  Length  24  ;  width  18  ; 
and  area  4S2  square  miles. 

Var,  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Provence. 

Var,  river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
countv  of  Nice,  and  falls  into  the  Mcdi- 


V    A  ■! 


H  }■:: 


terratiean,  four  miles  W  of  Nice .  It  gives 
name  to  the  above  department. 
-    VaroUo,   strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  47  rniles  WNW  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  25  E,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Varambon,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aiu,  14  miles  NNW  of 
Bourge.    Lon.  3  15  E,  lat.  46  23  N. 

Varella,  cape  on  the  E  coast  of  the 
kingdom  of  Ciampa.  Behind  it  is  a 
mountain,  remarkable  for  havinj?  a  high 
rock  on  it&  summit.  Lon  109  17  E,  lat. 
12  50  N, 

Varendore,  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Munster,  seated  on 
the  river  Embs. 

Varennes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
■    partment  of  Allier,    seated  on  an  emi- 
nence near  the  river   Allier,    14  miles 
SSE  of  Moulins.    Lon.  3  31  E,  lat.  46 
22  N. 

Varennes,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse.  It  is  13  miles  N  of 
Clermont. 

Varhdij,  town  of  Transylvania,  60  miles 
E  ot  Temeswar.  Lon.  17  10  E,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Variety,  post  village,  Nelson  county, 
Virginia. 

Farinas,  province  of  Colombia,  SVV 
from  Caraccas,  on  the  head  waters  of 
Apure  river. 

Varna,  considerable  seaport  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria,  capital  of 
the  territory  of  Drobugia,  i-.ear  the 
mouth  of  the  Varna,  in  the  Black  Sea, 
22  miles  N  of  Mesembria,  and  145  NW  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  28  28  E,  lat.  42 
44  N. 

Varzey.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  with  a  castle,  32  miles 
from  Auxerre. 

Vasil,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  situated  on  the  Vol- 
ga, 60  miles  E  of  Novogorod,  Lon.  45  44 
E,  lat.  56  16  N. 

Fassalboro\  post  town  in  Kennebec 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Kennebec  river,  seven  miles  S  of  Fort 
Halifax,  40  N  of  Wiscasset,  and  about 
83  NE  of  Portland,  containing  1188  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2484. 

Vasscrburg,  town  of  Bavaria.  It  is 
surrounded  by  high  mountains  and  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Inn,  28  miles  E  of  Mu- 
nich.   Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Vassi,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper   Marne,    seated  on  the 
Blaise,  10  miles  NW  of  Joinville,   and 
,      115  E  of  Paris.    Lon.  5   10  E,  lat.  48 
I;     27  N. 

Vatan,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  seated  in  a  fine  plain, 
eight  miles  NW  of  Issoudun.  Lon.  1 
56  E,  lat.  47  2  N. 


Vatica,  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  the  iVIorea,  situated  in  a  bay  of  the 
same  i-.ame,  44  a.iles  SE  of  Misitra.  Lon. 
23  2  E,  lat.  36  38  N. 

Vaucoleures,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Meuse,  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Meuse,  10  mi^es 
\V  of  Toul,  22  SVV  of  Nanci,  and  150  E 
of  Paris  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat  48  36  N. 
See  Domrcmy-tu  Pucelle. 

Vauclusc,  department  of  Fiance, 
which  includes  the  county  of  Venaissin, 
and  territory  cf  Avignon. 

VRucluse,  village  and  fountain  of 
France,  in  the  department  to  which  it 
gives  name,  12  miles  E  of  Avignon,  ce- 
lebrated by  Petrarch. 

Valid,  Pays  de,  country  of  Swisser- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Bern.  It  extends 
along  the  lake  of  Geneva,  rising  gradual- 
ly from  the  edge  of  that  lake,  and  is 
richly  laid  out  in  vineyards,  corn-fields, 
and  meadows,  and  checquered  with 
continued  villages  and  towns,  Lausanne 
is  the  capital. 

Vaudables,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy  de  Donne,  five  miles 
from  Isloire,  and  240  S  by  E  of  Paris. 

VaudemoTii,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  with  a  castle  It 
is  seated  in  the  most  fertile  country  for 
corn  in  all  Lorrain,  15  miles  SE  of  Toul, 
and  18  SW  of  Nanci.  Lon.  5  67  E,  lat. 
48  26  N, 

Vaudois,  Valleys  of,  in  Piedmont.  They 
lie  N  of  t!3e  marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  and 
the  chief  town  is  Lucerna.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  called  Vaudois ;  also  Walden- 
ses  from  Peter  Waldo,  a  merchant  at 
Lyons  who  exposed  the  superstitions  of 
thcj  church  oi  Rome,  in  1160,  and  being 
banished  from  France,  came  here  with 
his  discipus.  The  Vaudois  underwent 
the  most  dreadful  persecutions  iti  the 
17th  century,  particularly  in  1653,  1656, 
,antl  1696 

Vaudrcvaiige,  decayed  town  of  Fr.-^nce 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe,  seated  on 
the  Sare,  near  the  strong  fortress  of  Sar 
Louis,  50  miles  NE  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  36 
E,  lat.  49  28  N. 

Vauxhall,,  village  in  Surrj',  seated  on 
the  Thames,  two  miles  SW  of  London, 

Ubeda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  abounding 
in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  fruits,  especially 
figs.  It  is  five  miles  NE  of  Baeza,  and 
158  SE  of  Madrid  Lon.  3  13  W,  lat. 
37  48  N 

Uberlingin,  city  of  Stiabia,  in  the  county 
of  Furstenburg.  'I'iie  mhabitants,  who 
are  partly  Roman  catholics  and  partly  pro- 
testints,  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  corn, 
which  they  send  to  Swisserland  ;  and  not 
far  hence  xre  very  famous  baths.  It  is 
1031 


V  E  C 


V    b  L 


seated  on  a  higli  rock,  near  the  lake  of 
Constauce,  12  miles  N  of  Constance.  Lon. 
9  10  E.  lai.  47  5U  N. 

Ubes,  St.  or  Setubal,  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  m  Estremadiir.;,  with  a  good 
harbour,  defended  by  tlie  f  .rt  of  Si.  Ja^jo. 
It  is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Se- 
tobriga,  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  near  ihe 
mouth  of  the  Zadaen.  Ii  is  22  miles  SE 
of  Lisbon.     Lon.  8  54  W   lat  38  32  N. 

Ubigau,  t-)vvn  of  Upper  Saxony,  m  Ger- 
many, 2a  miles  SB  of  VViitemburg.  L.m. 
13  12  E,  lai.  51  34  N. 

Uby,  or  Pnlo  Uby,  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  at  the  entranc  of  ihe  bay  of  Siam, 
20  miles  m  circumference.  It  yields  good 
waier  and  plenty  oi  wood.  Lon.  105  56 
E,  lat.  8  25  N. 

Uchland     See  Uwchkmd. 

Ucayale,  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the 
Amaz)n,  formed  by  several  streams,  riving 
about  lat.  16  0  S,  and  lon  W  C  4  u  E.  It 
flovv.s  generally  N,  and  falls  into  the  Paro. 
lon.  W  C  4  0  E,  a.!d  at  lat,  11  0  S. 

Ucker.  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
source  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  near 
Pi-enzlo,  in  the  Ucker  marche  of  Branden- 
burg, runs  N  turough  Pomerania,  and  be- 
ing joined  by  the  Rando,  enters  tne  Frisch- 
HA,  a  bay  of  the  Baltic. 

Uckei'7nu7ide,  town  of  Germany  in  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Frisch  Haf,  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic,  25  miles  NW  of  Sleiin.     Lon.  14 

12  E,  lai.  53  53  N. 

Uddevalla,  tort'n  of  Sweden,  in  West 
Gothland,  situated  in  a  bay  of  the  Categate, 
at  the  bottom  of  some  steep  rocks,  at  the 
extrem  ty  of  a  smah  but  fertile  v.dley.  It 
coDl.uns  3000  inhabitants,  exports,  iron 
plaaiis,  and  herrings,  and  is  50  miles  N  of 
.  Gotheborg. 

Udcnskoi,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  g  'vern- 
ment  of  Irkutzk,  seated  on  tht-  SE  side  of 
the  lake  Balkul,  on  tlie  road  from  Tobol!,k 
to  China,  1000  miles  NW  of  Peking,  and 
1200  E  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  96  30  E,  lat.  ^3 
ON. 

Udina,  or  Udine,-  city  of  Italy,  capital  of 
IVmli.  It  contains  16,000  inhabitants,  and 
is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  near  the  rivers 
Taglemento  and  Lisenzo,  10  miles  N  of 
Aquileia,  and  55  N  by  E  of  Venice.     Lon 

13  3  R,>t.  46  12  N. 

Udskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  irkutzk,  near  the  Udcla,  1100  miles 
ENE  of  Irkutzk.  Lon.  135  30  E,  lat.  55 
16  N. 

Vecht,  river  that  has  its  source  in  West 
phalia,  near  Munstt  r,  crosses  the  counties 
of  Slenford  and  Bentheim,  and  entering 
Overyssel,  passes  by  Ommen,  Haffelt,  and 
Swartsluys,  below  which  it  falls  into  the 
Zuider-Zee,  under  the  name  of  Swartwa- 
tei',  that  is  Blackwiter. 

Vecht,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
toatKh^s  off  fi'om  ti^e  old  channel  of  the 
tow- 


Rhine,  at  Utrecht,  and  enters  the  Zuilef- 
Zee,  at  Miiyden, 

Vechta,  fortified  town  of  Germanj',  in 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of 
Munster,  30  miles  N  of  Osnaburg.  Lon. 
8  24  K,  lat.  .52  54  N- 

I  edenskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  on  the  Vokscha,  200 
miles  ESE  of  Archangel.  Lon.  46  44  E, 
lat.  58  45  N. 

Veere.     See  Tervere. 

Veglia,  island  in  the  guif  of  Venice,  on 
the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  good  harbour, 
It  is  'he  most  populous  island  on  this  coast, 
abounds  in  wine  and  siik.  The  only  town, 
of  the  same  .-lami-,  is  seated  on  the  sea,  on 
a  hill  commanded  by  two  mountains,  17 
miles  NW  of  Arbe,  and  llOSE  of  Venice. 
Lon.  14  64  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Vagliana,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  in 
the  marquisate  of  Susa,  seated  on  the  emi- 
nence, near -the  river  Doria,  12  miles  NW 
of  Turin.     Lon.  7  34  E,  lat.  45  7  N. 

^  Veiros,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
with  ;i  ca-tle,  seated  on  the  Anhaloora,  10 
miles  SSW  of  Portalegre,  Lon.  7  34  W, 
lat.  38  57  N. 

Veit,  St.  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
.\ustria,  sealed  at  tlie  confluence  of  the 
Glan  and  Wanich,  8  miles  N  of  Clagenfort, 
and  173  SW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  2*0  E,  lat. 
47  1  N. 

Vdt,  St.  strong  seaport  of  Istria.  See 
Fimne. 

Vela,  cape  of  South  America,  on  the  N 
coast  of  Terra  Firma,  160  miles  ENE  of 
St.  Man  ha.     Lon.  71  25  W,  lat.  12  50  N. 

J  clay,  late  province  of  France,  bounded 
on  thr  N  by  Forez,  on  the  VV  by  Auvergne, 
on  the  S  by  Gevaudan,  and  oil  the  E  by 
Vivarez.  it  is  full  of  high  mountains,  co- 
vered with  snow  the  greater  part  of  the 
year,  but  abounds  in  cattle.  It  now  forms 
the  department  of  Upper  Loire. 

Veldeii,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Bavaria,  22  miles  NW  of  Ratisbon. 
JLoii.  11  50  E,  lat.  40  10  N. 

Veldentz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Moselle, 
13  miles  NE  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  3  E,  lat. 
49  52  N. 

Veleki  Ustiug,  province  of  the  Russian 
government  of  Vologda.  Ustiug  is  the 
capital. 

Veletri^  or  Vdletri,  town  of  Italy  in  Cam- 
pagnadi  Roma  It  is  a  very  pleasant  place, 
and  therf  are  large  squares  adorned  with 
fine  four. tains.  It  is  seated  on  an  -^mi- 
nence,  surrounded  by  hills,  eight  miles 
ESE  of  Albano,  and  20  SE  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  55  E,  lat.  41  46  N. 

Velez,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  and  45  mdes  NE  of  Toledo, 
and  50  SE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  22  W,  lat. 
40  0  N. 

Velfz-de'GoffHCraj,  town  of  Afri<^  in  tho 


£N 


\  E  N 


kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a  harbour  scaled    Free  persons  of  Cfflour,  males 
between  two  higli  mountains,  on  the  Mc-'  do.  do.       females 

diterranean,  120  miles  NNE  of  Fez.    Loa    Slaves,  males 
4  0  W,  lit.  35  10  ^^  do.    females 

I'elez  Malaga,  town  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
di,  seated  in  a  hrjje  plain,  near  tlie  Me-   Total  population  in  1820     - 
diterran  an   sea,   12  miles  NK  of  Mala.sj'a, 
and  52  S\V  of  Granada.     Lon,  3  21  W,        Of  these; 
lat.  36  42  N.  Forei,^n<rs  not  natnral'zed 

rf/2>a,  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  tlie    Engaged  in  Af^ric  Itnre 
river  Bakawa,   10  miles  E  of  Crueiz,  and        do.        in  M;*n'.ifactnres    • 
60  NW  of  Posega.     Lon.   16  50,  iat.  46 
18  N. 

Velino,  small  river  of  Italy,  flows  past 
Terni,  and  near  that  town  falls  over  a  pre- 
cipice 300  feet.  See  Terni.  This  is  the 
cataract  so  poeiically  described  by  iiyron. 

Velore,  town  of  Hindoostin,  in  the  Car- 
n^'.tic.  It  is  a  post  of  great  importance, 
commandinsr  the  great  road  from  Mysore 


13 

15 

.  0 

0 

4,915 


15 

930 
135 


into  the   Gariiatic.     It   onsists   of   tl.ree 


do.        in  Goinmerce         -         -  o 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  4. 

Venango,  NE   townsliip,  Butler  county 
Pennsylvania..    Popnlauon  in  1320,  353. 

VenniK-'o,  one  oftlie  northern  tov;nships 
of  Crawford  county,  Pennsylva'iia,  NVV 
from  French  creek  six  miles  N  fr(mi  Mgad- 
ville.     Popnlition  in  1820,  630. 

Tenant,   St.  town  of  France,   ih  tlie  de- 


,.    .  -. .,,  1'   ,„     parlment  ot  the   straits  of  Calais,  and  late 

stronc:  <orts  on  as  many  niils,  and  is  ueem-    '        .  p  •       ■       -  .      .'.  . 

-      "  -      -•  •      nrovmce  ot  Ar.ois 


ed  impregnable  tn  an  Indian  army.  It  is 
ninety  miles  W  of  Madras,  and  214  fr  >m 
Seringapatam. 

Veltzen.     See  Ultzen. 

Vena,  or  .Monii-deUu-Vena,  monnl.ains  of 
Carniola,  on  the  confines  of  Istria,  or^  the 
S  of  the  lake  Czernic. 

Venafro,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in  Ter 


It  can  be  laid  under 
water  at  any  ti;ne,  v.jiicli  is  its  chief  de- 
fence, and  is  2/  miles  SB  of  Dunkirk,  an<l 
23  NW  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  39  E,  Iat.  50 
38  N. 

Ve'nasque,  tov.m  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  in 
a  valley  of  the  same  name,  'with  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Essnra,  in  a  coun- 


ra  di  Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated    t'T  producing  good   wme,  35  miles   E  of 
near  ti;-  VoUumo,  27  miles  W  of  Capua,    P>aibastro.     Lon   0  25  K,  ht.  41  58  N. 
and  43   N  of  Naples.     Lon.  I-i  19  E,  Iat.        Venetighern .   town  of  the    penmsula  of 
43  32  N.  Hindoos  an,  51  miles  E  of  Bangalore,  and 

Veiiai'ssiii,   smad    but  fertile  territory  of  54  W  of  Arcot.      Lon.  78  38  E,  Iat.  13 
France,  lately  depending  on  t!ie  pope,  but 


now  decreed  a  p^r;  of  Fra'ic-,  .uid  inclu- 
ded in  tiie  d  'nariment  of  Vau;lnse.  \-  is 
of  small  extent,  h'lt  pleasant. and  fertile. 

Venansro,  c-un^vot  Pennsylvania;  bo.md- 
ed  by  Armstrong"  SE ;  Bntier  SW  ;  Mer. 
c-rW;  Cra-vfor'dNW;  Wan-en  NK;  a-v! 


Fe«ce,tott'n  of  France,  in  the  department 
o-  Var,  and  late  provmce  of  Povencs,  eight 
milc^  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  10  W. of 
Nice.     Lon.  7  13  E,  Iat.  43  43  N. 

Vendu,  depa;-im;nt  of  France,  including 
part  o'  the  la'e  piovince  of  Pol'.ou.     It  is 


Jeiferson  E.  Length  38:  width  2J  ;  a'ld  so  called  frivn  a  small  river  of  the  same 
area  1114  square  :ndes.  Surface  general-  na-ne,  Fon'enay-le-Comite  is  lliecapUal. 
ly  broken,  though  much  good  soil  lifs  Tendmi.  to-vn  of  Riis  ia,  in  the  govern- 
along  tiie  water  c  .urses.  Alle-any  river  me-.l  of  Il.g;-,  36-mitts  NE  of  lliga.  Lon. 
winds  tln-ough  and  receives  French  creek  25  15  E,  Ist.  57  13  ?«. 
in  tliis  county,     ("hief  >own  Franklin.  Vendome,  lown  of  Fi-ance,  in  the  depart - 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -        -        - 
do.  do.     females     - 

Total  whiles 

All  other  persons  e'lcept  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         .         - 

Slaves         .         .         -         -         - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1320. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.  do.     females 
All  other  !)ersons  except  Indiju'.s 

not  taxed         .... 


Total  whites 


r,v 


ment  o*  Loira  -dCIi,  r,  ;uidiMtc  province  of 
1,610  P.iaisoi.^,  seated  on  the  river  Loir,  30  miles 
1,444    NE  of  Tours,  .uul  95  SW  of  Paris      Lon. 

■ 1  8  E,  lal.  47  50  N. 

3,054        Vendr/'U,  iovn  ..f  Spain  in  (Jatalonia,  25 
mils  WSW   of  Barcelona.     L-n.  1  50  E, 
r.    Iat.  4112  N. 
0        Vcnezneln,  province  of  Colombia,  bound- 

ed  on  the  N  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the 

3,060   E  by  Caraccas,  on  the   Shy  New  Grenatla, 

and" on  the  W  by  St.  Manha.     When  the 

Spaniards  landed  here  in  1499,  tliey  obser- 

2,593   vcd  some  huts  built  upon  pil-Js,  in  an  Indi- 

2,294    an  Village,  in  order  to  rai<^e  them  above 

the  "itagna'c-d  water  that  covered  the  plain: 

0    and  this  induced  them  to  give  it  the  name 

of  Venozueh,  on  Lii lie  Venice.     Near  the 

se3coa<t   arc  hich  mouivtaius.  the  tops   "' 
inin 


,887 


V  K  IS 


\    E  U 


wliisli  are  barren,  but  the  lower  parts  in 
the  valley  are  fertile,  proJucinpr  plenty  of 
corn,  rich  pastiires,  sugar,  tobacco,  and 
fruits.  There  are  als3  plantations  of  cocoa 
tiuts,  ivhich  are  exceedin.cfly  good;  and  gold 
is  found  in  the  sands  of  rivers. 

Venezuela,  or  C'oro,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince <;f  the  same  name,  in  Colombia,  seat- 
ed on  a  peninsula,  on  the  gulf  of  Venezue- 
la, 70  mles  NE  of  Mar:<cavbo.  Lon.  70  15 
W,  lat.  10  43  N. 

Venezuela,  gulf  on  the  X  coast  of  Terra 
Firma,  which  communicates  with  tlie  lake 
c;f  Maracaybo,  by  a  narrow  strait. 

Venice,  la'e  celebrated  republic  of  Italy, 
which  comprehended  the  Dog'^do,  Padua- 
no,  Vicentino,  VL-ronese,  Bresciano,  Berga- 
tnOj'Cremasco,  Polesinodi  Uovigo,  Trevisa- 
no,  Feltrino,  Bellune.se,  Cadorino,  and  part 
of  Fruli  and  Istria.  In  1797,  a  tumult  hav- 
ing happened  at  Venice,  in  which  some 
French  soldiers  were  killed,  t'.te  French 
.seized  the  city,  and  instituted  a  provisiona- 
vy  democratic  government:  but,  scon  after, 
by  viie  treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  the  city 
and  territory  of  Venice,  lymg  to  the  N  and 
W  of  the  river  Adige,  was  ceded  to  Austria 
as  a  duchy,  in  equivalence  for  the  domin- 
ions that  house  had  lost  in  the  netherlands  ; 
and  the  remainder  of  the  territory  was  an- 
nexed to  what  the  French  then  stsled  tiie 
Cisalpine  republic.  In  1805  commenced 
a  short  w:.r  between  Austria  und  France, 
and  by  the  treaty  i  peace  at  I'resburg,  the 
michy  of  Ves-ice  was  given  up  ;  and  the 
whole  territory  of  Venice  wa-  annexed  to 
the  kmgdom  of  1  aly  Tiie  Austrians,  how- 
ever, took  p  )Ssession  of  this  country  in 
1814.  The  Venetian  territories  on  the 
continent,  enumcnted  above  (and  which, 
by  way  of  distinction,  are  sometimes  caiL-d 
the  'I'erra  Firma)  are  described  in  their 
resj^ec'dve  places.  This  once  powerful 
state  now  forms  one  of  die  gre.t  sections 
of  Austrian  I'aiv;  area  9950  square  mdes. 
Population  1,930,000. 

Venice,  city  of  Italy,  one  of  the  most  ce- 
lebrated in  the  world,  and  capital  of  a  re- 
public of  the  same  name,  with  a  patriar- 
chate, and  a  university.  It  stands  on  72 
little  islands,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  The 
approach  to  t  e  city  is  marked  by  rows  of 
slakes  on  each  side,  wiiich  direct  vessels  of 
a  certain  burden,  to  avoid  the  shallows. 
These  shallows  are  a  better  defence  than 
the  strongest  fortifications.  Venice  is  in- 
cluded in  the  province  called  the  Dogado, 
and  is  72  msles  E  bv  N  of  Mantua,  115  NE 
Florence,  140  E  ofMilan,  212  N  of  Romp, 
and  300  N  by  W  of  Naples.  Lon.  12  10  E, 
lat.  45  26  N.  The  trade,  opulence  and  po- 
pulation of  Venice  are  stili  respecinblc. 
The  inhabitants  amount  to  ubout  140,000. 

Venice,    Gulf  of,   sea  between  Italy  and 
r>art  vi'  Turkev  in  Eurone,     Tt  rs  tjie  an- 
10."4 


cieut  Adriat'cum  Mare,  and  is  still  some- 
times called  the  Adriatic.  It  extends  fronr^ 
SE  to  N\V  between  Italy,  to  the  SW,  and 
Albania,  Herzigowina,  Dulmatia,  and  Ulyrifi 
NE  ;  reaching  from  latitude  40  0  to  46 
0  N. 

Venlo,  strong  town  of  Guelderland,  for- 
merly in  alliance  witli  the  Hanseatic  towns  ; 
19  miles  N  of  Ruremonde,  and  S5  NVV  ct 
Juliers.     Lon.  5  50  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Venom,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  on  Basili- 
cata,  a  fertile  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  Appen- 
nines,  lo  miles  NW  of  Acerenza,  and  72 
NE  of  Naples.     Lon.  15  52  E,  lat.  40  54  N. 

Venla-de-Crnz,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Da- 
rlen,  on  the  river  Chagre.  Here  the  Span- 
iards used  to  embark  the  merchandize  of 
Peru,  on  that  river  for  Porto  Rello.  Lon. 
79  0  W,  lat.  9  20  N. 

Venznne,  town  of  Italy,  in  FruUi,  32  miles 
ENE  of  Belkino.  Lon.  13  40  E,  lat.  46 
22  N. 

Vera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a 
harbour.  It  is  43  miles  NE  of  Almerla, 
and  32  SW  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  1  30  W, 
lat.  37  15  N.  , 

Vera  Cruz,  city  of  Mexico,  in  Tlascala, 
on  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  The  harbour  is 
defended  by  a  for*,  situate  on  a  rock  of  the 
island  of  St.  .Tuan  dc  Ulhua,  nearly  adjoin- 
ing. This  port  is  tli?  natural  centre  of  the 
treasure  and  merclvmdise  of  Mexico,  and 
it  receives  much  East  India  produce  by 
way  of  Acapulco  from  the  Philippine 
islands.  Here  the  ships  from  Spain  receive 
the  produce  of  the  gold  and  silver  mines  of 
M  xico.  An  annual  fair  is  held  here  for 
the  rich  merchiindise  oi'  ihe  Otd  world  ; 
and  such  crowds  of  Spaniards  at  end,  that 
tents  are  erected  for  their  accommodatiovi. 
Tiie  Old  Town,  16  miles  to  the  NW.  is  fa- 
mous on  account  of  the  landing  of  Co;tez, 
with  500  Sp.aniards,  when  he  undertook 
the  CO  quest  nf  Mexico.  Vera  Cruz  is 
200  miles  ESE  of  M.  xico.  Lon.  96  50 
W,  lat.  19  5  N. 

Vera  Cruz,  intendency  of  Mexico; 
bounded  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  NE;  by 
Mexico,  Puebla,  and  Oax^ca  SW  ;  Guati- 
mala  S;  and  Merid »  E  Length  450; 
mean  width  about  70  milrs.  There  are 
few,  if  any  region  of  the  world  where  tran- 
sition of  soil,  elevat.on,  und  vegetable  'ife 
are  more  rapid  and  striking  The  western 
p'dvi  rises  on  the  declivity  of  .\nahuac.  In 
one  day  t!»e  traveller  ascends  from  the 
parched  plains  near  the  Mexican  gidf,  to 
the  region  of  perpeuial  snow.  Ascending 
from  tiie  city  of  Vera  Cruz  to  the  t:'.ble 
land  of  Perote,  we  see  the  physiognomy  of 
the  country,  the  aspect  of  the  sky,  the 
fo'  m  of  plants,  the  figure  of  animals,  the 
manners  of  the  inhabitants,  and  their  modes 
of  culti\ation  assume  a  d-.fferent  aspect  at 
every  step.  Staples,  vanil'a,  cocoa,  tobac- 
co, cotton,  sugar,  an<l  rice.     This  intcnd-an- 


E  R 


\    E  R 


■CT,  contains  Ihc  two  preat  volcanic  summits 
of  Orizaba,  and  CoffVe  de  Perote.  In  it 
near  P^pantla,  are  found  very  well  preser- 
ved, remains  of  ancient  monuments.  See 
Pyramids  of  J\[exico.  Its  c  ties  are,  Vera 
Cruz,  Xalapa,  Perote,  Cordoba,  Orizaba, 
and  Tlacotl:ilpan.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Sumasinla,  Gnasacuaico,  Alvarado,  and 
some  streams  of  lesser  consequence. 

Vera  Paz,  province  of  Gnat'.maia;  bound- 
ed on  the  N  by  Jucatan,  E  by  the  bay  and 
province  of  Honduras,  S  by  GiiatimaL  Pro- 
per,  and  W  by  Chiapa.  It  is  full  of  moun- 
tains and  forests ;  but  tliere  are  many  fer- 
tile valleys,  wiiich  feed  a  great  number  of 
horses  and  mu.es.  There  ure  al-o  manj' 
towns  and  villages  of  liie  native  Ameri- 
-cans.  The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  or 
Coban,  is  a  bishop's  see,  but  is  inconsidera- 
ble. It  is  120  miles  NE  of  Guatimala. 
Lon.  90  55  \V,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Veragua,  province  of  Colombia,  on  the 
isthmus  of  Darien  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  Caribbe'.'n  sea,  V,  by  the  province  and 
bay  of  Panama,  S  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  W  by  Costa  Rica.  It  is  125  miles  Jong 
and  40  broad,  and  is  a  mountai  lous  anil 
barren  country,  but  abounds  in  gold  and 
silver.     St  Jago  is  the  capital. 

Verberie,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
meni  of  *Jise,  on  the  river  Oise,  10  miles  N 
E  of  Smiis.  • 

Vercelli,  city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
lordship  of  tlie  same  name,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  The  mhabitants  are  estimated  at 
20,000.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Cerva  with  the  Scsia,  40  miles  \E  of  Tu- 
rin.    Lon.  8  ii4  E,  lat.  45  31  N. 

Verchoknsk,  town  of  liussia  in  the  go- 
'vernment  of  Irkutslc,  seated  on  the  Lena, 
120  miles  N  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  105  35  E, 
lat.  54  0  X. 

Vei'ckolura,  town  of  liussia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm.  Tiiis  was  the  first 
town  the  Russians  built  in  Siberia.  It  is 
situated  near  the  river  Tura,  12o  miles  N 
of  Catharinenburg.  Lon.  60  15  E,  lat.  58 
45  N. 

Verd,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  W  coast 
of  Afr.ca,  145  miles  NW  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Gambia.     Lon.  17  31  \V,  lat.  14  44  N. 

Verd  Islands,  C'«pe,  islands  in  tlie  Atlan- 
tic, above  300  miles  \V  of  the  coast  of  Af- 
rica, between  13  and  19  N  lat.  Tiiey  are 
said  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients, 
under  the  natne  of  Gorgades  ;  but  iiqi  visi- 
ted by  the  moderns  till  they  were  dis- 
covered, in  144G,  by  Anthony  Noel,  a  Ge- 
noese, in  the  service  of  Portuga!,  and  re- 
ceived their  general  name  from  their 
situation  opposite  Cape  Verd.  Tlvey  are 
ten  in  number,  lying  in  a  semicircle.  The 
names  are  St.  Antonio,  St.  Vincent,  St. 
Lucia,  St.  Nicolas,  Sal  IJonavista,  M:.yo, 
St.  Jago,  Fuego,  and  Brsvn.  St.  Jago  is 
the  principal. 


I'ei'deii,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  28  miles  long  and  nearly  as 
much  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W  and  N  by  . 
the  duchy  of  Bremen,  and  E  and  S  by  the 
duchy  of  Lunenburg.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  heaths  and  high  dry  hnds ;  but  tliere 
are  good  marshes  on  the  rivers  Westr  and 
Aller.  It  now  forms  pari  of  the  kingdom 
of  Hanover. 

Verden,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  contains  four 
churches,  a  d  is  seated  on  a  branch  ot  tlie 
Aller,  18  miles  ESE  of  Bremen,  Lou.  9 
20  E,  !at.  52  58  N. 

Vei'dnn,  town  of  France,  in  the  d.^-pn.rt- 
mer.t  of  Meiise.  The  citadel,  wiiich  is 
a  regular  fortiiicatioa,  was  constrticted  by 
Vauban,  Vvho  was  a  native  of  this  piact-. 
It  is  sealed  on  the  Meuse,  28  miles  N  by  E 
ofBarle  Due,  and  140  E  by  N  of  P..ns, 
LoM.  5  23  E,  lat.  49  9  N. 

Verdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saone  and  Loire,  seated  oa  iiie 
Saone,  at  the  influx  of  the  Doubs,  80  miles 
E  by  S  of  Autun. 

Verdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep-.irt- 
ment  of  Upper  Garonne,  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  20  miles  NNVV  of  Toulouse, 

Verea,  town  of  F.uropean  Turkey,  in 
Macedonia,  48  miles  W  of  Salonica. 

Vergennes,  post  town  of  Vermont,  in 
Addison  county,  seated  on  Otter  cr^ek,  six 
miles  from  its  mouth  in  Lake  ChampLin, 
and  10  >f  of  Middlebury. 

Verina,  town  of  Colombia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Cumana,  celebrated  for  its  tobacco. 
It  is  situated  on  a  gtdf  of  llie  Atlantic,  45 
miles  E  of  Cumana.  Lon.  63  44  W,  lat. 
10  8  N. 

Vermandois,  territory  of  France,  in  Pi- 
cardy ;  which,  with  the  late  territory  of 
SoJESonnois,  is  now  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne.  it  abcunds  in  corn  and  ex- 
cellent flax. 

Vermejo,  river  which  rises  in  Tucuman, 
on  the  borders  of  Peru,  flows  SE  to  the 
Paraguay,  and  enters  that  river  a  little 
above  its  junction  with  the  Panara. 

Vermillion,  small  river  of  Ohio,  rises  near 
tiie  northern  boundary  of  Kichlund,  and 
flowing  N,  falls  into  lake  Erie,  aUer  a 
comparative  course  of  30  miles. 

Vermiliio7i,  post  office  and  township,  Hu- 
ron county,  Ohio,  on  Vermillion  vivtr. 
Populalion  in  182u,  266. 

Vermillion,  towiisiiip  of  Richland  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  639 

Vermillion,  name  ot  a  branch  of  Wabash, 
in  Indiana,  above  Onitanon  ;  branch  of  Illi- 
nois river  falling  into  that  sireani  from  the 
SE  160  miles  ab  jve  its  mmth,  ai.d  a  -mail 
branch  of  Mississippi  riittriiig  that  stream 
above  the  F;dis  cf  Fegagama. 

VeriiiilUfjn,  I'iver  of  Louisiana,  rises  lliree 
miles  NW  from  the  town  of  St.  Landr^,  in 
Opelousas,  bv  Bavou  Bourbee'>    After  coa- 
103-5 


\*  1-:  li 


\  K  R 


tiiiuiiig  to  ftow  to  the  S  :t  lltiie  E  12miic'-!, 
an  interlocking' stream  tlie  Fussiilier  iinites 
the  Vermillion  and  I'ecJie,  for!D;n_<^  the 
limit  between  Opeloasus  ami  Atta.^apas,  ut 
that  place.  Tiie  Vermillion,  continu'-s 
through  St.  Miirtiii's  the  Upper  p;irish  of 
Attacapas,  in  neaiiy  a  S  direction  60  miies 
having-  an  eniir?  course  of  a  little  more 
than  TO  miles.  The  arable  lands  ahmg 
the  Vermillioiij  a:e  extnmely  fertile,  and 
as  the  stream  fiows  soutii  of  int.  30  0,  sn.t^ar 
c;in  l)e  cultivated  on  its  baniis;  considera- 
ble forests  clothe  tho  banks  of  the  Vermil- 
lion  near  the  limits  of  Opelousas  and  Atla- 
capas  ;  but  in  proceeding-  towards  the  sea, 
trees  gr^idually  diminish,  and  near  the  bay 
except  a  few  coppices  of  cypress,  live  oak, 
&c.  the  praire  or  sea  marsh  extends  on  sdl 
sides.  The  tide  rises  in  tiic  Vermillion  15 
or  20  milts,  but  the  bar  at  the  motith  only 
admits  vessels  drawing  four  or  five  feet 
water. 

Vermilliun  and  Cute  Blanche  Bays,  Loui- 
siana, are  formed  by  the  same  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, indented  by  point  Cypriere  Mort,  and 
limited  on  the  south  by  a  chain  of  low 
marshy  islands-  The  depth  of  water  over 
the  two  Bays  is  10  or  12  feet,  tliouj^h  no 
vessel  drawing  more  than  five  feel  csn  en- 
ter. The  coast  along-  the  siiores  I's  iow 
and  marahy,  except  the  two  smaH  elevated 
spots  of  Co'.e  Hianche  and  Grand  Cote. 
Small  coppxes  of  trees  are  scattered  along 
the  laginies,  but  the  general  surface  is  a 
grassy  marsh. 

The  grand  or  western  pass  into  Vermil- 
lion Bay,  is  about  one  mile  wide  and  three 
miles  long.  Morrissons  cut,  or  eastern  pass 
is  merely  a  strait  between  two  small  islands; 
each  pass  having  about  five  feet  water. 

Vermillion  Sea.     Hce  Gii'f  of  Ciitiforiiiu, 

Vermont,  state  ot  the  United  States; 
bounded  by  Lower  GKnada  N  ;  Conr.ecti- 
cut  river,  or  New  Hampshire  K;  M.iSoachu- 
setts  9  ;  and  New  York,  and  lake  Ciiam- 
plain  W. 

Having  an  outline  along  Connec- 
ticut river  in  common  with 
New  Hampshire     -  -  170 

Along  the  N  boundary  of  Mi.ssa- 

chusetts     -  -  -  43 

In  common  with  New  York,  and 

along  lake  Champlain        -  160 

Along  I-ower  Canada,  on  lat.  45 

ON.  ...  .  90 

463 
Length  from  N  to  S  160  miles ;   mean 
width  52  ;"and  area  8000. 

Lying  between  lat.  42  44  and  45  0  N.  A 
chain  of  high  mountains,  running  N  and  S, 
divides  the  state  nearly  m  the  centre,  be- 
tween the  river  ConneOicut  and  lake 
Champlain.  The  natural  growth  upon  this 
1036 


chain  is  hemlock,  pine,  spnice>  and  other 
evergreens ;  hence  they  arc  called  the 
Green  Mouni'Mus,  and  give  name  to  the 
state.  Tiie  counry  is  generally  hilly,  but 
not  rocky,  anvl  the  soil  is  fertile.  It  has 
numerous  slresms  and  rivers,  wh  ch  all  v'ls^ 
in  the  Green  Moimtains  ,  the  largest  are  ou 
the  W  side,  and  the  chief  are  Otter  creek, 
Oniojj  river.  La  Moeile,  and  Mischiscou  ; 
the  most  numerous  are  on  the  E  side,  and 
the  largest  are  Vvest  river.  White  river, 
and  Pa.ssumpsic. 

Vermont  is  subdivided  into  the  counties 
of: 


Sq.  mile*. 

Population, 

To  sq.  111. 

Addison 

500 

20,469 

41 

Bennington 

630 

16,125 

24 

Caledonia 

500 

16,669 

33 

Chittenden 

630 

16055 

25 

Essex 

728 

3,284 

4 

Franklin 

810 

17,192 

21 

Grand  Isle 

90 

3,527 

39 

Orange 

600 

24,681 

41 

Orleans 

800 

6,976 

8^ 

Uutlarid 

720 

29,983 

41 

Washington 

4S0 

14,113 

30 

VV  mdham 

640 

28,457 

44 

Winu-or 

732 

38,233 

38 

8000        235,764  29 

»      — — . 

Population  in  1810. 
Frte  white  males        ...     109,951 
do.     do.  females     -         -         .     107,194 

Total  whites       ....  217,145 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  750 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810    -         -     217,895 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -    117,310 

tlo.    do.    females  -        -    117,536 

Ai!  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  .        _       _  15 


Total  whites     .-         -         -         -  234,861 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  438 

do.            do.        females  465 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.     females           ...  0 

Tot^popuhitioninl820  -    235,764 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  935 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -       50,950 

do.        in  Manufiictnres  -         8,484 

do.        in  Commerce       •         -  776 

Population  to  the  square  miie,  28. 

The  principal  products  of  Vermont,  are 
s'iiall  grain,  pot,  and  pearl  ashes,  beef, 
pork,  &.C.     The  opening  of  the  Champlain 


V    E   it 


V  E   K 


canal  musL  be  of  incalculable  advaiUage  U)  abomidingr  in  cuni,  v. me,  Irui'.s,  und  catUe. 

the  western  section  of  Vermont,  in  opening  Area   1330  square  miles;  and  population 

to  the  inhabitants  the  markets  of  the  Hud-  2y5,000.  ,      ,,  ,.,... 

son  Venwis,  considerable  town  or  Kussia,  in 

There  are  two  coUefjes  in  Vermont,  lo-  t!ie  Kovernmcnt   of    R.  zan,   seMed    o:'.    a 

cated  at  Burlinaon,  arid  Middlebury.       ^  m')iinlain,  near  a  river  ot  the  same  name, 

Vemei.     Heclssoire.  *  *  v^liich   a  iiitie   loue^r  falls  into  liie   Don. 

Verne7u!,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart-  Lon  42  29  E,  lat.  52  15  N. 
ment  of  Eure,  and  late  province  of  Nor-        Verrez,  Town  of  Ualy,  in  Piedmont,  with 

inandy,  seated  on  the  Anre,  22  miles  SW  ^^  impie^na'de  fortress, 
of  Ev'reux,  and  65  W  by  S  of  Paris.     Lon.        Vcrriers,  town  of  Swisierland,  six  miles 


ENE  of  Fontarlier,  and  20  WSW  of  ^eu- 
chatcl. 

Versailles,  town  of  Fri.r.cc,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  an>l  O  se.  It  contains 
6U,0U0  inhabitants,  and  since  tiie  revolu- 
lion   has   been  creaied  a  bishop's  see.     In 


France,  in  the  depart-    the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.  it  was  only  a  small 
1  late  province  of  Nor-    villai'-c,  till  LoUiS  XIV.  built  a  magnificent 

,•  -.^  ...       _-..!      AC,    -K-ltr  .     °      '.  ,    .      1  xl.        I    !.! 


0  59  E,  lat.  48  42  N. 

Vernenil,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  and  late  province  ol  Bour- 
bonnois,  3  miles  from  the  river  Allier,  and 
15  S  of  Moulins.  Lon.  3  25  E,  lat.  45  20 
N. 

Virnon,  town  in 
ment  of  Eure,  and 

mandy,  27  miles  SE  of  Rouen,  and  42  NW    palace  here,  wiiich  was  tlit  issiul  residence 
of  Paris.     Lon.  1  42  E,  lat.  49  6  N.  of  the  kings,  of   France,  till    1789.     The- 

Vernon,  township  of  Windham  county,  gardens  wi\h  tlit-  jark,  are  five  c.iies  in 
Vermont,  on  Connecticut  river.  Popuation  circumterar.ee,  and  surror.ndcd  by  walls. 
600. .  Versadles  is  ten  n.iles  WSW  of  Paris.   Lon. 

Vernon,  post  town,  Tolland  county.  Con-    o  jo  w,  lat.  48  43  N. 
necticut,  12  miles  NE  from  Hartford.    Pc-        Versailles,  capital  of  Woodford  county, 
pulation  in  1810,  827;  and  in  1820,966.         Kentwcky  ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of  the 

Vernon,  post  town,  and  township,  Oneida    j^ygj.  Kentucky,  12  miles  W  of  Lexington, 
county,  New  York,  18  miles  W  from  Utica.    Population,  about  600. 
Itis  the  seat  of  a  glass  factory.  Population        Verstdrc,  post   village,  and  township  of 
in  1810,  1319  ;  and  m  1820,  270".  Orange  county,  Vermont,  containing  1400 

Vernon,  post  village,  and  township,  Sus-  inhabitanis.  It  is  situated  on  ihe  W  side 
sex  county,  New  Jersey,  21  miles  NE  from  qI  the  Connecticut  river,  20  miles  E  of 
New'own.     Population  in  1810,  1708  ;  and    Randolph. 

in  1820,  2096.  Versio,  vilbije  of  France,  in  the  depart- 

Vcrnon,  post  town,  and  seat  ot  justice,    ^^^.  ^j.  ^;,j^  ■^^.^^,  ^,jg  j.-,^.gp  versio. 


■Monigomery  covmty,  Georgia,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Oconee  river,  about  100  miles  N  W 
by  W  from  Savannah. 

Vernon,  post  town,  Hickman  county, 
Tennessee,  on  tiie  leti  bank  of  D»ick  river, 
45  miles  SW  from  Nashville. 

Vernon,  SE  township  of  Clinton  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1383. 

Vernon,  pos'.  village  and  township,  Trum- 
bull " ^'      ■■ 

2\ 


Vertus,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
men-  of  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Cham- 
pagne, on  a  pl.ain  at  the  foot  of  a  moisn- 
tain,  on  which  are  vineyards,  producing 
very  good  wines,  17  mites,  SW  wf  Cl-alons 
and  78  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  2  E,  lat.  48 
5Z  N. 

Verne,  m  Vermel,  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 


,ull  county  Ohio.     The  vdlage  is  20  miles    mont,  m  the  county  of  Ast.      i--  '^  s^^^ed 

<E  from  Warren.     Population  182^,  514.    on  a  nil,  near  the  nveT  Po.  .0  miles  W  ot 

Veroli,  town  of  Italy,   in   Ci.ampagoa  di    Cassal,  and  2^  NL  ot  Turm.     Lon.  8  2  h. 


Itoma,  o'n'the  Cosa,  at  the  foot  of  tiie  Ap-  lat.  45  13  N.  i,  •„  ti,^ 

nenines,  45  miles  SE  of  Home.     Lon.  13        r««er.,  town  ,n  the  Netherlands,  in  the 

15  E   lat   41  28  N  bishopric  ot  Liege,   sea'.ed  on  the  Wese 

Femm,  post  viUage  and  township,  Onel-  4-  miles   SW   of  Limburg,  and   17  SE  of 

da  county.    New  York,  on  the  Erie  canal,  L'ege. 

10  miles  W  from  Rome.     Population  1810,        Vervins,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 

1014;  and  in  1820,2441.  ment  ot  Aisne,  and   late   province  of  Pi- 

Verona,  cily  '  f  Italy,  capital  of  the  Ve-  cardy,  famous  tor  a  treaty,  in   1598,  be- 

ronese,  with  an  academy,  17  mdes  NE  of  tween  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  Philip  II.  of 

Mantua,  and   62  SW  of  Venice.     Lon.  11  SiKiin.   It  is  seated  on  the  Serre,  110  miles 

24  E,  lat.  45  26  N.  NE  of  Paris.     Lon.  4  0  E,  lat.  49  50  \. 

Veronese,   province   of  Austrian  Italy,  in         Verulam,  the   vestiges    of  a  celebrated 

the  former'  territory  of  Venice  ;   bounded  R..man  town  in  Henford.-.hir?,  close  by  St. 

onthe  N  by  the  Trenlino,  on  the  Eby  the  Alban's.     In  the   time   of  Nero   it   was  a 

Vinccnlino"  and  Paduano,  on  the  S  by  the  municipiuni,  or  town,  the   inhabitants  of 

Muntuan,  and  on  the  W  by  the  Bresciano.  wliich   eiijcycd  the   privileges   of  H..man 

It  is  35  miles  long,  and  27  broad,  and  one  citizens.     By  Tacitus  it  is  called  Vferula- 

of    tho   most  fertile  coimtrics    in    Italy,  mium,  and  by  Ptolemy,  Urolammm. 

1037      - 


^  E  z 


V  1  A 


i  erzuolo,  town  of  Italy,  iii  Piedir.oiU, 
with  a  castle. 

Vesletf,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aiiiie,  and  lute  ^ifovince  of  Sois- 
eonnois,  seated  on  tlie  iNer  Aisiie. 

Vesoul,  town  of  Fraixe,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Soane,  and  late  province 
of  Franche  (Jompte,  a-  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, called  Molte  de  Vesoul,  near  the  ri- 
ver Diirg-eon,  22  miles  N  of  Bresancon, 
and  200  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  8  E,  lat.  47 
36  N. 

Vesperin,  or  Wesibrain,  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
nanie,  wi'.h  a  castle.  Ii  is  st-a'ed  on  the 
lake  Balaton,  at  the  mouth  oi'  tlie  river 
Sarvvi-.e,  50  miles  SAV  of  S  ri,£fonia.  and 
83  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  57  E,  lat.  47 
14  N. 

Vesuvius,  celebrated  volc::no  of  Italy, 
six  miles  E  of  Naples.  This  mountain  has 
two  tops;  one  of  which  only  goes  by  the 
name  of  Vesuvius,  the  other  being  now 
called  Somma  ;  but  Sir  Wit;iam  K:imilton 
is  of  opinion,  tliat  the  latter  is  what  the 
ancients  called  Yi.suviu.s.  The  perpendi- 
cular height  of  Vesiivius  is  ordy  3700  f.et, 
though  the  ascent  from  the  foot  to  the 
top  is  three  Italian  miles.  One  side  of  the 
mountain  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile, 
producmg  !:freat  plenty  of  vines ;  but  the 
S  and  W  side  a\e  entirely  covered  with 
cinueis  and  ashes;  while  a  suiplmreous 
smoke  C'instanly  issues  fr>in  the  top,  some- 
times attended  with  the  most  violent  ex- 
plosion of  stones,  the  emission  of  great 
streatns  of  lava,  and  all  the  other  atten- 
dants of  a  most  formidable  volcano.  The 
top  of  the  m()itnt>iin  fell  m  1634,  and  the 
mouth  IS  now  little  short  of  Two  miles  in 
circumference. 

Vevuy,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a 
bailisvic  of  the  sar..e  name,  in  the  cantoii 
of  Bern.  It  stands  on  a  small  p;ain,  <in  the 
edge  of  the  lukt  u!  Geneva,  'c>7  miles  S\V 
of  Bern.     Lon.  7  4  E,  lat.  46.28  N  _ 

VcvaVi  post  lown,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Switzeiland  county,  Indiana,  situated  on 
an  elevated  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  65 
miles  by  water,  and  45  by  land  below  Cin- 
cin;  ati.  The  original  settlers  were  emi- 
grants from  the  cariton  of  Berne  in  Swit- 
zerland It  was  commenced  in  1814,  and 
now  contains  about  100  houses,  with  the 
county  biiildings,  market,  pnblic  library, 
and  printing  office.  The  culture  of  the 
vitie  has  been  attempted  with  >ome  suc- 
cess. The  vineyard  is  tn  tiie  Ohio  river 
below  the  vdlage.     Lat  38  47  N. 

Vende,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  AUier,  and  late  province  of  Boiir- 
bonnois,  seated  on  the  river  AUier,  17  miles 
IS'AV  of  Moulins. 

Vezelay,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievro,  and  late  province  of  Ni- 
vernois.  Theodore  Beza  was  born  in  this 
in,38 


town.     It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  niouii 
tain,   near  the  river  Cure,  20  miles  S  of 
Auxerre,  and  117  S  by  E  of  Paris.     Lon, 
3  42  E,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Vezelize,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe      Lon.  6  10  E,  lat.  48 

Ufa,  government  of  Russia,  formerjy  in- 
eluded  in  the  government  of  Orenburg, 
It  is  divided  into  the  two  provinces  of  Ufa, 
and  Orenburg. 

Ufa,  Q-wn  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name.  It  is  760 
miles  E  of  Moscow.  Lon  57  0  E,  lat.  54 
40  N. 

Uffenheim,  town  of  Ger.many,  in  Franco- 
nia,  22  nnles  NNK  of  Aiispach. 

Ugento,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  ia  Ter- 
ra d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  ejght 
milcs  W  of  Alessano,  and  20  SW  of  Oiran- 
to. 

Ugliani,  town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  16 
miles  SE  of  Austa-  Lon.  17  47  E,  lat. 
45  30  N. 

Ucocz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  a  small  river  that  falls  into 
the  Xi-isse,  15  miles  N  of  Zatmar.  Lon. 
22  34  E,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Ugognc,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  seated  on  the  Tosa,  16  miles  N  of 
Varallo,  and  45  NW  of  Mdan.  Lon.  8  24 
E.  l..t,  45  52  N. 

Viaduna,  town  of  Ital}',  in  the  duchy  of 
Mantua,  seated  on  the  Po,  eight  miles  N  of 
Parma,  and  17  S  of  Mantua,  Lon.  10  35 
E,  lat  44  38  N. 

Viana,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  seat- 
ed near  the  Ebro,  3  miles  N  of  Logrono, 
and  ^S  SW  af  Pampeiuna.  Lon.  2  20  W, 
lat.  42  32  N. 

Viana,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre-Don- 
eio-e-Minho,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Lima,  with  a  good  harbour,  defended 
by  a  fort,  15  miles  W  of  Araga,  and  36  N 
of  Oporto.     Lon.  8  29  W,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Vianden,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luxemburg,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  saTTie  name.  It  is  divided  into  two 
towns  by  the  river  Uren.  In  the  one  is  a 
casile,  built  on  an  inaccessible  mountain. 
1 1  is  22  miles  N  of  Luxemburg,  and  22 
NW  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  13  E,  lat,  49  55 
N. 

Vianaj,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  XIol- 
land,  on  the  Leek,  seven  miles  S  of  l^trecht. 
Lon,  5  8  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Viatka,  government  of  Russia,  which 
was  ormerly  a  piovince  of  Kasan.  It 
takes  is  name  from  'he  river  Viatka,  which 
runs  through  it, 

Viatka,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  go- 
vernment of  the  same  name,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  a'ld  a  castle.  It  was  formerly 
called  Khlynof,  and  rs  .seated  on  the  rivev 


V  1  c 


\    1  E 


\  utka,  100  miles  N  of  Kasan.    Lon.  54  15 
E,  lit.  57  25  N. 

J'lc,  town  of  Frmce,  in  the  department 
of  iMeurihe,  and  l^te  province  of  L'trrai'i, 
seated  on  the  Seille,  12  milfis  ENB  of  Nan- 
ci,  and  197  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  38  E,  lat. 
48  47  N. 

Vie,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Upper  Pyrenees  Lon.  0  9  E,  l<it. 
43  24  N. 

Vic,  or  Victj,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
en  a  small  river  that  fulls  in  the  Tar,  30 
miles  N  of  Bare  lona,  and  265  ENE  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  2  13  E,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Vic-Fczensac,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gers,  and  late  proviace  of  Ar- 
inagnac,  seated  on  the  Uouze,  15  n^iits  W 
of  Auch. 

Vic-le-Conipte,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Pay-de-Dome,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Aiivcri^ne.  The  counts  of  Au- 
verg;:ie  resided  here.  It  is  230  miles  S  of 
Paris.     Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  45  26  N. 

Vicegt-nd,  or  Vize^rad,  str.in^  town  of 
Lower  Hangar}'",  with  a  cistle  on  t'le  top 
of  a  rock,  where  the  kings  of  Minigary 
formerly  resided.  Tlie  Aiistnans  took  it 
from  tlae  Turks  in  1684  It  is  seated  on 
the  S  side  of  the  D  .i\abe,  eight  miles  SE 
of  Gran,  and  16  NW  of  Bada.  Lon.  19 
7  E,  lat.  47  35  NT. 

Vicenfino,  territory  of  Austr  an  Italy, 
bounded  on  /the  N  by  Trent  ino  a'ul  Fcl- 
trino,  on  the  E  by  Trevisano  and  ['adiia- 
no,  on  the  S  by  PaUiano,  and  on  the  W 
by  the  Veronese.  It  is  33  miles  long,  and 
27  broad  ;  and  so  very  pleasant  and  fertile, 
that  it  is  called  the  grden  of  Venice. 
The  wine  is  excellent,  and  the  butter  and 
cheese  very  good.  Here  are  also  great 
numbers  of  mulberry  trees,  for  silk  worms ; 
and  there  are  mines  of  silver,  and  iron,  and 
quarries  of  stone,  almost  as  fine  as  mar- 
ble. 

Vicenza,  town  of  Italy,  the  capital  of 
Vicen'ino  It  is  seated  betwetr^n  the  rivers 
B.chiglione  and  Rerone,  and  two  moun- 
tains, in  a  fertile  plain,  13  miles  NVV  of 
Padua,  31  W  of  Venice,  and  135  N  of 
Rome.     Lon.  IJ  43  E,  lat  45  26  N. 

Vichy,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  AUier,  and  late  province  of  Bour- 
bonnois,  famous  for  the  miner.d  waters 
near  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Allier,  15  .Tiiles 
SE  of  Gannat,  and  180  S  by  E  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  22  E,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Vico,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  witli  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  al- 
most rui:ied  by  an  earthquake,  in  1694,  for 
there  were  only  40  houses  left.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  bsy  of  Naples,  15  miles  S  by  E 
of  Naples.     Lon.  14  28  E.lat.  40  38  N, 

Vico,  town  of  Corsica,  15  miles  SW  of 
Corte.     Lon.  9   16  E,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Vico,  town  of  Italy,  in  NapJe'?.  Lon. 
14  30  E,  lat.  40  43  N. 


Vicovaro,  town  and  principality  of  Italy, 
in  th  province  of  Sabina,  seated  near  the 
Teverone,  eight  miles  E  of  Tivoli,  and  40 
NE  ot"  Home!     Lon.  13  8  K,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Victonu.     S.e  Vitioria. 

Victor,  post  village,  and  townaiup,  On- 
tario  C'.'unty,  Ne..-  York.  Population  1820, 
2.J84. 

Victory,  township  in  Essex  county, 
Vermont;  45  NE  fmm  Montpelier. 

Vidin.    See  IViddtn. 

Viflsk  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Volfigd:i,  stuate  on  the  Vaga, 
156  miles  NNE  of  Vologda.  Lon  41  45 
E,  lat.  61  40  N.  » 

Vienna,  city  of  Gevuiauy.  capital  of 
Ausiria,    and    an    arclibisiicp's   see.     It 
stands  in  a  fertile  plain,    on  the    right 
bank  of   the  Danube,    at  the  influx   of 
the  little  river  Vien.     The  city  itself  is 
not  of  great  extent,  nor  can  it  be  en- 
larged,   being   linnited  by  fortifications, 
but  it  is  populous,  and  contains  78,000 
inliabitants.     The  streets  in  general  are 
nirrow,  and  the  houses  high ;  but  there 
are  several  fine    squares,    and    in    that 
called  Joseph- sqirare  is  a  coll  issal  eques- 
trian   statue    in    bronze,    of   Joseph    IL 
Some  of  ;he  public  buildings  are  magni- 
ficent ;  the  chief  of  them  are  the  im- 
perial palace,  the  palaces  of  the  princes 
Lichtenstein,  Eui^ene,  Sec.  the  imp 'rial 
chancery,  the  extensive  imperial  arse- 
nal, the  city-arsenal,  the  mint,  the  ge- 
neral hospital,  the  town-house,  the  cus- 
tom house,  the  bai.k,  the  library,  and  the 
museum.     Vienna  was  int  fFectually  be- 
sieg  -d  by  the  Turks,  in  1529,  and  1683. 
At  the  latter  period  the  siege  was  raised 
by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,   who 
totally  defeated  the  Turkish  army.     No 
houses  within  the  walls  are  allowed  to 
be   built   neaitr  to  the  glacis  than  6uO 
yards ;   so  that  tljcre  is  a  circular  field 
of  that  breadth  all  round  the  city,  which 
has    a    beautiful    and    salutary    effect. 
The  eight  suburbs  are  said  to  contain 
220,000   inhabitants;    but   they  are   not 
populous  in  proportion  to  their  size,  for 
many  houses  have    extensive    gardens. 
The  circumference  of  the  city  and  sub- 
urbs is  upwards  of  18  miles     Many  fa- 
milit  s  who  live  during  the  winter  within 
the  fortifications,  spend  the  summer  in 
the  suburbs.     The  cathedral  is,  built  of 
freestone,    and    the    stet-ple   contains  a 
bell  of   uncommon  magnitude,  cast  out 
of   the    cannon  taken  from  the  Turks. 
Joining  t     this   church    is   the   archbi- 
sl'iop's  palace,    the  front   of   which,    is 
very  fine      I'lie  university  had  several 
thousand  students,   v/ho,   when  this  city 
was  besieged,    niounttd  guard,   as  they 
did  also  in  1741.    The  archducal,   now 
imperial  librarv,  is  mucl\  frequented  b'^ 
1039 


V  I  E 


\   I  L 


foreigners,  as  it  contains  above  290,000 
pri  t  d  bnoiss,  and  10,000  manuscripts, 
'Ihe  archducal  treasury,  and  a  caljinet 
of  curiosities  of  the  house  of  Austri't, 
are  great  rarities.  Tiie  Danube  is  here 
very  wide,  and  contains  sveral  woouy 
isles,  one  of  which  is  the  prater,  or 
imperial  park  ;  it  also  forms  a  sort  of 
harb  ur,  where  are  nia=;azin^s  of  naval 
stuivs,  and  ships  iiave  been  fitted  cut  to 
serve  on  that  river  against  the  Turks. 
The  trade  of  Vienna  is  in  a  flourishing 
state,  and  it  lias  manufactures  of  silk- 
stufFs,  gold  and  silver  lace,  tapestry, 
looking- glasses,"  &c.  In  180:7,  this  city 
surrendered  to  the  French,  but  was  gi 
yen  up  by  the  peace  at  Prcsbiu-i;.  In 
1809,  ita;<;ain  surrendered  to  the  French; 
but  they  again  restored  it  ^m  the  con- 
clusion of  p  ace  It  is  50  miles  v,-est  of 
Presburg,  350  NNE  t  f  R(^me,  and  570 
E  of  Pa  is      Lon.  16  16  E  lat  48  13  X. 

Ficnna,  post  town  and  to/vnship  in 
Kennebec  county  Maine  ;  26  miles  XW 
from  Aiiffusta, 

Vienna,  township  of  Oneida  county, 
New  York;  on  Oneida  lake.  Population 
1820.  1307. 

Vienna,  port  of  entry  and  post  town 
in  Dorchester  county,  Maryland  ;  situa- 
ted on  the  W  side  of  Nontikuke  river,  13 
miles  NW  of  Sr\!ir,bury,  on  the  Wicomico, 
33  of  Snow  Hill,  in  the  s'ame  direction, 
and^OSK  f'f  Boston. 

Vienna,  capital  of  Davies  count)',  Ken- 
tucky; !yin<  on  the  E  side  of  Green  river, 
about  SO  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Ohio,  and  20  N\V  of  Hartford,  in  Ohio 
county. 

Vienna,  post  village  in  Trumbull  coun- 
ty, Ohio  ;  eight  mih  s  E  from  Warren. 

Vie7i7ie,  consi-Terable  town  of  France, 
in  the  departm.^nt  of  Isere.  and  late  pro- 
vence  of  D  uphlny.  '[S  miles  S  nf  Lyons, 
and  265  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  55  E,'  lat. 
15  31  N. 

VicjiJie,  depfirtir.ent  of  France,  formed 
of  part  of  the  late  province  of  Poitou. 
It  takes  its  name  from  rivrr  which  ris-s 
in  the  department  of  Correze,  and  falls 
into  the  Loire  between  Chinon  and  Sau- 
mur.    Poitiers  is  the  capital. 

Vienne,  Ufifier  department  of  France, 
comprising  the  late  province  of  Limosin. 
Limoges  is  the  capita!. 

Vierarden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Vt  sle,  near  its  conHiience  with  the  Oder. 
Lon.  14  20  E.  lat.  53  2  N. 

Vierzon,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cher,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Bern.  It  is  s  ated  on  the  Cher 
and  Yevre,  in  the  most  f  rtile  part  of  the 
departmeut,   "^7  miles  NW  of  Bourges, 


and  100  S W  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  10  E,  lat, 

^r  12  N. 

Vicsti,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  in  the  place 
called  the  Spur  of  the  Boot,  and  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Garden,  25  miles  NE  o? 
Manfredonia,  and  117  ot  Naples.  Lai. 
16  43  E.  lat  41  51  N 

Vigan,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc. 

Vigevano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Vigevanasco, 
It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Milan,  and  is  seated  near  the 
Tesino,  12  miles  SE  of  Novara,  and  15 
SVV  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  54  E,  lat.  45  23 
N. 

Vignamont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bisho])ric  of  Liege,  two  miles  N  of  Huy. 
Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  50  44  X. 

Vignot,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse.  Lon.  5  25  E,  lat 
48  46  N. 

Vignuola,  town  ri  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  iVi  >d  na. 

Vigo,  -seaport  of  .Spain,  in  GaUicia, 
situate  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic  defend- 
ed by  a  fort  on  an  eminence,  and  an  old 
castle  It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  stands 
in  a  fruitful  country,  14  miles  WNW  of 
Tuv,  and  47  S  of  Compostella.  Lon.  8 
40  W,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Vrgo,  county  of  Indiana  ;  bounded  by 
the  state  of  Illinois  W  ;  Parke  N  ;  Put- 
num  E  ;  and  SuUivan  S.  Length  20  ; 
width  18 ;  and  area  360  square  miles. 
It  is  traversed  by  Wabash  river  from  N 
to  S.  The  chief  town,  Terre  Haute,  is 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Wabash,  60 
miles  by  land  above  Vinccnnes. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...         1,907 
do.   do.    females     ...         1,457 
All  other  persons  except  Indi.ins 
not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites      .....  3,364 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  12 

do,             do.         females,  14 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.    females          ...  0 

Totfd  population  in  1820    -        -        3,390 

Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  14 

Engaged  in  .Agriculture      -        -         1,0?9 

do.  ,      in  Manufactures  -  169 

do,         in  Commerce        -         -  22 

Popul.tion  to  the  square  m  le,  9i  nearly. 

Vihiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  20  niiles  S  of 
Angers,  and  20  W  by  S  of  Saumur. 

VUaine,  river  of  France,  v/hich  rises  in 


\  1  i-' 


\    i  L 


iheilei)artinentofMayenne,])assjes  by  Vitre  15  miles  Nti  ofLamego,  und  45  SE  of  Bra^ 

jAid    Kennes,  divides  the   department    of  g'a.     Loii.  7  20  W.  lat.  41  9  N. 

Morbihan  from  that  of  Lower  Loire,  and  r/Z'ai2ea^  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 

enters  tixe   Bay   of  Biscay,    below  Roche  of  Valencia,  ~6  miles  \  of  Valencia.     Lon. 

Bernard.  0  20  E,  lat.  39  46  N. 

Villa  tie  Conde,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Filla-Keat,  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa. 

Douero  e  Minho,  attbe  mouth  of  the  Ava,  Villa-Rica,   seaport   of  New    Spain,    in 

20  miles  K  of  Oporto.  North  America,  in  Mexico,  seated  on  the 

Villa  Flor,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra  los  gulf  of  Mexico,  200  miles  E  of  the  c.ty  of 

Montes,  28  miies  S  by  W  of  Hraganza.  Mexico.     Lon.  97  15  W,  Lt.  20  26  N. 

Villa  Franca,  seaport  of  the   county  of  Fito-TJ/ca,  town  of  Chili,  seated  on  the 


Nice,  with  a  castie  and  fort.  Tl>e  harbour 
is  capacious,  and  the  mountains  which  en- 
close it  extend  into  the  sea  like  promonto- 
ries.    It  is  three  miles  E  of  Nice. 

Villa  Franca,  town  of  Italy,  ia  the  Vero- 
nese, with  a  s.lk  manufacture,  10  miles  S 
of  Verona. 

Villa  Franca,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 


lake  Mulabaugen,  62  miles  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lon  72  41   \Y,  lat.  39  15  S. 

Villa-Vicioua,  town  of  Portugal,  m  Alen- 
teio,  16  miles  SW  of  Elvas,  and  83  SE  of 
Lisbon.     Lon.  7  16  \V,  lat.  38  36  N. 

Villa-Viciusa,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
ria  d'Oviedo,  sealed  on  the  bay  of  Biscay, 
22   miles  NE  of  Oviedo.     Lon.  5  24  \V, 


madur.i,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Tagus,  20  lat.  43  22  N. 

miles  NE  of  Lisbon,  ViUa-Viciosa,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas. 

Villa  Franca,  town  on  the  S  coast  of  St.  tile,  six  miles  NE  of  Brihuega,  and  49  NE 

Michael,  one  of  the  Azores,  defended  by  a  of  Madrid. 

fort  and  other  works.     Opposite  this  place,  Villac,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 

half  a  mile  from  the  shore,  is  a  small  island,  Carinthia,   belonging    to    the    bishop    of 

which  has  a  basin  with  u  narrow  entrance,  Bamberg,   wit!i    a   castle.     Its  inhabitants 

wiiere  fifty  vessels  mlgiit  anchor  in  secu-  carry  on  a  great  trade  with  the  Venetians, 

vity.    It  is  16  miles  E  by  N  of  Punta  del  and  near  it  are  the  baths  of  Toplirz.     It  is 

Guda.     Lon.  25  30  W,  lat.  37  50  N.  seated  at.  the  confluence  of  the  Drave  and 

Villa  Franca  de  Panades,  town  of  Spain,  Geil,  surrounded  bv  mountains,  12  miles  S 

in  Catalonia,  18  miles  W  by  S  of  Barce-  W  of  Clagenfurl,  'and  88  NE  of  Brixen, 


Lon.  14  3  E,  lat.  46  50  N 

Ville  Dieu,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart - 
nient  of  the  Cha'.Hel  and  late  pro%inci^  of 
Ncrmanclv,  12  miies  NNE  of  Avranches. 
Lon.  1  8  VV,  lato 


lona. 

Village  Hill,  post  ofKce,  Nottaway  county, 
\  irginia. 

Villa  Hermosa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, near  the  river  Millas,  58  miles  N  of  and  11  SE  of  Coutances. 
Valeiicia.  48  52  N. 

Vtlla  Harmosa,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the        Villefort,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 

province  of  Tabasco,  on  the  river  Tabasco,  ment  .f  Lozere,  18  miies  E  of  .Mende,  and 

60  miles  SVv'  of  Tabasco,  and  70   NE  of  19  Nof  Alais. 
Chiapa.  Villefranclie,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

Villa-Joiosa,  or  Joijsa,  town  of  Spain,  in  partment  of  Rhone    surrounded  by  walls, 

Valencia.     Lon.  0  15  E,  lat.  38  42  N.  and  seated  on  the  Saone,  18  miles  N  by  V»'' 

Villa-Ji'ova-da  Cervei-a,  town  of  Portugal,  of  Lyons, 
in  the  province  of  Entre-Douero  e-Minho.        Villefranclie,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 

Lon,  8  40  \V,  lat  41  55  N.  paitmcnt  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a  fort ; 

ViUa'A'ova-da-Poria,  town  of  Portugal,  sea'ed  on  the  river  Tet,  25  miles  WSW  of 

in  the  province  of  Entre  Douero  e-Minho,  Perpignan. 

seated  on  the  river  Douero,  opposite  Opov-        Villefrancke,  town  of  Yvav.cs,  in  the  de- 

to  (on  which   it  depends)   and   defended  psrtment  of  Aveiron,  witii  a  greattrade  in 


by  several  forts.  It  contams  about  30GO 
Inhabitants. 

Villa- jVQva,'di-Portimao,  seaport  of  Portu- 
gal, in  ihe  nrovince  of  Algarva.  Lon.  8  41 
W,  lat.  37  5  N. 

Villa-JVuova  d'Asii,  town  of  Piedmont,  in 
the  county  of  Asti,  10  miles  E  of  Turin. 
Lon.  7  59  E.  lat.  45  50  N. 

Villa-Panda,   town  of  Spain,    in  Leon, 


fmen  cloth  ;  seated  on  the  Aveiron,  20 
miles  \V  of  Rodcz. 

Villefranche,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment i.f  Upper  Garonne,  on  the  canal 
royal,  22  miles  SE  of  Toidwuse. 

Villejuive,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Paris,  four  miles  S  of  Paris. 

Villemur,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 


with  an  ai-senal,  and  a  palace  belonging  to    i"^"^   «''  Upper  Garonne,  seated    on  the 
the  constable  of  Castile.     It  is  26  mdes  N    Tarn,  12  miles  NNE  of  Toulouse. 
ofToro.     Lon.  5  0  W,  lat.  42  5  N.  Villena,   town   of  Spain   in   Murcia.     In 

Villa-Real,  unvn  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro-    the  neighbourhood  is  a  morass,  from  which 
vince    of  Tra-los-Mon»es,   and    capitd  of  salt  is  made.    It  is  18  miles  SSE  of  Aimaa- 
Comarca,  in  a  very  pleasant  situation,  at    za,  and  50  N  by  E  of  Murcia. 
the  confl'iencc  of  the  Coi^o  and  Fibeta,        T'i/i?'Te?<w,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
5  Q  ■^'^41 


V  I  N 


S   i  K 


went  of  Lot  and  Garonne,  on  the  river  Lotj 
17  miles  N  of  Agen. 

Vilknetive,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ganl,  on  the  Rhone,  opposite 
Avignon,  21  miles  ENE  of  Nismes. 

Villeneuve,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  situate  at  the  E  extremity 
of  the  kke  of  Geneva,  three  miles  from 
the  influx  of  the  Rhone,  and  14  ESE  of 
Lausanne. 

Villeneuve  de  Berg,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Ardeche,  13  mlks  S  of 
Frivas. 

Fillers  Coterets,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  12  miles  SW  of  Sois- 
sons,  and  44  NE  of  P»ris. 

Villinge'i,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgau, 
20  miles  E  by  N  of  Fribiirg. 

Viheck,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bamberg,  ne..r  which  are  several 
founderies.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vils,  20 
miles  N  of  Amberg. 

Vilshofen,  town  ■  f  Lower  Bavaria,  on  (he 
Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  Vils,  11  miles 
W  by  N  of  Passau. 

Vihordaif  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant,  with  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on 
the  Serine,  seven  miles  NNE  of  Brussels. 

Viimeiro,  town  of  Forti:gal,  in  Alentejo, 
12  miles  W  by  N  of  Estreinos. 

Vimiera,  village  of  Portugal,  in  Eslrema- 
dura,  30  miles  N  of  Lisbon. 

Vimioso,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra  los 
Montes,  15  miles  WNW  of  Miranda,  and 
17  SE  of  Braganza. 

Vincennes,  post  town,  Knox  county,  In- 
diana, on  ihe  E  bank  of  Wabash  river,  160 
miles  NE  of  Kaskaskia,  and  136  NW  of 
Louisville  in  Kentucky.  As  this  town  lies 
in  the  bosom  of  a  fertile  country,  it  must 
stdl  progrrss  rapidly  in  population  and  im- 
provement. It  now,  1822,  contains  about 
300  dwelling  hous  s,  and  1500  inhabitants, 
two  market  houses,  a  bank,  two  printing- 
offices,  with  a  considerable  number  of 
stores,  and  the  county  buildings.  The 
citizens  have  formed  a  library  of  about  700 
volumes  A  college  has  been  projected, 
and  endowed  by  Congress,  with  a  very 
valuable  township  of  land,  and  some  of  the 
buildings  are  <  ompleted 

Vincent,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania;  situated  on  the  SW  side  of 
Schuylkill,  between  Pikeland  and  East 
Nantmill.  French  creek  runs  nearly 
through  the  njiddle  of  it.  The  inhabitants 
Vrcre  stated  at  1630  by  the  census  of  1810  ; 
and  in  1820,  1918. 

Vincent,  Cape  St.  the  SW  promontory  of 
Portugal,  25  miles  W  by  S  of  Lagos.  Lon. 
9  0  W,  lat.  37  3  N. 

Vincent,  St.  one  of  the  Windward  Carib- 
bee  islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  55  miies 
W  of  Barbad'>es  ;  it  is  24  miles  long  and  18 
broad  ;  extremely  fertile  for  the  raising  of 
fiugap  and  indigo;  and  here  the  bread-fruit 
104^ 


trees,  brought  from  Otaheite,  thrive  le- 
markably  well.     Kingston  is  the  capital, 

Vincent,  St.  uninhabited  island  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  and  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  Islands.  There  is  a  bay  on  the  NW 
side  of  it,  and  near  it  are  caught  vast  quan- 
tities of  Turtle. 

Vincent,  St.  maritime  province  of  Brasil, 
in  South  America.  The  capital  of  the  same 
name,  has  a  good  harbour.  Lon.  46  30  W, 
lat.  24  15  S. 

Vincent,  St.  strong  town  of  Spain,-  in  Old 
Castile,  Vi^ith  a  castle,  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Ebro,  138  miles  NE  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  2  40  W,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Vineifcivd,  township  of  Grand  Isle  county, 
Vermont ;  situated  on  the  small  island 
Motte.  Population  in  1810,  333  ;  and  in 
1820,  400. 

Vine  yard,  post  office,  Mecklenburg, 
county,  Vi'ginia. 

Ving-orla,  Dutch  settlement  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Hindonstan,  on  the  coast  of  Concan, 
a  little  N  of  Goa.  Lon.  73  22  E,  lat.  15 
57  N. 

Vingorla  Rocks,  rocks  lying  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  possessed  by  the  Malwans,  a  tribe 
of  Pirates.     Lon.  73  16  W.  lat.  15  52  N. 

Vintimigliu,  town  of  Italy,  with  a  small 
harbour,  on  the  Mediterran'ran,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Kotta,  20  miles  ENE  of  Nice 
and  70  SW  of  Genoa.  Lon.  7  37  E,  lat. 
43  So  N. 

Vire,  town  of  France,  In  the  department 
of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
with  sever.al  m.ui'.ifactures  of  coarse  woollen 
cloths.  It  IS  seated  on  the  Vire,  30  miles 
SE  of  Couiances,  ami  150  W  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  45  W,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Virgil,  township  of  Courtlandt  county. 
New  York,  on  the  W  side  of  Chenango,  10 
miles  S  from  Homer.  Population  in  1810, 
913;  and  in  1820,  2411. 

Virgin  Cape,  cape  of  Patagonia.  Lon.  67 
54  W,  lat.  52  23  S. 

Virgin  Gorda.     See  Virgin  Islands. 

Virgin  Islands,  about  30  islands  and  keys 
in  the  West  Indies,  between  St.  Juaf  de 
Puerto  Rico  and  the  Leeward  Caribbee 
Islands.  They  are  possessed  by  the 
English  and  Danes.  In  the  first  division 
belonging  t.-  the  Englisli  is  Tortola,  the 
principal,  to  which  belongs  Just  Van 
Dyke's  and  Little  Vandyke's,  Guana  Isle, 
with  Eeef  and  Thatch  Islands.  In  the  se- 
cond division  is  Virgin  Gorda,  to  which  be- 
long Atiegada,  or  Drowned  Isle,  Nicker, 
Prickiy  Pear,  and  Mnskito  Islandp,  the 
Commanoes,  Scrub  and  Dog  Islands,  the 
F.iller  City  (two  rocky  islets,  close  to- 
gether, at  a  distance  resembling  ruins)  the 
Round  Rock,  Ginger,  Cooper's  Salt  Island, 
Peter's  Lsland,  .and  the  Dead  Chest.  Of 
the  Danish  division,  the  principal  islands 
are  St.  Thomas  and  St.  .Tohn.     Lon.  from 


\   1  u 


V    I  It 


6ii  45  to  64  55  W,  lat.  from  17  10  lo  13 
30  N, 

Firffinfa,  state  of  the  United  States  ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlaniic  Ocean  E ;  North 
Carolina,  and  Tennessee  S ;  Kentucky 
W;  Ohio  river  or  the  state  of  Ohio 
NW  ;  Pennsvlvania  N  ;  and  Maryland 
NE, 


Having  an  outline  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  of  .        _        .        . 

In  common  with  Maryland  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  across  the 
eastern  shfir^  peninsula,  and 
Chesapeak  bay,  to  the  mouth  of 
Potomac  river 

Up  Potomac  river  to  its  source    - 

'i'hence  due  N  to  the  S  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania 

Thence  due  W  to  the  SW  angle 
of  Pennsylvania 

Thence  due  N  along  W  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  river 

Down  the  Ohio  river  following  its 
course  to  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy 
river         .--.'- 

From  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy 
river  in  common  with  Kentucky, 
to  the  north  boundary  of  Ten- 
nessee      -        -  -       - 

Thence  east  along  Tennessee,  and 
North  Carolina  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean        _        .        .        -        . 

Intire  outline 


Miles. 


110 


55 
200 

36 


61. 


355 


170 


440 
1.483 


Breadth  from  North  Carolina  to  Penn- 
sylvania 223  miles. 

Between  lat.  36  30,  and  40  37  N. 

From  Its  great  extent,  and  from  being 
so  much  inter-ected  by  mountains,  Vir- 
ginia presents  a  very  marked  divervity 
of  soil  and  climate.  It  possesses  the 
main  southern  nuclues  of  the  Appala- 
chian system,  spreading  also  into  the 
widest  base,  upon  which  that  system 
rests.  See  article  United  States  section, 
mountains. 

In  point  of  soil,  Virginia  like  Mary- 
land, presents  three  distiict  tracts.  The 
first,  that  of  the  alluvial  sea  sand  inland 
to  the  falls  of  the  rivers,  and  generally 
to  the  head  of  tide  water.  This  region 
is  flat  and  in  part  marshy  along  the  sea 
coast,  but  rising  imperceptibly  inland, 
into  the  second  or  hilly  tract.  The  lat- 
ter again  merges  gradually  into  the  third 
or  mountain  section.  The  subjoined  ta- 
bles will  exhibit  the  relative  density  of 
population,  on  the  respective  sections. 
Tlic  middle  section  of  Virginia  is  re- 
markable for  its  rich  scenery,  and  gene- 
neraily  for  good  soil,  and  the  production 
of  excellent  grain.  The  narrow  zone 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Allegany 


mountain  is  ger,ei*aHy  considered  as  the 
most  productive  region  of  Virginia. 

In  order  to  give  the  reader  means  of 
estimating  correctly  the  present  locality 
of  population  in  Virginia,  the  counties  in 
the  respective  zones  as  far  as  their  out- 
lines would  atlmit  are  given  separate. 

No.  I. — Eastern  or  Alluvial  Virginia  i 
contains  the  counties  of 

Counties.  Sq.  Miles. 


Accomac 
Caroline 
Charles  City 
Elizabeth  City 
Essex 
Gloucester 
Greensville 
Isle  of  Wright 
James' City  inclu- 
dingWilliamsburg' 
King  and  Qneea 
King  George 
King  William 
Lancaster 
Mathtws 
Middlesex 
Nans^mond 
New  Kent 


240 
600 
200 
64 
280 
320 
300 
450 

^184 

400 
16'J 
480 
230  • 
8'J 
210 
660 
230 


Norfolk  including  V  qqq 
Norfolk  borough   $ 

Nc'.thampton  240 
Northumberland    240 

Princess  Anne  300 

Prince  Georges  312 

Prince  Wiiham  300 

Richmond  1 60 

Soutiiampton  500 

Surry  360 

Sussex  560 

Warwick  105 

Westmoreland  150 

York  120 


Pop.  1820. 

15,969 

I8,u08 
5,255 
3,789 
y,9u9 
9,678 
6,858 

10,139 

4,563 

11.798 
6,116 
9,697 
5,517 

6,920 

4,057 

10.494 

6,630 

23,943 

7,705 
8.016 
8,767 
8,030 
9,419 
5,706 

14,170 
6,594 

11,884 
1,608 
6,901 
4,384 


to  sq.  m. 
66 
30 
25 
.59 

30 
23 
22 

17 

29.^ 

38' 

20 

27^T 

86A 

19 

16 

29 

40 


33 

29 
29 
31 
36 
28 
18 
21 
16 
40 

36, 'r 


No.  II—Mi 
counties  of: 

Coimties. 

Albemarle 

Amelia 

Amherst 

Augusta 

Bath 

Bedford 

Berkeley 

Bottetourt 

Brunswick 

Buck-.ngham 

Campbell 

Charlotte 

Chesterfield 

Culpepper 

Cumberland 

Dinwiddle 

Fairfax 

Fauquier 


8,875       262,524        30 
ddle  Virginia  contains  the 


Sq.  Miles. 
700 
300 
418 
900 
900 
660 
500 
1,120 
570 
680 
550 
600 
480 
540 
320 
600 
450 
720 
104: 


pop.  1320. 

19,750 
ll.lUu 
10,426 
16,72'i 
5,237 
19,305, 
11,211 
13,589 
16,687 
17,570 
16,569 
13,290 
18,003 
20,942 
11.023 
20,482 
11,404 
23,103 


to  sq.  oi, 
28 
37 
25 
19 
6 
30 
22 
12 
30 

.  26 
30 


o4 
36 
24 


%■  1  Jl 


1  n 


Cduntk.r. 

Fluvanna 

Frank!  n 

Frederick 

G 'O  Siand 

Halifax 

Hairij.shire 

H  ijover 

Hardy 

Heiinco,  inclii- 1 
ding  the  city  >- 
of  Richmond  J 

Henry 

Jt  S  rson 

Loudon 

Louisa 

Lunenburg 

Madison 

Mecklenburg 

Morj;an 

Nottaway 

Nelson 

Orange 

Patrick 

Pendleton 

Pittsylvania 

Prince  Edward 

Powhatan 

Rockbridge 

Rockingham 

Shenandoah 

Spottsylvania 

Stafford 


Sq.  Miks. 
414 
670 
736 
230 
9  0 
1,250 
640 
700 


6,704 
12,017 
24,706 
10  0-7 
19,060 
10889 
15,267 

5.730 


16 
18 

33^ 
30 
20 
S 
23| 


300       23,657        78| 


400 
300 
400 
560 
220 
784 
600 
450 
26i 
345 
600 
600 
1,000 
1,000 
250 
320 
700 
770 
900 
450 
240 


5,6  4 
13.087 
22,702 

i:),"45 

10  662 

8,490 

19,786 

2,500 

9.658 

10.137 

12,913 

5  089 

4.836 

21,313 

12,577 

8,292 

11,945 

14,784 

18.926 

14,2-4 

9,517 


14 

43 

56 

941 

48J, 

10^ 

33 

5h 

36:!r 

30 
21.^ 

8^ 

4,. 
2U 
40   • 
25 
17 
19 
21 
•31^ 
45 


Ctiu/Uies.        ,  "; 

Mason 

Monongahe- 

1;^,  E,  and 

W. 
Mo'-roe 
Montgomery 
Ohio 
Nicholas 
Preston 
Randolph 
Riissel 
Sc.v.t 
Tazewell 
Tyler 

Washington 
Wood 
Wyilie 


Sg.  miles 
830 


Pofiutation.  Te  m.  in* 
4,868  6  nearly. 


660      11,060        16 


24,277       655,266        27 

Xso.  Ill— The  surface  of  West  Virginia  is 
still  more  broken  than  thv-t  of  West  Penn- 
sylvania. In  one  respect  the  two  sections  are 
equal ;  the  air  and  water  of  both  arc  pure 
and  healthful-  Strenuous  exertions  are 
making  by  the  legislature  and  people  of 
Virgm'ia  to  open  an  unin  empied  waier 
communication  from  James  river  to  the 
Great  Kenhaw.),  and  down  that  stream  to 
the  Ohio.  Should  sucIj  an  imdertJiking  be 
carried  into  effect,  and  nature  appears  to 
have  opposed  no  obstacle  insuperable  to 
genius,  wealth,  and  industry  to  remove, 
then  will  a  new  and  most  import  anl  com- 
mercial line  be  added,  lo  connect  and  ce- 
ment the  two  opposing  slopes  of  the  Ohio 
river  and  Atlantic  ocean. 

Politically,  West  Virginia  is  subdivided 
into  the  counties  of: 


Counties, 

Broke 

eabeil 

Giles 

f;  ray  son 

Greenbriar 

Harrison 

Kenhawa 

Lee 

Lewis 


150 
1750 
1900 

900 
1200 
1125 
2400 

780 
1400 


Population,  To  sq.  m. 


f044 


6,611 
4,7o9 
4,521 
5,598 
7,041 
10,932 
6,399 
4,256 
4,247 


,44 
2^ 
2"  . 
6 

6  nearly. 
9 

2:^ 

5 


450 

950 

440 

900 

640 

2800 

1575 

1100 

2400 

600 

850 

1300 

1030 


6,620 
8,733 
9,182 
2,853 
3,422 
3,357 
5,536 
4,263 
3,916 
2,314 
12,444 
5,860 
9,692 


13 

9 
20 

2 

5 

1 

3^ 

n 

4 

16nearlv. 
4A 
9" 


28,130     147,514 

The  entire  population  of  West  Virginia 

were  classed  by  the  census,  1820. 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  235 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  34,314 

do.        in  Manufac.ures  -         -  3.878 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  343 

39,314 

W'e  perceive  by  the  foregoing  table  that 
a  vety  scattered  population  of  a  litde  more 
than  five  to  the  square  mile,  spreads  over 
a  surface,  in  West  Vitginis,  of  28,130 
square  miles.  This  includr s  also  the  two 
extre;..es,  and  comparatively  thickly  popu- 
lated counties  o1  Brooke,  and  Ohio,  west 
from  Peiinsylvania;  the  two  Monongaiias, 
on  Moiiohgaiiela  river,  south  from  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  and  Washington  on  the  water*  of 
Tennessee.  The  superficies  and  popula- 
tion of  these  counties  are,  it  taken  together, 
2100  square  miles,  and  39,297  inhabitants, 
leaving  lor  the  residue  26,030  square  miles, 
and  Iu7,8l7  inliabitants.  This  presents  a 
surface,  in  AVes;  Virginia,  exceeding  26,000 
square  miles,  upon  which  there  exists  a 
population  of  within  a  trifling  traction  of 
four  persons  to  the  square  mile. 

In  the  counties  of  West  Virginia,  there 
were  by  the  census  of  1820,  6728  male,  and 
6568  female  slaves,  amounting  to  13,296. 
There  were  tree  persons  of  colour,  551 
males,  487  females,  amounting  to  1028. 
The  slaves  and  free  persons  of  colour 
united,  making  an  aggregate  of  13,296,  and 
knvingfree  whites  132,790. 
Suummry.  Sq.  miles.        Population,    Tosq.m. 

Ea.t  Virginia  tih75  262,524  30 
Middle  Virginia  24297  655,266  26 
WestVirginia      28130         147,514         5 

61302      1,065,304 

We  here  behold  the  interesting  result, 

that  although  the  large  towns  of  Richmond, 

Petersburg,  and  Lynchburg,  are  ail  inclu- 

flpd  in  tjre  middle  section, and  thou.gh  com- 


\~   I   K 


j.-:>rativeiy  inferior  in  sol!,  that  tlie  iiHtiviiil 
portion  of  Virginia,  contains  tlie  most  dense 
population  of  any  of  the  greiit  sections  of 
that  slate.  ♦ 

The  followlofj  table  exhibits  the  entire 
population  at  the  respective  census  of  1810, 
and  1820. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         .         -         -     280,033 
do.    do.   females     -        -        .    271,496 

TotSil  whites  ....  551,534 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...         -  30,570 

Slaves 392,518 


Total  population  in  1810 


974,622 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  mates        -        -        .   304,731 

do.  do.     females      -         -        -   298,343 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        ,        .        _  250 


Teal  whites        ....    603,324 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -     17,849 

do.  do.    females    .     19,U40 

Slaves,  males        ....  218,274 

c^o.  fbmalos  ....  206,879 
Total   slaves  and.  free    coloured 

persons    ....        -  462,042 


Total  population  in  1820. 


1,065,366 


2,142 
276,422 


747,601 
886,149 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  na'.ur:dizcd 
Engaged  in  AgricuHure 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -     52,336 
do.       in  Commerce         -        -       4,509 
Population  to  the  squa'-e  mile,  17  1-3. 

Progressive  population : 
In  1790 
1800 
In  1810,  and  in  1820,  as  in  the 

preceding  table. 

In  the  alluvial  and  middle  cotmties  enu" 
merated  in  sections  No.  I.  and  II.  there 
were  by  the  census  of  1820,  free  whites, 
452,930,  and  slaves,  and  free  coloured  per- 
sons 424,370. 

The  interests  of  education  have  received 
ample  consideration  from  tiie  legislature  of 
Virginia.  The  university  of  Virginia  has 
been  located  at  Charlottsville,  but  has  not 
yet  went  inio  operation.  The  most  ancient 
college  of  that  state,  William  and  Mary  is 
at  Williamsburg.  See  V/iiliamslmrg.  Wash- 
ington college  at  Lexington.  See  Lexing- 
ton. Hampden  Sydney  college  stands  m 
Prince  Edward  county.  Sec  Trhtce  Ed- 
"•vard. 

The  funds  appropriated  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Virginia,  for  literary  purposes, 
are  about  1,200,000  dollars,  received  fronn 
the  United  States  for  military  services, 


and  other  sums  arising  froi-n  escheats, 
lines,  8cc.  The  whole  estimated  to  yield 
annually  90,000  dollars.  Of  which,  about 
one  half  is  appropriated  to  primaty 
schools;  and  15,000  dollars  to  the  state 
university.  Tl)e  residue  remains  unap- 
propriated. 

The  actual  commercial  relations  of 
Virginia  may  be  seen  by  reference  to 
the  articlf  s  Alexandria,  Norfolk,  Peters- 
burg, and  Richmond,  its  four  principal 
ports.  The  most  valuable  staples  of  this 
state  are  wheat,  and  t  bacco,  but  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  cotton  is  cultivated 
in  the  SK  counties.  Small  grain,  fruit, 
and  pasturage  abounds,  where  due  at- 
tention has  been  paid  to  agriculture. 
Iron,  lead,  gypsum,  salt,  and  mineral 
coal,  are  its  most  valuable  and  abundant 
metallic  productions. 

Vmienber^,  tc.wn  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.  It  is  20  miles  \V 
of  Coblentz,     Lon.  7  5  E,  lat.  60  27  N. 

Virto7i,  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg, 
22  miles  VV  of  Luxemburg,  Lon.  5  41 
E,  lat.  49  .i6  N. 

Visagapatam,  town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan.     Lon.  82  40  E,  lat.  17  45  N. 
Vischwa,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tobolsk.    Lon  61  n  E,  lat.  62 
36  N. 

Visei,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  thn 
bishopric  of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Maese, 
seven  miles  N  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  00  E, 
lat.  50  44  N. 

Vishnei-  Volotchok,  town  of  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  JV».t.  Lon.  35  0  E, 
lat.  57  23  N.  This  place-  is  situated  on 
the  canal  which  unites  the  Masta  to  the 
Tver,  and  takes  its  name  fr^m  the  Rus- 
sian noun,  Volok,  signifying  the  space 
between  two  navigable  nvt  rs. 

Fisiafiour,  or  Bejapour,  considerable 
city  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  former- 
ly the  capital  of  a  large  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  now  subject  to  the  Ponnah 
IMahrattas.  It  is  136  milts  E  of  Poonah, 
and  234  SE  of  Bombay.  Lon.  75  19  E, 
lat.  17  26  N. 

Visogorod,  town  of  Poland,  in  Maso- 
via,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
50  miles  NW  «)f  Warsaw. 

Uist,  J\''orih  and  South,  two  islands  of 
the  Hebrides,  on  the  W  coast  of  Scot- 
land, viz. 

Uist,  North  which  lies  to  the  south- 
ward of  Harris,  separated  by  a  channel 
of  about  nine  miks  over,  is  somewhat 
more  considerable,  being  about  3u  miles 
in  circumference  North  Uist  is  15  miles 
S  of  the  Isle  of  Skye     And, 

Uist,  Souths  is  about  21  miles  in  length, 
and  three  or  four  in  breadth,  20  miles 
W  of  the  Isle  of  Skye. 

Vistula,  large  river  which  rises  in 
1045 


\     I    V 


tJ  I-  .\i 


Mouni  Crapach,  en  the  contines  ot  Sile- 
sia and  Hungary,  crosses  Poland  and 
Prussia,  and  falls  by  three  mouths  into 
th'  Baltic,  br-low  Dantzic.  It  is  forn-.ed 
by  the  Vistula  prpper,  the  Bug,  and  Na- 
rew,  and  passes,  Crncow,  Sandorair, 'War- 
saw. Culm,  Maritnberg,  and  Dantzic. 

Vicerbo,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  containing  10,000 
inhabitants  ;  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, from  the  top  of  which,  the  city  of 
Rome  and  the  M.-diterrrfncan  Sea  may 
he  seen  ;  the  latter  at  a  d  stance  of  near 
50  miles  It  is  20  miles  SE  of  Orvieto, 
and  35  N  by  W  of  Rome. 

Vitre,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isle  and  Vilaine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany,  with  a  trade  in  linen 
cloth,  and  knit  sti  ckings  and  gloves.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vilaine,  SO  miles  NE  of 
Rennes. 

Vitri  le-  Urule,  village  of  France,  in 
the  departnitnt  of  Maine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne. 

Vicri-Le-Francois ,  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Marne,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Champagne  It  has  a  great 
trade,  particularly  in  grain,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Marne,  15  miles  SE  of  Caa- 
lons,  and  liiO  E  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  33  E, 
lat.  48  44  N  ^ 

Vitring,  towti  of  Germany,  in  Austria, 
on  a  lake,  calltd  the  VVordstee,  four 
miles  S\V  from  Giagenfurt. 

Vitteaiix,  town  o!  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province 
of  Burgundy,  on  the  river  Braine,  where 
there  are  quarries  of  marble,  12  miles 
SE  of  Semur,  and  27  W  of  Dijon 

Vitioria,  or  Victoria,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Biscay,  capital  of  the  province  of  Alaba. 
It  has  a  great  trade  in  hardware,  paiti- 
cularlyin  sword-blades,  wliich  are  made 
here  in  great  quantities. ,  It  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  at  the  end  of  a  plain,  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  grapes,  32  miles  SE  of 
Eilboa,  and  155  N  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 
56  W,  lat.  42  55  N. 

Viravats,  late  small  province  of  France, 
and  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche. 

Vivero,  town  of  Spain,  in  GaUicia, 
seated  at  the  foot  vi  a  steep  mountain, 
near  the  rii'tr  Landrova,  whose  mouth 
forms  a  large  harbour  in  the  Atlantic,  30 
miles  NVV  of  Mondonnedo.  Lon.  7  34 
W,,lat.  43  50  N. 

Vivicrs,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  and  late  province  of 
Laoguedoc,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  among  rocks  (on  one  of  which 
the  cathedral  is  built)  on  the  river 
Rhone,  20  miles  N  of  Orange,  and  70 
>iEof  Montpellier.  Lon.  4  46  E,  lat. 
44  20  N. 

in4^ 


i''iza,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  la 
Romania,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  at 
the  source  of  the  river  Glicenero. 

Ukensoi,  town  or  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Tobolsk,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Irtysh  and  Oby.  Lon.  69  15  E,  lat. 
61  10  N. 

Ukraine,  large  country  of  Europe,  ly- 
ing on  the  borders  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
Poland,  Russia,  and  Little  fartary.  Its 
name  properly  signifi  s  a  frontier,  and 
lies  along  the  Dnieper,  and  belonged 
many  ages  to  Russia  Kiel  was  one  of 
the  original  cr4pitals  of  that  empire.  Af- 
ter a  series  of  revolutions,  it  has  again 
entirely  fell  under  the  Russian  sceptre. 
The  pririCipal  town  is  Kief.  See  Cos- 
sacs. 

V'adimir.     See  Volodlmir, 

Ulala,  town  ot  Hindoostan,  in  Canara, 
three  mdes  SW  of  Mangalore. 

Uhiprjrjl,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire,  on  the  E  side  of  the  entrance  of 
Loch  Broom,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
its  name,  with  a  good  harbour  and  com- 
modious road.  It  is  a  great  fishing  sta- 
tion, and  situate  in  the  midst  of  a  wool 
country,  48  miles  W  by  N  of  Tain.  Lon, 
5  5  W,  lat  57  50  N. 

Ulea,  or  Ulahorg,  seaport  of  Russian 
Finland,  and  the  largest  town  in  east 
B  thnia,  with  a  commodious  harbour,  at 
the  m<!uth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
340  miles  N  by  E  of  Abo.  Lon.  24  40 
E,  lat.  65  30  N. 

Vlieland.     See  VUe. 

Uhfec,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the 
Pacific  ocean.  It  has  a  harbour  called 
Ohamaneno.  Lon.  151  38  VV,  lat.  16 
45  S. 

UHs-water,  lake  on  the  borders  of  West- 
moreland and  Cumberland,  10  miles  N 
of  Ambleside.  It  is  eight  miles  long. 
The  river  Eamont  flows  through  this 
lake,  and 'by  Penrith  t"  the  Eden,  form- 
ing that  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  two  counties. 

Ulni,  city  of  the  kingdon  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  in  Suabia.  It  is  a  fortified,  large, 
and  handsome  place;  in  which  the  ar- 
chives of  the  late  imperial  towns  of  Sua- 
bia were  preserved,  and  the  diet  of  the 
circle  was  generally  held.  Here  is  an  ex- 
cellent college,  with  a  theological  semi- 
navy  annexed.  Its  other  most  remark- 
able bviildings  are  the  abbey  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, commonly  called  vVengen,  the 
town-house,  the  arsenal,  the  magazines, 
and  the  valuable  town  library.  'I'he  in- 
habitants are  protestants,  and  estimated 
at  15,000;  thty  have  a  good  trade  in  li- 
nens, fustians,  paper,  wine,  and  wool, 
it  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Blau 
with  the  Danube,  opposite  the  influx  of 
*he  Tier,  38  mile^  W  bv  N  of  Augsburg, 


U  L  S 


U  M  M 


and  40  SK  of  Stutgardi    Lon.  9  56  E, 
lat.  48  24  N. 

Ulmen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Treves,  28  miles  west  of  Cob- 
lentz. 

Ulotho,  or  Vlotho-w,  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  county  of  Raveiisberg,  near 
which  is  a  medicinal  spring.  It  is  six 
miles  S  of  Minden. 

Uln'chstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Hesse,  with  a  fortified  castle,  25 
miles  SE  of  Marburg. 

Ulrichsliamn,  town  of  Sweden,  in  west 
Gothland,  formerly  called  Bogesund,  the 
present  name  being  given  it,  in  1741,  in 
compliment  to  queen  Ulrica  Eleanora. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  cattle,  pro- 
visions tobacco,  &C.  and  is  50  miles  E 
of  Got'ieburg. 

Ulster,  province  of  Ireland,  116  miles 
long  and  100  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  Irish  sea,  N  by  the  Northern 
ocean,  W  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  SW  by 
the  pr'.vince  of  Connaught,  and  S  by  that 
of  Lienster.  It  contains  the  counties  of 
Donegal,  Londonderry,  Antrim,  Tyrone, 
Fermanagh,  Monaghan,  Armagh,  Down, 
and  ('avan.  The  principal  place  is  Lon- 
donderry. 

Ulster,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Hudson  river  E  ;  Orange  county  S  ; 
Sullivan  VV  ;  Df^laware  NW ;  and  Greene 
N.  Length  40 ;  mean  width  30 ;  and  area 
about  1200  squai'e  miles.  Surface  highly 
variegated  by  mountain,  hill,  dale,  and 
valley.  Its  front  on  the  Hudson,  is  rocky 
and  precipitous,  but  most  of  its  vales 
highly  productive.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
live  stock,  Ike,  It  is  watered  by  the 
Wallkill  and  Kingston  creeks.  Chief 
town,  Kingston. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  "lales  -        .        12,443 

do.    do.   fem.iles  -        -        11,630 

Total  whites           ...  24,673 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ....  1,066 

Slaves 1,437 


Total  population  in  1810, 


26,576 


Population  in  1820. 
Juve  whila  males      -        -        .        14,829 

do.  do.  females  •        -        13,985 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        .        .  0 


Total  whites    -        .        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ... 
do.     females 


Total  population  in  1820 


30.934 


^Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  natiiralized  .  105 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,351 

do.        in  VlanuFactures  -  9 

do.         in  CorT\merce       -         -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25^. 

Ukter,  township  of  Bradford  county, 
Pennsylvania ;  on  the  nght  side  of  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  above  Towanda.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  704. 

Ultzen,  or  Vdtzen,  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg.  It 
has  a  trade  in  11  ur  and  wo  1,  and  is 
seated  on  th.e  Ilm.enau,  20  miles  SE  of 
Lunenburg. 

Ulvc.rsfoii,  town  In  Lancashire,  with 
a  mark  t  o.i  Monday.  It  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  some  hills,  near  a  shallow 
arm  of  the  Irish  Sea,  and  has  a  canal  to 
the  estuary  of  the  Leven.-  It  is  the  port 
of  the  district  of  Furness,  and  txports 
much  corn,  limestone,  iron  ore,  and  blue 
slate.  It  is  IS  miles  NVV  of  Lancaster, 
and  261  NN  W  of  London.  Lon  3  12  W, 
lat.  54  14  N. 

Ulyses  post  village  and  township, 
Tompkins  county.  New  Y.  rk.  containing 
Ithaca.  Population  1810,  3250;  and  in 
1820,  6345. 

U?}ia,  or  Umsa,  seaport  of  Sv/edenj 
in  West  Bothr.ia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Uma,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothiiia.  The 
houses  are  built  of  wood  ;  and  it  was 
twice  burnt  by  the  Russians.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  W(  st  Both- 
nia, and  310  miles  N  hy  E  of  Stockholm. 
Lon  19  18  E,  lat.  63  5  N 

Umago,  seaport  of  Venetian  Istria, 
sealed  between  the  gnlf  of  Largena,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Quieto. 

IJmbagog,  lake  mt'Stly  in  Maine,  but 
extending  into  Coos  county  iri  New  Hamp= 
shire.  It  is  above  30  miles  long  and 
from  one  to  ten  miles  wide;  and  is 
discharged  into  the  Andriscoggin  river. 

Umbria'.ico,  town  of  Italy,  in  Napies, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  though  now  reduced 
to  a  small  place,  having  only  about  50 
houses  It  is  seated  on  the  Lipuda,  15 
miles  N  by  W  of  St.  Severina.  Lon.  17 
10  E,  lat.  38  29  N, 

Ummedafioora,  one  of  the  most  flou- 
rishing and  well  built  cities  of  Asia,  the 
metropolis  cf  the  Birman  empire,  wth 
a  spacious  and  regular  fort,  complete  ly 
fortified  after  the  eastern  manner.  It 
was  founded  in  1783  by  the  emperor 
Minderagree,  four  miles  to  the  NE  of 
Ava,  the  ancient  capital.  A  peninsula, 
formt-d  by  the  Irrawaddy  on  the  W,  and 
a  narrow  channel  branching  E  from  the 
river,  which  soon  takes  a  N  dirt  ction 
and  expands  to  a  lake  on  the  E  side  of 
the  city,  seven  niiieslong  and  on»  ctnd  a 
half  broad.    It  is  520  miles  SE  from  Cal^ 

rrt4r 


L   N  I 


U  X  I 


cutta,  and  620  NNW  of  Siam.    L,ou.  76 
7  E,  lat.  21  57  X. 

Unadilia,  post  town  in  Otsego  county, 
Kew  York,  lying  on  the  rigiit  side  of 
Susquehannah  vivn-  five  miles  above  its 
iunction  with  Unadilia  river.  Population 
1810,  1425  ;  and  in  1820,  2194. 

Unadilia  jivcr,  rises  in  the  southern 
sides  of  Oiitida  and  Herkimer  counties 
New  York,  a;id  flowing  SSW,  separates 
f(jr  about  10  miles  Madison  from  Otsego, 
and  thence  to  its  mouth,  Otstgo  from 
Chenango.  It  falls  into  the  Susquehan- 
nah after  an  intire  course  of  about  40 
miles. 

Undersvjen,  or  UndetaeeJi,  handsome 
town  of  Swiss -rland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  near  which  is  the  famous  cavern  of 
St.  Pat.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Thun, 
25  miles  SSE  of  Bern,  and  30  SE  of  Fri- 
burg.    Lon.  7  32  E,  lat,  46  32  N,     • 

Underivalden,  canton  of  Swisserland, 
the  sixth  in  rank  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
the  canton  of  Lucern  and  the  Lake  of  the 
Fear  cantons ;  on  the  E  by  high  mouii- 
taitis.  which  separate  it  from  the  canton 
of  Uri ;  on  the  S  by  Mount  Brnnich. 
whicii  parts  it  frcm  the  canton  of  Bern  ; 
and  on  the  VV  by  that  of  Lucei n.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  wood,  which  runs  nearly 
in  the  middle  of  the  country,  from  N  to 
S.  It  is  25  miles  long,  and  17  broad,  and 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  that  above  the 
wood,  and  that  below  it,  called  Ober- 
Avuld  and  Underwald.  The  inhabitants 
are  Roman  catholics.  Stantz  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Unghivar,  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
tin  island,  formed  by  the  Ungh.  It  is 
strong  from  its  situation  arniong  the 
mountains  of  Crapach,  and  is  47  m.iles 
E  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  22  23  E,  lat.  48 
48  N 

Union,  river  of  Hancock  County  Maine, 
falls  into  Blackhil!  bav  This  stream  is 
foliowed  advancing  NE  by  several  minor 
rivers,  which  are  included'in  this  article. 
Narraguagus  iiito  Pigeonhill,  or  Narra- 
guagus  bay  ;  Pleasant  river  into  the  bay 
of  tht-  same  name  ;  Chandler's  river  into 
English  bay ;  and  Machias  and  East 
rivers  into  Machias  bay.  None  of  those 
streams  have  sources  60  miles  inland, 
and  thrup;h  in  a  very  remarkable  manner 
supplied  with  convenient  harbourSj  the 
inland  commerce  of  the  country  is  very 
confined. 

Union,  post  village  and  township  Lin- 
coln county,  Maine,  30  miles  NE  from 
Wiscasset.    Population  1810,  1391. 

Unoin,  township,  T(illand  county  Con- 
necticut,  33   miles   NE  from  Hartford. 
Population  1810,  752  ;  and  in  1820,  757. 
.    ^^nion,    post    village    and   township 
104« 


Broome  county  New  York,  six  miles  be- 
low Chenango,  on  the  Susquehannah. 
Population  1820,  2037. 

Union,  post  village,  Washington  coun- 
ty, New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Bat- 
terhill  six  miles  above  its  mouth.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  academy,  and  extensive 
manufactories  of  cotton  goods.  Popula- 
tion about  600, 

Union,  township  of  Essex  county, 
New  Jersey,  Population  1810,  1428; 
and  in  1820,  1567. 

Union,  county  of  Pennsylvania ;  bound- 
ed by  Susquehannah  river  E,  or  North- 
umberland county  E  ;  Mifiiin  S  ;  and 
SW,' Centre  W;  and  Lycoming  N. 
Length  26  ;  mean  width  21  ;  and  area 
551  square  miles.  This  is  a  mountain 
county,  and  of  course  much  broken,  but 
the  river,  and  creek  lands  are  highly 
productive.  This  county  is  washed  in 
its  greatest  length  by  Susquehannah 
river,  and  drained  by  White  Deer,  Buf- 
faloe,  Penns.  and  Mahoning  creeks. 
Chief  town.  New  Berlin. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -         -         9,535 

do.    do.    females  -        -        9,210 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites      ,        .        .        .  18,545 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  34 

do.            do.       females  37 

Slaves,  males    ....  2 

do.    females         -       .        .  i 

Total  population  in  1820     -        ~      18,619 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  11 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -         1,240 

do.        in  .Manufactures  ••  415 

do.        in  Commerce       .         -  30 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  34. 

Union,  township  of  Erie  county  Penn- 
svlvania,  five  miles  E  from  Waterford. 
Population  1820,  200. 

Utdon,  township  of  Huntingdon  coun- 
ty, Penns>  Ivania,  in  Trough  creek  valley, 
15  miles  nearly  S  from  Huntingdon- 
Population  1820,  1078. 

Union,  township  of  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsyivania,  extending  from  the  Sus- 
quehannah river,  to  the  E  limit  of  Ly- 
coming county.  13  miles  below  Wilkes, 
barre.'    Population  1820,  686, 

Union,  p^ist  town,  borough,  and  seat 
of  justice,  Fayette  county,  Pennsylvania, 
on  both  sides  of  Redstone  ci  eek,  12  miles 
SE  from  Brownsville.  Population  1820, 
1058. 

Union,  township  Fayette  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, around  the  borough  of  the  same 
name.     Population  1S20.  1947.. 


1.  N  i 


h  N  4 


Vmon,  towiisliip  of  Mifflin  county,  Pena- 
sylvania,  adjoining  Centre  and  Huntingdon 
counties,  containing  1114  inhabitants  in 
1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1391. 

Union,  district  of  South  Carolina  ;  bound- 
ed by  Broad  river  or  Yrrk,  Chester,  and 
Fairfield  districts  E  ;  Ennoree  river  or 
Newberry  and  Laurens  districts  SW  ;  and 
Spartanburg  W  and  NW.  Length  45 ; 
mean  width  15  ;  and  area  675  square  miles. 
Beside  the  two  bounding  rivers,  it  is  drain- 
ed by  Pactilet  and  Tyger  river.  Chief 
town,  Union 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -        ~        -        3,940 
do.    do.    females     -        -        .        4,148 


Total  whites      ....  8,088 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        .  68 

Slaves 2,846 

Total  population  in  1810    .        -  11,002 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males    -        -        -  5,246 

do.    do.    females         .        -  4,540 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .       -       -       -  0 

Total  whites     .       -       -        -  9,786 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  31 

do.             do.       females,  31 

Slaves,  males       ....  2,438 

do.    females  -        -        -        -  1,840 


©f  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  22 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    -        -  57§ 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  90 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 

Union,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  by 
Delaware  E  ;  Madison  and  Champaign  S  ; 
Logan  W;  and  Hardin  and  Marion  N. 
Length  27 ;  breadth  17 ;  and  area  500 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Darby  and  Mill  creeks.  Soil  generally 
fertile.    Chief  town,  Marysville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whitt-  males  -        -         1,010 

do    do.    females  -        -  978 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     _        -       -        -  0 


Total  population  in  1820 


14.126 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -        -  63 

Engaged  in  Agriculture        -        -      4,694 

do.       in  Manufactures    -        -         334 

do.       in  Commerce  -        -  46 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  21  nearly. 

Union,  post  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Union  district,  South  Carolina,  60  miles  N 
NW  from  Columbia. 

Union,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  W  and  NW  ;  Henderson  county 
NE  ;  Hopkins  SE  ;  and  Tradewater  river 
or  Livingston  county  SW.  Length  30 ; 
mean  width  16  ;  and  area  540  square  miles. 
This  county  lies  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Wab;:sh  river.     Chief  town,  Morganfield. 

Population  in  1820. 
■Bree  white  males  -        -         1,270 

do.    do.  females  -        -        1,159 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do  do.      females 

Slayes,  males 
do.    females 

Total  popul.itlon  in  1820    - 

'i  V 


2,429 

5 

1 

535 

500 

3,470 


Total  whites  -        _        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males  _        -        - 

do.    females        _       _        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


1,996 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  342 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  15 

do.        in  Commerce  -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile  4  nearly. 

Union,  township  of  Union  county,  Ohio. 
Populaiion  in  1820, 

Union,  township  of  Knox  countv,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  1356. 

Union,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Morristown. 
Populaiion  in  1820,  1651. 

Union,  township  of  Washington  county, 
Ohio      Population  in  1820,  242. 

Unio7i,  township  of  Lawrence  county, 
Ohio      Population  in  1820,  519. 

U7iion.  tovrti8hi|>  of  Knox  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  955. 

Union,  one  of  the  northern  townships  of 
Ross  coimty,  Ohio.  Population  in  1820, 
2778. 

Union,  NW  township  of  Highland  coun- 
ty, OIiio.     Population  in  1820,  730. 

Union,  t'Hvnship  of  Champaign  county, 
Ohio,  which  comaining  708  inhabitants  in 
1820 

Uninu,  'ownship  of  Logan  county,  Ohio. 
Populainin  1820,616. 

Urdon,  township  of  Madison  county, 
Ohio,  in  which  is  si  uated  'he  town  of 
London.     Populati  hi  in  1820,  720. 

Union,  'ownship  of  Fayette  county,  Ohio, 
containing  'he  town  of  Washington.  Popu- 
lation in  182u,  1069. 

Union,  town-hip  of  Clinton  county,  Ohio, 
conwiining  *he  town  of  Wilmington,  Popti- 
ration  hi  i820,  2656. 

(  10"49 


L  N  I 


U  K  I 


(jiiioiii  NW  township  of  Sciolo  county, 
Ohio.    Fopulation  ill  1820,  322. 

Union,  township  of  Warren  county,  Ohio, 
which  contained  13S2  inhabitants  in  1820. 

Union,  township  of  Butler  county,  Ohio. 
Population  in  1820,  uncertain. 

Ifnion,  eastern  town-liip  in  Muskingum 
county,  Ohio,  tiirough  which  tlie  road 
passes  from  Zanesvil.e  to  Wheeling'.  Popu- 
lation in  1820,  990. 

Union,  western  township  of  Clermont 
CcinUy,  Ohio.     Population  in  1820,   1165. 

Union,  SW  township  of  Miami  county, 
Ohio,  containing  1064  inhabit.tnts  in  1820. 

Union,  West.     See  West  Union. 

Union,  or  Shakersto-nn,  ssltlement  of 
Shakers,  in  Warren  couaiy,  Ohio,  four 
miles  west  of  Lebanon. 

Union,  post  town,  .Montgomery  county, 
Ohio,  12  miles  NW  from  Dayton. 

Union,  county  of  Illinois ;  bounded  by 
the  Mississippi  river  W ;  Jackson  and 
.Franklin  counties  N;  and  Johnson  E. 
Length  24 ;  breadth  18 ;  and  area  430 
square  miles.  Chief  towns,  Hamburg  and 
Jonesburg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -        1,254 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  1,084 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        .  o 

Total  whites       ....  2,3S3 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  0 

do.           do.        females  -  0 

Slaves,  males      .        -        .        -  14 

do.    females            ...  10 

Total  population  in  1820  -        2,362 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  5 

Engaged  in  Ygriculture      •        -  599 

do.        in  Manufactures  .  41 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  8 

Population  to  the  square  nf^,  5  1-3. 

Uniontoiu7i,  post  town,  near  Jonathan's 
creek,  Muskingum  county,  Ohio,  nine 
miles  SW  from  Zanesville. 

United  Provinces  nf  the  J^'etherlands  for- 
merly a  republic  of  Europe,  consisting  ot 
seven  provinces,  which  extended  150  miles 
from  N  to  S,  and  100  from  E  to  W.  They 
were  bounded  on  the  W  and  N  by  the 
German  Ocean,  on  the  S  by  Brabant  and 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  the  E  by 
Germany.  They  ranked  in  the  following 
order ;  Guelderland,  Holland,  Zealand, 
Utrecht,  Friesland.  Overyssel,  and  Qronin- 
gen.  They  now  form  parts  of  the  king- 
dom ot  the  Netherlands. 

United  States,  country  of  North  Ameri- 
ca ;  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  E  and 
SE ;  Gulf  of  Mexico  S ;  the  Spanish  or 
Mexican  province  SW  :  Pacific  Ocean  W ; 
and  N  by  the  Russian  and  British  territo- 
1050 


ries  in  North  America.    This  extensive 
region  has  the  following  limits  : 

jlliks. 

Commencing  on  Passamaquodily 
bay  at  the  moith  of  St.  Croix 
river  ;  and  thence  along  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  to  Florida  point  1800 

Thence  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to 

the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  -        1100 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine,  in 
common  with  the  Spanish  op 
Mexican  provinces  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean      -  .     -         -        -         -         2300 

Along  tlie  Pacific  Ocean  from  lat. 

42  to  49  N,  or  about         -         -  500 

Due  east  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on 
lat.  49°  N,  on  the  Russian  territo- 
ries to  the  Rocky  or  Chippewah 
mountains        -         .         .         .  600 

Thence  in  common  with  Cabotia,  or 
British  North  America,  to  the 
mouth  of  St.  Croix 


Having  an  intire  outline 


3000 
9300 


It  is  subdivided 
following  states  and 
alphabetically,  are : 

Alabama 

Arkansaw 

Connecticut 

Columbia  district 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Kenuicky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

M  ssachusetts 

Michigan 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New  Hampsliire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

Souih  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Western  Territory 


at  this  period  into  the 

terri  lories. 

which  taken 

Square  Miles, 

Population" 

51,770 

143,000 

100,000 

14,273 

4,750 

275,248 

100 

33,039 

2,120 

72,749 

.54,000 

10,000 

58,000 

340,989 

58,900 

55,211 

34,000 

147,178 

37,680 

564,317 

48,220 

153  407 

35,000 

297,839 

11,000 

407,350 

7,250 

521,725 

174,000* 

10,000 

45,760 

75,448 

62,870 

66,586 

8,030 

244,155 

6.851 

277,573 

46.000 

1,372,812 

48,000 

638,829 

38,260 

581,434 

43,^50 

1,049,458 

1,580 

83,059 

24,000 

t502,758 

40,000 

423,813 

8,278 

235,764 

63,000 

1,065,304 

950,000 

2,063,369         9,663,313 


*  See  Michigan. 

t  Including  Kershaw  district,  which  was 
not  returned  in  the  census  of  1820. 


U"  N  I 


t^  N  i 


So  much  has  been  given  on  the  sep.a-  to  each  other.    The  system  is  every  where 

rate  sections,  as  to  precUide  the  necessity  remarkable  for  tlie  regular  heic^ht  t)f  its 
of  a  lengthe!!ed  article  under  the  head  of  ridges,  and  the  non-existence  of  elevatefl 
the  United  States.  It  may  be  sufficient  to  peaks  The  bearing  of  tiie  wliole  system, 
observe,  that  th*^  territory  of  the  ynited  is  generally  from  NE  to  SW,  but,  with 
States  is  naturally  subdivided  into  four  sec-   some  remarkable  inflections.    In  the  south- 

tions.  em  side  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Maryland,  and 

First   the  AlHn-ic  slone  -  second  a  nart    '"  ^^^^  ^  ^'^^  °^  Virginia,  the   ridges  lie 

P  .      K    •    Allan'ic  slope ,  second,  a  par  j^^^j.,,^  j^  ^^^  g    ^^^^  j,^  ^;,^  j^^^^^. 

or  the  basm  or   S;.  Lawrence;  third,  tiie  ~„„,i.'  n     „„     „'        „  oix-  a-      ,.•             I 

ereatest  nart  of  the  bisin  of  Mississinni  •  .?'^^."^"y  re-assiime  a  S^\    direction,  and 

greatest  pan  ot  tne  bism  of  MiSMSsipp.  continue  in  that  course   to  neur  the  north 

Columbia                        ^  boundary  of  Tennessee.     Here  the  whole 

system  inflects  considerably  to  the  west  of 

The  Atlantic  slope,  is  that  part  of  the  south-west,  and  crossing  Tennessee,  imper- 

United  States,  from  wh'ch  the  streams  flow  ceptibly  merges  into  the  general  level  of 

into  tlie  Atlantic  ocean.     This  !'egion  ex-  the  adjacent  country,  in  Alabama,  Georgia, 

tends  from  Florida  point,  lat.  25  0,  to  the  and  Mississippi. 

sources  of  St.  John's  river,  lat.  48  0  N,  and  From   the  sources  of  the   Mohawk,  to 

reaches   inland   considerably   beyond   the  those  of  Tennessee,  Kenhawa,  and  James' 

main  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  mountains,  river,  the  table  land  gradually  rises,  advn:,. 

It  is  a  very  interesting  fitct  in  tlie  geogra-  cingfrom  NE  to  SW.     Tlie  sources  of  the 

phy  of  tlie  United  States,  that  the  real  de-  Mohawk  flow  from  a  surface  about  609  feet 

viding  Une  between  the  rivers  of  the  Atlan-  above   the  Atlantic  Ocean;    those  of  the- 

tic  slope  and  those  flowing  into  the  basins  Tennessee,  Kenhawa,    and    James'  river, 

of  St.  Lawrence,  and  Mississippi,  and  the  from  a  table  land  from  1500  to  2000  feet 

rangeof  intermediate  mountains,  cross  each  above  the  ocean  level.     The  intermediate 

other  obliquely.    The  Tepnessee  and  Ken-  sireams  rise  upon  elevations,  nearly  com- 

hav/a  rivers,  rise  E  of  all  the  mountain  mensurate  to  their  particular  distance  from 

ridges  but  one  ;  and  the  Susquehannah  and  the  extremes. 

Mohawk,  have  their  sources  west  of  the  The  entire  Appalachian,  or  Allegany 
Appalachian  system.  In  both  cases  the  system,  is  about  1200  miles  in  length,  and 
rivers  pierce  the  mountain  ridges  in  their  including  all  its  lateral  ridges  100  miles 
progress  towards  their  respective  recipi-  wide  ;  embracing  an  area  of  120,000  square 
ents.  This  peculiar  structure  gives  great  miles.  Cut  a  small  part  however,  compara- 
facility  of  water  communication  across  an  tiyely  of  this  superficies  is  actually  covered 
extensive  mountain  mass.  with  mountains.  Some  of  thp  most  pro- 
Take  into  one  general  view,  the  Atlantic  '^"Ctive^,  picturesque,  and  salubrious  sec- 
slope  declines  by  gradulally,  but  unequally  *'""^  °^  ^}?^  United  States  are  found  in  the 
from  the  sources  of  its  nvsrs  towards  the  ^^^Ueys  of  this  mountain  system.  They  are 
Atlantic  coast.     North  East  from  the  Hud-  ^'"'P'y  noticed  in  this  treatise,   under  the 


son,  this  slope  terminates  by  hills  on  the 
ocean;  but  SW,  from  that  river,  in  an  al- 
luvial plain.  See  the  various  States,  and 
Rivers,  of  the  Atlantic  slope. 

Though,  not  the  actual  dividing  ridge 
between  the  sources  of  its  rivers,  the  Al- 
legany, or  Appalachian  mountain  system,  is 
a  very  prominent,  and  influential  feature  in 


respective  states,  and  counties  within  their 
range,  to  v,-hich  the  reader  is  referred. 

'i'lie  reader  is  also  referred  for  the  other 
great  natural  sections  of  the  United  States, 
to  tiie  ai'ticles  Cidppewan,  Columbia,  Mas- 
seme,  MissiaVtppU^Missouri,  St.  Laiorence, 

The  classified  and  progressive  popula- 
the  physiognomy  of  the  United  States.    \¥  ^}^'' f,}^^.  '^"=*f^  ^^^^^^'  "^'^  exhibited  in 
is  composed  of  two  very  distinct  masses,    the  following  tables, 
separated  by  the  deep  tide  vale  of  the  Hud-       Population  in  1810 
son.     North   East  from  that  singular  bay,   Free  xvhite  males       '-        -         2.988.141 
two  ridges  extend  nearly  N  and  S.     Fu^t.       ^o.    do.    females    -        -  2  873  952 

the  main  ridge  between  the  basins  of  the  '     •j,^>ii, 

Hudson,  and  lake  Champlain,  and  tl.at  of  Total  whites        -        -        -  5,862,093 

Connecticut  river  :  and  the  second,  ,n  more   All  other  persons  except  Indians 

broken  fragments  E  of  the  latter  basm.        not  taxed  -        - 

One  part  of  the  latter  ridge,  the  White   slaves  .        -        J        ' 

mountains  of  New  Hampshire  is  the  highest 

lalltfsMrt  '^''^^'"'     ^^  ^'""  countijlj^Tew  Total  population  in  1810 


186,446 
1.191,364 

7',239,903 


South  west  from  the  Hudson,  the  Appa-       Population  in  1820. 
lachian  system,  with  some  apparent  confu-    Free  white  males        -        .         3  992  166 
sion,  extends  in  ridges  lying  nearly  parallel       do.    do.    females    -        -         3,'863,*916 

1051 


AN-NUAL  TREASURY  fiEPOllT  OP  THE  UNITEB  STATES'. 


All  ether  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed 


4.631 


Total  whites        -        -        -         7.840,713 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males       112,703 

do.  do.        females,  120,695 

Sla\'es,  males       -        -        -  784,671 

do.    females     -        -        -  746,765 


Total  population  in  1820      - 

9,625,547 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do.      in  Commerce 

53,655 
2,065,499 

349.24''- 
72,o97 

To  complete  the  enumeration, 
the  inhabitants  of  tlie  United 
States  in  1820,  to  the  above 
aggregate 

Must  be   adde.1,  the  popula- 
ef  Kershaw  district,  South 
Carolina       -            -            - 

9^25,547 

12,442 

Additional  counties    of   Ala- 
bama          -            _            _ 

15,324 

Elorida 

10,000 

Corrected  Amount  *  9,663,313 

Progressive  population  since 
tha  vear  1790  : 

In  1790            -            -  -  3,929,328 

ISOO             -             -  -  5,306,035 

1810            -            -  -  7,239,903 

1820            -            -  -  9.663,313* 

Tn  Estimating  the  comparative  population 
to  the  square  mile,  it  will  be  four  and  a 
third,  if  the  whole  territory  of  the  Uiiited 
States  is  included  ;  but  amoun'.s  to  16  to 
t!ie  square  mile,  v/hen  we  include  only  the 
f.vea  actually  embraced  by  the  census  of 
1820,  or  about  600,000:squajemilet. 

*  Several  very  serious  discrepancies  ex- 
ist in  the  general  ag-gregate  published  at 
Washington,  from  the  Marshal's  return  of 
the  census  of  1S20.  In  the  general  sum- 
vnary  v/hich  precedes  the  separate  tables, 
the  entire  population  of  the  United  S  ates 
is  given  at  9,625,734 ;  but  when  the  classes 
in  the  various  columns  are  numbered  fr  m 
the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  page,  or  fiom 
left  to  right,  a  differenc?  in  ihe  respective 
tesults  is  found,  amounting  to  20,187.  In 
seai'ching  lor  the  source  of  this  large  error, 
it  was  discovered,  that  the  column  lieadi-d 
"  Free  -white  males  of  16  ajid  tinder  26,  i7iclu- 
ding  heads  of  families"  was  755,520,  instead 
of  775,520,  the  real  number.  The  small 
fraction  of  187,  was  made  up  of  minor  er- 
rors, of  too  little  moment  to  rendep  specifi- 
cation necessarv. 


1,21S,966  40 


336,290  11 


ANNUAL  TREASURY  REPORT. 
In  obedience  to  the  directions  of  the  "  Act 
supplementary  to  the  Act  to  establish 
the  Treasury  Department,"  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  respectfully  submits  the 
following  Report : 

1.  Of  ihe  Public  Revenue  arid  Expenditure, 
of  the  Years  1821  and  1822. 
The  neat  revenue 
which  accrued  from 
duties  on  imports 
and  tonnage,  da. 
ring  the  year  1S2X, 
amounted  to  §15,898,4:4  42 

The  actual  re- 
ceipts in  the  Trea- 
sury, during  the 
year  1821,  inclu- 
ding the  loan  of 
5,000,000,  amount- 
ed to  19,573,703  7Q 

Viz.— 
Customs  13,004,447  15 

Public  lands,  ex- 
clusive of  Missts- 
appi  stack 

Arrears  of  in- 
ternal duties  and 
direct  tax 

Dividend  on 
stock  in  Bank  of 
the  United  States 
and  other  inci- 
dental receipts 

Loan  authorised 
by  act  of  the  3d 
March,  1821,  inclu- 
ding a  premium  of 
g264,703  70  gain- 
ed on  the  same        5,000,000  00 

Making,  with  the  "" 
balance       in      the 
Treasury,    on    the 
1st     of     January, 
1821,  of  1,198,461  21 

An  aggregate  of  20,773,164  93 

The     expendi- 
tures during  1821, 
Amounted  to  19,090,572  69 

Civil,  diplomatic, 
and  miscellaneous    3,241,871  54 

Militai'y  service, 
including  fortifica- 
tions, ordnance,  In- 
dian Department, 
Revolutionary  and 
Military  pensions, 
arming  the  mili- 
tia, and  arrearages 
prioE  to  the  1st 
Januaij,  18W  5,162,364  47 

Naval  services, 
including  the  gra- 
dual increase  of  the 
Navy  3,319,243  06 

Public  debt  8,367,093  62 


AltNUAL  TfiEASUnV  REPORT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Leading  a  ba- 
lance in  the  Treas- 
Mry,  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1822,  of 

The  actual  re- 
ceipts in  the  Treas- 
uiy,  (luring  the 
three  first  quarters 
of  the  year  1822, 
are  estimated  to 
have  amounted  to  14,745,408  75 
Viz  — 

Customs 

12,648,933  15 

Public  lands  ex- 
clusive of  Missis- 
sippi Stock 

1,298,584  56 

Arrears  of  inter- 
nal duties  and  di- 
rect tax,  dividend 
on  stock  in  the 
Bank,  and  other  in- 
cidental receipts 

391,871  7© 

Balances  of  ap- 
propriations for  the 
War  and  Navy  De 
partments,  return- 
ed to  the  Treasury, 
and  carried  to  the 
surplus  fund 

406,119  28 

The  actual  re- 
ceipts  into  the 
Treasury,  during 
the  4th  quarter, 
are  estimated  at       5,000,000  00 

Making  the  total 
estimated  receipts 
into  the  Treasury 
during  the  year 
1822 


And  with  the  ba- 
lance in  the  Treas- 
ury, on  the  1st  of 
January,1822,form- 
ing  an  aggregate  of 

The  expenditures 
during  the  three 
first  quarters  of  the 
year  1822,  are  esti- 
mated to  have 
amounted  to  12,278,653  o5 

Viz.— 

Civil,  diplomatic, 

and  miscellaneous 

1,536,434  2-i 

Military  service, 
including  fortifica- 
tions, ordnance,  In- 
dian Department, 
revolutionary  and 
military  pensions, 
arming  the  militia, 
and  arrearages 
prior  to  1st  Janu- 
ary, 1817, 

4,930,210  68 


Naval  service,  in- 
cluding the  gradual 
increase      of     the 
1,681,592  24    Navy,  1,558,952  88 

Public  debt 

4,-276,055  52 

The  expendi- 
tures during  the 
fourth  quarter,  in- 
cluding the  re- 
demption of  the 
§2,000,000  of  six 
per  cent,  stock  of 
1820,  are  estimated 
at  6,000,000  00 

Making  the  total 
estimated  expendi- 
ture of  the  year 
1822  18,278,653  33 

And '  leaving  in 
the  Treasury  on 
the  1st  of  January 
112.5,  an  estimate 
of  3,148,347  67 

After  deducting  from  this  sum,  certma 
balances  of  appropriations  amounting  to 
551,232,212  11,  which  are  necessary  to  effect 
the  objects  for  -which  they  were  severally 
made,  or  hare  been  deducted  from  the  esti- 
mates, for  the  service  of  the  ensuing  year  a 
balance  of  ^1,916, l.;5  56,  remains;  which, 
with  the  receipts  into  the  Treasury  during  the 
year  182),  continues  the  means  for  defraying 
'  the  current  service  of  that  year. 

2.  Of  the  Public  Debt. 

The  funded  debt 
which  was  contract- 
ed before  the  year 
1812,  and  which 
was  unredeemed  on 
the  1st  day  of  Octo- 
ber, 1821,  amount- 
ed to  17,885,746  S4 

And  that  which 
was  contracted  sub- 
sequently to  the  1st 
of  January,  1812, 
and  was  nnredeeic- 
ed  on  the  1st  of 
Oct.  1221,  amount- 
to  73,552,458  18 

!?fcaking  the  total 
amount  of  funded 
debt  unredeemed 
on  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber, 1821  93,686,205  €!2- 

In  the  fourth 
quarter  of  that  year 
there  was  issued 
Treasury  Note  six 
per  cent,  stock,  to 
the  amount  of  5<iQ  40 

Making  an  ag- 
gregate of 

In  the  same  quar- 
ter there  was  paid 
the  sum  of  £f63,7*38  75 

Viz.  Reimburse- 
ments of  six  pel', 
renf.  ffpferred  stock    257.180  <Tfl 


19,745,408  75 


21,427,000  99 


93,686,595  42 


ANXtJAL  TREASURY  REPORT  OF  TSE  ^Nlt^D  &TATES. 


Reduction  of  the 
funded  debt,  on  the 
1st  January,  1822, 
to 

From  that  daV 
the  1st  of  October 
last,  there  was  is- 
sued three  per  cent. 
;  tjck  to  the  amount 
of 

Making;  an  ag- 
gregate of 

During  the  same 
period  there  was 
paid  the  sum  of 

Viz.  Reimburse- 
ment of  6  per  cent, 
deferred  stock 

Redemption  of  C 
per  cent,  stock  of 
1796 


93,423,856  67 


143  02 


93,423,999  69 


Redemption     of  same  day  in  1821  chargeable  on  the  reve- 

Louisiana  stock  5,558  16  nue  of  1822. 

It  is  estimated  the  value  of  domestic  ar- 
ticles exported  from  the  United  States,  in 
the  year  ending  on  the  30th  of  September 
last,  has  amounted  to  42,874,079  00  and 
that  foreign  articles  expor  ed  during  the 
same  period,  have  amounted  ro  22,216,202. 
As  the  receipts  from  the  customs  in  the 
year  1823  depend,  1st  upon  the  amount  of 
duty  bonds  which  become  due  within  that 
year,  after  deducting  the  expense  of  col^ 
lection,  and  the  amount  of  debentures 
chargeable  upon  vhem  ;  and  2d,  upon  such 
portion  of  t'ne  duties  secured  in  the  1st 
and  2d  quarters  of  that  year  as  are  payable 
380~980  02  ^^'*hiri  the  year ;  it  is  manifest  that  an  in- 
crease in  the  amount  of  debenture  charge- 
able upon  the  revenue  of  the  year  1823  or 
300,230  02  a  diminution  of  tlie  importations  of  foreign 

merchandize  during  the  two  first  quarters 
of  that  year,  must  necessarily  diminish  the 
80,000  00  receipts  iuto  the  Treasury.      As  deben- 

— . —   tures  can  be  issued  at  any  time  within 

twelve  months  after  importation,  chargea- 
ble   upon  bonds  given  for  the  duties  upon 
such  importation,  it  is  impossible  to  fore- 
see the  amount  which  may  be  chargeable 
upon  the  bonds  that  are  payable  during 
the  year  1823.     The  facts,  however  which 
have  been  stated,  justify  the  conclusion, 
2,265,588  07  .  that  the  amount  of  debentures  which  will 
be  issued  and  charged  upon  the  revenue 
of  1823,    will   considerably  exceed    the 
amount  which  was  chargeable  upon  that 
of  1822.    From  the  same  facts,  it  is  also 
presumed  that  the  importations  of  the  two 
first  qiarters  of  tlie  year  1823  will  be  less 
than  the  corresponding  quarters   of  the 
present  year. 
Giving  due  weight 
90,777,431  60    to  all  the  facts  con- 
nected with  the  sub- 
ject,   the    receipts 
the  year  1123,  m;*y 

be  estimated  at  21,100,000 

27,437  00  Vi:  .— 

Customs, 


265,588  07 


Reducing  the 
funded  debt,  on  the 
1st  of  October, 
1822,  to 

It  is  estimated 
that,  in  the  4th 
quarter  of  the  pre- 
sent there  will  be 
paid 

Viz.  Reimburse- 
ment of  6  per  cent, 
deferred  stock 

Redemption  of 
BIX  per  cent,  stock 
Of  1820    ■  2,000,000  00 

Which  will  re- 
duce the  funded 
debt,  unredeemed 
on  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary, 182.^  to 

The  amount  of 
Treasury  notes  out- 
standing on  the  1st 
of  October,  1822, 
is  estimated  at 

And  the  amount 
of  Mississippi  stock 
unredeemed  ou 
that  day,  at 


93,043,019  67 


^iPulic  lands, 


ank  dividends. 
Arrears  of  inter- 
nal duties  and  direct 
tax,   and  incidental 


26,73^ 
3.   Of  the  Estimate  of  the  Public  lievemie 

and  ExpemUUire  for  the  year  1823.  receintB 

The  gross  am  lunt  of  duties  on  imports  Tq  which  is   to 

and  tonnage  which  accrued  from  the  1st  be  added  the  sum  of 
of  January,   to   the   30th   of   September 

last,   both   days  included  is  estimated  at  Remaining  in  the 

g  19,500,000  00 ;  and  that   of  tlie  whole  treasury  after  satis- 

year  at  §23,000,000  00.  fjing  the   balances 

It  is  estimated  that  the   amount  of  de-  "f     appropriations 

bentures,  issued  during  the  same  period,  chargeable       upon 

exceeds  the  amount  issued  during  the  cor-  ^'''^  revenue  of  1822 

respo)iding  per.od  of  t!,e  year  ^1821    by  ~h. '"---"ftH^ 

o«oc  firto       J    ,^1    i.  ^1-                 ..     i-   1  L  entire  means  i)f  the 

5S8b,000  and  that  the  amount  of  deben-  year  182 ^amount to 

"ures  outstanding,  on  the  30th  of  Septem-  The  expenditure 

ber  last,  chargeable  lipon  the  revenue  of  of  the  year  1823,  is 

T623.  is  ^234,000  more  ih^n  wras  on  t?ip  estimated  at 


19,000,000 
1,600,000 
350,000 


150,000 


1,916,135  56 


23,016,135  56 


i5,(i^^7  se 


V  O  E 


V  o  i: 


I'lz .— - 

Ciril,  diplomatic 
and  luiscellaTieous 

-Military  service, 
including  fortifica- 
tions, ordnance,  In- 
dian Department, 
revolutionary  and 
njiJitary  pensions, 
arming  the  militia, 
and  arrearages  pri- 
or to  the  1st  of  Jan- 
uary, 1817 

Naval  service, 
including  the  gra- 
dual increase  of 
the  Navy 

Public  debt. 

Which  being  de- 
ducted from  the 
above  sum,  will 
leave  in  the  trea- 
sury, on  the  1st 
day  of  January, 
1824,  after  satisfy- 
ing the  current  de- 
mands of  the  year 
182.),  a  sum  estima- 
ted at 


1,599,317  35 


5,134,292  73 


2,723,987  12 
5,602,000 


956;5^8  34 


For  the  cymmerce,  and  revenue  of  U<* 
United  Slates,  See  the  respective  <;oirj- 
mercial  ports.  ^"       . 

Unity,  township. and  post  villug©^'  IS^h- 
nebec  county,  Maine,  30  miles  ab6'i;e  Au- 
gusta.    Populatii)n  in  1820,  978. 

Unity,  post  village,  and  t'Wnship,  Ches- 
shire  couiity.  New  Hampshiri|»;^rniles  N 
W  from  Concord.  Population  *n  1819, 
1044  i  and  in  1820,  1277. 

Unity,  township  of  Westmoreiind  coun- 
ty, Pennsy'tvauia,  containing  2,174  inlilfei- 
tants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1820, 2436.  It  is  si- 
tuated between  Loyal'ianoii  and  Big  Se 
wickley  creeks,  about  10  miles  E  of  Greens- 
burg. 

Unity  town;>liip,  Columl<iana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  1195. 

Umia,  in  the  county  of  Marck,  formerly, 
a  considerable  hanseatic  town,  on  a  brod^ 
called  Kottelbeck,  10  miles  NE  of  Dort- 
mund, and  35  S  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  49  E, 
lat.  5128N. 

Umm,  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  which 
runs  through  Croatia,  passes  by  Wihitch 
and  Dubilza.  and  falls  into  the  Save. 

Unst,  most  remote  of  the  Shetland  isl- 
ands extending  beyond  61  0  N  lat.  eight 
miles  long  and  four  broad. 

Unsterseen,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 

canton  oi  Bern.     Lon.  7  28  R,  lat.  56  35  N. 

Unza,  or  Unsha,  town  of  Russia,  in  tiie 

government  of  Kostroma.    Lon.  44  15  E, 

lat.  57  56  N. 

Voerden,  town  of  the  United  Provinces  in 
Holland.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  10 
miles  W  of  Utrecht,  and  20  S  of  Amster- 
dam.   Lon.  4  58  B,  lat.  53  6  N, 


Voghera,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duciiy  of  Mian  and  territo-y  ofPavia.  It 
li  pleasantly  seated  on  the  Staffora,  14 
miles  SSW  of  Pavia,  and  30  S  by  W  of 
MUan.     Lon.  9  10  E,  lat.  44  59  N 

Vog-labruck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
arcliduchy  of  Austria,  which  enjoys  the 
privilege  of  granting  protection  to  slaves. 
Lon.  13  40  E.  !at.  58  1  N. 

Vogoids.  people  in  Asia,  subject  to  Rus- 
sia, who  iiave  established  their  habitations 
in  the  forests  on  the  N  side  of  Mount  Ou- 
Bal,  extending  tliemselves  to  the  W,  and 
still  farther  on  the  plains  to  the  E  of  this 
chain  of  nrountains.  Here  they  have  dwelt 
fur  tin^e  immemorial,  and  are  possessed  of 
traditions  which  have  a  great  conformity 
wilh'hi.story.  Some  authors  pretend  that 
they  are  the'  brethren  of  the  ancient  O'Jgri- 
ans,  or  of  the  pr-sent  Hungarian's,  and 
found  thtir  conjecture  on  the  situation  of 
the  Vogoul  territory,  and  the  strikini:^  re- 
semblance there  is  between  the  languages 
of  tue  two  nations. 

-'lipoid  town  of  Fr.'i.nce,  in  the  department 
ofMeur'hf,  and  late  province  of  Lorrain. 

VoiglxtJand,  territory  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per .S.xohy,  en  the  four  circles  of  the  Mar- 
iuisat:     "  '-,     V  is  bouiided  on  the  E 

53/  Bo;  ;;e  N  '>y  the  duchy  of  Al- 

tti.buig,  ai  u  (   1  the  W  by  Thuringia  and 
f'ranconia.     I*^]  ^wen  is  the  capital. 

Voigtsberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  cir- 
cle «n  Uppei-  Saxony,  with  a  citadel. 

^dkelm<i>'k,  or  TfoUckmayJi,  town  of  Ger- 
many, •»  the  circle  of  Austria.  Lon.  14 
56  B,  lat  46  45  N. 

Volano,  seapi.-rt  of  Italy  in  the  Fcrrarese, 
seated  on  the  gidf  of  Venice,  at  one  of  the 
niouths*of  tUe  Po,  40,  40  milefj:  of  Fer- 


rara.     Lon4^^6  E,  lat.  44  52 


if  iJie  Li  pari  Islands,  in  the 
nillsrs  in  circumljrencc. 
the  forn  of  a  broken 
smoke  onh'. 
dcanic  island 
Lveen  that   of 


in  the 
Liparl 


Volcan 
•■■diterranej 
Fis  a  t«olc:il 
•.^ne,  bu' 
%Vol(ciiei 
AlSSlerranean, 

cano.       ^^    ^  ^ 

large^tW^eij^'  Europe,  which 
sonr^^ii)  twor'small  lakes,  in  the 
iricrnt  fflil^lesko?,  n  Russia,  about 
3  W  of  Tver.  It  begins  to  be  na- 
vigable a  few  miles  above  that  town,  and  is 
considerably  augmented  here  by  the  junc- 
tion of  tiie  Tverza,  whicli  is  a  broader, 
deep<:t',  and  more  rapid  river.  By  means 
of  ti'e  Tverza,  a  communication  is  made 
hetvvf  en  the  Volga  and  the  Neva,  or,  in 
other  words,  between  the  Caspian  ar.d  the 
B  dtic.  Tills  river  waters  some  of  the  finest 
provinces  in  the  Russian  empire,  passes 
by  Yar  slat,  Kostroma,  Nishne-Novogorod, 
Easan,  Simbirsk,  and  Saratof,  "entering  the 
Caspian  Sea,  by  several  mouths,  below  As- 
tracan. 

.  Volhynia,  palatinate  of  Russian  Poland^ 
t0^5 


V  e  JR, 


h   V  P 


SOO  miles  long'  and  1S0  broad ;  bounded 
on  the  N  by  Polesia,  on  the  E  by  Kiof,  on 
the  S  by  Podolia,  and  on  the  W  by  Austri- 
an Poland.  It  consists  chiefly  of  plains 
watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers.  Luc- 
ko  is  the  capital. 

Vollenhoven,  town  of  Overyssel,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  ^ame  name,  on  the  Zuy- 
der-Zee,  8  miles  SW  of  Steenvvich,  and  12 
NW  of  Zwol      Lon.  5  42  E,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Volney,  township  of  Oswego  county,  New 
York.     Population  in  1820,  1691. 

Valot  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Jan- 
na,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  where 
there  is  a  good  harbour,  30  miles  SE  of 
Larissa.    Lon.  22  55  E,  lat.  39  21  N. 

Volodimir,  or  Vladimir,  government  of 
Russia,  formerly  a  province  of  Moscow, 
containing  14  districts. 

Volodimir,  or  Vladimir,  town  of  Russia, 
capital  of  the  government  of  that  name, 
and  once  the  metropolis  of  the  Kussian 
empire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kliasma,  110 
miles  E  by  N  of  Moscow. 

Vologda,  government  of  Russia,  fonnedy 
the  large  t  province  of  Russia,  divided  inio 


the  iwo  provinces  of  V 
Ustlug,  and  containin;, 

Vologda,  town  of  R- 
vince  of  the  same  name,  sea; 
on  the  river  Vologda.     Li 
59  40  N. 

Volta,   river  of  Africfi, 
N  to  S,  and  falls  into  the  Atlan 

Volterra,  town  of  lxi\y,  in  T 
miles  SW  of  Florerice.  Lon.  10 
43  26  N. 


ties  of  Feldkirch,  Bregentz^^Pludente, 
and  Sonnaberg 

Vorden,  town  of  Gerntiany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia.  Lon.  8  24  E,  lat.  52 
29  N. 

Vorijigen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia. 
Lon.  9  12  E,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Veroneiz,  government  of  Russia,  con- 
taining 15  districts. 

Voronetz,  town  of  Russia,  the  capi- 
tal of  a  government  of  the  -sam^name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Voronetz,  below  its' 
junction  with  the  Don,  217  miles  S  by 
E  of  Moscow.  Lon.  39  40  E,  lat.  51 
36  N. 

Vosges,  department  of  France,  including 
that  part  of  Lorrain,  which  .-was  lately 
a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  so  * 
called  from  a  chain  of  mountains,  cover- 
ed with  wood,  that  separates  this  de- 
partment from  the  department  of  Upper 
Saone,  and  Upper  Rhine. 

Voiiaks,  name  of  a  people  who  inhabit 
the  land  between  the  rivers  Kama  and 
the  Viatki ;  they  are  commonly  of  a  mid- 
dling stature,  and  thin.    The  colour  of 
their  hair  is  various,   but  for  the  most 
piait  reddish ;   and  they  resemble  the 
iViarsh^*^*"''^  in  their  make  more  than  any  na- 
E   1"''      '^  '■^^^  derives  its  origin  from  them. 
'    "  '        Vou-liou-hien,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince,of  Kiang-nan,  and  jurisdiction  of 
Tay-ping-fou ;  the  most  considerable,  in 
point  of  riches,  in  that  jurisdiction*    It  is 
52  miles  SW  of  Tay-ping-fou. 

Vouille,,  v«tUage  of  France,  where  was 


nd    Velibi- 


Voltei,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  fought  the    memorable  battle  between 

Genoa,  six  miles  W  of  Genoa.  Clovis  and  Alaric,  king  of  the  Visigoths^ 

ro;/wmo^iver  of  Italy,  in  Naplej,  which  ^\  ?•    ^0^  ^Y  which  the  power   of  the 
in  l(»e  Appenines,  p 


rise 

and  Capua,  and  ialls  into  th 

Volturara,  town  of  Napl 
seated,  at  the   foot  of 
miles  W  of  Lucera,  an 
Lon.  15  14  E,  lat.  41 

Volvic,  town  of  Fri 
ment  of  Puy  de  Do 


mense  quantities.  <rf 
which  is  formed  fnto  "qfliikrries, 
used  instead  of  stone  in  l|Bikiir.r  t 
jacent  towns,  ^ 

Vohintoivii,  township  of  Windham  coun- 
ty, Connecticut  Population  1810,  2016 ; 
and  in  1820,  1116. 

Voor7i,  fort  of  Guelderland,  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wahal  a; id 
the  Maese. 

Voom,  island  of  South  Holland,  between 
the  mouths  of  the  Mac-se.  Briel  is  the 
capital. 

Voornhmd,  territory  of  South  Holland, 
consisting  of  the  islands  of  Voorn,  Goree, 
and  Overslackee. 


b* Isernia    ^-^ths  was  destroyed,   and  that  of  the 
f  ol  Gaieta.    Franks  established  in  Gaul. 
Capiianata,         Voutchang-fou,   city  of  China,  and  ca- 
enines,  atk^pital  of  a  province  of  Hou-quang. 
ofNaples.    *     Vo7i-theou,  or  Fou-thceou,  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  250  miles  S 
e  deaai-    by  W  of  Nanking.    Lon.  116  25  E,  lat. 
There  arfftn-  .25  50  N. 
a  in  its  li^^tyy'     Upland,  province  of  Sweden,  which  is 


a  sort  of  peninsula,  bounded  on  the  W 
by  Westmania  and  Gestricia,  on  the  NE 
by  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  S  by  the  sea  of 
Suderniania.  It  is  70  miles  long  and  45 
bi'oad,  enriched  with  inexhaustible  mines 
of  copper,  iron,  and  silver  ;  and  the  pea- 
sants are  chiefly  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  those  metals.  Stockholm  is 
the  capital. 

Upm:;ister,  village  in  Essex,  seated  on  a 
lofty  eminence,  three  miles  SE  of  Rum- 
ford. 

Upper  I>«^i7H,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  containing  1050  in- 
habitants in   1810  ;   and  in  1820,  1259  ; 


Voralbcrg,  or  Vorarlberg,  district  of  Up-    situated  between  Horsham  and  White* 
iiev  AtRtria ;  coroDrjsing  the  four  coau-   marsh,  live  miles  NW  qf  Jsnl^int^vfi' 


L  U  A 


G  U  G 


Upper,  SVV  township  of  Lawrence 
county,  0\\\o.    Population  18:^0,  414. 

Upper  Freehold.,  township  ot  Monmouth 
county,  New  Jfcrsey,  situatt-d  oii  the  S 
side  of  the  river  Shrcwsburv,  12  miles  S 
of  Ainboy.  It  contained  .U83  inhabitants 
in  1810;  and  in  1820,  4541. 

Upper  M:irIbo7-oH^h,  village  with  a  post 
office,  in  P.  ince  Georg  county,  Mary- 
land, 18  miles  E  by  S  of  Washington, 
and  20  SW  of  Annupolis 

Uppingham,  town  of  Rutlandshire,  on 
an  eminence,  six   miles  S  of  Oakham 
and  90  N  by  VV  of  London.    Lon  0  45 
<W,  lat  52  36  N. 

Upsal,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland, 
with  a  famous  university.  It  stands  in 
an  open  plain,  fertile  in  grain  and  pas- 
ture, is  a  smal,  but  very  neat  town,  con 
taining,  exclusive  af  the  students,  ab  )Ut 
3000  inliabitants.  The  university  is  the 
most  ancient  in  Sweden,  and  the  first 
^seminary  in  the  north  for  academical 
education.  The  Royal  Socirty  here  is 
^  Irkewise  the  oldest  literary  academy  in 
the  north.  Here  is  an  observatory,  plah- 
ned  by  the  celebrated  Celsius,  from 
which  the  Swedish  geographers  com- 
pute the  longitude  ;  also  a  botanical  gar 
den,  of  which  the  famous  Linnaeus  was  su- 
perinteudant.  Upsal  is  35  miles  NNVV 
of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  39  E,  lat.  59 
52  N 

Upton,  tov/n  in  Worcestershire,  on  the 
Severn.  11  miles  S  of  Worcester,  and  111 
WNW  of  London. 

Uruch,  town  of  Suabia,  in  th^  king- 
dom of  Wirtemberg.  It  has  a  great 
trade  in  paper,  damasks,  and  linen,  and 
is  21  nii^es  SSE  of  Stutgard 

Uraguatj,  province  of  Paroguay,  so 
named  from  a  large  river,  which  unites 
with  the  Pai-ana,  "0  miles^abovt  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  forms  the  famous  river 
Plata. 

Ural,  river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in 
Mount  Caucasus,  flows  by  Orenburg, 
Uralsk,  and  Gurief,  and  enters  the  Cas- 
pian sea  by  three  mouths. 

Ural  Mountains  chain  of  mountains, 
extending  from  the  50th  to  near  the  67th 
degree  of  N  lat.  cr  about  1150  miles,  and 
has  by  the  Russians  been  called  ths 
back  of  the  v/orld.  The  central  part  of 
this  chain  abounds  in  metals  ;  and  they 
contain  fine  white  marble.  Pauda,  one 
of  the  highest  mountains,  is  said  to  be 
4512  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
This  chain  forms  a  considerable  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Europe  and 
Asia. 

Uralian   Cossacs,  Tartar  tribe  that  in- 
habit the  Russian  province  of  Orenburg, 
on  the  S  of  the  river  Ural.    These  Cos- 
sacs  are  descended  from  those  of  the 
6S 


V 


Don  ;  and  were  formerly  called  the  C'os-« 
sacs  of  the  Yiik  ;  but  the  name  of  the 
rivi-r  and  ptropl-.  wa>,  changed  m  1771, 
on  the  suppn  bsion  of  the  rebellion  of 
Pugatch  f.  Tlie  river  Y  lik  was  from 
thence  called  the  Urai ;  tlr-  Yaik  Cos- 
sacs  were  dennminated  Uralian  Cossccs  5 
and  the  town  of  Y'aitsk  was  named 
Uralsk 

Uralsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus  and  province  of  Oren-* 
burg.  It  was  formerly  called  Y'^aitsk, 
and  is  seated  oi>  the  rivet  Ural,  ''^TS  miles 
NNE  of  Astracan  Lon.  50  10  E,  lat. 
52  ON. 

Uranibuvg,  once  a  magnificent  castle 
of  Denmark,  in  the  island  -.i  Huen  It 
was  built  by  Tvcho  Brahe,  a  celebrated 
astronomer,  who  called  it  Uraniburir,  or* 
Castle  of  tl^.e  Heavens,  and  here  made 
his  observations,  It  is  now  in  ruins* 
Lon.  12  43  E,  lat.  55  55  N. 

Urbania,  town  of  Italv,  in  the  duchy' 
of  Urbiiio,  built  by  Urban  VIIJ.,  on 
the  Metro,  seven  miles  SSW  of  Urbino. 

Urhaniui,  sfeport  and  post  town  in 
Middlesex  county,  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  SE  side  of  Rappahannock  river,  12 
miles  SW  of  Liucaster,  and  47  N  of 
Yorkv  and  60  N  by  W  of  Williams- 
burg. It  lies  in  lat.  37  36  N,  and  lon.  7& 
30  W 

Urbano,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice. 
Champaign  county,  Ohio,  containing  a 
printing  office  a  court-house  and  jail,  a 
bank,  a  methodist  meetinghouse,  a  mar- 
ket house,  and  644  inhabitants.  Distance, 
43  miles  W  bv  N  from  Columbus.  Lat.  4 
3N    lop.  6  4"W 

Urbano, ^V^o  the  name  of  a  township 
in  which  is  situated  the  above  described 
town,    contauiing    1752    inhabitants    in 

1810.      m^ 

Urbiiw,  Jilcny  of  Italy,  in  the  Eccle-^ 
siastical  'State  55  miles  iong,  and  43 
brond  ;  boinnled  on  ihe  N  by  the  gulf  of 
\'t- uce,  on  the  S  by  Perugino  and  Spo- 
ledo,  on  the  E  by  Ancona,  and  on  the 
W  by  Tusci^Ti}'  and  Romagna.  The  air 
is  not  very  imholesome,  nor  is  the  soil 
fertile. 

Urbino,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  b.  tween  the  rivers 
Mftro  and  Foglia,  18  miles  S  of  Rimini, 
58  E  of  Fh.rence,  and  20  NE  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  40  E,  lat   46  46  N. 

Vreden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia.  Lon  7  8  E,  lat  52 
8N.  ' 

Urgantz,  or  Jurgantz,  town  of  the 
country  of  the  Turcomans,  formerly  a 
considerable  place,  four  miles  in  circum- 
ference, but  now  in  ruins,  and  no  pub- 
lic buildings  remains  but  a  mosque.  It  is 
240  miles  E  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  70  B 
105-^ 


us  K 

of  the  lake  Aral.    Lnn.  60  25  E,  lat.  40 
55  N. 

Ur^e!,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Ca- 
talonia, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  river  Sagra,  in  a  fertile 
plain,  surrounded  by  mountains,  planted 
with  vineyards,  60  miles  W  of  Perpig- 
nan,  and  75  N  by  W  of  Barcelona.    Lon. 

I  44  E,  lat.  42  32  N. 

Uri,  the  most  southern  canton  of  Swis- 
serland  and  the  fourth  in  rank.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N  by  the  canton  of 
Schwitz  and  the  Lake  of  the  Four  Can- 
tons, on  the  E  by  the  country  of  the  Ori- 
sons and  the  Canton  of  Glarus,  on  the  S 
by  the  bailiwics  of  Italy,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  cantons  of  Underwalden  and  Bern. 
It  is  30  miles  long,  and  12  broad.  See 
Sck~veitz, 

Uri,  Lake  of     See  IValdlsxtte-i-  Sec. 

Urmiind,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia. 

Urscl,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Rhine,  18  miles  NE  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  28  E,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Ursereiif  town  of  Swisserland.      Lon. 

II  20  E,  lat.  49  8  N       ' 

UrsUs,  St.  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Basle,  seated  on  the  Doubs, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  seven  rhiles 
S  of  Porentru. 

Usbec  Tartari/,  vast  country  of  Western 
Tartary  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  coun- 
try of  the  Kalmucks,  on  the  E  by  Thibet, 
on  the  S  by  Hindoostan,  and  on  tlie  W  by 
Persia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Uscnpia.     See  Scopia. 

Uscdom,  island  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  .it 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Oder,  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  between  vv-hich  and  the  island  of  Wol- 
lin,  is  a  passage  called  the  sttin.  It  had 
formerly  a  considerable  town  of  the  same 
name,  which  whs  almost  reduced  to  ashes 
in  1473.     Lon.  14  11  E,  Ijt  54  6  N. 

Userche,  town  of  France,  itt'Jhe  depart- 
ment  of  Correze  and  6>|e  province  of  Lor- 
rain,  seated  on  a  craggy'  rock,  at  the  foot 
of  which  flows  the  Vezere,  57  mile's  SE  of 
Limoges,  and  217  S  of  Paria.  Lon.  f  37 
B,  lat.  5  27  N.  X^ 

Ushant,  island  of  France^n  the  coast  of 
the  department  ofFinisterre,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Brittany,  opposite  to  Conquet.  It 
is  eight  miles  in  circumference,  and  con 
tains  several  hamlets  and  a  castle.  Lon.  5 
4  W,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Usingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Itl.Inc  and  j.rincipality  of  Nassau 
Weiburg,  22  miles  NE  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8 
25  E,  lat.  50  10  N, 

Usk,  tow!i  in  Mormouthshirc,  o:i  the 
river  Usk,  12  miles  SW  of  Monmouth,  and 
140  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  2  36  W, 
lat.  51  41  N. 

r-.j,   r-her  of  South  Wales,  which  rises 
?058 


0  i  Z 

on  tiie  W  side  of  Brecknockshire,  divides 
Monmouthshire  into  unequal  portions,  and 
falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel. 

Ussel,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Correze,  and  late  province  of  Li- 
mosin,  32  miles  NE  of  Tulles.  Lon.  2  15 
E,  lat.  45  32  N. 

Usiauio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cremonese, 
seated  on  the  Oglio,  12  miles  NE  of  Cre- 
mona.    Lon.  10  8  E,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Usthig,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vologda.  Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  61 
15  N. 

f/lrzca, /incorporated  post  town,  Oneida 
county,  Nesv  York,  on  the  kft  bank  of  the 
Mohawk  river,  on  tlie  site  of  Fort  Schuy- 
ler. The  banks  of  the  river  rises  by  a 
gentle  acclivity  from  the  water ;  the  streets 
are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to  each  otherj 
the  houses  are  well  built,  and  gives  the 
aspect  of  a  neat  and  flourishing  village.  It 
is  the  mart  of  a  highly  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated cotmtrv,  and  the  most  commercial 
place  between  Schenectady  and  Buffaloe. 
The  Erie  canal  passes  through  the  lower 
part  of  this  town.  A  fine  wooden  bridge, 
tmites  it  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 
It  is  96  miles  by  land  from  Albany,  93  from 
Sackett's  Harbour,  and  220  from  Buffaloe. 
Lat.  4o  6  N.     Population  in  1820,  2972. 

Utica,  village  of  Clarke  county,  Indiana, 
on  Ohio  river  opposite  Transylvania,  iu 
JefPorson  county,  Kentucky. 

TJioxetei\  town  in  Staffordshire,  ot\  a 
rising  ground  near  the  river  Dove,  13  miles 
NE  of 'Stafford,  and  136  NNW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  50  W,  lat.  So  ION. 

Utrechty  province  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  30  miles  long  and  20  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N  by  Holland  and  the  Zui- 
der  Zee,  E  and  S  by  Gueklerland,  and  W  by 
Holland.  Tlie  soil  is  fertile,  and  there  are 
no  inundations  to  fear  as  in  the  other  pro- 
vinces. 

Utrecht,  fortified  city  of  Holland,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  fa- 
mous university  Here  the  union  of  the 
Seven  United  Provinces  was  begun  in 
1579  ;  and  here  was  concluded,  in  1713, 
the  peace  which  terminated  the  wars  of 
queen  Ann.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  IS 
miles  SE  of  Amsterdam,  and  So  NNW  of 
Nimegnen.     Lon.  5  8  E,  lat.  .52  6  N, 

Utrera,  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  near 
which  is  a  salt  spring.  It  is  21  miles  S  of 
Seville. 

Uuoxeter,  town  in  Staffordshire,  with 
manufacturss  of  hardware.  It  is  seated  on 
a  rising  ground,  near  the  river  Dove,  13 
miles  NE  of  Stafford,  and  135  NNW  of 
London. 

Utznachy  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
a  bailiwic  belonging  to  the  cantons  of 
Schweitz  and  Claris.  It  is  three  miles  E 
from  the  lake  of  Zurich,  and  15  N  by  W  of 
Glaris. 


A  K 


U^nchlau,  township  of  Chester  couiuy, 
Pennsylvania,  v)ii  the  N  fork  ofBrandywine 
creek,  commenci'ig  two  miles  above  Dow- 
iiingsown  Population  in  1810, 1178 ;  and 
in  1820,  1198. 

Uxbridge,  town  in  Middlesex,  with  a 
great  -raJe  in- corn  and  fioui".  The  Coin 
flows  dirough  it  in  two  streams,  and  the 
Grand  Junction  Canal  passes  close  by. 
'Uxbridge  is  15  miles  \V  by  N  of  London., 

Uxbridge,  town  of  Massaciiusetts,  in 
Worcester  county,  16  miles  S  by  E  of 
Worcester,  and  4U  SW  of  Boston. 

Uxbridge,  corporated  town  in  Middlesex, 
15  miles  W  by  N  of  London.  Lon.  0  23 
W,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Uxbridge,  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,   Massachusetts,   five   miles   W   of 


Mendoi!,  and  about  40  SW  of  Boatuii^  unu 
56  NE  of  Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  con- 
tained 1404  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in 
1820,  1551. 

Uzeda,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
capaai  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  castle.  It  s  sealed  on  the  Cogolkida,  2!.) 
mile?  NNB  of  Madrid.  Lon.  s'lo  W,  lat. 
40  46  N. 

Ifzcl,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
oi  die  North  Coast  aiid  lute  province  of 
Bretagne  17  miles  SW  of  St.  Brieux. 
Lon.  2  52  W,  lat  48  16  N. 

Uzi's,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ot  Gard,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc, 
seated  in  a  countfy  abounding  in  corn,  oil, 
silk,  and  good  wine,  12  miles  N  of  Nismis^ 
and  20  SW  of  Orange.  Lon,  4  27  E,  lat. 
44  2  N. 


W 


JVaagy  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises  in 
-  the  Carpathian  mountauis,  flows  by  Leo- 
poldsiadt,  and  joms  the  Danube  below 
Coniorn. 

Waal,  river  of  Holland,  being  the  left 
branch  from  the  llliine  below  Schenk.  It 
flows  W  through  Guelderland,  passes  by 
Nimeguen,  Tiel,  Bommel,  and  Gorcum,  and 
joins  the  Meuse,  at  Briel. 

Wabash,  river  of  the  United  States,  in 
Indiana.  It  rises  near  some  small  lakes  to 
the  SW  of  Lake  Erie,  and  taking  a  SSW 
course  of  400  miles  enters  the  Ohio  128 
miles  above  the  confluence  of  that  river 
with  tfae  Mississippi.  The  Wabash  is 
navigable  340  miles,  and  it  approaches 
within  nine  miles  of  the  navigable  waters 
of  Lake  Erie. 

Wabash,  county  of  Indiana.  By  the  cen- 
sus of  1820,  this  county  is  named  with  a 
population  of  147  ;  it  lay  N  from  Vigo. 
Parke  and  Putnam  counties,  have  been 
subsequently  formed  out  of  the  country  it 
embraced.  See  Parke  and  Putnam  in  the 
Addenda. 

Wachenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  17  miles  SSW  of 
Worms. 

jrachitaii.    See   Washitau. 

Wachovia,  tract  of  land  in  North  Caroli- 
na, between  the  rivers  Dan  and  Yadiiin,  in 
the  county  of  Surry  ;  consisting  of  100,000 
acres,  purchased  by  the  Moravians,  in 
1751,  and  named  by  them  from  an  estate 
of  count  Zinzendorf's  in  Austria.  In  1755, 
by  on  act  of  assembly,  it  wiis  made  a  sepa- 
rate parish,  called  Dobb's  Parish.  It  con- 
tains several  settlements,  of  which  Salem  is 
the  principal. 

Wacldendoiich,  town  oi'  Prussian  Guel- 
derland, seated  in  a  morass,  on  tlie  river 
Niers,  five  miles  south  of  Gueldres.  Lon, 
6:  7  E,  lat.  51  33  N. 


fJ  adesboro',  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Anson  county,  North  Carolina;  seated  o:i 
the  south  side  of  Brown  creek,  a  branch  cf 
the  Great  Pedee  river,  22  miles  west  of 
Rockingham,  and  70   west  of  Fa)  elteville. 

Wadstena,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  E  Gothland.  It  is  seated  on  the 
lake  Wetter,  160  miles  SW  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  15  37  E,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Wadsworth,  one  of  the  southern  town, 
ships  f'f  Medina  county,  Ohio.     Population 
'•in  1820,318. 

Wageiiiiigen,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
seated  on  the  Leek,  10  miles  NW  of  Nime- 
guen.    Lon.  5  31  E,  lat.  52  0  N, 

Wugeria,  or  Wagerlaiid,  fertile  territory 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  20  miles  in  length 
and  15  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on  the  NE  by 
the  Baltic  Sea;  on  tlie  S  by  the  river 
I'rave  ;  and  A||tlM^  W  by  Proper  Holstein, 
and  Stormari^flftt  is  very  fertile  in  corn^ 
and  Lube(|j^  the  |Brincipal  town. 

Waiguts',  straits^elween  Nova  Zembla 
and  Russia,  tiuough  which  tii.e  Dutch  at- 
tempted to  find  a  NE  passage  to  Cliina, 
and  sailed  a^"^  as  75  degrees  E  lon.  in  lat. 
72  25  N. 

Waihlijigen,  towH  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia. 

Wainfeci,  town  in  Lincolnshire  near  the 
sea,  in  a  fenny  part  of  the  country,  and  on 
the  river  Witham,  14  miles  NE  of  Boston, 
and  130  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  2©  ¥., 
lat.  53  10  N.     • 

Waitzen,  or  Waitz,  town  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Danube,  72  miies  ESE  of  Presburg. 
Lon,  18  38  E,  lat.  47  29  N. 

Wake,  county  of  North  Carolina  ;  bound- 
ed  SW  by  Cumberland  and  Chatham  ;  W 
by  Chatham  and  Orange  ;  N  by  Granville  ; 
NE  by  Frariklin ;  and  SE  by  JohnsoD 
Length  37  ;  mean  width  28 ;  and  area  about 
1000  square  m>!es.    Neirse  riveT  wiy»?<5 


\V    A.  L 


W  A  «. 


ihrongh  it  fromN  to  S,  and  the  great  body 
of  the  county  is  drained  by  the  vari!>us 
branches  of  that  stream.  Chief  town,  Ra- 
leigh. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -        5,287 

do.     do.    females         -        -        5,4C2 

Total  whites  ....  10,689 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxc-cl      -        -        -        -  519 

Slaves         -         -         .         .         .         5,878 


Total  population  in  1810 


17,086 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -         -         .         5,835 

do.     (!o     females   ...         6,116 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites      -        .        .        . 

H,951 

Free  persons  of  colour,  ma.es 

o56 

do.            do.       females  - 

378 

Slaves,  males      -                 -        - 

3,742 

do.    females            -        -        - 

3,675 

Total  population  in  1820 

20,102 

Of  these ; 

Foi-eigners  not  naturalized 

13 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

5  521 

do         in  Manufactures 

440 

do.        in  Comr.'urce     - 

69 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  20. 

Wakefield,  township  of  S  raflTord  county, 
New  H^m;. shire,  containing'  1166  inhabi- 
tants m  1810;  and  in  1820J  1518.  Situa- 
ted about  50  miles  NW  of  Portsmouth. 

Wakefeld,  town  in  the  \\  riding'  of 
Yorkshire.  It  has  a  tra'le  in  white  cloths 
and  tammies,  and  is  28  mile&SW  oi  York, 
and  184  NNW  of  LondQj^lft.on.  28  0  VV, 
lat.  53  41  N.  ■■™    . 

Walachia,  ancient  Xiacia,  province  of 
Turkey  in  Europe  ;  225  miic  s  long  and  125 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N'  by  iMoldavia  and 
Transylvania,  on  the  E  andS  by  the  river 
Banube,  and  on  the  W  by  Transylvania. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the'  Greek 
church.  Tergovists,  or  Tervis  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Walcheren,  principal  island  of  Zealand. 
It  is  separated  from  the  islands  of  N  and  S 
Beveland,  by  a  narrow  cliannel ;  and  from 
Flanders  by  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt ; 
being  bounded  on  the  other  sides  by  the 
German  Ocean..  It  is  nine  miles  long  and 
eight  broad,  and  being  low  is  subject  to 
inundations,  but  has  good  arable  and  pas- 
ture lands.  The  capital  of  this  island,  and 
of  the  whole  province  is  Middleburg. 

TFalcour,  town  of  the  Netheriands,'in  the 
county  of  Namur,  on  the  confines  of  Hai- 
nanlt,  between  the  Meuse  and  Sambre.   It 


i.s  seated  on  the  Ileura,  12  miles  S  of  Char- 
leroy,  and  27  SW  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  50  E, 
lat.  50  lij  N. 

Waldborough,  post  village,  port  of  en- 
try, an  t  township,  in  Linc.ln  county, 
Maine  ;  22  miles  NE  from  VViscassett. 
P  puiation  181U,  2160;  and  in  1820, 
2449. 

Waldeck.  principality  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  U|  per  Rhine,  30  rniles 
long  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E 
and  S  by  Hess^'-Cassel,  and  on  the  VV 
and  N  by  AVestphalia  It  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  covered  with  woods ;  and 
has  mines  of  iron,  copper,  quicksilver, 
and  alum. 

Waldeck,  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  castle,  seated  on  the  Steinbach, 
25  miles  WSW  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  4  E, 
lat.  51  10  N. 

Walden,  oy  Saffron  Maiden,  town  in 
Essex,  on  an  ascent  among  pleasant 
fields  of  Saffron,  which  is  here  cultiva- 
ted, 27  miles  NNW  of  Chelmsford,  and 
42  N  by  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  E,  lat. 
52  4  N. 

Waldenburg.  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Muldau.  Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  50 
49  N. 

Waldenburg  Old,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  famous 
for  its  brown  and  earthen  ware. 

Waldenburg,  or  M'allenburg,  town  of 
Swisserland  in  the  canton  -.f  Basle. 

Waldenburg,  town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  principality  of  Hohenlohe,  with  an 
ancient  castle  on  a  mountain,  six  miles 
E  !)v  N  of  Ohringen. 

Waldhebn,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  Here  was  formeriy  a  monaste- 
ry, now  converted  into  an  orphan  house 
and  house  of  correction,  in  which  vari- 
ous manufactures  are  carried  on  It  is 
situate  on  the  Zschopa,  30  miles  SE  of 
Liepsic. 

Wald7nanchen,  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  river  Schwarza,  32  miles  SSE  of 
Amberi; 

Waldoborough,  town  of  the  state  of 
Maine,  in  Lincoln  county,  16  miles  E  of 
Wjscassett. 

Waldaussen,  town  of  Bavaria,  near 
which  is  a  rich  Cistertian  abbey,  whose 
abbot  was  formerly  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire.^   It  is  44  miles  NNE  of  Amberg. 

Waldshut,  strong  town  of  Suabia, 
one  of  the  four  Forest  Towns  ;  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Black  Forest,  19  miles  VVSVV  of  Schaff- 
hausen. 

Waldstadt,  name  given  to  the  Swiss 
cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and 
UrrderwaldeT!.  It  signifies  Forest  Tontms; 


W  A  L 


W  A  I. 


these  cantons  containing  a  great  number 
of  forests.  For  the  Walstadt  of  Suabia  ; 
see  Forest  Towns. 

Walstadter  See,  or  Lake  of  (he  Four 
Cantons,  one  of  the  finest  lakes  in  Switz- 
erland. It  consists  of  three  principal 
branches,  called  the  Lakes  of  Lucern. 
Schweitz,  and  Uri.  The  river  Rtuss 
flows  through  this  lake. 

Wales,  principality  in  the  W  of  Eng- 
land, 120  miles  long  and  80  broad ;  bound 


United  States  have  a  navy  yard  on  a 
point  of  land  extending  from  Brooklyn, 
to  the  N,  having  East  river  to  the  N, 
and  the  Walabcut  to  the  S. 

Wallenstadt,  t.)Wn  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  ot  Appcnzal ;  nine  miles  VV 
of  Sargans,  and  13  iSW  of  Coire.  Lon. 
9  14  E,  lat.  'i7  1  N. 

Wallenstadt,  lai^ecf  Swisserland,  about 
16  miles  m  lenfc;ih,  and  two  in  breadth  ; 
it  is  bounded  by  exci-tding  high  mi  un- 


ed  on  the  N  by  the  Irish  sea,  W  by  that  tarns,  exct-pt  to  the  E  and  V\     1  hrouj^h 

sea  and  St.  George's  channel  S  by  the  this  Irikt  flows  the  Mat,  wluco  soon  at- 

Bristol  channel,  and  E  by  the  counties  ter  joming  the  Linth,  forms  the  river 

of  Chester,   Salop.  Hertford,  and  Mon-  Limmat. 


mouth.  It  contains  5,200,0Up  acres,  and 
the  number  of  inhabitants  was  in  1801, 
541,546  ;  in  1811,  611,788  ;  and  in  1821, 
717,141.  The  country  is  mountainous, 
but  not  barren,  producing  ail  the  neces- 
saries of  life  ;  the  cattle  and  slieep  are 
numerous,  but  small,  and  it  is  particu- 
larly famed  for  goats.    It  is  watered  by 


Wallcrstein,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
castle  belonging  to  the  cour.ts  of  Oettin- 
gen,  six  miles  bW  of  Oettingen. 

Wallingjord,  b()rcugh  in  lit  rk,shire,  on 
the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  14  miles  NW  of  Reading,  and 
46  VV  of  London.  Lon-  1  1  W,  lat.  51 
36  N. 


many  rivers,  the  principal  of  which,  and  ^^  IVaiUngford,   town  of  Connecticut,   in 

other  particulars,  are  noted  in  the  dif-  New   Haven   county,   where  tht:re  is  a 

ferent  counties.  postomce,  IJ  miles  N  ot  ^icw  tlavt  n,  '^^7 

"  Wales,  Mew  A'orth  and  South,  large  S  by  W  of  Hartford,  and  21  Nt,  of  Darby, 

country  of  New  Britain,  lying  west  and  }^  contained  2325  inhabitants  m  laiO; 

SW  of   Hudson  Bay,   and  little  known,  and  m  182u,  2237.             ^  „    ,     , 

See  Britain,  JVVw  IfaUingford,  township  ot  Rutland  coun- 

fTa/es.  ^Vew  5oa?A.  country  of  North  ty,   Vermont;   containing   1386  inhabi; 

Am.erica,  in  New  Britain,  lying  SVx^  of  tants  in  1810.    It  is  situated  on  the  lu 

Hudson's  Bay,  and  sulyect  to  Great  Bri-  side  ot  Otter  river,  about  15  miles  S  ot 


tain.  See  Britain,  JVeiv,  Hudson's  Bay, 
and  Labrador. 

Wales,  JVeiv  South,  the  E  coast  of 
New  Holland,  extending  from  43  49  to 
10  37  S  lat  being  the  N  and  S  extre- 
mities of  that  vast  island.  This  coast  was 
first  explored  by  captain  Cook,  in  1770. 
A  vast  chain  of  lofty  mountains  run  near- 


Rutland. 

Wallkill,  post  town  of  Orange  county, 
New  York  ;  containing  4213  inhabitants 
in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  4887.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  W  side  of  the  river  Hudson. 
65  miles  NNW  of  New  York,  and  110 
S  of  Albany. 

Wallkill,' r'lvtY  of  North  America.    See 


ly  in  a  north  and  south  direction  farther    Hr'^'^'ned  Lands 


than  the  eye  can  trate,  about  60  miles 
inland. 

Wales,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Maine ;  28  miles  NW  from  Wiscassett. 
Population  1810,  471 ;   and  in  1820    515. 

Wales,  township  of  Niagara  county, 
New  \''ork.    Population  1820.  903. 

Walhof,  town  of  P(;land,  in  the  duchy 
of  Courtiand.  Lon.  24  25  E,  lat.  56  35 
N. 

Walkenreid,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia, 
seated  on  the  Sorge,  20  miles  SW  of 
Halberstadt.     Lon.  21  5  E,  lat  51  53  N. 


fra//oo7!*i)  pame  formerly  given  to  the 
inhabitants  ftf  a  considerable  part  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  a  part  of  Flanders  and 
Brabant. 

IValney,  island  of  England,  on  the  coast 
of  Lancashire. 

Walmit,  NE  township  of  Fairfield 
county,  Ohio.     Population  1820,  1198. 

Walnut,  township  of  Picaway  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820.  1183. 

Wahmt  one  of  the  southtrn  townships 
of  Gallia  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
281 

Walmit  Hills,  high  bluff,  or  bank  of  the 


Walker,  township  of  Centre  county,  Mississippi  river,  Warren  county,   iVIis- 

Pennsylvania  ;   in  Nittany  valley,  com-  sissippi ;  13  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 

mencing  about  five  miles  NE  from  Belle-  Yazoo. 
font.     Population  1820,  694.  Walpach,   township  of  Sussex  county, 

Walkertown,    post    village  in    King  New  Jersey  ;  on  the  Delaware  river,  at 

and  Queen  county.  Virginia  ;  40  miles  the  mouth  of  Flatkill,   38  miles  above 

NE  from  Richmond.  Easton  in  Pennsylvania.  Population  1820, 

Wallabout,  bay  of  East  river,  N  from  822. 
Brooklvn,  and  opposite  New  York.  The       Walpo,  town  of  Sclavonia.  capital  ot 

1061 


VV  A  L 


W  A  M 


a  ccunly  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Walpo,  20 
milt's  VV  of  Esseck,  and  110  S  of  Buda. 
Lon.  19  22  E,  lat.  45  o5  N. 

Ifalpule,  post  town  in  Cheshire  coun- 
ty, New  liair.pshire ;  lying  on  E  side  of 
Connecticut  nver,  .opfjosite  to  West- 
mJnsv.T  h  Vermont ;  14  miles  NW  of 
Keen,  y  NE  of  Poukney,  and  28  S  by  E 
of  Windsor,  (the  two  last  being  in  Ver- 
mont.) 

IValpole,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Massichusetis,  containing  1998  inhabi- 
tants ;n  1810;  and  in  1820,  1366.  It  is 
situated  Li;  tween  StonghtonandiMcdway, 
23  allies  SW  of  Boston. 

Walsall,  corporate  town  of  Staffordshire. 
It  has  several  ra.iriut;c'ures  in  iron,  sucli  as 
naiK,  bridle  bits,  stinups,  spurs,  buckles, 
&c.  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  oi  a  hill,  15  miles  S  of 
Staiiord,  and  116  NW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  36  W,  lat.  52  46  N 

Walshuin  jYorth,  town  in  Norfolk,  10 
miles  E  of  Norwich,  and  123  VNE  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  1  31  E,  lat  52  40  N. 

Walsinghum,  town  in  N  rfolk,  25  miles 
'NW   of  Norwich,  and  116  NNE  of  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  53  E,  lat   52  56  N. 

Waltlium,  township  of  Middlesex  coun- 
ty,  Massachusetts,  with  1014  inhabitants  in 
18I,>;  and  in  1830,  1677.     It  con  ains  se- 
veral valuable   manufactories  particularly' 
f  )r  cotton,  and  woollen  cio'.hs. 

Waltham,  <^>v  Bishop  Waltham,  town  in 
Hampshire,  eight  m:les  S  of  Winchester, 
and  65  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  1  20  W, 
lat.  50  57  N. 

Waltham  Abbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Cvoas, 
town  ;n  Essex,  on  the  nver  i>ea,  which 
here  forms  several  islan.ls,  12  miles  N  by 
E  of  London.     Lon.  0  3  E,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Waltham  Cross,  or  irent  W<^^n,  village 
in  Hertf /rdshir. ,  which  taidiJRts  first  ap- 
pellation from  a  cross  erected  here  by  Ed- 
ward 1.  It  is  seated  nei|'  the  nver  Lea, 
12  miles  N  by  E  of  London, 

Wallhum  on  the  Wo-idd,  'own4n  L.6ices- 
terst.ire,  19  miles  NE  of  Leidffij|er,  and 
113  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  W, 
Jat.  52  51  N. 

Waltinbruch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Aich. 

Walton,  considerable  village  in  Surry, 
seated  on  the  'i'hames,  over  which  -at  this 
place  is  a  handsome  bridge,  six  miles  W 
by  S  of  Kingston. 

Walton,  township  of  Delaware  county. 
New  York,  containing  1211  inhabitants  in 
1810 ;  and  m  1820,  143ii.  It  is  situated 
on  the  NW  side  of  Mohawk  river  9b  miles 
SW  of  Albany. 

Walton,  county    of  Georgia ;    bounded 

SW  by  Nev/ton  ;'  W  by  Gwinnct ;  NW  by 

Hall ;  NE  by  Oconee  river,  or  by  Jackson 

and  Clark ;  and  SE  by  Morgan,  and  .las- 

106? 


per.  Length  25 ;  mean  width  22  ;  and  arci 
550  sqia'-e  mdes.  It  is  principally  drain- 
ed by  the  sources  of  Oconee,  and  Oak- 
mulgee  rivers.     Chief  town,  Monroe. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  480 

do.     do.     females  -        ■  484 


Total  whites  ... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .        -       -        - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        .        - 

do.     do.  females     ... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  tsxed  .        .        - 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  m'des     ■ 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males    -        -        .        - 

do.  females 


964 


60 


1,026 


1,832 
1,724 


Total  p  .pulation  in  1820 


3,556 
3 
2 

281 
350 

4,192 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  0 

Engaged  in  Xgriculture  -  ,1,091 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  7|. 

JFandenleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony. 

Wandiivash,  town  of  Asia  in  Hindoostan, 
in  the  Carnatic,  27  miles  SSE  of  Arcot, 
and  38  NNW  of  Pondicherry. 

Wandeworth,  large  village  in  Surry,  seat- 
ed on  t)ie  Wandle,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Thames,  five  miles  WSW  oi  London. 

Wangen,  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia. 
The  inhabitants  c.iriy  on  a  great  trade  in 
j)aper  and  hardware.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Orerarg,  17  miles  NE  of  Lindau,  and  30 
E  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  56  E,  lat.  47  58 
N. 

Wangen,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  Upper 
Argau,  seated  on  the  river  Aar.  Lon.  7 
30 "e,  lat.  47  16  N. 

Wangen,  tov.-n  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province 
oi  Alsace,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  moun- 
tain, and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  It  is  eight 
miles  NW  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  42  E, 
lat.  48  38  N. 

Wangfried,  town  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  in  Germany,  Lon.  9  58  E,  lat.  51 
5  N. 

Wanhckhead,  village  of  Scotland,  near 
the  lead  mines  of  Dumfriesshire,  on  that 
account  it  has  a  considerable  number  of 
Smelting  houses. 


W  A  li 


>V  A  R 


Wanstead,  village  in  Essex,  famous  fov 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  seats  in  Eng- 
land, called  Wanstead  House. 

Wantage,  toivn  in  Berkshire,  famous  for 
being  the  birth  place  of  king  Alfred,  is 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ock,  12  miles 
S  by  W  of  Oxford,  and  50  W  of  London. 
Lon.  1  16  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Wantage,  township  of  Sussex  county, 
Neve  Jersey ;  situated  in  a  mountainous 
country  on  the  East  side  of  the  river  De- 
laware, and  containing  2969  inhabitants  in 
1810 ;  and  in  1820,  3307. 

Wantzenau,  town  of  France,  i!\  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Alsace.  The  Austrians  look  this 
place  in  1793. 

Wanzleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  principality  of 
Maglttburg,  10  miles  WSW  of  Magdeburg. 

Wiippatoo,  island  in  Columbia  river,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  C.'>iumbia  river. 

Wappinger's  creek,  creek  of  Duchess 
county.  New  York,  rises  in  tJie  northern 
part  of  the  county,  and  flows  SSW  into 
Hudson's  river,  about  seven  miles  above 
Newbury. 

Waradin  Great,  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Sebes  Keres,  117  miles  NE  of 
Peterwaradin,  and  150  ESE  of  Buda.  Lcn. 
21  50  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Waradin,  Little,  strong  town  of  Sclavo- 
nia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  sa  ne  name, 
on  tiie  Drave,  28  miles  WSW  of  Kamisca, 
and  34  N  bv  E  of  Zagrad.  Lon.  16  15  E, 
lat.  46  48  N. 

Warangole,  the  Arinkill  of  Ferishta, 
once  the  capital  of  Golconda,  in  the  Dec- 
can  of  Hindoo. tan.  It  is  62  miles  NXE 
of  Hydrabad.     Lon.  79  30  E,  lat.  18  6  N. 

Warburg,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  West 
Gothland,  and  province  of  Holland,  witlj  a 
castle,  30  miles  S  of  Gottenburgh.  Lon. 
11  46  E,  lat.  57  12  N. 

'Warburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  bishopric  of  Paderborn,  for- 
merly imperial  and  hansoatic.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Dymel,  20  miles  BE  of  Paderborn, 
Lon.  0  19  E,  lat.  51  33  N. 

Warcop,  village  in  Westmoreland. 

IVarde,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N  Jutland, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  15  miles  N  of  Ripen. 

Wardhnys,  seaport  of  Danish  Lapland, 
seated  on  a  small  island  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  continent,  is  120  miles  SE  of  the 
North  Cape.     Lon.  31  6  E,  lat.  70  22  N. 

fVardsborojigh,  post  town,  Windham 
county,  Vermont,  40  miles  S  from  Wind- 
sor.    Population  2100. 

Wardcbridge,  post  town  in  Orange  coun- 
ty, New  York ;  situated  on  the  E  side  of 
Walkill  river,  ten  miles  N  of  Goshen,  27 
miles  W  by  N  of  Newburg,  and  70  N  by 
W  of  the  city  of  New  York, 


)i  are,  town  of  Herefordshire,  on  the  ri- 
ver Lea,  by  which  a  great  trade  is  carried 
on  to  Londrm  in  corn  ;  5U00  quarters  be- 
ing frequently  sent  in  a  week.  Here  are 
sluices  and  wears  in  the  river,  to  preserve 
it  from  floods.  It  is  21  miles  N  cf  Lon- 
don.    Lon.  0  3  E,  lat  51  50  N. 

Ware,  township  of  Hampsliire  countj", 
Massachusetts,  cont.iining  996  inhabitants 
in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1154.  Situated  on 
the  E  side  of  Ware  river,  16  miles  NE  of 
SpringKeld. 

Warbridge,  or  IVardbridge,  town  in 
Cornwall  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
has  a  bridge  over  the  river  Camel,  which 
is  the  handsomest  in  the  county,  and  sup- 
ported by  20  arches.  It  is  13  miles  SW  of 
Camelford,  and  241  W  by  S  of  London. 
Lon.  5  9.  W,  lat.  50  36  N. 

JFareham,  post  town  in  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts;  lying  st  the  head  cf  Buz- 
zard's bay,  13  miles  NW  of  Barnstable,  16 
NE  of  Ne'w  Bedford,  and  61  S  by  E  of  Bos- 
ton, in  lat.  41  48  N,  and  lon.  70  40  W.  Po- 
pulatitMi  in  1820,  952. 

Warehouse  Point,  12  miles  abo%'e  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut.  See  Sout^i  Ji'indsor. 
,  Wareham,  borough  and  seaport  in  Dor- 
setshire, 20  miles  E  of  Dorchester,  and  114 
W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  16  W,  lat  50 
43  N. 

^  Warka,  town  of  Poland,  in  tlie  palatinate 
of  Masovia,  seated  on  the  river  Pilfa,  Lon 
21  15  E,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Warkworth,  village  in  Northumberland, 
five  miles  SE  of  Alnwick,  on  the  river 
Cocket.    '^  ■ 

Warminster,  town   in  Wiltshire,  at  the 
source  of  the  Willybourn,  22  miles  NW  of 
Salisbury,  and  97  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon 
2  15  W,  lat.  51  UN. 

Warminster,  township  of  Pennsylvania 
situated  in  Bucks  county,  between'South- 
ampton  and  Warrington,  10  miles  SW  of 
Newton,  andcontaining  564  inhabitants  in 
1810;  and  in  1820,695. 

Warminster,  town  of  Virgini?.,  in  Amherst 
county,  lying  on  the  N  side  of  James  river, 
10  miles  Sx)f  Warren,  and  23  E  of  Amherst 
Court-rfaiife.     Here  is  a  post  office. 

Warm  Springs,  post  village,  Nev/  York 
county,  Pennsylvania. 

Warm  Sprijigs,C\?^vke  county,  Arkansaw, 
on  a  small  creek  near  Washitaw  river. 
They  are  situated  in  an  elevated  healthy, 
but  barren  county,  which  have  been  found 
highly  medical.     Lat.  34  30  N. 

TFarnejiiunde,  seaport  of  Germany,  in 
Mecklenburg,  on  the  Baltic,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Warne,  26  miles  NE  of  Wismar. 
Lon.  12  26  E,  lat.  55  4N. 

Warner,  township  of  Hillsbro'  county, 
New  Hampshire,  containing  1838  inhabi. 
tants  in  1810;  and  in  1820,  2246. 

U^ame?ftony\Q\vn  of  Flanders,  on  the  river 
1063 


W  A  K 


^v  A  li 


Lis,  eight  miles  NW  of  Lisle.     Lon.  3  4-  E, 

lat.  50  45  N. 

IVarren,  post  village  and  township,  Lin- 
coln county,  Maine,  30  miles  E  from  Wis- 
casset.  Population  in  1810,  2443  ;  and  in 
1820,  1825. 

Wamn,  township,  Grafton  country,  Xew 
Hampahire,  50  miles  N  from  Concord.  Po- 
pulation in  1810,  506  ;  and  in  1820,  544. 

Warren,  post  town  i.T  Bristol  county, 
Rhode  Island  ;  on  Warren  river,  four  miles 
N  of  Bristol,  and  12  S  bv  E  of  Providence, 
in  lat.  41  42  N,  and  Ion'  71  18  W.  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  ir75;  and  in  1820, 1806. 

Warren,  post  town  and  township,  Litch- 
held  county,  Connecticut.  Population  in 
1819, 1026  ;  and  in  1820,  875. 

Warren,  county  of  New  York  ;  bounded 
by  Saratoga  S  ;  Hamilton  W  ;  Essex  N ; 
and  lake  George,  and  Washington  county 
E.  Length  38  ;  mean  width  28  ;  and  area 
about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  ge- 
ner.ally  by  the  Hudson,  and  partly  by  Sa- 
condago  river.  Surface  mountainous ;  and 
soil  rocky  and  mosOy  barren.  Chief  town 
Caldwell. 

Population  in  1820. 
Tree  white  males        -■       -         -  .      4,808 

do.  do.    females  -         -         4,538 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites  ... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.     females    - 

Slaves,  males  _        .        . 

do.    females  -        -        . 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Nlanufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  9|  nearly. 

Warren,  post  village  and  township,  Her- 
kimer county.  New  York,  10  ii|^s  S  from 
Herkimer.  Population  in  1810/o9r4;  and 
in  1820,  2013. 

Warren,  township,  Somerset  county, 
New  Jersey.     Population  in  1820,  1452. 

Warren,co\in\y  of  Pennsylvania;  bounded 
by  Ciietague,  and  Catteraugus  county,  N^ew 
N ;  Mc  Kean  county  Pennsylvania  E ;  Jef- 
ferson and  Venango  S  ;  and  Crawford  and 
Erie  W.  Length  32  ;  breadth  26  ;  and  area 
332  square  miles.  It  is  a  remarkably  well 
watered  county  ;  Alleghany  river  winds 
obliquely  through  it ;  and  within  it  receives 
the  d  scharge  of  Chatague  lake,  c-  Cone- 
wago  creek,  Pirokenstraw  creek,  and  se- 
veral other  large  creeks.  Surface  hilly,  but 
much  of  the  soil  good,  and  some  highly 
fertile.  Chief  town,  Warren. 
1064 


468 
359 


9,453 


19 
,360 
198 

59 


827 

0 
0 

827 


Population  in  1810; 
Free  white  males        ... 
do  do.    females      .        .        . 

Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed       -        .        .        . 
Slaves,  -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810     - 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        1,099 

do.     do.     females  -        -  876 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites        -        -        '         .  1,975 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  0 

do.              do.      females  -  1 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females             -        -        -  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -       1,976 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  7 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  378 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  121 

do.       in  Commerce       -        -  15 

Poptdation  to  the  square  mile,  1 1-3. 

Warren,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Warren  county  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Alleghany,  on  the  point  below  the 
mouth  of  Conewago  creek.  Population  in 
1820, 182. 

IVarren,  SW  township,  Franklin  county, 
Pennsjlvania,  Population  in  1810,  436; 
and  in  1820,  S'iT, 

Warren,  post  town,  Albemarle  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  left  bank  of  James'  river, 
30  miles  a  little  W  of  S  from  Charlotls- 
ville. 

fVarren,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Mecklenburg,  and  Brunswick 
counties  V^irginia  N  ;  by  Northampton,  and 
Halifax  counties  in  North  Carolina  E ; 
Franklin  S  ;  and  Gi-anville  W.  Lengtli  23; 
mean  width  15  ;  and  area  345  sqtiare  miles. 
Roanoke  river  traverses  its  NE  angle,  and 
it  is  drained  by  several  creeks  flowing  into 
that  stream,  and  by  Fishmg  creek,  branch 
of  Tar  river.     Chief  town,  Warrenton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  •        -        2,214 

do.    do.    females  -        -        2,277 


Total  whites              -        -       -  4,491 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  321 

Slaves 6,282 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 


11,094 


2.060 


WAR 


W  A  R 


Free  white  females    -        -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         .... 


Total  whites        .... 

4,214 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

101 

do.             do.        females  - 

89 

Slaves,  males       .... 

3,510 

do.   females    .... 

3,244 

Total  population  in  1820 


2,154   Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
0        not  taxed 

Slaves        .        ,        -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1810, 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 
do.     do.    females     .         .         - 
11,158   All  other  persons  except  Indians 
— —       not  taxed        -        .        -        - 


622 

■1% 

473 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  18 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -         3,255 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        -  271 

do.       in  Commerce  -         -  11 

Population  to  the  square  mile  32  1-3. 

Warren,  county  o£  Georgia;  bounded 
by  JtiFerson  SE ;  Great  Ogeechee  river, 
or  Washington  and  Hancock  SW;  Wilkes 
N  ;  and  Columbia  NE  and  E.  Length 
38;  breadth  18;  and  area  about  700 
square  miles     Chief  town,  Warrenton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...        3,039 

do.  do.    females    ...        2,620 

Total  whites       ....  5,659 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  18 

Slaves 3,048 

Total  population  in  1810  -        8,725 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -       -        3,300 

do.     do.     females  •        -        3,230 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 


Total  whites 

6,530 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

27 

do.             do.       females 

32 

Slaves,  males           .        -        - 

2,078 

do.    females         _       _       _ 

1,963 

Total  population  in  1820 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  6 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,880 

do.    in  Manufactures       -  86 

do.    in  Commerce  -  48 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Warreri,  county  of  Mississippi ;  bound- 
ed by  Mississippi  river  W  ;  Yazoo  river 
N  ;  Newpuvchase  E ;  and  Big  Black  ri- 
ver, or  Claiborne  county  S  Length  30  ; 
mean  width  11 ;  and  area  330  square 
miles.  Staple  cotton,  and  soil  highly 
fertile.    Chief  town,  Warrenton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       ...  357 

do.    do.    females    -       a       -  265 

6T 


1,114 


785 
616 


1,401 


2,693 


1,064 
37 
11 


10,630 


Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  da.        females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

Warren,  county  of  Tennessee;  bounded 
by  Franklin  S  ;  Rutherford  W  ;  Wilson 
and  Smith  NW  ;  Caney  fork  river,  or 
White  NE  ;  and  Bledsoe  SE.  Length 
40  ;  mean  width  20 ;  and  area  800  square 
miles.  It  is  principally  drained  by  the 
creeks  of  Caney  fork  river.  Chief  town, 
M  Mlnville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     ...        2,608 
do.    do.   females  -        -        2,633 

Total  whites       ...        -  5,241 
All -other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  8 

Slaves 476 

Total  population  in  1810         -        5,725 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  whitetnales       ...        4,866 

do.    do.    females     .        -        -        4,519 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        .  Q 

Total  whites       ...        -  9,385 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  7 

do.            do.      females  6 

Slaves,  males      ...        -  452 

do.    females           -        -        -  498 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -      10,348 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  4 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        3,964 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  163 

1065 


W  A  M 


WAR 


Engaged  in  Commerce  -  -  30  All  other  persons  except  Indians 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  13.  not  taxed  -  -  .  - 
■  Warren,  county  of  Kentucky  ;  bound- 
ed by  Allen  SE ;  Simpson  S  ;  Logan  Total  whites  .... 
SW  ;  Butler  NW  :  Green  river,  or  Free  persons  of  colour,  males  • 
Grayson  and  Hart  N ;  and  Barren  E.  do.  do.  iemales  - 
Length  35 ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  Slaves,  males  .... 
about  700  square  miles  Big  Barren  ri-  do.  females  -  -  - 
ver  passes  through  this  country,  dividing 
it  into  two  nearly  equal  sections.    Chief  Total  population  m  1820     - 


17,837 


town.  Bowling;  Green. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do     do.      females 

Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .        .        -        - 
Slaves  -       - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Popu'-at'.on  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -        -        - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites       -        -        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.    females  -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 


26 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do        in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  17  nearly. 

Warren,  county  «f  Ohio ;  bounded  S 
by  Clermont  and  Hamilton ;  W  by  But- 
ler; N  by  Montgomery  and  Greene; 
and  E  by  Clinton.  Length  20  ;  breadth 
192  ;  ai^d  ^^^^  400  square  miles.  Little 
Miami  travt  rses  it  obliquely,  from  NE 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  56 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -        2,738 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  725 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  40 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  44. 

Warrai,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice 
1,498  for  Trumbull  county,  Ohio.  It  contains 
the  usual  county  buildings,  a  printmg  of- 
fice, a  bank,  five  mercantile  stores,  and 
50  dwelling  housts.  It  is  situated  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  Mahoning  river,  45 
miles  SE  from  Fairfort,  at  the  mouth  of 
Grand  river,  70  N  from  Steubenville, 
and  180  NE  from  Columbus.  Lon.  3  56 
W  lat.  41  17  N. 

Warre7i,  township  in  the  SE  quarter 
of  Jefferson  county,  Ohio;  containing 
2,432  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Warren,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Oliio ;  in  which  is  situated  the  village 
of  Barnesville.    Population  1820,  1491. 
Warren,    township    of   Tuscarawas 
11,776  county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  1032. 
— Warreji .  township  of  \\ a^hington  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  460. 
9        li'arrenburg,  post  village  and  town- 


5,372 
5,050 

10,422 

17 


11,937 


4,804 
4,365 

0 

9,169 

29 

24 

1,353 

1,201 


2,8.52  ship  in  Warren  county,  New  York;  on 
219  the  Hudson,  seven  miles  W  from  Cald- 
well. Population  1810,  887  ;  and  in  1820, 
9.^6. 

Warrenburg,  post  town  in  Jackson 
county,  Tennessee. 

WarrensviHe,  township  of  Cayhoga 
county,  Ohio ;  containing  133  inhabitants 
in  1820. 

Warrenton,  post  town   and  scat   of 


to  SW.     Surface  hilly,  'bur^^th  a  soil  justice  in  Fauquier  county,  Virginia;  49 
highly  fertile.     Staples,  grain  and  flour,   miles  WSW  from  Washington  City. 


Chief  town,  Lf  banon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .... 
Slaves 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males, 
do.  do.    females   - 


Warrenton,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Warren  county,  North  Caro- 
lina ;  56  miles  NNE  from  Raleigh  ;  and 
85  nearly  S  from  Petersburg,  in  Virgi- 
nia.   It  is  the  seat  of  two  academies. 

Warrent07i,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Warren  county,  Georgia ;  about 
40  miles  W  from  Augusta.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  academy. 

__ —       Warrenton,   post   town  and  seat   of 

9,925  justice  in  Warren  county,  Mississippi ; 

on  Mississippi  river,    10   miles    below 

Walnut- hills.    It  is  a  place  of  consider- 

9,195   able  trade,  containing  50  houses,  and  500 
8,455  inhabitants. 


5,152 
4,684 

9,836 

89 
0 


WAR 

Havreniown,  post  village,  Jefferson 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  river,  above 
the  mouth  of  Indian  Sliort  creek,  14 
miles  below  Steubenville. 

Warrick,  county  of  Indiana  ;  bounded 
by  Oliio  river  S ;  Vanderburgh,  and 
Posey  VV  ;  Pike  and  Dubois  N  ;  and  Spen- 
cer E,  and  SE.  Leuj^th  30  ;  widtli  13  ; 
and  area  410  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Big  and  Little  Pigeon,  and  some 
other  creeks.    Chief  town,  Evansville. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -  922 

do.    do,    females    -        -        -  820 

Total  whites       ...        -  1,742 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  6 

do,              do.      females  0 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.    females    -        -        -        .  1 

Total  population  in  1S20    -        -        1,749 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4 

Warrington,  town  in  Lancashire.  It 
has  large  and  considerable  manufactures 
of  sail  cloth,  Cf'tton,  pins,  glass,  and 
other  articles.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mrr- 
sey,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  18  miles  E 
of  Liverpool 

Warrington^  township  of  Bucks  county, 
on  the  NE  limit  of  Montgomery  county, 
between  New  Britian,  and  Warminster. 
Population  1810,  429  ;  and  in  1820,  515. 

Warrington,  township  of  York  county, 
Pennsylvania  ;  situated  on  the  NVV  side 
of  Conewago  creek,  and  containing  llOS 
inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1274, 

Warsaw,  city  of  Poland,  lately  the  me- 
tropolis of  that  country,  and  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Masovia.  It  is  built  partly  in 
a  plain,  and  partly  on  a  gentle  rise  from 
the  Vistula ;  extending  with  the  su- 
burbs or  Kraka  and  Praga,  over  a  vast 
extent  of  ground,  and  containing  above 
90,000  inliabitants.  Warsaw  is  1 60  miles 
SE  of  Dantzic,  130  NNE  of  Cracow, 
and  300  NE  of  Vienne.  Lon.  21  0  E, 
lat.  52  14  N, 

Warsaw,  township  and  post  village, 
Genesee  county.  New  York,  on  Allen's 
creek,  20  miles  S  from  Batavia.  Popu- 
lation 1810,  1317  ;  and  in  1820,  1658. 

Warta,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Siradia,  seated  on  the 
river  Warta,  12  miles  NE  of  Siradia,  and 
57  SE  of  Posnamia.  Lon  18  0  E,  lat  51 
19  N. 

Warta,  SE  branch  of  the  Oder,  rises 
near  the  Cracow,  and  joins  the  Oder  at 
Custrin. 

Wartenbnrg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Si- 
lesia, capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same 
name.    It  is  22  miles  NE  of  Breslaw. 

Warwick,  the  county  town  of  Warwick- 


W  A  II 

shire,  on  the  river  Avon,  and  all  the 
passages  to  it  are  cut  through  the  rock, 
oher  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  15  miles 
SSW  of  Coventry,  and  93  NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  52  18  N 

Wai~wich,  county  of  England,  47  miles 
long  and  30  broad  ;  bound,  d  on  the  N 
by  Dt.rbv shire,  NE  by  Lieceste  shire,  E 
by  Northamptonshire,  SE  by  Oxford- 
shire, SW  by  Gloucestershire,  W  by 
Worcestershire,  and  NW  by  Stafford- 
shire. It  contains  639,760  acres  ;  is  di- 
vided into  four  hundreds  and  one  liber- 
ty, and  193  parishes ;  has  one  city  and 
12  market  towns.  Population  1810, 
208,190;  in  1811,  228,735;  and  in  1820, 
274,392. 

Warwick,  town  in  Rhode  Island,  the 
capital  of  Kent  county,  situated  about  10 
miles  S  of  Providetice,  at  the  head  of 
Narragansett  bay.  Population  1810,  3757 ; 
and  in  1820,  3643.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  manufacturing  villages  in  Rhode 
Island.  It  possesses  15  cotton  factories, 
two  banks,  and  an  academy. 

Warwick,  township  and  post  town  in 
Orange  county,  Nevv  Yjork  ;  situated  dh 
the  E  side  of  Walkill  river,  10  miles  S 
of  Goshen,  11  N  of  Hamburg,  New  Jer- 
sey, and  70  NW  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Warwick,  township  of  Bucks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  SE  side  of  Nesha- 
miny  creek,  below  Doylestowu.  Popula- 
tion 1810,  1287  ;  and  in  1820,  1115. 

Warwick,  township  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  between  Eli- 
zabeth and  Raphe  townships,  and  joining 
Dauphin  county.  The  inhabitants  were 
3439  according  to  the  census  of  1810  ; 
and  in  1820,  3777. 

Warwick,  post  town  in  Cecil  county, 
Maryland,  lying  between  .Sassafras  and 
Bohemia  rivers,  18  miles  Sof  Elkton,  27 
SW  of  Newcastle,  (Delaware)  and  61 
SW  of  Philadelphia. 

'Wanvick,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded 
by  James'  river  SW  ;  James'  city  county 
NW  ;  York  NE ;  and  Elizabeth  county 
SE.  Length  15 ;  width  1^ ;  and  area 
120  square  miles. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...  343 

do.    do.     females  -        -  354 


Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         -         -         . 

Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

a 

Population  m  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.  females 

feier 


69r 

18 
1,120 

1,835 


290 
330 


511 
12 

2 

See 


\\   A  h 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .        -        -        - 

Total  whiles         -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females  - 

Slaves,  males      .        -        -        - 

do.    females  -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820      -        •      1,608 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.         Manufactures 

do.  Commerce 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1   1-3 

JFarwick,    county    of    Indiana. 
WarncTc  county. 

Wanvick,  central  township  of  Tusca- 
rawas county,  Ohio,  Population  1820. 485. 

Washington,  SE  county  of  Maine; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S ;  Pas 
samaquoddy  bay,  St.  Croix  river,  and 
New  Brunswick  E  ;  and  Hancock,_and 
Penobscot  counties  Maine  VV  This 
county  includes  a  strip  along  the  whole 
E  side  of  Maine  ;  and  is  about  250  miles 
in  length  from  N  to  S,  but  the  really  in- 
habited part  is  confined  to  about  1000 
square  miles  along  the  sea  coast.  Its 
front  is  very  much  indented  by  fine  bays 
Chief  towns,  Machias,  and  Eastport. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...  4,230 

do,    do.     females,    -        -        -   3,604 

Total  whites    .        -        •        -  ^,834 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        -  36 

Slaves        _        .        .        -        -  0 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -        7,870 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        6,765 

do.    do.  females     -        -        -        5,923 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  0 

Total  whites       ....  12,688 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  29 

do.          do.             females  27 

Slaves,  males              *        *        '  ^ 

do.    females           -        -        -  0 


W  A  S 

Washington,  township  Hancock  county, 
Maine,  2o  rnik  s  above  Castine.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  uncertain 

Washington,  post  village  and  towiiship, 
Cheshire  county,  Ntw  Hampshire  Po- 
pulation 1820,  992. 

Washington,  couniy  of  Vermont;  bound- 
ed  SE  by  Caladoma  and  Orange  ;  SW  by 
Addison  ;  NW  by  Chittenden  ;  and  NE  by 
Orleans  and  Caledonia.  Length  24 ;  width 
20 ;  and  area  480  square  miles.  It  occu- 
pies the  fine  valleys  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Onion  river.  Surface,  though  mounUin- 
ous  affording  much  excellent  soil.  Chief 
town  Montpelier. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...       7,GS4 

do.  do.  females  -        -       7,007 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  7 


Total  population  in  1820 


12,744 


Total  whites      .        .        -        -  14,098 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     -  7 

do.              do.       females  8 

Slaves,  males       ....  0 

do.    females     -         .         -         -  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -       14,113 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized     -        -  6 

Engag-ed  in  Agriculture      -         -  1,883 

do.        in  Manufactures            -  306 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  39 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Washington,  township,  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  43  miles  N  from  Windsor.  Po- 
pulation in  1820,  1100. 

Wasldngton,  the  highest  summit  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  7300 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ocean. 

Washington,  township,  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  eight  miles  E  from  Lenox. 
Population  1810,942;  and  in  1820,  750. 

Washington,  SE  county  of  Rhode  Island ; 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  S  ;  New 
London  county  in  Connecticut  W ;  Kent 
county  in  Uliode  Island  N  ;  and  Narragan- 
sett  bay  E.  It  is  about  20  miles  square, 
with  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is 
chiefly  drained  by  the  Pawtuck  river. 
Surface  moderately  hilly.  Chief  town 
South  Kingston. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  934 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,994 

do.        In  Manufactures  -        -  577 

do.        in  Commerce       -  y      -  452 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12|,  in-    Total  population  in  1810 
eluding-  only  the  sea  eoast. 
1063 


Total  whites        .         .         ,         . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .... 

Slaves        .        .        .        -        . 


6,831 
7,254 

14,085 

867 
10 

14,962 


WAS 


W  A  S 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        7,353 

do.   do.    females     .         -         -         7,622 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        -        - 


Total  whites       .        .        -        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    • 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        . 

do.    females    -        -        - 


Total  population  in  1820     -        -      15,687 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,745 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  694 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  137 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  30. 

Washington,  post  village,  and  township, 
Litchfield  county,  Connecticut,  40  miles 
SW  by  W  from  Hartford,  and  10  SW  from 
Litchfield.  Population  in  1810,  1575  ;  and 
in  1820, 1487.  There  are  in  this  township, 
two  forges,  one  slitting  mill,  two  marble 
saw  mills,  and  several  grain  mills,  and 
other  machinery. 

Washington, '  county  of  New  York  ; 
bounded  by  Vermont  E ;  Pawlet  river 
and  lake  Champlain  NE;  lake  George  NW; 
Warren  county  and  Hudson  I'iver  W  ;  and 
Renssalaer  county  S.  Length  60;  mean 
width  15:  and  area  900  sq:iare  miles.  The 
face  of  this  county  is  very  d  versified  and 
picturesque.  Much  of  the  soil  is  excellent. 
It  is  peculiarly  well  watered  ;  havini*  Hud- 
son river  at  one  extremity,  lake  Champiaiu 
at  the  other,  and  drained  by  their  conflu- 
ents. Tiie  canal  uniting  Hudson  river, 
and  lake  Champlain  traverses  Washington 
county.  Chief  towns  Sandy  Hill,  White- 
hall, Union,  &c. 


233 
6,174 
1.368 

177 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


20,769 
20,390 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do,       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile  43. 

Washi7i^toii,  post  village  and  township. 
Duchess  county  New  York,  on  Washington 
reek,  12  miles  NE  from  Pouglikeepsie. 
Pop'ilation  'n  181u,  i854;  and  in  1820, 
2882.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  very  respectable 
boarding  school  belonging  to  the  society 
of  Friends. 

Washington,  village  of  .\lbany  county, 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Troy. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  arsenal  belonging  to 
the  United  States. 

Washington,  tov/nship  and  post  village, 
Morris  county,  New  Jersey.  Population 
in  1820.  1876. 

Washington,  township,  Burlington  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey,  adjoining  Little  Egg-har- 
bour township.  The  soil  is  generally 
sandy  and  covered-with  pines.  There  are 
in  it,  at  present,* wo  blasting  furnaces, 
Batsto  and  Martha,  in  operation,  and  two 
forges,  there  were  formerly  five  blast  fur- 
naces, several  forges  and  one  slitting  mill. 
The  low  lands  abound  in  bog  ore  ;  that 
mixed  with  mountain  ore  is  manufactured 
into  all  kinds  of  iron  and  castings. 

Washington,  county  of  Pennsylvania; 
bounded  by  Virginia  W  ;  Beaver  county, 
Pennsylvania  N  ;  Allegany  NE  ;  Mononga- 
hela  river,  or  ^Vestmoreland  and  Fayette 
E  ;  and  Greene  S.  Length  32 ;  mean 
width  28  ;  and  are  888  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  hilly,  but  soil  as  generally 
productive.  This  county  occupies  the 
height  of  land  between  Ohio,  and  Monon- 
gahela  rivers,  and  the  creeks  flow  from  its 
central  parts  ike  radii  from  a  common 
centre.     Chief  town  Washington. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -         -        .       18,071 
do.     do.   females  -        -      17,612 


Total  whites  -        -        -      41,159 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 


not  taxed              -        -        -        2,81 
Slaves 315 

Total  population  in  1810  -       44,289 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -        -        -     19,526 
do.  do.    females      -        -        -     18,901 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        . 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  -      38,831 


Total  whites       .        .        .        - 
All  other-  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males 

do.    females         -        -        .. 

Total  population  in  1820 
f0f^9 


35,683 

570 
36 

36,289 


20,075 
19,216 


40,038 


W  A  S 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  527 

Engagt-fl  in  Agricaiture  -        -  7,432 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  1,902 

do.        in  ConQmei'ce             -  277 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  45. 

WashingWi,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice,  Washington  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Chartiers  creek,  26  miles  SW  from  Pitts- 
burg. Population  in  1810,  about  1200; 
in  1820,  1687  This  is  a  very  fl'^unshing 
country  town,  with  two  banks,  a  steam 
flouring  mill,  and  several  other  manufac- 
turing establishments.  Washington  col- 
lege in  this  town  is  under  the  direction  of 
a  president,  two  professors,  and  contains  a 
library  and  philosophical  apparatus.  The 
college  edifice  stanls  to  the  E,  of  the  town, 
is  constructed  ol  stone  three  stories  high, 
and  sufficiently  spacious  to  accommodate 
150  students. 

WasMngton,  NW  township,  Fayette 
county,  PennsylvaHia,  between  Mononga- 
hela,  and  Youghiogan^iver.  Population 
in  1810,  2160;  and  in  1820,  2749. 

IVashington,  SE  township  of  Franklin 
county.  Population  1810,  2709;  and  in 
1820  4797.  It  c  Mitains  the  borough  of 
Way  esburg,  and  lies  on  the  heads  of  An- 
tietam  creek. 

TFdsIdngton,  township  of  Union  county, 
Pennsylvania,  south  from  Middle  creek. 
Population  in  1810, 438;  and  in  1820,  1427. 

IVashington,  township  of  Lycoming  coun- 
ty, Pennsyivimia,  in  the  great  bend  of  the 
west  biHi.ch  of  Susquehannah,  opposite 
Willia.i  sport.  Popidation  in  1810,  675, 
and  in  1820,  1743 

IVashington,  township,  York  county, 
Pennsylvana,  on  the  west  boundary  of  the 
county,  and  in  Conevvago  and  Bermidian 
creeks.  Population  in  1810,  441 ;  and  in 
1820,  1061. 

Washington,  township  of  Westmoreland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Kiskaminitys  river, 
12  miles  N  from  Greensburg.  Population 
in  1810,  1695  ;  and  m  1820, 1478. 

Washingto7i,to\vn^Wi\>  of  Iirdiania  county, 
Pennsylvania,  lying  NW  from  th-  borough 
of  Indiana.  Population  in  1810,  755  ;  and 
in  1820,  1057. 

Tfashivgton,  county  of Maryltind ;  bound- 
ed by  Potomac  river,  or  Virgin!*  S;  Allega- 
ny county,  in  Maryland  W ;  Pennsylvania 
N ;  and  Frederick  county  in  Maryland  E. 
Length  40  ;  mean  width  12;  and  area  480 
It  is  a  very  well  watered  country,  it  is  tra- 
versed by  Connolaways  Licking,  Conne- 
cocheaque,  Antietam,  and  other  large 
creeks  flowing  from  Pennsylvania  into  Po- 
tomac river.  Surface  very  much  bnken 
by  mountains  and  hills,  though  much 
of  the  river  creek  alluvial  s"il  is  excellent. 
Chief  towns,  Hagersiown,  Hancockstown, 
and  WilliamspoFt. 

1070 


W  A  S 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.    females 


8,021 
7,570 


Total  whites        -         .                 .  15,591 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  483 

Slaves 2,656 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


18,730 


10,049 
9,198 


Total  whites    ....  19,247 

Free  persons  of  colour,  rntiles  289 

do.           do.        females  338 

Slaves,  males            -        -        .  1,699 

do.    females         -       -       -  1,502 


Total  population  in  1820 


23,075 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  544 

Engaged  m  Agriculture  -        3,361 

do.        in  Manufactures  -       1,637 

do.       in  CoiTunerce        -        -  136 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  48. 

Washington  City,  capital  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. The  following  description  is  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  John  Seaford,  and  ex- 
tracted from  the  National  Intelligen- 
cer. 

Washington  City,  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, the  metropolis  of  the  United 
States,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Potomac,  and  the  right  bank  of  the  Ana- 
costia,  in  latitude  38  degrees  and  54  mi- 
nutes, longitude  00,  being  intended  for  a 
first  meridian,  The  Tyber  runs  through 
the  middle  of  the  city,  and  may  be  con- 
veyed to  the  high  ground  on  which  the 
Capitol  stands ;  and  the  water  of  the 
Tyber  and  the  Reedy  Branch,  may  be 
conveyed  to  the  Capitol  and  the  presi- 
dent's house,  the  avenues,  and  such 
streets  as  lead  immediately  to  public 
places,  are  from  130  to  160  feet  wide, 
divided  into  footways,  and  walks  of  trees, 
and  carriage  ways ;  the  others  are  of 
various  widths,  from  70  to  110  feet ;  the 
avenues  and  streets  of  100  feet  and  up- 
wards, have  footways  of  20  feet  wide  ; 
those  under  100  and  over  80,  have  foot- 
ways 17  feet  wide  ;  and  under  80  feet, 
12  feet  footways.  The  ground  on  which 
the  city  stands,  was  ceded  by  the  state 
of  Maryland  to  the  United  States  in  full 
sovereignty,  and  the  proprietors  of  the 
soil,  surrendered  tht-ir  lands  to  be  laid 
out  as  a  city,  gave  up  one  half  to  the 
United  States,  and  subjected  other  parts 
to  be  sold  to  raise  monev  as  a  donation 


W  A  S 


W  A  S 


to  be  employed,  and  constitute  a  fund 
for  the  public  Duildings. 

The  buildings  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  are, 

1.  The  Capitol,  a  large  and  massy 
building  of  the  Corinthian  order,  of  free- 
stone, composed  of  a  central  edifice,  and 
two  wings  ;  the  whole  front  of  the  build- 
ing is  about  360  feet ;  the  wings  were 
nearly  completed,  when  the  British  ai'- 
my,  under  general  Ross,  (who  was  af- 
terwards slain  in  battle  near  Baltimore,) 
in  August  18i4,  made  a  sudden  incursion, 
gained  possession  of  the  city,  setting 
fire  to  the  Capitol,  presidents  house, 
public  offices,  &:c  not  connected  with 
the  operations  of  war,  reducing  the 
whole  to  ashes,  together  with  a  valuable 
and  extensive  library  belonging  to  Con- 
gress ;  the  wings  are  rebuilt,  and  the 
centre  nearly  completed.  The  founda- 
tion of  tlie  north  wing  was  laid  in  the 
presence  of  president  Washington,  on 
the  16th  of  September,  1793,  and  that 
of  the  centre  on  the  24th  of  August, 
1818,  being  the  anniversary  of  its  de- 
struction by  the  British. 

2.  The  president's  house,  built  of  free- 
stone, two  stories  high,  of  the  Ionic  or- 
der, and  covered  with  copper,  and  dis 
tant  from  the  Capitol,  about  one  mile 
and  a  half. 

3.  Four  buildings,  erected  in  a  line 
east  and  west  of  the  President's  house, 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  principal 
departments  of  government,  and  subor- 
dinate offices ;  the  whole  are  of  brick, 
two  stories  high,  with  freestone  base- 
ments, and  covered  with  slate ;  the  two 
new  ones  are  handsome  edifices,  ^yith 
freestone  porticos  on  the  north  front,  in 
the  Ionic  order. 

4.  The  general  post  office,  where  the 
the  patent  office  is  also  .kept,  is  a  large 
and  handsome  building,  three  stories 
high,  and  120  feet  in  length,  is  situated 
on  higii  ground,  about  equi-distant  from 
the  Capitol  and  the  president's  house. 

5.  A  very  extensive  navy  yard,  com- 
pletely enclosed  with  a  lofty  brick  wall, 
with  a  handsome  j^ate-way,  with  guard- 
rooms ;  a  neat  dwelli.'g  for  the  command- 
ant, and  others  for  different  officers  of 
the  yard  ;  extensive  warehouses,  shop 
for  blacksmiths,  coopers,  turners,  plum- 
bers, painters,  &c  sail  lofts,  model 
rooms,  timber  sheds,  a  steam  engine 
which  works  two  saws,  drives  a  tilt 
hammer,  and  the  turners'  lathes.  The 
Columbus  74.;  and  the  Potomac  44,  were 
built  at  this  yard  ;  and  there  is  a  large 
frigate  now  on  the  stocks.  The  Poto- 
mac has  been  hauled  up  on  Commodore 
Eodgers'  inclined  plane,  erected  as  a 
substitute  for  a  dry  dock.    Within  the 


enclosure  is  a  neat  marble  monu- 
ment, erected  by  the  American  offici  rs, 
to  thv"  memory  of  their  brethreii  who 
fell  before  Tripoli,  in  the  year  1804 ; 
this  monument  was  mutilated  by  the 
British  on  the  25th  of  August,  1814.  In 
this  yard  are  deposited  vast  quantities 
of  naval  stores,  and  cannon  of  every 
size,  and  is  superior  to  any  thing  of  the 
kind  in  the  Ujiited  States. 

6.  A  co.mfortable  marine  barrack,  suf- 
ficient for  1500  men,  well  enclosed,  hav- 
ing a  hands'.ime  parade,  and  a  neat  and 
commodious  residence,  for  the  command- 
ant of  the  corps,  and  good  houses  for 
the  subaltern  officers,  an  armoury,  and 
shops  for  the  repair  of  arms,  &c.' 

7.  A  substantial  navy  magazine,  with 
a  house  for  the  keeper. 

8.  A  fort  at  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  land  in  the  city,  commands  the 
channel  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  eastern 
branch ;  the  improvements  at  this  place 
are  extensive  and  substantial;  with  store 
houses,  an  armoury,  shops  in  which  are 
made  gun  carriages,  fixed  ammunition, 
8cc.  with  an  extensive  open  space,  be- 
longing to  the  garden. 

The  capitol  square  is  enclosed  by  a 
strong  and  handsome  iron  railing,  and  in 
part  planted  with  strees  and  shrubbery, 
and  win,  \m  a  short  time,  aftord  a  delight- 
ful promonade  Similar  improvements 
are  making  at  the  president's  house  and 
public  offices 

There  is  a  pile  bridge  about  one  mile 
long,  over  the  Potomac,  built  in  1809, 
leading  to  Alexandria,  and  two  over  the 
eastern  braiich  Of  turnpikes,  there  is 
one  to  Alexandria,  one  to  intersect  the 
Little  river  turnpike  to  Virginia,  another 
to  Baltimore,  completed,  and  one  now 
opening  to  Montgomery  court-house.  A 
canal  passes  through  the  city,  connect- 
ing the  waters  of  the  eastern  branch 
with  the  Potomac.  The  eastern  branch 
has  a  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  fri- 
gates to  ascend  to  the  navy  yard  without 
lightening,  and  vessels  drawing  14  feet 
water  come  up  to  the  Potomac  bridge, 
near  to  which  are  three  g  od  wharves, 
and  from  thence  tothe  mouth  of  the  Ti- 
ber, there  is  10  feet  at  high  tide.  There 
are  four  market  houses,  in  each  of  which 
markets  are  held  tri-weekly.  The  city 
contains  a  large  infirmary,  a  female  or- 
phan asylum,  a  jail,  a  neat  and  commo- 
dious new  theatre,  a  circus,  and  two  ma- 
sonic halls,  a  city  hall,  commenced  in 
August,  1820,  the  south  half  of  which  is 
built  and  enclosed  ;  it  presents  a  front 
of  251  feet,  erected  from  the  proceeds  of 
a  lottery,  authorized  by  Congress,  thi'ee 
buildings  for  public  schools,  two  of  which 
are  on  the  Lancasterian  plan,  supported 
1071 


Yv'  A  S 


^V  A  S 


by  the  corporation,  and  open  for  al!  poor 
children ;  thirteen  places  of  public  wor- 
ship, viz.  two  tor  Ej)iscopa  lans,  three 
Presbyterian,  tw.'  Catholic,  two  Metho- 
dist, two  Baptist,  one  Unitarian,  and  a 
Friends'  Meeting,  which  are  generally 
we)!  attfcn:;ec!.  There  are  also  a  city 
library,  Medical,  Botanical,  Clerk's.  Be 
nevolent,  Masonic,  Orplian,  Bible,  Dor- 
cas, Missionary,  and  Tract  Societies, 
Coluuibian  Inst  tute,  and  other  institu- 
tions Education  is  not  overlooked,  as  is 
evinced  by  the  numerous  academies  and 
schools  which  are  established  Besides 
the  Colunnbian  college,  adjoining  the  city, 
there  is  a  large  Catholic  theological  se- 
minary in  the  city,  connected  with  which 
is  a  schuol  for  the  general  education  of 
youth 

An  extensive  window  glass  manufac- 
tory, which  supplies  the  market,  and 
exports  to  a  considerable  amount ;  five 
very  extensive  taverns,  with  accommo- 
dations equal  to  any  of  a  similar  nature  ; 
three  banks,  and  a  branch  of  the  United 
States  bank,  a  fire  ensurance  company, 
nine  printing  f^ffices,  two  daily  pupers, 
two  tri-wr^ekly,  and  two  weekly.  A 
steam -boat  runs  regularly  to  Aquia  creek, 
one  to  Alexan('ria,  and  another  from 
Norfolk,  to  th';  city.  Five  stages  de- 
part daily  to  Baltimore,  and  several  others 
to  other  places. 

The  seat  of  governnient  was  removed 
here  in  the  year  1800,  during  the  presi- 
dency of  John  Adams 

The  city  was  incorporated  by  an  act 
of  Congress,  passed  on  the  third  of  May, 
1B02,  by  which  act,  the  appointment  of 
the  mayor,  was  vested  in  the  president, 
yearly ;  and  the  two  branches  of  the 
Council,  elected  by  the  people,  in  a  ge- 
neral ticket.  In  a  supplementary  act, 
passed  May  4,  1812,  the  corporation  was 
made  to  consist  of  mayor,  a  board  of  al- 
dermen, and  a  board  of  common  coun- 
cil ;  the  board  of  aldermen  to  consist  of 
eight  members,  elected  for  two  years, 
two  to  be  residents  of,  and  chosen  from 
each  ward  ;  the  board  of  common  coun- 
cil to  consist  of  twelve,  three  from  each 
ward  ;  the  mayor,  by  the  joint  ballot  of 
the  two  boards,  to  serve  for  one  year. 
By  a  new  charter,  granted  by  congress 
on  the  15th  May,  1820,  it  is  provided 
that  the  mayor  shall  be  elected  by  the 
people,  to  serve  two  years,  from  the  se- 
cond Monday  in  June  ;  the  board  of  al- 
dermen to  consist  of  two  members  from 
each  ward,  elected  for  two  years,  and 
are  ex-officio  justices  of  the  peace  for 
the  whole  county  ;  the  board  of  common 
council  to  consist  of  three  members  from 
each  ward,  to  serve  one  year  ;  and  eve- 
ry free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United 
1072 


States,  of  lawful  age,  having  resided  in 
the  city  one  year  previous  to  the  elec 
tion,  being  a  resident  of  the  ward  in 
which  he  oflFers  to  vote,  and  shall  have 
been  assessed  on  the  books  of  the  cor- 
poration for  the  year  ending  on  the  31st 
day  of  December  preceding  the  election, 
and  shall  have  paid  all  taxes  legally  as- 
sessed and  due  on  personal  property, 
when  legally  required  to  pay  the  same, 
shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any  election 
for  a  mayor,  or  members  of  the  two 
boards. 

The  city  is  by  an  act  of  the  council, 
divided  into  six  wards  The  number  of 
the  inhabitants  were  at  different  periods 
as  follows,  ascertained  by  the  official 
enumerations  viz. 


In  1800, 
1803, 
1807, 
1810, 
1817, 
1820, 


3,210 
4,352 
5,652 
8,208 
11,299 
13.24-7 


The  number  of  dwellings,  exclusive 
of  public  buildings  and  shops,  was,  on  the 
first  of  January  1822,  2229,  of  which, 
10o5  were  brick,  and  1184  wood;  and 
the  assessed  valuation  and  real  and  per- 
sonal property,  on  the  first  of  January, 
1821,  was  S6,568,726,  affbrding  a  reve- 
nue of  S.32,842  63 ;  in  addition  to  which 
there  is  a  revenue  of  SlO.OOO,  arising 
from  the  licences  of  taverns,  hackney 
coaches,  &c.  which  is  appropriated  to 
the  support  of  the  poor,  of  public  schools, 
and  markets,  and  to  pay  the  officers  of 
the  cf.-rporation. 

The  classified  population  of  Washing- 
ton is  exhibited  in  the  following  table. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -         2,895 

do.    do.  females  •        -        -         3,009 

Total  whites    -        .        ~        .  5,904 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               -        -        -  867 

Slaves               ....  1,437 

Total  population  in  1810  -  8,208 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...        4,786 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,820 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...        -  0 

Total  whites      -        -        -        -  9,606 

Free  persons  of  coloui',  males    -  750 

do.            do.        females,  946 

Slave.s,  males     .        -        .        .  880 

do.    females          -        .        -  1,065 


Total  population  in  1820 


13,247 


Vv   A  S 


\V  A  S 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Minufactures 
do.        in  Commerce 


293 

16 

S65 

125 


The  following  matter  was  published 
in  one  of  the  public  prints  of  Philadel- 
phia, December  20th,  1822,  as  a  com- 
munication from  the  editor  of  this  ga- 
zetteer, to  the  editor  of  that  print.  It 
is  here  subjoined  to  the  article  Wash- 
ington city,  as  it  may  give  some  aid  to 
tlte  future  disquisition  on  the  question  by 
which  it  was  produced ;  that  is,  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  ri- 
ver, by  a  colony  from  the  United  States. 
Washington  is  situated  at  lat.  38  deg. 
54  N.  and  77  deg,  W  from  London. 

The  mouth  of  Columbia  is  situated  at 
lat  46  deg.  15  N  and  within  a  trifling 
fraction  of  48  deg.  W  from  Washington, 
125  deg.  from  London. 

The  difference  of  lat.  therefore,  7  deg. 
21  min  and  difference  of  longitude  48 
degrees. 

By  a  calculation  on  Mercator's  plan, 
the  two  places  bear  from  each  other  N 
78  deg.  15  min.  W,  and  S  78  deg.  15  E 
distant  in  geographical  miles  2162,  and 
in  English  miles  2486. 

From  Washington  city  to  St  Louis,  by 
Pittsburg  and  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  1396  miles. 

From  St.  Louis  to  the  mouth  -of  Co- 
lumbia, by  the  Missouri  and  Columbia 
rivers,  3548  miles. 

Entire  distance  from  Washington  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  4944  miles. 

The  distance  from  St  Louis  to  Wash- 
ington, by  Shawanoctown  and  Knoxville, 
1029  miles. 
By  Lexington  in  Kentucky,  1005  miles. 
By  Vincennes,  Cincinatti,  and  Pitts- 
burg, 1011  miles. 

St.  Louis  is  38  deg.  36  min.  N  lat.  12 
deg.  58  min.  VV  Ion.  Mouth  of  Colum- 
bia, 46  deg.  15  min.  N  lat.  47  deg.  57 
min.  W  Ion.  These  two  places  bear 
from  each  other  at  an  angle  from  the 
meridian  73  deg.  28  min.,  are  conse- 
quently 7o  deg.  28  min.  NW,  and  73 
deg.  28  min.  SE  respectively  distant ; 
1714  geographical,  and  1861  English 
miles 

The  several  distances,  as  given  by 
Messrs.  Lewis  and  Clark,  are  no  doubt 
over  calculated  ;  their  aggregate  distance 
exceeds  the  direct  line  almost  two  to 
one,  an  excess  hardly  credible.  In  most 
instances,  where  the  lengths  of  rivers 
have  been  estimated  by  persons  ascend- 
ing their  currents,  the  space  passed 
through  has  been  overrated,  and  the  er- 
ror has  in  most  instances  borne  some 
proportion  to  the  violence  of  the  stresmri. 

F,  TJ 


Washingtoii,  NW  county  of  the  District 
of  Columbia  ;  bounded  SE  by  the  city  of 
Washington,  and  Georj^etown  -,  SW  by 
Potomac  river  ;  W  and  N  by  Maryland ; 
and  E  by  East  Branch,  or  Anacostia  ri- 
ver. I',  approaches  to  the  form  of  a 
right  angle  triangle,  seven  miles  base, 
by  six  pei'pendicu'ar,  and  with  an  area 
of  24  square  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and 
soil  of  middling  quality. 

Population  in  IBIO. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -  618 

do.  do.    females    .        -        -  588 


Total  whites                -  -        -        1,206 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -  -        -           154 

Slaves        ...  -        -           955 

TotalpopulationinlSlO  -        2,315 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        .  »        -           767 

do.  do.    females     -  -        -           745 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .         .  -         - 


Total  whites       .        -        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males      -        -        .        . 

do.    females  .        .        . 


Total  population  in  1820     -        -        2,729 

or  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  »  48 

Engaged  in  Agric  Iture      -        -  490 

do.       in  Manufactures   -        -  45 

do,       in  Commerce        o        -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  11  1-3. 

Washington,  post  village  of  Culpepper 
county,  Virginia ;  65  miles  WSW  from 
Washington. 

Wasliington,  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded 
S  by  Nortli  Carolina ;  W  by  Scott  county 
in  Virginia;  NW  by  Kussell ;  N  l.y  Taze- 
well ;  NE  by  Wythe;  and  SE  by  Grayson. 
Length  50  ;  mean  width  17  ;  and  area  850 
square  miles.  Tiiis  county  lies  in  the  va- 
rious valleys  of  tiie  i.vvo  grfat  branches  of 
Holston  river,  and  is  drained  by  those 
streams  and  their  numei-ous  confluents. 
Though  generally  hilly,  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Chief  town,  Abingdon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         •*        =        •       5,412 

do.  do.    fcmsles       .        .        -      .5,169 


Total  whites        -        -        -        «  10,581 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          ....  12!? 

Slaves          -        -        -        -        -  1,448 

Total  population  i  ii  1 5 ' '  1  ^,155 
1073 


W  A  S 


W  A  3 


Fopuiatldh  in  1820. 
Free  whites,  males 

do.      do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .... 

Total  whites      .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  -        -        . 

do.     females       -       _       - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


12,444 


Hancock  N\V ;  Ogeecbee  river  or  Warren 
NE  ;  Jefferson  E  ;  and  Emamiel  and  Lau- 
rens SE.  Length  30  ;  width  23  ;  and  area 
690  square  miles.  Chief  town,  Sanders- 
ville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  wliite  males        ... 
do.    do.  females    ... 

Total  whites      .... 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        - 

Slaves        ..... 


Of  these ; 
Foreig-ners  not  naturalized         -  21 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        2,491 

do.       in  Manufactures  -  381 

do.       in  Commerce       -        .  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  16. 

Washington,  county  of  North  Carolina  ; 
bounded  by  Hyde  and  Beauford  S  ;  Martin 
W ;  Roanoke  river  and  Albemarle  Sound 
N;  and  Tyrrell  county  E.  Length  20; 
width  18 ;  and  area  360  square  miles.  Sur- 
face level  and  in  part  marshy.  Soil  gene- 
rally thin  and  sterile.  Chief  town,  Ply- 
mouth. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        1,017 

do.  do.  females     .        .        -        1,097 


Total  whites      .       -       .       - 

2,114 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

63 

Slaves        -        -        -        .        - 

1,287 

Total  population  in  1810    • 

Population  in  1820. 
Fl-ee  white  males       ... 

do.  do.    females    -        -        . 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whiftes       .        .        -        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        ... 

do.    females  ... 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these;       • 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

l^gaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures 
do        in  Commerce       -        • 


5,464 


1,083 
1,159 


3,986 


1 
-       1,103 
56 
10 
population  to  the  square  mile,  11. 

Washington,  post  village,  Beauford  coun- 
ty. North  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Pamlico  or  Tar  river,  about  50  miles  be- 
low Tarborough.  This  town  is  a  place  of 
considerable  commercial  importance. 

fVaahington,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded 
'a*  Ocone\e  river  or  Wilkinson  county  S  W  • 


Total  population  in  1810 
Papulation  in  1820. 


9,940 


Free  white  males 

3,366 

do.    do.    females 

3,331 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          -       .       - 

0 

Total  whites      -        -        -        . 

6,697 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

21 

do.            do.        females 

11 

Slaves,  males     .... 

2,037 

do.     females 

1,861 

Total  population  in  1820 


10,627 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  3 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        1,343 

do         in  Manufactures  -  62 

do         in  Commerce      -        -  33 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  15. 

Washington,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Wilkes  county,  Georgii,  containing  beside 
the  ordinary  county  build-ngs,  an  academy, 
and  about  700  inhabitants.  About  50  miles 
WNW  from  .Augusta. 

Washington,  county  of  Ohio ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  SE  and  S ;  Athens  county  SW 
and  W  ;  and  Morgan  and  Monroe  counties 
N.  Length  43 ;  mean  width  14;  and  area 
600  square  miles.  Except  near  the  Ohio 
and  Muskingum  rivers  the  surface  of  this 
counly  is  hilly  and  the  soil  sterile.  Mus- 
kinjum  river  enters  the  Ohio  nearly  at 
equal  distance  from  its  NB  and  SW  angles. 
Chief  town,  Marietta. 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -       -       - 
do.    do.    females 

Total  whites       -        .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       -       -       - 
Slaves,      .       -       -       -       - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 
do.    do.   female.?    ' 


3.112 
2,831 

5,943 

48 
0 

1,991 


5.359 
4,967 


Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 
hot  taxed        ,        .        .        _ 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.       fennHJes  - 

Slaves,  mates      .... 

do,    females  .... 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


0 


10,326 

52 

47 

0 

0 

10,425 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  132 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -        2,051 

do.        in  Manul'actures  -  387 

do.        in  Commerce        -         -  43 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  17. 

Washington^  county  oi  Indiana;  bounded 
by  Floyd  SE ;  Harrison  S ;  Orksigc  and 
l.awience  W  ;  Whitt;  river  or  Jackson  N  ; 
111  d  SCO  t  E.  Length  24 ;  width  20  ;  and 
area  *180  square  miles.  Big  Bice  tiver 
rises  in  tiiis  couniy  and  flows  soHth  into 
Ohio  river.     Chief  town,  Salem. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        ^fi2& 

do.  do.  females  ...  4,354 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ...  0 


Total  whites       -        -        .        -  8,980 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  33 

do.    do.  females    -        -        -  26 

Sl.ives,  males      .        ,        -        .  ' '  0 

du      females           ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         9,039 

Of  these ; 

For.'igners  nol  naturalized     . ..  0 

Engaged  in  .\!;riculture     -         -         2,650 

do.    in  Mauufactures  -  59 

do.    ill  Commerce      -        •  15 

Population  to  the  stjaare  mile,  19. 

Washington,  township  of  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio.     Population  in  182u,  700. 

Washington,  post  town  and  sea       '  ius- 
tice  for  Fayeite  couniy,  Ohio,  4Q  mi.es  .r- 
from  Columbus.    Lai.  39  33  Ni,    Popula- 
tion in  1820,  191, 

Washington,  one  of  the  N\V  townsliip  of 
Franklin  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  137. 

Washingto7i,  one  of  the  western  town- 
ships. Dark  county,  Ohio.  Population  in 
1820,  456. 

Washington,  township  of  Clermont  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  on  Ohio  river.  Population  in 
1820,  1942. 

Washington,  post  town  of  Guernsey 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  road  between  Wheel- 
ing  and  Zanesville. 

Washi?igton,township  of  Licking  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  668. 

Washington,  township  of  Richland  coun« 
ty,  Ohio.    Popiaatioa  in  1820,  63», 


Washington,  township  of  Miami  county, 
Oliio,  containing  the  village  of  Plqua, 
Population  in  1820,  490. 

Washington,  township  of  Montgomery 
Ci'Unty,  Ohi;',  contiining  the  villages  of 
Centrev.lle  and  Woodbura.  Population  in 
1820.  3174. 

JVashington,  township  of  Pickaway  coun- 
ty, Oiiio,  containing  the  village  of  Circle- 
ville.     Population  in  1820,  2000. 

Washington,  township  of  Preble  county, 
Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Eatoih 
Population  in  1820, 1562. 

JVashington,  township  of  Sciota  county, 
Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Alexandria 
on  Ohio  river.     Population  1820,  506. 

TFashington,  township,  Warren  county, 
Oiiio.     Population  1820,  922. 

Washington,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Davis  county,  Indiana,  between  the 
two  main  branches  of  White  river.  20 
miles  &E  by  E  from  Vincennes. 

Washington,  county  of  Illinois ;  bound- 
ed by  Randolph  S  ;  St.  Clair  W  ;  Madison 
and  Bond  N  ;  and  Jefierson  E.  It  is  30 
miles  square,  consequently  area  900  square 
miles.  Kaskaskias  river  passes  obliquely 
through  it.  Chief  town,  Covington.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1517.  Of  these  there  were 
engaged  in  agriculture  77 ;  in  manufac- 
tures 39 ;  and  in  commerce  18,  Popula- 
tion to  the  square  mile,  1|. 

Washington,  county  of  Missouri,  S  from 
Fr '.nklin ;  and  SW  from  Jefferson  and  St. 
(icnevieve.  It  lies  on  the  heads  of  Big 
Black,  Gasconade,  Merrimac,  and  St.  Fran- 
cis rivers.  It  includes  great  part  of  the 
lead  mines  of  Missouri,  but  is  too  vaguely 
defined  to  admit  the  insertion  of  its  area 
or  comparative  population.  The  surface 
is  mountainous,  hilly,  and  broken,  though 
much  very  fertile  soil  lies  in  detached 
places  within  its  limits,  particularly  along 
tlie  banks  of  the  Merrimac,  Big  river  and 
Foisrche  a  Cosurtois. 

Wasldngton,  couiUy  of  Kentucky,  bound- 
ed by  Green  S ;  Velson  W,  and  N  W  ;  Salt 
river,  or  Franklin  N  ;  Mercer  E;  and  Ca- 
sey  SE.  Length  32 ;  mean  width  17 ; 
and  arpa  550  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  various  sources  of  Salt  river.  Chief 
town,  Springfield. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -         5,412 

do.  do.    females  -       -         5,569 

Total  whites  -        -       -      10,981 

All  other  person-s  except  Indians 
not  taxed      -        .        -       .  22 

Slaves       -        -        -        '-        -        2,245 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


13,248 


6,186 


WAS 


\V  A  S 


All  other  persons  except  Indiaus 
not  taxed      .... 

Total  whites  ... 

Frte  pei-Suns  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males  .        .        - 

do.    females         ... 

Total  population  in  1820 


0 


12,159 

32 

22 

1,832 

1,902 

15,947 


Of  these ; 

Foreisjners  not  naturalized  4 

Eng-ag-ed  in  Agncultiite      -         -  4,129 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  203 

do.        in  Conimerce       -        -  29 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  29. 

Washington,  post  iown  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice. Mason  county,  Kentucky,  foui^iniies 
SVV  from  Maysville,  containmjij  the  ordi- 
nary county  builJings,  an  academy,  two 
churches,  and  a  prining  office. 

TVasMnglon,  county  of  Tennessee  ;  boun^ 
ded  by  North  Carolina  S  ;  Greene  couhty 
Tennessee  W  ;  isullivan  N  ;  and  Carter  ^'. 
Lencfth  22 ;  mean  width  17  ;  and  ari-a  5^0 
square  miles.  Its  southern  part  is  drained- 
by  Nolachucky  river,  and  tiie  Northern  by 
Holston.  Surface  hilly  and  broken.  Chief 
town,  Jonesborough.     ■  • 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        -  3,512 

do.    do.    females    .        -        .       3,342 

Total  whites        .        -        -        -  6,854 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed          ...  36 

Slaves          .        -        .        .       .  850 

Total  population  In  1810     -  7,740 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        ,        ,       4,255 

do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,251 
All  oiher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ...  0 


below  Knoxviile,  and  8U  miies  SF.  by  i^ 
from.  Murireesborough. 

Washingtoiii  county  of  Alabama,  bound- 
ed by  Mississippi  W  ;  Ciioctaw  county  N  ; 
Tombigbee  river  E  ;  atd  Baldwin  coun- 
ty in  Alabama  S.  Length  50  ;  mean  width 
20  ;  and  area  1000  square  miles.  Surface 
moderately  hilly  ;  and  soil  except  in  a 
few  placts  near  t'le  streams  sterile,  and 
covered  g-enerally  with  pine.  Chief  town, 
St.  Stephens, 

Washington,  parish  of  Lnislsiana ;  bound- 
ed by  Mississippi  N  ;  Pearl  river  E  ;  pa- 
rish of  St.  Tamany  S  ;  and  Tangipao  ri- 
ver, or  St.  Ilriena  W.  Length  45  ;  mean 
width  22 ;  and  area  about  1000  square 
miles  Surface  nuderaiely  hilly,  and  soil 
generally  sterile,  and  covered  with  pine 
timber.  It  is  principally  watered  by  the 
Boyue  Chitto,  and  Cliisuiicte  rivers. 

iWiilation  in  1820. 
Fre^hite  males  -         -         1,090 

do.     do.  females  -        -  d>67 

All  otlier  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        _        .        .        .  0 


Total  whites       -        .        .       - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females, 

Slaves,  males       .        .        - 
do.    females     - 

Total  population  in  1820     - 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.      in  Manufactures     - 

do.      in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  17|^. 

Washington^  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Rhea  county,  Tennessee,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Tennessee  river,  ab.gut  lOO  mil«f& 

i(i7fi 


9.557 


1,712 

329 

21 


Total  whiles       ....  1,957 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  1 

do             do.      females  0 

Slaves,  m.ales           ^d,       -        .  304 

•      do.    females        -*^'^     -        -  255 

Total  population  in  1820    -        -        2,517 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture    .        .         1,474 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  5 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2^. 

Washington,  post  town,  and  recently  the 
seat  of  govern ir.ent  of  the  state  of  Missis- 
sippi, stands  on  a  higli,  dr}',  «md  healthy 
site,  on  the  kfi  bank  of  St.  Catharine  creek, 
six  miles  E  from  Natclui;.  Population, 
about  1000.  Jcfterson  college  was  incor- 
porated in  1802,  and  located  in  this  town. 
A  large  frame  building  capable  of  accom- 
modatingj-about  70  students  was  erected, 
but  it  Bws  not  fi'iurished  as  a  literary  in- 
stitution, bcyoiid  the  ordinary  effects  of  an 
academy. 

Washington -point,  cape  formed  by  the 
two  branches  of  Elizabeth  river,  about  one 
mile  above  Norfolk.  Here  the  United 
States  has  a  marine  hospital. 

Washitaii  at  Ouaddtan,  NE  parish  of 
Louisiana;  libunded  by  the  Mississippi 
river  NE;  the  parish  of  Concordia  and 
Ocatahoola  SE;  Rapides  S;  Nachitoches 
W  ;  and  the  territory  of  Arkansaw  N. 
Length  85 ;  mean  width  50 ;  and  area 
4000  square  miles.  That  part  W  from 
"Washitau  river,  is  billy,  with  a  sterile  soil 
covered  with  pine  timber.  A  similar  cha- 
s^£teri^tc  is  contiued  E  of  that  stream  in 


W  A  S 


the  northern  sectioa  of  the  parisli,  to  with,  high  as  the  Hot  spiings,  and  except  in  very 

in   10  or   12  i:  iles  from  Mississippi  river,  dry  seasons,  at  all  times  Vj  tlie  upper  set- 

E  from  Washit  Ml  river,  and  in  ihe  S   Mid  tiemenls  in  Louiaiai.a.     Below  the  springs 

SK   part  of  the  jjarish,  except  a:ong-  the  it  is  augmented  from  ttie  \V  by  the  Cado 

margins  of  tlie  streams,  the  surface  "is  ha-  fork,  LitUe  Missouii,  vSuluier  and  D  rbane, 

blc  to  annual  siibnersion      The  onJy  ara-  and  from  the  E  by  the  Saline,  Barvhdony, 


ble  land  of  coiis^der.ible  extent  is  foup.d 
along  the  W:.sliitau,  Bartheberry,  Bayon 
Siard,  and  the  rivers  Ban  Tdee,  and  Boeuf. 
There  are,  however,  distant  from  the  v.a- 
ter  courses,  two  small,  but  very  produc- 
tive prairies,  Mer  Ilouge,  and  JcfFsrson, 
Except  those,  and  a  few  other  small  prai- 
ries ;  the  whole,  not  amounting  to  2^ 
square  miles,  the  wh'^>le  parish  of  Washi- 
tau  in  a  state  of  nature,  was  covered  wiMi 
a  very  heavy  forest ;  pine  \V  and  N\V,  and 
a  mixed  mass,  S,  SE,  and  E.  The  arable 
river  alluvion  very  productive.  Staples, 
cotJnn  and  lumber. 

Population  in  1810.  «^r 

Free  white  males        -        .        -         ^p9 
do.    do.    females     -        -        . 


Total  whites      ,        .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .... 
Slaves         .        .        .        .        - 

Total  population  iii  ISI^    - 

Population  in  1820.    '' 
Free  white  males    - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indiaos 

not  taxed       .       .       -        - 

Total  whites     .       -       -        - 
Free  p.^rsons  of  colour,  males 

do.            do.       females, 
Slaves,  males 

do.    females  -        .        -- 


3^ 

73i 

9 

284 


and  Bocuf  rivers. 

1Fas.ia7ia,  city  of  Africa,  on  the  Niger, 
lyiijg  according  to  the  l,est  information 
at  'at.  ll*-"  N,  and  ion.  17°  E  from  London. 
This  is  prcbably  the  &an->e  place  men- 
tioned by  Ptoh my  u.dtr  the  name  of 
.Gano,  and  m  irkfd  on  the  various  maps 
(rf  Africa  as  Gano,  Gana,  Waogara,  8cc. 
Wassciibur^,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wtst- 
phalia. 

Wasievbnrg,  tnwti  of  GeMTiany,  in  the 
circle  lit  Bavaria,  with  a  cabtle.  Lcn. 
12  la  E^  lat.  48,  4  N. 

JVatafga.  SE  'oranch  of  Ilolston  river, 
rises  in  Ashe  county.  North  Carolina, 
flows  into  Tennessee,  and  jv-ins  Holstou 
in  Washit 'gt: in  county 

TVatchct,,  town  in  Somersetshire,  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  at  tlu-  mouth  of  a 
good  harbour,  much  frequented  by  coal 
ships  which  are  freighted  hence  with 
lime-stout  and  various  other  articles.  It 
is'  14  iTiiles  NVV  of  Bridgewater,  antl 
153  W  by  S  of  Lend,  n  Lnn.  J  25  VV, 
lat.  51  12  N. 

Wateeo'oy  island  in  the  South  Sea  dis- 
covered by  Gaptain  Cook.  It  is  about 
six  leagues  in  circuit,  is  a  beautiful  spot 
with  a  surface  covered  with  verdure,  and 

composed  of   hills  and    plains.     From 

2,016    every  circumstance,  it  may  be  conside- 

17    red  as  indubitable,  that  the  inhabitants 

27    of  Wateeoo  derive   their  descent  from 

419    the  same  stock,  which  has  so  remarka- 

417    bly  diflFused  >ts:lf  over  the  immense  ex- 

tent  of  the  Southern  Ocean.    Lon.   158 

2,896    15  W,  lat.  21  1  S. 

Waterbovo\   post  town  in  York  county, 

Maine  ;  situated  on  the  NE  side  of  the 
river  Mousin,  15  miles  NW  of  Kenne- 
bunk,  41  N  by  E  of  Portsmouth  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  47  W  of  Portland.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1762. 

Waterliny,  post  town  of  Connecticut, 
in  New  Haven  county,  at  the  distance  of 
19  miles  N  by  W  from  New  Haven,  10 
S  from  Betheleni,  and  about  25  SW 
from  Hartford.    Population  1820,  2882. 

Waceree,  river  of  South  Carolina,  NE 
constituent  of  Santee.  See  Catawba  river. 
The  VVateree  enters  South  Carolina  in 
York  district,  fio^\s  SSE  by  comparative 
courses   120  mules,  and  joins  the  Con- 


1,077 


0 


7 

911 

63 

9v> 


Total  population  in  182  > 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Ei'.gaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  .Vlanufactures     - 

do.       in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mde,  j. 

Washitait,  river  of  Avkai\saw»  and  Louia- 
iana,  Great  NE  branch  of  Red  river.  This 
stream  rises  by  three  large  branches  be- 
tween Arkansaw  and  Red  river,  about  15 
degrees  W  from  Washington,  and  at  lat  34 
30  N.  It  thence  flows  nearly  E,  the  three 
branches  uniting  above  the  Hot  Springs. 
Opposite  the  latter  place  the  Ouachitau 
turns  S  enters  Louisiana  at  lat.  33  0  N,  and 

continuing  in  that  direction  to  lat.  31  39  ^„      .,      „,.  ,-         ,,-  ,       , . 

N.  where  it  receives  the  Tensaw  from  the  garee  40  miles  Sh  trom  Columbia. 
SE,  and  Ocatahoola  from  the  NW,  and  Waterfonl,  county  of  Ireland  46  miles 
takes  the  name  of  Black  river.  See  Black  long  and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  S  by 
ftver,  Ocatahoola  and  Teiisaio.  The  Oua-  St.  George's  Channel,  on  the  W  by  Cork, 
chitan  is  navigable  durins  Sprint?  floods  as  on  the  N  and  NE  by  the  viver  Sure, 
•^    »      ^  10^7 


W  A  1 


W   A  T 


v^hich  separates  it  from  Tipperary  and 
Kilkenny,  and  on  the  K  by  Waterfqrd 
Haven,  which  parts  it  from  AVextord. 

iVattrforcl,  city  and  seaport  of  Ireland, 
in  a  county  of  the  oan;e  narfie.  It  is  the 
second  place  in  the  kingdom,  and  has 
an  excellent  harbour,  where  ships  of 
the  greatest  burden  may  ride  at  the 
quay.  It  stands  on  the  river  Sure,  eight 
miles  N  of  St.  George's  Channel.  26  S  of 
Kilkenny,  and  75  S  by  W  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  6  54  W,  lat.  52  18  N. 

JVuierford,  t(.'vvn  in  Hertfordshire,  on 
the  river  Coin,  seven  miles  S  by  \V  of' 
St.  Alban's  and  3  4  N W  of  London.  Lon. 
0  17  W,  lat.  51  41  N. 

Watevford,  post  town  and  township  Ox- 
ford county  Maine,  12"  miles  SW  from 
Paris.  Populalic.i\  1810,  860;  and  in 
1820,1035.  '     ^. 

Waterford,  post  village,  and  township 
Caledonia  cour.ty,  Vermont,  on  Connec- 
ticut river,  32  miks  E  from  Montpelier. 
Population  1810,  1289;  and  m  1820, 
1300.  V 

Waterford,  township,  of  New  London 
county,  Connecticut,  between  the 
Thames,  and  Nautick  rivers,  adjclning 
Kew  London  to  the  NW.  Population 
1810,  2185;  and  in  1820.  2^39.  ■' 

V/aterfurd,  post  town  in  Safatoga  coun- 
ty. New  York,  lying  on  the  W  side  of 
Hudson,  and  N  side  of  Mf  hawk  river, 
opposite  to  Lansini;burg,  six  miles  above 
Troy,  .<nd  1)  above  Albany.  It  is  joined 
to  Lansingburg  by  a  fine  wooden  bridge, 
is  regularly  laid  out,  the  site  rises  by  a 
gradual  acclivity  from  the  Mohawk, 
and  tlie  buildings  have  generally  a  neat 
and  some  an  elegant  appearance.  Po- 
pulation 1810,  uncertain,  but  in  1320. 
1184. 

Waterford,  township,  Gloucester  coun- 
ty, Ntw  Jersey  Population  1810,  2105  ; 
and  in  1820,  2447. 

Waterford,  formerly  Le  Bceuf,  post 
town  Erie  county.  Pennsylvania,  between 
Le  Bceuf  creek  and  lake,  15  miles  SSE 
from  Erie.  At  high  water  the  Le  Boeuf 
creek  is  navigable'  to  this  place.  It  con- 
tains about  50  houses,  and  250  inhabi- 
tants. 

Waterford,  township  Erie  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, including  the  foregoing  vil- 
lai^e.    Population  1810, 162 ;  and  in  1820, 

57y. 

Waterford,  post  village,  Loudon  coun- 
ty, Virciiiiia,  10  miles  N  from  Liesburg. 

Waterford,  two  townships  of  Washing- 
ton county,  Ohio,  on  Muskingum  river, 
opposite  to  each  other  10  miles  above 
Marietta.     Population  1820,  880. 

Waterloo,  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Brabant,  12  miles  S  from  Brussels, 
rendered  remarkable  by  a  sanguinary 
2078 


battle  fought  there  June  l8th  1815,  be- 
tween the  French  under  Napoleon,  and 
the  Allies,  under  Wellington,  Bulow, 
and  Blucher,  in  which  the  tormer  were 
defeated. 

Waterloo,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Seneca  county.  New  York,  on  Seneca 
river  at  its  falls,  five  miles  NK  and 
below  Geneva.  It  is  a  thriving  village, 
containing  the  county  buildings,  a  news- 
paper printing  oflice,  and  about  50 
houses. 

Wutersny,  one  of  the  Western  isles  of 
Sboiland,  separated  from  S  Uist,  by  Ciii- 
samuel  bay. 

Watertotm,  post  town .  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on 
Charles'  river,  eight  miles  N  by  W  of 
B,  ston.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  exten- 
sive manufactures.  Population  1810, 
1^34,';  and  in  1820.  1518. 

Wuterio-im,  township  (f  Litchfield  coun- 
tyjf  Connecticut,  which  contained  1714 
inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  14S9. 
It  is  situated  on  the  E  side  of  Nauga- 
tuck  river,  10  miles  SFi  of  Litchfield. 

WuieitoTV7i,  post  town,  and  seal  of  jus- 
tice, Jcfterson  county,  New  York,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Blackj^Sriver,  8l  miles  2>NW 
from  Utica,  aja^^eight  miles  E  from 
Sackett's  HarbouJ'.  It  is  a  fine  flourish- 
iijg  village  built  on  a  swelling  eminence, 
in  SI.  broken  but  fertile  country.  It  is  the 
SLa%  o^jfl^iate  ai^nal,  printing  office, 
&c.  in  i8lO,  the  township  contained 
1841  inhabitants,  and  in  1820,  2766. 

jraten'tile,  ])ost  town  and  township 
Kennebec  county,  Maine,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Kennebec  river,  in  Kcnrebec 
county,  Maine,  20  miles  above  Hallo- 
well.  The  principal  village  is  at  Teco- 
nick  falls,  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation, 
and  is  the  seat  of  several  mills  and  ma- 
nufacturing establishments,  and  also  a 
'i'lieological  Baptist  seminary.  Popula- 
tion 1810,  1314  ;  and  in  1820  1719. 

IVaterpille,  post  village,  Sangerfield 
Oneida  , county,  New  York,  18  miles  SW 
from  l^tela. 

J-FafqjHfc.  post  village,  Delaware  coun- 
ty, Newark,  about  50  miles  W  from 
Hudson. 

Water  Vleit,  township  of  Albany  coun- 
ty, New  York,  containing  2365  inhabi- 
tants in  1810;  and  in  1820,  2806.  It  is 
about  nine  miles  N  of  Albany,  and  con- 
tains the  Shaker  village  of  Ni-kayuna, 
in  which  is  a  bell  foundry,  and  screw 
manufactory. 

Wutkinsonville.  post  tf^wn  and  seat  of 
justice,  Clark  county,  Georgia,  10  miles 
S  from  Athens. 

Watlington,  town  in  Oxfordshire.  It 
is  wated  under  the  Chiltern  Hiilsj  on  a 


^v  A  Y 


brook,  which,  with  the  continued  ridge, 
divides  the  county  from  Buckingham- 
shire. It  is  14  noiles  SE  of  Oxford,  and 
46  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  0  W,  lat-51 
S7N. 

Watten,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  and  late  province  of 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  river 
Aa,  five  miles  from  St.  Omer. 

Watton,  town  in  iSTorfolk.  18  miles  SW 
of  Norwich,  and  95  NNE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  53  E,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Wattuborou^h,  post  village  Lunenburg 
county,  Virginia. 

TFaxholm,  fortress  on  the  coast  of  Swe- 
den in  the  Baltic,  situated  on  a  small 
island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Lake  Ma- 
lar, where  all  homeward  bound  ships 
are  searched.  It  is  16  m.les  E  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Wayne,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Kennebec  county,  Maine,  20  miles  W 
from  Augusta.    Population  1820,  1051. 

Waym,  post  village,  and  township  of 
Steuben  county.  New  York,  between  Se- 
neca, and  Crooked  lakes,  30  miles  SSW 
from  Geneva  Population  1810, ;  1025, 
and  in  1820,  3607. 

fVayne,  NE  County  of  Pennsylvania ; 
bounded  by  New  York  N ;  Delaware 
river  or  Delaware  county  in  New  York 
E ;  Pike  county  SE ;  and  Luzerne  and 
Susquehannah  counties  W.  Length  45  ; 
mean  width  16;  and  area  720  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Lackawaxen, 
and  other  creeks  of  the  Delawai'e.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  broken.  Soil  generally 
thin  and  pooi-.    Chief  town,  Bethany; 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  2,164 

do.    do,   females  -         1,914 

Total  whites          -         »       .  4,678 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        -        .        .  44 

Slaves       .        .        .        -        ,  3 


En;yaged  in  Agriculture  -        1,137 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  58 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  12 

Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  6. 

Wayne,  county  of  O'-iio ;  bounded  N  by 
Medina  ;  Stark  E  ;  Cochocton  S  ;  and 
Richland  W.  Length  30 ;  width  29  ; 
and  area  720  square  miles.  It  is  gener- 
a'ly  elevated,  with  extensive  prairies. 
Soil  of  middling  quality.  It  is  princi- 
pally drained  by  Mohicon,  Kilbuck,  and 
Sugar  creeks.    Chief  town,  Wooster. ' 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...        6,164 
do.  do.    females    -        -        -         5,769 
Al!  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        -        -        -        -  q 


Total  whites       .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        -        . 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1810,           ■  4,125 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  whits  males      ...  2,149 

do.  do.  females             -        -  1,962 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        -       .  0 

Total  whites    ...        -  4,111 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  13 

do.           do.      females  3 

Slaves,  males      ....  0 

do.    females           ...  Q 

Total  population  in  1820    -        •  4,127 

Of  these; 

Foreigners  Bot  naturalized  85 


Total  population  in  1820 


11,933 


Of  these; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  >  31 

Engaged  in  Agriciilture  -        3,281 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  I78 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  20 

Popvdation  to  the  square  mile,  16^. 

Wayne,  township  in  Wayne  county, 
Ohio,  immediately  N  of  Wooster.  In  the 
SW  corner  are  salt  springs.  Population 
1820,  676.     See  Woosfcr. 

Wayne,-  SE  township  of  Ashtabula 
county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  624. 

Wayne,  township  of  Columbiana  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  724. 

Wayne,  township  of  J'fferson  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  1696. 

PVayne,  tov/nsh'ip  in  the  SW  quarter  of 
Belmont  county,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
654. 

Wayne,  townshijj  of  Tuscarawas  C(kin- 
ty,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  715, 

Wayne,  township  of  Muskingum  coun- 
ty, Ohio.    Population  1820,  uncertain. 

Wayne,  township  of  Knox  County,  Ohio, 
Population  1820,  1101. 

Wayne,  township  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  950. 

Wayne,  township  of  Scioto  county,  Ohio 
in  which  is  situated  the  village  of  Ports- 
mouth.   Population  1820,  541. 

Wayne,  township  of  Adams  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  771. 

Wayne,  township  of  Champaign  county, 
Ohio,  containing  905  inhabitants  inJ  820. 

Wayne,  northern  township  of  Dark 
county,  Ohio.    Population  1820,  268. 

Wayne,  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1820,  925. 

Wavne,    township  in  NE  comer    of 
1079 


vV   -;l    V 


"VV  A  k- 


Montgomery  county,  Ohio.    Population 
1820,  729. 

JfayTie,  township  in  Butler  county, 
Ohio.    Population  1320,  1552. 

Wayve,  township  of  Warren  county, 
Ohio,  with  2d42  inhabitants  in  1320. 

Wayne,  county  of  Indiana ;  bounded 
by  Ohio  river  E,  Union  county  Indiana, 
S;  Fayette  SVV;  Henry  W  ;  and  Ran- 
dolph N.  It  is  20  miles  square ;  area 
400  quare  miles  ;  and  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  White  water  river.  Chief 
town,  Centreville 

Population  m  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -        6,250 

do    do.    females  -        -        5,803 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -        -        -        -  o 

Total  whites  _       .        - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males  _       -       - 

do.    females        _       -        - 

Total  population  in  1820  -      12,119 


Free  white  females    .       -       . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         -        - 

Total  whites        .         -         .         - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  male.s 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        -        .        - 
do.    females    -        -        -        - 


4S9 
0 


1,239 
0 
0 

lor 

97 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  iiaturalized  29 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  ••        2,132 

do.       in  Manufactures       -  281 

do.        in  Commerce  -  22 

Population  to  the  square  mile  30. 

Wayne,  county  of  Illinois ;  bounded  by 
Johnson,  and  Union  S ;  Jackson,  and 
Randolph  W ;  Jefferson  N ;  and  White 
and  Gallatin  E.  Length  36  ;  width  24  ; 
and  area  864  square  miles.  It  is  drain- 
ed by  the  west  branch  of  Little  Wabash. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -       -        -  574 

do.    do.     females  -         -  537 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 0 


Total  population  ia  1820     -        -       1,443 

Wayne,  county  of  Michigan,  bounded  by 
Detroit  river  and  St.  Clair  lake  SE ;  Mc 
Comb  county  NE ;  Oakland  NW :  and 
Monroe  S\V  and  S.  As  it  is  now  defified, 
it  is  about  30  miles  long,  and  20  miles 
wide;  with  an  area  of  600  square -miles. 
Surface  generally  level,  rising  by  a  very 
gentle  acclivity  from  lake  St.  Clair  and 
Detroit  river,  and  gradually  becoming  flat 
receding  from  these  waters.  Soil  highly 
productive.  It  is  principally  drained  by 
the  Riviere  Rouge.     Chief  town  Detroit. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -       -        1,151 

do.    do.    females         -        -  9o5 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        .  Q 


Total  whites      -        .        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males    -       •       - 
do.    females 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  10 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  217 

do,       in  Manufactures  ■•  0 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  1^. 

Wayne,  county  of  Missouri,  west  from 
Washington  and  Franklin,  and  on  the 
sources  of  Gasconade  river.  Its  limits  are 
too  vague  to  admit  specification. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  "0 


Total  whites           -        -        -  2,086 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  37 

do.            do.          females  '        29 

Slaves,  males      -        .        -        -  0 

do.    females           .        ,        -  o 

Population  in  1820,  exclusive  of 

the  city  of  Detroit  -        -        2,152 

Detroit  .        .        ,        -        1.422 

Total        -        .        -        -        .        3,574 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  •  39 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -         451 

do.        in  Manufactures       -  46 

do.        in  Commerce  -  5 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  6  nearly. 
WaynCy  county  of  Kentucky;  bounded 
2  by  Tennessee  S;  Cumberland  county  in 
1   Kentucky  W ;  Cumberland  river,  or  Adair 

and  Pulaski  counties  N  ;  and  Whitely  E. 

1,114  Length  44;  mean  width  22,  and  area  970 
— __  square  miles.  It  is  principally  drained  by 
Big  Sinking  creek  branch  of  the  Cumber- 
land.    Chieftown  Monticello. 


Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males          .        -        ,  2,787 

do.  do.  females        ...  2,413 

Total  whites                -        -        -  5,200 
AU  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        -        .        .  0 

Slaves 230 

Total  population  in  1810     *        -  5.4W 


W  A  V 


W  A  Y 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .        -        - 

do.  do.    females     .        -        - 
AH  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        .        - 

Total  whites      -        -        .        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  malrs 

do.  do.      females, 

Slaves,  males      -        - 
do.     females  -        -        . 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 
3,750  not  taxed  .... 
3,64J    Slaves        -        .        .        .        . 


0   'I  otal  population  in  1810 


7,39 


Population  in  1820. 

4    Free  white  males        -        -         . 

1  do.  do.  females  .  -  . 
266  All  otiser  persons  except  Indians 
287        not  taxc-J        -        .        .        _ 


111 

2,756 

8,687 


2,854 
2,867 


0 

.297 

60 

6 


Total  population  in  1820    - 

Of these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     - 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do-        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  8. 

JVayne,  county  of  Tennesse?,  bounded 
by  Lauderdale  county,  in  Alabama  S  ;  liar- 
din  county,  Tennessee  W  ;  Perry  N  ;  and 
Lawrence  E.  Lengtli  24,  width  21,  and 
area  500  square  miles.  It  lies  encircled 
by  the  great  bend  of  Tennessee  river, 
where  that  stream  turns  N  on  entering  the 
state  of  Tennessee  ;  and  though  in  no 
place  actually  reaching  Tennessee  river, 
the  creeks  of  this  county  are  discharged 
from  it  like  radii  from  a  centre.  Chiet  lovvn, 
Waynesboro'. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        .         -         -         1,248 

do.  do.  females  .  -  -  1,139 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  wliites        .... 
Free  persons  of  colour  males 

do.  do,      females     - 

.  Slaves,  males     -        .        -        . 

do.     females  .        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures     -        ., 
do.       in  Commerce  .         4- 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  5. 

Wayne,  county.  North  Carolina  ;  bound, 
ed  by  Duplin  S  :  Sampson  SW;  .Toiinson 
NW  ;  Nash  and  Edgecomb  N  ;  and  Greene 
and  Lenoir  E.  Lengtii  30,  mean  width  20, 
and  area  600  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  Neuse  river.  Chief  town  Waynesbo- 
rough. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .         ~        -        2,937 
do.    do.   females     -        -        -        2,883 


7,951    Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.    lemales 

Slaves,  males 
CO.     females     - 


2,459 


0 

692 
8 
0 


Total  population  in  1820. 


9,040 


Of  these ; 

Foreit^ners  not  nalur  dized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture       -         .       2,978 

do.       in  .VJanufactures     -         -  4 

do.      in  Cf-mmercc        -        -  23 

Population  to  the  squa-e  mile,  15. 

fl'ai/ne,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded  by 
Glynn  SE  ;  Campden,  and  Appling  S  ;  Ap- 
pling a;Kl  Tatnall  W ;  ami  Altamahah,  or 
Eli)ertand  Mc  I:!tosh  counties  NE.  Length 
40,  mean  width  25,  and  area  1000  square 
miles.  Tin  tie  ilver  rises  in  this  county, 
and  it  is  traversed  by  Gre.at  and  Little  St. 
Ilia.    Chief  town  Tuckerville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


Total  whiles       -         - 

All  othf T  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     - 
Slaves        .        -         -        _        - 


227 
194 

421 

I 

254 


'otal  whites 


.^20 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.     do.    females    -         -         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indi.ans 

not  taxed  ... 

Totul  whites       -         .        .         . 
Fiee  per.sons  of  colour,  maics 

do.  do.       females  - 

Slaves,  males      .  -         - 

do.     females  -        .        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foi-eigners  tiot  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commeixe    - 
Popxilation  to  the  squares  mile,  1. 
lOSl 


676 


327 
344 


671 
2 
4 

186 

147 


1,010 


1 

iir 

0 
0 


W  A  V 


W  E  I 


?r£Ji/ne,  county,  Mississippi ;  bounded  by  Columbus.    It  is  a  settlement  principally 

Alabama  E  ;  Greene  couiiiy  in  Mississippi  matle  by  a  society  of  Friends.     Population 

S  ;  Covingion  W  ;  and  the  Choctaw  county  in  1820,  307, 

N.     Length  32,  width  30,   and  afe.<   960  ^^        --- 


square  miles.  It  is  dr&ii.ed  liy  Chickisaw 
bay,  and  other  branches  of  Pascagoula 
river.     Ciii'  f  town,  Winchester. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do  do.    femaies 


Total  whites       ...        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       -        -        .        . 

Slaves,  .... 

Total  population  In  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ... 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -         -        .        - 

Total  whites        .         -         .         . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      femaies  - 

Slaves,  males       .        .        -        - 

do.    females  -        .        „ 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreig'ners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.       in  Manufactures 

do.       in  Commerce 
Popiilation  to  the  square  mile,  3 

Waynesboroiigh,    post     town, 


Wear,  river  which  rises  in  the  W  part  of 
tiie  county  of  Durham,  and  divides  it  into 
two  parts ,  flowing  SE  by  Stanhope  to  Bi- 
shop Auckland,  and  thence  NE  by  Dur- 
ham, receives  numerous  tributary  rills  from  , 
the  mountains  and  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean,  at  Sunderland. 

JVeare,  township  of  Hillsborough  county. 
New  Hampshire,  containing  2634  inhabi- 
tants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2781.  It  is 
about  55  miles  W  of  Portsmouth. 

Wearmouth,  village  in  Durham,  opposite 
Sunderland.  This  place  is  famous  for  a 
bridge  which  has  the  largest  arch  in  Eng- 
land, is  built  of  iron,  and  the  span  of  the 
arch  is  236  feet. 

Weathersfield,  township  of  Windsor  coun- 
ty, Vermont. 

Weather^Jield,  town  of  Trumbull  county, 
Ohio,  five  miles  SR  from  Warren,  It  con- 
tains a  viUage,  and  a  forge  and  furnace 

Wedenschiveil,  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric.  10  miles  SE  of  Zuric. 

Wesrt,  town  of  Brabant,  12  miles  W  of 
Ruremonde.     Lon.  5  o8  E,  lut.  51  7  N. 

Jf'eever,  river  which  rises  in  the  N  part 
^^°  of  Shropshire,  runs  acro-s  the  middle  of 
^^  Cheshire,  and  receiving  the  Dane  from  the 
2"^    E  discharges  itself  into  the  estuary  of  the 

Mersey.    It  is  navigable  to  WincJfoid,  some 

miles  above  Norwich  in  Cheshire. 

Weibstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  20  miles  SE  of 
"     ■  ■"  Lon.  9  23  E,  lat.  49  19  N. 


547 

425 

972 

•19 

262 

1,253 


1.170 
1,080 


,250 
8 
0 

517 


0 
365 

j2   Heidelburg 

TVeichterbach,    town  of   Germany,    in 
VVeteravia,  and  in  the  county  of  Isenberg, 
Franklin    seated  on  the  river  Kintz,  with  a  castle. 


county,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles  SSE  from  where  the  count  resides. 
Chambersburg.  TVeiden,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 

Waynesbor'oiish,  post  toWn    in    Greene  seated  on   the  Nab,    10  miles   NW  of 

county,    Pennsylvania,    25  miles  S    from  Leuchstenberg.    Lon.  12  10  E,   lat.  49 

Washington.  24  N. 

JVayneshorough,  post   town  In   Atignsta        ff^^f^  q,.  jy^^j^   town  of  Germany,  in 

county,  Virginia,  12  miles  E  by  Sot  Siaun-  Wirtemberg, "on  the  Worm,   12  miles 

ton,  and  30  NW  of  Monticello,  the  seat  ot  ^^^^^  ^^  stutgard,  and  20  N  of  Tubingen, 

the  late  president  Jefferson.  Lq„_  8  50  E,  lat.  48  46  N. 

frat/»es6oro?/^7;,  post  town  and  the  capital        jf-gUbitr?,   town   of  Germany,   in  the 

of  ^Vayne  county    North  Carolina  situated  county  of  Nassau,  on  the  Lahn.  22  miles 

on  the  S  side  of  Ncuse  river  50  mdes  SE  of  ^j.  J^  Nassau,  22  NW  of  Francfort,  and 

Raleigh,  and  69  W  of  Newbern.  ,     ^  29  east  of  Mentz.    Lon.  8  26  E,  lat.  50 

TVamiesboj-ongh,  -post  town  and   seat  ot  iq-^      ,.,' 


justice,  Burke  county,  Georgia,  on  Briar 
creek,  30  miles  S  from  Augusta.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  academy. 

Wayneshttrg,  post  village,  Honeybrook 
township,  Chester  county,  Pefmsjlvania, 
11  miles  NW  by  W  from  Downingstown 


Weilhdm,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wir- 
temburgi  seated  on  the  river  Lauter. 

Weimm\  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  duke  of  Saxe-Wiemar. 


Wavnesville,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus-  It  is  seated  on  the  Ilm,  20  nniles  NE  of 

tice,  Haywood  county.  North  Carolina,  on  Erfurt,   and   20   WSW  of  Naumburg. 

the  head   of  Big  Pigeon  river,  60  miles  Lon.  11  52  E,  lat,  51  6  N. 
WNW  from  Rutherfordton.  Wevmir,  grand  duchy  of  Saxe,  consist- 

Waxjnesville,  post  town.  Warren  countv,  ing  of  Wiemar  Proper,  and  Eisenbach, 

Ohio,  on  Little  Miami,  68  mil»s  SW  from  detached  from  each  other,  but  contain- 
308^ 


•\V  E  I 


W  E  L 


iniT  together,  an  area  of  1460  square 
miles  ;  and  20Li,030  inhabitants.  Wie- 
mar  is  the  capital. 

IVeing-artm,  tciwn  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
palatinate  of  the  Rnine,  seated  on  the 
Piintza,  four  miles  NE  of  D..urlach,  and 
nine  S  of  Philip^burg.  Lon.  9  30  E,  lat. 
49  5  N. 

We'mheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  1®  miles  N  nf 
Hfidelburg.    Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  49  35  N. 

TVeisbadcn,  town  of  Germany,  in  Mentz, 
where  there  are  hot  baths  in  hi^h  es- 
teem. It  is  eight  miles  NE  of  Mentz, 
and  IS  west  of  Francfort.  Lon.  8  20  E. 
lat  49  56  N. 

Weisbrain.     See  Vesperifi, 

JFeiselmimde,  fortress  of  Western  Prus- 
sia, seated  at  tlse  mouth  of  the  Vistula, 
below  Dantzic,  whose  harbour  it  defends. 
Lon.  18  40  E,  lat  54  24  M. 

Weissembnvg,  town  of  France,  in  the 
departm.ent  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Lau- 
ter,  10  miles  SW  of  Landau,  and  22  NE 
of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8  11  E,  lat.  48  53 
N. 

Weisnemhirg,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Aichstadt.  The  inhabitants 
are  protestants  It  is  seated  on  the  Red- 
nilh,  live  miles  N  of  Pappenheim,  an  ' 
30  SW  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  2  E,  lat. 
49  4  N. 

Weissemburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Sax- 
ony, 20  miles  north  bv  west  of  Wittem- 
burg,  and  20  NE  of  Deslaw.  Lon.  12  31 
E,  lat.  52  8  X. 

Weissemburg,  or  .Slba  JaUa,  city  of 
Trani-ylvar.ia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  and  a  university.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Ompias,  o5  miles  west  of  liermanstadt. 
Lon.  24  0  E,  lat.  46  26  N, 

ffeissemburg,  or  Shihhoeissemburg,  town 
of  Lower  Hungary,  seated  at  the  E  end 
<if  the  Platten  Sea,  36  miles  SW  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  30  E,  lat.  47  22  N. 

TFtessemberg,  township  of  Lehigh  coun- 
tv,  Pennsylvania  ;  containins;  1046  inha- 
bitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1175.  It 
is  situated  between  Lynn  and  Macungy 
townships,  and  joining  the  county  of 
Berks. 

fVeissenfels,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  the 
residence  of  the  duke  of  Saxe-Weissen- 
fels.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saale,  17  miles 
SW  of  Liepsic.  Lon.  12  15  E,  lat.  51 
9N. 

IFeile,  or  Wedel,  seaport  of  Denmark, 
in  the  province  nf  North  Jutland.  Lon. 
9  30  E,  lat.  55  45  N. 

IVeiltingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  10  21  E,  lat.  48 
58  N.     . 

Weinabsrg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 


circle  of  Suabia,  famous  for  its  wines, 
Lon.  9  15  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Welbi'.  post  village  in  Prince  George's 
county.  Maryland  ;  nearly  opposite  Al- 
exandria, and  about  four  miles  below 
Washington  City 

V/elland,  river  which  rises  in  North- 
amptonshire, and  separates  that  county 
from  Leicestershire,  Rutlandshire,  and 
Lincolnshir  • ;  it  passes  by  Market  Har- 
borough  to  Stamford,  and  is  thence  navi- 
gable to  the  Fosdike  Wash,  which  it  en- 
ters below  Spalding. 

Wellfleei,  post  town  in  Barnst.  ble  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts  ;  lying  on  Barnstable 
bay,  10  miles  N  of  Eastiiam,  22  N  of 
Chatham,  and  105  SE  of  B  :st'in,  by  land. 
Bo  ton  market  is  supplied  with  fish,  par- 
ticularly oysters  ot  the  best  kind,  from 
this  small  seaport  town. 

Wellingborough,  town  of  Northampton- 
shire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Nen.  12  mile.*!  NE  of  Northampton,  and 
68  N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  59  W, 
lat.  62  16  N. 

Wellington,  town  in  Shropshire,  with 
a  market  on  Tursday,  s;^  ated  near  Wre- 
kin  Hill,  12  miles  E  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
152  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W.  lat. 
52  40  N, 

Wellington,  town  in  Somersetshire,  on 
the  Tone,  15  miles  NE  of  Exeter,  and 
147  W"  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  25  W, 
lat    50  57  N. 

WeUingio?i,  township  of  Bristol  county, 
Massachusetts  ;  three  miles  south  from 
Taunton.     Population  1820,  954. 

Wells,  seaport  in  Norfolk,  which  has  a 
ci-nsiderable  corn  trade.  It  is  27  miles 
N  of  S  waff  ham,  and  21  NNE  cf  London. 
Lon   1  1  E,  lat  53  1  N, 

Welln,  city  in  Somersetshire.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  and  has  its  name 
from  the  wells  and  springs  about  it ;  and 
is  the  centre  of  a  great  manufacture  of 
knit  worsted  stf>ckings  It  is  16  miles  S 
of  Bristol,  and  120  w«st  of  London.  Lon. 
2  :i7  W,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Wells,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Austria,  seated  on  the  Trawn,  18  miles 
S  of  Lintz-     Lon.  13  53  E,  lat.  4S  4  N. 

Wells,  post  town  and  township  in  York 
county,  Maine  ;  situated  on  the  sea 
shore,  six  miles  S  of  Kennebunk,  16  N 
of  York,  and  26  N  by  E  by  Portsmf)uth, 
New  Hampshire.  Population  1820,  2660. 

WeUaborongh,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Tioga  county,  New  York ;  on 
Crooked  crtck,  Delmar  township,  A5 
miles  NNW  from  Williamsport, 

Wellsburg,  formerly  Charlestown,  post 
town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Brooke  coun- 
ty, Virginia  ;  on  the  bank  of  Ohio  river, 
above  the  mouth  of  Buffaloe  creek.  It 
1083 


contains  about  1000  inbiibil.ai.ls,  and  some 
manufactpries- 

Wdshfield,  southern  township  of  Geau- 
ga county,  Ohio.     Pupulation  1820,  100. 

Jf'dshpooJ,  town  in  M  ntgoiueryshire. 
It  is  the  principal  trading  town  in  the 
county,  btitig  the  gn-at  mart  f i  r  Welch 
cottons,  flannels,  &c.  It  is  seated  in  a 
rich  vale,  one  the  rivei*  Severn,  nine 
miles  N  of  Muntgomery,  and  169  NW 
of  London.    Lon.  3  5  VV,  lat.  52  33  N. 

WeUenburg.     See  Abach. 

IFehi'i/n,  village  in  Hertfordshire, 
of  which  Dr.  Young  was  rector ;  and 
here  were  written  his  celebrated  Night 
Thoughts. 

Wem,  town  in  Shropshire,  on  the  Ro- 
den,  nine  miles  N  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
364  NVV  of  London.  Lon.  2  40  W,  lat. 
52  50  N. 

Wendii7}gen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.    Lon.  9  18  E,  lat.  48 

IVendd,  township,  Cheshire  county, 
New  Hampshire,  30  miles  NW  from 
Concord.  Population  lolO,  447  ;  and  in 
1820,  603. 

Wendd,  tcv/nshjp  Franklin  county, 
Massachusetts  15  miles  E  from  Green- 
fit id.  Population  1820,  983  :  and  in  1820, 
958. 

We7idover,  borough  in  Buckingham- 
shire, seven  miles  SE  of  Ailesbury,  and 
35  W  by  N  of  London,  Lon.  3  35  W,  lat. 
51  45  N. 

Weulock,  borough  in  Shropshire,  12 
miles  SE  c-f  Slirewsbury,  and  147  NW 
of  London.    Lon.  2  30  VV,  lat.  52  ?•&  N. 

TVenner,  the  largest  lake  of  Sweden, 
in  West  Gothland,  NW  of  the  lake 
Wetter.  It  is  100  miles  in  length,  and, 
in  some  places,  40  in  breadth.  '  The  cu- 
iial  of  Trolhattan,  opens  the  trade  of  this 
fine  sheet  of  water,  to  Gothenburg,  by 
Wennersburg. 

Weimersbitrg,  town  of  Sweden  in  West 
Gothland,  which  is  the  staple  for  all  the 
iron  sent  from  the  province  of  Werme- 
land  to  Gotheborg.  It  is  seated  at  the 
SW  extremity  of  the  lake  Wenner,  15 
miles  E  of  Uddevalle. 

TFeim/sscl,  peninsula  of  Denmark, 
■which  makes  the  N  part  of  N  ith  Jut- 
land :  bounded  on  the  S  by  the  canal 
of  Alburg,  on  the  E  by  the  Categate, 
and  on  the  N  and  W  by  the  German 
Ocean. 

Wmiyssel,  town  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  capital  of  a  prefecture  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kyna, 
17  miles  NW  of  Alburg,  Lon.  9  40  E, 
lat.  57  4  N. 

Weni-ivorth,  village  in  Yorkshire,  three 
miles  NW  of  Rotherham. 

Wenb!;iy  borough  in  Herefordshire. 
TTf54 


eight  miles  NW  of  Hereford,  and  141 
WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  41  W,  lat.  52 
9  N. 

Werben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  formerly  a 
stroii;^  passage  on  the  river  Elbe,  but  now 
all  the  fovtihcations  are  ruined.  It  is 
seated  at  the  place  where  the  Habel 
falls  into  the  Eibe,  60  miles  NW  of  Ber- 
lin. Lon.  12  12  E,  lat.  53  5  N. 

JTercfiteren,  town  of  Brabant,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  D.?mer  and  Dyle, 
nine  miles  E  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4  49  E, 
lat.  51  ON. 

Werden,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Marck.  The  inhabitants  are 
Prote.Htants  under  the  protection  of  Prus- 
sia. It  is  seated  on  the  Roer,  10  miles 
NE  of  Dasseldorf,  and  10  E  of  Duisberg. 
Lon.  7  1  E,  lat.  51  17  N, 

IFertleiiburgy  town  of  Swisserland,  sub- 
ject to  the  canton  of  Glarus,  and  capital 
of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  castle,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
commanding  a  beautiful  prospect.  It  is 
16  miles  XE  of  Glarus.  Lon.  9  25  E,  lat. 
46  58  N. 

Werdevfelds,  town  of  Germany,  in  Ba- 
varia. 

Werdohl,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia.  Lon.  7  22  E,  lat.  51 
14  N. 

Wevle,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  bishopric  of  Munster.  seated 
on  ttie  river  Seisk,  30  miles  S  of  Munster. 
Lon-  7  20  E.  lat.  51  35  N. 

Wermelund,  or  Wanneland,  province  of 
Sweden,  in  West  Gothland,  100  miles 
long  and  50  broad  ;  b-unded  on  the  N 
by  Dalecarlia,  on  the  E  by  the  Westma- 
nia  and  Nericia,  on  the  S  by  the  lakes 
Wenner,  aiid  Dalva,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  mountains  of  Norway.  Carlstadt  is 
the  capital. 

Wem,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Munster.  v/ith  a  monaste- 
ry, seated  necir  the  Lippe,  28  miles  S 
by  W  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  30  E,  lat.  51 
35  N. 

Wernigerode,  town  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  with  a  trade  in  brewing,  and 
maufactares  of  cloth  and  stuflF.  Lon.  11 
10  E,  lat.,  52  2N. 

Wevra.     See  Weser. 

Wertheim,  town  of  Franconia,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Tauber  and 
M;nne,  20  miles  W  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon. 
9  53  E.  lat.  49  46  N. 

IVesd,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  with  a  strong 
citadel,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Rhine 
and  Lippe.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial 
and  hanseatic  town,  but  now  belongs  to 
the  king  of  Prus^sia.    It  is  25  .sK'of  Cleves, 


W  E  S 


W    ••.   :- 


ir.d  45  N  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  37  E,  iat. 
lat.  51  27  N. 

JVesel,  town  cf  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Treves,  20  miles  S  of  Cob- 
lentz,  and  46  ENE  of  Treves.  Lon.  7 
oO  E,  lat  5U  4  N 

H'iisenburj,  fortified  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  govern'nent  of  Esthonia,  seated 
on  the  Wiss,  55  miles  SE  of  Revel,  and 
55  NW  of  Narva.  Lon.  25  48  E  lat.  59 
ION 

TVeser,  considerable  river  of  Germa- 
ny, which  rises  in  the  country  of  Hen- 
neburg,  bting  then  called  the  Werra. 
It  passes  by  Smalkald,  crosses  a  comer 
of  rhnringia,  enters  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  receives  the  Fulde,  at  Mun- 
den.  It  tht-n  assumes  the  name  of  We- 
ser,  runs  along  the  confines  of  the  cir- 
cles of  Weslphalia  and  Lowtr  Saxony, 
\vaters  Hameli-i,  Minden,  and  Hoye  ;  re- 
ceives the  Aller,  below  Verden  ;  and 
passing  by  Brem.  n,  enters  the  German 
Ocean, 

JVcsley,  western  township,  Washing- 
ton countv,  Ohio.  Population  1820, 
^92, 

West,  one  of  the  eastern  townships  of 
Huntingdon  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
west  branch  of  Susquehannah  five  miles 
above  Huntingdon.  Population  1820, 
1244. 

West,  township,  Columbiana  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  722. 

WestborouglL,  post  village  and  township, 
Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  13 
miles  E  from  Worcester.  Population 
1810,  1048;  and  in  1820,  1325. 

Westbrook,  township  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Mahie,  three  miles  W  from  Portland. 
Population  1820,  2502. 

ff'est  Buffalo,  township  of  Union  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  betv/een  White  Deer 
mountain  and  Penn's  creek.  Population 
1820,  1183. 

West  Cambridge,  post  village,  and 
township,  Middlesex  county,  Massachu- 
setts. 

West  Chester,  county  of  New  York ; 
bounded  by  Hudson  river  W  ;  Putnam 
county,  New  York  N  ;  Fairfield  county, 
in  Connecticut  E;  and  Long  Island 
Sound,  and  Harlem  river  S.  Length  40 ; 
mean  width  12;  and  area  480  square 
miles,  hiesides  the  Hudson,  the  Croton, 
and  BroRx  are  its  principal  streams. 
Surface  generally  hilly  and  in  part  moun- 
tainous. Soil  in  most  places  productive 
in  grain,  pasturage  and  fruit-  Chief 
towns,  White  Plains,  Croton,  Peekshill, 
and  Bedford. 

Population  in  IBlQ. 
Free  white  males  -       -      14..368 


Free  white  femaica 


15,974 


Total  whites  -        -        -       28,342 

Ail  other  persons  except  Indians 


not  taxed 

Slaves 


948 

982 


Total  population  in  1810 
Population  in  1820. 


30,-^72 


Free  white  males        .        .        - 

15.479 

do.     tlo.  females    .        .        - 

15,3io 

All  othei-  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

0 

Total  whites       .... 

30,795 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

821 

do.            do.        females 

817 

Slaves,  males     -        .        .        - 

113 

do.  females 

92 

Total  population  in  1820 


2,638 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturrdized         -  270 

Engaged  in  \gricultiire              -  4,993 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  1,614 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  251 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  68. 

West  Chester,  p«st  town.  West  Chester 
county,  New  York,  12  miles  from  New 
York.  Population  1810,  1969;  and  in 
1820,  2162. 

West  Chester,  post  town,  bcrough,  and 
seat  of  justice,  Chester  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 22  miles  \V  from  Philadelphia. 
Population  1820,'  552.  It  contains,  be- 
side the  county  buildings,  a  market  house, 
and  bank. 

Westchester,  village.  Perry  township, 
Tuscarawas  crunty,  Ohio. 

Westerns,  town  of  Ssveden,  capital  of 
Westmani."!,  with  a  famous  college,  it 
carries  on  a  considerable  commerce  with 
Stockholm,  parlicularl}-  in  copper  and  iror* 
from  the  neighbouring-  mines.  Westeras 
is  seated  on  the  lake  Mseler,  45  miles 
NW  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  0  E,  !at.  59 
38  N. 

Westerham,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Wednesday.  This  place  had  the 
honour  of  producing  general  Wolfe,  who 
is  interred  in  the  church.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Darent.  Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  51 
18  N. 

Wesierloo,  township,  Albany  county. 
New  York.    Population  1820,  3458. 

Westerlij\to\s'v&\\\'^,  Washington  county, 
Rhode  Island,  on  the  E  side  of  Pawca- 
tuck  river,  opposite  to  Stonington,  in 
Connecticut,  13  miles  W  of  Charleston, 
34  of  New  Port,  and  20  E  of  New  Lon- 
don. In  Pacatuck  village  in  this  town- 
ship are,  50  or  60  dwelling  houses,  two 

1085 


\v    E 


WES 


banks,  two  academies,  and  a  wooUeu 
cloth  factory. 

Western,  post  villag-e  and  tov/nslvp,  Wor- 
cestKi-  count},  Muc^s  .chusetts,  22  miles  SW 
from  Worcester.  Popu!ati;-n  in  1810, 
1014;  and  in  1820,  1112 

Western^  township  oF  Ooeida  county, 
New  York,  on  Hie  Mohawk,  five  m  les 
above  Home.  Fr,pid.ition  in  1810,2416; 
r.t-;d  m  18:0,  223r. 

IVestevnpori,  or  Westport,  post  village, 
Aileg.iny  county,  Maryland,  on  the  left 
bank  uf  Poto:T»ac  river,  between  George's 
creek  and  S:vag-e  river,  20  miles  by  laud 
iibove  Cumberland.. 

Westirivich ,  seap.jrt  of  S^veden,  in  Smo- 
i?.nd,  seated  on  the  Haltic,  50  miles  N  of 
Galniar,  and  120  S  VV  of  S  ock.hol-.n.  Lon. 
16  OE,la';.  57  40  N. 

JVest  Fairlee,  tov.  nsliip  of  Orange  county, 
Vermont,  36  rrnles  SE  iro.-n  M  li.tpelier. 

JVestfall,  town-hip  of  Pickaway  county, 
Ohio,  on  ijie  ri.s^'hi  bank  of  Scioto  river, 
nearly  opposite  C  rcleville.  P.-pulation  in 
1820,  uncer'ain. 

West  farms,  post  vil  age,  Vv'estches'er 
county,  New  York,  on  IJri^nx  river,  10  miles 
NE  fr-m  New  Yoik. 

Westfield,  township  of  Orleans  county, 
Vermont,  45  mile.^  N  from  ]M ontpelier. 

Westfield.  post  lovv!'.  in  Hamdtn  county, 
Massachu^e.ts,  lying  on  the  south  side  of 
a  river  of  t!ie  same  name,  11  m.les  west  of 
Springfield,  34  E  of  Stockbridge,  aiid  35 
N  by  \V  cf  Hartford  (Connecticut  )  Popu- 
lation in  1810,  2130 ;  and  in  1820,  2668. 

WestJisUl,  townsiiip  of^ichra'ind  county, 
Staten  Island,  and  st-.te  of  New  York,  con- 
taining 1,444  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in 
1820,*1616 

Wesifield,  township  of  Essex  couity. 
New  Jersey,  eight  miles  west  froni  Eliza- 
bethtown      Population  in  1820,  2358, 

Westjield,  one  of  the  southern  lowuihlps 
of  Medina  coun'v,  Ohio.  Populatic!i  in 
1S20,  179. 

Westf'jrd,  town.ship  orMiddlesex  county, 
'Ma'-sachuselt--,  situated  r.n  the  E  side  of 
Stoney  river,  five  miles  N'.V  of  Concord, 
and  contiining-  1330  inhabitants  in  1810 ; 
and  in  1820,  1409. 

Westford,  township'  of  Otsego  county. 
New  Y^ork,  10  mi'es  SE  from  Cooper's 
town.     Population  in  1820,  1526. 

West  Greenxuich,  SVV  township  of  Kent 
count;,.  Kr.oJe  Island,  18  miles  SW  from 
Providence.  Population  in  1810,  1619 ; 
and  in  1820,  1927. 

Westhimptov,  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  west  from 
Nortiiampton.  Population  in  1810,  7'93  ; 
and  in  1820,  896. 

West  JJaven,  post  village  and  township, 
Rutland  county,  Vermont,  50  miles  west 
from  Windsor.  Population  in  1810,  679  ; 
and  in  1820,  about  750. 


West  Hofcn,  town  of  German^',  in  the 
circle  of  the  Uhine. 

Westhofen,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province 
of  Alsace. 

West  Indies.     See  Indies  West. 

Westkind,  (owi  ship  of  Guernsey  county, 
Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  676. 

Westmania,  or  Westmanland,  province  of 
Sweden  Proper,  between  Sudermania, 
Ge-.tricia,  N?ricia,  and  Upland.  It  is  75 
m  les  long  and  45  broad,  and  abounds  in 
copper  End  iron  mines.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  diversified  like  Wermeland. 
Westeios  is  the  capital. 

JVestminster^  city  of  Middlesex,  the  resi- 
dence of  ihe  mon...rchs  of  Great  Britain, 
the  scat  of  the  parliament  and  of  the  high 
courts  of  ju.suce,  and  constituting  with 
London  and  Soulhwiirk,  the  metropolis  of 
the  British  e-npire.  This  city  had  its  name 
from  the  situation  of  iis  abbey,  anciently 
Called  a  ininstei\  in  respect  of  that  of  St. 
Paul.     See  London. 

Westminster,  po^t  town  in  Vermont,  in 
V/indiiaai  county,  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  ConnecHciit  river,  opposite  to  Wal- 
pole,  18  miles  N  of  Brattleboro',  29  south 
of  Windsor,  and  15  NW  of  Keen  (New 
Hampshire  ) 

Westminster,  township  in  Massachusetts, 
situated  in  Worcester  county,  and  contain- 
ing 1419  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1820, 
1534. 

Westminster,  post  town  in  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  30  ndles  NW  of  Balti- 
more, and  75  N  by  E  of  Washington. 

Westmoreland,  county  of  England,  enclo- 
sed between  those  of  Cumberland,  York, 
and  Lancaster;  t!ie  first  b.-unding  it  on  'he 
N  and  NW  ;  the  second  on  the  E  ;  and  the 
last  on  the  S  and  SW.  It  has  tlie  natural 
boundaries  of  lakes,  streams,  and  moun- 
tains, almost  every  where  except  to  the 
soiith,  where  it  sinks  undistinguishably 
i:ito  Lanc'tshiie.  From  tiie  sea  it  is  ex- 
eluded  by  the  detached  part  of  Lanca- 
shire ;  and  only  just  touches  upon  the  bot- 
tom cf  that  wide  sandy  wash  which  sepa- 
rates the  two  parts  of  that  county.  Ihe 
principal  rivers  are  the  Eden,  Lone,  and 
Ken.  It  has  also  several  fine  lakes,  the 
princip.al  of  which  is  Winnander-raere,  or 
Windermere  water.  In  the  forest  of  Mar- 
tindale,  to  the  south  of  Ulls-water,  the 
breed  of  red  deer  still  exists  in  a  wild 
state.  Appleby  is  the  county-town.  Popu- 
lation  in  1801,  41,617;  in  1811,  45,922; 
and  in  1821,  51,359. 

Westmoreland,  township  of  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  containing  1937 
inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  2029.  It 
is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  wh.ich  separates  it  from  the  state  of 
Vermont. 

Wpstmnreland,^05\.  town  in  Oneida  coun- 


\v  E  a' 


W  E  S 


ty.  New  York,  12  miles  E  of  OneiJa,  and 
about  the  same  distance  west  of  Utica,  or 
old  Fort  Schuyler.  Population  in  1810, 
1135;  and  in  1820,  2791. 

Westmoreland,  county  of  Pennsylvania ; 
bounded  by  Somerset  S  ;  Wiisr.ing'ton  W  ; 
Allegany  NW  ;  Armstrong  and  ludiann  N  ; 
and  Bedford  E.  Leng'.h  37;  width  i{9 ; 
and  area  1064  square  miles.  It  is  a  well 
watered  county.  The  Mononj^ahela  forms 
its  extreme  western  border,  near  wh  ch  it 
is  traversed  by  the  Youghiogany.  Its  en- 
tire northern  limit  is  formed  by  the  Kis- 
kimnitas,  and  its  north-western  by  the  Al- 
legany ;  whilst  its  surfitce  is  drained  by  the 
numerous  confliients  of  these  rivers.  The 
face  of  the  country  hilly  and  m  part  moun- 
tainous. Soil  generally  productive  in 
grain,  pasturage  and  fruit.  Chief  town, 
Greensburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females 


13,286 
12,841 

26,127 

245 
20 

26,392 


Total  whites       .... 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  iti  1820. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       15,691 

do.  do.   females  -        •       14,597 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  do.     females 

Slaves,  males 
do,   females 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture     • 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  28, 

Westmoreland,  county  of  Virginia,  bound- 
ed by  Potomac  river  NE  ;  King  George 
county  NW ;  Rhappahannoc  nver,  and 
Richmond  county  S  ;  and  Northumberland 
SE.  Length  30  ;  mean  width  5  ;  and  area 
150  square  miles.    Chief  town,  Leeds. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  nnales 
do.    do.    females 


30,540 


44 

4,558 

436 

51 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

•  not  taxed       ..       -       ,        . 


1,702 
1,699 

3,401 

621 


Slaves 4,080 

Total  population  in  1810  •        8,102 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.  fcma'es    -        -        - 
A.l  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .... 

Total  whites      -        .        -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

do.  do.    females 

Slaves,  males      .... 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820  -        -         6,901 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  5 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        2,157 

do.        in  Manufactures        -  77 

do.        in  Commerce  -  92 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  46. 

Weston,  township  of  Conntc.icut,  Fair- 
field county,  seven  mi'es  N  of  Fairfirld, 
and  containing  2618  inhabitants  in  1820; 
and  in  1820,  2767.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy. 

WestQtvn,  township,  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  about  four  miles  E  from 
West  Chester,  containing  a  Friends'  board- 
ing school.     Population  in  1820,  755. 

Westphalia,  formerly  one  of  the  circles 
of  Germany,  bounded  on  the  E  by  Lower 
Saxony;  on  the  S  by  Heiise,  Wcsterwald, 
and  the  Rhine  ;  on  the  W  by  the  United 
Provinces ;  and  on  the  N  by  the  Germsn 
Ocean.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  We- 
ser,  Embs,  L  ppe,  and  Roer.  It  contained 
the  sovereign  bishoprics  oi  Osnaburg, 
Munster,  and  Paderborn  ;  the  principality 
of  Minden  ;  the  counties  of  Ravensburg, 
Tecklengburg,  Ritburgh,  Lippe,  Lemgow, 
Spigelbui-g,  Shauenburg,  Hoye,  Diepholt, 
DelmerJicrst,  Oldenburg,  Embden  or  East 
Frieslanrl,  Bentheim,  and  Lingen.  Thess 
are  to  the  N  of  the  river  Lippe.  To  the 
S  of  it  are  the  abbies  o!  Essen  and  Verden, 
the  town  of  Dortmund,  the  counties  of 
Marck  and  Homburg,  and  the  duchies  of 
Westphalia,  Berg,  snd  Cleves.  Munster 
is  tlie  most  considerable  city. 

Westphalia,  formerly  duchy  of  Germany;, 
in  the  circle  of  ^Vestphalia,  40  miles  long 
and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
bishopricks  of  Munster  and  Osnaburg,  and 
the  county  of  Lippe;  on  the  W  by  that  of 
Marck  ;  on  the  S  by  the  territories  of  Nas- 
sau ,  and  on  the  E  by  the  counties  ot  Wito 
genstein,  Hartsfeld,  Waldeck,  and  the  land- 
gravate  of  Ilesse,  being  about  40  miles  in 
length,  and  25  in  breadth.  Arensberg  is 
tlie  capital.  See  the  various  sections  of  the 
circle,  and  rhichv,  under  their  respective 
heads. 

1087 


-%V  E  T 


W  E  Y 


West  PQint,  post  village  and  military 
school.  Orange  county,  New  York,  on  the 
south  bank  of  Hudson  river,  at  the  lower 
verge  of  the  Highland;-:,  seven  miles  S  from 
Newburg.  Durin.e  the  revoluxionary  war. 
it  was  a  niihtary  post  of  much  consequence. 
In  1802,  the  general  government  of  the 
United  Stales  m^ide  it  the  seat  of  a  military 
academy.  It  is  no\r  under  ihe  sujierintend- 
ance  of  a  professor  and  assistant  professor, 
en  each  of  tlie  three  branches  of  mathema- 
tics, natural  and  experimentt.1  Phi'osophy, 
and  of  the  art  of  engineering.  A  ch::plain, 
instructor  on  each  of  the  following  branches 
tactics,  and  artillery.  A  surgeon  who  is 
also  professor  of  chemistry,  and  a  teacher 
of  the  French  language,  a  teacher  of  draw- 
ing, and  a  master  of  sword  exerc  se.  The 
number  of  students,  termed  cadets,  are 
limited  to  250. 

IVestport,  seaport  of  Ireland,  In  the  coun- 
ty of  Mayo.     Lon.  9  22  W,  lat.  53  48  N. 

JFestpot't,  township  of  Bristol  county, 
Massacl)usetts,  containing  2585  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2633.  It  is  a  seaport, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Akeaxet. 

Wcstport,  township,  Essex  county.  New 
York,  on  lake  Champlain.  Population  in 
1820,  1095. 

IVeslport,  post  town,  Henry  county,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Ohio  river,  22  miles  above 
Louisville. 

IVestva,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  eight 
miles  long  and  from  one  to  three  broad, 
containing  abo\it  1303  inhabitants. 

West  Springjield,  post  town  in  Hampden 
county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  W  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  opposite  Springfield,  13 
miles  S  of  Northampton,  30  miles  W  by  S 
of  Brookfield,  and  29  N  ot  Hartford  Con- 
necticut.    Population  in  1820,  3246. 

Weststockbridge,  post  village  and  town- 
ship, Berkshire  county  Massachusetts,  10 
miles  SSW  irom  Lenox.  Population  in 
1820,  1034. 

JVestown,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  four  miles  SE  from  the  bo- 
rough of  Westchester.  Population  in  1820, 
755. 

West  Union,  post  t^wn  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Adams  county,  Ohio,  53  miles  SW 
from  Chilicothc.  Lat.  38  51  N.  Popula- 
tion in  1820,  406. 

West  Union,  township,  Columbiana  coun- 
ty, Ohio.     Population  in  1820,  722. 

Westrogothia.    See  Gothland. 

Wetherby,  town  of  Yorkshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  Lon.  1  20  W,  lat.  53 
57  N. 

Wethcrsfield,  post  town  and  township  in 
Hartford  county,  Conneciicut,  on  the  W 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  three  miles  S  of 
Hartford,  11  N  of  Middleton,  and  43  N  by 
E  cf  New  Haven,  containing  3961  inhabi- 
1088 


tants  in  1810 .  It  is  the  seat  of  an  acade" 
my. 

Weter,  lake  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  SE 
of  the  lake  Wenner.  It  is  100  miles  in 
leng'h,  and  in  some  places  20  in  breadth. 
Above  forty  small  streams  enter  this  lake, 
and  its  only  outlet  is  the  river  Motala, 
which  flows  E,  by  Nordkoping,  into  the 
Baltic. 

Wetteraz'ia,  or  Weteraiv,  an  extensive 
province  of  Germany,  lying  between  the 
territories  of  Treeves  and  Mentz  on  the  S, 
and  the  duchies  of  Berg  and  Westphalia, 
the  langravate  of  Hesse,  and  bishopric  of 
Fulda  on  the  N:  having  tlie  llhme  to  the  AV, 
and  Fulder  to  the  E.  It  is  divided  into  two 
parts  bj-  the  river  Lahn :  the  soul  hern  part^ 
or  Weltcraviu  Proper,  belongs  to  the  cir- 
cle of  Upp.^r  llliine ;  and  the  northern,  or 
the  Westerwald,  belongs  to  the  circle  of 
Westphalia.  It  contains  several  small 
counties. 

Wettin,  town  f>f  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  with  a  castle  on  a 
mountain;  seated  on  'he  Saal,  over  which 
is  a  ferrj-,  nine  miles  NNW  of  Halle. 

Wetti7igen,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
county  of  Baden,  celebrated,  for  its  wood- 
en bridge,  240  feet  long,  of  a  single  arch 
over  the  river  Limmat.  It  is  one  mile  S  of 
Baden. 

ff'etziar,  town  of  Germany,  in  Weltera- 
via,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  surrounded  by  ditches  and  walls 
flanked  with  towers.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Lahn,  Disle,  and  Dillen, 
30  miles  N  of  Frankfort.  Lon.  8  37  E,  lat, 
50  33  N. 

Wetwkburg,  town  and  city  of  Westpha- 
lia, in  tlie  principality  of  Paderborn,  nine 
miles  S  of  Paderborn. 

Wexford,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Munsfer,  38  miles  long  and  24 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Wicklow,  E 
by  St.  George's  channel,  S  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  W  by  Waterford  and  Kilkenny,  and 
NW  by  Catherlough.  It  contains  100  pa- 
rishes, and  is  fertile  in  corn  and  grass. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Barrow  and 
Slaney. 

Wexfordf  btu'ough  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
the  county  of  tlie  same  name.  It  has  a 
spacious  harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Slaney,  on  a  bay  of  St.  George's  channel, 
but  the  water  is  not  deep  enough  for  large 
vessels.  Much  woollen  cloth  is  manufac- 
tured here  and  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
inhabitants  are  estimated  ai  9000.  It  is  33 
miles  ENE  or  Waterford,  and  75  S  of  Dub- 
lin.    Lon.  6  30  W,  lat.  52  22  N. 

Wexio,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smoland, 
seated  on  the  lake  Helga,  which  contains 
a  group  of  woody  islands.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  though  small,  and  is  50  miles  W  of 
Calmar. 

^fe^,  j^V;e|P,  which  rises  i!i  Hampshire* 


\Y  A  t 

Sows  through  Surry  by  Godalming  and 
Guiliord,  and  enters  the  Thames,  at  Wey- 
bridge. 

Weifbrid^e,  village  in  Surr}',  seated  on 
the  Wty,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Thames, 
two  miles  E  of  Cliertsey. 

fVey/iill,  village,  in  Hampshire,  three 
W  of  Andover,  famous  for  an  annual  fair 
on  the  10th  of  October,  for  sheep,  leather, 
hops,  and  cheese. 

Weymouth,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  incorpo- 
rated vvitli  that  of  xMelcomb  Regis.  A  few 
plain  and  striped  cottons  are  made  here. 
Weymouth  is  130  miles  WSW  of  London. 
See  Melcomb  Regis. 

Weymouth,  township  of  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  containing  1,889  inhabi- 
tants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  2407.  Situated 
about  ten  miles  SE  of  Boston. 

Weymouth,  township  of  Gloucester  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey.  At  the  village  or  Fur- 
nace, called  Weymouth  furnace,  here  is  a 
post  office.  Population  1810,  1029  ;  and  in 
1820,  787 

Wharton,  township  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsjdvania,  adjoining  Virginia,  and  be- 
t\veen  Laurel  Hill  and  Sugar  Loaf  Moun- 
tain, commencing  five  mdes  SE  from 
Uniontown.  Population  1810,  922:  and  in 
9820,  1276. 

Whateley  post  village,  and  township, 
Franklin  county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles 
above  Northampton.  Population  1810, 
891;  and  in  1120,  1076. 

Wheatfield,  SE  township  of  Indiana  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania  Population  1810,  1475, 
and  in  1820,  2020. 

JfhenUng,  large  creek,  rising  in  Greene 
and  Washington  counties.  Pennsylvania, 
and  flowing  NW,  into  Ohio  county,  Vir- 
ginia, falls  into  Ohio  river  below  the  town 
of  Wheeling. 

Wheeling,  post  town  and  seat  of  ju-tice, 
Oiiio  county^  Virginia,  stands  on  the  bank 
of  Ohio  river,  inramediately  above  the  mouth 
of  Wheeling  creek.  It  stands  on  a  first 
and  second  bottom,  principally  in  one 
street  parallel  to  the  river.  It  contains 
the  county  buildings ;  a  nail  factory,  and 
about  1000  inhabitants.  The  United  States 
turnpike  road  reaches  the  Ohio  river  at 
Wheeling,  contributing  greatly  to  'Us  in- 
crese  and  prosperity. 

Wheeling,  township  of  Belmont  county, 
Ohio.     Population  1820,  1482. 

Whida,  kingdom  of  Guinea,  on  the  SJave 
Coast,  extending  about  10  miles  aloi?g  the 
Atlantic,  under  6  29  N  lat.  Thciv  trade 
consisted  of  slaves,  elepha-its'  ceeth,  wax, 
and  honey.  The  English  factory  is  200 
miles  B  of  Cape  Coast  C-sstle,  within  land. 
X3*ier,  or  Sabi,  is  the  capital. 

Whitby,  seaport  m  the  North  Riding  of 

Yorkshire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk.    It 

is  a  considerable  town  with  a  great  traffic 

ia  the  building  of  ships,  and  tbe  carryiiig 

6Y 


W  II  I 

business.  Its  harbour  U  the  best  on  this 
coast,  and  is  protected  by  a  fine  pier ;  but 
it  has  no  river  communication  with  tliis  in- 
land country. 

White,  county  of  Tennessee;  bounded 
by  Bledsoe  SE ;  Warren  W ;  or  Caney 
Fork  river  SW  ;  Smith  NW  ;  Jackson  N  ; 
and  Oveiton  NR  Length  40  ;  mean  width 
19 ;  and  area  750  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  eastern  branches  of  Caney 
Fork  river.     Ch.ef  town,  Sparta. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         ...  1,974 

do,    do.     females,    -        -       -   1,771 

Total  whites  .  .,  .  -  3,745 
All  other  persons  except  ladians 

not  taxed        .        -    ,    .        -  0 

Slaves        -        .        .        .        .  283 

Total  population  In  1810    -        -        4,028 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       -        -        .        4,096 
do.    do.  females     -        -        -        3,885 

Total  whites       ...         -  7,981 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  -  62 

do.          do.            females  65 

Slaves,  males               .        -        .  273 

do.    females           -        -        -  320 


Total  population  in  1820 


8,701 


2 

1.P60 

109 

8 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do         ill  i\lanufactures  - 

do.        in  Commerce 
ft)pulation  to  the  square  p^^*  H- 

Whiie,  county  of  lllin^s  5  bounded  by 
Wabash  river  E;  Galla*^^'  county  S ;  Frank- 
lin and  Jeff er  .on  W'  and  Wayne,  and  Ed- 
wards  N.  Lea^*^  '^^  '■>  width  20  ;  and  area 
800  square  iv-'-«^s-  ^^  'S  chiefly  drained  by 
Little  WaV-ish  river.     Chief  town,  Carmi. 

PopivUtion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        -         -         -        2,546 

40.  flo.  females  -        -       2,215 

All  pcher  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        .  q 


Total  jvhites      .        -        .        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -        -        -        - 
do.   females    -        -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized    - 
Engaged  in  Agriculture 

do.        in  Manufactures 

do.        in  Commerce 
Population  to  the  square  mile,  6. 
4089 


4,828 


13 

979 

17 

ao 


w  n  i 


W  H  I 


l^hiie  Clay  a-eek,  rises  in  Ciiester  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  flows  St:  into  Newcastle 
county,  Di-laware,  and  joins  Red  Clay 
creek  near  their  joint  influx  into  Chr.a- 
tiana. 

IVkite  day  Creek,  hundred  of  Npw  Cas 
tie  county,  D  (aware,  containing  1701  in- 
habitants In  1810;  and  in  1820,  1904. 

W/iiie  Creek,  post  township,  Washing- 
ton count)'.  New  York.  Tt  is  the  seat  of 
an  academv,  '?.6  mdes  NE  from  Albany. 
Popid3tion'l820,  2377. 

JVhite  Deer,  NE  townsliip  of  Union  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  on  Susqueiiaimah  river. 
Popul.tion  1810,  1132  ;  and  in  1820,  1677. 

Wliiiefield,  post  vdl.ige,  and  township, 
Lincoln  county,  Maine,  15  miles  N  from 
Wiscasset.  Population  1810,  995  ;  and  in 
1320,  1429. 

Whitejteld,  township  of  Coos  county. 
New  Hampshire,  Population  1820,  281. 

Whitehall,  post  town  in  Washington  coun- 
ty.  New  York ;  situated  at  the  head  of 
lake  Champlain,  22  miles  N  of  P'ort  Ed- 
ward, and  41  W  of  Ruti  nd  This  place 
was  formerly  called  Skeer.sborough,  from 
major  Skeene,  of  the  IJriti^h  army. 
Whitehall,  is  a  flourishing  village  at  the 
head  of  Sloop  navigation  on  Wood  creek. 
A  steam  boat  pi  es  Irom  this  place  to  St. 
Jolms  in  Lower  Canada.  It  is  a  place  of 
much  business,  it  bus  the  exterior  appear- 
ance of  a  crouded  and  active  port.  The 
importance  of  this  town  is  now^  much  en- 
hanced by  being  the  place  of  outlet  into 
lake  Champlain  of  the  Canal  from  the 
Hudson  to  Wood  creek.  Population  1810, 
2110  j^nd  in  1820.  2311.  See  Canal  of 
JV'ew  rorA,,page  720. 

Whilehall,  Aj'orfh,  township  of  Lehigh 
county,  PennsyUnnia,  on  Leiiigh  river,  be- 
tween Heedelburg,  a^d  South  Whitehall. 
Population  1820,1807. 

Whitehall,  South,  towii.i^jp  ^f  Lchigii 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  Let.-^ji  river,  be- 
low North  Salisbury.  Populs^.-.on  1320, 
1623. 

Whitehaven,  post  town  of  Someiset  coun- 
ty, Maryland  on  Wicomico  river,  la  mAes 
NNE  from  Princess  Anne.  .  ' 

Whitehaven,  seaport  in  Cumberland,  it 
is  seated  on  a  creek  'of  the  Irish  sea,  on 
the  N  end  of  a  grei.t  hi!!,  washed  ^y  the 
tide  on  the  W  side,  where  there  is  a  large 
whitish  rock,  and  a  strong  stone  wall  th*t 
secures  the  harbour.  Near  it  are  some 
coal  mines,  some  of  which  run  a  consider- 
able way  under  the  sea,  and  are  the  great 
source  of  its  weaith  ;  bt;t  its  trade  is  now 
extended  to  foreign  parts.  A  packet-boat 
sails  hence  weekly  to  Douglass,  in  the  isle 
of  Man.  Here  are  six  yards  for  ship-build- 
ing, an  extensive  canvi.s  manufacttire,  three 
large  roperies,  and  several  copperas  works. 
The  town  is  defended  by  batteries,  and 
has  three  neat  churches.  It  is  37  miles 
1090 


SW  of  Carlisle,  and  294  NNW  of  London, 
Lon.  3  :?,5  VV,  lat.  54  25  N. 

Whitehorn,  royal  borough  of  Scotland^ 
in  Wigtonshire,  This  place  is  said  to  have 
been  the  flrst  bi'-hop's  see  in   Scotland. 

TVhitelavtl,  East,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Penn  ylvania,  on  the  head  of  Val- 
ley creek,  10  miles  ENE  irom  Downings- 
town.  Population  1810,  779  ;  and  in  1820, 
818. 

Whitelnnd,  West,  township  of  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  five  miles  E  from 
Downington.  Population  in  1810,  635; 
and  in  1820,  773. 

Whi'eley,  county  of  Kentucky;  bound 
ed  by  Tennessee  S  ;  Wayne  county  in  Ken- 
tucky W ;  Rockcastle  river,  or  Pulaski 
county  NW ;  Knox  NE  ;  and  Harlan  E. 
Length  40;  mean  width  14;  and  area  560 
square  miles,  Cumberland  river  traverses 
it  from  SE  to  NW.  Chief  town  Williams- 
burg. 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       .        -        ~        1,167 

do.   do.    females     ...         1,065 


Total  wliites       .        ,        .        . 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    ■ 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        .        . 

do.    females   -        -        .        . 


Total  population  in  1820 


2,340 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -  634 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  9 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  2 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  4. 

Whiteleysbtirg,  post  village,  Kent  countj", 
Dclaw-are,  20  miles  SE  from  Dover. 

Whitemarsh,  village  v/ith  a  post  office  in 
montgomery  county  Pennsylvania,  about 
12  miles  N  of  Pliiladelphia,  near  this  place 
are  extensive  quarries  of  elegant  marble. 

White  Mountains,  the  highest  part  of  a.  ■ 
ridge  of  mountains,  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  North  America.  They  es- 
tei.'l  NE  and  SW  to  a  length  not  yet  as- 
certained. The  height  of  these  mountains 
£«bove  an  adjacent  meadow,  is  reckoned 
from  obsfcrvations  made  in  1784,  to  be 
5500  fest ;  and  the  meadow  is  3500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  snow 
and  ic?;  cover  them  nine  or  ten  months  ;n 
the  year,  during  which  time  they  exhibit 
that  bright  appearance  from  which  they 
are  denommaie.i  vhe  White  Mountains. 
Although  they  aie  70  miles  within  land, 
they  are  seen  many  leagues  oft"  at  sea,  and 
appear  like  an  exceedingly  bright  cloud 
in  the  horizon.  Their  highest  summit  is 
in  lat.  44  0  N. 

White  Plains,  post  town  in  West  Ches- 


W  H  I 

ter  county,  New  York,  15  miles  N  of  Kings- 
bridge,  and  30  of  the  city  of  New  York. 
This  was  the  sc»ne  of  considerable  mili- 
tary operations  in  the  American  war.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  675. 

White  River,  river  of  Arkinsaw,  and 
Missouri,  rises  in  the  s  uthern  part  of  the 
latter,  and  northern  part  of  the  former,  by 
two  large  branches,  White  river  proper, 
or  NW  branch,  and  Black  river,  or  NE 
branch.  Both  these  rivers  are  navigable 
in  seasons  of  high  water,  far  above  their 
junction.  They  unite  in  Arkanstw,  N  lat. 
o5  30,  and  the  united  strc  ams  flows  thence 
nearly  S  by  comparative  courses  about  120 
miles,  falls  into  Mississippi  river  30  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Arkausaw.  While  ri- 
ver is  at  a!l  seasons  navigable  below  the 
mouth  of  Black  r.ver.  The  entire  length 
of  this  stream  foll')wing  either  branch,  is 
by  comparative  courses,  about  350  miles. 

White  Sea,  bay  or  gulf  of  the  Froz-;  n 
Ocean,  in  the  N  of  Russia,  situated  be 
tween  Russia,  Lapland,  and  Samojede, 
at  the  bottom  of  which,  stands  Archan- 
gel ;  tkis  was  the  only  connmunication 
which  the  Russians  had  with  the  sea, 
before  the  conquest  of  Livonia  from  the 
Swedes  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  cen- 
tui")',  by  the  csar  Peter  the  Great. 

Whitestown,  post  tovv'n  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Oneida  county.  New  York  ;  on 
the  S  side  of  Mohock  river,  four  miles 
NW  from  Utica,  25  E  of  Oneida  lake, 
44  NVV  of  Conajohary,  and  85  of  Ske- 

nectady.  r/^    -, 

Whicestoivn,  township  ot  Oneida  coun- 
ty. New  York  ;  comprising  Whitesbo- 
roueh,  and  New  Hartford.  Population 
1810,  4912 ;  and  in  1820,  5219. 

Whitesville,  post  town  and  seat  of 
justice  in  Columbus  county,  about  50 
miles  west  from  Wilmington. 

IVliiiewater,  river  of  Indiana  and  Ohio, 
is  the  SW  branch  of  Great  Miami,  into 
which  it  is  discharged  five  miles  above 
the  junction  of  the  latter  with  Ohio. 

Whitewater,  also  the  name  of  a  town- 
ship, across  the  middle  of  which,  runs 
the  above  described  nver,  in  the  west- 
ern limits  of  Hamilton  county.  It  con- 
tained 1661  inhabitants  in  1820. 

White  •woman's  river,  one  of  the  main 
branches  of  Muskingum  river.  It  is 
formed  by  the  confluences  of  Mnhiccan 
and  Owl  creeks,  in  the  western  part  of 
Coshoctan  county,  Ohio,  runs  E  by  S  16 
miles,  receiving  in  its  progress,  Kilbuck 
creek  from  the  north,  and  forms  its  con- 
fluence with  Tuscarawas  river,  opposite 
'■h'',  :.o^n  of  Coshocton. 

Whitley,  township  of  Green  county, 
Pennsylvania;  on  the  waters  of  V/hitely, 
and  Dunkard  creeks.  Population  1810, 
1264;  and  in  1820,1801. 


W  1  C 

Whitfiaine,  township  of  Montgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  on  the  west  side 
of  Wissahiccon  creek,  15  miles  NXW 
from  Philadelphia.  Population  1810, 
955;  and  in  1820,  1126. 

Wiburg,  or  Viborg,  government  of 
Russia,  formerly  Russian  Finland,  and 
comprised  in  Kexholm  and  Carelia.  It 
was  ceded  by  tiie  Swedes  to  the  Rus- 
sians, partly  by  the  peace  of  Nystadt  in 
1721.  and  partly  by  the  treaty  of  Abo, 
in  1743.  Besides  pastures,  the  country 
produces  rye,  oats,  and  barky,  but  not 
sufficient  for  the  inhabitants. 

Wiburg,  seaport  of  Russia,  capital  ot 
a  government  of  the  same  name.  The 
houses  ai-e  almost  entirely  built  of  stone. 
The  chief  exports  are  planks,  tallow, 
pitch,  and  tar  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  pleasant ;  and  near  it,  at  Innatra, 
is  the  famous  cataract  of  the  Woxa, 
which  makes  a  noise  mor  stunning  than 
that  of  the  Rhinr  at  LaufiFen.  Wiburg 
stands  on  the  NE  point  of  the  gulf  ot 
Finland,  110  miles  NNW  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  60  56  N. 

Wiburg,  city  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  capital  of  a  diocess  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  seat  of  the  chief  court  of 
justice  in  the  provmce  It  is  '^eated  on 
a  lake,  in  a  peninsula,  9S  miles  north  of 
Sleswick.    Lnn.  9  50  E.  lat.  56  20  N. 

Wick,  town  in  Caithness-shire,  with 
a  harbrjur,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Ger- 
man Ocean      Lon.  3  2  W,  lat.  58  30  N. 

Wick,  town  of  Limburg,  seated  on  the 
Maese.  It  has  a  communication  with 
Maeslricht  by  a  bridge.  Lon.  5  41  E, 
lat.  50  52  N.  1 

Wichby-  Duerslede,  town  of  Utrecht 
with  a  strong  casde,  seated  at  the  place 
where  the  Leek  branches  off  from  the 
Rhine,  nine  miles  west  of  Rhenen,  and 
15  SE  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  22  E,  lat.  52 
ON. 

Wickford,  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Rhode  Island  ;  lying  on  the  west 
side  of  Narraganst  tt  bay,  24  miles  south 
of  Providence,  and  nine  west  of  New- 
port. 

Wickloiv,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  33  miles  long,  and 
20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by  Dublin, 
on  the  E  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  S  by 
Wexford,  on  the  W  by  Caterlough  and 
Kildare,  and  on  the  NW  by  Kddare.  It 
is  indifferently  fruitful,  contains  54  pa- 
rishes, and  sends  10  members  to  parlia- 
ment. 

Wickloiv,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  in  Ireland,  seated  on  the 
Irish  Sea,  with  a  narrow  iiarbour,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Leitrim,  over  wiiich 
stands  a  rock,  instead  of  a  castie,  sur- 
1091 


AV  1  ti 


w  I  r> 


rounded  by  a  strong  wall,  24  miles  S  of 
Dublin.     Lon.  6  7  VV,  lat.  52  55  N. 

IVickware,  town  in  Gioucestershire, 
17  miles  NE  of  Bristol,  and  111  west  of 
London.    Lon.  2  16  W,  lat.  51  26^  N. 

Widdi7i,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  the  Danube,  88  miles  NE  of  Nissa,  and 
150  SE  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  24  27  E,  lat. 
44  12  N. 

IVied,  principality  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine. 

Wiedenbruck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia.    Lon.  7  50  E,  lat. 

51  48  N. 

Wieiun,  town  of  Great  Polaiid,  In  the 
palatinate  of  Siradia,  on  a  river  which 
falls  into  the  Warta,  20  miles  S  of  Sira- 
dia.    Lon.  IS  55  E,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Wielitska,  village  of  Poland,  lately  in- 
cluded in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow,  but 
now  comprised  in  the  Austrian  kingdom 
of  Lodomeria.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
salt  mines,  which  lie  eight  mil's  Sli  of 
Cracow.  These  mines  have  been  work- 
ed above  600  years.  B^f  re  the  partiuon 
of  Poland  in  1772,  they  furnished  a  con- 
siderable part  of  tb.e  revenue  of  the  king, 
who  drew  from  them  an  average  profit 
of  about  430,000  dollars. 

Wiese7itcig,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  10  2  E,  lat.  48 
SON. 

Wigan,  borough  in  Lancashire.  That 
most  elegant  species  of  coal,  called 
Cannel,  is  found  in  plenty  and  great 
jjerfection  in  the  neighbourhood.  The 
small  stream  the  D  uglas,  is  made  na- 
vigable hence  to  the  Ribble ;  and  it  is 
joined  by  a  canal  from  Liverpool.  Wi- 
gan is  30  miles  S  of  Lancaster,  and  195 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  50  VV,  !at.  5o 
S4N. 

Wight,  island  on  the  coast  of  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel.  It  is  in  length  abnut 
13  miles,  in  breadth  21.  It  is  nearly  di- 
vided into  two  equal  parts  by  the  river 
Cowes,  which,  rising  in  the  S  angle, 
discharges  itself  at  the  N  into  the  chan- 
nel, opposite  the  mouth  of  Southampton 
bay.  Its  principal  town  is  the  b'  rough 
of  Newport :  it  likewise  contains  the 
two  small  boroughs  of  Newton  and  Yar- 
mouth. 

Wighton,  town  in  the  East  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  at  the  source  of  the  Skel- 
ster,  16  miles  SE  of  York,  and  192  N 
by  west  of  London.    Lon.  0  40  W,  lat  53 

52  N. 

Wlgion,  town  in  Cumberland,  among 
the  moors,  12  miles  south-west  of  Car- 
lisle, and  304  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3 
4  W,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Wigton,  borough  and  seaport,  the 
county-iowB  of  Wigtonshire,  on  a  hill, 
»92 


which  overlooks  the  bay  of  Wigton.  Lou. 
4  43  W,  lat  55  0  N. 

Wigtoiishirc,  county  in  Scotland,  com- 
prehending the  west  part  ot  Galloway, 
and  the  Rvgality  of  Glenluce,  extends 
about  31  miles  in  length  from  east  to 
west,  and  as  much  from  north  to  south, 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ayrshire,  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Irish  Sea.  This  part 
of  it  stretches  into  the  sea  in  form  of  a 
peninsula,  mdtnted  on  both  sides  by  two 
inlets,  called  Lochrain,  and  the  bay  of 
Glenluce.  Population  1801,  22,918;  in 
1811,  26,891 ;  and  in  1821,  .33,240. 

Wiliitsch,  frontier  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Bosnia,  seated  on  a  lake 
formed  by  the  river  Unna,  40  miles  S 
E  (i  Carlstadt.      Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  45 

34  N. 

Wilbad,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  with  warm  baths.    Lon.  8 

35  E,  lat.  48  43  N. 

Wilbraham,  township  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts;  cont.uning  1776 
inhabitants  in  1810.  Situated  .n  the  west 
side  of  Ware  river,  six  miles  IN'E  of  East 
Sprini^field. 

Wi'cox,  county  of  Alabama ;  bounded 
by  Butler  SE  ;  M-nroe  S  ;  Clarke  aisil 
Mariengjo  AV ;  Dall.is  N ;  and  Msintgc- 
mf  ry  NE.  Length  55  ;  nsian  widrh  20  ; 
and  area  1100  square  miles.  Alabama 
river  winds  through  it  from  N  to  S  nearly. 
Chief  town,  Canton. 

Popuktion  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -         -         -  900 

do.     d(..    females     -         -        -  656 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  0 

Total  whites       ... 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.        females 

Slaves;,  males      .... 

do.     females  ... 


Total  population  in  1820 


2,917 


©f  these; 
For<  igner.s  not  naturalized  -  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         .         1,077 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.        in  Commerce      -        .  3 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  2f . 

IVildberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  situated  on  the  Nagold. 
Lon.  8  38  E,  lat.  48  38  N. 

TVildehausen,  town  of  Westphalia,  ca- 
pital of  a  small  bailiwic,  united  to  the 
duchy  of  Bremen.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Hunde,  18  miles  south-west  of  Bremen. 
Lon,  8  27  E,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Wilkes,  county  of  North  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Iredell  SE;  Burke  S\V ; 
Ashe  N W  and  N ;  and  Stioy  E.  Length 


yy  1  L 


^^■  r  j  - 


48;  width  20;  and  area  800  square 
miles.  It  occupies  a  valley  between 
mountains,  and  is  drained  by  the  sour- 
ces of  the  Yadkin  river.  Chief  town,  a 
small  village  at  the  court-house. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        3,868 
do.     do.    {bmales  -        -        3,904 


7,772 


Total  whites 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  88 

Slaves 1,194 


Total  population  in  1810  -        9,054 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males      -       -       -        4,296 
do.    do.    females  -       -        4,337 

Total  whites    ....  8,633 

Free  persons  of  colour,  male;s  70 

do.           do.        females  73 

Slaves,  males            -        -       -  583 

do.    females          -        -        -  608 

Total  population  in  1820  «        9.967 

or  these; 
Foreigners  not  natiiT-ali zed  -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        3,066 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  49 

do.       in  Co'>"'raerce        -        -  10 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  12. 

Wilkes,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded 
by  Columbia  and  Warren  SE ;  Greene 
SVV  ;  Oglethorpe  NW  ;  Broad  river,  or 
Jefferson  count)  ;  and  Lincoln  E.  It  is 
about  22  miles  square ;  area  484  square 
miles.    Chief  town,  Washington. 

Population  m  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.  do.    females    - 


Total  whites       .        -        .        - 

All  other  persons  except  Indi.ins 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves         

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.    do.     females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males  -       -        _ 

do.    females         -       -       - 

Total  population  in  1820 


3,854 
3,748 

7,602 

1 

7,284 

14.887 


3.837 
3,662 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  0 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        5,383 

do.    in  Manufactures        -  124 

do.    in  Commerce  -  16 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  33. 

IVilkesbarre,  formerly  Wijoming,  post 
town  and  capital  of  Luzerne  county,  Penn- 
sylvania; situated  on  the  E  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  river,  57  mileb  NW  of  Easton  on 
the  Delaware,  57  NE  of  Catawessey,  and  58 
of  Northumberland. 

IVilkesbarre,  borough,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Luzerne  county,  Pennsylvania; 
stands  upon  a  level  plain  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Susquehannah  river.  It  was 
laid  out  about  the  year  1775,  by  Colonel 
John  Durkee,  from  whom  it  received  its 
name,  in  compliment  to  Wilkes  and  Barre, 
two  celebrated  members  of  the  British 
Parliament,  favourable  to  the  American 
cause  during  the  revolution.  The  streets 
are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  having  a  square 
of  about  four  acres  in  the  centre  of  the.  plot, 
the  sides  of  which  form  an  angle  of  45** 
with  the  s'reets  ;  so  that  the  four  principal 
streets  enie;  the  public  square  at  its  corner 
—\i\  this  are  the  public  buildings,  lat,  41 
16  N.  This  plain,  on  whicii  tlie  town 
stands  is  alluvial,  appears  to  have  been 
wholly  formed  bj'  the  river,  and  is  eleva- 
ted about  28  feet  above  its  cnmmon  sur- 
face. This  town  contains  92  dwelling 
liouses,  besides  the  shops,  &c. 

WilkesviUe,  township  of  Gallia  county, 
Ohio,  containing  391  inhabitants  in  ISlO ; 
and  in  1820,391. 

Wilkinson,  county  of  Georgia  ;  bounded 
by  Oconee  river  or  Washington  NE  ;  Lau- 
rens SE;  Twiggs  SW ;  and  Jones  NW. 
Length  24  ;  widtli  20  ;  and  area  480  square 
miles.     Chief  town,  Irwinton. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -        -        -        1,023 

do.    do.    females  -        -  813 


16,912 


Total  whites       ....  1^836 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed               ...  o 

Slaves 318 

Total  population  in  1810          -  2,154 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       -        -        -  2,862 

do.     do.    females     -         -         -  2,654 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

iiot  taxed        ....  o 


Total  whites       .        .        -        . 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males       -         -         -        . 
do.    females 


Total  population  in  1820    -        -        6,992 

im3- 


\V  I  L 

Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  0 

Engaged  in  Apriculture     -         -         1,941 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  62 

do.        io  Cummerce      -        -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile  14J. 

mikinson,  SW  county  of  Mississippi ; 
bounded  by  New  Feliciana  in  I.ouisiiina  S  ; 
Mississippi  river  W  ;  Homochitto  rivev  or 
Adams  ctnuily  in  Mississippi  NW;  Homo- 
chitto river  or  Franklin  county  NE;  and 
Amite  E.  Length  30 ;  mean  width  20 ; 
and  area  600  square  miles.  Cliief  town, 
Woodville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.    females 


1,341 
1,091 


Total  whites  .        -        -        2,432 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             -        _        -  6 

Slaves 2,630 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males         -        -        . 

do.  do.     fea  ales      •         .         - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

Total  whites 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 
do.  do.        females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        -        - 
do.     females 

Total  population  in  1820 


5,068 


2,150 
1,787 


9,718 


Of  these; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  28 

Engag'ed  in  Agriculture  -  3,481 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  0 

do.       in  Commerce      -        -  0 

Population  to  the  square  mile  16. 

TVilkinsonville,  village  of  Johnson  county, 
Illinois,  on  Ohio  river,  about  20  miles 
above  its  mcnith. 

Wilkomicr,  lown  of  Poland  in  Lithuania, 
in  the  palati.iate  of  WUna,  seated  on  the 
Sweita,  45  mih  s  NW  of  Wihia.  Lon.  24 
54E,  lat.  55  19  N. 

William  Fort.     See  Calcutta. 

William  Fort,  fort  in  Inverness-shii-e, 
Scotland. 

Williams,  NW  county  of  Ohio  ;  bounded 
north  by  Micliigan  territory,  east  by  Henry 
county,  south  by  Paulding,  and  west  by 
the  state  of  Indiana.  It  is  above  25  miles 
long  from  north  to  south,  by  24  broad 
from  east  to  west,  and  contains  above  600 
square  miles.  It  is  not  settled — the  prin- 
cipal waters  are  the  St.  Joseph's  and  Mau- 
mee  rivers.  It  was  constituted  m  Feb- 
ruary, 1820,  out  of  the  New  Purchase. 
1994 


W  I  L 

Williamshoroiiifh,  post  town,  the  capital 
of  Greenville  county.  North  Carolina,  on 
the  west  side  of  Nutbush  creek,  a  branch 
of  the  Roanoke,  17  miles  west  of  Warren- 
ton,  about  37  west  by  north  of  Halifax,  and 
49  NE  of  Hillsborough. 

Williamsburg,  tov.nship  of  Hampshire 
connly,  Massachusetts,  containing  1122 
inhribitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1087. 

Williamsburg,  post  town,  the  capital  of 
James'  City  county,  and  formerly  the  me- 
tropohs  of  Virginia.  It  is  situated  on  the 
east  side  of  a  small  creek  tliat  runs  into 
James'  river,  in  lat.  37  16  N,  and  lon.  7& 
48  west,  and  at  the  dis\ance  of  12  miles 
west  from  York,  32  E  by  S  from  Richmond, 
and  175  S  by  E  from  Washington.  This 
ancient  city  was  made  the  seat  of  colonial 
government  in  1698,  having  been  removed 
from  James'  town,  on  account  of  a  fire 
that  consumed  the  public  records  with 
great  part  of  the  town,  and  continued  to 
enjoy  this  privilege  till  the  revolution. 
The  streets  are  laid  out  with  great  regu- 
larity, and  the  public  edifices  exhibit  the 
ruins  of  comparative  grandeur,  particularly 
the  capitol  and  college.  In  the  former 
was  erected  a  marble  statue  in  honour  of 
the  virtuous  lord  Boutetourt,  the  patron  of 
science  and  the  colony,  which  is  now  mise- 
rably defaced  by  the  gothic  hands  of  ne- 
groes and  others.  The  college  called  the 
college  of  William  and  Mary,  was  endowed 
by  the  royal  government,  with  a  clear  and 
certain  revenue  of  oOOOZ.  per  annum — 
though  built  to  accommodate  100  pupils, 
it  has  seldom  more  than  forty.  Attempts 
have  recently  been  made  to  revive  the 
former  prosperous  state  of  this  institution. 
Population  in  1820,  1402. 

Williamsburg,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Cli  rmont  county,  Ohio.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  East  branch  of  Little  Miami 
I'iver,  28  miles  east  from  Cincinnati,  lat.  39 
2  N,  lon  6  52  W. 

Williamsburg,  district  of  South  Carolina; 
bounded  by  Santee  river  SW  ;  Sumpter 
district  NW  ;  Lynches  creek,  or  Marion 
district  NE,  and  Georgetown  SE.  Length 
40;  breadth  30;  and  area  1200  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Black  river  branch 
of  Great  Pedee.  Chief  towns,  Kingstree, 
and  Williamsburg. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  1,193 

do.    do.  females  -        -        -         1,113 


Total  whites    .        -        -        - 

2,306 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

4/ 

Slaves               ..... 

4,518 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 


6,871 


1,415 


\V  1  L 

Free  while  females    ...        1,382 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        -        -        -        .  0 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.        females. 

Slaves,  males      .        -         .         . 

do.    females         ... 


Total  population  in  1820 


8,716 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized      -  6 

Engaged  in  AgriCHlture  -        -        2,923 

do.         in  iVianufadures       -  92 

do.        in  Ciimmerce  -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mi'e,  7. 

Williamsburg,  post  tovvn  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Jackson  county,  Tennessee,  on  the 
right  bank  oi  Cumberland  river,  about  70 
miles  ENE  from  Nashville. 

Williamson,  county  ofTennessee;  bound- 
ed by  Bedford  SE ;  Duck  river  or  Murray 
S  ;  Dickson  W  ;  Davidson  N  ;  and  Ruther- 
ford NE.  Length  35  ;  mean  width  20  ; 
and  area  700  square  miles.  Hirpeth  river 
branch  of  Cumberland  rises  in  this  county, 
and  drains  its  northern  side,  the  southern 
is  watered  by  Duck  river  and  its  branches. 
Chief  tovvn,  Franklm. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        ...        4,859 
do.    do.     females  -        -       4,297 


Total  whites 

. 

9,156 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed 

. 

12 

Slaves         .... 

- 

3,985 

Total  population  in  1810    . 

- 

13,153 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

. 

6,967 

do.    do.  females 

, 

6,626 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ... 

- 

0 

Total  whites         ....  13,593 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  37 

do.            do.        females  -  38 

Slaves,  males       .        -        -        -  3,460 

do.    females             ...  3,512 


Total  population  in  1820 


20,640 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  18 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -       4,810 

do.         Manufactures  -         310 

do.  Commerce  -  23 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  25. 

Williamsport,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, in  Lycoming  county,  Pennsylvania, 
standing  on  the  north  side  of  the  west 


W  1  L 

branch  of  Susquehannah,  65  miles  south  of 
Tyoga,  36  north  by  west  of  Northumber- 
land, and  160  NW  of  Philadelphia.  Ii  is  a 
borough,  with  a  population  in  1820,  of 
624. 

WilUamsportf  formerly  Parlcinsoti's  ferry, 
po.st  village  of  VVashuigton  county,  Penn. 
sylvania,  on  Monongahela  river  at  the  mouth 
OT  Pigeon  creek,  18  miles  east  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Williamsport,  post  village,  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  on  the  left  bank  of  Po- 
tomac river,  on  the  point  below  the  mouth 
of  Gonecocheague. 

Williamsport,  post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland;  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Potomac  river,  six  miles  S\V  of  Hai^ers- 
town,  32  NW  of  Fredericktown,  and  78 
from  Baltimore. 

Williamstailt,  strong  seaport  of  Holland, 
buiit  by  William  I.  prince  of  Orange,  in 
1585. 

WilUamston,  post  town  in  Orange  coun. 
ty,  Vermont ;  situated  between  Washing- 
ton and  Northfield,  14  mdes  N  of  Randolph, 
about  46  N  of  Windsor,  and  about  the 
same  distance  SE  of  Burlington,  on  lake 
Champlaine. 

WilUamston,  post  town  in  Berkshircj 
Massachusetts,  20  miles  N  of  Ptttsfieid, 
and  13  S  of  Bennington,  in  Vermont,  situa- 
ted in  the  NW  corner  of  the  stale,  contain- 
ing 2086  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
2010. 

WilUamston,  post  town,  the  capital  of 
Martin  coimty.  North  Carolina;  lying  on 
the  soutli  side  of  Roanoke  river,  25  miles 
west  of  Plymouth,  53  NW  of  Washington 
on  Pamplico  river,  and  about  45  SE  of 
Halifax,  with  about  300  inhabitants. 

Williamstown,  township  of  Vermont, 
situated  in  Orange  count}',  between  Wash- 
ington  and  Northfield  townships,  and  con- 
taining  1355  inhabitants  in  1810. 

WilliamtlowJi,  township  of  Massachusetts, 
situated  in  Berkshire  count;,',  in  the  NW 
corner  of  the  state,  joining  Vermont  in  the 
N,  and  New  York  in  the  W.  It  contained 
1843  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
2810. 

Williamstoxvii,  post  town  and  towriship, 
Berkshire  county,  Massachusetts,  in  the  N 
W  angle  of  the  state,  about  30  miles  north 
from  Lenox.  Wdiiams  College,  located 
in  this  county  was  incorporated  in  1793, 
and  received  its  name  in  honour  of  Colonel 
Ephraim  Williams  This  institution  is  in 
a  prosperous  state,  under  the  direction  of 
a  president,  two  professors  and  three  tu- 
tors. The  library,  philosophical  appara- 
tus, and  buildings  are  ample.  Students, 
about  90. 

Willis'  Island,  rocky  island  at  the  N 
end  of  the  island  of  Southern  Georgia. 
It  was  discovered  in  1775,  and  is  covered 
1095 


W  I  L 


\V  1  L 


•with  the  nests  of  many  thousand  shags 
Lon.  38  29  W,  lat.  54  0  S. 

U'iilisaxv,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Lucern,  seated  among  high 
mountains  on  the  river  Wiger,  25  miles 
NW  of  Lucern. 

JVillisto-ivn,  township  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  between  Goshen  and  Eas- 
ton  townships,  and  containing  1175  in- 
habitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1306. 

Willistoion,  township  of  Vermont,  in 
Chittenden  county,  on  the  SW  side  of 
Onion  river,  about  10  miles  SK  of  Bur- 
lington on  lake  Champlaine.  It  contain- 
ed 1195  inhabitants  in  1810. 

Willsborouglu  post  town  in  Essex 
county.  New  Yoi-k  ;  situated  on  the  W 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  command- 
ing an  extensive  view  of  that  water, 
and  nine  miles  NE  of  Elizabeth  town. 
It  supports  a  regular  communication, 
across  the  laiie,  with  Burlington  and 
Vergennes  in  Vermont ;  being  15  miles 
NW  of  the  latter,  and  about  25  SW  of 
the  former,  and  214-  N  of  the  city  of  New 
York. 

JVilmanstranJ,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Wiburg.  Lon.  27  54  E, 
lat.  61  29  N. 

Wilmington,  post  town  in  Windham 
county,  Vermont ;  15  miles  W  of  Urat- 
tleborough,  and  21  E  of  Bennington,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Green  Mountain,  having 
about  100  inhabitants. 

Wilmington,  capital  of  New  Hanover 
county,  North  Carolina,  being  a  post 
town,  and  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the 
E  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  30 
miles  from  the  sea,  97  miles  S  by  W  of 
Newbern,  and  about  the  same  distance 
S  by  E  of  Fayettville,  in  the  lat.  of  54 
deg.  10  N,  and  lon.  of  78  deg.  10  W. 
This  is  one  of  the  principal  sea-ports 
in  North  Carolina. 

Wilmington,  post  town  and  port  of 
entry,  in  Newcastle  county,  Delaware, 
being  the  largest  town  in  that  state.  It 
is  seated  on  the  N  bank  of  Christiana 
creek,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Dela- 
ware, 28  miles  SW  of  Philadelphia,  74 
NE  of  Baltimore,  and  117  from  Wash- 
ington, The  town  is  incorporated,  and 
governed  by  two  burgesses,  and  six  as- 
sistants, who  are  elected  annually.  It 
is  regularly  built,  the  houses  are  mostly 
of  brick.  The  principal  foreign  trade 
of  the  state  passes  through  this  port,  the 
exports  in  1802  amounting  to  440,500 
dollars,  and  those  chiefly  in  domestic 
produce.  The  vicinity  of  this  town  is 
remarkable  for  the  number,  magnitude, 
and  value  of  its  manufactories ;  consist- 
ing of  cotton  and  woollen  cloth  factories ; 
flour  mills,  saw  mills,  powder  and  paper 
mills,  Sec.    The  principal  public  edifice, 


is  a  poor-house,  and  hospital,  120  feet 
wide  by  40  feet  deep,  and  three  stories 
high,  built  on  a  considerable  eminence 
and  a  very  healthy  situation.  It  lies 
in  lat.  39  deg.  43  N.  and  lon.  75  deg. 
o2  W.    Population  1820  about  6000. 

Wihia,  commercial  city  of  Lithuania, 
in  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  a  university,  an  ancient 
castle,  and  a  palace.  The  houses  are  all 
built  of  wood.  It  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1794  ;  and  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Viiia  and  W^ilna,  15  miles 
E  of  Troki,  and  215  NE  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  25  39  E,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Wilsdruf,  or  Wihdorf,  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  Lon. 
13  28  E,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Wikhoven,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Wils  and  Danube,  30  miles  NW  of  Pas- 
sau. 

Wilsnach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
margravate  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  a 
rivulet  that  falls  not  far  from  it  into  the 
Elbe. 

Wilson,  county  of  Tennessee ;  bounded 
NW  by  Sumner,  or  Cumberland  river  ; 
E  by  Smith ;  SE  by  Warren ;  SW  by 
Rutheford  ;  and  W  by  Davidson.  Length 
30 ;  mean  width  15 ;  and  area  450  square 
miles.    Chief  town,  Lebanon. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -       4,752 

do.    do.    females  -       -       4,519 


Total  whites            -       ■        -  9,271 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      ...       -  384 

Slaves 2,297 


Total  population  in  1810           -  11,952 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males,      ...  7,460 

do.  do.    females   -        -        -  7,264 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  o 


Total  whites       ....  14,724 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males      -  83 

do.        do.        females     -  79 

Slaves,  males      ....  1,850 

do.  females          -       -       -  1,994 

Total  population  in  1820      -        -  18,730 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          .  1 

Engaged  in  Agriculture     -        -  3,676 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  341 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  20 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  32f . 

Wilton,  borough  in  Wiltshire.  It  was 

fornaerly  the  capital  of  the  cpunty,  aDd 


W    1  .\ 

has  a  nianufactui-c  of  carpets  and  thin 
woollen  stuffs.  It  is  seated  at  the  cnn- 
flaence  of  the  Willy  and  Nudder,  seven 
iniies  NVV  of  Salisbury,  and  85  W  by  S 
of  London.     Lon.  I  52  W.  iat.  51  5  N. 

Uilton,  townsliip,  and  post  village,  S;i- 
ratoga  county,  New  York,  15  miles  \W 
from  Ballston  Spa.  'i'his  township  was 
formerlv  part  of  Norihumberland.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  1293. 

IVilts,  county  of  England,  so  called 
from  the  town  of  Wilton,  once  its  capital. 
It  is  S3  miles  lonsT,  and  o8  bioad.  bound- 
ed on  the  NE  by  Berksi-.ire  ;  on  theE  by 
Berkshire,  and  Hampshire,  o-a  the  W 
by  Somersetshire,  on  the  S  by  Dorset- 
shire and  Hampbhire,  and  on  the  N  and 
NW  by  Gloucester.  The  land  in  this 
county  is  of  various  quality,  but  is  ge- 
ner.ally  dry  and  elevated.  The  pri?ici- 
pal  rivers  are  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Avon,  the  Xadder,  Willy,  Bourne,  and 
Ktnnet.  This  country  lies  m  the  din. 
cess  of  Salisbury  ;  contains  29  hundreds, 
one  city,  24  market  towns,  and  oQi 
parishes  ;  and  sends  34  members  to  par- 
liament. Salisbury  is  the  capital.  Popu- 
lation 1801,  185,10?;  in  18il,  193,823; 
and  in  1821,  222,157. 

Wimhleton,  village  in  Surry,  on  an  ele- 
vated heath,  whence  may  be  seen  19 
parish  churches,  exclusive  of  those  of 
London  and  Westminster. 

Wimms,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Sibnen,  18 
miles  S  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  8  E,  Iat.  46 
34  N. 

TVimpfen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  eight  miles  N  of 
Haiibron,  and  22  E  of  Heidelburg.  Lon. 
9  25  E,  Iat.  49  20  N, 

Ulnborn,  or  Winborn  JVIinster,  town  in 
Dorsetshire.  It  is  a  pretty  large  well- 
inhabited  place,  between  the  Stour  and 
Allen,  six  miles  N  of  Poole,  and  102 
SW  of  London.  Lon.  2  1  W,  Iat.  50 
47  N. 

Wincmmton,  town  in  Somersetshire,  on 
the  side  of  a  hill;  34  miles  S  of  Bath,  and 
108  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  1 8  W,  Iat. 
51  1  N. 

Winchcoinb,  town  in  Gloucestes'shire,  in 
a  deep  bottom,  16  miles  NE  of  Glouces- 
ter,  and  93  WNW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0 
W,  Iat.  51  55  N. 

Wmchelsea,  town  in  Sussex,  one  of  the 
cinque  ports  71  miles  SW  of  London. 
Lon.  0  44  E,  Iat.  50  58  N. 

IVichendom,  post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Mas.sachusetts ;  o5  miles  NW  of 
Worcester,  and  65  W  by  N  of  Boston, 
containing  1172  inhabitants  in  1810;  and 
in  1820,  1263. 

JVinchcs!ei\  city  of  Hampshire,  .seated 
s!)  a  vallev  on  the  river  Itchtn,  21  milc^ 
6  Z 


\\     I    A 

NVV  of  Chichester,   and  63  W  by  N  of 
London.    Lon.  1  21  W,  Iat.  51  5  N. 

Winchester,  post  town  and  the  capital 
of  Frederick  county,  Virs;inia,  17  miles 
W  by  N  rf  Ashby's  {■'erry  on  Shenanrlnah 
river,  IB  N  of  Strasburg,  :v.'id  8.2  NW  of 
Washingt.m.  This  is  oml;  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  western  Virginia,  being  a  place 
of  considerable  rendezvous  at  the  time 
of  Braddock's  defeat.  It  is  now  in  a  thri- 
ving state  and  carries  on  a  large  inland 
trade.  It  is  incori)orated  and  contains 
about  2500  inhabitants. 

lVinchesi.a\  toY.'nship  of  New  Ilamp" 
shire,  situated  in  C.ieshire  county,  on  the 
E  side  of  the  Asheulot  rivfu*,  and  con- 
taining 1478  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1S20  1849. 

IVindarj,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  with  a  castle,  and  a  harbour  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wetaw,  in  the  Baltic,  70 
miles  NW  of  Mittaw.  and  loO  N  of  Me- 
me).    Lon.  22  5  E.  Iat.  57  20  N. 

Windermere-ioatei\ov  Winandev-mere,  the 
most  extensive  lake  in  England,  lyin? 
between  Westmoreland  and  Lancashire. 
It  extends  10  miles  from  N  to  S,  but  iri 
no  part  broader  than  a  mile ;  and  exhibits 
a  greater  variety  of  fine  landscapes  than 
any  lake  in  England.  Not  one  buUrush 
or  swampy  reed,  defiles  the  margin  of 
this  lake. 

Windham,  See  Wymondham , 
JFindltam,  NE  county  of  Connecticut ; 
bounded  by  Massachusetts  N  ;  Rhode  Is- 
land E  ;  New  London  county  in  Connec- 
ticut S ;  and  Tolland  W.  Length  30  ; 
mean  breadth  20;  and  area  600  square 
miles.  It  is  almost  entirely  drained  by 
the  various  branchps  of  the  Thames. 
Surface  finely  diversified  by  hill  and  dale„ 
Chief  town,  Brooklyn. 


Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.     females 


13,73?' 
14,251 


Total  whites  -        -        -      27,988 

All  other  pei-sons  except  Indians 
not  taxed       -        -        -        -  602 

Slaves  -        -  -  21 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820, 
Free  wiiite  m;ilcs 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .        .        -        . 


28,611 


15,155 

15,72!> 


Totia%vhItra       -        -'       -        -  30,881 

Ftvf  pel  sons  ofcijlour,  fnale^  379 

'.              doi.     femule^s  413 
1  n07 


W  i  i\ 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females  . 

Total  population  in  1820 


1 
11 

51,684 


Of  these; 
roreignevs  not  naturalized  -  42 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        6,317 

do.       in  Manufactures  -        1,8.51 

do.       in  Commerce        -        .  156 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  52-^. 

IVindham,  post  town  in  Rockingham 
county,  New  Hampshire,  eight  miles  S 
by  E  ot  Londonderry,  43  SW  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  29  W  of  Newburyport. 

TFind/ican,  post  town,  Windham  county, 
Connecticut,  10  miles  W  of  Canterbury, 
12  N  by  W  of  Norwich,  and  32  E  of 
Hartford. 

T'Findham,  county  of  Vermont ;  bounded 
E  by  Connecticut  river ;  S  by  Massacliu- 
.setts  ;  Bennington  W  ;  and  Windsor  N. 
Length  35  ;  mean  width  20  ;  and  area  640 
square  mUes.     Chief  town,  Newfane. 

Population  in  ISIQ. 
Free  white  males        -        -        -       13,413 
do.     do.   females  -        .       13,296 


Windsheiniy  imperial  town  of  Germanv 
in  Franconia.    Lon.  10  35  E,  lat.  49  25  N, 

Windsor,  considerable  borough  in  Berk- 
sliire.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Thames,  on  a  beautiful  eminence. 
Windsor  is  17  miles  E  bv  N  of  Reading, 
and  22  W  of  London.  Lon.  0  36"  W,  lat. 
51  30  N. 

Windsor,  post  town  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  lying  on  the  W  side  of  Con- 
necticut i-iver,  7  miles  N  of  Hartford,  and 
22  S  by  W  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 
It  had  2868  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1820,  3008. 

Windsor,  county  of  A'ermont ;  bounded 
by  Connecticut  river  E  ;  Windham  county 
S  ;  Rutland  W  :  and  Orange  N.  Length 
40  ;  mean  width  18  ;  and  area  732  square 
miles.    Chief  town,  Woodstock. 


Total  whites        ....  26,709 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        -        -        -        ,  51 

Slaves         .....  0 

Total  population  in  1810    -        -  26,760 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males             -        .  14,024 

do.    do.    females          -        .  14,378 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .        -        .        .  '          Q 

Total  whites             -        -       -  28,402 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  26 

do.           do.        females,  29 

Slaves,  males           ...  0 

do.    females        -       .       .  o 


Total  population  in  1820  -      28,457 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         .  S 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -  11,731 

do.        in  Manufactures  -         -  1,143 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  124 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  40. 

Windham,  township  of  Greene  county, 
New  York,  containing  the  highest  sum- 
mits of  the  Kaatsbergs,  or  Catskill  moun- 
tains. 

Windismerk,  territory  of  Germany,  form- 
ing the  E  part  of  Carniola.  Metling  is  the 
capital. 

Windlingen,  town  of  Germany  in  Suabia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtembi.rg,  seated  on 
the  Neckar,  12  miles  from  Stutgard. 
:tOP3 


Population  in  1810, 
Free  white  males 
do.     do.    females    - 


17,367 
17,365 


Total  whites       .        -                 -  34,732 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed                 ...  145 

Slaves 0 


Total  population  in  1810, 


34,877 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males       ...       18,829 
do.     do,    females    -        .        -      19,236 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         ....  0 

Total  whites       .... 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    - 

do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      ,        .        .        . 

do.    females    -        .        -        . 


Total  population  in  1820 


38,233 


Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized         -  29 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        .  7,688 

do.      in  Manufactures    -        -  1,481 

do.      in  Coinnierce        -        -  '  156 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  60. 

Windsor,  capital  of  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  situated  on  the  W  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  40  miles  E  by  S  of  Rutland, 
and  22  S  by  E  of  Dartmouth  college,  New 
Hampshire.  The  seat  of  government  al- 
ternates  between  this  town  and  Rutland. 

Windsor,  township,  situated  .in  York 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  SW  side  of 
Susquehannah,  about  ten  miles  E  of  the 
borough  of  York,  and  containing  1739  in- 
habitants in  1810  i  and  in  1820,  2096. 

Windrjard  Islands,  such  of  the  Caribbe- 
an, in  the  West  Indies,  as  commence  at 
Martinico.  and  extend  to  Tobaero. 


W  j  t- 


Wuuhvaril  Passage,  strait  between  I'omt 
Maizi,  at  the  E  end  of  tlie  Island  of  Cuba, 
and  Cape  St.  Nicliolas,  at  the  NW  extremi- 
ty of  St.  Domingf*. 

JVinnendeiu  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
12  miles  ENE  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  16  E, 
lat.  48  49  N. 

JVinniczii,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Po- 
dolia,  ca])it:il  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name  witl»  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Bog,  35  miles  N  of  Bracklow,  Lon. 
28  12  E,  lat.  49  23  N, 

Wiiinsboro\  town  South  Carolina,  in  Fair- 
iieid  county,  and  30  miles  N  by  W  of  Co- 
lumbia, about  the  same  distance  W  of 
Camden,  and  143  N  by  W  of  Cliarleston. 
Here  is  a  post  oifice,  and  tlie  inhabitants 
are  about  200. 

JVinschoten,  town  of  Gt-onningen.     It  is 
!  six  miles  NW  of  Doll.arl  bay,  and  16  SE  of 
Groningen.     Ltjn.  6  58  B,  lat.  53  3  N. 

IVinsen,  town  of  Germaiy,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated 
at  the  confliience  of  the  Elbe  and  limenau, 
13  miles  NW  of  Lunenburg.  Lon.  10  11 
B,  lat.  53  24  N. 

Winsheim,  town  of  Germsny  in  Franco- 
nia,  in  tlie  margravate  of  Anspach.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Aisch,  30  niiles  NW  of  Nu- 
remburg.     Lon.  10  31  E,  lat  49  32  N.  _ 

Winvloiv,  town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
seven  miles  NW  of  Aiisbury,  and  50  WNW 
of  London. 

Windo-u),  post  town  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine  ;  situated  a',  the  confluence  of  Ken- 
nebec and  Sibastic:>ok  rivers,  27  miies  W 
of  Pitt^tou,  and  45  N  of  Wiscasset,  with 
1250  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  935. 
Winslcr,  town  m  Derbyshire,  five  miles 
NW  of  Derby,  and  152  NNW  of  Londf.n. 

Winterberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie 
circle  of  Westphalia.  Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  51 
5N. 

IVbiterburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine. 

Winlevingliam,  town  m  Lincolnshire. 
Wmlertlair,  town  of  Swisserand,  in  the 
canton  ol  Zurlc,  where  tliere  is  a  rich  li- 
brary  and  a  mineral  spring.  It  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  plam,  on  the  river  Ulach,  15 
miles  NE  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  45  E,  lat.  57 
31  N. 


^^  1  ^ 

rFi>A'S7yor/,'populoustovvn  m  Derbyslnrc. 
It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  near  the  source  of 
the  Ecclcsbovn,  and  remarkable  for  having 
the  gn>alcr,t  lead  market  in  England.  It 
Is  13  mdes  .\  by  W  of  Derby,  and  139  N 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  30  W,  lat.  5^ 
6N. 


JVintertonnes,  NE  cape  of  Norfolk,  five 
miles  N  of  Yarmouth. 

Winthvop,  post  town  in  Kennebec  county, 
Maine,  10  miles  W  of  Augusta,  five  NE  ot 
Monmouth,  and  60  N  by  E  of  Portland, 
containing  1444  inhabitants  in  1810;  and 
in  1820,  1619. 

Wipperfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Westphalia,  seated  near  the  source 
of  the  Wipper. 

inpm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  11  20  E,  lat.  51 
30  N. 


Wirtemberg,  or  WjLrlembnrg,  new  kuig- 
dom  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia, 
The  old  duchy  was  65  miles  in  length, 
and  nearly  as  much  in  breadh,  and  Is  one 
of  the  most  populous  and  fertile  countries 
in  Germany,  though  there  are  many  moun- 
tains and  woods.  It  produces  plenty  of 
pasture,  corn,  fruit,  and  a  great  deal  of 
Neckur  wine,  so  called  from  the  nver 
Neckar,  which  runs  through  the  kingdom. 
There  are  also  mines  and  salt  springs,  and 
much  game.  This  country  was  erected 
into  a  kingdom,  by  Napoleon,  in  1805  ; 
and  he  made  considerable  addition  to  it  by 
the  territories  taken  from  Austria.  Stut- 
gard  is  the  capital. 

Wisbackn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Nassau,  capital  of  a  lordship  of 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  prince  oi' 
Nassau  Saarbruck.  It  is  famous  for  its 
warm  baths,  and  mineral  waters  ;  and  is 
five  miles  N  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  20  E,  lat. 
49  55  N. 

Wisbeach,  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  in  a 
fenny  coiintry,  in  the  lakes  of  Bly,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  and  possesses  a  consi- 
derable trade  in  the  export  of  corn,  and 
of  oil  pressed  from  seeds  at  mills  in  its 
neighbourhood.  Barges  only  can  come  up 
its  river,  large  vessels  stopping  six  miles 
below.  It  is  89  miles  N  by  E  of  London. 
Lon.  0  6  E,  lat.  52  38  N. 

Wisby,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  tiie  isle  o^ 
Gothland.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  rock 
on  the  Baltic,  88  miles  SE  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  18  41  E,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Wiscasset,  port  of  entry,  and  post  town 
in  Lincoln  county,  M;une;  lying  on  the  E 
side  of  Sheepscut  river,  13  miles  NE  of 
Bath,  18  S  of  Pittston,  and  55  NE  of 
Portland,  in  lat.  43  58  N,  and  Ion.  69  22 
W.  The  inhabitants  were  estimated  at 
2083  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820,  2138 ;  they 
have  a  bank,  and  their  annual  exports 
amount  to  §23,000. 

Wiset,  small  fortified  town  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  the  duchy  of  Limburg,  seated 
on  the  Maese,  seven  miles  N  of  Liege,  and 
20  NW  of  Limburg.  Lon.  5  40  E,  lat.  50 
41  N. 

Wischgrod,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Plocksko,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
58  miles  NW  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  50  E, 
lat.  52  44  N. 

Wtsloche,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Elsatz, 
eight  miles  S  of  Heidleberg,  Lon.  8  48 
E,  lat.  49  18  N. 

lOPQ 


\V    O  L 


Wistnar;  slrorrg  seaport  oi  Germany,  in 
the  ducliy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  36  miles  E 
of  Lubec,  and  66  W  by  S  of  Slalsund. 
Lon.  11  44  E,  lat  53  54  N. 

JFiston,  corporate  town  in  Pembroke- 
shire, 10  miles  N  of  Pembroke,  and  225 
WNW  of  London.  Lou  4  52  W,  lat.  51 
53  K. 

JFitepski,  town  of  Lithuania,  c^spital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle. Ii  is  seated  in  a  morass,  at  the  con- 
jluence  of  the  Dwina  and  Widsha,  G5  miles 
E  of  Polotsk,  and  8U  WNVV  of  Smolensko. 
JLon.29  40  K,  lut.  55  43  N. 

Witham,  town  m  Kssex.  eight  miles  XE 
of  Chelmsford,  a'-.d  37  ENE  of  London. 
Lon.  0  41  E,  lat.  51  51  N. 

Witham,  river  in  the  district  of  Kesteven 
in  Lincohishire,  which  rising  in  the  SW 
corner,  flows  by  Lincoln,  and  entei:s  the 
German  Ocean,  below  Boston.  It  is  but  a 
shallow  st-eam,  and  abounds  in  vast  quan- 
tities of  Pike.  From  Lincoln  it  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  Trent,  by  a  navigable 
canal  called  the  Fosdike,  cut  bv  king  Hen- 
ry  L 

Jf'itlisth,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Treves,  with  a  castle,  seated 
on  tlie  river  Leser. 

Witney,  town  in  Oxfordshire.  Here  are 
manufictures  of  the  finest  blankets,  and 
other  tiiick  woollens,  called  bearskins  and 
kersevs.  It  is  eight  miita  NW  of  Oxford, 
and  64  \V  NW  of  London.  Lon.  1  18  W, 
lat.  51  52  N. 

Witahauscn,  town  of  Cirrmany,  capital  of 
a  territory  r.f  the  same  n^me,  in  the  land- 
gravut';  of  Heyse  Csssel.  Lon.  9  46  E, 
iat.  5i  24  N. 

J'{'ittembci:r,  ^itronj;  lov.  n  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  iJppei  Saxony,  and  capital  of 
tiie  duchy  of  baxony,  with  a  famous  uni- 
versity. It  is  the  place  wliere  the  general 
assemblies  of  tlie  circle  of  Upper  Saxony 
were  held.  Jt  is  famous  for  being  the 
place  where  Marlin  Lntlier  was  profVss/jr 
in  the  university,  and  is  buried  in  a  chapel 
belonging  to  tlie  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Elbe,  55  miles  KVV  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  47  E,  lat,  51  49  N. 

Wittenbevgen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Sa.xony.  Lon.  11  48  E, 
lat.  53  2  N. 

Wittenslein,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  40  miles  south  of  Ke- 
vei.    Lon.  24  39  E,  lat.  58  47  N. 

WitiimunJ,  town  of  Gennany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Wf-Vipiinha,  seated  near  the  German 
Ocean.    Lon.  7-  4  E,  lat.  55  41  N. 

WittieseU'Mer^,  lake  in  the  NFi  part  of 
Huntingdonsh  rT;  six  mdes  long  and  three 
broad.    It  is  four  rui'es  o  of  Pcterboioogh. 

IVittUch,  tows  of  Germany,  in  tiic  circle 
t)f  Lowtr  Khirre,  and  etertoTa'te  of  Treves, 
1700 


38  miles  SW  of  Coblentz.    Lon.  6  27  L, 
lat.  50  7  N. 

Wittstock,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxo'.iv.  Lon.  12  30  E,  lat< 
s:i  10  N. 

IVivlescomb,  town  in  Somersetshire.  20 
miles  NNE  of  Exeter,  and  155  west  by 
south  of  London.  Lon.  3  28  W,  lat.  51 
4  N. 

Wlosimeitz,  town  of  Little  Poland,  capi- 
tal of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  in  Volhi- 
nia,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Luy, 
which  falls  into  the  Bug,  36  miles  west  of 
Lucho,  and  56  north  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
24  30  E,  lat.  51  3  N. 

fVoahoo,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
seven  leagues  NW  of  Morotoi.  From  the 
appearance  of  the  NE  and  NW  parts,  it  is 
the  finest  island  of  the  group.  Lon.  157 
51  W,  lat.  21  43  N. 

Woburn,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  on  a  ri- 
sing ground,  has  a  free-school,  and  a  cha- 
rity-school, founded  by  the  duke  of  Bed- 
ford. Near  it  is  found  great  plenty  of  ful- 
ler'* earth.  It  is  12  miles,  south  of  Bed- 
ford, and  42  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  0  32 
\\,  lat.  52  2  N. 

IVobtini,  small  post  town  in  Middlesex 
county,  Massachusetts,  eight  miles  south 
of  Andovei',  oo  SW  of  NeVburypoit,  and 
11  NW  of  Boston. 

JVodnaij,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
ol'  Prach,  seated  on  the  Bianitz,  12  miles 
NW  of  Budweis,  and  56  south  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  50  E,  lat.  42  9  N. 

Woeriltn,  town  of  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  18  miles  south  of  Amsterdam.  This 
town  was  taken  bv  the  French,  in  1794. 
Lon.  4  51  E,  lat.  52  6  N. 

JFohhai,  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Si- 
lesia, capital  of  a  du;  hy  of  the  same  name. 
The  greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  em- 
ployed in  a  woollen  manufacture.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Oder,  20  miles  NW  of 
Breslaw,  and  32  SE  of  Glowgaw.  Lon.  16 
54  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

IVukingham.     See  Okmgham. 

Wolheek,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia. 

Wokitt,  township  of  Connecticut,  situa- 
ted in  New  Haven  county,  and  containing 
952  iniiabitants  in  1810; 'and  in  1820,  943. 

fVoler.  town  in  Northumberland.  Lon. 
1  46  W,  lat.  55  34  N. 

Wolfeiihuttle,  town  of  German}',  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxon}'  and  duch}'  of  Bruns- 
wick, with  a  castJc,  where  the  duke  of 
Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle  resides.  It  is  one 
of  the  strongest  places  in  Germany.  Here 
is  an  excellent  library,  with  a  cabinet  of 
curiosities  relating  to  natural  history.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ocker,  seven  miles  south  of 
Brun.swick,  and  30  west  of  Ilalberstadt, 
Lon.  10  42  E,  lat.  52  18  N. 

IFoIfei-siSkef  island  of  tlie  United  Proviri- 


vv  u  u 


\V  0  i) 


cesj  in  Zealand,  between  north  Beveland 
and  south  Beveland. 

JFc/fiperg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Caiintiiia,  36  miles  K  of  Ciagenfurt.  Lon. 
15  10  E,  lat.  46  56  N. 

JVolgast,  considerable  town  of  Germany, 
in  Pomerania,  capital  of  a  territory  ot  tlie 
same  name,  with  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
harbours  on  ths  Biltic.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Psin,  12  miles  SE  of  Gripswald,  25  SE  of 
Stralsunil,  and  45  NW  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14 
4  E,  lat.  54  1  N. 

Jf'ol/coshoi,  town  of  Unssia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Novogorod,  100  miles  SE  of 
Novogorod.     Lon,  34  20  E,  lat.  57  30  N, 

Wolhcnvaka,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatin'ite  of  Novoj^odeck,  seated  on  the 
Res  23  miles  SE  o'f  Grodno.  Lon.  24  46 
E,  lat.  53  4  N. 

TVollin,  seaport  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony  in  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia, capital  of  an  island  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  mouth  of  the  Oder.  It  is  10  miles 
west  of  Cammin.  Lon.  14  39  E,  lat.  54 
4  N. 

Wolmar,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Livonia  ;  seated  on  tlie  Aa,  3-8 
miles  N  of  Riga.  Lon.  24  25  E,.lat.  57 
32  N. 

Wolverhamptaii,  town  in  Staffordshire. 
It  is  chiefly  noted  for  a  great  iron  manu- 
facture, consisting  of  locks,  hinges,  buckles, 
cork  screws  and  japanned  ware.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  13  miles  S  of  Stafford,  and 
124  NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W,  lat.  52 
47  N. 

IVolveij,  village  in  Warwickshire,  five 
.miles  fsK  of  Nuneaton,  Here  Edward  IV. 
was  surprised  and  taken  prisoner  by  R:ch- 
ard  Xevil  earl  of  Warwick. 

IVomehhrff,  flourishing  town  of  Berks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  E  side 
of  Tuipehocken  creek,  about  18  miles  NW 
of  the  borough  of  Heading. 

Woody  county  of  Virginia ;  bounded  by 
Ohio  river  NW  ;  Tyler  county  in  Virginia 
NE ;  Lewis  county  SE;  and  Mason  SW. 
Length  38  ;  mean  width  30  ;  and  area  1 140 
square  miles.  It  is  chiefly  drained  by  the 
Liitle  Kenhawa  river.  Chief  town,  Bellviile. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
do.    do.  females    - 


Total  whites      .... 

,i\ll  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        .... 

Slaves         .        -        -        .        . 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

ropulation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
do.    da   females 


All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  -        -       .  q 

Total  whites      ....  4,998 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  7 

do.           do.       females  3 

Slaves,  males      ....  445 

do.    females         "-        -        -  407 

Tbtal  population  in  1820  -        5,860 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  24 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        •        1,575 

do.        in  Manufactures  -  84 

do.        in  Commerce       -         -  19 

Population  to  the  square,  mile,  5. 

Wood,  northern  county  of  the  new  pur- 
chase, Ohio,  bounded  N  by  Michigan  ter- 
ritoi-y  ;  E  by  Sandusky  and  Seneca ;  S 
by  Hancock  ;  and  VV  by  Henry  counties. 
It  is  31  miles  long  from  north  to  south, 
by  24  broad  from  east  to  west,  contain- 
ing about  750  square  miles.  It  is  watered 
by  iVlauniee  river,  Carrying  river,  Swan 
and  several  other  creeks.  Wood  county 
was  constituted  and  organized  in  Febru- 
ary, 1820 ;  but  in  August  following,  when 
then  the  national  census  was  taken,  con- 
tained but  7o2  mhabitants.  Chief  town, 
Manmee. 

Woodbr'tdge,  town  in  Suffolk,  seated 
on  the  E  side  of  a  sandy  hill,  on  the  ri- 
ver Deben,  eight  miles  from  the  sea.  It 
has  docks  for  building  ships,  carries  on 
a  great  corn  trade,  is  famous  for  refining 
salt,  and  tnuch  lime  is  burned  here  fiom 
fossil  sea  shells.  It  is  seven  miles  ENE 
of  IpiiWich,  and  76  NE  of  Londoii.  Lon. 
1  25  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Jf-'oodbridge,  village  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Middlesex  county.  New  Jersey ; 
three  miles  N  of  Ambcy,  fr.ur  S  of  Rah- 
way,  and  10  NE  of  New  Brunswick. 

iVcodbridge,  townsldp  of  Connecticut, 
situated  in  New  Haven  county,  about  se- 
ven miles  north-west  of  the  city  of  New 
Haven,  and  containing  2U30  inhabitants 
in  1810;  and  in  1820,  1988. 

Woodburij,  town  in  Litchfield  county, 
Connecticut,  10  miles  south  of  Bethle- 
hem, and  19  north  by  west  of  New  Ha- 
ven.    Here  is  a  post-office 

Woodbury,  post  town  in  Gloucester 
county;  New  Jersey  ;  near  red  bank,  and 
10  m'iles  S  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  the 
principal  seat  of  justice  in  the  county, 
and  contained  500  inhabitants  in  1810; 
and  in  1820,  about  700. 

Woodchester,   village  in '  Gloucester- 
shire, where  some  antiquities  have  lately 
been  discovered. 

Woodford,  county  of  Kentucky;  bound= 
2,614  ed  by  Kentucky  river  W  j  Franklin  NW; 
2,384    Scott  NE;  Fayette  E;  and  Jessamine 

noi 


1,327 
1.258 

*,585 

1 

450 

3,036 


w  o  u 


W   O  R 


SE.  Length  20;  mean  width  8;  and 
area  160  square  miles.  Chief  town,  Ver- 
sailles 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males         -        •        •  3,114 

do.  do.   females       .        -        -  3,039 

Total  whites  ....  6,153 
All  other  ])eiv  ons  except  Indians 

not  taxtd           ....  92 

Slaves 3,414 

Totalpopulationin  1810      -        -  9,659 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  whiles,  males             -        -  3,750 

do.      do.    females          -        -  3,672 
All  other  persons  except  Indiana 

not  taxed      .        .        .        -  -        0 

Total  whites      .        -        ,        .  7,422 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  57 

do.            do.        females  ^50 

Slaves,  maks           -        -        -  2,382 

do.     females        -        -        -  2,295 

Total  population  in  1820     -      '-  12,2o7 


11 

2,470 
484 


Of  ♦hese  ; 
Foreigners  not  nat\iralized 
Kngaged  in  Agriculture 
do.        in  Manufactures 
do.        in  Commerce       -        -  23 

Population  to  ihe  square  mile,  76. 

Woods,  Lake  oj  the,  lake  of  North 
America,  90  miles  long,  and  30  where 
hroa,dest,  but  very  irregular  in  its  shape. 
It  lies  between  the  Winnipeg  and  L  ike 
Superior,  chieily  in  Upper  Canada,  but 
the  S  part  is  in  the  territory  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  Thv-  lands  (.n  its  banks  are 
covered  with  oaks,  pines,  firs,  Sec. 

Woods'ock,  bonmgh  in  Oxfordshire, 
It  is  chit-fly  noted  for  giving  birth  to 
Chaucer  the  poet,  who  was  born,  lived, 
and  died  here.  It  is  eight  miles  NW 
of  Oxford,  and  62  V/NW  of  London. 
Lon.  1  15  W.  lat.  51  52  N. 

Woodstock,  post  town,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Shenandoah  county,  Virginia ;  12 
miles  south  by  west  of  Strasburg,  30  south 
of  Winch tster,  20  north  of  New  Mar- 
ket, and  1 12  from  Washington.  It  stands 
crti  the  east  side  of  North  river,  a  branch 
of  Shenandoah. 

Woodstock,  town  of  Connecticut,  si- 
tuated in  Windham  county,  about  20 
miles  north  of  Windliara,  and  containing 
2654  inhabitants  in  1810;  and  in  1820, 
3017. 

Woodstoion,  post  town  in  Salem  coun- 
ty. New  Jersey ;  1 1  miles  north  by  east 
of  Salem,  and  26  south  of  Philadelphia,  it 
had  300  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in  1820. 
400. 

UQ2 


Woodville,  post  town  and  seat  of  jus-  \ 
tiee  in  Wilkinson  county,  Mississippi ; 
40  miles  SSE  from  Natchez.  It  contains 
600  inhabitants,  and  a  branch  of  the  bank 
of  the  state  of  Mississippi.  It  is  the  cen- 
tre of  extensive  cotton  trade. 

Wool/lit,  town  in  Suffolk,  famous  for 
the  manufacture  of  white  bricks. 

Woolwich,  town  in  Kent.  Here  are 
several  fine  docks,  rope-yards,  and  spa- 
cious magazines,  this  place  being  wholly 
taken  up  and  raised  by  the  works  erect- 
ed for  the  naval  service.  The  largest 
ships  ride  here  safely,  even  at  low  wa- 
ter. Some  huiks  are  moored  oflT  this 
town,  for  the  reception  of  convicts,  who 
are  employed  in  raising  gravel  from  the 
river.  It  is  10  miles  E  of  London.  Lon.  0  j 
10  E,  lat.  51 30  N.  .  ^ 

Worcester,  city  in  Worcestershire, 
capital  of  that  county.  VVoi'cestcr  is 
seated  on  a  gentle  ascent,  on  the  Severn, 
36  miles  NNE  of  Bristol,  and  118  WNW 
of  London.     Lon-  2  0  W.  lat.  52  9  N. 

Worcester,  county  of  England,  30 
milts  long,  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N  by  Shropshire  and  StaflFordshire, 
on  the'E  by  Warwickshire,  on  the  W 
by  Herefordshire,  on  the  SE  and  S  by 
Gloucestershire,  being  in  circuit  124 
miles,  and  contains  600,000  square  acres. 
Its  chief  manutactures  are  carpeting, 
china  and  earthen  ware,  woollens,  and 
stockings.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Severn,  Teme  or  Tend,  and  Avon.  Po- 
pulation 1801,  139,333;  in  1811,  160,545; 
and  in  1821.  184.424. 

Worcester,  county  of  Massachusetts  ; 
bounded  en  the  E  by  Middlesex  and 
Norfolk  counties ;  on  the  N  by  the  states 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont ;  on  the 
W  by  Franklin,  Hampshire,  and  Hamp- 
den counties  ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  states 
of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.  The 
principal  town  is  Worcester.  It  crosses 
tlie  state  from  N  to  S  ;  area  1500  square 
miles. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males     -       -       -      32,206 

do.  do.    females    -        -        -      32,236 


Total  whites               -        -        -  64,442 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  468 

Slaves 0 

Total  population  in  1810              -  64,910 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males        -        -        -  36,245 

do.  do.    females     ...  36,912 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ....  21 


Totsl  whites 


rs.l78 


Vv    O  ii 


A 


Free  persons  of  colour,  males    . 
do.  do.      females 

Slaves,  males      .        .        - 
do.    females 

'i'otal  population  in  1S20     - 


Slaves,  males 
do.    females  - 


237 
220 

0 

0   Total  population  in  1820 


2,614. 
2,037 

17,521 


73,635       Of  the^e  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalii^ed  • 

Engaged  in  Agriculture 
do.       in  Manufactures     - 
do.       in  Commerce 


4 
3,756 
387 
151 


Of  these ; 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  159 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -        -        8,859 

do.       in  Manufactures   -        -        3,202  Population  to  the  square  mile,  25  nearly. 

do.       in  Commerce        -        -  95        jyorcum,  town  of  Brabant,  seated  on  the 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  -^9.  Maese.     Lon.  4  52  E,  lat.  51  52  X. 

fVorcester,  capital  of  Worcester  county,        jroram,  seaport  of  Fnesland,  on  the 

Massachusetts,  46  miles  W  of  Boston;  34  z,i-,der-Zee,  18  miles  SW   of  Lewarden. 

N  by  "VV  of  Providence  (Rhode  Inland,)  and  ^^^^  5  15  e  lat.  53  0  X. 
50  NE   of  Springfield    (Massachusetts.)        iVorden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 

This  is  esteemed  one  of  the  largest  inlaiid  ^p  Lower  Saxony. 


towns  in  the  State,  and  carries  on  some 
manufactures,  particularly  printing,  with 
great  spirit.  Isaiah  Tliomas  of  this  town, 
has  pubiislied  as  many  books  as  any  book- 
seller in  the  United  States.  It  contains  the 
greatest  population  of  any  inland  town  in 
New  England.  The  principal  streets  ex- 
ceeds a  mile  in  length.  Beside  the  county 
buildings  are,  a  bank,  two  printing  offices, 
from  each  of  which  is  issued  a  weekly 
news-paper.  A  commodious  building  was 
erected  in  1819  -for  the  cabinet  and  library 
of  the  American  Antiquarian  society.  The 
building  society,  and  cabinet  may  be  con- 
sidered as  productions  of  Isaiah  Thomas, 
esq.  President  of  the  society. 

Worcester,  township,  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, Pennsyl 
in  1810 

township,  situated  between   Guined,  and        ,„  -.      ^^  ..u      •     .      r> 

Noriton;  on  the  E  side  of  Skippack  creek.     ,,  J^orms  cMy  of  Germany,  ,n  the  circle  of 

Worcester,  SE  county  of  Maryland  ;  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  famous  for  a  diet  held 
by  the  state  ofDelawareN;  Atlantic  ocean  »"  ^^^l'  at  which  Luther  assisted  in  per- 
E;  Eastern  .hore  of  Virginia  S  ;  and  So-   ^0".    The  protestants  have  a  church  here, 

merset  county  in  Maryknd  W.    Length   ^^"^  ^^  ^^'l/? '"^P^'f  f '^'^.."^  ^P^'"! 
25;   meanwiclth20;  and  area  700  square   ^^  ^he  diet.     It  is  seated  on  the  W  bank  of 

miles.    It  is  chiefly  drained  by  Poco'moke   '^^^^ni^l^i^' f::^V\Tl'^rl  "& 
river.     Chiet  town.  Snow  Hill. 


Wordingbevff,  sea  port  of  Denmark,  in 
theisknd  of  Zeal-^nd.  Lon.  11  58  E,  lat. 
55  3  N. 

Woringen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Coirtgne,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
eight  miles  from  Cologne. 

Workington,  sea  port  in  Cumberland, 
seated  on  the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge.  In  its  neighbourhood,  is  a 
large  iron  foundry.  Workington  is  seven 
miles  W  of  Cockermouth,  and  307  N  of 
London.     Lon.  3  35  W,  lat.  53  42  N. 

Worksop,  town  in  Nottinghatiishire. 
Quantities  of  licorice  are  grown  in  its  vici- 
nity, and  there  are  a  great  many  noolemen's 
seats  near  it.     The  canal  from  the  Trent 


sylvania,  containing  868  inhabitants  *«  Chesterheld  passes  by  this  place  It  is 
;  and  in  1820,  977.  It  is  a  small  24  miles  N  of  Nottingh.Pfi.  and  If  J*  by 
,    c-.fH.t^^  h«Jw««^    nn'.n^rl    nnri    AV  ot  Lcndon.     Lon.lO  nV,  lat.  5o20N. 


Lon.  8  29  E,  lat.  49 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males        .        .        - 
do.    do.   females     -        -        - 

Total  whites       .        .        -        . 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed        .        .        .        . 
Slaves         •  .     '        ' 

Total  population  in  1810     - 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males    - 

do.    do.    females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       .       .       -        - 

Total  whites     -       -       -        - 
Free  persons  of  colour,  males 
do.  (lo.       females. 


SW  of  Francfort. 
32  N. 
5,^65        Worsted,  town  in  Norfolk,  noted  for  be- 
5,725   ing  "the  place,  where  worsteds  were  first 
-_— __   made.  It  is  12  miles  N  of  Norwich,  and  120 
11,490   NE  of  London.     Lon.  1  26  E,  lat.  52  52  N. 
Worihington,  pi^st  town  and  township  in 
1,054  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles 
4,427   W  of  Northampton,  19  E  of  Pittsfield,  and 
44  NE  of  Brookfiekl,  containing  1223  inha- 
bitants in  1810  ;  and  in  1820,  1276. 

Wolton  Hosset,  borough  in  Wilishire.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Forest  of  Brandon,  and 
is  30  miles  N  of  Salisbury,  and  89  W  of 
London.     Lon.  1  54  W,  lat.  51  21  N. 

Wotton-wuler-Edge,  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, 20  miles  NE  of  Bristol,  and  108  W 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  2  11  W,  lat.  51  40  N, 
Wragby,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  11  miles 
ENE  of  Lincoln,  and  144  N  of  London, 
Lon.  0  10  W,  lat.  53  18  N- 
110? 


16,971 


5,653 
5,629 


\V  i   A 


W    V    1' 


li'raih  Cape,  vast  promontory  in  bunder- 
land,  which  forms  ihe  N  W  point  of  Great 
Uritain.  It  is  the  dread  of  mariners,  for 
against  its  rugged  and  lof'.y  cU(fs  the  rapid 
tide  bursts  with  incredible  fury. 

IVre7it!iam,  post  town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachusetts,  26  miles  S  by  W  of  Boston, 
and  19  NR  of  Providence,  (Rhode  Island.) 
It  has  2061  inhabitants  in  1810 ;  and  in 
1820,  2801. 

Wexliam,  town  in  Denbighshire.  It  is  the 
most  populous  town  in  all  N  Wales,  add  is 
a  place  of  considerable  traffic  in  Welsh 
fl:  nnels.  In  the  vicinity  of  Wexham  is  a 
large  foundry  for  cannon  and  other  articles. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river,  in  a  country  afibrd- 
ing  plenty  of  lead.     Lon.  3  10  W,  lat.  53 

2  a. 

IVrinton,  town  in  Somersetshire.  It  is 
the  birth  place  of  Mr.  Locke,  is  noted  for 
calamine,  and  seated  among  the  Mendip- 
Jiills,  11  miles  WNW  of  Wells,  and  125  W 
of  London.  Lon.  28  W,  lat.  51  21  N.  See 
leaver. 

Wroihavi,  town  in  kent,  11  miles  WNV/ 
of  Maidstone,  and  24  SE  of  London.  Lon. 
0  24  E,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Wunnengburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  It  is  14  miles  S  of 
Paderborn.     Lon.  8  15  E,  lat.  51  26  N. 

JVunsi dely  ^own  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Franconia,  with  mines  of  copper,  and 
quarries  of  marble,  in  its  vicinity.  Lon.  12 
24  K,litt.  50  ION. 

JVunstorf,  (.own  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Lower  Saxony. 

Wurtemburg.    See  Wirlemhiirg. 

IT'urtzburg,  late  bisliopric  of  Germany, 
HOW  a  duchy  of  Bavaria,  comprehenihng 
the  principal  part  of  Franconia ;  bounded 
by  the  county  of  Henneburg,  the  duchy  of 
Coburg,  the  abbey  of  Fulde,  the  archbis- 
hopric of  Mentz,  tlie  inarquisate  Anspach, 
bishopric  of  Bamberg-,  and  the  county  of 
Wertheim,  being  about  G5  miles  in  length 
and  50  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile, and  produces  more  corn  and  wine 
than  the  inhabi'ants  consume. 

Wiirtzburg,  city  of  Germany,  in  Franco- 
nia, on  the  Maine,  40  miles  SW  of  Hum- 
berg,  and  200  NW  of  Vienna.  Lon.  10 
13  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

TVurzacc,  town  of  GermanVj  in  Suabia. 
Lon.  10  5  E,  lat.  48  6  N. 

IVurzeji,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of  Leip- 
sic,  with  a  citadel.  Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  ol 
19  N. 

Wusterhmisen,  town  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  i2  30  E, 
lat.  52  So  N. 

TVmlerliciiseiij  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  middle  marclie  of  Brandenburg,  11 
miles  SSE  of  Berlin. 

fVtjalusmg,  Tpost  town,  in  Bradford  coun- 
ty, Pennsvlvania  -,  situ:»tcd  on  the  N  bank 
1104 


of  Susquehanna! i,  near  the  moath  of  W'ya- 
lusing  creek,  28  miles  NW  of  Harleii,  ami 
62  NW  of  Wilkesbarre.  Populatio:-.  1820, 
546. 

rr^c?,  town  in  Kent,  with  a  market  on 
Thursday,  seated  on  the  Stour,  10  miles  & 
of  Canterbury,  and  56  SK  of  London.  Lon. 
1  4  E,  lat.  51  IG  N. 

TVt/e,  river  of  Wales,  wh'oh  rises  on  the 
conSnes  of  Cardiganshire,  and  running  SE 
divides  the  counties  of  Radnor  and  Breck- 
nock ;  thence  crosses  Herefordshire,  passes 
by  Hereford,  and  turning  directly  S,  runs 
by  Monmouth,  and  falls  into  the  mouth  of 
the  Severn  at  Chepstow. 

Tf'(,'e,  river  in  Derbyshire,  which  rises  in 
the  NW  part,  above  Buxton,  and  flowing 
SE  falls  into  the  Derwent,  below  Bakewell. 

TFye,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  a  territory 
of  the  abbey  of  St.  Gallen,  with  a  palace. 
It  is  built  on  an  eminence,  16  miles  SSW 
of  Constance.     Lon.  9  4  E,  lat.  47  34  N. 

ny.    See  Weil. 

Wynendale,  town  of  Flanders;  eight  miles 
ENE  of  Dixmude. 

Wyre,  river  of  Lancashire,  which  rises 
near  Wyresdale,  six  miles  SE  of  Lancas- 
ter, and  passing  by  Carstang,  enters  the 
Irish  Sea,  below  Poulton. 

IVijthe,  county  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
Grayson  SE,  and  S;  Washington  SW; 
Tazewell  NW ;  and  Giles  and  Montgomery 
NE.  Length  46 ;  mean  width  25  ;  and 
area  1150  square  miles.  It  occupies  the 
dividing  country  between  the  head  waters 
of  Tennessee,  and  Great  Kenhawa.  Chief 
town,  Evansham. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -        -        -        3,712 

do.  do.  females     -        ,        -        3,468 

Total  whites  ....  7,180 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed         .        -        -        .  19 

Slaves 1,157 


Total  population  in  1810    -        -  8,356 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males       •        -        -  4,150 

do.   do.     females    -        -        -  3,931 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed             .        -        .  0 

Total  whites       -        .        -        .  8,111 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males    -  19 

do.              do.       females  29 

Slaves,  males      -        -        -        .  734 

.<lo.    females            ....  799 

Total  population  in  1820            -  9,692 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized           -  3 

.I'ngaged  in  Agriculture  1,644 


Y  A  K 


A  A 


Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  401 

do         in  Commerce        -        -  -1 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  8  1-3 

Wythe   Cojirt   House,  seal  of  justice  in 


Wythe  county,  Vir.^inia  ;  where  lliere  is 
a  post  office,  58  miles  NE  of  Abington, 
31  SW  of  InglisviUe,  and  351  from  Wash- 
ington.    See  Evanshum,  in  the'  Addenda. 


X 


Xabea,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia. 
Lon.  0  25  B,  lat.  38  40  N. 

yiaeca,  or  Sacca,  seapost  of  Sicily,  Avith 
an  old  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  S  coast 
of  the  Island,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
20  miles  SE  of  Mazara,  and  41  SSW  of 
Palermo.     Lon.  13  2  E,  lat   37  41  N. 

Xagria,  seaport  on  the  S  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  one  of  the  finest  in  Ameri- 
ca, 84  miles  SE  of  Havanna.  Lon.  80  45 
W,  lat.  22  10  N. 

•  Xalapa,  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tlascala,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
Lon.  98  20  W,  lat.  19  32  N. 

Xalisco,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guadalaxara 
Proper,  seated  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  400 
miles  west  of  Mexico.  Lon.  110  5  \V,  lat. 
22  30  N. 

Xaiiva,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  foot 
of  which  runs  the  Zncar,  32  miles  SW  of 
Valencia,  and  50  NW  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0 
14  W,  lat.  59  4  N. 

Xavier,  or  Sabi,  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Whidah,  on  the  Slave  Coast  of 
Guinea. 

Xavier,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  35 
miles  SE  of  Pampelun.'i. 

Xavier,  St.  town  of  Paragua)'',  in  the 
province  of  La  Plata,  200  miles  W  of  Rio 
Janeiro.     Lon.  50  6  W,  lat.  24  0  S. 

Xenia,  post  town,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Greene  county  Ohio,  30  miles  S  from  Ur- 
banna,  and  50  NE  from  Cincinnatti.  Be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  it  contains  an 
academy. 

Xeres'deBadsjoz,  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  and  in  the  territory  of  Trala- 


Guadiana,  seated  on  the  rivulet  of  Ardiila, 
27  miles  SE  of  Badajoz,  Lon.  6  32  W, 
lat.  38  9  N. 

Xeres  de-Gwidiana,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  18  miles 
N  of  Ayaroonte.  Lon.  7  15  W,  lat.  37 
30  N 

Xeres-de  la-Frontera,  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  famous  for  excellent  wine ; 
and  hence  is  derived  the  name  of  that 
we  call  Sherry.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gua- 
daleta,  five  miles  N  of  Port  St.  Mary,  and 
110  south  bv  west  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  50 
W,  lat  36  42  N. 

Xeresde  la-Frontera,  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  audience  of  Guadalaxara. 
Lon.  104  25  \V,  lat.  22  35  N 

Xicoco.,  an  island  of  Japan,  between 
Niphon  and  Saikoka. 

Xi7no,  island  of  Japan,  the  second  in 
size  and  eminence,  to  the  SW  of  Ni- 
phon, from  which  it  is  divided  by  a  nar- 
row channel.  It  is  300  miles  in  circum- 
ference. 

Xixona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
and  in  the  territory  of  Segura,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  seated  among  moun- 
tains, in  a  country  that  produces  excel- 
lent wine,  15  miles  SW  of  Alicant.  Lon. 
0  to  W,  lat.  58  6  N. 

Xucar,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
New  Castile,  in  the  Sierra-de-Cuenza.  It 
passes  by  Cuenza,  and  entering  the  pro- 
vince of  Valencia,  runs  into  the  gulf  of 
Valencia,  at  the  town  of  Cullera. 

Xudnogrod,  town  of  Turkish  Croatia, 
17  miles  N  of  Sebenica,  and  37  E  of  Kza- 
ra.    Lon.  16  51  E,  lat.  40  34  N. 


y,  arm  of  Zuider  Zee,  which  enters 
that  sea,  five  miles  E  of  Amsterdam. 
It  forms  the  boundary  between  N  and  S 
Holland,  and  is  pronounced  Ey. 

Yadkin  River.    Sec  Pedee. 

Ya-k.     See  Ural 

Yaik  Cossacks.  See  Uralian  Cossacks. 

Yaitsk.    See  Uralsk. 

Yakutsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of 
the  Russian  government  of  Irkutsk,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Siberia. 

Yakutsk,  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a 
Ilassian  province  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
TA 


ed  on  the  river  Lena.  Lon.  129  53  E, 
lat.  62  1  N. 

Yale,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

Yambo,  seaport  of  Arabia,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  60 
miles  SW  of  Medina.  Lon.  40  10  E, 
lat  23  40  N. 

Yamburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Petersburg.  Lon.  28  16  E, 
E,  lat.  59  15  N. 

Yanceyville,  post  town  in  Louisa  coun- 
ty, Virginia ;  14  miles  S  of  Louisa  coort- 


V   L  L 


y  o  ST 


house,  14  N  of  Caroline  court-hoUse,  and 
60  >rw  from  RichmoHd. 

Yang-lc/ieou,  populous  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  45 
miles  NE  of  Nan-king. 

Yang  tse- /dang,  great  river  of  China, 
■which  rises  in  the  province  of  Yannian, 
and  having  crossed  Hou  quang  and  Ki- 
ang  nan,  enters  the  Eastern  Ocean,  op- 
posite t!".e  isle  of  Tt.ong  ming,  which  is 
fornDed  by  the  sand  accumulated  at  its 
mouth. 

Ya7-e,  river  in  Noifolk. 

YarkaJi.    See  Ire  ken. 

Yarmouth,  borough  in  Norfolk,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Yare,  and  has  long  been 
known  as  one  <  f  the  principal  sea-ports 
in  England.  Ofl"  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bour is  a  bar,  which  prevents  the  entrv 
of  ships  of  largf^-  burden ;  and  the  many 
sand  banks  (fF  the  coast,  at  a  distance, 
from  the  Yarmouth  Roads,  so  nofrd  fir 
frequent  shipwrecks.  Yarmnuthis27miies 
E  of  Norwich,  and  112  NE  of  London. 
Lnn.  1  53  E,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Yarmouth  borougli  in  Hampshire,  on 
the  west  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
seated  on  a  creek,  eight  miles  west  of 
Newport,  and  123  SW  of  London.  Lon. 
1  28  W,  lat.  50  40  N 

Yarmouth  post  town  in  Barastable 
county,  Massachusetts ;  situated  five 
miles  E  by  N  of  B  irnstable,  and  76  SE 
of  Boston,  with  1727  inhabitants  in  1810; 
and  in  1820.  2232. 

Yaroslafy  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly a  province  of  the  government  of 
Moscow. 

Yaroslaf,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  Lon.  38 
59  E,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Yariim,  town  in  the  North  riding  of 
Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Teves, 
over  which,  is  a  stone  bridge,  40  miits 
NNW  of  York,  and  231  N  by  W  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  2  W,  lat.  54  31  N. 

Ya7'uki,  village  in  South  America,  in 
Peru.  Here  Ulloa  and  the  French  ma- 
thematicians measured  an  arch  of  the 
meridian. 

Yazoo,  river  of  Louisiana,  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Mississippi,  and  flows  SW 
200  miles,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi 
at  N  lat  32  24.  The  country  watered  by 
the  Yazoo  is  generally  hilly,  and  pine 
and  oak  wtjods,  and  soil  thin.  Some  good 
lands  are  found  on  the  water  courses,  but 
in  very  small  quantity. 

Yell,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  to 
the  N  of  that  called  Mainland.  It  is  12 
miles  long  and  8  broad,  and  has  several 
good  harbours. 

Yellow  river,  or  Hoang-Ho,  large  ri- 
ver of  Asia,  which,  after  a  coursp  of 


nearly  600  leagues  across  Tartary  and 
China,  enters  the  Eastern  Sea,  to  the  N 
of  the  mouth  of  Yan-tse-kiang.  It  is  very 
broad  and  rapid,  but  so  shallow  that  it  is 
scarcely  navigable.  It  is  called  tlie  Yel- 
low River,  because  the  clay  and  sand 
which  it  washes  down,  especially  in  time 
of  rain,  makes  its  water  appear  of  a  yel- 
low colour. 

Yellow  Sea,  gulf  of  China,  between 
the  provinces  of  Pe-tcheli  and  Chang- 
tong  on  the  W,  and  the  peninsula  of  Co- 
rea  on  the  E. 

Yellow  stone  river,  river  of  the  west- 
ern territory  of  the  United  States,  the 
great  SE  branch  of  Missouri.  See  Mis- 
souri river,  page  622. 

Yellow  water,  river  which  rises  in 
Alabama,  runs  nearly  south  into  Florida, 
falls  into  Pansacola  bay,  after  a  course 
of  about  70  milf's.  It  is  a  fine,  clear, 
and  beautiful  stream,  rising  in  pine  woods. 

Yenisei,  or  Jenisa,  river  of  Siberia, 
whicii  running  from  S  to  N,  -nters  the 
Frozen  Ocean,  to  the  east  of  tlie  bay  of 
Obv. 

Yeniseisk,  or  Jefiiskoi,  large  and  po- 
pul'ius  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province 
of  Tomsk,  seated  on  the  river  Yenisei. 
Lon.  92  35  E  lat.  57  46  N. 

Yen  fling,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Fo-kien,  275  miles  S  of  Nan- 
king. 

Yen  tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong,  275  miles  SE  of 
Peking. 

Yen-tching.  city  cf  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chang-tong,  and  jurisdiction  of 
Tsi-nan-fou,  where  a  kind  of  glass  is 
made,  so  delicate  and  brittle,  that  it 
cracks  when  exposed  to  the  smallest  in- 
juries of  the  air. 

Yeovil,  or  Ivel,  town  in  Somerset- 
shire. Hf>re  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth, 
but  the  principal  one  is  of  gloves.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ivel,  20  miles  S  of  Wells, 
and  123  W  by  S  of  London.  Lon.  2  o7 
W,  lat,  50  55  N. 

Yesd,  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi, 
on  the  road  from  Kerman  to  Ispahan.  It 
has  a  silk  manufacture ;  and  here  are 
made  the  finest  carpets  in  the  world.  It 
is  200  miles  ESE  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  56  50 
E,  lat.  32  0  N. 

Yonkers,  post  town  in  West  Chester 
county,  New  York,  11  miles  N  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  253  from  Washington. 
It  had  1365  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in 
1820.  1586. 

Yonne,  department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  the  late  province  of  Bur- 
gundy. It  is  so  called  from  a  river  that 
rises  in  the  department  of  Nievre,  and 
passing  by  Chateau,  Chinon,  Claraenci, 


Y  O  R 


Y  O  R 


Auxerre,  Joigny,  and  Sens,  falls  into  the 
Seine.    Auxerre  is  the  capital. 

Yoriman,  province  of  Guiana,  about 
150  miles  in  length,  on  the  river  Ama- 
zon. 

York,  city,  the  capital  of  Yr.rkshire,  It 
is  the  Eboracum  of  the  llomans,  and  many 
of  their  coffins,  urns,  coins,  8cc.  have  been 
found  here.  Ii  lias  always  been  consider- 
ed as  he  capital  of  the  North,  and  in  point 
of  rank,  as  tbe  second  city  in  the  kingdom. 
York  is  70  miles  S  by  E  of  Durham,  and  198 
N  by  W  of  London.  Lon.  1  1  W,  lat.  5o 
59  N. 

York,  county  of  England,  double  in  size 
to  any  of  the  other  ;  bounded  on  the  N  by 
Durham  and  We-,tmoreland :  on  tlie  E  by 
the  German  Ocean ;  on  tlie  W  by  West- 
moreland and  Lancashire ;  and  on  the  S 
by  the  counties  of  Chester,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham and  Lincoln  Its  most  remarkable 
natural  inland  boundaries  are,  the  river 
Tees  to  the  N,  the  ridge  of  hills  called  the 
English  Appennines  to  t'iie  W,  an  i  the  arm 
of  the  sea  named  the  Humber  to  the  SW. 
The  length  of  this  coun-y  is  above  eighty 
miles,  and  its  breadth  a  hundred.  From 
its  great  extent  it  has  been  distributed 
into  three  main  divisions,  called  Ridings. 
The  sea-coast  except  the  southern  par",  of 
it,  is  in  general  naked  and  d  eiry,  consist- 
ing of  wide  extended  moors  and  ba  r^n 
hills.  This  county  is  extremebly  well  wa- 
tered, and  its  rivers  are  disposed  in  a  sin- 
gularly beautiful  manner.  Tney  rise,  in 
general,  in  the  mountainous  skirts  of  the 
county,  from  the  NE  round  to  the  SW ; 
and,  uniting  as  they  proceed  towaids  its 
centre,  like  the  veins  of  a  spreading  leaf, 
at  length  terminate  in  one  main  trunk, 
which  issues  in  the  Humber-  The  princi- 
pal branches  are  the  Ouse,  Don,  Derwent, 
Calder,  Aire,  Warf,  Nidd,  Ure,  and  Hull, 
all  which  terminate  in  the  Humber,  wliich 
falls  into  the  German  Ocean  between  York- 
shire and  Lincolnshire.  Population  in 
1801,  858,892;  in  1811,  973,113;  and  in 
1821,  1,175,241. 

York,  city  of  Upper  Canada,  is  in  about 
43  35  N  lat.  and  is  the  present  seat  of  the 
government  of  Upper  Canada.  It  is  most 
beautiftxlly  situated  within  an  excellent 
harbour  of  the  same  name,  made  by  a  long 
peninsula,  which  confines  a  basin  of  water 
sufficiently  large  to  contain  a  considerable 
fleet.    Population  about  3000. 

York,  SW  county  of  Maine  ,  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean  SE  ;  Piscatagua  river, 
or  New  Hampshire  SW  ;  New  Hampshire 
■\V ;  Oxford  county  Maine  N  ;  and  Cumber- 
land NE.  Length  50,  mean  width  20,  and 
area  1000  square  miles.  Its  principal  river 
Saco.     Chief  town,  York, 

Population  in  1810. 
Fr  ee  white  males 


Free  while  females 

Total  whites 

All  othtT  person-s  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .        .        -        - 
Slaves       .        -        .        -        . 


Total  population  in  1810  -      41,877 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  -        -      22,550 

do.    do.    females  -        -      23,631 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed       ....  0 

Total  whites            -        -        -  46,181 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  51 

do.           do.      females  51 

Slaves,  males            ...  0 

do.    females         ...  0 

Total  population  in  1820  -      46,283 

Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  23 

Engaged  in  Agriculture      -         -  8,674 

do.        in  Manufactures           -  746 

do.        in  Commerce       -        -  533 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  46. 

York,  capital  of  York  county,  Maine,  si- 
tuated on  York  river,  near  the  ocean,  10 
miles  NE  of  Portsmouth,  16  S  ot  Wells,  and 
22  of  Kennebunk,  in  lat.  43  12  N,  and  lon. 
70  49  W.  The  inhabitant^  who  v. ere  esti- 
mated at  2776  in  1810;  are  principally 
engaged  in  the  fisheries.  Population  in 
1820',  3224. 

York,  county  of  Pennsylvania  ;  bounded 
by  Maryland  S  ;  Adams  county  in  Pennsyl- 
vania W  ;  Cumberland  county  NW  ;  and 
Susquehannah  river  NE  Length  31,  mean 
width  29,  and  area  900  square  miles.  It 
is  principally  dramed  by  Cinnewago,  and 
Codorus  creeks.  Surface  generally  hilly. 
Soil  varied.  Staples  grain,  fiour  whiskey, 
fruit,  live-stock,  &c.     Chief  town,  York. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males    -        -        -      15,919 
do.    do.    females  -        -      15,410 

Total  whites       ...        -      31,329 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed     -       -        -       -  607 

Slaves, 22 


Total  population  in  1810 


31,958 


Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males        ...      19,256 

do.    do.  females    -        -        -      18,704 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed        ...        -  12 


20,528   Total  whiter 


l'TR7 


37^972 


Y  G  B 


\  0  U 


tree  persons  of  colour,  males 

do.  do.       females 

Slaves,  males       .        .        - 
do,    females  -        -        - 

Total  population  in  1820    - 


399 

9 


Of  these  ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized          -  509 

Engajjed  in  Agriculture      -         -  5,710 

do,        in  Manufactures             -  2,796 

do.        in  Commerce        -        -  106 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  43. 

Toi-k,  post  town,  borough,  and  seat  of 
justice,  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  both 
sides  of  Codorus  creek,  21  miles  SW  by  W 
from  Lancaster,  and  11  miles  nf^arly  W 
from  Columbia  on  the  Susquehannah.  It 
is  laid  out  on  a  plain,  with  strt^eis  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  contains  the 
county  buildings,  jail,  academy,  al.nishouse, 
and  in  1820,  3545  inhabitants. 

Tork,  township  of  York  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, SE  from  the  borough  of  York. 
Population  in  1820,  2107. 

York  River,  river  of  the  United  States  of 
Korlh  America,  in  Virginia,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Pamunky  and  Mattaponj', 
30  miles  above  York-Town,  below  which 
place  it  enters  Chesapeak  bay. 

York,  couniy  of  Virginia  ;  bounded  by 
York  river  N,  and  NE ;  Elizabeth  city,  and 
Warwick  counties  S;  and  James  city,  coun- 
ty SW,  and  NW.  Length  40;  mean  width 
5;  and  area  200  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
York. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  ...         911 

do.  do.  females        ...         887 


Engaged  in  Commerce      -        -  9 

Population  to  the  square  mile,  22  nearly. 

York,  district  ot  South  Carolina  ;  bound- 

4    ed   by  Lincoln  an(i  Rutheriord  coundes  in 

■         North  Carolina  N  ;  Catawba  river,  or  Lan- 

38,759    caster  district  E;  Chester  S ,   and  Broad 

— '■ river,  or  Union,  and  Spartanburg  districts 

SW.     Length  55,  breadth  22,  and  area  770 
square  miles.     Chief  town,  Yorkville. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males  -        -  3,479 

do.    do.   females  -        -  3,349 


Total  whites                -        -        - 
All  odier  persons  except  Indians 
not  taxed         .         -        -         - 
Slaves 

Total  population  in  1810    - 

Pop\ilation  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 

do.     do.    females   .        -        - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed  ... 

Total  whites       .        -        -  - 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males  - 

do.     do.  females    -        -  - 

Slaves,  males     .        .        .  - 

do.     females 

Total  population  In  1820  - 

Of  these ; 

Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  Agriculture    - 
do.    in  Manufactures 
1108 


1,798 

458 
2,931 

5,187 


800 
788 


4,38-4 


1 

1,328 
128 


Total  whites 

6,828 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      -        .        -        - 

40 

Slaves       ..... 

3,164 

Total  population  in  1810, 

10,032 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 

5,171 

do.  do.  females 

6,680 

All  other  persons  except  Indians 

not  taxed      .         .         -         • 

0 

Total  whites     -         -         - 

10,2)1 

Free  persons  of  colour,  males     - 

43 

do.            de.      femt-les 

52 

Slaves,  males      .... 

2.270 

do.     females 

2,320 

Total  population  in  1820 


14,936 


Of  these  ; 
Foreigners  Eot  naturalized         -  55 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -        4,748 

do.        in  Manuftictures  -  321 

do.        in  Commerce      -        -  38 

Population  to  the  square  mili-,  19. 

York-town,  capital  of  York  county,  Vir- 
ginia ;  a  post  town  and  port  of  entry.  It 
lies  on  tlie  S  side  of  York  ri\er,  12  miles 
E  of  Williamsburg,  65  E  bv  S  of  Richmond, 
and  29  NW  of  Norfolk,  in'lat.  37  22  N,  and 
Ion.  76  52  W.  The  inhabitants  are  abrui 
700.  This  town  is  rendered  faniou?  by 
'he  surrender  of  the  British  army  under 
Lord  Cornwallis,  Oct.  191  h  1781. 

Yorkville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
York  district,  South  Carolina,  about  80 
miles  N  from  Columbia. 

Yo-tcheou,  commercial  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Hou  quang,  wh  ch  may  be 
reckoned  one  of  the  wealthiest  cities  in 
China  Its  district  contains  one  city  of  the 
second,  and  seven  of  the  third  class,  it 
is  seated  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  275  miles 
SW  of  Nan-king. 

YoxighaU,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Coi'k,  and  province  of  Munster.  It  has 
a  manufacture  of  earthenware,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  moitth  of  the 
river  Blarkwater,  28  miles  E  by  N  of  Cork. 
Lon.  47  5,  W  lat.  51  59  N. 

Yovghiogeny,  rivep  of  Pennsylvania.    It 


Z  A  B 


/  A  r 


rises  in  Mai'jiand,  flows  N  and  enters  ilie 
former  stale,  ar.d  runs  through  the  coun- 
try nearly  in  a  NVV  course  till  it  joins  the 
Monongahela,  about  15  miles  SE  of  Pitts- 
burgh. Its  course  in  Maryland  is  ui  Alle- 
ghany county,  and  in  Pennsylvania  through 
Fayette,  Westmoreland  and  Alleghany 
counties. 

YoungstoTun,  post  town  in  Trumbull 
county,  Ohio ;  situated  on  a  branch  of 
Big  Beaver  river,  eight  miles  NE  of  Can- 
field,  and  about  90  N  by  W  of  Pittsburg. 
Population  1820,  1025. 

Ypres,  large  city  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders.  It  has  a  considerable  raa- 
imfacture  of  cloth  and  serges ;  and  eve- 
ry year  in  lent  there  is  a  well  frequent- 
ed fair.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yperlee, 
12  miles  W  of  Courtray,  15  NW  of 
Lisle,  and  130  N  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  48 
E,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Ysendyck,  soiall  but  strong  town  of 
Flanders,  in  the  isle  of  Cadsand,  seat- 
ed on  a  branch  of  the  river  Scheldt, 
called  Blie,  eight  miles  E  of  Sluys,  and 
18  NW  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3  38  E,  lat.  51 
SON. 

Yssel.     See  Isscl. 

Ysselburg,  town  of  Guelderland,  12 
miles  E  of  Cleves,  and  22  NE  of  Guel- 
dres.    Lon.  6  15  E,  lat,  51  42  N. 

Ysselmonde,  island  of  Holland,  situated 
between  the  Merwe  and  a  branch  of  the 
Maese. 

Yssdstein,  town  of  Holland,  with  a 
castle  seated  on  the  river  Yssel,  live 
miles  SW  of  Utrecht,  Lon.  5  5  E,  lat. 
52  7N. 

Yssengeanx,  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Languedoc,  10  miles  NE  of 
Puy. 

Ysstadtf  or  Yssdadt,  seaport  of  Swe- 
den, in  the  province  of  Schonen,  26 
miles  SE  of  Lund.  Lon.  13  44  E,  lat.  55 
22  N. 

Ythan.    See  Eitkan, 

Yucatan.     See  Jncatnii. 

Yuen-yano,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Hou-quang.  Its  district  contains 
one  city  of  the  second,  and  six  of  the 


third  class.    It  is  300  miles  W  of  Nan- 
kmg. 

Yverdun,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  baiiiwic  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seattd  in  a  flat 
situation  at  the  S  end  of  the  lake  of 
Yverdun,  cu  thv  rivers  Orbe  andl'hicle, 
30  milts  SV»'  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  50  E,  lat.  45 
50  N. 

Yverdun,  Lake.     See  J\'euchatel. 

Yvetot,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province 
of  Normandy,  five  miles  NE  of  Caude- 
bec. 

Y^ima,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  lying  to  the  N  of 
Cuba;  55  miles  in  length,  and  17  in 
breadth. 

Yunieto,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  to  the  N  of  the  isle  of 
Yuma,  lying  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer. 
It  is  37  miies  in  length 

Yun,  largest  canal  in  China,  ca  led  also 
The  Imperial  Canal.  This  celebrated  ca- 
nal whicij  extends  from  Canton  to  Peking, 
forms  a  ccmmuiiication  between  the  N 
and  S  provinces. 

Yung-ping,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Pe  tcheli,  87  miits  E  of  Peking. 

Yu-hingfou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  Hohan.  Its  district  contains 
two  cities  of  the  second  and  12  ot  the 
third  class.  It  is  176  miles  NW  of  Nan- 
king. 

Ywi  nan,  one  of  the  most  ferti  le  and 
opulent  provinces  in  China ;  bdunded  on 
the  N  by  Se-tchnen  and  'I'hibet,  en  the 
E  by  Quang-si  and  Koei-tcheou,  on  the 
S  by  the  kmgdomsi  t  Laos  una  Tonquin, 
and  on  the  W  by  those  of  Burmah,  and 
Pegu. 

Ymi-nan,  capital  of  the  province  of 
i  ;;;.-nan,  in  China,  once  remarkable  for 
its  extent  and  the  beauty  of  its  public 
buildings,  all  which  have  been  destroy- 
ed by  the  Tartars,  in  their  different  in- 
vasions. It  is  430  miles  NW  of  Can- 
ton. 

Yiircui),  town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,. in 
Caramantia,    Lon.  34  30  E,  iat.  39  40  N. 

Yvoy,  town  of  France,  seated  on  the 
Cher.    Lon.  5  4  E,  lat.  49  32  N, 


z 


Zabern,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine,  15  miles  west  of 
Philipsburg.     Lon.  8  10  E,  lat.  49  11  N. 

Zabola,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
confines  of  Moldavia,  five  miles  south- 
west of  Neumark. 

Zaiairn,  towtvof  Fpanee,  in  the  depart. 


ment  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province 
of  Alsace,  15  miles  N  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  50  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Zachnn,  or  Sochan,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  15 
16  E,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Znfra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura, 
1109 


Z  A  M 


Z  A  B 


with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  near  the  river  Guadaxiers, 
20  miles  south  west  of  Medina.  Lcn.  6 
12  W,  lat.  38  19  N. 

Zagutallu,  tov/n  of  Mexico,  200  miles 
south-west  of  that  city,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  104  35 
W,  lat.  17  50  N. 

Ztiffara,  famous  mountain  of  Turkey, 
in  Europe,  in  Livadia,  on  the  gulf  of 
Corinth,  near  Mount  Parnassus,  and  al- 
most always  covered  with  snow.  It  is 
the  ancient  Hellicon,  from  which  issued 
the  fountain,  Hippocrene. 

Zagrad,  stro:  g  town  of  Sclavonia,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Save,  25  miles  NEof  Carlstadt,  and 
137  south-west  of  Buda.  Lon.  51  41  E, 
lat.  46  20  N. 

Zahara,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  and 
defended  by  a  citadel.  It  is  47  miles 
SE  of  Seville.    Lon.   4  35  W,  lat.  36 

52  N. 

Zahara,  or  the  Desert,  vast  country  of 
Africa,  bounded  on  the  N  by  Barbary, 
on  the  E  by  Fezzan  and  Cashna,  on  the 
S  by  Tombuctoo,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Zahioy  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony.    Lon.  12  40  E,  lat.  51 

53  N. 

Zaire,  large  river  of  Africa,  which, 
rises  in  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  divides 
the  kingdrms  L;)ango  and  Congo,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  below 
Sogno.  There  are  strong  evidences  to 
support  the  opinion,  that  the  Zaire,  is 
really  the  outlet  of  the  great  western 
river  of  Africa,  tlie  Jolaba,  or  Niger. 

Zamora,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon. 
In  its  environs  fine  turcdis  stones  are 
found.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Douero,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  17 
arches,  135  miles  N  of  Salamanca,  and 
150  NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  18  W,  lat. 
41  41  N. 

Zamora,  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Quito.  In  its  neighbourhood  are  rich 
mines  of  gold,  and  it  is  se^ed  near  the 
Andes,  230  miles  S  of  Quito.  Lon  75  55 
W,  lat   5  6  S. 

Zamora,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guadal- 
axara,  30  miles  SE  of  Guadalaxara. 
Lon.  104  30  W,  lat.  20  30  N. 

Zamora,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Constantine,  250  miles  west  of 
Hamamet.    Lon.  6  25  E.  lat.  36  20  N. 

Zamoski,  Strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
Red  Russia,  now  the  Austrian  kingdom 
cf  Lodomeria.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  is 
37  miles  northwest  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
23  26  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Zampango,  town  cf  Mexico  proper,  25 
miles  N  of  Acapulco. 
Jll'O 


Zaiie,  township  of  Logan  county,  Ohio* 
containing  545  inhabitants  in  1820, 

Zanesville,  post  town,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Muskingum  county,  Ohio,  con- 
taining a  court  house  and  public  offices, 
21  mercantile  stores,  two  glass  factories, 
two  printing  offices,  and  320  houses,  and 
2052  inhabitants.  If  the  population  con- 
tained in  the  vdlages  of  Putnam  and 
West  Zanesville,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Muskingum  river,  be  reckoned  as 
part  of  it,  Zanesville  may  be  said  to 
contain  about  3000  inhabitants.  Zanes- 
ville, stands  on  the  east  bank  of  Mus- 
kingum river,  immediately  adjoining  the 
falls,  on  which  are  erected,  and  erecting 
numerous  mills,  among  which  are  seve- 
ral flouring  and  saw  mills,  an  oil  mill,  a 
rolling  mill,  a  nail  machine,  and  woollen 
factory.  Across  the  river,  adjoining 
the  town,  are  built  two  bridges  within 
half  a  mile  of  each  other,  the  lower  con- 
necting this  town  with  Putnam.  Lat. 
40  0  N,  lon.  5  2  W,  80  miles  W  from 
Wheeling  in  Virginia. 

Zanfara,  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to 
the  W  of  the  kingdom  of  Zegzeg.  The 
inhabitants  are  tall  in  stature,  of  a  very 
black  complexion,  with  broad  faces, 
and  savage  dispositions.  It  is  very  little 
known  to  Europeans. 

Zangiiebar,  country  on  the  E  coast  of 
Africa,  between  3  deg.  N  and  18  deg.  S 
lat.  It  includes  several  petty  kingdoms, 
in  which  the  Portuguese  have  settle- 
ments. The  principal  territories  are 
Mombaza  Lamo,  Melinda,  Quioia,  Mo- 
sambique,  and  Snfala.  The  productions 
are  much  the  same  as  in  other  parts  of 
Africa,  between  the  tropics. 

Zante,  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Morea,  17  miles 
SE  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia.  It  is  24 
miles  long  and  IS;  broad,  and  very  fertile. 
There  are  about  50  villages,  but  no  other 
large  town  than  Zante,  which  is  seated 
on  the  E  side  of  the  island,  and  has  a 
good  harbour.  It  contains  near  20,000 
inhabitants ;  all  the  houses  are  low,  on 
account  of  the  frequent  earthquakes. 
The  English  and  Dutch  have  each  a  fac- 
tory and  consul  here.  Lon.  21  3  E,  lat. 
37  5o  N. 

Zanzibar,  island  of  A  frica,  on  the  coast 
of  Zanguebar,  between  the  islands  of 
Pemba  and  Monsia,  \vith  the  title  of  a 
kingdom  tributary  to  Portugal.  It  abounds 
in  sugar  canes  and  citrons.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Mahometans.  Lon.  38  25  E, 
lat.  6  0S. 

Zara,  Strong  city  of  Venetian  Dalma- 
tia,  capital  cf  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  an  archbisiiop's  see,  a  citadel,  and 
a  harbour,  on  a  small  peninsula,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  80  miles  SW  of  Jaicza, 


Z  E  X 

and  150  SE  of  Venice.    Lon.  16  6  E, 
lat.  44  30  N 

Zarymte,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  agre-ably  seated  on  an 
eminence,  20  miles  W  of  Misitra. 

Zama-.u,  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Sandr.mir,  63  miles  N  of 
Cracnw     Lon.  19  5u  E,  lat.  65  13  N. 

Zaslaw,  town  of  Poland,  in  Vblhinia, 
seated  on  the  Horin.  15  miles  SE  of  Os- 
tro?;-     Lon.  27  11  E.  lat.  50  20  N. 

Zatmar,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a  county  of  the  same  na^iie  It  is 
seated  on  a  small  lake  forme!  by  the 
river  Samos,  50  miles  E  by  S  of  Tockay, 
and  130  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  34  E,  lat 
47  50  N 

Zaior,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  _a 
starosty  of  the  same  name,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Cracow,  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  river  Vistula,  20  miles 
SW  of  Cractw.  and  50  SE  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  19  42  E.  lat.  49  5iN. 

Zaiueh,    town  of   Persia,    situated   20 
miles  from  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Zaiuila.     See   Ziteela. 
Zbaraz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  70 
miles  N  by  W  of  Kaminieck. 

Zboroxu,  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  L  inbur;?,  25  miles  VV 
of  Zbaraz.  and  52  E  bv  S  of  Lemburg. 
Lon,  25  46  E,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Zaaland,  island  of  Denmark,  almost 
of  a  round  frrm,  700  mil  s  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  the  large.st  f  the  isles  belong- 
ing to  the  king  of  Dt-Jimark.  It  lies  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  having  the 
Schaggerach  Sea  on  the  N,  the  Sound  on 
the  E,  the  Baltic  on  the  S,  and  the  Great 
Belt  on  the  VV.  It  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile ;  producing  grain  of  all  sorts,  and  in 
great  plenty,  and  abounding  with  excel- 
lent pasture.  Copenhagen  is  not  only  the 
capital  of  this  island,  but  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

Zealand,  one  of  the  provinces  of  the 
Netherlands,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
isles  of  Holland,  on  the  E  by  Dutch 
Brabant,  on  the  S  by  Dutch  Flanders, 
and  on  the  W  and  NW  by  the  German, 
Ocean.  It  is  composed  of  several  islands, 
the  principal  of  v/hich  are  Walcheren, 
Schowen,  North  and  South  Beveland, 
Tolen,  Duyveland,  and  Wolfersdyke. 
The  inhabitants  are  at  a  great  expense 
to  defend  themselves  from  the  encroa  h- 
ments  of  the  sea,  and  in  keeping  up  their 
dikes.  The  river  Scheldt  forms  the 
most  of  these  islands :  and  the  soil  of 
them  is  fruitful,  but  the  air  is  unhealthy, 
especially  for  strangers.  The  inhabitants 
are  excellent  seamen.  The  principal 
towns  are  Middleburg  and  Flushing 
Zealand,  JVew,  island  in  the  Pacific 


Z  E  li 

Ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1642, 
Lon  181.  to  194  W,  lat.  34  to  58"  S. 

Zebid,  citv  of  Arabia  Lon.  43  16  E» 
lat.  14  13   N.  . 

Zebu,  or  Cubu,  one  of  the  Philippines, 
140  miles  long,  and  30  broad. 

Zedic,   town  of  the  kingdom  ot   Bar- 

^^ZegeJin,  or  Seged,  town  of  Hungary, 
63  miles  N  of  Belgrade.  Lon-  21  5  E,  lat. 
46  8  N.  . 

Zeighenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landcravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  30  miles 
S  of  Cassel     Lon.  9  19  E,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Zeil.  town  of  Gc-rmany,  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia,  70  mile.s  S  of  Ulm. 

Zeitsii.  town  of  Turkev,  in  Europe  in 
Janna,  with  a  castle  and  an  archbishop's 
see  It  is  a  small  place,  and  seated  on 
a  hill,  by  the  gulf  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  river  Ealayda,  50  miles  SE  of 
Larissa.  .      . 

Zeitz.  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  m  the 
duchy  of  Naumburg,  with  a  castle,  and 
a  well  frequented  college.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ester,  25  miles  SW  of  Leipsick, 
and  45  E  of  Erfurt.     Lon.  12  8  E.  lat.  50 

ZelU  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  oi 
Lower  Saxony  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  seated  on  the  Aller,  31 
miles  NW  of  Brunswick,  and  47  S  by 
W  of  Lunenburg.  Lon.  10  12  E,  lat  52 
49  N. 

Zdl,  imperial  town  of  Germany,  m  the 
circle  of  Suabia.  Lon.  8  8  E,  lat.  48 
12  N. 

Zetlawi.     See  Jeso. 

Zallerfrld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  Hartz  fo- 
rest ;  six  miles  SSW  of  Gosiar. 

Zembla,  Xoz-a,  large  island,  in  the 
Northern  Ocean,  to  the  N  of  Eussia,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  strait  of 
Waigate.  It  is  a  desert,  frozen,  and  un- 
inhabited country,  visited  in  summer  by 
fishermen,  and  hunters. 

Zemlin,  or  Zemplin,  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bodrog,  25  miles  SB  of 
Cassovia,  and  27  NK  of  Tockay.  Lon.  21 
35  E,  lat.  48  36  N. ' 

Zen^uia,  town  nf  Turkey  in  Asia.  Lon, 
37  50  E,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Zenta.  town  of  Hungary,  where  the 
Turks  under  Mustapha  11.  were  defeated 
by  Prince  Eugene.  Lon.  21  30  E,  lat.  46 
o'N 

Zerbl.     See  Gerbes. 

Zerbst,  town  of  Germany  in  the  cu'cle  of 
Upper  Saxonv,  capital  of  a  district  of  that 
name,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt,  with  a 
castle,  where  the  princes  commonly  reside. 
The  inhabitants  are  partly  Lutherans  and 
nartlv  Galvinists,  and  are  famous  for  brew- 
^  IIU 


Z  U  (i 


Z  U  R 


ing  good  beer.     It  is  27  miles  N W  of  Wit- 
tembt-rg.    Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Zerlga,  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac-Arabia, 
seated  in  a  narrow  plain,  between  moun- 
tains. It  has  produced  several  very  fa- 
mous Arabian  Authors. 

Zia^  island  of  the  Archipelago,  one  of 
the  CycLides,  to  the  SW  of  Negropont.  It 
is  15  miles  long,  and  eight  broad,  and  well 
cultivated.     It  is  tlie  ancient  Ceos. 

Zlbit,  territory  in  Arabia  Felix,  extend- 
ing from  the  principality  of  Mecca  to  that 
of  Mocha,  being  bounded  on  the  B  by  the 
principality  of  Tehama,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  Red  Sea.  The  Turks  were  formerly 
masters  of  this  country,  but  it  now  belongs 
to  an  Arabian  prince. 

Zibit,  trading  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  capi- 
tal of  a  territory  of  the  saitie  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ziblt,  15Q  miles  NW  of 
Aden. 

Ziget,  town  of  Hungary.  It  has  been 
often  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Turks  and 
Imperialists.     Lon.  17  42  E,  lat.  46  21  X. 

Ziriczee^  town  of  Zealand,  and  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  isle  of  Schowen,  12  miles  NE 
of  Middleburg,  and  18  SW  of  Briel.  Lon. 
4  10  E,  lat.  5i  36  N. 

Zittaia,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lusatia, 
subject  to  the  king  of  Saxony.  It  Is  seated 
on  the  Neisle,  17  miles  SW  of  Gorlitz,  and 
25  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15  5  E,  lat.  50 
59  N. 

Znaim,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  Mo- 
ravia. I(  is  seated  on  the  river  Teya,  24 
miles  SW  of  Brinn,  and  32  N  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  40  K,  lat.  48  38  N, 

Zoara,  fortified, town  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
ba;y.  With  a  good  liarbour,  60  nnles  W  ( f 
Tripoli.     Lon.  11  55  E,  Lt.  32  45  N. 

Zoblitz,  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Suxony ;  the  chief  subsistence  of 
the  inhabitants  is  working  the  serpent 
stone  which  is  found  in  the  neighbour- 
hood into  tea  and  coffee  cups,  &.c.  A  red 
species  of  this  stone  is  also  found  here, 
which  is  consiilered  as  the  finest,  and 
therefore  claimed  by  the  sovereign  as  hi.s 
property.     It  is  17  miles  S  of  Frej  bui-g. 

Znffingen  town  of  Svvisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  with  an  elegant  church, 
and  a  pubhc  library,  containing  several  cu- 
rious manuscripts.  R  is  seated  near  a  large 
forest,  which  contains  the  best  pine-trees, 
in  all  Swisserland,  three  miles  from  Arburg. 
Lon.  7  6  E,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Zubiock,  town  in  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Teysse,  where  the  S  gelia 
falls  into  it,  62  miles  NE  of  Colncza,  and 
62  E  of  Buda.  Lon.  20  50  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 
Zorjidorf,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  new 
marche  of  Bradenburg,  famous  for  a  baitle 
between  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  the  Rus- 
sians in  1758. 

Zug,  small  canton  of  Swisserland,  boiuitl- 
1U2 


ed  on  tlie  B  and  N  by  that  of  Zuric,  on  the 
W  by  that  of  Lucern  and  the  free  Provin- 
ces, and  on  the  S  by  that  of  Schweitz.  It 
is  ricli  in  pasturage,  has  plenty  of  various 
kinds  of  stone  fruit. 

Ziig,  town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of  a 
canton  of  the  same  name,  and  the  only 
walled  town  of  all  the  popular  ones,  stands 
delightfully  upon  the  edge  of  a  beautiful 
lake,  in  a  fertile  vallf^y,  abounding  in  corn, 
pasture-ground,  and  fruit-trese,  Zug  is  12 
miles  NE  of  Lucern,  and  42  SE  of  Basil. 
Lon.  8  16  E,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Zuider-Zee,  great  bay  of  the  German 
Ocean,  which  extends  from  S  to  N  in  the 
United  Provinces,  between  Friesland, 
Overvssel,  Guelderland  and  Holland. 

Zullickhau,  town  of  Prussia  in  Branden- 
burg, on  a  plain  near  the  Oder,  37  miles 
SE  from  Frankfort  on  the  Oder. 

Zulpha,  tov.n  of  Persia,  almost  close  to 
Ispahan,  to  which  is  a  sort  of  suburb,  and 
separated  from  it  by  the  river  Sanderou.  It 
is  peopled  by  a  colony  of  Armenians,  who 
wevQ  brought  into  Persia  by  Shah  Abbas. 

Zidpitch,  or  Zulch,  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Juliers,  belonging  to  the 
archbishop  of  Cologne.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Nassel  10  miles  S  of  Juliers,  and  10  W 
of  Bonna.     Lon.  6  40  E,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Zuric,  canton  of  Swisserland,  50  miles 
long  and  30  broad;  bou  .ded  on  the  N  by 
the  Rhine,  which  separates  it  from  the 
canton  of  Schaffhausen  on  the  S  by  that  of 
Schweitz,  on  the  E  by  Thurgaw  and  the 
county  of  Tockenburg,  and  on  the  W  by 
the  canton  of  Zug  and  the  Free  Pro\  inces. 
it  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Swiss 
Confederacy  in  1351. 

Zuric,  considerable  city  of  Swisserland, 
capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  It 
stands  at  the  N  end  of  lake  Zuric,  and  oc- 
cupies both  sides  of  the  rapid  and  transpa- 
rent Limmat,  which  issues  from  that  lake, 
and  divides  the  town  into  two  unequal 
parts,  which  communicate  by  three  bridges. 
Here  are  several  manufactures  ;  particular- 
ly muslins,  cottons,  linens,  and  handker- 
chiefs. 5'uric  is  35  miles  SW  of  Constance, 
40  SE  of  Basle,  and  55  NE  of  Bern.  Lon. 
8  30  E,  lat  47  20  N. 

Znric,  lake  of  Swisserland,  near  10 
leagues  in  length,  and  one  in  breadth. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Zurio,  the  edges  of  the 
lake  are  skirted  with  a  continued  range  of 
vallies,  whicii  being  intermixed  among 
vineyards  ami  pasture  grounds,  produce  a 
most  pleasing  effect.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try IS  finely  cultivated  and  well  peopled ; 
and  the  southern  part  of  the  lake  appears 
at  some  little  distance  boimded  with  the 
high  stupendous  mountains  of  Schweitz 
and  Glarus:  the  scenery  all  together  is 
picturesque,  lively  and  diversified.  The 
river  Limmat  runs  through  the  whole 
length  of  this  lake  to  the  city  of  Zuric. 


Z  W  1 


Zuritiiy  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  very  near 
Toledo.     Lon.  3  17  W,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Zurzach,  town  cf  Swisserlaud,  in  the 
county  ot'Baden,  seated  on  the  Rhine. 

Zutphen,  stron;^  and  considerHbie  town 
of  Dutch  Guelderland,  capital  of  a  county 
of  the  same  n^me.  It  was  taken  in  1672, 
by  the  French,  who  restored  it  in  1674. 
It  is  sealed  at  the  confluence  of  the  Berkel 
and  Yssel,  nine  miles  S  by  E  of  Deiventer, 
and  55  E  by  S  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  6  0  E, 
lat,  52  10  N. 

Zuyst,  village  five  miles  from  (Ttrecht. 
The  Moravian  brethren  are  employed  here 
in  various  kinds  of  manufacture,  and  tiieir 
workmanship  far  excels  that  of  any  otiier 
part  of  Holland. 

Zxuickaii,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  formerly  imperial,  bpt 
now  subject  to  the  king  of  Saxony.  The 
place  where  the  inhabitants  are  buried  is 
in  Voigtland,  and  therefore,  it  is  commonly 
said  that  they  are  Misnians  while  alive,  but 
Voigtlanders  after  they  are  dead.  Zwichau 
is  seated  on  the  Muldaw,  15  miles  S  of  Al- 


tenberg,  and  20  NE  of  Plawen.  Lon.  1^ 
26  E.  lat.  50  45  N. 

Z-Mugenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
langravate  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  eight  miles 
S  of  Darmstadt,  and  12  N  of  Worms. 

Z-iuoU,  town  of  Overyssel,  and  in  the  dis- 
trict  of  Zailant.  It  is  defended  by  some  for- 
tifications ;  and  the  canal,  which  begins 
near  this  place,  and  extends  to  the  river 
Yssel,  is  defended  by  several  forts.  Near 
it  is  the  mountain  of  St.  Agnes,  where 
there  was  formerly  an  Augustine  convent, 
in  which  Thomas  Kempis  lived  71  years, 
and  died  in  1471.  It  was  formerly  an  im- 
perial and  hanscatic  town,  and  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  on  the  rivers  Aa  and  Yssel, 
five  miles  S  of  Hasselt,  and  eight  SE  of 
Campen.     Lon.  6  10  K,  lat.  52  S2  N. 

Zygcth,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  sime  name,  with 
a  Citadel.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  made  by 
the  river  Alma,  50  miles  NW  of  Esseck. 
Lon.  18  58  E,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Zyiumicrz,  town  of  Polund,  in  Volhinia, 
seated  on  the  Ciecirief,  70  miles  W  of  Kiof, 
and  120  E  of  Lucko.  Lon.  29  22  E,  lat.  50 
35  N. 


^IDIDSMSiio 


jihvjas,  ancient  Gyndes,  rivex'  of  Per- 
sia, in  Khosistan.  It  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Irac  Ajemi,  flows  S,  and  falls 
into  the  Shat  ui  Arab,  or  low  Euphra- 
tes.   It  is  the  Uiai  of  the  Scriptures. 

^ncrmn,  or  Gallatin,  township  of  New 
York,  in  Goluaibia  county,  remarkable 
for  its  extensive  iron  Wv)rks ;  about  20 
miles  SE  from  Hudson.  Population  1820, 
3147. 

Aquanshkola,  creek  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  rises  in  Ross  town- 
ship, west  from  the  Wind  Gap  of  the 
Delaware,  flows  a  little  south  of  west 
about  25  miles,  and  falls  into  the  Lehigh 
immetUately  above  the  Lehigh  Water 
Gap. 

Araguay,  river  of  Brazil,  the  south- 
west branch  of  the  Tocantinas. 

Arkiofiolis,  post  village  and  seat  of 
justice,  Arkansaw  territory,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Arkansaw  river,  about  100  miles 
above  its  mouth. 

Assiniboin,  river  of  North  America, 
in  the  United  States  and  British  territo- 
ries ;  rising  by  two  large  branches,  the 
Assiniboin  proper,  and  Red  river.  The 
former  has  its  source  in  the  recesses  of 
Cabotia,  as  high  as  lat.  52  30  N,  flows 
SE  200,  and  E  100,  joins  Red  river. 
The  latter  rises  in  the  United  States,  as 
far  south  as  lat.  45  30,  and  flowing  thence 
nearly  N  about  300  miles,  unites  with  the 
Assiniboin,  which  continuing  a  short  dis- 
tance NE,  is  lost  in  the  extreme  south- 
ern angle  of  lake  Winnipic  The  regions 
drained  by  the  Assiniboin  and  its  conflu- 
ents are  flat,  full  of  small  lakes,  and  ex- 
tend NW  from  the  sources  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Athapescon^  lake  of  British  America. 
Lat.  50"  N,  Ion.  WC,  32^  W.  It  dis- 
charges into  Slave  lake,  by  Slave  river. 

Atrato.  river  of  Columbia,  falling  into 


the  gulf  of  Darien.  It  rises  in  Choco,  and 
flows  N  about  250  miles. 

B 

Banister,  fine  small  river  of  Virgiaia, 
in  Pittsylvania  and  Halifax  counties,  ri- 
ses in  the  former,  and  Hows  E  into  the 
latter,  and  falis  into  Dan  river,  10  miles 
below  its  mouth. 

Banister,  post  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice in  Halifax  county,  Virginia,  on  Ban- 
ister river. 

Bayona,  large  bay  of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
in  tiie  intendancy  of  Guadalaxara,  be- 
tween tlie  mouth  of  the  Santiago  river, 
and  the  Marie  islands. 

Big  Huchy,  river  of  Tennessee  and  Mis- 
sissippi,  rises  in  the  latter,  an4  flowing 
NW,  enters  Henderson,  and  Madison  coun- 
ties in  the  former  ;  gradually  turns  west, 
and  fiiUs  into  the  Mississippi  river,  lat.  35 
30  N. 

Black  liivMr,  river  of  South  Carolina, 
rises  in  Kenshaw,  and  flowing  SE  crosses 
Williamsburg,  into  Georgetown  district, 
and  falls  into  Wlnyaw  bay  at  Georgetown. 

Burkesville,i)Ost  town,  Cumberland  coun- 
tv,  Kenluckv. 


Canavaral,  bay  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  Lon.  W  C  47  0  W,  lat. 
45  0  N. 

Cash,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  in  Union, 
flows  SE  into  Johnson,  and  thence  SW, 
W,  S,  and  SE,  into  Ohio  in  Alexander 
county. 

Catahoola  Lake,  page  173.  For  "300 
miles,"  in  the  4'h  line,  read  30  miles. 

CastUmiins  River,  NE  branch  of  Yough- 
iogany  river,  rises  near  Somerset,  in  So- 
merset county,  Pennsylvania,  and  SW,  falls 
into  Youghiogany,  20  miles  SW  from  that 
town. 

in.-: 


(     O   i' 


ii  A  J, 


Ca&lio,  ancient  Mytileiic,  capital  of  tlie 
Lesbos.  It  is  situated  about  the  tniddlc  of 
the  NE  side  of  the  island.  Lat.  S9  15  ,N. 
Tlie  ancient  city  was  celebrated  for  its  com- 
merce, extent,  wealth,  and  magnificence. 
The  modern  city  reiains  some  scattered 
remains  of  foi*mer  grandeur.  See  Jlli/ti- 
hne. 

*•  Chambershurg,  borough  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, P'ranklin  county,  Pennsylvania.  Po- 
pulation 1820,  about  1000. 

Chaihnm,  county  of  Georgia.  The  po- 
pulation of  Chatiiam  countj-,  Georgia,  iji 
1813,  including  Savannari  ought  to  read 
13,550,  inste.id'of  8320  ;  and  in  1820,  the 
same  county  including  Savannah,  ought  to 
read  14,737. 

CluUhain,  bay  of  Florida ;  or  a  common 
name  for  that  part  of  the  west  coast  of 
that  peuinsula,extendingfrom  Punta  Larga, 
or  Cape  Roman  to  the  mouth  of  Shark  ri- 
ver, between  lat.  25  and  26°. 

Chinalapa,  river  of  Mexico,  rising  in 
Oaxaca,  and  flowing  S  into  the  gulf  of 
Tehuantcpec. 

Chisme.  See  Chlsme  in  the  text.  Since 
the  original  article  was  written,  and  print- 
ed, tl'.e  following  very  remarkable  circum- 
stance has  given  additional  historical  in- 
terest to  this  truly  remarkable  place.  In 
the  summer  of  1822,  a  Turkisli  fleet  com- 
manded  by  the  captain  Pacha  in  person 
was  set  on  fire  by  the  Greeks,  by  means 
of  fire  ships,  and  nearly  destroyed,  with 
great  slaughter  of  tlie  crews.  The  captain 
Pacha  died  of  his  wounds,  soon  after  reach- 
ing the  .shore. 

Clarksburg,  town  and  scat  of  justice, 
Lewis  county,  Kentucky,  on  a  creek  of 
Ohio  river,  25  miles  by  land  NNW  from 
Washington,  Kentucky. 

Clinton,  post  town  and  seat  oF  justice, 
Jones  county,  Georgia,  25  miles  SSW  from 
Milledgeville.     Population  1820,  841. 

Codesa,  cape  of  Colombi;j,  in  Venezuela. 
Lon.  W  C  11  5  E,  lai.  10  31  N. 

Columbia,  district  of,  page  220.  Tlie 
reader  is  desired  to  consider  as  cancelled 
the  10th  line  of  the  2d  column,  in  these 
^vords,  "  Add  to  the  above."  And  also 
the  15th  line,  in  these  words  ami  fisfures 
"Total  population  1820,  37,152."  These 
errors  were  made  in  making  up  the  tables. 
The  real  population  of  the  district  of  Co- 
lumbia, 1820,  was  33,039  as  stated  in  the 
9th  line. 

Coo(jnasro,  NW,  and  m:iin  branch  of  De- 
laware river,  rises  in  Delaware  county, 
New  York,  flows  SW  to  near  the  I\  E  cor- 
ner on  Pennsylvania,  where  it  turns  abruot- 
ly  to  SE. 

Cotton  Gin  Port,  post  village  and  seat  of 
justice,  Motyoe  county,  Mississippi,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Tombigbee  river  at  lat.  33  50 
N,  about  i^O  miles  SW  from  Huntsville,  in 
Alabama. 


E 

Elba.  Por  the  closing  historical  account 
in  this  article,  page  288,  the  reader  is  de- 
sired to  substitute,  "  on  the  4th  of  iMay 
following  he  landed  with  his  suite,  at  Porto 
Terajo  the  cspi'ial  of  the  island,  which  he 
left  on  the  26th  of  February  1815,  on  his 
last  expedi'.ion  into  France. 

■  Espiritii  Santo,  bay  of  Florida,  in  the  gulf 
of  Mexico      It   receives   Ilillsboro'    river 
from  the  NE,  and  is  the  most  spacious  ha-    ji 
ven  in  the  gulf  of  .Mexico,  admitting  ves-   -^ 
sels  of  24  feet  draft.     Lat.  o7  40  N,  lon. 
W  C  5  40  W. 

Evansville,  post  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Vandeburgh  ''ounty,  Illinois,  54  miles  south 
from  \iiicennes,  187  miles  below  Louis- 
ville, and  55  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Wabasli. 


Faivn  Grove,  post  office,  York  county, 
Pennsylvania,  25  mile*  south  of  York. 

Forked  Deer,  river  of  Tennessee,  rises  in 
the  counties  of  Henderson,  Carroll,  and 
Madison,  and  flowing  west  between  Big 
Ilatchy  and  Obians  river,  falls  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  N  lat.  55  45. 

Fort  Deposit,  village  of  Cecil  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susque- 
h.Tunab,  at  the  head  of  steam  boat  naviga- 
tion, four  miles  above  Havre  de  Grace. 

Francois  Jiiver,  Upper  Canada,  runs  SW 
from  lake  Nipissing  into  lake  Huron :  it 
lias  several  portages  ;  tiiat  nearest  to  lake 
Xipissing  is  called  Portage  de  Trois  Chau- 
diers,  in  length  about  half  a  mile. 


Green-wood,  township  of  Columbia  coun- 
ty, Peimsylvania,  between  Madison  and 
Sugar  Loaf,  12  miles  XXE  from  Danville. 
Popuhnion  in  1820.  1078. 

Gvoton,  t'iwnsbip  of  Tompkin?  county, 
New  Yoik.     Population  in  1820,  2742. 

Guasacitnlco,  river  of  iMexico.  See  arti- 
cle Jili'xico,  page  592. 

Gz/ert;.'/H?»,  city  of  Guitimula.  See  Soco- 
nasco. 

GiiiaqniJ,  river  and  bay  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, on  tlie  Pacific  coast.  I'he  river  rises 
from  the  foot  of  Ciiimborazo,  and  flows 
nearly  south  into  the  bay.  The  latter  is  a 
wide  opening  of  t!ie  Pacific  at  the  SW  ex- 
tremity of  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  on 
that  Ocean.     See  Gniaqnilcitii,  page  380. 

H 

TfiilfJlFoon,  township  of  Saratoga  county 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  above  Water- 
ford.     Population  in  1820,  4024. 

I/amilfonvillf,  village  of  Huntingdon 
f-f^unty,  Pennsvlvana,  on  the  left  bank    f 


L  E  H 


]V[  O  S 


juniata  river,  15  miles  by  land  below  Hun-    November,  1755,  the  brothers  and  sis- 
tin?don.  ters  were  surprised  and  murdered  by  a 

Hampshire,  county  of  Virginia.  "When  party  of  French  Indians.  Their  grave 
making  out  the  general  description  of,  and  is  still  marked  by  a  large  stone,  with  a 
population  table  for  Hampshire  county,  most  pathetic  inscription  ;  the  grave  is 
Virginia,  the  superficial  area  of  Morgan  on  the  hill,  to  the  south  of  the  village, 
county  was  inadvertently  included.  This  Nearly  opposite  Gnaden  Hutton,  on  the 
reduced  the  comparative  population  of  east  side  of  the  river,  stood  old  fort  Al- 
Hampshire  to  eight  to  the  square  mile,  in  len.  There  is  a  wooden  bridge  across 
place  of  13^,  which  it  actually  possesses,  the  Lehigh,  214  feet  long,  and  25  feet 
See  HampBhire  and  Morgan  counties.  wide. 

Haatinsrs,  county  of  Upper  Canada,  oppo-       lAttle  Fort,  post  village  near  the  cen- 
site    he  bay  of  Quinte,  and  west  from  l.e-  trc  of  Shenandoah  county,  Virginia, 
nox  ( ou  ity  ;  extending  the  bay  of  Quinte 


M 

Mauchckunk,  post  village  of  North- 
ampton county,  Pennsylvania ;  on  the 
right  bank  cf  the  Lehigh,  30  miles  by 
land  above  Bethleh^  m.  It  is  the  land- 
ing for  the  coal  procured  on  a  moan- 
tain  of  the  same  name  The  mountain 
extends  from  the  village  SW,  and  rises 
about  1000  feet  above  the  Lehigh.  See 
j\''orthamfiton  county^  Pennsylvania. 

Mateovjan,  the  Indian  name  of  Fishkill 
creek,  in  Duchess  county,  New  York.  It 
is  an  excellent  mill  stream,  and  near  its  mouth 
the  Messrs.  Schenck's  have  erected,  and 
for  many  years  kept  in  operation,  a  fine 
cotton  factory,  lo  which  they  have  given 
the  :  ame  of  Mateowan. 

M'Kee's  port,   post  town  of  Alleghany 
county,  Pennsylvania ;  in  the  township  of 
Versailles     It  occupies  the  point  ou  the 
Kendall,  post  town  in  Perry  township,    Monongahela  and  Youghiogany  rivers,  be- 

Stark  county,  Ohio,  seven  miles  west  from   low  their  junction,  10  miles  SE  from  Pitts- 

Canton,  and  near  the  eastern  side  of  TuS-   burg. 

carawas  river,     it  contiins  106  inhabitants,        Mecklenburg,  county  of  Virginia,  and 

and  an  extensive  factory  for  the  fabrication    Mecklenburg    couiity   in   North   Carolina. 

of  woollen  cloths.     In  this  place,  and  its    The  tables  for  tliese  two  counties  in  page 


to  OuaAa  river. 

Helium,  township  Oi'York  coiint)',  Penn- 
sylvania, between  Codoms  and  Grist  creeks, 
and  opposite  t:<  Marietta  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty.    Popvdation  in  1820,  2062. 

Hellersto-ivn,  post  town,  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  the  size  of 
StroudsbUrg,  situated  ia  Lower  Saucon, 
near  the  extreme  southern  angle  of  the 
county,  and  four  miles  south-east  from 
Bethlehem. 

Henrico,  county  of  Virginia.  The  popu- 
lation of  this  county  as  given  in  page  406, 
is  exclusive  of  that  part  of  the  city  of  Rich- 
mond.    See  Henrico  and  Richmond. 

Holladaysbnrg,  village  of  Huntingdon 
county,  Pennsylvania,  three  miles  SW  by 
W  from  Franitstown. 


K 


vicinity,  are  kept  several  very  extt-nsive 
flocks  of  sheep,  of  from  100  to  1000  in  each. 


581,  are  respectively  misplaced,  an  error 
the  reader  can  easily  remedy,  by  using  the 
table  attHcli«d  to  any  one,  with  the  descrip- 
tive part  of  the  other. 

The  comparative  population  of  these 
co'.mties  corrected,  arc  : 

Mecklenburg  Virginia,  to  tlie  square 
mile.  33. 

Mecklenburg  North  Carolina,  to  the 
square  mile,  21. 

Milhrsto-.m,  post  village  of  Lehigh  coun- 
ty, Peniisylv.iniK  ;  on  Little  Lehigh,  seven 


Lehighton,    village   in    Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania  ;  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Lehigh  river,   about  half  a  mile 
above  the  mouih  of  Mahoning  creek.    It 
is  36  miles  WNW  from  Easton.    In  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  village  are  some 

very  strong  chalybeate   springs.      The  ^     »  ^,,,,o  ..........  w..  ^. 

vicinity  is  in  the  highest  degree  roman-  niilesabove  Allentown. 

tic,  and  from  the  elevation  of  the  ground,  Millerstoivn,  post  town  of  Perry  county, 

might  become  a  most  salubrious  and  el-  penasylvania ;  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ju- 

ligible  watering  place  in  summer.     The  „iata  river,  29  miles  above  Hwrrisburg. 

stone  coal  landing,  or  Mauchchunk,   is  MUton,  large  village  in  Litchfield  coun- 

three  miles  above,  on  the  same  side  of  tv,  Connecticut ;  five  miles  west  of  Litch- 

ttie  Lehigh.     Near  this  town  stood  the  field.     In  this  village  there  is  an  elegant 

old  Moravian  settlement  of  Gnaden  Hut-  Gothick  church,  belonging  to  the  Episco- 

ten,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Mahoning,  palians,  built  after  the"" draught  of  Trinity 

about  100  perches  from  its  mouth,  where  church,  in  New  York, 

the  old  church  is  still  standing.    Here  Jliosw/,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  tiie  pa- 

a  treaty  of  amity  was  held  in  .luly,  1752,  chalic  of  Hagdad,  on  the  riglit  b:ink  ol  the 

between  the  Moravian  brethren,  and  the  Tigris,  opposite  the  village  of  Nunia,  sup- 

Sbawnese  Indians  ;   and  on  the  24th  of  posed  to  hr\  the  sUc  of  the  ancicPt  Nincvi. 


POT 


POT 


Mosul  is  a  mart  of  extenshe  trade,  inhabi- 
ted by  about  35,000  persons,  composed  of 
Turks,  Greeks,  Armenians,  Jews,  Curds, 
and  Arabs.    Lat.  36  21  N. 


N 


JVet/ierlands.  This  kingdom  was  omit- 
ted in  the  first  column  of  page  203,  in 
the  enumeration  of  the  states  of  Europe. 
See  Keiherlands. 

JVew  Glangoxv,  post  town  in  Amherst 
county,  Virginia  j  situated  20  miles  nor  h  of 
Lynchburg,  and  115  miles  west  of  Rich- 
mond, coiitaining  about  20  dwelling  hou- 
ses, principally  of  wood,  and  about  200  in- 
habitants. In  tliis  place  there  is  an  acade- 
my, consisting  of  two  departments,  male 
and  female. 


Potomac,  river  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  and 
Pennsylvania,  is  a  stream  of  incalculable 
importance  in  tlie  ulterior  or  inland  naviga- 
tion of  The  United  States.  If  we  turn  our 
eye  to  a  map  of  Virginia,  we  perceive  the 
extreme  north-western  sources  of  James 
river  flowing  to  the  SW  along  the  moun- 
tain valleys,  and  extending  our  view 
to  the  head  waters  of  Potomac,  we  be- 
hold them  flowing  parallel  to  each  other 
NE,  also  down  the  mountain  valleys ; 
and  in  the  latter  case  we  are  struck  with 
the  very  remarkable  fact,  that  the  I'oto- 
mac  rises  west  of  all  tlie  ridges  of  the 
Appalachian  system,  except  that  denomi- 
nated Laurel  Hill.  The  SW  angle  of  Mary- 
land, or  extreme  western  source  of  the  Po- 
tomac, having  the  residue  of  the  collate- 
ral ridges  to  pierce  in  its  progress  towards 
its  recipient,  the  Cliesapeak  ^ay.  This 
peculiar  structure  of  the  river  valleys  of  the 
United  Stales  yields  an  unequalled  facility 
of  forming  inland  water  communication 
through  a  very  bioad  chain  of  mountains. 
Before  proceeding  to  describe  the  I'oto- 
mac,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  the  Appa- 
lachian, or  Alleeaiiy  system  of  mountains, 
does  not  form  the  dividing  ridge  which  se- 
parate the!,water  flowing  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  from  those  whioh  enter  the  Missis- 
sippi basin ;  but  that  the  separ.'iting  river 
line  cuts  the  mountains  obliquely. 

The  Potomac,  draining  the  valleys  of 
the  Appalachian  mountains  from  N  iat.  38 
25  to  40  0,  unites  its  various  branches  be- 
fore piercing  tiie  Blue  R^dge,  which  it  fi- 
nally ali'ects  at  Harper's  Ferry,  60  miles 
NW  from  Washing! on  city.  Below  its 
passage  through  the  Blue  llidge  to  its 
egress  into  Chesapeak  bay  is  about  200 
miles,  following  the  windings  of  the  stream. 
The  tide  ascends  to  Georgetown,  three 
miles  above   the  capital  in   Washington, 


where  it  is  arrested  by  the  gneiss  range  of 
rocks.  Ships  of  the  largest  class  are  navi- 
gated to  the  Navy  yard,  one  mile  below 
the  capitol.  Like  all  other  tributaries  of 
Chesapeak  bay,  the  Potomac,  below  the 
head  of  tide  water,  opens  gradually  into 
a  long  narrow  bay.  By  a  singular  caprice 
of  custom,  the  Susquebannah  is  considered 
as  terminating  at  the  head  of  tide  water, 
whilst  in  nature,  what  is  known  by  the 
name  of  Chesapeak  bay  is  merely  the  con- 
tinuation of  that  noble  river ;  and  in 
strictness,  James'  river,  York  river,  Rap- 
pahunrtoc  river,  and  Potomac,  are  its  tri- 
butaries. 

The  sources  of  Cheat  river  branch  of 
the  Monongahela  rise  in  Randolph  county 
in  Virginia,  in  the  same  valley  with  the 
Potomac,  and  those  ol  the  Youghiogany, 
with  a  single  in' ervening  ridge,  separating 
them  from  tiiose  of  Potomac,  pai-tly  in  Ran- 
dolph and  M;nongihela  counties  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  partly  in  Allegany  county  in 
Maryland.  Tims,  here  again  occurs  the 
second  instance  of  advancing  from  tiie 
S  to  N  of  the  origin  of  waters,  flow- 
Ing  into  the  two  opposite  systems  of  the 
Mexx;--n  Go  if  and  Atlantic  ocean,  with- 
out an  intervening  mijuntain,  and  yet  amidst 
the  Appalachian  ridges.  The  peculiar 
features  we  have  noticed  in  this  section  of 
country  has  drawn  the  attention  of  persons 
inquiring  into  the  subject  of  canal  connex- 
ion between  the  two  nver  systems. 

The  SE  and  main  source  of  the  Poto- 
mac rises  in  Pendleton  county  in  Virginia, 
at  lat.  31  25  N,  and  the  nt-xt  considerable 
siream  of  the  valley,  the  Shenandoah,  rises 
in  Augusta  county,  as  far  3  as  N  lat.  38  0. 
The  latter  overheads  the  sources  of  York 
and  Rappahannoc  rivers,  and  interlocks 
with  the  sources  of  James'  river :  the  mid- 
dle ridge  of  the  Appalachian,  or  the  moun- 
tain properly  called  the  Kittatinny,  ranges 
between  the  Potomac  Proper,  and  the  She- 
nandoah. Both  rivers  and  all  their  branches 
flow  to  the  NE  down  the  mountain  val- 
leys. The  Potomac  continues  in  that  di- 
rection as  far  as  N  lat.  39  41,  within  two 
miles  of  tiie  S  boundary  of  Pennsylvania, 
whence  it  turns  at  right  angles,  jiierces  the 
Kittatinny  mountain,  and  flows  to  the  SE. 
Forty  miles  by  comparative  courses,  be- 
low its  passage  through  the  Kittatinny,  the 
Potomac  receives  the  Shenandoah  from  the 
SW,  and  the  united  waters  here  pierce  the 
Blue  Ridge.  This  latter  passage  of  the  Po- 
tomac through  another  of  the  Appalachian 
ridges  is  known  as  the  celebrated  Harper's 
Ferry.  At  their  junction,  the  Potomac 
has  flowed  by  comparative  courses  160, 
and  the  Shenandoah  120  miles. 

From  Harper's  Ferry  to  the  head  of 
tide  water,  or  to  where  the  Potomac  quits 
the  primitive  and  enters  the  alluvial  sea 
border  formation,'  is  50  mile'',  and  then''© 


A  L 


\V  O  O 


continuing  by  a  general  course  SE,  and  by 
comparative  courses  100  miles,  that  river 
is  lost  in  the  Chesapeak  bay  at  N  lat.  38  0, 
having  regained  exactly  the  latitude  of  tlie 
sources  of  Shenandoah.  The  entire  length 
of  the  Potomac  valley  is  300  miles,  pre- 
senting a  very  remaikable  navigable  chan- 
nel. Many  of  its  inmor  valleys  are  com- 
posed of  -'  ,;y  f  ,  -ill  :.ive  soil,  and  already 
an  immense  amount  of  pioduce  is  reared 
within  it,  and  transported  to  the  Atlantic 
ports. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  tobacco,  as  a 
staple  commodity  in  large  quantities,  may 
be  considered  as  limited  by  this  valley, 
whilst  wheat,  rye,  and  the  apple,  as  staples, 
may  be  viewed  as  commencing.  From 
the  peculiar  form  of  the  valley,  and  from 
the  very  great  difference  of  elevation  of  its 
parts,  it  presents  a  greater  variety  vf  cli- 
mate  than  could  be,  at  a  first  glance  upon 
its  extent  and  position  on  a  map,  believed 
probable.  If  climate  and  the  features  of 
nature  are  both  taken  into  the  account,  the 
Potomac  presents  the  most  favourable  fa- 
cilities of  any  river  in  the  Susquehannah 
basin  to  effect  a  water  communication  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  valley  of 
Ohio.  ,  .     , 

The  Potomac,  in  its  natural  state,  is  the 
most  navigable  branch  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah. Ships  of  any  burthen  can  be  brought 
up  to  the  Navy  yard  at  Washington,  five 
miles  below  the  extreme  head  of  tide  wa- 
ter.  Washington  is  upwards  of  100  miles 
in  a  direct  line  ;  and  following  the  Chesa- 
peak bay  and  Potomac  river,  about  200 
miles  distant  from  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
Washington  is  therefore  the  point  in  the 
United  States,  to  which  the  largest  vessels 
can  be  navigated  the  farthest  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  continent. 

R 

Jiio  Grande,  del  Mrte.    Page  394. 
S 

Sak7n,  village  of  New  Haven  county, 
Connecticut,  in  Waterbury,  16  miles  NN W 
from  New  Haven.  It  stands  on  the  left  or 
east  bank  or  Nangatuck,  or  Waterbury  ri- 
ver, on  the  main  turnpike  road  from  New 
Haven  to  Litchfield.  A  fine  wooden  bridge 
here  crosses  the  Nangatuck. 


W 

Warrenstotun,  township  of  Somerset  coUH" 
ty,  Maine.    Population  1820,  uncertain. 

H'aterford,  township  of  Oxiord  county, 
Maine  ;  12  miles  SW  from  Paris.  Popu- 
lation 1810,  860;  and  in  1820,  1035. 

Watenvorks.  Fairmount  dam,  locks,  and 
reservoir,  presents  one  of  the  most  stupen- 
dous collections  of  machinery  in  the  Uni- 
ted States.  They  are  s/.j-Ated  immediately 
above  the  Schuylkill  upper  bridge.  The 
locks  are  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river, 
and  the  machinery  on  the  left,  nearly  op- 
posite. The  water  is  raised  by  the  force 
of  wheel  work,  and  thrown  into  a  reservoir 
placed  on  a  hill  100  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  water  in  the  dam,  and  above  most 
of  the  houses  in  the  city.  As  the  power  of 
elevation  is  capable  of  any  assignable  in- 
crease, the  supply  of  water  can  be  made 
commensurate  to  any  demand.  The  old 
reservoir  is  310  feet  long,  150  feet  wide, 
and  111  feet  deep ;  and  contains,  when  re- 
plenished, 581,625  solid  cubic  feet  of  water. 
The  new  reservoir  is  330  feet  long,  171 
feet  wide,  and  contains564,300  cubic  feet  of 
water.  Except  in  times  of  flood  the  Schuyl- 
kill water  is  pure  and  limpid.* 

*  It  was  my  wish  to  have  been  more 
ample  in  the  description  of  a  work  so  use- 
ful and  honourable  to  Philadelphia,  but  no 
information  could  be  procured  on  the  sub- 
ject from  the  superintendant.  The  above 
article  was  framed  from  a  hasty  survey 
made  by  myself.  The  results  are,  I  trust, 
sufficiently  accurate  for  general  purposes ; 
and  as  the  press  was  stopped  during  the 
operation,  the  necessary  haste  will  render 
any  trifling  Inaccuracy  the  more  excusa* 
ble. 

Weld,  township  of  Oxford  county,  Maine; 
27  miles  N  from  Paris.  Population  1820, 
489. 

Whitejield,  township  of  Lincoln  county, 
Maine  ;  15  miles  N  from  Wiscasset.  Po- 
pulation 1810,  995  ;  and  in  1820,  1429. 

fVinslo-zo,  township  of  Kennebec  county, 
Maine ;  16  miles  N  from  Augusta,  and  op- 
posite Waterville.  Population  1810,  658  ; 
and  in  1820,  935. 

Wiltcn,  township  of  Kennebec  county," 
Maine  ;  38  miles  NW  from  Augusta.  Po» 
pulation  1810,  770  ;  and  in  1820,  1115. 

Woodstock,  township  of  Oxford  county, 
Maine,    Population  1820,  392. 
1119 


GRIGGS  y  DICKINSON,  Printer?, 

Whitehall. 


®®sr^^iiipis^a®si^ai  i^^ws 


COMPRISING  THE 


liEClbAUaTlOX    0¥    l.Xl>iaPI^^'Ti¥»XCE-, 


'Hlcticte^  of  Confebecatiou ; 


Constitution  ot  tlie  "United  states -^ 


THE  SEVERAL  STATES  COMPOSING  THE  UNION, 


MASSACHUSETTS, 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 
RHODE  ISLAND, 
CONNECTICUT, 
NEW  YORK, 
NEW  JERSEY, 
PENNSYLVANIA, 
DELAWARE, 
MARYLAND, 
VIRGINIA, 
NORTH  CAROLINA, 
SOUTH  CAROLINA, 


GEORGIA, 

VERMONT, 

KENTUCKY, 

TENNESSEE, 

OHIO, 

INDIANA, 

LOUISIANA, 

MISSISSIPPI, 

ILLINOIS, 

AL  VBAMA, 

MAINE, 

MISSOURI 


PHILADELPHIA 
PUBLISHED    BY    BENNETT    &    WAXTONj 

>'0.  37,  MiRKET   STREET. 


1822, 


BECLARATTOISr  OF  mDEPENDENCE. 


In  Congress,  Jult  4,  lt76. 

THE  UNANIMOUS   DECLARATION   OF  THE  THIRTEEN  UNITED  STATES  OF 

AMERICA. 


WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  bepomes 
necessary  for  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands 
which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  as- 
sume, amon^  the  powers  of  the  eaith,  the  separate 
and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  na- 
ture's God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions 
of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes 
which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident:— that  all  men 
are  created  eq.ial,  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Crea- 
tor with  certain  unalienable  rights ;  that  among;  these 
are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That  to 
secure  these  rights,  geveniments  are  instituted  among 
men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the 
governed  ;  that  w  henever  any  form  of  government  be- 
comes destractive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  ngiit  of  the  peo- 
ple to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  new  govern- 
ment, laying  its  foundation  on  such  principles,  and  or- 
ganizing its  powers  in  such  form  as  to  them  shall  seem 
most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Pru- 
dence, indeed,  will  dictate,  that  governments  long  esta- 
blished should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient 
causes ;  and  accordingly  all  experience  hath  shown,  that 
mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer  while  evils  are  suf- 
ferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms 
to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train 
of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same 
object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute 
despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty  to  tlirow  off 
such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their 
future  security.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance 
of  these  colonies  ;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which 
constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  govern- 
ment. The  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great  Bii- 
itain,is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usuipatio.ns,  all 
having  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute 
tyranny  over  these  states.  To  prove  tliis,  let  facts  be 
submitted  to  a  candid  world. 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome 
and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  imme- 
diate and  pressing  irapoitancc,  unless  suspended  in 
their  operation,  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained;  and 
when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend 
to  them.  He  l-.as  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those 
jieople  would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in 
the  legislature— a  tight  inestimable  to  them,  and  formi- 
dable to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  un- 
usual, uncomfortable,  and  distant  from  the  repository  of 
their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing 
them  nito  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  lias  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for 
opposing,  with  manly  firmness.  Ids  invasions  on  the  rights 
of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions^ 
to  cause  othei-s  to  be  elected ;  whereby  the  legislative 
powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  returned  to  the 
people  at  large,  for  their  exercise,  the  state  remaining, 
in  the  mean  t^me,  exposed  to  ail  the  dangers  of  invasion 
from  w'thout,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  population  of  these 
states  ;  lor  that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  iia- 
tuialization  of  foreigners;  refusing  to  pa»s  others  to  en- 
courage theii'  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  condi- 
tions of  new  appropriiti'.ons  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  ad'iiinistration  of  .justice,  by 
refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary 
powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependenton  his  will  alone,  for 
the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment 
of  their  salarie:.    - 


He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent 
hither  swarms  of  officers,  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat 
out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  ar- 
mies, without  the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  militaiy  independent  of. 
and  superior  to,  the  eivil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  juris- 
diction foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged 
by  our  laws  ;  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended 
legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among 
us : 

I''or  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punish- 
ment for  any  miirdei's  which  they  should  commit  on  the 
inhabitants  of  these  states: 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  ail  parts  of  the  vporld  : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent : 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of 
trial  by  jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pre- 
tended offences  : 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a 
neighbouring  province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrai-y 
government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  ren- 
der it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  intro- 
ducing the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  va- 
luable laws,  and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  forms  of 
our  governments : 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring 
themselves  invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all 
cases  « liatsoe\'er. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaiing  us 
out  of  his  protection,  and  waring  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coiists,  burnt 
our  towns,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  tiansporting  large  armies  of  foreign 
mercenaries  to  complete  the  works  of  de.Tth,  desolation, 
and  tyranny,  already  begun  with  circumstances  of  cru- 
elty and  perfidy,  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barba- 
rous ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized 
nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive 
on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to 
become  the  executioners  of  their  freinds  and  bretJiren, 
or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insunections  amongst  us,  and 
has  endeavoured  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  fron- 
tiers the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of 
warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages, 
sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  evei-y  stage  of  these  oppressions  we  have  petitioned 
for  redress  in  the  most  humble  teriiis  :  our  repeated  pe- 
titions have  been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A 
prince,  whose  character  u  tliiis  marked  by  every  act 
which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a 
free  peo  i  .t. 

Nor  have  wf  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  our  British 
brethren.  We  have  warned  them,  from  ti'iie  to  time,  of 
attempts  by  their  legislature  toexteiid  an  iinwarravtable 
jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  then',  of  the 
circumstances  of  our  emii;iation  a>id  settlement  hfre. 
We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  ir.aguani. 
mity,  and  we  have  co;iju\ed  shenj  by  the  lies  of  our 
common  kindied  to  disavow  these  iisurpa.io'is,  wliich 
wo'ild  inevitably  iiteiriipt  our  conntxioiis  and  coive- 
spfiMlviice.  They  too  hare  been  deaf  to  ihe  voice  of 
justice  and  (if  consangiiiiiitj.  We  must,  there fjiv,  ac- 
quiesce in  the  necessity  which  denounctsour  separation, 
and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  maukind-^eneraies 
in  war,  in  peace  friertds. 

Wf.    therefore,   th-  representatives  of  the  ITnitefi 


AHTlLLtS  Oi-  cOXFirLDEKATION. 


States  of  America,  in  general  congress  assembled,  ap- 
tieaiing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of"  tlie  worlil,  for  the  rec- 
tiiudi  of  our  inteutioi.s,  do,  ii»  the  name  and  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly 
publish  and  declare,  that  these  united  colonies  are,  and 
of  rightouffhttobe,  free  and  independent  states  ,  that 
they  ai-e  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
ciown,  and  that  all  political  connexion  bi-tween  them 
and  the  state  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  to- 
tally dissolved ;  and  that,  as  free  and  independent 
Slates,  they  have  full  power  to  le\-y  war,  conclude  peace, 
contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,aud  to  doall  other 
acts  and  things  which  independent  states  may  of  right 
do.  And  for  the  support  of  thi?  declaration,  with  a  firm 
reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providt-nce.  we  mu- 
ttiaily  pledge  to  each  other  oar  lives,  our  fortunes,  and 
oMr  sacred  honour. 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


XF.W   HA^tP   tllllE. 
•Tosiah  Baitlett, 
Y/i!liam  Whipple, 
>Iatthew  Thomton. 

^tASSACllUSETTS  BAT. 

Samuel  Adams, 
John  Adams, 
Robert  Treat  Paine, 
Elbridge  Gerry. 


HHODE  ISLA>-r),  &C. 

Siephen  Hopkins, 
■\Viliiam  EUery. 
CONNECTICUT. 

Roger  Sherman, 
Siimuel  Huntingdon, 
■\Vir.iam  Williams, 
Oliver  Wokotf. 


NEW  YORK. 

\Vllliam  Floyd, 
Philip  Livingston, 
Francis  Lew  is, 
Lewis  Morris. 

NKW  JKRSEY. 
Richard  Stockton, 
John  Withersjioon, 
Francis  Hopkinson, 
John  Hart, 
Abraham  Clark. 

Pl.>\SYLVAiriA. 
P^obert  Morris, 
Benjamin  Rnsh, 
Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Morton, 
George  Clyraer, 
James  Smith, 
George  Taylor, 
James  Wilson, 
George  Ross. 

DELAWARE. 
Ctesar  Rodney, 
George  Read, 
'i'hoinas  M'Kean. 
MAllTLASI). 

Samuel  Chase, 


William  Paea, 
Thomas  Stone, 
Chas.  Carroll,  of  CarroUton. 

VIRGIJTIA. 

George  Wythe, 
Richard  Heniy  Lee, 
Thomas  Jefferson, 
Benjamin  Harrison, 
Thomas  Nelson,  jr. 
Francis  Lightlbot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

William  Hooper, 
Joseph  Hewes, 
John  Penn. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Edward  Rutledge, 
Thomas  He)  ».ard,jr. 
Thomas  Lynch,  jr. 
Artiiur  Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 

Euiton  Gwinnett, 
Lyinan  Hall, 
George  Wa'trn. 


AIITICLES  OF  CONFEDERATIO]^'. 


In  CosGiiEss,  July  8,  177S. 
ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  AND  PERPETUAL  UNION. 


Between  the  states  of  New  Hanipshire,  Massachusetts 
Bull,  R.'iofte  Island  anil  Hrovideuce  P/onfntions,  Con- 
jiectirtif.  Ken- Turk,  NnvJeraey,  fennstjlvania,  Dela- 
ware, Manj'fiiift,  Vir^him,  Nort/i  Canlina,  South  Ca- 
rotitia,  and Genixin, 

Ait;c!e  I.  llie  style  of  this  confederacy  shall  be, 
"  The  United  Suites  of  America.'''' 

An.  2,  Kach  slate  retains  its  sovei-eignty,  freedom, 
and  independence,  and  every  power,  juridieticm,  and 
right,  which  is  not  by  this  confederation  expressly  dele- 
gated to  the  United  States  in  congi-ess  assembled. 

Art.  3.  rill  said  slates  hereby  severally  enter  into  a 
firm  league  of  fiieiidship  with  each  oilier,  for  tlif  H"  crm- 
nion  dvtince,  the  security  of  their  liberties,  aiul  c!ieir 
mutual  and  general  welfare,  bindingthemseUes  to  as!st 
each  other  against  all  force  offered  to,  or  attacks  ir.ade 
upon  them,  or  any  of  them,  on  account  of  relif  ion,  so- 
veieigi  ty,  trade,  or  any  other  pretence  whatever. 

Art.  4.  5  1.  The  bitter  to  secure  and  perpetuate 
mutual  friendship  and  intercourse  araon^  the  people  of 
the  different  states  in  ihis  union,  the  free  inhabitants  of 
each  of  these  states,  paupers,  vagabonds,  and  fugitives 
from  justice  excepted,  sliall  be  entitied  to  all  privileges 
and  iiiimiiiiitiis  of  free  citizens  in  the  several  states  ; 
and  the  people  of  each  state  shall  have  fire  ingress  and 
regiess  to  and  from  any  other  state,  and  shall  enjoy 
therein  all  the  piivih  gt  s  of  trade  and  commerce,  subjett 
to  the  same  duties,  impositions,  and  i-estnctions,  as  the 
inha!)Uants  ihtr,  ff  n  sp'  ctivtlx  ;  provided  that  such  re- 
strictions shall  not  extend  so  far  as  to  prevent  the  re- 
moval of  property  importi  d  inio  any  state,  to  any  other 
state  of  which  the  owner  is  an  inhabitant;  provided 
also,  that  noi-np'  sition,  luties,  or  restriciion,  shull  he 
laid  by  any  stvUe  on  the  propert;  of  the  Uriited  States, 
or  either  of  thi  m. 

§  2.  If  anv  person  giii'ty  of,  or  charged  with  treason, 
felony,  or  other  high  ir.isdi mtitnorin  any  state,  hsii  the 
from  Justice,  and  be  found  in  imy  of  thi  Unitei!  States, 
he  shal:,  upon  ilie  demand  of  the  t;overiior  or  execuiive 
povceiof  til  Stat  from  >vhieh  he  fled,  he  delivered  up 
and  removed  to  the  slate  having  jurisdiction  of  his  of- 
fente. 

i3.  Full  faith  and  cre-dit  shall,  he  given  in  each  of 
these  states,  to  the  ri  cords,  acts,  and  judicial  proceed- 
ing? of  the  coorls  and  magistrates  of  every  other  slate; 


Art.  5.  J  I.  For  the  more  convenient  management  of 
the  general  interests  of  the  United  States,  delegates  shall 
be  annually  appointed  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature 
of  each  s'ate  shall  direct,  to  meet  in  congress  on  the  first 
Monday  in  November  in  every  year,  with  a  power  re- 
served to  each  state  to  recai  its  delegates,  or  any  of  them . 
at  any  time  w  ithin  the  year,  and  to  send  otliers  in  theii- 
stead,  for  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

J  2.  No  state  shall  be  represented  in  congress  by  less 
than  two,  nor  move  than  seven  members;  and  no  per- 
son shall  be  capable  of  beiu^  a  delegate  for  more  than 
three  yeai-s,  in  any  term  of  six  years ;  nor  shall  any  per- 
son, beinga  (lelt-g.tte,  he  capable  of  holding  any  office 
under  the  United  States,  for  w  hich  he,  or  any  (ither  for 
his  benefit,  recei^esany  salary,  fees,  or  emolument,  of 
any  kind. 

j  3.  Each  state  shall  raaintainlts  own  delegates  in  a 
meeting  of  the  states,  .tnd  while  thej  .^ct  as  members  of 
the  committee  of  the  states. 

§  4.  Ill  determining  questions  in  the  United  States  in 
congress  assembled,  each  state  shall  ha\e  one  vote. 

f  S.  Freedom  of  speech  and  debate  in  congress  shall 
not  be  imptachid  or  questioned  in  any  court  or  place 
out  of  congress,  and  the  members  of  congress  shall  be 
protected  in  their  persons  from  arrests  and  imprison- 
ments during  the  lime  of  ihtir  going  to  and  from,  and 
attendance  on  congress,  except  for  titason,  felony,  or 
breach  of  the  peace. 

Art.  6.  §  1.  No  state,  without  the  consent  of  the 
United  States  in  congress  assembled,  shall  send  any  em- 
bassy to,  or  reciiA  e  any  embassy  from,  or  enter  into  any 
confereno  ,  agreen)cnt,all!ance,  or  treaty,  with  any 
king,  prince  or  state  ;  nor  shall  any  jieison  holding  any 
office  of  profit  or  tnisT  under  the  Uniied  Statrs,  or  any  of 
them,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title, 
<;f  any  kind  \\  [latevrr,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign 
stuti.-;  nor  shall  the  United  States  in  congress asst.mbied, 
or  any  of  ttiem,  graiii  any  tiiie  of  nobiiity. 

^2'.  No  two  or  more  states  sliail  iitier  into  any  treaty, 
confederation,  or  ali'.ariee  whatever,  between  them, 
williout  the  consent  of  the  United  Stiites  in  congress  as- 
sembled, specifying  accurately  the  purposes  for  which 
the  same  is  to  be  entered  into,  and  how  long  it  shall  con- 
tinue. 

6  3,  No  state  shall  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  which 


ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION. 

may  interfere  with  any  stipulations  in  treaties,  entei-td  day  assigned  for  the  appearance  of  the  parties  by  their 
into  by  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  with  lasvful  agtuts,  who  slia  I  then  be  directed  to  appoint,  by 
any  kin?,  prince,  or  stafe,  in  pi  rsuance  of  any  t  eatifs  jonit  coiiseiit,  commissmners  or  judges  to  constitute  a 
ah-eady  proposed  by  congress  to  tlie  courts  of  Fi-ance  court  tor  hiariiig  and  deiennining  the  matter  in  ques- 
and  Spain.  tioa  ;  but  if  they  cannot  ag^ree,  congress  shall  name 
§  4.  \o  vessels  of  war  shall  bekept\ipin  time  of  neace  three  persons  out  of  each  of  the  United  States,  and 
by  any  Stat.,  1  xeept  su  h  niiinbcroniv  iis  shall  be  aei'm-  from  the  list  of  such  oemnis  each  party  shall  alter- 
ed necessary  by  the  United  States  iiicongr.  ssasser.ibled,  nately  strike  out  one,  the  peiitioners  berioning,  until 
for  the  defence  of  sudi  state,  or  its  trade  :  nor  shal  1  any  the  nuuibt  r  sliail  be  n  duced  to  thirteen  ;  and  from  that 
body  of  forces  he  kL-pt  up,  by  any  slate,  in  time  of  number  not  less  than  sevtn  nor  more  than  nine  names, 
peaci-,  except  such  number  oniy  as,  in  the  judgment  of  as  congixss  shall  direct,  shall,  in  the  presence  of  con- 
the  Uniti-d  States  in  congress  assembled, shall  bediemed  griss,  he  drawn  out  by  lot;  and  the  persons  whose 
requisite  to  garrison  th.-  forts  necessary  for  the  dtfence  naiui-s  shall  Ks-i  draun,  or  any  five  of  them,  shall  he 
of  such  state  but  every  slate  shall  always  keep  up  a  commissioners  or  jiidgis,  to  hear  and  finally  determine 
well  regulated  and  disciplined  militia,  sufficiently  arm<'d  the  controveisj,  so  always  as  a  lUMJor  part  of  the  juOges 
and  accoutred,  and  shall  provide  and  constant, y  have  who  shall  hear  tin  cause,  shall  agree  in  the  determina- 
rt-ad)  fir  use,  in  public  stores,  a  due  number  of  l^ed-  tion  :  and  if  either  parij  shall  neglect  to  atti  iid  at  the 
pieces  and  tents,  :\nd  a  proper  quantity  of  arms,  annnu-  day  appointed,  wiihout  siiowing  reasons  which  congress 
nition,  and  camp  equipage.  shail  judge  sufficii-nt,  or  b  ing  present,  shall  refuse  to 
5  5.  No  stiite  shall  engage  in  any  war  without  the  con-  strike,  the  congri  ss  sha.l  proceed  to  nominate  three 
sent  of  ihe  United  States  in  eongivss  asserabletl,  unless  pei-sons  out  of  each  state-,  and  the  secretary  of  congress 
such  state  be  actually  invaded  by  enemies,  or  shall  have  shal  stiike  in  behalf  of  such  |)arty  absent  or  refusing; 
received  certain  advice  of  a  resolution  beint;  formed  by  and  thejudgnient  and  sentence  of  the  court,  to  beap- 
some  nation  of  Indians  to  invade  such  stair,  and  the  poiiJted  in  the  manner  before  prescribed,  shall  be  final 
danger  is  so  imminent  as  not  to  admit  of  delay  till  the  and  conclusive ;  anil  if  any  of  ihe  parties  shall  refuse  to 
United  States  in  congri  ss  assembled  can  be  consulted  ;  subuiit  to  the  authority  of  such  court,  or  to  appear  or 
nor  shall  any  state  grant  commissions  to  any  ships  or  di  fend  their  claim  or  cause,  tlie  court  shall  nevertheless 
yo-sels  of  war,  nor  letters  of  muique  or  reprisal,  except  procei-d  to  pronounce  sentence,  or  judgment,  which 
it  be  after  a  declaration  of  war  by  the  United  States  in  shall  in  like  manner  he  final  and  decisnv  ;  the  judg- 
coiigress  assembled,  and  then  only  against  the  kingdom  inent  or  sentence  anti  other  proceedings  being  in  either 
or  state,  and  the  subjects  thiieof,  against  which  war  case  transmitted  to  congress,  and  lodged  among  the  acts 
lias  ))een  so  declared,  and  under  such  regulations  as  of  congress,  for  the  security  of  the  parties  concerned: 
shall  be  established  by  the  United  States  in  congress  as-  provided,  that  every  commissioner,  before  he  sits  in 
sembled,  unless  such  state  be  infested  by  pirates,  in  judgment,  shall  take  an  oath,  to  be  administered  by 
which  case  vessels  of  war  may  be  fitted  out  for  that  oc-  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court  of 
casion,  and  kept  so  long  as  the  danger  shall  continue,  or  the  state  wliere  the  cause  shall  be  tried, "  well  and  truly 
until  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  de-  to  hear  and  determine  the  matter  in  question,  according 
lermine  otherwise.  to  the  best  of  bis  judgment,  without  favour,  affection. 
Art.  7.  When  land  forces  are  raised  by  any  state  for  or  hope  of  iv w  ard."  Pro^^ded  also  that  no  state  shall 
the  common  defence,  all  oiBoers  of  or  under  the  rank  of  be  depiived  of  territory  for  the  benefit  of  the  United 
colonel  shall  be  appointed  by  the  legislature  of  each  States. 

state  respectively  by  whom  such  forces  shall  be  raiseti,  §  3.  All  controversies  concerning  the  private  right  of 
or  in  such  manner  as  such  state  shail  direct,  and  all  va-  soil  claimid  under  different  grants  of  tw  o  or  more  states, 
cancies  shall  be  filled  up  by  the  state  which  first  made  whosejurisdiction,  as  they  may  respect  such  lands,  and 
the  appointment.  the  statts  w  hich  passed  such  grants  are  adjusted,  the  said 
Art.  8.  All  charges  of  war,  and  all  other  expenses  grants  or  either  of  them  being  at  the  same  time  claimed 
thatshall  be  incurred  for  the  common  defence  or  general  to  have  originated  antecedent  to  suoh  settlement  of  ju- 
welfare,  and  allowed  by  the  United  States  in  congress  risdiction,  shall,  on  the  petition  of  either  party  to  the 
assembled,  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  a  common  treasury,  congress  of  the  United  Slates,  be  finally  determined,  as 
which  shall  be  supidied  by  the  several  slates,  in  propor-  near  as  may  be,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  before  pre- 
tion  to  the  value  of  all  land  within  each  state,  granted  scribed  for  diciding  disputes  respecting  territorial  ju- 
to  or  surveyed  for  any  person,  as  such  land  and  the  risdictlgu;  between  different  states, 
buildings  and  improvements  thereo.'i  shall  be  estimated,  §  4.  The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall 
according  to  such  mode  as  the  Unitt  d  States  in  congress  also  have  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  and  power  of  re- 
assembled shail,  from  time  to  time  dnect  and  appoint,  giilating  the  alloy  and  value  of  coih  struck  by  their 
Thetasesfot  paying  that  proportion  sliail  be  laid  and  own  authority,  or  by  that  of  the  respective  states;  iix- 
levied  by  the  authority  and  direction  of  the  legislatures  ing  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures  throughout 
of  the  several  states  within  the  time  agreed  upon  by  the  the  United  States  ;  regulating  the  trade  and  managing 
United  States  in  congress  assembled.  all  affairs  with  the  Indians,  not  members  of  any  of  the 
Alt.  9.  §1.  The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  states;  provided  (hat  the  legislative  right  of  any  state, 
shall  have  the  sole  am!  exclusive  right  and  power  of  de-  within  its  own  limits,  be  not  infringed  or  violated  ;  esta- 
termining  on  peace  and  war,  except  in  the  cases  men-  blishing  and  regulating  post  offices  from  one  state  to 
tioned  in  the  sixth  article:  of  sending  and  receiving  another,  throughout  all  the  Unittd  Stf.tes,  and  exacting 
ambassadors;  entering  into  tre.aties  ami  alliances,  pro-  such  postage  on  the  papers  passing  through  the  same,  as 
vided  that  no  treaty  of  comraerceshall  he  made,  whereby  may  be  requisite  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  said  of- 
the  legislative  power  of  the  respective  states  shall  be  re-  fice  ;  appointing  all  officers  of  the  land  forces  in  the 
strained  from  imposing  such  imposts  and  duties  on  fo-  service  of  the  United  Stales,  excepting  regimental  offi- 
reigners,  as  their  own  people  are  subjected  to,  or  from  cers  ;  appointing  all  the  officers  of^ihe  naval  forces,  and 
proliibiting  the  exportation  or  importation  of  any  species  commissioning  all  officers  w  liatever  in  the  service  of  the 
of  goiids  or  commodities  whatsoever;  of  estahhshing  United  States :  making  rules  for  the  government  and 
rules  for  deciding  in  all  cases,  what  captui-es  on  land  or  regulation  of  the  said  land  and  naval  forces,  anil  direct- 
water  shall  be  ieo;al,  and  in  what  manner  prizes  taken  'ng  their  operations. 

by  land  or  naval  forces  in  the  service  of  the  United  §  S.  The  United  States  in  Congress  assembled,  shall 
States  shall  be  divided  or  appropriated  ;  of  granting  have  authority  to  appoint  a  comnuttee,  to  sit  in  the  re- 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  times  of  peace;  ap-  cess  of  Congress,  to  be  denominated,  "  A  Coimmttee  of 
pointing  courts  tor  the  trial  of  piracies  and  felonies  com-  the  States,'''  and  to  consist  of  one  delegate  from  each 
mitted  on  the  high  seas  ;  and  establishing  courts  for  re-  state;  and  to  appoint  such  other  committees  and  civil 
ceiving  and  detrminiug  finally  appeals  in  all  cases  of  officers  as  may  be  necessary  for  managing  the  general 
captures  ;  provided  that  no  member  of  congi-ess  shall  affairs  of  the  United  States  under  their  direction ;  to 
be  appoinied  a  judge  of  any  of  the  said  courts.  appoint  one  of  their  number  to  preside;  provided  that 
§  2.  I'he  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  no  person  be  allowed  to  serve  in  tlie  otHce  of  president 
also  be  the  last  resort  on  appeal  in  all  tlisputes  and  dif-  more  than  one  year  in  any  term  of  three  years ;  to  ascer- 
ferences  now  subsisting,  or  that  hereafter  nia\  arist  be-  tain  the  necessary  sums  of  money  to  be  raised  for  the 
Iween  two  or  more  states  concerning  boundary,  juris-  service  of  the  United  States,  ana  to  appropriate  and 
diction,  or  any  other  cause  whatever;  which  authority  apply  the  same  for  defraying  the  public  expenses ;  to 
shill  always  be  exercised  in  the  manner  following:  borrow  money  or  emit  bills  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
Whenever  the  legislative  or  executive  authority  or  law-  States,  transmitiing  every  half  year  to  the  respective 
ful  agent  of  any  state  in  controversy  with  another,  shall  states  an  account  of  the  sums  of  money  so  borrowed  or 
present  a  petition  to  congress,  staling  the  matter  in  emit  led  ;  to  build  and  equip  a  navy  ;  to  agree  uptm  the 
question,  and  praying  for  a  hearing,  notice  thereof  shall  number  of  land  forces,  ami  to  make  requisitions  from 
be  given  bjr  order  of  congress  to  the  legislative  or  execu-  each  state  for  its  t^uota,  in  proportion  to  tlie  number  of 
tive  authority  of  the  other  state  in  controversy,  and  a  white  inhabitants  in  such  state,  which  requisition  shal! 


CONSriTUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


be  binding  ;  and  thei-eiipon  the  legislature  of  each  state 
shall  appoint  the  regimental  officci-s,  raise  the  men, 
clothe,  arm,  and  equip  tbera,  in  a  soldierlike  manner,  at 
the  expense  of  the  United  States ;  and  the  officers  .and 
men  so  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped,  shall  march  to 
the  place  appointed,  and  within  the  tirae  agreed  on  by 
the  Uinted  StatirS  m  conf^iiss  as<  mblid  ;  but  if  the 
■United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall,  on  eonsi- 
deration  of  circumstances,  j'  dge  proper  that  any  state 
should  not  raise  men,  or  sho:ild  raisL  a  smaller  number 
tlian  its  quota,  and  that  any  other  state  should  raise  a 
greater  number  of  men  ihun  the  quota  thereof,  such 
extra  number  shall  be  vaise»l,  officered,  clothed,  armed, 
and  equipped  in  the  same  manner  as  the  quota  of  such 
state,  unless  the  legislature  of  such  state  sliall. judge  that 
such  extra  number  cannot  be  safely  spared  out  of  the 
same,  in  which  case  they  shall  raise,  officer,  clothe,  arm, 
and  equip,  as  many  of  such  extra  number  as  they  judge 
can  be  safely  spared,  and  the  officers  and  men  so  clothed, 
armed,  and  equipped,  shall  march  to  the  place  appoint- 
ed, and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  tlie  Unitt «'  States 
1!)  congress  assembled. 

5  6.  The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall 
never  engage  in  a  war,  nor  grant  letters  of  marque  and 
repiisal  in  time  of  peace,  nor  enter  into  any  treaties  or 
alliances,  nor  coin  money,  nor  regulate  the  value 
thereof,  nor  aseertaui  the  sums  and  expenses  nee-  ssary 
ibr  the  defence  and  welfare  of  the  United  States,  or  any- 
cf  them,  nor  emit  bills,  nor  borrow  money  on  the  cre- 
dit of  the  United  States,  nor  appropriate  money,  nor 
agree  upon  the  number  of  vessels  of  war  to  be  built  or 
purchased,  or  the  number  of  land  or  sea  forces  to  be 
raised,  nor  appoint  a  commander  in  chief  of  the  army 
or  navy^  unless  nine  states  assent  to  the  same:  nor  shall 
a  question  on  any  other  point,  except  for  adjourning 
from  day  to  day,  be  determined,  unless  by  the  votes  of 
a  majonty  of  the  United  Siates  in  congress  assembled. 

i^  7.  The  congress  of  the  United  States  shall  have 
power  to  adjourn  to  any  time  within  the  year,  and  to 
any  place  within  the  United  Stales,  so  that  no  period  of 
adjournment  be  for  a  longer  duration  than  the  space  of 
six  months,  and  shall  publish  the  journal  of  their  pro- 
ceedings monthly,  except  such  parts  thereof  relating  to 
treaties,  alliances,  or  militaiy  operations,  as  in  their 
judgment  require  secresy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of 
the  dilegates  of  each  state,  on  any  question,  shall  be  en- 
tered on  the  journal,  when  it  is  desired  by  any  delegate; 
and  tiie  delegates  of  a  state,  or  any  of  them,  at  his  or 
their  request,  shall  be  furnished  with  a  transcript  of  the 
said  journul, except  such  parts  as  are  above  excepted,  to 
lay  before  the  legisl.atures  of  the  several  states. 

Art.  10,  The  committee  of  the  states,  or  any  nine  of 
them,  shall  be  authorized  to  execute,  in  the  recess  of 
congress,  such  of  the  powers  of  congress  as  the  United 
States,  in  congress  assembled,  by  the  consent  of  nine 
states,  shall,  from  time  to  tiirne,  think  expedient  to  vest 
them  with  ;  provided  that  no  power  be  delegated  to  the 
said  committee,  forthe  exercise  of  which,  by  the  articles 
of  confederation,  the  voice  of  nine  states,  in  the  con- 
gress of  the  United  States  assembled,  is  requisite. 

Art.  11.  Canada  acceding  to  this  confederation,  and 
joining  in  the  measures  of  the  United  States,  shall  be 
:idmitted  into,  and  entitled  to  all  tiie  advantages  of  this 
union  :  But  no  other  colony  shall  be  admitted  into  the 
sanie,  unless  such  admission  be  agreed  to  by  nine  states 

Art.  12.  All  bills  of  credit  emitted,  moneys  borrowed, 
and  debts  contracted  by  or  under  the  authority  of  con- 
gress, before  the  assembling  of  the  United  States,  in 
pursuance  of  the  present  confederation,  shall  be  deemed 
ynd  considered  as  a  charge  against  the  United  States,  for 


payment  and  satisfaction  whereof  the  said  United  States 
and  the  public  faith  are  hereby  solemnly  pledged. 

Alt.  13.  Every  state  shall  abide  by  the  determination 
of  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  in  all  ques- 
tions which  by  this  confederation  are  submitted  to  them. 
And  the  articles  of  this  confederation  shall  be  inviolably 
observed  by  every  state,  and  the  union  shall  be  perpe- 
tual;  'ior  shall  any  alteration  at  any  time  hereafter  be 
made  in  any  of  them  ;  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed 
to  in  a  congress  of  the  United  States,  and  be  al  tenvards 
confirmed  by  the  legislature  of  eveiy  state. 

And  whereas  it  hath  pleased  the  great  Governor  of 
the  world  to  incline  the  hearts  of  the  legislatures  we 
lespectively  represent  in  congress;  to  approve  of,  and  to 
authorise  us  to  ratify  the  said  articles  of  confederation 
and  perpetual  union.  Know  ye,  that  we,  the  under- 
signed tielegates,  by  virtue  of  the  power  and  authority 
to' us  given  ibr  that  purpose,  do,  by  these  presents,  in  the 
name  and  in  behalf  of  our  respective  constituents,  fully 
and  entirely  ratify  and  confirm  each  and  every  of  the 
said  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union,  and 
all  and  singular  the  matters  and  things  therein  contain- 
ed. (Ind  we  do  further  solemnly  plight  and  engage«he 
faith  of  our  respectiveconstituents,  that  they  shall  abide 
by  the  determinations  of  the  United  States  in  congress 
assemb'.id,  m  all  questions  which  by  the  said  confedera- 
tion are  submitted  to  them  ;  and  that  the  anicles  thereof 
shall  be  inviolably  observed  by  the  states  we  respectively 
represent,  and  that  the  union  shail  be  perpetual.  In 
witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  in 
congress. 

Do7ie  fit  PhUaMphia,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
9th  day  of  July,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1778,  and  in 
the  third  year  of  the  Irukfiendet^e  of  America^ 


NEW  HATIIPSaiUE, 
Josiah  Bartlett, 
John  Wentworth,  jun. 

MAS-ilVfUrSETTS  BAT. 
John  Hancock, 
Samuel  Adams, 
Elbridge  Gerry, 
Francis  Dana, 
James  Lovell, 
Samuel  Holten. 

KUODE  ISLAlfD,  Sec. 

William  Ellery, 
Henry  Marchant, 
John  Collins. 

CONMECTICX/T. 

Roger  Sherman. 
Samuel  Huntington, 
Oliver  Wolcott. 
'J'itus  Hosmev, 
Andrew  Adams. 

KEW  TORK. 

Jas.  Duane, 
Fva.  Lewis, 
"Win.  Duer, 
GouA'.  Slorris, 

NEW   JERSET. 
Jno.  Witherepoon, 
Nath,  Scudder. 

TENXSTLVANIA. 
Robt.  Jlonis, 
Daniel  Roberdeau, 


Jona.  Bayard  Smitli, 
William  Clingan, 
Joseph  Reed. 

DELAWARE. 
Thos.  M'Kean, 
John  Dickinson, 
Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 

MAHTtAND. 
John  Hanson, 
Daniel  Carroll. 

TIUGINIA. 
Richard  Henry  Lee, 
John  Banister, 
Thomas  Adams, 
Jno.  Harvicj 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee. 

NOHTH  CAROIINA. 

John  I'enn, 
Cons.  Harnett, 
Jno.  Williams. 

SOUTH  CAnOLINA. 
Henry  Laurens, 
William  Heni'v  Drayton. 
Jno.  Mathews, 
Richard  Hutson, 
Thos,  Heyward,  jun. 

GEOItGIA. 
Jno.  Walton,      » 
Edwd.  Telfair, 
Edwd.  Langworthy. 


CONSTITITION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form 
a  more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  ensuie  domestic 
tranquillity,  provide  fur  the  common  defence,  promote 
the  genernl  welfare,  and  secure  the  bii  ssings  of  iibi7rty 
tooursei'  ■  and  our  posterity,  do  oidain  and  establish 
this  constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

AUriCLE  I.— SECTION  1. 
1.  AH  legislative  powers  herein   granted,   shall  be 
vested  in  a  congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall 
ronsist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  rejiresentatives. 


SECTION  2. 

1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  composed  of 
members  ciosen  every  si  cond  yirar  by  the  peop.e  of  the 
severe;  sta'es  ;  and  the  eh  crovs  in  each  slat;  shall  have 
the  qualitications  requisite  for  eJectoi-s  of  tlie  most  nu- 
merous biam  h  of  the  state  legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not 
have  attained  lo  the  age  ol  twenty-five  jears,  and  been 
seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall 
not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  in 
M  hich  he  shall  be  chosen. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THK  UNITEi*  o , 


Z.  llepieseiitatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  appor- 
tioned among  the  several  states  which  may  be  included 
within  this  union,  according  to  their  respective  num- 
bers, which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole 
number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  sci^ 
vice  for  a  terra  of  years,  and  excludinf;  Indians  not 
taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enu- 
meration shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first 
meeting  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within 
every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as 
they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of  representa- 
tives shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but 
each  state  shall  have  at  least  one  representative;  and 
nntil  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  state  of  Jfey 
Hampshire  shaU  be  entitled  to  choose  three ;  Massachu- 
setts eight ;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations 
one;  Connecticut  fiye  ;  NeivTork  six;  NcwJersei/  four; 
Pennsylvania  e'l^ht;  Delaware  one,  Maryland  sik;  Vir- 
ginia ten  ;  North  Carolina  five ;  South  Carolina  five  ; 
and  Georgia  three. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from 
any  state,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue 
writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their 
speaker  and  other  oflicers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power 

,  of  impeachment. 

SECTION  3. 

1.  Tlie  senate  of  the  United  States  sliall  be  composed 
of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  leg:isla- 
ture  thereof,  for  six  years ;  and  each  senator  shall  have 
one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  conse- 
quence of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided,  as 
equally  as  may  be,  into  three  classes.    The  seats  of  the 

-  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expir.i- 
tion  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one  third  may  be  chosen 
every  second  year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resigna- 
tion or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of 
any  state,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary 
appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature, 
■\ynieh  shall  then  fill  snch  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  at- 
tained to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  ana  been  nine  years  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for  :yhich  he  shall 
be  chosen. 

4.  The  vice  president  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
president  of  the  seuate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless 
jhey  be  equally  divided. 

5.  The  senate  shall  chopse  their  other  oflicers,  and 
also  a  president  pro  temporetSn  the  absence  of  the  vice 

S resident,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  presi- 
ent  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  im- 
peachments. When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall 
be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  president  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  chief  justice  shall  preside; 
and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concur- 
rence of  tw'j-thiids  of  the  membei-s  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cas^s  of  impeachment  shall  not  ex- 
tend further  than  to  re'iio%  al  from  office,  and  disqualifi- 
cation to  hold  and  enjoy  any  oftice  of  honour,  trust,  or 
profit,  under  the  United  States;  but  the  partj-  con- 
victed shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indlK- 
ntent)  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  aceordinPio 

SECTION  4. 

1.  Thetimss,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections 
for  senators  and  representatives,  shal!  he  prescribed  in 
each  state  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but  the  congress 
may,  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such  regula- 
tions, except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

2.  The  congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 
year,  and  such  meeting  shall  beonthefirst  Moiniay  m 
December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different 
day. 

SECTION'  5. 

1.  EUtch  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  re- 
turns, and  qualifications  of  its  own  uiem1>ers ;  and  a 
majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  busi- 
ness ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to 
day,  and  may  be  authorised  to  coinpti  the  attendance  of 
absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penal- 
ties as  eaah  house  may  provide. 

2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceed- 
ings, punish  its  membei's  for  disorderly  behaviour,  and, 
with  tne  concurrence  of  t^vo-tlurds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings, 
and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such 
parts  as  may  in  their .judgm?ni  require  secrcsy ;  and  the 


yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  house,  on  any 
question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  pre- 
sent, be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4.    Neither  house,   during  the   session  of  congress, 
shall,  without  the  consent  ofthe  other,  adjourn  for  more 
than  three  da\  s,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in 
Vrhich  the  two'houses  shall  be  sitting. 
SECTION  6. 

1.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a 
compensation  fortheir  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law, 
and  paid  out  ol  the  treasury  ofthe  United  Stales.  They 
shail,inallcases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of 
the  peace, be  privileged  from  anest  during  their  attend- 
ance at  the  session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in 
going  to  or  returning  from  the  same ;  and  for  any  speech 
or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in 
any  other  place. 

2.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  dv"ing  the  lime 
for  which  he  was  electetl,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  of- 
fice under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which 
sliall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof 
shall  have  been  increased,  during  such  time;  and  no 
person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall 
be  a  member  of  either  house  duiing  his  continuance  in 
office. 

SECTION  7. 
■■  1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
house  of  representatives  ;  but  the  senate  may  propose  ot 
concur  with  amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives and  the  senate,  shall,  before  it  become  a 
law ,  be  presented  to  the  president  ofthe  United  States ; 
if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it;  but  if  not,  he  shall  re- 
turn it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it 
shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at 
large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  re-consider  it. 
If,  after  such  re-consideration,  two-thirds  of  that  house 
shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together 
with  the  objections,  to  thf  other  house,  by  which  it  shall 
likewise  be  re-cousidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds 
of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such 
cises,  tlie  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by- 
yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for 
and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of 
each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  nut  be  re- 
turned by  the  president  within  ten  days  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted) after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the 
same  shall  be  a  law  in  like  raanner  as  if  he  had  signed  if, 
unless  the  congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  re- 
turn, in  which  case  it  shaii  not  he  a  law. 

3.  Evei-y  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
currence of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  may 
be  necessaiy,  (excejit  on  a  question  of  adjournment,) 
shall  be  presented  to  the  president  ot  the  United  States; 
and  before  the  sa-ne  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved 
by  him,  or  being  disapproved  by  him,  'hall  be  repassed 
by  tAvo-thirds  ofthe  sf  nate  and  house  of  representatives, 
according  to  the  rules  and  liuiitations  pi'escribed  m  the 
case  of  a  bill. 

SECTION  S. 
The  congress  shal!  have  powtr— 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxts,  duties,  imposts,  aud  ex- 
cises ;  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  de- 
fence and  general  welfare  ot  the  United  States  ;  but  all 
duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  shall  be  uniform  through- 
out the  United  States: 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States : 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and 
among  the  several  states,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes: 

4.  To  establish  a  unifonn  rule  of  naturalization,  and 
uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout 
the  United  States. 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of 
foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  mea- 
sures :  J 

6.  To  provide  for  the  puiiishment  of  counterfeiting 
the  secunties  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States  : 

7.  To  establish  post  offici  s  and  post  roads  : 

8.  To_promote  the  progress  of  ■>cience  and  useful  arts, 
by  securing,  for  limited  times,  to  authors  and  invenloi-s, 
the  exclusive  right  «(i  their  respective  writings  and  dis- 
coveries ; 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme 
court :  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  com- 
mitted on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of 
nations : 

10.  To  de«lare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal, and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and 
water : 

11.  To  raise  nnd  support  annies;  but  no  appropria. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITKD  STAl'ES. 


tjon  of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than 
two  years: 

12.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  nary  : 

IS.  To  make  rules  for  t'le  government  and  regulation 
of  the  land  and  nava.  forci  s  : 

14.  I'o  provide  foicaliiiif:  forth  the  militia  to  execute 
tlie  aws  of  the  union,  suppress  insureeciions,  and  repel 
invasions  : 

15.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disci- 
plining the  militia,  and  for  governing;.sucli  part  of  them 
as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States, 
reserving  to  thi- states  respectively,  the  a)ipointraent  of 
the  officers,  and  !he  aiithnrity  of  training  the  iniiitia  ac- 
cording to  the  discip.ia.  prescribed  by  congress; 

16.  To  exercise  exe'usive  legislation  in  all  cases  what- 
soever, over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles 
square)  as  may,  by  ce\sion  of  particular  states,  and  the 
acceptance  of  congress,  become  the  seat  ol"  government 
of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercisi'  like  atithoiit)  over 
all  places  purchased,  by  the  consent  of  the  legisl.'tnre  of 
the  state  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of 
forts,  magazines,  ai'senals,  dock-yiirds,  and  other  need- 
ful bui  dings: — and, 

17.  To  make  a  1  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and 
proper  forcarrjing  into  execution  the  foreejoir.g  powers, 
and  all  other  powers  vi sted  by  this  constitution  in  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  dei)artraeuf 
pr  officer  thereof. 

SECTIOK  9. 

1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as 
any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  ad- 
mit, shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  congress  pnor  to  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  huntlred  and  eight,  but  a  tax 
or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  ex- 
ceeding ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  wiit  of  habeas  corpus  shall 
not  be  suspended,  unh'ss  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or 
invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3.  No  bill  01  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  shall  be 
passed. 

4.  No  capitation  or  other  diiect  tax  shall  lie  laid,  un- 
less in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein 
before  directed  to  be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  he  laid  on  articles  expoited 
from  any  state.  No  preference  shal  1  be  given  bj'  any  re- 
gulation of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one 
state  over  ihose  of  another  :  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or 
fhjin  one  state,  br  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties 
in  another. 

6.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in 
oonsequcnce  of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  a  re- 
gular statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  exjien- 
ditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time 
to  time. 

7.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States,  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or 
trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  con- 
gress, accept  of  any  jiresent,  emolument,  office,  or  title 
of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or  fo- 
reign state. 

SECTION  10. 

1.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or 
confederation ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin 
money  ;  emit  bills  of  credit ;  m.ake  any  thing  but  gold 
and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts  ;  pass  any 
bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law.  or  law  impairing  the 
obligation  of  contracts  ;  or  grant  any  title  ot  nobility. 

2.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  congress, 
lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except 
■what  may  he  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its  in- 
spection laws ;  and  theneat  produce  of  all  duties  and  im- 
posts, laid  by  any  state  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be 
}br  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  all 
such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of 
the  congress.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of 
congress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships 
of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  inlo  any  agreement  or 
compact  with  anothi'r  state,  or  v/ith  a  foreign  power,  or 
engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  im- 
minent danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  Il.-SECTION  1. 

1.  The  executive  power  shal  i  be  ^rested  in  a  president 
of  the  United  States  of  Ameiica.  He  shall  hold  his  of- 
fice during  the  term  of  four  }-ears,  and,  together  with 
the  vice  president,  chosen  for' the  same  term,  be  elected 
as  follows: 

2.  Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the 
legis'ature  tliereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors, 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  representa- 
tives to  which  the  state  may  be  entitled  in  the  congress ; 
hut  no  senator  or  representative,  or  person  holding  an 


office  of  trustor  profit  under  the  Urited  States,  sfaali 
be  appointed  an  elector. 

3.  The  eleetore  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states, 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least 
shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  tlie  same  state  with  them' 
selves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons 
voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each ;  which 
list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  Scaled  to  ihe 
seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed 
to  tlie  president  of  the  senate.  The  president  of  the 
senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate,  and  house  of 
representatives,  open  all  tlie  certificates,  and  the  votes 
shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  president,  if  such  number 
be  a  majority  of  the  whole  nuinberof  electors  appointed  ; 
and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  majority, 
and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then  the  house  cf 
representatives  shall  immediately  choose,  by  ballot,  one 
of  them  for  president;  and  if  no  person  have  a  ma- 
jority, then,  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list,  tlie  said 
house  shall,  in  like  manner,  choose  the  president.  But, 
in  choosing  the  president,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by 
states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having  one 
vote ;  a  quorun;  for  tliis  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  mem- 
ber or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  ma- 
jority of  all  tlie  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In 
every  case,  alter  the  choice  of  the  prt  sideiit,  the  pt  I'son 
ba%iiig  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors, 
shall  oe  the  vice  president.  But  if  there  should  re- 
main two  or  more  who  have  eqiiai  votes,  the  senate 
shall  choose  fro.n  them,  by  ballot,  the  vice  president. 

4.  The  congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing- 
the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their 
votts;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States.  .  , 

5.  No  person,  except  a  natural  bom  citizen,  or  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of 
this  constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  presi- 
dent :  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  otfice, 
who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five 
years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resitlent  within  the 
Unit'  d  States. 

6.  In  CLise  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office, 
or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the 
powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  de- 
volve on  the  vice  president,  and  the  congress  may,  by 
law,  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resigna- 
tion, or  inability,  both  of  the  president  and  vice  presi- 
dent, declaiirg  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president, 
and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disabi- 
lity be  removed,  or  a  president  shall  be  eleated. 

7.  The  president  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his 
services  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  in- 
creased nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within 
that  period  any  otheremolument  fiom  the  United  States, 
or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he 
shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation  : 

9.  "  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  tliat  I  will  faitli- 
fully  execute  the  office  of  president  of  the  United  States, 
and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect, 
and  deieud,  the  constitution  of  the  United  SUtes." 

SECTION  2. 
The  president  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  th<; 
y  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia 
oT?he  several  states,  when  called  into  the  actual  service 
of  the  United  States;  he  may  require  the  opinion,  in 
writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  execiilive^ 
depaitnients,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices;  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United 
States,  exct  pt  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  ami 
consent  of  the  senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two- 
thirdsVif  the  senators  present  concur:  and  ht  shall  no- 
minate, and.  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  fif  the 
senate,  shall  api>oint  ambassadors,  other  public  n.inis-       ' 
teis  and  consul-,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all      tj 
other  officers  of  the  United  States,  \viiose  appointments        ■ 
are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall        ' 
be  established  by  law.    But  the  congiess  may,  hy  Jaw. 
vest  the  appointment  of  sucii  inferior  officers  as  they 
think  proper,  in  th^  president  alone,  in  the  courts  Of 
law,  or  ill  the  heads  of  d'  partmcnts.  < 

3.  The  president  shall  have  pi)«  er  to  fill  up  all  vacan-      4 
ciis  that  may  happen  during  the  rtcissof  the  senate,  by 
gran:ing  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of 

tht  ir  next  session. 

SECTION  3. 
T.  ilcsliallj  from  time  to  timc^  give  to  l^p  congre ' 


COXSTiTUTiON  UK   lill-:  UMiKD  b  i'ATES. 


..liuniiation  of  the  state  of  t!ie  Union,  a«(\  recommend 
to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  .i'ldije 
necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  oc- 
casions, convene  both  houses,  or  eilher  oftheni,  and, 
in  case  of  disafijreement  I)etween  them,  with  resp'^-ct  to 
tlie  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  l<>  such 
time  as  he  shafl  ihi'ik  projier;  he  sliall  receive  anibassa- 
dors  and  other  pulilic  ministei-s;  he  shall  take  care  tliat 
the  laws  be  faithfulU  executed;  and  sliali  commission  all 
the  officers  of  the  Ujiitc  J  States. 

SKCTION  4. 

1.  The  pi-csidfnt,  vice  president,  and  all  civil  ofilcers 
of  the  United  States,  sliall  be  removed  from  oHice  on 
impeachment  fur,  and  conviction  of,  ti-eason,  bribery, 
or  other  higrh  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III.-SEC TIOM  1. 

1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
vesied  in  one  supreme  court,  and  in  such  infeiiur  courts 
as  the  coiif^ress  may,  from  tune  to  time,  ordain  and 
establish.  The  judt^es,  botli  of  the  su;)rHme  and  infe- 
rior courts,  sliall  hold  thtir  ofti-jes  during;  eruod  be- 
liaviour;  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  rec»ive  for  tJieir  ser- 
vices a  compensation  \\hieh  shall  not  be  diuiiuislied 
duTiiig  their  continuance  in  office. 
SECT10>f  2. 

1.  'Ihe  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law 
and  equity,  arising  under  tliis  constitution,  the  laws  of 
the  Unitecl  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  sha:!  be 
made,  under  their  authoiity:  to  all  cases  afr--ctiiip;  am- 
bassadors, other  public  ministers  and  consuls;  to  all 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  contro- 
versies to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to 
controversies  between  two  or  more  statis;  between  a 
state  and  citizens  of  another  state  ;  between  citizens  of 
difterent  states;  between  citizens  of  the  same  stale  claim- 
injj  lands  under  grants  of  difftrent  states ;  and  between  a 
state,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens, 
or  subjects, 

2.  In  all  cases  a.Tecting  ambassadors,  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls,  a.;dthose  in  which  a  state  shall  be 
a  party,  thesupremecourt  sha'l  haveoii.^inal  jurisdic- 
tion. In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  su- 
preme court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to 
law  and  fact,  with  such  ^jxceptions,  and  under  such  re- 
gulations, as  the  congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  eases  of  impeach- 
ment, shall  be  by  jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in 
tlie  slate  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  been  com- 
mitted;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  state,  the 
trial  shall  be  at  such  placoor  p'aces  as  the  congress  may 
by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION-  3. 

1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only 
in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  fo  their  ene- 
mies, giving  them  aid  and  comfiu't.  No  person  shall  be 
convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  wit- 
nesses to  the  same  overt  art,  or  on  confession  in  open 
court. 

2.  The  congress  shall  have  pov/ef  to  declare  the  pu- 
nishment of  treason;  but  nu  attainder  of  treason  shall 
work  corrii ption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  dining 
the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV.— SECTIOV  ]. 
1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  state  to 
tiie  public'  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of 
every  other  state.  And  the  congress  may,  by  general 
laws,  pivscribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records, 
And  proceedings,  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  tliereof. 
SECTION  2. 

1.  The  citizens  of  each  slate  shall  be  entitled  to  all 
privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several 
states. 

2.  A  iierion  charged  in  any  state  with  treason,  felon/, 
or  other  crim-,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  he  found 
in  another  state,  shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive  au- 
thority of  the  slate  from  which  he  tied,  be  delivered  up,to 
be  removed  to  the  state  having  juvisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labour  in  one  state  un- 
der the  laws  thereof,  escaping-  into  another,  shall,  in 
consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  thereiti,  be-  dis- 
charged from  such  service  or  labour  ;  but  shall  be  deli- 
xered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or 
labour  mav  be  due. 

SECTION  3. 
1.  New  states  maybe  admitted  by  the  congress  into 
this  union  ;  but  no  new  state  shall  be  formed  or  erected 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state,  nor  any  state 
be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  states,  or 
parts  of  states,  xvithout  the  consent  of  the  legislatures 
of  thf-  stai'es  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  coiigre's. 


2.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  dispMe  6f^!)n,l 
make  all  needful  rules  and  regu'ations  respectliig  the 
U;rritory  or  ether  property  belonging  to  the  Unitid 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  constitulion  shall  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  thi-  United  Stales, 
or  of  any  particular  state. 

SECTION  4. 

1.  The  Uuiifd  States  shall  guaranty  to  e\-ej-j- stale  iu 
this  union,  a  republican  form  of  government,  arul  sliall 
protect  each  of  thim  against  invasion;  and,  on  appli- 
cat'oii  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive,  (when  the 
legislature  cannot  be  convent^d.)  against  domestic  vio- 
lence, 

ARTICLE  v. 

1.  The  congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses 
shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to 
this  constitution  ;  or.  on  the  application  of  tlie  legisla- 
tures of  two-tliirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  cou- 
vcntidii  for  proposing  amendments,  which,  iti  eitlier 
case,  shall  he  valid  to  all  intr-nts  and  pui-poses,  as  pait 
of  this  constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of 
thre.'-fonit'is  of  the  several  states,  or  by  conventions  in 
three-fouiths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ra- 
tiliciiiion  may  he  jiroposed  by  the  congi^ess;  provided, 
that  no  amendment  whicll'  may  be  made  prior  to  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hiu^dred  and  eight,  shall  in  any 
manner  affict  the  tirsi  atid  fjuilh  clauses  in  the  ninth 
section  of  the  first  article :  Riid  that  no  state,  without  its 
consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  sufTrage  in  the 
senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

1,"  All  debts  contracted  and  eji.gageraents  entered  info, 
before  tlie  adoption  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  .as  valid 
against  the  United  States  under  this  constitution,  as  un- 
der the  confederation. 

2.  This  constitution,  and  lh?laws  of  the  United  States 
which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  trea- 
ties made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land ;  and  the  judges  in  every  state  shall  be  bound 
thereby;  any  thing  in  tiie  constitution  or  laws  of  any 
state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned, 
and  the  members  of  the  several  state  legislatures,  and 
all  executive  and  judicial  ofiicei-s,  both  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  bound  by  oath 
or  affirmation  to  support  this  constitution  :  but  no  reli- 
gious test  shall  ever  he  required  as  a  qualification  to  any 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  Vir, 
1.  The  ratification  of  ilie  conventions  of  nine  states 
shall  he  suflicient  f.ir  the  establishment  of  this  constitu- 
tion between  the  states  so  ratifying  the  same. 
Done  in  convention,  by  Ihe  unanimous  consent  of  the 
states  present,  the'  seveiueenth  day  of  September, 
ill  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thosisaud  seven  hundred 
and  eighty-seven,  and  cf  the  Independence  of  the 
United  Slates  of  Auierica,  the  twelfth.    In  witness 
w  hereof,  We  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 
GEORGE   WASHINGION, 
President  mid  deputy  from  Virginia. 

DF.LAWAHE. 
George  Read, 
Gunning  Hedford,jun. 
John  Dickinson, 
Richard  Bassett, 
.lacob  Broom. 

.Tames  M' Henry, 

Danii'l  of  St.  Iho.  Jenifer, 

Daniel  Carroll. 

riURIMA. 
■Tuhn  Riair. 
J.imes  Madison,  jun, 

NOHTII  CAIlOHNii. 
William  Blount, 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaiglit, 
Hugh  Williamson, 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
.lohn  Rutledge, 
Chas.  Cotesworth  Pinckney, 
Charles  Pinckney, 
I'ierce  Butler. 

GKOBGIA. 
William  Few, 
Abraham  Baldwin. 
.1.1  AM  JACKSON,  Secretunj. 


NEW  KAMPSiURK, 
.Tohn  Langdon, 
Nichidas  tjilman. 

■MASS\CHtJSK.TTS, 
Nathaniel  Ciorham, 
K.ufus  King. 

COVXF.CTICUT. 
William  Samuel  Johnson, 
K.oger  Shcripan. 

^'HW  yoiiK. 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

PTKW    .IKllSEV. 

William  Livingston, 
David  Brearly, 
William  Pattei-son, 
Jonathan  Dayton. 

rfi.VXSVT.VANfA. 
Benjamin  Franklin, 
Thomas  MilBin, 
Robert  Morris, 
George  Clymcr, 
Thomas  Fitzsimons, 
Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson, 
Governeur  Monis. 
Jrd:::'.  ■\VII 


ooxsrni.  ,v. ,  ^/r  MASSAOii-u^swrrs. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


Ar>.  1.  Congress  stiall  make  no  !a-.v  respecting  an 
establishment  of  religfion,  or  proliibitinp;  the  free  exer- 
cise thereof;  or  abriilo-ing  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
liie  press ;  or  the  ri^ht  of  the  people  peaceably  to  as- 
semble, and  to  petition  the  g;overnnKiit  for  a  redress  of 
grievances. 

Art.  3.  A  well  rcRii'atcd  miiitia  beitia:  necessary  to 
tlie  seeiirity  o(  a  free  state,  the  ri-^ht  of  the  people  to 
keep  and  bear  arms  sha!  I  not  be  infrinced. 

Art.  3.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  qnar- 
tered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner; 
nor  in  time  of  war,  bist  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 
]a>v. 

Art.  4.  The  right  of  the  peop'e  to  be  sccr.re  in  their 
persons,  linages,  papers,  and  effect,-,  aj^-ainst  unreason, 
able  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated  ;  and  no 
warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  caiise.  sup])orted 
by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  desefibi'ij^  the 
place  to  be  searched,  aixd  the  persons  or  tilings  to  be 
seized. 

Art.  5.  Xo  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital 
«v  otherwise  infamnis  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment 
or  indictment  of  a  Errand  jc.rj-.  <xeept  in  cases  avisin,^ 
ill  the  land  or  naval  iorces,  or  ili  the  mi'itia,  when  in  ae- 
tu.".l  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  dimfjer  ;  nor  shall 
any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offtiice  to  be  twice 
put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  sliall  be  compelled, 
in  any  criminal  case,  to  be  a  witness  a2;ainst  himstif, 
nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  properf)-.  without 
due  process  of  law  ;  nor  shall  private  proneily  be  taken 
f.jr  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

Art.  6.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  aecused  shall 
enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  im- 
partial jury  of  the  state  and  district  wherein  the  crime 
shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  bylaw,  and  to  be  informed 
of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  :  to  be  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  com- 
pulsorj-  process  for  obtainin,^  witnesses  in  his  favour; 
and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  fir  his  defence. 

Art.  7.  In  suits  at  common  law,  wliere  the  value  in 
controversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollar^  the  viftht  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  ;  and  no  fact  tried  by  a 
jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  inatiy  coiu't  of  the 
United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  tlie  com- 
mon law. 

Art.  8.  Excessl-vT?  bail  shall  not  be  rec|uired,  nor  ex- 
cessive fines  imposed,  ncr  cruel  and  unusual  punish- 
ments inflicted. 

Art.  9.  The  enumeration  in  the  constitution  of  cer- 
tain rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people. 

Art.  10.   The  powers  not  delegated  to]  the  United 


States  by  the  constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  tTip 
statis,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  ovlothe 
people. 

A'rt.  1 1.  The  judicial  irower  of  the  United  States  sliall 
not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any  stiitin  law  or  equity, 
commeiretd  or  prosi  ciited  agninst  one  o{  the  United 
Sotesby  citizns  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  snb- 
JLX-ts  of  anv  fbrei;::n  state. 

Art  13.  §  1.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respec- 
tive states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  president  and  vice 
jnesident,  <ine  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inha- 
bitant of  the  same  state  with  themselvpt ;  they  shall 
name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  president, 
;nnd  in  djitinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  vice  pri'si- 
dent;  aifd  thfy  sh:iH  nial^e distinct  lists  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  president,  and  of  ail  persons  voted  for  as 
vice  president,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each, 
which  lists  they  shall  sig;n  ami  certify,  and  transmit 
sealed  to  the  r.eat  of  the  c:<>vernme)'.t  of  the  Unitec". 
S'ates,  directed  to  the  president  of  the  senate;  the  pre- 
sid'-nt  f)f  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate 
aiid  h;iuse  of  representatives,  open  all  tlie  certificates, 
and  the  votes  shnl!  then  be  countiti;  the  person  having 
the  grratest  number  of  votes  for  president,  shall  be  the 
P'.esidenr,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  Mhole 
jinnihi-r  of  electors  appointed:  ami  if  no  person  have 
sucli  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those  voted 
ibr  as  president,  the  house  of  representatives  sliall  choose 
immediately,  by  ballot,  the  president.  But,  in  choosing 
the  pvesi;!enr.  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  rc- 
])resenialiou  from  eacli  state  having  one  vote;  a  quo- 
rum for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  mem- 
bers from  f.vo-thi!v!3  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all 
tlie  states  siiall  he  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  \l  the 
house  of  representatiies  shall  not  choose  a  presi'dent 
whenever  tiie  rii-ht  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the 
^•iee  president  shall  act  as  prcsiijent,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  president. 

2.  The  iierson  having  the  greatest  number  of  voles  as 
vice  president,  shall  be  the  vice  president,  if  such  num- 
ber l>e  a  majority  of  the  whole  n+iraber  of  elec<ors  ap- 
poiriti  d  ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majoiity,  then  from 
tlie  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list,  the  senate  sliaU 
choose  the  vice  president:  a  quorum  for  the  pui-pose 
shall  eovsist  of  two-tliirds  of  the  whole  number  of  se- 
nators, and  a  majoiity  of  the  whole  number  shall  he  ne- 
cessary to  a  choice. 

3.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the 
ofHce  of  president,  shall  he  eligible  to  that  of  vice  pre? 
sidcnt  of  tlic  United  btates. 


CONSTITUTIOjST  of  MASSACHUSETTS, 


vi  constitution,  or  frani?  of  i^ovfiriimcnt,  a^  reed 
upon  by  tJic  delegates  of  tlie  people  of  'Jlas- 
sachiisells  liav^  in  convention,  begtui  and 
held  at  Cambridge,  on  the  first  of  September, 
1779,  and  continued,  by  adjournment,  to  the 
second  of  JMarc/i,  1 780. 

PREAMBLE. 

THE  eiKl  of  the  iiislitiitlon,  maintenance,  and  admi- 
nistration of  government,  is  to  secure  the  existent-e  of 
the  body  politic,  to  ];rotect  it,  and  to  furnish  the  indivi- 
duals who  compose  it,  with  the  power  of  rnjoyiiig,  in 
safetj'  and  tranquillity,  their  natural  rights  and  the 
blessings  of  life  :  and  whenever  these  great  objects  are 
not  obtained,  the  people  have  a  right  to  alter  the  govern- 
ment, and  to  take  measures  necessary  for  their  safety, 
prosperity,  and  happiness. 

The  body  politic  is  fornied  bv  a  vcluntary  afsneialion 


of  individuals.  It  is  a  social  compact,  by  whith  tliC 
whole  people  covenants  witli  each  citizen,andeaeh  citi- 
zen with  fhe  whole  people,  that  all  shall  i»e  governed 
by  Certain  laws  for  the  common  good.  11  is  the  duty  of 
the  people  ibeivfore,  i:i  framing  a  constitution  of  go- 
vernment, to  provide  for  an  e<|uilal)!e  mode  of  making 
lav.s.  as  well  as  for  an  impartial  interpretation  and  a 
faithful  txecution  of  them  ;  that  every  man  may,  at  all 
times,  find  his  security  in  ihejn. 

We,  therefrtre,  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  acknow- 
ledging, with  grateful  hearts,  the  goodness  of  the  Great 
Legislator  of  the  universe,  in  affording  us.  in  the  course 
of  his  providence,  an  opportunity,  deliberately  and 
pcacfiably,  without  fraud,  violence,  or  surprise,  of  en- 
tering into  an  original,  expiicit,  and  solemn  compact 
M  itii  each  other ;  ami  of  forming  a  new  constitution  of 
civil  government,  for  otii-selvcs  and  posterity;  and_  de- 
voutly imploring  his  direction  in  so  interesting  a  design, 
do  agree  upon,  ordain,  and  establish,  the  following  de- 
claration of  rights  and  frame  of  government,  as  the  con- 
stitution of  thi-  commoinveahh  of  ATassnchusetts. 


CONSllTLTlOX  OF  MASSACHLbtll  1 


TAUT  1. 


w  lion  tlieir  protection,  salvi'.y,  piwpv i ay, and  liavpir.i  - , 
renuiwit.  . 

8.   In  t.iilerto  jiievetit  tliose  vlio  are  vested  «ith  av- 


•il  Deciaralion  of  IlisrhtS  of  the  inhabiU.n'.S  of  thoiiiy  iVom  becoicinK  oppitssois,  ihe  iieoi)le  have  a 

thfi  Commonio^nhk  of  \Tas^achusetis  "i-'^''  ^t  stich  jieriods  aim  lu  «iich  manner  a>  they shail 

lilt.  LOmmomoeaUll  OJ  ^uassacnusuis.  t«,Wiili  by  the  ft-amc  of   Rovemment,  to  cause  tlitu" 

All  mci>  are  born  free  and  equal ,  and  have  P'- h  ic  officers  to  return  to  private  life :  a''^  to  Wi  ui> 

tura;,    essential,    and   unalienahle  ri-h.s  :  vaca-.it  places  by  certam  m.d  regular  elteUons  ai:d  ai- 


Article  1. 
ferlain,    iiatur    ,  ,  , 

-itaiong  which  maybe  reckoned  the  rislit  of  eiijoyiiiij    pointnienls.  ,..!.<•      .  „„  i  .11  ,i„.  :.  i«v.- 

^  ■  .'';o„  >: ,    '  ,•   .        ,  ,•■  ^.:  .  .'^v..  .£•  A.:..:.?        9.  AM  elections  ought  to  be  f.-ce;  and  all  the  iiiliah;- 

taiits  of  this  coninion\\caUh,  having  such  <jualificati;n,s 
as  tlicy  shall  tstabliOi  by  their  frame  of  governmen!. 


and  defending  then-  lives  and  lilnrties  ;  that  of  acqiiir- 
int;,  posiessiiif,  and  protecting  pro])evty :  in  fine,  that 
of  seekitig  and  obtaining  theij'  safety  afid  happiness. 

2.  It  is  the  right,  as  well  as  the  duty,  of  ail  men  in  so- 
ciety, \)ublicly  and  at  stated  seasons,  to  worship  the  Su- 
j)reme  Being,  the  Great  Cieator  and  Preserver  of  the 
universe.    And  no  subject  shall  be  hurt,  nioiested,  or 


have  an  equal  right  to  electoiHcers,  and  to  be  elected  fer 
public  employments. 

10.  Each  individual  of  the  society  has  a  right  to  be 
pnnecU'd  by  it,  in  the  er.ioyuienl  of  his  life,  liberty. 


.restrained,  in  liis  person,  liberty,  or  estate,  for  wor-  and  properly,  acconlin<r  to  the  standing  l.t\\s.  He  is 
shipping  God  in  the  manner  ami  seasons  most  agreeable  obliged,  consequei.tiy,  to  contriluite  Ins  suaie  to  .lie  t\- 
lo  Sie  dictates  of  his  own  conscience ;  or  for  hisieligious     peiiseof  this  protection;  to  give  his  i.e-isonal  service,  or 


i.rofession  or  sentiments  ;  provided  he  doth  not  disuirb  an  equivnicnt,  rtheii  necessary.  I.ut  no  p.ut  ot  tne 
the  public  pence,  or  obsuuct  others  in  their  religious  prr.perty  of  any  individual  car.  witli  justrce,  btf  isken 
worship  IVom  him,  or  ajiplied  to  the  public  use,  Mithout  his  own 


to  promote  their  happiness,  and  to  secure  the  good  or-  to  puhnc  uses,  he  shall  receive  a  ivasonab.e  con.pt  iisa- 
der  and  preservation  oftheir  government,  the  people  of  tioii  then  for.  ,..  ^  j 
this  eommonwe«!th  have  a  right  to  invest  their  legisla-  H.  Every  sub.iect  of  the  commonwi  a.lh  ought  to  lind 
ture  with  power  to  authorise  and  reqiiii  e,  and  the  legiv  a  certain  remedy,  by  having  recourse  to  tlie  L^w  s,  lor  all 
iaturc  shall,  from  time  to  time,  authorise  and  re<iuire  the  injuiit^  or  vv  rungs  « Inch  he  may  receive,  in  Ins  peisop, 
several  towns,  parishe^s,  precincts.and  other  bodies  po!i-  propertv,  or  character.  He  "Ught  to  obtain  ngbl  ana 
tic,  or  religious  societies,  to  make  suitable  piovision,  at  justice  heely,  ai'd  without  benig  obliged  to  purcl!a:,K  it 
their  own  expense,  for  the  institution  of  the  public  wor-  —completely,  and  without  any  denial— promptiy,  and 
ship  of  God,  and  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  without  delay— conformably  to  tJie  laws. 
public  protestant  teachers  of  piety,  re!igio!i,and  morali-  12.  No  person  shall  he  held  to  answer  for  any  crime  oi- 
ty,  in  all  cases,  whei-e  such  provision  sjiall  not  be  made  offence,  until  the  same  is  fully  and  p  cin.y,  substantiahy 
voluntarily.  and  formally,  desciibed  to  him  ;  or  be  compehed  toac- 
AII  the  peopleof  the  commonwertlth  havcalso  a  right  cuse  or  fuHiish  eviih  nee  against  himself.  And  every 
to,  and  do,  invest  their  legislature  n  iih  authority  to  en-  J>erson  siiall  liave  a  right  to  produce  a..  prooJs  tnat  uy.y 
join  upon  all  the  subjects  an  attenilnnce  upon  the  in-  i!*--  favourable  to  him;  to  meet  the-  witnesses  agauiit 
structions  of  the  puhllc  teachers,  as  aforesaid,  at  stated  him,  face  to  face,  ar.d  be  iuliy  heard  ni  his  di  teiice,  by 
times  and  seasons,  if  there  be  anv  one  w  hose  instructions  himself,  oi-  his  counsel,  at  ins  election.    And  no  person 


Light  of  electing  their  public  teachers,  and  of  eoiitrnct-    or  the  law  of  the  land.  .        ,    „ 

ing  with  them  for  their  supuoit  and  n:aintenance.  And  the  legislature  shall  not  make  any  law  that  sliaj 

All  moneys  paid  hv  the  subject  to  the  support  of  pub-  subject  any  person  to  a  capita!  or  lutamous  punishment 
lie  worship,'  and  of  the  pubic  teachei-s  aforesaid,  shall,  (e^ceptiIlg  i-r  the  government  ot  the  army  and  nav^} 
if  he  require  it,  be  uniformly  applied  to  the  support  of    wi'hctit  trial  by  jury.  -c      • 

ihe  public  teacher  or  traehers  of  his  own  religious  s(-ct  13.  In  ciiniiiial  jirosecutions  the  venficition  of  facts, 
or  denomination,  providid  there  be  anv,  on  whose  in-  in  Die  viciiiily  v  hei-e  tliej  hajipen,  is  one  of  the  greatest 
structions  he  attends,  otlierw  ise  it  may  be  paid  towards  SLCurilies  ef  the  life,  liberty,  and  property  ot  the  citizea. 
the  si-pport  of  the  teaclier  or  teachers  ot  tlie  parish  or  1 1.  Every  person  lias  a  right  to  be  secure  from  all  un- 
pieciiict  in  wh'cli  the  said  moneys  are  raised.  i-e.tsoni'ble  searches  and  seizures  of  his  pei-son,  his  houses. 

And  every  denomination  of  "Christians,  dtmeairing  his  papers,  and  all  his  possessions.  All  warrants,  there- 
themselves  peaceably,  and  as  good  subjects  of  the  com-  fore,  are  contrary  to  this  right,  if  the  cause  or  (bundaiion 
monwealth,  shall  be  equally  under  the  protection  of  the  of  them  be  not  previously  supjiorted  by  oath  or  afTii-iua- 
law  ;  andnosuboi-dina'ionofany  sect  or  denomination  tion;  and  if  the  order,  in  a  warrant  to  a  civil  officer,  to 
to  another  shall  ewr  be  established  by  law.  make  search  in  all  suspectttl  places,  or  to  arrest  one  or 

4.  The  people  of  this  commonwealth  have  the  sole  more  suspected  persons,  or  to  seize  their  property,  be 
and  e\c!usive  right  of  governing  themselv-es,  as  a  free,  not  accompanied  with  a  special  designation  of  the  per- 
sovereign,  and  independent  state:  and  do,  and  for  ever  sons  or  objects  of  search,  arrest,  or  seizure.  And  no 
hereafter  shall,  exercise  and  enjoy  every  power,  juris-  warrant  ought  to  be  issued  but  in  such  cases,  and  with 
diction,  and  right,  which  is  not.or  niavTiot  hei-enfier  be,    the  formalities  prescribed  by  the  laws. 

bv  them  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States  of  IS.  In  all  controversies  concerning  property,  and  in 
America  in  congtess  assembletk  all  suits  betweiii  two  or  more  jiei-sons,  (except  in  cases  in 

5.  All  pow er  residing  originally  in  the  people,  and  which  it  has  heretofore  been  otherwise  used  and  prac- 
being  derived  from  tliem,  the  several  inagiilrates  and  tised)the  parties  have  a  right  to  a  trial  by  a  jury;  and 
officers  of  government  vested  with  authority,  whether  this  method  of  procedure  shall  be  held  sacred;— unless, 
legislative,  executive,  or  judicial,  are  their  substitutes  in  cases  arising  on  the  high  seas,  and  such  as  relate  to 
and  agents,  and  are  at  all  times  accountable  to  them.         mariners'  wages,  the  legislatureshall  hereafter fiud-it ne- 

6.  No  man,or  cprpoi-ation,orassoeiat':onof  inen,have    cessan- to  alter  it. 

any  other  UJle  to  obtain  advantages,  or  jtarticular  and  16.  The  liberty  of  the  press  is  essential  to  security  of 
exclusive  privileges,  distinct  from  tliose  of  t!ie  commu-  ft-cedom  in  a  slate ;  it  ought  not  therefore,  to  be  le- 
nity, than  what  arises  I'roiii  the  consideration  of  services    strained  in  this  conimonweaUh. 

i-emlered  to  the  public.  And  ihis  title,  being,  in  nature,  1 7.  The  people  have  a  right  to  keep  and  to  bear  arms 
neither  herc-ditary  nor  transmissible  to  children,  or  de-  for  the  common  defence.  And  as,  in  time  ef  peace,  ai-- 
sccndants,  or  relations  of  blood,  the  idea  of  a  man  boi-n  mies.iredangerous  to  liberty,  they  ought  not  to  be  inaiii- 
H  magisu-ate,  lawgiver,  or  judge,  is  absurd  and  unn?.-  t;iin<d,  without  the  consent  of  the  lepslature:  ami  the 
tural.  military  power  shall  alwa)  s  be  held  m  exact  siihordina- 

7.  Government  is  instituted  for  the  common  good;     tion  to  the  civil  authority,'and  be  governed  by  it. 

for  the  protection,  safety,  prosperity,  and  happiness  of  13.  A  frequent  recurrence  to  tlie  fundamental  princi- 
the  people:  and  not  for  the  profit,  honour,  or  private  pits  of  the  constitution,  ixi'A  a  constant  adherence  to 
intere-st  of  any  oKe  man,  family,  or  any  ore  class  of  men.  those  of  piet)',  justice,  moderation,  temperance,  indus- 
T'herefore,  tlie  people  alone  liave  an  'incoun-stible,  un-  tiT,  and  frugality,  are  absolutely  iiecessju-y  to  preserre 
alienable,  and  indefeasible  right  to  institute  govei-n-  the  advantages  of  liberty,  and  to  maintain  a  free  j^o- 
iU^.-nt,  and  10  rffurm.  !>!ter,  or  totsllv  change  the  sin:.-,    vernnient.    Tin- peoj):e  ought,  conseq'jeutly,  (o  bi^c- * 


COXSTITUTiOxN  OF  .MASSACHUSETTS. 


pai'liculav  attention  to  all  those  principles,  in  the  choice 
of  their  officers  and  representatives  ;  and  ilieyhave  a 
rji^ht  to  require  of  their  lawgivers  and  magistrates,  an 
exact  and  constant  observance  of  (hem,  in  the  formation 
and  execution  of  ail  laws  necessarj  for  the  good  admi- 
nistration of  the  coinmonwealtli. 

V).  riie  people  have  a  right,  in  an  orderly  and  peace- 
able manner,  to  assemble  to  consult  upon  tlie  common 
good;  ^ve  instructions  to  their  representatives;  and  to 
request  of  the  legislative  body,  by  the  way  of  addresses, 
liPlitions,  or  remonstrances,  redress  of  the  wrongs  done 
them,  and  of  the  grievances  they  suSlr. 

20.  The  power  of  suspending  the  laws,  or  the  exe- 
cution of  tiie  laws,  ongtit  never  to  be  exercised  but  by 
the  legislature;  or  by  authority  derived  from  it,  to  be 
exercised  in  such  paiticiilar  cases  only  as  the  legislature 
shall  expressly  provide  for. 

21.  The  freedom  of  deliberation^  speech,  and  debate, 
in  either  house  of  the  legislature,  is  so  essential  to  the 
rights  of  the  people,  that  it  cannot  be  the  foiimiation  of 
any  accusation  or  prosecution,  action  or  complaint,  in 
any  other  court  or  place  whatsoever. 

22.  The  legislature  otight  frequently  to  assemble,  fur 
the  redress  of  grievances,  for  correcting,  strengthening-, 
and  confirming  the  laws,  and  for  making  new  laws,  as 
the  common  good  may  require. 

23.  No  subsidy, charge,  tax,  impost,  or  duties,  ought 
to  be  established,  fixed,  laid,  or  levied,  under  any  pre- 
text whatever,  without  the  consent  of  the  people,  or 
their  representatives  in  the  legislature. 

24.  Laws  made  to  punish  for  actions  done  before  the 
existence  of  such  laws,  and  which  have  not  been  de- 
clared crimes  by  preceding  laws,  are  unjust,  oppressi\ e, 
and  inconsistent  with  the  fundamental  principles  of  a 
fi-ee  government. 

25.  No  person  ought,  in  any  case,  or  in  any  time,  to  be 
declared  guilty  of  treason  or  felony  by  the  legislature. 

25.  No  magistrate,  or  court  of  law,  shall  demand  ex- 
cessive bail  or  sureties,  impose  excessive  fines,  or  inilict 
cruel  or  unusual  punishments. 

27.  In  time  of  peace,  no  soldier  ought  to  be  quartered 
in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner;  and  in 
time  of  war,  such  quarters  ought  not  to  be  made,  but  by 
the  civil  magistrate,  in  manner  ordaLued  by  the  legisla- 
ture. 

23.  No  pei-son  can,  in  any  case,  be  subjected  to  law 
martial,  or  to  any  penalties  or  pains  by  virtue  of  that 
law  (except  those  employed  in  the  army  or  navy,  and 
except  the  militia  in  actual  service,)  but  by  the  authority 
of  the  legislature. 

29.  It  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  of 
every  individual,  his  life,  liberty,  property,  and  charac- 
ter, that  there  be  an  impartial  interin-etation  of  the  laws, 
and  administration  of  justice.  It  is  the  right  of  every 
citizen  to  be  tried  by  judges  as  free,  impartial, and  inde- 
pendent, as  the  lot  of  humanity  will  admit.  It  is,  there- 
fore, not  only  the  best  policy,  but  for  the  security  of  the 
rightsof  the  people,  and  of  ever)- citizen,  that  the  judges 
di'  the  supreme  judicial  courts  should  hold  their  offices 
as  long  as  they  behave  themselves  well;  and  that  they 
should  have  honourable  salaries,  ascertained  and  esta- 
blislicd  by  standing  laws. 

30.  In  the  government  of  this  commonwealth,  the  le- 
gislative department  shall  never  exercise  the  CKecutive 
and  judicial  powei-s,  or  either  of  them  :  the  executive 
shall  never  exercise  the  legislative  and  judicial  powers, 
or  either  of  them  :  the  judicial  shall  never  exercise  the 
legislative  and  executive  powers,  or  either  of  them :  to 
the  end  that  it  may  be  a  government  of  laws,  and  not  of 
men. 

PART  2. 

FRAME  OF  GOTERNMEXT. 
The  people  inhabiting  the  territory  formerly  called 
the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  do  hereby  solemnly 
and  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to  form  themselves 
into  a  free,  sovereign,  and  independent  body  politic,  or 
state,  by  the  name  o{—The  Comntonneallh  of'  Massachu- 
setts. 

CHAP.  1. — SECTIOX  1, 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  POWER. 

The  Genernl  Courl. 

Article  3.  The  department  of  legislation  shall  be 
formed  by  two  branches,  a  senate  and  house  of  re))re- 
sentatives :  each  of  which  shall  have  a  negative  on  the 
other. 

The  legislative  body  shall  assemble  every  yea)',  on  the 


last  Wednesday  of  May,  and  at  such  other  times  as  they 
shall  judge  necessaiy  ;  and  shall  dissolve  and  be  dis- 
solved on  the  day  next  preceding  the  said  last  Wednes- 
day in  May;  and  shall  be  styled.  The  Ceiieral  Court  of 
Massachiiselts. 

2.  No  bill  or  resolve  of  the  senate  or  house  of  repie- 
sentaiives  shall  become  a  law,  and  have  fo.'ce  as  such, 
until  it  shall  have  been  laid  before  the  governor  for  his 
revisal  ;  and  if  he,  upon  such  revision,  approve  thereof, 
he  sliall  signify  his  approbation  by  signing  the  same. 
But,  if  he  liave  any  objection  to  the  passing  of  such  bill 
or  resolve,  he  sl^^ll  retuVn  the  same,  together  with  liis  ob- 
jections tliereto,  in  writing,  to  the  senate  or  house  of 
representatives,  in  whichsot\  er  the  same  shall  have  ori- 
ginated ;  who  shall  enter  the  objections  sent  dow n  by 
the  governor,  at  large  on  their  records,  and  pi-oePtfd,to 
reconsider  the  said  bill  or  resolve  :  but  i^  after  such  re- 
consideration, two-thirds  of  the  said  senate  or  house  of 
reprcseiitatives,  shall,  notwithstanding  the  said  objec- 
tions, agree  to  pass  the  same,  it  shall,  together  with  the 
objections,  be  sent  lo  theother  branch  of  the  legislature, 
where  it  shall  also  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by 
two-third  of  the  members  present,  it  shall  hai  e  the  force 
of  a  law :  but  in  all  such  cast  s  the  votes  of  both  houses 
shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays ;  and  the  names 
of  the  persons  voting  for  or  against  the  said  bill  or  re- 
solve, shall  be  entered  upon  the  publick  records  of  the 
commonwealth. 

And,  in  order  to  prevent  unnecessarj^  delays,  if  any 
bill  or  resolve  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  governor 
within  fire  days  after  it  shall  have  been  presented,  the 
same  shall  have  the  force  of  a  law. 

3.  The  general  court  shall  for  ever  have  full  power 
and  authority  to  erect  and  constitute  judicatories,  and 
courts  of  record,  or  other  courts,  to  be  held  in  the  name 
of  the  commonwealth,  for  the  hearing,  trjing,  and  de- 
termining of  all  manner  of  crimes,  offences,  pleas,  pi-o- 
cesses,  plaints,  actions,  matters,  causes,  and  things, 
whatsoever,  arising  or  happening  within  the  coninioiL- 
wealth,  or  between  or  concerning  persons  inhabiting  or 
residing,  or  brought  within  the  same :  whether  the  same 
be  criminal  or  ci^il ;  or  whether  the  said  crimes  be  ca- 
pital or  not  capital,  and  whether  the  said  pleas  be  real, 
personal,  or  mixed;  and  for  the  aw  aiding  and  making 
out  of  execution  thereupon:  to  v.hich  courts  and  ju- 
dicatories, are  hereby  given  and  granted  full  power  and 
authority,  from  time  to  time,  to  administer  oaths  or  af- 
finnations,  for  the  better  discovery  of  truth  in  any  mat- 
ter in  controvei-sy  or  depending  before  them. 

4.  And  further,  full  power  and  authority  are  hereby 
given  and  granted  to  the  said  general  court,  from  time 
to  time,  to  make,  ordain,  and  establish,  all  manner  of 
wholesome  and  reasonable  orders,  laws,  statutes,  and  or- 
dinances, directions,  and  instructions,  either  with  penal- 
ties or  without,  (so  as  the  same  be  not  repugnant  or  con- 
trary to  this  constitution,)  as  they  shall  judge  to  be  for 
the  good  and  welfare  of  this  commonwealth,  and  for  the 
government  and  ordering  thereof,  and  of  the  citizens  of 
the  same,  and  for  the  necessary  support  and  defence  of 
tlie  government  thereof :  and  to  name  and  settle  annu- 
al!}-, or  provide  by  fixed  laws  for  the  naming  andsettling 
all  civil  officers,  within  the  said  commonwealth,  the  elee*- 
tion  and  constitution  of  wliom  are  not  hereafter,  in  this 
form  of  government,  otherwise  provided  ibr :  and  to  set 
forth  the  several  duties,  powers,  and  limits  of  the  several 
civil  and  militai-j- officers  of  this  commonwealth,  and 
the  forms  of  such  oaths  or  affirmations  shall  be  respec- 
tively administered  unto  them  for  the  execution  of  their 
several  offices  and  places,  so  as  the  same  be  not  repug- 
nant or  contrary  to  this  constitution  ;  and  to  impose  and 
levy  proportional  and  ivasonable  assessments,  rates,  and 
taxes,  upon  all  the  inhabitants  of,  and  pei-sons  resident, 
and  estates  lying  within  the  said  commonwealth  ;  and 
also  to  impose  and  levy  reasonable  duties  and  excises 
upon  any  produce,  goods,  wares,  merchandises,  and 
commodities  whatsoever,  broiightinto,  produced,  manu- 
factui-ed,  or  being  within  the  same  ;  to  be  issued  and 
disposed  of  by  warrant  under  the  hand  of  the  governor 
of  this  commonwealth  for  the  time  being,  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  council,  for  the  public  service,  in 
the  necessarj'  defence  and  support  of  the  government  of 
the  said  commonwealth,  and  the  protection  and  preser- 
vation of  the  citizens  thereof,  according  to  such  acts  as 
are,  or  shall  be  in  force  within  the  sarfte. 

And  v.hile  the  public  charges  of  government,  or  any 
part  thereof,  shall  be  assessed  on  polls  and  estates  in  the 
manner  that  has  liitherto  been  practised ;  in  order  that 
such  assessments  maybe  made  with  equality,  there  shall 
be  a  valuation  of  estates  within  the  commonwealth  ta- 
ken anew  once  in  every  ten  years,  at  the  least,  and  n« 
r.iuch  oftener  as  the  general  court  ihallovdi-r. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  AIASSACILUSET  IS. 


where  tlioy  shall  he  assessed,  ami  bo  iiolified  of  ihe  place 
of  mfetini?,  by  the selcctmtu  of  iho  town,  where  they 
shall  be  asse 'ssul,  for  that  puipi>se,  acccniinijly. 
3,  And  that  tht  re  may  bea  due  conxeutK.n  of  stnators 


...  -        ,,  ,.         ■     „.„,;,_„   summons  to  SUCH  pi .»    ,        ,  , 

Dito  which  the  commoiiwealth  niaj  liom  lime  to  timt    ^^^^  majoruy  of  votes  to  attend  on  that  day  aud 


be  divided  by  the  general  court  for  that  purpose.    And  ^y^^^  ^^J  ^^  aecoidinely  :  providttl,  nevertheless,  that,  ibi 

the  general  court,  in  assigning  tlie  ntimbei-s  to  be  e.eet-  ^j^^,  Jj..^^    ^^^,  ^'^^g^.^]^  n  turned  cupies  shall  be  exaininfl 

ed  by  the  representative  districts,  shall  govern  tliem-  .     ^^'^^  ,„v>iident  and  five  of  tht-  eouucil  of  the  former 

selvfs  by  the  proportion  of  the  public  taxes  paid  by  the  g,';„s,„ '  ;„„  ,iigo>crnment:  and  the  said  pres"'dentsha!i, 

saiddistricts;andtinielyiri!»keknov.'ntothemhalntaiils  jjj  ijjjg  „ia„uer    isr, 

of  the  commonwealth,  the  lijiiits  of  each  district.and  the  ^.[^.pj^.j  dj^f  ,|j(.'y  ^.^y  ^ 
number  of  counsellors  and  senators  to  be  chosen  there-  Thi' st<intesh-ill  hi 


ccmstuutionoigovt- 

•  ills  summons  to  the  persons  so 

_  '  take  their  seals  as  afbr*  said. 

:- -  -.-  -r-      .,  ,        r        i.   .•  ,  v.c  =1  all  im       -  The  senateshallV  the  final  judge  of  t!ie  elections 

in:  provided  that  the  number  of  such  districts  shall  I'e   j.^.,,,.,,,    and  niia'ifieatiiMis  of  tlieir  own  members,  as 

never  less  than  thirteen ;  and  that  no  distticl  be  so  large    „^,i„tj.j  out  in  the  constitution  ;  and  shall,  on  the  said 

as  to  entitle  the  same  to  choose  more  than  six  senators.       {^^^  Wednesdav  in  Mav,  annually,  determine  and  de- 

And  the  several  counties  in  this  commonwealth  shall,    ^^^„^  ^^.|^^  ^^.^  eleeted  by  each  district,  to  be  senators,  by 

until  the  general  court  shall  determine  it  necessary  to    j,  ;,,„jo,.ijyof  votes- and  in  case  there  shall  not  appear  to 

alter  the  said  districts,  be  districts  to.-  tlioice  of  counsel-    .  ^  ^'jJ^  fj,|,  mimijer  of  scrators  returned,  elected  by  a 

los-s  and  senators,  (except  that  the  counnes  ot  Dukes-    „aj„,.i,*f  votes  for  any  district,  the  deficiency  shall  be 

county  aiirt  Nantucket  shah  form  one  district  lor  that    supolicd  in  the  following  manner,  viz.  The  members  of 

purpose,)  and  shall  elect  the  following  numberforeouu-    ,!,J.'h„„se  of  representatives,  and  such  senators  as  shall 

sellors  and  senators,  viz,  j^i^.  declared  elected,  shall  lake  the  names  of  such  per- 

Suttblk  SIX      I  \ork  two    ^^^^^  ^^  ^^j^j,  ^^  j-y^nj  ^o  have  the  highest  number  of 

Essex  SIX      I  Diikcs-conntyand7    one    votes  in  such  district,  and  not  elected,  amounting  to 

Middlesex  nve  Nantucket  3  twice  the  nninljcr  of  senators  wanting,  if  tliere  be  so 

Hampshire  four    j  Worcester  Jive   ni-,„y  ^otcd  for;  and  out  of  these  shall  elect,  by  ballot, 

Plymouth  tln-ee  I  Cumberland  one   „  „u,„i„.j.ofsj.na,o,.s  sumeient  to  fill  up  the  vacancie,iu 

Uamstable  one        J-'nt^o  n  one   ^^.^  district;  and  in  tliis  manner  all  such  vacancies  shall 

Bristol  three  I  Uerksliirc  two    j,^  cut-tj  •„,  tvery  district  of  tlte  commonwealth;  and,  m 

2.  The  senate  shall  be  the  first  branch  of  ihe  Irgisla-    like  manner,  all  vacancies  in  the  senate,  arising  by 

ture;  and  the  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  the  following   death,  removal  out  of  the  state,  or  otherwise,  shall  be 

manner,  viz.  There  shall  be  a  meeting  on  the  first  Jlon-    supplied  as  soon  as  maybe,  after  such  vacancies  shall 

day  in  April,  annually,  for  ever,  of  the  inhabitants  of  happen:— 

each  town  of  the  several  counties  of  this  commonwealth;  5.  Piovided,  nevertheless,  that  no  person  shall  be  en.- 
to  be  called  by  the  select  men,  and  warned  in  due  course  pable  of  being  elected  as  a  senator,  who  is  not  seized  in 
of  law,  at  least  seven  days  before  the  fti-st  Monday  in  iils  own  right  of  a  freehold  within  this  commonwealth  of 
April,  for  the  purpose  of  electing  persons  to  be  senators  the  value  of  three  hundred  ])Ouiuls  at  least,  or  possessed 
and  counsellors.  And  at  such  meetings  every  male  in-  of  personal  estate  to  the  value  of  six  hundred  pounds  at 
habitant,  of  twenty-one  years  and  upwards,  having  a  least,  or  of  both  to  the  amount  of  the  same  sum  ;  and 
freehold  estate  within  the  commonwealth  of  the  anntjal  w'ho  has  i>ot  been  an  inhabitant  of  this  commonwealth 
incomeofthreepounds,or  any  estate  of  tbe  value  of  si\-  for  the  space  of  five  years  immediately  preceding  his 
ty  pounds,  shall  have  a  right  to  give  in  his  vote  for  the  election  ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  election  he  shall  be  an 
senators  for  the  district  of  which  he  is  an  inhabitant,  inhabitant  in  the  district  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 
And  to  remove  all  doubts  concerning  the  word  "inhabi-  6,  The  senate  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  themselves, 
tant"  in  this  constitution,  every  person  shall  be  consider-  provided  such  adjournments  do  not  exceed  two  days  at 
ed  as  an  inhabitant  (for  the  purpose  of  electing  and  be-   a  time. 

ing  elected  into  any  office  or  place  within  this  state)  in  7.  The  senate  shall  choose  its  own  president,  appoint 
that  town,  district,'or  plantation,  where  lie  dweiicth  or  its  own  officers,  and  determine  its  ov>  n  rules  of  proceed- 
hath  his  home.  ,  ings. 

The  selectmen  of  the  several  towns  shall  preside  at  g.  The  senate  shall  he  a  court  wiili  full  authority  to 
such  meetings  impailially;  and  shall  receive  the  votes  hearand  deterniineallimpeaclunentsinade  by  thehouse 
of  all  theinhabitantsofsuchtownsjprrscntandqualified  of  representatives,  .igainst  any  ofiicer  or  officers  of  the 
to  vote  for  senators;  and  shall  sort  and  count  them  in  commonwealth,  for  misconduct  and  inaleadministratiou 
open  town  meeting,  and,  in  presence  of  the  town  cicrk,  ^^  tlieir  offices.  But,  previous  to  the  trial  of  every  im- 
who  shall  make  a  fair  record,  in  presence  of  the  select-  pcachmeut,  the  rnembersof  thesenate  shall  i-especiivcly 
men,  and  in  open  town  meeting,  of  the  name  of  evei^  be  sworn,  truly  and  inipaniaily  to  try  and  determine 
person  voted  fur,  and  of  the  numbir  of  votes  against  his  the  cliarge  in  qinslion,  according  to  evidence.  Their 
name  •  and  a  fair  copy  of  this  record  shall  be  attested  by  judgment,  however,shali  not  extend  further,  than  to  re- 
the  selectmen  and  the  town  clerk,  and  shall  be  sealed  moval  from  office,  and  disqualificaiion  to  hold  or  enjoy 
up,  directed  to  the  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  for  anyplace  of  honour,  trnst,or  profit,  under  this  common' 
the  time  being,  with  a  superscription,  e:<pressing  the  wealth:  but  the  party  so  convicted  shall  be,  neverthe- 
purports  of  the  contents  thereof,  and  delivtTcd  by  the  Uss,  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punish- 
town  clerk  of  such  town  to  the  sherifi'ijf  the  county  in  nitnt.  accord#ig  to  the  laws  of  il'ie  land. 
which  such  town  lies,  thirty  days  at  least  before  the  last  9.  Not  less  ttiari  sixteen  members  of  the  senate  shall 
Wednesd.ty  in  May,  annually;  or  it  shall  be  delivered  constitute  a  tjuorum  for  doing  business. 
into  the  secretary's  ofRco  seventeen  days  at  least  before 

the  said  last  Wednesilay  in  May ;  and  the  sheriff  of  each  CHAP.  1. SECTION  3. 

county  shall  deliver  all  such  certificates  by  him  received 

into  the  secretary-s  ofiice,seventeen  days  before  the  said  JIouss  of  lic'ircscntctivcs. 

last  Wednesday  in  May.  '    •'         /     ." 

And  the  inhabitants  of  plantations  unincorporated.  Article  1.  There  sha.l  he,  m  the  legislature  of  this 
(qualified  as  this  constitution  provides.)  w  ho  are  or  shall  eeminonwealth,  a  representation  nf  the  people, annually 
be  empowered  and  required  to  assess  taxes  upon  them-  elected,  and  founded  upon  the  pi  ineiple  of  equality, 
selves,  toward  the  support  of  government,  shall  have  2.  And  in  order  to  piovulc  for  a  representation  of  the 
the  same  privilege  ofvoting  for  counsellors  and  senators  citizins  of  this  commonwealth,  foui.ded  on  the  princi- 
in  the  plantations  where  they  reside,  as  town  inhabi-  pies  of  equality,  every  corporate  town  containing  one 
tants  have  in  their  respective  towns  ;  and  the  plantation  hundred  and  fifty  rateable  polls,  ninj-  tlect  one  repre- 
meetings  for  that  purpose  shall  be  held  annually  on  the  sentativc :  every  coqiorale  town  containing  three  hun- 
same  first  Monday  in  April,  at  such  place  in  th.e  planta-  dred  and  seve'ity-five  rateable  polls,  may  elect  two  re- 
tions  respectively  as  the  assessors  thereof  shall  direct ;  presentativts  :  evei-y  corporate  town  containing  six  hun- 
which  assessoi-s  shall  have  like  authority  for  notifying  dred  rateable  polls,  n.ay  elect  ihrc'c  representatives ;  and 
the  electors,  collecting  and  returning  the  votes,  as'  the  proceeding  in  that  manner,  making  two  hundred  and 
selectmen  and  town  elerks  have  in  their  several  towns,  twenty-five  rateable  polls  the  mean  increasing  raimbef 
by  this  constitution;  and  .all  other  persons  living  in  for  cvei7  additional  representative : 
places  tuiincorporated, (qualified  as  aforesaid,)  who  shall  Provided,  nevertheless,  that  each  town  now  ineorpo- 
be  assessed  to  the  support  of  government  by  the  assess-  rated,  not  having  one  hundred  and  fifty  rateable  polls, 
ors  of  an  adjacent  town,  shall  have  the  privilege  of  giv-  may  elect  one  representative.  But  no  place  shall  licre- 
nig  in  iheirvotes  for  counsellors  and  senators  in  the  town    alter  be  incorporated  with  the  privilege  of  electing  a  re- 


i^OXS'iiTUiiU^  OF  MX^SACnVbEiiS. 


pvosc-atative,  unless  tliore  are,  ■wilhin  tlie  same,  one  lueof  one  tlioiisand  pounds;  and  unless  he  slialUkciiirc 

luindred  and  fifty  lateabje  polls.  liiniself  to  be  of  the  Ciiiiitian  it  lis'ion. 

And  the  house  of  represjntntivps  shall  liave  power,  3.  Those  persons  vvh<>  shall  be  qiiaiihed  to  vote  for  se- 

fvom  ijme  to  time,  to  impuse  fines  upon  such  towns  as  nators  and  reprcsematives,  within  the  several  towns  of 

"    use  and  return  members  to  the  same,  this  commonwealth,  shall,  at  a  meeting  to  be  callcil  tor 


shall  neglect  to  choo 
r;gi-eeably  to  this  constitution- 


that  purpose,  on  the  fust  Monday  of  April,  annually. 


he  can,  in  the  judguient  of  the  house,  and  docs  not  d^-    and  formalist  of  the  perSDiis  voted  h;!-,  wilh  the  »i>'nj''Yi 
part  without  leave.  ef  votes  for  each  person,  against  li:s  name,  and  shall 

3.  Every  member  of  the  hoi;sc  of  repnsentntives  shall    make  a  fair  record  of  the  same  in  the  town  books,  and  ii 


town  he  shall  be  chosen  to  represent,  or  any  ra'.eable  at  least  before  the  last  Wednesday  in  May:  and  the  she- 
estate,  to  the  value  of  two  hniidred  pounds;  arid  he  shall  vitf  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  secretnyy  s  ofhce  se- 
cease  to  represent  the  said  town  immL-diatel-r  on  his  veuteen  days  at  least  before  the  said  last  \Adnesilay  in 
eeasing  to  be  qualified  as  aforesaid.                      '  May ;  or  the  selectmen  may  cause  returns  of  thesame  to 

4.  Every  male  person  (being  twenty-one  years  of  ape,  be  made  to  the  office  of  the  secreiaiy  o.  the  eommoii- 

and  resident  of  any  particular  town  in  this  common-  wealth,  seventeen  days  .at  least  betore  the  said  day ;  ami 

wea!lh,f<;r  the  space  of  one  year  next  precedingl  having  llie  secretary  shall  lay  the  same  before  the  senate  and 

P.  freehold  est;ite  within  the  same  town,  of  lUc  aifeual  in-  bouse  of  representatives  on  the  last  Wwinesday  m  Mav, 

come  ef  three  pounds,  or  any  estate  of  the  vaUie  of  sixty  to  he  by  thtn,  examined  :  and  in  case  of  an  election  bv  a 

iiounds,  shall  have  a  right  to  vole  in  the  choice  of  a  re-  majorily  of  all  the  votes  returned,  the  choice  shall  be  hy 

inestntative,  or  representatives,  for  the  said'town.  them  declared  and  pubiished.    But  if  no  i>erson  shall 

-     The  members  ofthe  house  of  representatives  shall  have  a  majority  of  votes,  the  house  of  i-epresentatives 


l:y  tiietr.,  shar.  De  her.rrt  and  tnen  i>j 

7.  Ail  money  bills  shall  ori,q;inaie  in  the  house  of  re 
jiresentatives :  but  the  senate  may  propose  or  concur 
wilh  amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

8.  'l"he  lioiise  of  representatives  shall  have  power  to 


w  ho  shall  be  (ieclared  (rovirnor. 

4,  'I'he  governor  shall  have  authority  fiora  time  to 
time,  at  his  discretion,  to  assemble  and  call  together  tiir 
connseilors  of  this  cominonwealth  for  the  time  lioing: 


s.  1  he  house  oi  representatives  s>iaii  liave  power  to  v>iiui=<  ■iv'.>  «.  ....>  v.„.. .........  ^. ..-  ■----  -  ---o 

adiotirn  themselves;  provided  such  adjounimeut  shall  and  the  governor,  with  the  sa.d  eouRsellors,  oil;  »;«<>. 

not  exceed  two  days  at  a  time.  them  at  leastjShall,  ami  may  from  time  to  t  me,  ho.d  a  d 

9.  Not  less  than  sixty  members  of  the  house  of  rcpre-  kecpa  council,  fortheordering  and  d:recting  the  affa   s 

ntatives  shall  constitute  a  quorum  fordoing  business,  of  the  commonvvealth,  agreeably  to  the  consutution  and 

repres!n(ati^>■s  shall  he  the  judge  of  the  laws  of  the  land. 

IS,  and  nualilicalion  (.fits  own  mem-       *•  T'if  goveruor,  with  the  ad>.cc  of  coi 

:t  in  the  constilotion  ;  shall  choose  have  lull  power  and  authority,  during  the  se 


council,  shall 
ssion  of  the 


ssntativt 

30.  The  house  of  r 
the  returns,  elections, 
bers,  as  pointed  out 
thci 
tie 
house. 

t*i!!iUy  of  iUsrtTpi'cV7o\h7lio"iscrb^":'">>y  «^is"n^^^^^^^^  ^"^"'  '"'"^  ^P  time,  not  exceeding  ninety  days  in  any  one 

contemptuous  behaviour  in  its  presence;  or  who, in" the    recess ;  and  to  call  u  together  s-joner  than  the  time  to 


or  who  shall  assault  or  arrest  any  w  itness,  or  other  per. 
son, ordered  to  attend  the  house,  in  his  way  in  going  or 
ivturniiig;  or  who  shall  leicue  any  person  arrested  by 
the  order  of  the  hnuse. 
And  no  member  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall 


any  cause  happening,  whereby  danger  may  arise  to  the 
health  or  lives  of  the  members,' from  their  at  tendance,  he 
may  direct  the  session  to  be  held  at  some  other  of  the 
iijost  convenient  places  w  ithin  the  state. 
And  the  governor  shall  dissolve  the  said  general  toint 


And  noniemuer  01  tnenouse  oi  represeniauves  snaii  -■;"'  v'^  "-^ —             ," — ,.     ■  \  -.i-    T             ■    \t 

h-  anvsted  or  held  to  bail  on  mesne  prociss,  during  his  on  tlie  day  r.extprecedmg  the  ast  ^^  td.usda}  m  Maj . 

I'ointr  into,  returniug  from,Oi'i:is  attending  to  the  gent-  .6;  I"  ta^es  ol  disagreement  between  the  two  houses, 

ral  assembly              «>          '                          t.            »  ^..^^,1 1-..^,.,,.,]  to  the  necessity,  f  xpcdienc)-,  cr  time  of  ai.- 

1  \.  The  senate  shall  have  the  same  powers  in  the  like  journmcnt.or  proregation,  the  governor,  with  advice  of 


CH\1*   '^ SFCTIO.V  1  txi>el,andpursue,  byforceof  arms,  as  wellby  seaas  by 

,.,,",  TT'i'w.rx,   T.,^,.7T^r.  hnid,  wiar.norwithouttheliniitscfthiscommnnwialih; 

};\i-jLV  ll\  kj   I'OW'tjK.  ;,,„1  aUo  to  kill  slay,  and  destruy,  if  necessary,  and  con  • 

f  '■■ffrnnr  qucr,  by  all  fitting  ways,  enterprises,  and  means,  wha!- 

ijO^einO) ,  soever,  all  and  every  such  pei-son  or  persons,  as  shall  at 

Article  I.  There  shall  be  a  supreme  executive  mag'is-  any  time  hereafter,  "in  ahnsliie  nianner,  attempt  oren- 

Irate,  who  shall  be  styled,  the  Gowrvor  of  the  Common-  terprise  the  destruction,  invasion,  detriment,  or  annoy- 

ivcalthot'  Massuchusctts ;  and  v.hose  title  shall  be.  His  ance  of  this  commonwealth  ;  and  to  use  and  exercise, 

ZxcelUnci/,  <;vcr  the  army  and  navy,  ai.d  over  the  imlnia  in  actual 

2    The" governor  shall  be  chosen  annually ;  and  no  service,  the  law  martial,  in  time  of  w  ar  or  invasion, 

nerson  shad  be  eligible  to  this  office,  niiless,  at  the  time  and  also  in  time  of  rebellion,  (declared  by  the  legislatun: 

of  his  election,  he  shall  have  been  .tii  inhabitant  of  this  to  exist,)  as  occasion  shall  necessarily  retiune ;  and  to 

commonwealth  for  seven  5  eai-s  next  preceding ;  and  iiii-  lake  and  surjirise,  by  all  w  ays  and  means  w  haisoever, 

less  l;e  shall,  at  the  same  time,  he  seized,  in  his  ow  n  all  and  every  such  person  dr  persons  (with  tlieii-  ships, 

j-i-'ht,  of  a  freehold  within  the  commonwealth  of  the  va-  r'rms,  ainirmnitiopj.aiid  goods;  as  •djalljiu  a  h.csule  m:u. 


CONSriTUTiOX  OF  ilASSACIiUS.'L  i  i  o. 

Tier,  invaile,  or  auempt  tiie  in va>Iii>!r<  conquering,  or  an-  j)ropcrty  whatever,  under  thciv  rare  rcsi)cetiveiy ;  (li;- 
iio)  ing  this  commomveaUJi :  and  tlmt  the  governor  bt  tinoiiisiiiiiK  the  quanuty,  uiimlx r,  quality,  and  land  of 
•-ntius!.  (t  with  all  4hese  and  other  jmwers  incident  to  lath,  a>  particularly  as  may  be ;  toi,'ethir  with  the  eon- 
tlieofncesol' vaptKin  general,  and  coiriinandtr  in  cbicf,  dilion  of"  such  iiirts  an  J  Rarfisoiis.  And  I'ae  said  com- 
aird  admiral,  to  be  exerciseil  agreeabh-  to  the  riiles  and  mtindin?  officer  shall  exhibit  to  the  governor,  when  re- 
r/gij'atioiis  of  the  eonstitution,  and  tlie"  laws  of  the  land,  qn'.red  by  bini,  tree  and  exact  plans  otsiichforts,  and  uf 
and  not  other«  ise.  the  land  or  sea ,  harbour  or  harbours,  ad. jacent. 

Provided,  that  the  said  governor  shall  not,  at  any  And  the  said  boards  and  all  public  officers  shall  con> 
time  hereafter,  by  virtue  of  any  power  bj  tliit  consii'u-  municate  to  tlie&overnor,  as  soon  as  may  be,  after  recei- 
tion  granted,  or  hertafter  to  be  granted'to  him  by  the  ving  tlie  same,  all  despatches,  and  intelligence  of  a  pub- 
legisfatui-e,  transport  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  com-  lie  nature,  which  shall  be  directed  to  them  respective'.y. 
monwealth,  or  oblige  them  to  march  out  of  the  liniiis  of  13.  As  the  pubiia  good  requires  that  the  governor 
the  same,  without  their  free  and  voluntary  consejit,  or  should  not  be  undi  r  the  undue  influence  of  any  of  ilie 
the  consent  of  tlie  general  court;  except  so  far  as  maybe  ii;em!)ers  of  the  general  court,  by  a  dependence  on  tiieni 
necessary  to  march  or  transport  them  by  land  or  w  ater,  for  his  support :  liiat  he-should  in  all  cases  act  with  free- 
for  the  defence  of  such  part  of  the  state,  to  which  they  do:u  for  the  btiief.t  of  the  public  :  that  he  shouhi  not 
cannot  other-.visj  conveniently  iuive  access.  have  his  attention  necessarily  diverteil  from  that  object, 

8.  'I'he  power  of  pardoning  ofiences,  except  such  as  to  his  private  concerns:  and  that  he  should  maintain  <he 
jiersons  may  he  cf^-n  itted  of  before  the  senate  by  an  ini-  diirnity  of  the  commonwealth,  in  the  character  of  its 
lieichment  of  the  house,  sh.all  be  in  the  governor,  by  and  ciiief  magisliatc— it  is  lu'cessavj  that  heshouM  have  an 
with  the  advice  of  ccuncil:  but  no  charter  of  pardon,  honourable  siated  sa'ary,  of  a  fi\ed  and  permanent  va- 
granicd  by  the  governor,  w  ith  advice  of  the  toiincil,  be-  liie,  amply  sufficient  fur  those  purposrs,  and  established 
fore  conviction,  slial I  avail  the  party  pleading  the  same,  hy  standiiig  iaw;;  and  it  shall  ue  among  the  first  acts  of 
notw  ithstanciinf^  any  genera!  or  paiticular  expressions  tlie  general  court,  after  the  commencement  of  this  con- 
contained  therein,  descriptive  of  the  offence  or  offences  stilulion,  to  esiabiisii  such  saiaiT  by  law  accordingly, 
intended  to  be  pai'doned.  Permanent  and  honourable  salaries  shall  also  be  esta- 

?.  All  judicial  officers,  the  attorney  general,  the  soli-  biished  by  law  for  the  justices  of  the  supreme  judicial 
citor  general,  all  sheriffs,  coroners,  and  registers  of  pro-    court. 

bate,  shall  he  nominated  and  apjiointed  by  theigoyemor,  And  if  it  shall  be  found  that  any  of  the  salaries  aforc- 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council;  and  said,  so  established,  are  insuftleient,  they  shall,  froiu 
evcrj' suclinomiiiation  shall  be  made  by  the  giivcraor,  time  to  time,  be  enlargetl,  as  the  g^ceral  court  shall 
and  made  at  least  seven  days  prior  to  se.ch  appointment,   j  uuge  proper. 

10.  The  captains  and  subaltorns  of  the  militia  shall  be  /-,it  »  t» 

elected  hv  the  written  votes  of  the  train  band  .->.nda!arm  CIxAP.  2. — SECTION  C. 

list  of  their  respective  co;npanies,of  tv.cr.ty-one  yearsof 
"  age  and  upwards.    The  field  ofiicers  of  regiments  sjiall  jLijUienant  Governor. 

be  elected  bv  the  written  votes  of  the  captains  and  su-        .,.„..         ,    „,  ,,     .         ,    ,- 

balternsof  their  respective  regiments.  The  brigadiers  Artic.e  1.  -Iheresbadbeanmiallyelectedaiieutenant 
shall  be  elected  in  like  manner,  by  the  field  officers  of  g:Gyen:or  m  the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  whose 
their  respective  brigades.  And  such  ofiicers,  so  elected,  ^'''.^  "''all  *>;>  '/'^  honour;  and  who  shall  bequalified,  ni 
shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor,  who  shall  deter-  PO""  "^  religion,  property,  and  residence  m  the  corn- 
mine  their  r.ani:.  .  monwealth,  m  the  sanie  manner  with  the  governor;  and 
"  The  legislature  shall,  by  standing  laws,  direct  the  time  '!'« <''a5;  ar^  mantier  of  his  election,  and  the  qualifica- 
and  manner  of  convening  the  electors,  and  of  collecting  tions  of  the  electors,  shail  be  the  same  as  are  required  in 
votes,  and  of  certifying  to  the  govenior  the  officers  the  election  of  a  governor.  Ihe  return  of  the  voIm  for 
electetl.  thi5  0ihcer,andthedee!ar.ition  of  his  election,  snail  be 
The  major  generals  shall  be  appointed  by  the  senate  inthe  same  manner:  and  if  noone  person  shall  befound 
and  house  of  representatives,  each  having  a  negative  up-  tobayeamajcntyofall  the  votes  returned,  the  vacancy 
on  the  other ;  and  be  commissioned  bv  the  g.n  ernor.  ^'l»'l  be  hlled  bythe  senate  and  houseot  representatives. 
And  if  the  electors  of  brigadiers,  field  oCicers,  can-  m  the  same  manner  as  the  governor  is  to  be  elected,  in 
tains,  or  sub:.Itcnis,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  make  such  <^a't  no  one  pei-son  shall  have  a  majority  of  the  votes  oi 
elections,after  being  dulv  notified  according  to  the  laws    the  people,  to  be  governor. 

of  the  time  being,  then  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of       ^-  "^'"^  govcir.or,  and,  in  Ins  absence,  the  lietenant 

council,  shall  appoint  suitable  persons  to  Jill  such  of-    pvenior,  shall  be  the  president  oithecouncil;  butshall 

f[(^Pg,  have  no  vote  in  council ;  and  the  lieutenant  governor 

And  no  oaicer,duly  commissioned  to  command  in  the    ^ha"  always  be  a  member  of  the  council,  except  when 

militia,  shall  be  removed  from  his  office,  but  hv  the  ad-    t"""  chair  of  the  governi.r  shal.  be  vacant. 

di-ess  of  lioth  hotises  to  the  governor,  or  by  fair  trial  in    ,  3.  AV  henevsr  the  eliair  of  the  governor  shall  be  vacant 

court martial,pursuanttotUe)awsofthecomir.onwealth    ^r  '"easo"  "^   "^  death,  or  absence  from  the  common- 

for  the  time  being.  wealth,  or  otherwise,  the  lieutenant  goveraor  for  the 

The  commanding  officers  of  regiments  shall  appoint    »'""?  ''""S  *''?"»  duri-ig  such  vacancy,  perform  all  the 

their  adjutants  and  qiiartermaste«:  the  brigadiers  their    'loiies  incumbent  upon  the  governor,  and  shall  have 

brigade'  majoif ;  and  the  major  generals  the.r  aids ;  and    ^'>A  exercise  all  the  power  and  authonties  winch,  by  this 

the  governor  shall  appoint  the  adje.tant  general.  constituuon,  the  governor  is  vested  with,  when  perso:> 

Tlie  jjovernov,  with  advice  of  council,  shall  appoint    ally  present. 

all  officers  ofthe  continental  army,  whom  (by  the  confe-  r'M\P   o q--rTrnv    T 

deration  of  ihe  United  States)  it  is  provided  lliat  this  V^llAl  .  -•     i>i,OiJ.o>.  J. 

cummonwea'tti  shall  appoint,  as  also  all  oflictrs  of  forts     ^,  ■?  i  jl  r     i,j\, ?     <•        l 

and  garrisons.  Co:i!icu,  and  the  manner  of  settlnig  elections  oj 

The  divisions  of  the  niUilia  into  brigades,  regiments,  ifie  legislutlire. 

and  companies,  made  in  pursMance  of  the  militia  laws  '^ 

now  in  fiirc'%  shall  be  considered  as  the  proper  di%isions  Article  1.  There  shall  be  a  council  for  advising  the 
ofthe  militia  of  this  commonwealth,  until  the  same  shall  governor  in  the  executive  part  of  government,  to  consist 
be  altered  in  pursuance  of  some  future  law.  of  nine  persons,  besides  the  lieutenant  governor,  whom 

11.  No  moneys  shall  be  issued  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  govenior,  for  the  time  being,  shall  have  fiill  power 
this  commonwealth,  and  disposed  of  (except  such  sums  and  authority,  from  time  to  time,  at  his  discretion,  to  as- 
as  may  be  appropriated  for  the  redemption  of  bills  of  semble  and  call  together :  and  the  governor,  with  the 
creditor  treasurer's  not.^^,  orfor  the  paymem  of  interest  said  counsellors,  or  five  of  them  at  least,  shall  and  may, 
arising  thereon)  but  by  warrant,  under  the  liand  of  liie  from  time  to  time,  hold  &nd  keep  a  council,  for  the  o'r- 
goverhor  fiir  the  time  being,  with  the  adviceand  consent  dering  and  directing  the  afliiirs  of  the  commonw  eallh, 
ofthe  council,  for  the  necessai'y  defence  and  support  of    aecoixling  to  the  laws  of  the  land. 

the  coramonweallh,  and  forthe  protection  and  preserva-  2.    Nine  counsellors  shall  be  annually  chosen  from 

tion  ofthe  inhabitants  thereof,  agreeably  to  the  act  and  among  the  jiersons  returntd  for  the  counsellors  and  se- 

resolves  of  the  general  court.  nators,  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  May,  by  the  joint  bal- 

12.  All  public  boards,  the  commissary  general,  all  su-  lot  ofthe  senators  and  representatives,  assembled  in  one 
pevintending  officers  of  public  raagaiines,  and  stcies,  room:  and  in  case  there  shall  not  be  found,  upon  the 
belonging  to  this  commonwealth,  alid  all  commanding  first  choice,  the  whole  number  ofnine  persons,  w  ho  will 
officers  of  foris  and  gamsons  within  the  same,shall,  once  aceeptaseat  in  the  coiincil.the  deficiency  shall  be  made 
in  everr  three  months,  officially,  and  without  reqnisi-  up  by  tlie  electors  aforesaid,  from  among  the  people  at 
tion,  aiid  at  other  times,  when  required  bythe  governor,  lai-ge ;  and  the  number  of  senators  left  shall  constitute 
deliver  to  him  an  account  of  all  goods,  stores,  provisions,  the  senate  for  the  year.  The  scats  of  the  persons  thus 
ammunition,  cannon,  with  their  appendages,  and  small  elected  from  the  senate,  and  accepting  the  trust,  shall  bu 
ami!,  with  thnr  :!ecoMtr<'ments.  and  of  all  -ither  public  vacated  in  the  senate. 


coNsmuiiON  or  massachusktts. 


3.  1  he  counsellors,  in  the  civil  arratiKements  of  the 
rommonwealth,  shall  liave  rank  next  after  tlie  lieutenant 
governor. 

4.  N'Jt  more  than  t«  o  counsellors  shall  be  chosen  out 
of  any  one  distiict  of  this  eommon«  ealth. 

5.  The  resolutions  and  advice  of  the  council  sliall  be 
secorded  in  a  register,  and  signed  by  the  members  i)re- 
seiit ;  and  this  record  may  be  called  for  at  any  time  by 
either  house  of  the  legislr.tiire ;  and  any  lueinbi  r  of  the 
council  may  insert  his  opinioiij  cotitraiy  to  the  resolu- 
tion of  the  niajoritv-. 

6.  Whenever  the  office  of  the  pfovernor  and  lieutenant 
governor  shall  be  vacant,  by  reason  of  death,  ai)se!ice,or 
otherwise,  then  the  coiiiieii,  or  the  major  part  of  tiiem, 
shall,  during  such  vacancy,  have  full  power  an<I  autho- 
rity to  do  and  execute  all  and  every  such  acts,  matters, 
and  things,  as  the  gfovernor  or  lieutenant  governor  nii,s;lu. 
or  could,  by  virtue  of  this  constitution,  do  or  extcute,  if 
tiiey  or  either  of  them  were  ptrsotially  present. 

7.  And  wiiereas  the  elections  appointed  to  be  made  by 
this  constitution,  on  the  last  V/edntsday  in  May  annual- 
ly, by  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  may  not  be  com- 
nleted  on  that  day,  the  said  elections  may  be  adjourned 
from  day  to  day,until  the  same  shall  becompieted.  And 
the  order  of  election  shall  be  ai  follows:  the  vacancies  in 
the  senate,  if  any,  shall  Srst  be  filled  up;  the  governor 
and  lieutenant  governor  shall  then  be  elected,  provided 
there  shall  b?  n;)  choice  of  theui  by  the  people ;  and  af- 
terwards the  two  houses  shall  proceed  to  the  election  of 
the  council'. 

CHAP.  2  — SECT) ox  4. 

Secretary,  Treasurer,  Commissari',  &*(:. 

Article  1.  The  seerecretaiy,  treasurer,  and  receiver 
general,  and  the  commissary  general,  notaries  public, 
and  naval  officers,  shall  be  chosen  annually,  by  joint 
ballot  of  the  senators  and  representatives,  in  o)ie  room: 
and  that  the  citizens  of  this  commonwealth  may  be  as- 
sured, from  time  to  time,  tbat  the  moneys  remaining  in 
the  public  treasury,upon  thesettlement  and  liquidation 
of  the  public  accounts,  are  their  property,  no  man  shall 
be  eligible  as  treasurer  and  receiver  general  more  than 
five  years  successively. 

2.  The  records  of  the  commonwealth  shall  be  kept  in 
the  office  of  the  secretary,  who  may  appoint  his  deputies, 
for  whose  conduct  he  shall  be  accountable:  and  he  shall 
attend  the  governor  and  council,  the  s(uate  and  house  of 
representatives,  in  person,  or  by  h.is  dfjiuties,  as  they 
shall  respectively  require. 

CHAP.  3. 

Judiciary  Pc-.i-er. 

Article  I.  Ti-.e  tentu'etbat&I!  commission  officers  shall 
by  law,  have  in  their  uft5ces,  shall  be  expressed  in  their 
respective  counnissions  ;  all  judicial  officers,  duly  ap- 
pointed, commissioned,  and  sworn,  shall  hold  their  of- 
fices dui  ing  good  beha^  iour  ;  excepting  such  concern- 
ing whom  there  is  different  provi-,iun  made  in  this  oou- 
stitution  :  Provided,  ?.8vertheless,  the  governor,  w  itii 
consent  of  the  council,  mav  reinoi  e  them  upon  tfee  ad- 
dress of  both  houses  nt  theVg'slature. 

2.  Each  branch  of  the  legislature,  as  well  as  the  go- 
vernor and  council,  shall  have  authority  to  retjuire  the 
opinions  of  the  justices  of  the  supreme  Judicial  court, 
upon  important  (iueilions  of  law,  and  upon  solemn  oc- 
casions. 

3.  In  order  that  the  people  may  not  sufter  from  the 
long  continuance  in  place  of  any  justice  of  the  peace, 
who  shall  fail  ot  discharging  tlie  important  duties  of  his 
office  with  abilitv  or  fidelity,  all  commissions  of  justices 
of  the  peace  shall  expire  and  become  void  in  the  term  of 
seven  years  from  their  respective  dates:  and  upon  the 
expiration  of  any  commission,  the  same  may,  if  necessa- 
ry, be  renewed,  or  another  person  appointed,  as  shall 
most  conduce  to  the  well  being  of  the  commonwealth. 

4.  The  judges  of  probates  of  wills,  and  for  granting 
letters  of  administration,  shall  hold  their  courts  at  such 
place  or  places,  on  fixed  days,  as  the  convenience  of  the 
people  shall  require:  and  the  legislature  shall,  from  time 
to  time  hereafter,  appoint  such  times  and  places :  until 
which  appointments,  the  said  courts  shall  beholden  at 
the  times  and  places  which  the  respective  judges  shall 
direct. 

5.  All  causes  of  marriage,  divorce,  and  alimony,  and 
atl  appealsfroin  the  judges  of  probate,  shall  be'heard 
and  determined  by  the  governor  and  council,  until  the 
legislature  shall,  by  law,  make  ether  nrovision. 


CHAP.  4- 

Delegates  to  Congress. 

The  delegates  of  this  commonwealth  to  the  congress 
of  the  United  States  shall,  sometime  in  the  montli  of 
Jtine  annually,  be  elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the  senate 
and  house  of  representatives,  assembled  together  in  one 
loom  ;  to  serve  in  congress  for  one  year,  to  commence 
on  the  first  Monday  in  November  then  next  ensuing. 
They  shall  have  commissions  under  the  hand  of  the  go- 
vernor, and  the  great  seal  of  the  commonwealth ;  but 
may  be  recalled  at  any  time  within  the  je^r,  and  others 
chosen  and  coinraissioiied  in  the  sa:ne  manner,  in  their 
stead, 

CHAP.  5. 

Tlie  University  at  Cambridge,  and  Encouragc- 
vifiit  of  Literature,  &c. 

SECTION  1. THK  TJKITEIlSITr. 

Article  1.  'Wliei-eas  our  wise  and  pious  ancestors,  so 
early  as  tlie  year  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  thirty- 
six,  laid  the  foundation  of  Harvard  college,  in  which 
university  many  pei-sons  of  great  eminence  have,  by  the 
blessing  of  God,  been  initiated  into  those  arts  and  sci- 
ences which  qualified  them  for  |)ublic  enrployments, 
both  in  church  and  state:  and  whereas  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts  and  sciences,  and  all  good  literature,  tends 
lo  thehonour  of  God,  the  advantage  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion, and  the  great  benefit  of  this  and  the  other  United 
States  of  America,  it  is  dec!:irtd  that  the  presidmt  and 
fellows  of  Harvard  college,  in  their  corporate  capacity, 
and  their  successors  in  that  capacity,  their  officei-s  and 
servants,  shall  have,  hokij  use,  exercise,  and  enjoy,  all 
the  imwers,  authorities,  rights,  liberties,  privileges,  im- 
munities, and  franchises,  which  they  now  have,  or  are 
entitled  to  have,  hold,  use,  e\ercise,  and  enjoy:  and  the 
same  are  hereby  ratified  and  confirmed  unto  them,  the 
said  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  college,  and  to 
their  successors,  and  to  their  officers  and  servants,  respec- 
tively, for  ever. 

2.  And  whereas  there  have  been,  at  sundry  times,  by 
divers  persons,  gifts,  grants,  devises  of  houses,  lands,  te- 
nements, goads,  chattels,  legacies,  and  conveyances, 
heretofore  made,  either  to  liarvard  college,  in  Cam- 
bridge, in  New  England,  or  to  the  president  and  fellows 
of  Harvard  college,  or  to  the  said  college,  by  some  other 
description,  under  several  charges  successively— it  is  de- 
clared, that  all  the  said  gifts,  grants,  devises,  legacies, 
and  ~l!onv('yances.  are  hereby  for  ever  confirmed  unto 
the  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  college,  and  to  their 
successors  in  the  capacityaforesa;d,accord!ngto  the  true 
intent  and  meaning  of  the  donor  or  donors,  grantor  or 
grantors,  devisor  or  devison, 

3.  And  w  hercas,  by  an  act  of  the  general  court  of  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  passed  in  the  year  one 
thousand  six  hundred  and  Ibrty-two,  the  governor  and 
deputy  governor  for  the  time  being,  and  all  the  magis- 
trates of  that  jurisdiction,  were,  with  the  ((resident  and 
a  number  of  the  clergy  in  the  said  act  described,  consti- 
tuted the  overseers  of  Harvard  college  :  and  it  being  ne- 
cessary in  this  new  constitution  of  government,  to  ascer- 
tain who  shall  be  deemed  successors  to  the  said  govern- 
or, depttty  governor,  and  magistrates,  it  is  declared  that 
the  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  council,  and  senate 
ot  this  commonwealth,  are,  and  shall  be  deemed  their 
successors :  v.lio,  with  the  president  of  Harvard  college, 
lor  the  time  being,  together  with  the  ministers  ot  the 
congregational  churches  in  the  towns  of  Cambridge, 
AVatertown,  Charleston,  Boston,  Roxbury,and  Dorches- 
ter, mentioned  in  the  said  act,  shall  be,  and  hereby  are, 
vested  with  all  the  powers  and  authority  belonging,  or 
in  any  way  appertaining  to  the  overseers  of  Harvard 
college :  prorided,  that  nothing  hen  in  shall  be  construed 
to  prevent- the  legislature  of  this  commonwealth  from 
making  such  alterations  in  the  government  of  the  said 
university  as  shall  be  conducive  to  its  advantage,  and 
the  interest  of  the  republic  of  letters,  in  as  full  a  man- 
ner as  might  have  been  done  by  the  lejfislature  of  the 
Jate  province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay. 

CHAP.  5 — SECTION  2. 
The  Encouragement  of  Literature. 

Wisdom  and  knowledge,  as  well  as  virtue,  diffused 
generally  among  the  body  of  the  people,  being  necessa- 
ry for  the  pveservation  of  their  rights  and  liberties,  and 
as  these  depend  on  spreading  the  opportunities  and  ad- 
vaiila.^es  of  education  in  the  various  parts  of  the  coun- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


17 


try,  and  among  the  different  orders  of  the  people,  it  shall 
he  the  duty  of  the  legislatures  and  magistrates,  in  all  fu- 
ture periods  of  this  conimnnwealth,  to  cherish  the  inter- 
est of  literature  and  the  sciences,  and  all  seminaries  of 
them;  especially  the  universit)  at  Cambridge,  public 
schools  and  grammar  schools  in  tlietowns ;  to  encourage 
private  societies  and  public  iiistitmions,  by  rewards  and 
immunities  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  arts,  sci- 
ences, commerce,  trades,  manufactures,  and  a  jiatunil 
history  of  the  couuiry;  to  countenance  and  inculcate 
the  principles  of  liumauity  ai  d  i;einrai  ben>  voknce, 
public  and  private  charity,  i'ldustryand  fnigalit),  ho- 
nesty and  punci'.iaiity  in  their  dealings :  sincerity,  good 
liumou  ■,  and  all  social  affections  aiid  generous  senti- 
ments among  the  people. 

CHAP.  6. 

Oaths nnd  subscripuonn ;  iucoiiipatibilily  of, andextlusions 
from,  offices;  pecuniary  quaOJiculions ;  eoinmissiom ; 
torils ;coiijii-)i>alwnoj'laxi's ;  /la'/eris corpus ;  t/teetincling 
style;  continuance  of  officers  ;  provision  for  a  future  re- 
xnsal  of  Die  comtitution,  <b'c. 

Article  1.  Any  pei-son  chosen  governor,  or  lieutenant 
governor,  counsellor,  senator,  or  repres«ntali\  e,  and  au- 
cepting  the  trust, shall,  before  he  proceed  to  execute  the 
duties  of  his  place  or  office,  take,  make,  and  subscntje 
the  following  declaration,  viz. 
"  I,  A  B,  do  declare  that  I  believe  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, and  have  a  firm  persuasion  of  its  truth  ;  and 
that  1  am  seized  and  possessed,  in  i:i\  own  right,  of 
the  properly  required  by  the  constitution,  as  one 
qualiiication  for  the  office  or  place  to  which  I  am 
elected." 
And  the  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  counsel- 
lors, shall  make  and  subscribe  the  said  declaration  in  the 
presence  of  the  two  liousesof  assembly ;  and  the  senaiois 
and  representatives  tirst  elected  under  this  constitution, 
before  the  president  anil  live  of  the  council  of  the  for- 
mer constitution  ;  and,  for  ever  afterwards,  before  the 
governor  and  council  for  the  time  being. 

And  ever)  person  cliusen  to  either  of  the  places  or  of- 
fices aforesaid,  as  also  any  person  appointed  or  commis- 
sioned to  any  judicial,  executive,  military,  or  other  of- 
fice, under  the  government,  shall,  betbre  lie  entei  on  the 
discharge  of  the  business  of  his  place  or  office,  take  and 
subscribe  the  following  declaration  and  oaths,  or  affirm- 
ations, viz. 
*'  I,  A  B,  do  truly  and  sincerely  acknowledge,  profess, 
testify,  and  declare,  that  the  coinmonwealtli  of  Mas- 
sachusetts is,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  a  free,  sove- 
reign, and  independent  state  ;  and  I  do  swear  that  I 
will  bear  true  taitli  and  uliegianee  to  the  said  coni- 
^nionwealth,  and  that  1  will  defend  the  same  against 
traitor. )us   conspiracies,   and    all   hostile  attempts 
what'ioever:  and  that  1  do  renounce  and  abjure  all 
allegiance,  subjection,  and  obedience  to  the  kiiii^, 
queen,  or  ffuveminent  of  tireat  Britain,  as  tlie  ca.te 
may  be,  and  every  otln  r  foreign  power  v.liaisoL'vei-: 
and  tliat  no  foreign  prince,  person,  prelate^  siate,or 
potentate,  hath,  or  ought  to  have,  any  jurisdiction, 
superiority,  |)re-e^nineiice,  autliority,  d'spensinff  or 
other  power,  in  any  matter,  civil,  ecclesiastical,  or 
spiritual,  within  this  commonwealth,  except  the  au- 
thority and  pow  er  w  hich  is  or  may  be  vested  by  their 
constituents  in  the  congress  of  the  United  States: 
And  I  do  further  testify  and  declare,  that  no  man  or 
body  of  men  hatli  or  can  have  any  right  to  absolve 
or  discharge  rae  from  the  obligation  oi  this  oath, de- 
claration, or  affirmation:  and  that  1  do  make  this 
ackiiowledgraent,   profession,  testimony,  declara- 
tion, denial,  renunciation,  and  abjuration,  heartily 
and  truly,  according  to  the  common  meaning  anal 
acceptation  of  the  foregoing  words,  without  any 
equivocation,  mental  evasion,  or  secret  reservation 
w  liatsoever.     So  help  me  Goit." 
■"I,  A  B,  do  solemnly  swear  and  affirm  that  I  will 
faithfully  and  impartiall)  discharge  and  perlbrm  all 

theduties  incumbeut  onnie  as ,accoi'd- 

ing  to  the  best  of  my  abilities  and   understanding, 
agreeably  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  consti- 
tution, and  the  laws  of  this  comiiionweallh.    So  help 
me  Gjtl. 
Provided  always,  that  when  any  pei'son  chosen  or  ap- 
pointed as  aforesaid  slirxll  be  of  the  de.ioinination  of  the 
.people  called  (Quakers,  and  s.'iaU  decline  taking  the  said 
oaths,  he  shall  make  his  afflimaiiun,  in  the  fbreg.iiiig 
form,  and  subseribL  th'  sime,  omitting  the  words,  '  /  ilo 
swear,''  *atid  abjure^  '  un'A,'  '  and  abjuraiion,^  in  the  ..rst 
oath  ;and  in  the  second  oath,  thewords    swear  and,^  .iiid 
in  each  of  them  the  words  'io  lielp  me  ^od ;'  subjoining 
"instead  thereof,  '  This  I  do  under  the  p-iins  and  pi  nal  ics 
ef  perjury." 


And  the  said  oaths  or  afKrmatiuns  shall  be  taken  ami 
subscribed  by  the  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and 
counsellors,  before  the  president  of  the  senate,  in  the 
presence  of  the  twahouses  of  assembly:  and  by  the  se- 
nators and  representatives  first  elected  under  this  con- 
stitution, before  the  jiresident  and  five  of  the  council  of 
the  former  constitution ^and, fore verafierw aids, before 
the  governor  and  counc'l  for  the  time  being;  and  by  the 
resiciue  of  the  officers  afoR saitl,  be/<ire  such  persons  as, 
from  time  to  tinie,i6hall  be  prescribed  by  the  legisla- 
ture. 

2.  No  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  or  judge  of  the 
supreme  judicial  court,  shall  hold  any  other  office  or 
place  under  the  authority  of  this  commonw  ealth,  except 
such  as  b)  this  constitution  they  are  admitted  to  hold, 
saving  th.it  the  judges  of  the  said  court  may  hold  the  of- 
fices of  justices  of  the  peace  throughout  the  state  ;  nor 
shall  they  hold  any  otherTilace  or  office,  or  receive  any 
pt  nsion  or  s-i  lary,  from  any  other  state,  or  government, 
or  jKiwer  whatever. 

No  person  shall  be  capable  of  ho'dingor exercising,  at 
the  same  lime,  more  than  one  of  the  fbllowing  offices 
within  this  state,  viz.  judge  of  probate,  sheriff,  i-egisttr 
of  jsrobate,  or  register  o4"  deeds:  and  never  more  than 
any  two  offices,  sihich  are  to  be  held  by  appointment  of 
the  governor,  or  the  governor  and  c>;uncil,or  the  senate, 
or  the  house  of  representatives,  or  by  election  of  the 
peopleof  the  state  at  large,  orof  the  people  of  any  coun- 
ty, (militaiT  officer  anil  the  office  ofjustice  ol  the  (leace 
excepted,)  shall  be  held  by  one  prrsoii. 

No  person  holding  the  i.fflce  of  judge  of  the  supreme 
jtidieial  court,  seeretar} ,  attoriicy  general,  solicitor  ge- 
neral, tre.asurer  or  receiver  general,  judge  of  jnobate, 
commissary  general,  president,  professor,  or  instructor 
of  Harvard  college,  sheriff',  clerk  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, register  of  probate,  register  of  deeds,  clerk  of 
the  supreme  judicial  court,  clerk  of  the  inferior  court  of 
common  pleas,  or  officer  oi'  the  customs,  (including  in 
this  description  naval  officers,)  shall  ai  the  same  time 
have  a  seat  in  the  senate  or  house  of  representatives  ; 
but,  their  being  chosen  or  appointed  to,  ar.d  accepting 
tl;e  same,  shall  operate  as  a  resignation  of  their  seat  in 
the  senate  or  house  of  representatives  ;  and  tlie  place  so 
va.ated  shall  be  iiiled  op. 

And  the  same  rule  shtill  take  place  in  case  any  judge 
of  the  said  supreme  judicial  court,  or  judge  of  probate, 
shall  accept  a  seat  in  council ;  or  cnycouusellor  shalfac- 
cept  of  either  of  those  offices  or  (ilaces. 

And  no  person  shall  ever  be  adiuitted  to  hold  a  seat 
in  the  legislature,  or  any  office  of  trust  or  importance 
under  the  government  of  this  eommomvealtli,  who  shall, 
in  the  due  course  of  law,  have  been  convicted  of  bribe- 
ry or  corruption,  in  obtaining  an  election  or  appoint- 
ment. 

3.  In  all  cases  where  sums  of  money  are  mentioned  in 
tills  conslitulioii,  the  value  thereof  shall  be  compuled  in 
silver,  at  i\\  shillings  and  eijiht  pence  per  ounce;  and  it 
nnd  it  shall  be  in  the  power  of  the  legislature,  from  time 
to  lime,  to  increase  such  qualifications,  as  to  property, 
of  the  persons  to  he  elftted  into  offices,  as  the  circum- 
sLinees  of  the  coirmionwealth  shall  require. 

4.  All  commissions  shad  be  in  the  name  of  the  com- 
monweaUh  of  Massachusetts,  signed  by  the  governor, 
and  attested  by  the  secretary  or  his  deputy,and  have  the 
gnat  seal  of  the  cDmiuonwealth  affixe.i  thereto. 

.'.  All  writs  issuing  out  of  the  clerk's  office,  in  any  of 
the  courts  of  law,  shall  be  in  the  na.ne  of  the  coinmon- 
wealtli of  Massachusetts;  they  shall  be  under  llie  seal  of 
the  court  from  whence  tliey  issue ;  they  shall  bear  test  of 
the  first  justice  of  the  court  to  which  they  shall  be  re- 
turnable, (who  is  not  a  party,)  and  be  signed  by  the  clerk 
of  such  court. 

6.  All  the  laws  which  have  heretofore  been  adopted, 
used, and  approved  of  in  the  province,  colony,  or  state  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  and  usually  oractised  on  in  the 
courts  of  law,  shall  still  remain  and  be  in  full  force,  un- 
til altered  or  repealed  by  the  legislature :  such  part*  on- 
ly excepted  as  aie  repugnant  to  the  rights  and  liberties 
contained  in  this  constitution. 

7.  Tiie  privilege  and  benefit  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  shall  be  enjoyed  in  this  commonwealth  in  the 
most  free,  easy,  cheap,  expeditious,  and  ample  manner  ; 
and  shall  not  be  suspend  d  by  the  legislature,  except 
on  the  most  urgent  ami  [uessing  occasions,  and  for  a  li- 
mited time,  not  exceeding  twelve  months. 

8.  I'hex'nacting  style,  ill  makingand  passing  all  acts, 
statutes, and  laws,  shall  be.  Be  it  enacrcl  by  I'le  senate  ami 
h'Mise  of  re/jiesentatives,  in  vencral court  assembled,' anti 
by  the  uut/icri/ij  of  the  same. 

y.  To  tiie  end  there  may  be  no  failure  ofjustice,  or 
danger  .arise  to  the  commonwealth,  from  a  change  of  the 
form  of  government,  all  officers,  civil  and  military, 
holdinp  curaniissions  under  thf  fOTcnnnent  and  people 


IS 


GONSTITUTIOX  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


•f  Massathtisetts  Bay,  in  New  England,  and  all  other 
officers  of  said  government  and  peopli-,  at  the  time  this 
constitution  shall  take  tSlct,  shall  have,  hold,  use, exer- 
cise, and  enjoy,  all  the  powers  an^  authority  to  thtrn 
granted  or  committed,  until  other  persons  shall  be  a:)- 
pointed  in  their  stead  :  and  all  coiiits  of  law  shall  pro- 
ceed in  the  execution  of  the  business  of  their  respective 
departments:  and  ail  the  executive  and  legislative  offi- 
cers, bodies,  and  powers,  shall  coutintie  in  full  lorce  in 
the  enjoyment  and  exercise  of  all  t^eir  trusts,  employ- 
went,  and  authority,  until  the  f^eneral  court,  and  the 
supreme  and  executive  officei-s,  under  this  ccmstitution, 
are  designated  and  invested  with  their  respective  trusts, 
powers,  and  authority. 

10.  In  order  the  more  effectually  to  adhere  to  the 
principles  of  the  constitution,  and  correct  those  viola- 
tions which  by  any  means  may  be  made  therein,  as  well 
as  to  form  such  alterations  as  from  experience  shall  be 
found  necessary,  the  general  court  which  shall  be  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  nine- 
ty-five, sh.'iU  issue  precepts  to  the  selectmen  of  tht  seve- 
l"al  towns,  and  to  the  assessors  of  the  unincorjjorated 
plantations,  directing  thPm  to  convene  the  qualified  vo- 
ters of  their  respective  towns  and  plantations,  for  the 


piitpose  of  collecting  their  sentiments  on  the  necessity 
or  expediency  of  revising  the  constitution,  in  order  to 
amendments. 

And  if  it  shall  appear,  by  the  rctuiT.s  made,  that  two- 
thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  throughout  the  state,  who 
shall  assemble  and  vote  in  consequence  of  the  said  pre- 
cepts, are  iii  favour  of  such  revision  or  amendment,  the 
general  court  shall  issue  precepts,  or  direct  them  to  be 
issued  from  the  secrecary's  office,  to  the  several  towns, 
to  eii  ct  delegates  to  meet  in  convention, for  the  purpose 
aforesaid. 

The  said  delegates  to  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner 
and  proportion,  as  their  representatives  in  the  second 
branch  of  the  legislature  are  by  this  constitution  to  be 
chosen. 

11.  This  form  of  government  shall  be  enrolled  on 
parchment,  and  deposited  in  the  secreiai-y's  office,  and 
be  a  part  of  the  laws  of  the  land  :  and  printed  copies 
thereof  shall  be  prefixed  to  the  book  containing  the  laws 
of  this  commonwealth,  in  all  future  editions  of  the  said 
laws. 

JAMES  BOWUOIN,  PresuIenU 
Attest,  SAMUEL  BARRET,  Secretary. 


CONSTITUTIOIN^  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


The  Cmistilution  ofS\'nu  ffampshire,  as  altered 
and  amended  by  a  convention  of  delegates^ 
held  (it  Concord,  in  said  state  by  adjo^irn- 
ment,  on  the  second  JVednesday  of  February, 

PxVRT  1. 

BILL  OF  RltJHTS. 

Article  1.  All  men  are  born  equally  free  and  indepen- 
dent; Tbcrelore,  all  govennnent,  of  right,  originates 
from  the  people,  is  founded  in  consent,  and  instituted 
for  the  general  good. 

2.  All  men  have  certain  natural,  essential,  and  inher- 
ent rights— .".mong  which  ,".re  the  enjoying  and  ilefend- 
ing  life  and  liberty ;  acquiring,  possessin;;-,  and  protect- 
ing property :  and,  in  a  word,  of  seeking  and  obtaining 
happiness. 

3.  When  men  enter  into  a  state  of  society,  they  sur- 
render up  some  of  their  natural  rights  to  that  society,  in 
order  to  ensure  the  protection  ^f  others;  and  without 
such  an  equivalent  the  surrenaer  is  ^id. 

4.  Among  the  natunil  rights,  some  are  in  their  very 
rattire  unalienable,  bec;'use  no  equivalent  cm  be  given 
or  received  for  them.  Of  tliis  kind  are  the  rigiUs  oj  con- 
itience.  ^ 

_  5.  Every  individual  has  a  iiatural  and  unalienaTiIe 
right  to  worship  God  according  tothedictatesof  hisof.n 
conscience,  and  reason;  and  no  person  shall  be  hurt, 
molested,  or  restrained,  in  his  person,  liberty,  or  estate, 
for  worshipping  Crod  in  the  manner  most  agreeable  to 
the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience,  or  for  his  religious 
profession,  sentiment',  or  pei-suasion ;  provided  lie  doth 
Tiot  disturb  the  public  peace,  or  disturb  others  in  their 
religious  worship. 

_  6.  As  morality  and  piety,  rightly  grounded  onevange- 
lical  principles,  will  be  the  best  and  greatest  security  to 
government,  and  wili  lay,  in  the  hearts  of  men,  the 
strongest  obligations  to  due  subjection ;  and  as  the 
knowledge  of  these  is  most  likely  to  be  propagated 
through  a  society,  by  the  insiitutioii  of  the  public  wor- 
ship of  the  Deity,  and  of  public  instnietion  in  morality 
and  religion;  therefore,  to  promote  these  important  pur- 
poses, the  people  of  this  state  Iiave  a  ri.jht  to  empower, 
and  do  hereby  fully  empon  er,  the  legislature,  to  author- 
ire,  from  time  to  time,  the  several  townSj  parishes,  bo- 
dies corporate,  or  religious  societies,  within  this  state,  to 
make  adequate  provision,  at  their  own  expense,  for  the 
support  and  maintenance  of  public  protestant  teachei-s 
«i" piety,  religion,  and  morality  : 

Provided,  not-wilhatanding.  That  the  several  towns, 
parishes,  bodies  corporate,  or  religious  societies,  shall  at 
all  times  have  the  exclusive  right  of  electing  their  own 
public  teachers,  and  of  contracting  with  them  for  their 

BUj^ort  and  maintenance.    And  no  pei^on,  of  any  one 


particular  religious  sect  or  denomination,  shall  ever  be 
compelled  to  pay  towards  the  support  of  the  teacher  or 
teachers  of  auotliei  persuasion,  sect,  or  denomination. 

But  this  shall  not  be  construed  to  free  pei-sons  from 
the  obligations  ot  his  own  contract,  on  his  pretence  of 
changiiit,-  his  religious  persuasion  after  making  the  con- 
tract. .   . 

And  whenever  a  minister  is  settled  by  any  incorpora- 
ted town  ir  parish,  any  person  dissenting  shall  have 
liberty,  either  at  the  meeting,  or  previous  to  the  ordina- 
tion of  the  minister,  or  within  one  month  after  the  vote 
obtained  for  his  settlement,  to  enter  his  dissent  with  the 
town  or  parish  clerk  against  paying,  or  contiibuting  to- 
wards the*upport  of  the  said  minister;  and  all  minoi-s 
who,  after  such  settUmeut,  shall  comeof  age,and  all  in- 
haliitanis  of  such  town  or  parish  w  ho  are  absent  from 
the  same  at  the  time  of  such  meeting  or  settlement,  and 
all  persons  who,  after  such  settlement  move  into  such 
town  or  parish  to  reside,  shall  have  three  months  Sfom 
the  tim.'of  theircomingof  full  age,  returning  into  town, 
ormov  ing  into,  reside  as  aforesaid,  respectively,  to  enter 
their  dissent,  with  the  town  or  parish  clerk,  asaforesaid. 

And  all  persons  who  do  not  enter  their  dissent,  as 
aforesaid,  sliali  be  bound  by  the  major  vote  of  such  town 
or  parish;  audit  shall  be  considered  as  their  voluiitary 
contract :  but  all  persons  who  enter  their  dissent,  as 
aforesaid^  shall  not  be  bound  by  the  vote  of  such  tow  n  or 
parish,  nr  considered  a  party  to  such  contract,  or  in  any 
way  be  compelled  to  contribute  towards  the  support  of 
tlie  min.ster  ;  nor  shall  any  pe!-s!>n  be  compelled  to  con- 
tribute towards  the  support  of  the  minister,  who  shall 
change  from  the  sect  or  denomination  of  which  he  pro- 
fessed to  be  when  he  settled,  to  any  other  persuasion, 
sect,  or  denomination. 

And  every  denomination  of  Christians,  demeaning 
themselves  quietly,  and  as  good  citizens  of  the  state, 
shall  he  equally  under  the  protection  of  the  law  ;  and 
ni^  subordination  ofanj  one  sect  ordenomination  to  ano- 
ther, shall  ever  be  established  by  law. 

And  nothing  herein  shall  be  undei'stood  to  affect  any 
former  contracts  made  for  the  support  of  the  ministry ; 
but  all  sueh  contracts  shall  remain,  and  be  in  the  same 
state,  as  if  this  constitution  had  not  been  made. 

7.  The  people  of  this  state  have  the  sole  and  exclusive 
right  of  governing  themselves  as  a  free,  sovere^ign,  and 
independent  state  ;  and  do,  and  for  ever  hereafter  shall, 
exercise  and  enjoy  every  jiower,  jisrisdiction,  and  right, 
pertaining  thereto,  which  is  not,  or  may  not  hereafter 
be,  by  them  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States  of 
America  in  congress  assembled. 

8.  All  power  residing  originally  in,  and  being  derived 
from,  the  people,  all  the  magistrates  and  officei-s  of  go- 
vennnent, are  thtir  substitutes  and  agents,  and  at  all 
times  accountable  to  them. 

9.  No  office  or  place  whatsoever,  in  government,  shall 
be  hereditary— the  abilities  and  integrityrequisitein  all, 
not  being  ininsmissibie  to  posterity  or  relations. 

10.  Government  being  instituted  for  the  common  br- 


COXSTITUTION  OF  NEW  HAMPSHHiE.  19 

aefit,  ]>iotection,  and  secmitj-  of  the  whole  commmiity,  and  practised,  the  parties  liave  a  light  to  a  trial  by  jury; 

and  not  for  the  private  interest  or  emolumesit  of  any  and  this  rielit  shall  be  deemed  sacred  ami  inviolable  j 

one  man,  family,  or  class  of  men  ;  therefore,  wlienever  but  the  legislature  may,  by  theconstitntion,  be  enipow- 

the  ends  of  govenniient  are  perverted,  or  pnl>lic  libirty  end  to  make  such  regulations  as  will  prevent  parties 

manifestly  endangered,  and  all  other  means  of  redress  from  having  as  many  trials  by  jurj',  in  the  same  suit  or 

are  ineffectual,  the  people  may,  and  of  right  oughl  lo,  nction,  as  hath  been  heretofore  allowed  and  practised, 

refonn  the  old,  or  establish  a  new  goveriniient.     'I'he  and  to  extend  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the 

doctrine  of  non-iesistance  against  arbitrary  power  and  peace  to  the  trials  of  suits  where  the  sum  demanded  in 

oppression,  is  absurd,  slavish,  and  destructive  of  the  damages  doth  not  exceed  four  pounds,  saving  the  right 

good  and  happiness  of  mankind.               •  of  appeal  to  either  party.   Rut  no  sntli  regulations  shall 

n.  All  elections  ought  to  be  free,  and  every  inliabi-  takeauay  the  right  of  trial  by  jury,  in  any  case  not  in 

taut  of  the  stale,  having  the  proper  qualifications,  has  this  article  before  excepted,  \inless  in  cases  respecting 

an  equal  right  to  elect,  and  be  elected,  into  office.  mariners'  wages. 

12.  Every  member  of  the  community  has  a  right  to  be  21.  In  order  to  reap  the  fullest  advantage  of  the  ines- 
protected  by  it,in  the  enjoyment  of  his  life,  liberty,  and  tiraable  privilege  of  the  trial  by  jury,  great  care  ought 
property;  he  is  therefore  bound  to  contribute  his  share  to  be  taken,  that  none  but  qualified  persons  should  be 
to  the  expense  of  such  protection,  and  to  yield  his  per-  appointed  to  serve;  and  such  ought  to  be  fully  compen- 
sonal  service,  whqn  necessary,  or  an  equivalent.  But  no  sated  for  their  travel,  time,  and  attendance. 

jiart  of  a  man's  propertyshall  be  taken  from  him, or  np-  22.   The  lihtrty  of  the  press  is  essential  to  the  sectirity 

plied  to  public  usts,  without  his  own  consent,  or  that  of  of  freedom  in  a  state:  it  ought,  therefore,  to  be  inriola- 

the  representative  body  of  the  people.     Nor  are  the  in-  biy  preserved. 

h.abitants  of  this  state  controllable  by  any  other  laws  23.  Retrospective  laws  are  highly  icjurious,  oypres- 

than  those  to  which  they,  or  their  representative  body,  sive,  and  unjust.    No  such  laws,  therefore,  should  be 

havegivtn  their  consent.  made,  either  for  the  decision  of  civil  causes,  or  thepun- 

13.  No  person  whoisconacienciouslyscruptilonsabout  ishment  ofoffcnces. 

the  lawfntnessof  bearing  arms, shall  be  compelled  there-  24.   A  well  regulated  militia  is  the  proper,  n&turalf 

to,  provided  he  will  pay  an  equivalent.  and  sure  defince,  of  a  state. 

14.  Every  citizen  of  this  state  is  entitled  to  a  certain  25.  Standing  armies  are  dangerous  to  liberty,  and 
remedy,  by  having  recourse  to  the  laws  for  all  injuries  ought  not  to  be  raised,  or  kept  up,  withoyt  the  consent 
he  may  receive  in  his  person,  property,  or  character;  to  of  the  legislature. 

obtain  right  and  justice  freely,  without  teiiig  oblige<l  2c5.  In  all  cases,  and  at  all  times,  the  military  ought  to 

to  pnrchaseit;  completely,  and  without  de.iial ;  prompt-  be  under  strict  subordination  to,  and  governed  by,  the 

ly,  and  without  delay,  conformable  to  the  laws.  civil  power. 

15.  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  any  crime  27.  No  soldier,  in  time  of  peace,  shall  be  quartered  in 
,  or  offence,  until  the  same  is  fully  and  plainly,  substan-  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  ;  and  in 

tially  and  formally,  described  to  him  :  nor  be  compelled  time  of  war.  such  qtiarters  ought  not  to  be  made  but  by 

to  accuse  or  furnish  evidence  against  himself.  And  eve-  the  civil  ma;-istrate,  in  a  manner  ordained  by  the  legis- 

ry  person  shall  have  a  right  to  produce  all  proofs  that  lature. 

may  be  favourable  to  himself;  to  meet  the  witnesses  2".  No  subsidy,  charge,  tajc,  impost,  or  duty,  shall  be 

against  him,  face  to  face;  a:nd  to  be  fully  heavl  in  his  established,   fixed,  laid,  or  levied,  under  any  pretext 

defence,  by  himself,  and  counsel.    And  no  person  shall  whatsoever,  without  the  consent  of  the  people,  or  their 

be  arrestee],  imprisoned,  despoiled,  or  deprived  of  his  representatives  in  the  legislature,  or  authority  derived 

property,  immunities,  or  privileges,  put  out  of  the  pro-  from  that  body. 

tection  of  the  law.  exiled,  or  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty,  29.    The  power  of  suspending  the  laws,  or  the  execu- 

or  estate,  but  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the  law  tion  of  them,  ought  never  to  be  exercised  but  by  the  le- 

of  the  land.  gislalure,  or  by  authority  deriv ed  therefrom,  to  be  exer- 

16.  No  person  shall  be  liable  to  be  tried,  after  an  ac-  cised  in  such  particular  casesonly  as  the  legislature  shall 
quittal,for  the  same  crime  or  offence.    Nor  shall  the  le-  expressly  provide  for. 

gislature  make  any  law  that  shall  subiect  any  person  to        30.  The  freedom  of  deliberation,  speech,  and  debate, 

a  capital  punishment,  (excepting  for  the  government  of  in  either  house  of  the  legislature,  is  so  essential  to  the 

the  army  and  navy,  and  the  militia  in  actual  service,)  rights  of  the  people,  that  it  cannot  be  the  foundation  of 

■without  trial  by  jury.  any 'action,  complaint,  or  prosecution,   in  any  other 

17.  In  cvioiin.il  prosecutions,  the  trial  of  facts,  in  the  c(*rt  or  place  whatsoever. 

vicinity  where  they  happen,  is  so  cssei-.tiiil  to  the  seen-  31.    The  legislature  shall  assemble  for  the  redress  of 

rity  of  the  life,  liberty,  and  estate,  of  the  citi/eiis,  that  public  grievances,  and  for  making  such  laws  as  the  puh- 

no'erime  or  offence  ought  lo  be  tried  in  any  other  coun-  lie  good  may  require. 

ty  than  that  in  which  it  is  commi'ted,  except  in  cases  of  32.  The  people  have  a  right,  in  an  orderly  and  peace- 
general  insurrection  in  any  jiaiiicular  county,  when  it  able  manner,  to  assemble  and  consult  upon  the  public 
shall  appt-ar  to  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts  tlmt  an  good,  give  instructions  to  their  representatives,  and  to 
impartial  trial  cannot  be  had  in  the  county  where  the  request  of  the  legislative  body,  by  way  of  petition  or  re- 
omnce  may  be  committed,  and  upon  their  report,  the  monstrance,  redress  of  the  wrongs  donethem,  and  of  the 
legislature  Vhall  think  proper  to  direct  the  trial  in  the  grievances  they  suffer. 

nearest  county  in  which  an  impartial  trial  can  be  ob-  33.  No  magistrate  or  court  of  law  shall  demand  exces- 

tiiined.  sive  bail  ir  sureties,  impose  excessive  fines,  or  inflict. 

18.  All  penalties  onght  to  be  proportioned  to  the  na-  cruel  o:'  uuiisual  punishments. 

tureof  the  offence.    No  wise  legislature  will  affix  the        34.   No  person  can  in  any  case  be  subjected  to  law 

same  punishrtient  to  the  crimes  of  theft,  forgery,  and  martial,  or  to  any  jiains  or  penalties  by  virtue  of  that 

the  like,  «  hich  they  do  to  those  of  uiurder  and  treason,  law,  except  those  employed  in  the  army  or  navy,  and 

"Where   the  same  undistinguished  severity  is   exerted  except  the  militia  in  actual  service,  but  by  authority  of 

against  all  offences,  the  people  are  led  to  forget  the  the  legislature. 

real  distinction  in  thf  crimes  themselves,  and  to  commit        35.  It  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  of 

the  most  flagrant  with  as  little  compunction  as  they  do  every  iiulividual.his  life,  liberty,  property,  and  charac- 

the  Ijghtisi  offences.     For  the  same  reason, a  iniiltittide  ter.thrt  tliere  be  an  impartial  interpretation  of  the  laws 

of  sanguinary  laws  is  both  impolitic  and  uiijust.    The  and  administration  of  justice.    It  is  the  right  of  every 

true  design  of  all  punishments  being  to  reform,  not  to  citizen  to  be  tried  by  judges  as  impartial  as  the  lot  of 

cxtirminate,  mankind.  humanity  will  admit.     It  is  theref  ue  not  only  the  best 

10.    Every  pel-son  bath  H  ripht  !o  he  secure  from  all  policy,  but  for  the  security  of  the  rights  of  the  people, 

unreasonable  searches  and  sei/.ures  of  his  person,  his  that  the  judges  of  the  supreme  judicial  court  should 

houses,  his  papers,  and  all  liis  po^sl■s^io:ls.     Therefore,  hold  tin. ir  offices  so  long  as  they  behavn  well ;  subject, 

all  warrants  to  seared  suspected  places,  or  arrest  a  per-  however,  to  such  limitations,  mvaj'count  of  age,  asmay 

son  for  examination  or  trial,  in  prosicutions  for  criminal  be  provided  by  the  constitution  of  the  state;  and  that 

matters,  are  contrary  to  this  right,  if  the  cause  or  fouu-  they  should  have  honourable  salaries,  a.scertained  and 

dation  of  them  be  not  previously  supported  by  oath,  ov  establishi-d  by  standing  laws. 

affirmation  ;  and  if  the  order  in  a  warrant  ofa  civil  offi-  36.  licmiomy  b;inga  most  essentkil  virtue  in  all  states« 
eer,  to  make  search  in  siispicted  places,  or  to  ainstoue  especially  in  a  young  one  ;  no  pension  shall  be  granted 
or  more  suspected  persons,  or  to  seize  thc^ir  property,  be  but  in  consideralion  of  actual  services  ;  and  such  pen- 
not  accompanied  with  a  special  designation  of  the  per-  sinus  ouglii  to  be  granted  with  great  caution  by  the  le- 
sonsor  objects  of  search,  arrest,  or  seizure;  and  no  war-  gislature,  and  never  for  more  than  one  year  at  .a  time, 
rautousiit  to  Ix'  issued,  but  in  cases,  and  with  the  for-  37.  In  the  gtSernment  of  this  stale,  the  three  essen- 
malities,  prescribed  by  law.  tial  powers  tlHreiif,towit,ihelegislative,exeCHtive,and 

20.  In  all  controversi'.s  concerning  properly,  and  in  judicial,  ought  to  be  ki-ptas  separate  from.anditidepen- 

all  suits  between  two  or  more   persons,  excelling  in  dent  of,  each  other,  as  the  nature  ofa  free  government 

tases  wrtercin  it  Jjatii  been  bowfofore  otherwise  used  will  admit,  ov  as  is  cunsisfcnl  with  thr.tcUah;  of  comies- 


so 


COXSTITITTION  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


ion  tti^t  binds  the  whole  Gibric  of  the  constitution  in  one 
indissoluble  bond  of  unity  and  amity. 
•  38.  A  frequent  recurrence  to  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  the  constitution,  and  a  constant  adherence  to 
justice,  moderation,  temperance,  industry,  fiug;ality, 
and  all  the  social  virtuer,  are  indispensably  necessary  to 
pi-escrve  the  blessings  of  libertj'  and  good  government  ; 
the  people  ought,  therefore,  to  have  a  particular  regard 
to  all  those  i>rinciples  in  the  choice  of  their  officers  and 
representatives:  And  they  have  a  rij,'ht  to  require  of 
their  lawgivers  and  magistrates  an  exact  aiid  constant 
observance  of  them  in  the  formation  and  execution  of 
the  laws  necessary  for  the  good  administration  of  the  go- 
▼ernraent. 

PART  2. 

rORM  OF  fiOTEIlXMEJfT. 

The  people  inhabiting  the  territory  formerly  called 
the  province  of  New  Hampshire,  do  hereby  solemnly 
and  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to  form 'themselves 
into  a  free,  sovereign,  and  independent  bod)  politic,  or 
state,  by  the  name  of  the  Slate  of  New  Hamp.ilure. 

rexehal  coniT. 

The  supreme  legislative  power,  within  this  state,  shall 
be  vested  in  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives, 
each  of  which  shall  have  a  negative  on  the  other. 

Th*  senate  and  horse  shall  assemble  every  year  on 
the  last  Wednesday  of  October,and  a.  such  other  times 
as  th-y  may  judge  necessary;  and  shall  dissolve,  and 
be  dissolved,  sevtn  days  next  preceding  the  said  last 
Wednesi'ay  of  October  ;  and  shall  be  styled  The  Gene- 
ral CouTi  of  Neiu  /fampj  Aicf. 

The  general  conr'  shall  for  ever  have  full  power  end 
authority  to  erect  and  constitute  jndicatcrits  and  courts 
of  record,  or  other  courts,  tobe'hoklen  in  ih^' name  of 
the  state,  for  the  hearing,  trj-ing,  and  determitig  ali 
nianntr  of  crimes,  offences,  pleas,  processes.  ])laints,  ac- 
tions, catises.  matters,  and  things  whatsoi  ver,  arising  or 
hapjieuing  within  this  state,  or  between  or  conceroing 
perscns  inhabiting  or  residing,  or  brought  within  the 
same,  whether  the  same  be  criminal  or  civil,  o  ■  whether 
the  crimes  be  c.ipital  or  noi  capital,  and  whether  the 
said  pleas  be  real,  persona!,  or  mixed  -.  and  for  awarding 
and  issuing  extciition  thereon.  To  which  einiits  ai  3 
judicatorit?,  are  hereby  given  and  granttd,  fuli  pouer 
and  authority,  from  time  to  time,  to  adininiter  oaths  or 
affirmations,  for  the  bttter  discovery  of  truth  in  any 
matter  in  controversy,  r.rdt  pending  l>if  re  them. 

And  farther,  fn  I'  pcwi  rand  authority  ar>  henby  given 
and  granted  to  th»  said  gtm  ni  court,  from  time  to^time, 
to  make,  oidnin,  and  establish  all  ninnner  of  w  holesonie 
and  veasonable  orders,  laws,  statutes,  ordinances,  direc- 
tions, and  instructions,  <ither  with  penalties  or  without, 
so  as  the  same  bt-  not  repugnant  o'  contrary  to  this  e<m- 
slitution,  as  thi>  may  judge  tor  the  Ixnefit  and  welfare 
of  tl.is  state,«nd  for  the  govei-ningand  ordering  then  of, 
and  of  the  ciliaens  of  the  same,  for  the  necessary  sup- 
port and  defence  i;f  the  government  'hereof;  and  to 
ii.".me  and  settle  annually,  or  provide  by  fixed  laws  for 
the  naming  and  settling  all  ci\il  officers  within  this 
slate:  such  officers  excepted,  the  election  and  aispoint- 
n.ent  of  whom  are  hereafter  in  this  form  of  government 
otherwise  provided  for :  and  to  set  forth  the  si  veral  du- 
ties, powei',  Hiid  liiiiit''.  of  the  seveia'  civi;  and  military 
officers  of  this  state,;)  ml  the  forms  of  such  oaths  or  affiiin- 
alions  as  shall  he  respectively  administered  unto  them, 
for  the  execution  of  their  several  offices  and  places,  so 
as  the  sami'  be  not  repuLiiant  or  contraiyto  this  consti- 
tution ;  and  also  to  impose  fines,  mn'cts,  imprisonments, 
and  other  punishments  ;  and  to  ii^ipose  and  levy  pro- 
portional and  reasoi^able  assessments,  rates,  and  taxes 
upon  all  the  inhabitants  of,  and  residents  within,  the 
said  state;  and  upon  all  esttites  within  the  same;  to  be 
issued  and  dispoied  of  by  warraiu,  under  the  hand  of 
the  goven-.orof  this  s  ate  for  the  time  being,  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  council,  for  the  public  service, 
in  'he  ni  cessary  defence  and  support  of  the  government 
of  this  state,  anil  the  protection  and  preservation  of  the 
citizens  thereof,  according  to  such  acts  as  are  or  shall  be, 
ii'.itbrce  within  the  same. 

And  while  the  public  charges  of  government,  or  any 
;  nrt  thereof,  slmll  be  assessed  on  jioin  mid  estates,  in  the 
II  anner  that  lia»  been  heretofore  practistd,  in  order  that 
f  iiih  assessments  may  be  made  with  equality,  tbereshall 
l.e  a  valuation  of  the  estates  within  the  state,  taken  anew 
<  nee  in  every  five  years  at  least,  and  as  much  oftener  as 
the  general  court  shall  order. 

No  member  of  tfii  general  courts  shal^ake  fees,  be  of 
c(  tinsel  or  act  as  advocate,  in  any  causp  before  either 
b-aach  of  the  lef;islntiiie  ;  and  upon  due  proof  thereof, 
sneli  member  shall  forfeit  his  se.tt  in  the  legislature. 

'i  he  doors  of  tlie  galleries  of  each  house  of  the  legisla- 


ture shall  be  kept  open  to  all  persons  who  behave  de' 
cently,exceptwhen  the  welfare  of  the  state,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  either  branch,  shall  require  secrecy. 


The  senate  shall  consistof  thirteen  members,  who  shall 
hold  their  offices  for  one  year,  from  the  last  Wednesday 
of  October  next  ensuing  their  election. 

And  that  the  state  may  be  equally  represented  in  the 
senate,  the  legislature  shall,  from  time  to  time,  divide 
the  state  into  thirteen  districts,  as  nearly  equal  as  may  be 
without  dividing  to ivns  and  unincorporated  places;  and 
in  making  this  division,  they  shall  govern  themselves  by 
the  proportion  of  public  taxes  paid  by  the  said  districts,  j 
and  timely  make  known  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  state  m 
the  limits  of  each  district.  " 

The  freeholders  and  oiher  inhabitants  of  each  district, 
qualified  as  in  this  constitution  is  (irovided,  shall  annu- 
ally give  in  their  votes  for  a  senator,  at  some  meeting 
holden  in  the  month  of  March. 

The  senate  shall  be  the  first  branch  ofthe  ICgialaturc: 
and  the  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  the  following  man- 
ner, viz.  Every  male  inhabitant  of  each  town,  and  pa- 
rish with  town  privilejjes,  and  places  unincorporated,  in 
this  stRte,oftwenty-one  years  of  age  and  upwards,except- 
ing  paupers  and  persons  excused  from  paying  taxes  at 
their  own  reqiiestjShall  have  a  right,at  the  annual  or  other 
meetings  of  the  inhabitants  of  said  towns  and  pnrishes, 
to  be  duly  warned  and  holden  annually  for  ever  in  the 
month  of  March,  to  vote  in  the  town  or  parish  wherein 
he  dwells,  for  tlw'  senators  in  the  county  or  district 
whereof  he  is  a  member. 

Provided,  nevertheless,  that  no  person  shall  be  capable 
of  being  elected  a  senator,  who  is  not  seized  of  a  freehold 
estnte,  in  his  own  right,  ofthe  Taiue  of  two  hundred 
poiiiids,  lying  within  this  state,  who  is  not  of  the  age  of 
thirty  year'i.  and  who  shall  not  have  been  an  inhabitant 
of  this  state  for  seven  years  immediatelj  preceding  his 
election,  and  at  the  time  thereof  he  shall  bean  inhabi- 
tant of  the  district  for  which  he  shall  be  chos  n. 

And  every  person,  qualified  as  the  constitution  pro- 
Tides,  shall  be  considered  an  inhabitant  for  the  piirpose 
of  electing  or  beinpelected  into  any  office  or  place  with- 
in this  state,  in  the  town,  parish,  and  plantation,  where 
he  dwei'eth.  and  hath  his  home. 

And  the  inhabitants  of  plantations  and  places  uuin- 
corpnraitd.  qua  fied  as  this  constitution  provides,  who 
are  or  shall  be  required  to  assess  taxes  upon  themselves, 
towards  the  support  of  government,  or  shsll  be  taxed 
therefor,  shall  have  the  same  privilege  ol  voting  for  se- 
nators.in  the  plantations  and  placeswhei-ein  they  reside, 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  respective  towns  and  parishes 
aforesaid  hHve.  And  the  meetings  of  such  plantations 
and  places  for  that  purpose  shall  be  hi  Iden  annually  in 
the  month  of  March,  at  such  places  respectively  therein 
as  the  assessors  thtreof  shall  direct  •  which  assessors  shall 
have  like  authority  for  notifying  the  electors,  collecting 
and  returning  the  votes,  as  the  seSectsien  and  town  clerks 
have  ill  their  si  vi-rat  towns  by  this  constitution. 

The  meetings  for  the  choice  of  governor,  council,  and 
senators,  sliail  he  warned,  by  warrant,  from  the  select- 
men, and  governed  by  a  moilerator,  who  shall,  in  the 
prist  nee  of  the  selectmen,  (whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  at- 
tend.; in  0]>en  meeting,  receive  the  votes  of  ail  the  inha- 
bitants of  such  towns  and  p.irishes  present,and qualified 
to  vote  for  senators;  and  shall,  in  said  meetings,  in  pre- 
sence ofthe  said  selectmen  and  of  the  town  clerk,  in  said 
meeting,  sort  and  count  the  said  votes,  and  make  a  pub- 
lie  declaration  thereof,  with  the  name  of  every  jierson 
voted  for,  and  the  number  of  votes  for  each  jierson  :  and 
the  'own  clerk  shnl!  make  a  fair  record  of  the  same  at 
large,  in  the  tow  n  book,  and  shall  make  out  a  fairattest- 
ed  copy  thereof,  to  be  by  him  sealed  ii]),  and  directed  to 
the  secretary  ofthe  state,  with  a  superscription, exjiress- 
iiig  the  purport  thereof :  and  the  said  tnwn  clerk  shall 
cause  such  attested  copy  to  be  delivered  to  the  sheriff  of 
the  county  in  which  such  town  or  parish  shall  lie.  forty 
days  at  least  before  the  last  Wednesday  of  October  ;  or 
to  the  secretary  of  the  state  at  least  thirtydays  before  the 
said  last  Wednesday  of  October  •  and  the  sheriff  of  each 
county,  or  his  deputy,  shall  deliver  all  such  certificates 
by  hini  received,  into  tlie  secretary's  office,  at  least  thirty 
days  before  th"  last  Wednesday  of  October. 

And  that  there  may  be  a  due  meeting  of  senators  on 
the  last  Wi  dnesday  of  October  annually,  the  governor, 
and  H  majority  of  the  council  for  the  time  being,  shall, 
as  soon  as  ma\  be.  examine  the  returned  copies  of  such 
records,  and,  fourteen  days  before  tht  said  ast  Wednes- 
day of  October,  he  shall  issue  his  summons  to  such  per- 
sons as  appear  to  be  chosen  senators  by  a  majority  of 
votes,  to  attend  and  lake  their  seats  on  that  day. 

Provided,  nevertheless.  That  for  the  first  year  the  said 
returned  copies  shall  be  examined  by  the  presid(*nt  a;id 


CONSTITUTION  OF  NKW  HAMPSHIRE. 


2i 


ft  majovify  nf  tbe'coimcil  then  in  office:  Aml^the  said 
prtsident  shalt,  in  lil<e  ;iianiier,  notif'j  the  i>ersons  elect- 
ed, to  attend  and  tak  ■  I'dir  s' ais  ntt-ording-lj. 

And  ill  cas-  iheit  "hall  not  ai>|>rav  to  bi-  a  senator 
elected  by  a  iiiajf.n!>  of  votes  fur  ait\  d  -ti-ii'l,  the  dt  fi- 
ciency  sliail  be  supplied  in  the  f<il!f)win'j;  manner,  viz. 
The  ni"nil)i  IS  ofth  'dii^  •  of  )••  pnsi  :  lativc'S,  and  siivh 
seiiaiois  as  shall  be  declared  elected,  shall  take  the 
names  of  tiie  two  person-i  havirip;  ;lvi'  li'tjl'.esl  nimiherof 
votes  ni  the  ciistnef,  ami  one  of  tliem  sl>a!l  eleet  by  joint 
ballot  the  stnal(,r  wanted  for  such  <listnct ;  and  in  this 
manner  all  sncli  vacancies  shall  be  filled  up  in  t-very 
district  of  tlie  state;  and  in  like  manner  ali  vacuncies  in 
the  senate,  aosii  ;  by  death,  removal  out  of  the  state,  or 
otherwise,  siia'l  be  supplied  as  soon  as  may  be  after  such 
vacancies  Iwipotii. 

The  senate  shall  be  final  judges  of  the  elections,  re- 
turns,aiid  qualificatiotisof  ilieir  own  members,  as  point- 
ed out  in  this  coiisiitn'ion. 

The  senate  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  themselves, 
jjrovided  such  adjournment  do  not  exceed  tw  o  daj-s  at  a 
time. 

PmyidciJ,  nevertheless,  that  whenever  they  shall  sit  on 
thetrial  of  any  impeachment,  they  may  adjourn  to  such 
time  and  place  as  they  may  think  proper,  'a!thong;h  the 
les^islature  lie  notiasscmbled  on  such  day  or  at  such 
place. 

The  senate  'shall  appoint  their  president  and  other 
officers,  and  determine  tieir  own  rules  of  pruceedimrs  : 
and  not  less  than  seven  members  of  ih'  senate  shall 
make  a  quorum  for  doing  l-wsiness  :  and  '  hen  less  than 
eig;ht  senatoi-s  shall  he  present,  the  asseni  ic  fiv<  af  least 
shall  be  necessary  to  render  their  acts  and  proceedings 
valid. 

The  senate  shall  ben^oiirt.  with  full  power  and  an- 
thority  to  111  ar,  try,  and  determine,  a\'  impeachments 
made  hy  the  house  of  representatives  against  an-,  ;offic(  r 
or  officers  of  the  state,  for  bribtiy,  corruption,  maleprac- 
tice,  or  nialeadministration,  in  offici- ;  with  full  power 
to  issue  summons,  or  compulsory  process,  for  convening 
■witnesses  liefore  them,  with  all  necessary  powers  inci- 
dent to  a  court  of  trials :  but,  prcviotis  to  the  trial  of  any 
such  imi)eaehment,  the  menibers  of  the  senate  shall  be 
respectively  sworn  truly  a'nd^mpnrlially  to  try  and  de- 
termine the  charge  in  question,  according  to  evidence. 
And  every  officer,  impeached  lor  bribery,  corruption, 
malepraclice,  or  maleadministration  in  office,  shall  he 
served  with  an  attested  copy  of  thi- impeachment,  and 
order  of  the  senate  thereon,  with  such  citation  as  th.  se- 
nate may  direct,  setiing  forth  the  time  and  placeof  their 
sitting  to  try  the  impeachment ;  whicli  service  shall  be 
madeljy  the  sheriflF,  or  such  other  sworn  officer  as  the 
senate  may  appoint,  at  least  fourteen  days  previous  to 
the  time  of  trial;  and  such  citation  being  dr.ly  served 
and  returned,  the  senate  may  proceed  in  hearing  of  the 
impeachment,  giving  the  person  impeached,  if  he  shall 
appear,  full  liberty  of  producing  witnesses  and  proofs, 
and  of  making  his  defence,  by  himfelf  and  counsel ;  and 
may  also,  upon  his  refusing  or  neglecting  to  appear, 
hear  the  proofs  in  support  of  the  impeachment,  and  ren- 
der judgment  thereon,  his  non-appiarance  notv.ith- 
standing;  and  such  judgment  shall  have  the  same  force 
and  e.f  ct  as  if  the  person  impeached;had  nppea  .  d  and 
pleaded  in  the  trial.  Their  judgment,  howevn-.  shall 
not  extend  further  than  removal  from  office,  disqualifi- 
cation to  hold  or  enjoy  any  place  of  honour,  trust,  or 
profit  under  this  state  ;  but  the  party  so  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  to  iiidictni'-nt,  trial,  judgment,  and 
punishment,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  land. 

\Vhenever  the  governor  shall  be  iuipeached,  the  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  judicial  court  shall,  during  tlie 
trial,  preside  in  the  senate,  but  have  no  vote  therein. 

HOUSE  OF  EEPnESENTATIVKS. 

There  shall  be,  in  the  legislature  of  this  state,  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  people,  annually  elected,  and  founded 
upon  principles  of  equality;  and  in  oidtr  that  such  re- 
presentation may  be  as  equal  as  circumstances  will  ad- 
mit, every  town,  parish,  or  place,  eutiiK  d  to  town  privi- 
leges, having  one  huiulred  and  fiftj  ^at^able  nialr  polls, 
of  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  upwards,  may  elect  one 
represenfative :  if  four  hundred  and  fifty  rateable  male 
polls,  may  elect  two  representatives;  and  so  jnoceediiig, 
m  that  proportion,  make  three  htiii'!i<d  such  rateahio 
polls  the  mean  of  increasing  number,  for  every  addition- 
al representative. 

Such  towns,  parishes,  or  places,  as  have  less  tlian  one 
hundred  and  filty  rateable  polls,  shall  be  cias«ed  by  the 
general  assembly,  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a  repre- 
sentative, and  seasonably  notified  thereof.  And  in  eve- 
ry class  formed  for  the  above-mentioned  purpose,  the 
liast  attnual  meeting  shall  be  held  in  the  town,  patjsh,or 


place,  wherein  most  of  the  rateable  polls  reside ;  and  af^ 
tiTwai-ds  in  that  which  has  the  next  hia-hest  number; 
and  so  on,  annually,  hy  rotaiii.n,  throi.gh  the  several 
towns,  parishes,  or  pia"es,  forming  the  di-trict. 

Wheiii  ver  any  tow  n,  parish,  or  i)l,iCe,  <  iiiUled  lotown 
priviirges  as  afo'isiiid,  shall  not  have  (mi  hundred  and 
fifty  rateable  |)olls,  and  be  so  situated  as  to  render  the 
classing  Ihiaerif  with  any  oth^r  town,  parish,  or  place 
very  inconveiiic  i.l,  the  ereneral  assembly  may,  upon  ap- 
p  icaiion  of  a  niajoiii)  of  ihe  vott  rsof  such  town,  parish, 
or  p  ace,  is<iie  a  writ  fir  their  selecting  and  sending  a 
n'presentative  to  the  general  court.  \^ 

The  me  lienor  the  house  of  re])resentativcs  shall  be 
chosen  annually,  in  the  month  of  March,  and  shall  hv. 
the  second  branch  of  the  legislature. 

All  persiuis  qualified  to  vote  in  the  election  of  sena- 
tors shall  be  entitled  to  vote  within  the  district  where 
they  dwell,  in  the  choice  of  representatives.  Evei-y 
member  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall  be  chosen 
by  ballot:  and  for  two  years  at  least  next  preceding  his 
election,  shall  have  been  an  inhabitant  of  this  state:  shall 
have  an  estate  within  th<'  district  which  he  may  be  cho- 
sen to  represent,  of  th<' value  of  one  hundred  pounds., 
one  half  of  which  to  be  a  freehold,  whereof  he  is  seized 
in  his  own  riirht ;  shall  be,  at  thi  time  of  his  election,  an 
iiihahitant  of  the  district  he  may  be  chosen  to  represent, 
and  shall  cease  'o  represent  such  di'trict  immediately 
on  his  ceasiog^  to  be  qiia'ified  as  afor;  said. 

The  members  of  both  h<iuses  of  the  lepslature  shall 
be  compensat  (1  for  their  services  out  of  the  treasury  of 
thf  slate,  by  a  law  made  for  that  purpose;  such  members 
attending siasimab  y,anil not departingwithout  license. 
All  intermediate  vacancies,  in  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, ma\  be*  filled  up  from  time  to  time,  in  the  same 
manner  as  annual  elections  are  made. 

The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  the  grand  in- 
quest of  the  state ;  and  all  impeachments  made  by  them 
sliatl  be  heard  and  trii  d  by  the  senate. 

All  money-bills  shall  originate  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives: but  the  senate  may  propose  or  concur  with 
amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

The  house  of  reiiresentatives  shall  have  the  power  to 
ad  journ  themsnl  ves,bu  t  no  loe.ger  than  tw  o  days  at  a  time 

A  majority  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  represent- 
atives shall  lie  a  quorum  for  doing  business  ;  but  when 
less  than  two-thirdsof  the  house  of  i-i'presentatives  elect- 
ed shall  be  present,  the  asstnt  of  two-thirds  of  those 
members  shall  be  necessary  to  render  their  acts  and  pro- 
ceedings valid. 

No  member  of  the  house  of  representatives  or  senate 
shall  be  aiTested  or  held  to  bail,  on  mesne  process,  du- 
ring his  going  to,  retumjrom,  or  attendance  upon  the 
court. 

'I'he  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their  own 
speaker,  ai)point  their  own  officers,  and  settle  the  rules 
of  proeeedinsrs  in  their  own  house  :  and  shall  be  judge 
of  the  return,  elections,  and  qualifications  of  its  mem- 
bers, as  pointid  out  in  this  constitution.  They  shall  have 
authority  to  punish,  by  imprisonment,  every'  person  who 
shall  be  sruilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  in  its  presence, 
by  any  disorderly  or  contem]>lU'Oiis  behaviour,  or  bj 
threatening  or  ill  treating  any  of  its  membei-s;  or  by 
obstructing  its  deliberations-  every  person  guilty  of  a 
breach  of  its  piiviUge^,  in  makinp:  arrests  (or  debt,  or  by 
assau  ting  any  nieniber  durine:  his  auendance  at  any 
session;  in  assaultingordisturbing  anyone  of  its  officers 
in  the  execution  of  any  order  or  procedmeof  the  house; 
in  assaultinf;  any  witness  or  other  person  ordered  to  at- 
tend by,  and  during  his  attendance  on,  the  house ;  or  in 
rescuing  any  person  arrested  by  order  of  the  house, 
knowing  them  to  be  such.  The  senate,  governor,  and 
council,  shall  have  the  same  powers  in  like  cases:  pro- 
vided that  no  imprisonment  by  either  for  any  offence 
exceed  ten  days, 

Tlie  journals  of  the  proceedings,  and  all  the  public 
actsof  bi><h  houses  of  the  legislature,  shall  be  printed 
and  publislud  immediately  after  rvei')'  adjournment  or 
prorogation  and  upon  motion  made  by  any  one  mem- 
ber, the  yeas  and  nays  upon  any  question  shall  be  enter- 
ed in  the  journals :  and  any  member  of  the  senate  or 
house  of  represi  ntatives  shall  have  a  right,  on  motion 
made  at  the  time  fiir  that  purpose,  to  have  his  protestor 
dissent,  with  the  reasons  against  any  vote,  resolve,  or 
bill  passed,  entered  on  the  journals. 

EXECU !  IVE  POWER. 

OOVETINOI!. 

The  governor  shall  be  chosen  annually,  in  the  month 
of  March  ;  and  the  votes  for  governor  shall  be  received, 
counted,  certified,  and  returned  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  votes  for  senators  ;  and  the  secretary  shall  lay  the 
same  before  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  sn 


CONSTITUTION  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


the  last  Wednesday  of  October,  to  be  by  them  examined; 
and  in  case  of  an  election  bya  majority  (ifvotes  tbioiigli 
the  state,  the  choice  shall  be  by  them  declared  and  pub- 
lished. 

And  the  qualifications  of  electors  of  the  governor  sliall 
be  the  same  as  those  for  senators ;  and  if  no  per^iin  shall 
have  a  majority  of  votes,  the  senate  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives shall,  by  Joint  ballot,  elect  one  of  the  two  per- 
sons ha\'ing  the  highest  number  of  votes,  who  shall  be 
declared  governor. 

And  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  this  office,  unless, at 
the  time  of  hiselection,  heshall  have  been  an  inhabitant 
of  this  state  for  seven  years  next  preceding,  and  unless 
heshall  be  of  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  unless  he  shall, 
at  thesametime,  have  an  estate  of  the  value  of  live  hun- 
dred pounds,  one  half  of  which  shall  consist  of  a  free- 
hold, in  his  own  right,  within  this  state. 

In  cases  of  disagreement  between  the  two  houses, with 
regard  to  the  time  or  place  of  adjournment,  or  proroga- 
tion, the  governor,  with  advice  of  council,  shall  have  a 
right  to  adjourn  or  prorogue  the  general  cotn't,  not  ex- 
ceeding seven  months  at  any  one  time,  as  he  may  deter- 
mine tile  public  gnod  may  require,  to  meet  at  the  place 
where  the  general  court  shall  be  at  that  time  sitting  ; 
and  he  shall  dissolve  the  same  seven  days  before  the  said 
last  Wednesday  in  October. 

And,  in  case  of  any  infectious  distemiier  prevailing  in 
the  place  where  the  said  court  at  any  time  is  to  convene, 
or  any  other  cause  whereby  dangers  n.ay  arise  to  the 
health  or  lives  of  the  mcmbei-s  from  their  attendance, 
the  governor  may  direct  the  session  to  be  holdcn  at  some 
other,  the  nvjst  convenient  ])lace  within  the  state. 

Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses  of  the 
general  conn  Oiall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  present- 
sented  to  the  governor :  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it, 
but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objectiens,  to  that 
house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter 
the  objections  at  large  on  their  lournal,  :ind  proceed  to 
reconsider  it;  if,  after  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds 
of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 
together  with  such  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by 
which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved 
by  iwo-thirds  of  that  house,  shall  become  a  law.  But  in 
all  siich  cases.the  voles  of  botbhouses  shall  be  determin- 
ed by  yeas  and  nays,and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting 
for  or  against  the  hill  shall  he  entered  on  the  journal  of 
each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  return- 
ed by  the  governor  within  five  days  (Sundays  excepted) 
after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  bin,  the  same  shall 
be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unhss  the 
legislature  by  their  adjournment  pri-vent  its  return,  in 
which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  liuv. 

Every  resolve  shall  be  prewited  to  the  governor,  and 
before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by 
him,  or  beinsr  disajiproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by 
tlie  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  according  to  the 
rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

All  judicial  otficers,  the  attorney  general, solicitors,all 
sherins,  coronei-s,  registers  of  probate,  and  all  officers  of 
the  navy,  and  general  and  field  officers  of  the  militia, 
shall  b''  nominated  iind  appoint-  d  by  tWe  governor  and 
council;  and  every  such  nomination  shall  be  made  at 
least  three  days  prior  to  such  appointment ;  and  no  ap- 
pointment shall  take  place,  uiijess  a  majority  of  the 
council  agree  thereto.  The  governor  and  council  shall 
have  a  negative  on  each  other,  both  in  the  noniiiiations 
and  appointments.  Eveiy  nomination  and  appointment 
shall  be  signed  by  the  governor  aoil  council, every  nega- 
tive shall  be  also  signed  by  the  go>  ernqr  or  council  who 
made  the  same. 

The  captains  and  subalterns  in  the  respective  regi- 
ments shall  be  nominated  by  the  field  officers,  and  if  ap- 
proved by  the'governor.  shall  he  appointed  by  liini. 

Whenever  thcchair  of  ihe  governor  shall  become  va- 
cant, by  reason  of  his  death,  absence  from  the  state,  or 
otherwise,  the  president  of  the  senate  shall,  during  such 
vac  incy,  have  and  exeicis"  all  ihe  powers  and  authori- 
ties which,  by  this  constitution,  the  governor  is  vested 
with,  when  personally  present ;  but  wiien  the  presid.ii.' 
of  the  senateshall  exercise  the  office  of  governor,  he  sluill 
not  hold  his  office  in  the  senate. 

The  governor,  with  the  advice  of  council,  shall  have 
full  po'vei  and  authority  in  the  recess  of  the  general 
court,  to  proi'  gue  the  same,  from  time  to  time,  not  ex- 
ceeding seven  months,  in  any  one  recess  of  said  court ; 
and  during  the  session  of  said  coart,  to  adjourn  or  pro- 
rogue it  to  any  time  the  two  houses  may  desire,  and  to 
call  it  together  sooner  than  the  tiine  to  which  it  may  be 
adjouruedorproroguedjif  the  welfiire  of  the  state  should 
require  the  same. 

The  governor  of  this  state,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be 
comiiiaiiderin  chief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  all  the 
militaiy  forces  of  the  state,  by  sea  and  land;  and  shall 


have  full  power,  by  himself,  or  by  any  chief  commander, 
or  other  officer  or  officers,  from  time  to  time,  to  train, 
instruct,  exercise,  and  govern  the  militia  and  nav)' ;  and 
for  the  special  defence  and  safety  of  this  state,  to  assem- 
ble in  martial  array,  and  put  in  warlike  posture  the  in- 
habitants thereof,  and  to  lead  and  conduct  them,  and 
with  them  to  encounter,  repulse,  repel,  resist,  and  pur- 
sue, by  force  of  arms,  as  well  by  sea  as  by  land,  within 
and  without  the  limits  of  this  state;  and  also  to  kill,  slay, 
and  destroy,  if  necessary,  and  conquer,  by  all  fitting 
ways,  enterprises,  ai  d  means,  all  and  every  such  person 
and  persons",  as  shall  at  any  time  hereafter,  in  a  hostile 
manner,  attempt  or  enterprisi-  the  destruction,  invasion, 
detriment,  or  annoyance  of  this  state;  and  to  use  aiid 
exercise,  over  the  army  and  navy,and  over  the  militia  in 
actual  service,  the  law  martial,  in  time  of  war  or  inva- 
sion, and  also  in  rebellion,  (declared  by  the  legislature 
to  exist,)  as  occasion  shall  necessarily  require :  and  sur- 
prise, by  all  ways  and  means  whatsoever,  all  and  every 
such  person  or  persons,  u  itli  their  ships,  arms,  aramuni- 
tion,:iiid  othergoo<ls,as  slia!l,in  a  hostile  manner,  invade, 
or  attempt  the  invading,  conquering,  or  annoying  thi' 
state :  and,  in  tine,  tiie  governor  is  hereby  entrusted 
with  all  other  jiowers  incident  to  the  offices  of  captain 
general,  and  commander  in  chief,  and  admiral,  to  be  ex- 
ercised agreeably  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  the  laws  of  the  land  :  Piovided,  that  the 
governor  shall  not,  at  anv  time  hereafter,  by  virtue  of 
.".ny  power  bj  this  constitution  granted,  or  hereafter  to 
be  granted  to  him  by  the  legislature,  transport  any  of 
the  inhabitants  of  this  state,  or  oblige  them  to  march  out 
of  the  imils  of  the  •iame,  without  their  free  and  volun- 
tary consent,  or  the  consent  of  the  general  court  ;  nor 
grant  commissions  fur  exercising  the  law  martial  in  any 
case,  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council. 

The  jiower  of  pardoning  offences,  except  such  as  per- 
sons may  be  convicted  of  before  the  senate,  by  impeach- 
ment of  the  house,  shall  be  in  the  governor,  by  aisd  with 
tlie  advice  of  council:  but  no  charter  of  pardon,  granted 
by  the  governor,  with  advice  of  council,  before  convic- 
tion, shall  avail  the  party  pleading  the  same,  notwith- 
standing any  general  or  ]>arlicular  exinessions  contained 
therein,  descriptive  of  the  offence  or  offences  intended 
to  be  jiardoned.  •    * 

No  officer,  duly  commissioned  to  command  in  the 
militia,  shall  be  removed  froni  his  office,  but  by  the  ad- 
dress of  both  houses  to  the  governor,  or  by  fair  trial  in 
court  martial,  pursuant  to  the  laws  of  the  state  for  the 
time  being. 

The  commanding  olieers  of  regiments  shall  appoint 
their  adjutants  and  quarlcrmasteris:  the  brigadiers,  their 
brigEfde  majors  ;  the  mnior  generals  tlieir  aids  ;  the  cap- 
tains and  subalterns,  their  non-commissioned  officers. 

The  governor,and  council, shall  appoint  all  officers  of 
the  continental  army,  w  hom  (by  the  confederation  of  the 
United  Stales)  it  is  provided  that  this  state  shall  appoint; 
as  also  all  officers  of  Ibrts  ami  garrisons. 

The  division  of  the  .militia  into  brigades,  regiments, 
and  companies,  made  in  pursuance  of  the  militia  laws 
now  in  force,  shall  be  considered  as  the  proper  divisions 
of  the  militia  of  this  state,  until  the  same  shall  be  altered 
bj  some  future  la«'. 

No  moneys  shall  be  issued  out  of  the  treasury  of  this 
state,  and  disposed  of  except  such  sums  as  maybe  ap- 
ptopriated  for  the  ledeniption  of  bills  of  credit  or  trea- 
.siirer's  notes-,  or  for  Ihe  i>aynienl  of  interest  arising  there- 
on, by  warrant,  under  Ihe  hand  of  the  governor  for  the 
time  being,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
council,  for  thi^  necessai-y  support  and  defe^nceof  this 
state,  and  for  the  necessary  protection  and  preservation 
of  the  inhabitants  thereof,  agreeably  to  the  acts  and 
resolves  of  the  genera!  court. 

All  public  ho.irds,  the  commissary  general,  all  super- 
intending offieei-s  of  public  magazines  and  stores,  be- 
longing to  this  slate,  and  all  commanding  officers  of 
forts  and  garrisons  \\  ithin  the  same,  shall,  once  in  every 
three  months,  o){lcia!ly,  and  h  itliout  requisition,  and  at 
other  times  when  required  by  the  governor,  deliver  to 
him  an  accoilnt  of  all  goods,  stores,  pi-ovisions,ammnni- 
tion,  cannon,  with  ilicir  appendages,  and  small  arms, 
with  their  accoutrements, and  ofall  Other  ixiblic  proper- 
ty under  their  care  respectively  ;  distinguishing  the 
quaniityand  kind  of  each,  as  particularly  as  may  be; 
together  with  the  condition  of  sudi  forts  and  garrisons.: 
and  the  commanding  officer  shall  exhibit  to  the  govern- 
or, when  required  by  hiui,  true  and  exact  plans  of  such 
forts,  and  oi  the  laud  and  sea,  or  hi'.rbour  or  harbours 
adjacent. 

The  governor  and  council  shall  be  compensated  for 
tin  ir  services  from  time  to  time,  by  such  grants  as  the 
general  court  shall  think  reasoiiabh  . 

Permanent  and  honouiable  salaries  shall  be  ostabHsIi- 
cd  by  law  for  the  justices  of  tlie  supreme  court. 


CONSTITUTION  OP  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.                                  23 

COTJKCII.  ^'"  ^''^  "^^  °^  *^^  *'^^*-''  '"'^  ^^^  punctual  performance  of 
his  trust. 

There  shall  lie  aninially  electedj  by  ballot,  five  coun-  COUNTY  TllEAStinKR    8cc. 

scllors,  for  advising  tlif  governor  in  the  txecutivi-  j)art  '    ' 

of  the  governmeni.     t  he  freeholders  and  other  inliabi-  The  county  treasurers,  and  registers  of  deeds,  shall 

tants  in  each  county, qualified  to  vole  for  senators,  shall,  be  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  ilie  several  towns  in  the 

sometime  in  ilie  nionih  of  March,  give  in  their  votes  for  several  counties  in  the  state,  aocorduig  to  the  method 

one  counsellor;  which  voles  shall  be  received,  sorted,  now  practised,  and  the  laws  of  ilie  slate, 

counted,  certified,  and  returned  to  the  sccretao's office,  Provit/eil,  nevcrt/iekss.   The  iegislatiire  shall  have  an- 

in  the  same  manneras  the  votesfor  senators,  to  he  by  the  thorily  to  alter  the  manner  of  certifying  the  vott-s,  and 

secretary  laid  before  tlie  senate  and  house  of  represeuta-  tlie  mode  of  electing  these  officers ;  but  not  so  as  to  de- 

livts,  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  October.  pri\e  the  people  ot  the  right  the)  now  have  of  electing 

And  the  person  ha\  ino:  a  inajcnity  of  votes  in  any  coun-  them, 

tv  shall  be  considered  as  duly  elected  a  counsellor  ;  but  And  the  legislature,  on  the  application  of  the  major 

if  no  person  shall  have  a  majoriuof  votesin  mi  v  county,  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  any  county,  shall  have  autho- 

the  senate  and  house  of  representativts  siiall  "tal;e  tlk-  rity  to  divide  the  same  into  two  districts  for  registering 

names  of  tlie  two  pi-rsons  who  have  the  highest  number  deeds,  if  to  them  it  shall  appear  necessary ;  each  district 

of  votes  in  each  county  and  not  elected,  and  outof  those  to  elect  a  register  of  deeds  :  and  before  they  enter  upon 

two  shall  elect,  bv.joiiit  ballot, the  counsellor  wanted  for  the  business  of  their  office,  shall  be  respectively  sworn 

such  county.        '  liiithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  thereot,  and  shall  seve- 

Pruvldeil,nevcrlhekss,  Thatno  person  shall  be  capable  rally  give  bonds,  with  sufficient  sureties,  in  a  reasonable 

of  being  elected  a  counsellor  who  has  not  an  estat.;  of  the  sujii,  for  the  useof  the  county,  for  the  punctual  perform- 

value  of  five  hundred  pounds  w  iihin  this  state,  three  aiice  of  their  respective  trusts, 

hundred  pounds  of  which  (or  r.iore)  shall  be  a  f. eehold  IL'DICIAUY  POWER 
in  his  own  right,  and  who  is  not  thirtv  years  of  age;  and 

who  shall  not  have  hn-n  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  for  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  court  to  make  a  re- 
seven  yeai-s  immediately  preceding  his  election ;  and  at  form  in  the  judiciary  sysltm,  that  justice  may  be  admi- 
the  time  of  his  election  an  inhabitant  of  the  county  in  nistered  in  a  more  cheap  and  expeditious  manner  than 
which  he  is  elected.                                                        "  is  now  practised,  and  that  no  pailj-  shall  have  a  review 

The  secretary  shall  annually,  seventeen  days  before  afterthe  cause  has  been  determinedagainsthimlwice by 

the  last  Wednesday  in  October,  give  notice  of  the  choice  jury, 

of  persons  elected.'  The  general  court  is  hereby  empowered  to  make  al- 

If  any  pei-son  shall  be  elected  g-.-  emcr,  or  memberof  teratious  in  the  power  of  jurisdieiion  of  die  courts  of 
either  branch  of  the  legislature,  and  shall  not  accept  the  common  pleas,  and  general  sessions  of  the  peace,  respec- 
trust;or  if  any  person  ekcttda  counsellor  shall  refiiseto  lively;  or,  if  they  shall  judge  it  necessarj  for  the  public 
accept  the  office ;  orin  Ciise  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  good,  to  abolish  those  courts,  or  either  ot  them,  and  in- 
removal  of  any  counsellor  out  of  the  state,  the  governor  vest  such  other  courts,  as  tliej  may  establish,  with  the 
may  issue  a  precept  for  the  election  of  a  new  counsellor  jurisdiction  and  powers  now  vested  in  the  court  of  com- 
in  that  county  where  such  vacancy  shall  hajipen  :  and  mon  pleas,  and  courts  of  general  sessions  otthe  peace,as 
the  choice  shall  be  in  the  same  manner  as  bei ne  direct-  the  general  court  may,  from  time  to  time,  judge  expedi- 
ed:  and  the  governor  shall  have  full  powerand  authori-  ent  for  the  due  administration  of  law  and  justice, 
ty  to  convene  the  council,  from  lime  to  lime,  at  his  dis-  And  it  shall  be  the  duly  of  the  general  court  to  vest  in 
cretion;  and,  with  them,  or  the  majority  of  them,  may,  such  court  or  couits  of  law,  as  to  them  may  appear  ex- 
and  shall,  from  time  to  timejho>d  a  council,  fiir  ordering  pedient,  the  power  of  granting  new  trials,  or  a  inal  after 
and  directing  the  affairs  of  the  slate  according  to  the  judgment,  eiiher  upon  verdict  of  a  jury,  default,  non- 
laws  of  the  land.  suit,  orcomp.aint,  for  affirmation  of  judgment,  n»  all 

The  members  of  the  council  maybe  impeached  by  the  cases  where  substantial  justice  has  not  been  do.'ie,  except 

house,  and  tried  by  the  senate,  for  bribery,  corruption,  as  belore  excepted,  in  such  manner,  and  mule  r  such  re- 

malepraclice,  or  malcadministratiou.  strictions  ami  regulations,  as  to  the  general  court  may 

The  Its jiutions and  advice  of  the  council  sliall  be  re-  appear  for  the  public  good;  provided,  application  be 

corded  by  the  secretarj',  in  a  register,  and  signed  by  all  made  for  sucli  review  oimrial  within  one  ) ear  from  the 

the  members  present  agreeing  tliereio  ;  and  this  record  rendition  of  Judgmeijs. 

may  be  called  for  at  any  time  i)y  either  house  of  the  le-  For  ihc  more  eilectual  preserving  llie  proper  separa- 

gislature ;  and  any  member  of  ihe  council  may  enter  his  tion  of  the  thiee  great  powers  of  go\  ernment,  agreeably 

opinion  contrary  to  the  resolutions  of  the  majority,  with  to  the  ihirtj  -seventh  article  in  tiie  bill  of  rights,  the  jiow- 

the  reasons  for  such  opinion.  er  of  hearing  and  deciding  in  cases  of  equit) ,  shall  be 

The  legislature  maj',if  the  public  good  shall  hereafter  vested  either  in  some  judicial  court  or  courts,  or  in  some 
require  it,  divide  the  suite  into  five  districts,  as  nearly  court  to  be  established  specially  for  that  jiuriiose  :  pro- 
equal  a<  may  b.>  governing  themselves  by  the  numberof  vided  no  power  shall  be  granted  to  any  sucii  courts,  in- 
rateable  polls,  anil  proportion  of  public  taxes :  each  dis-  compatible  with  the  bill  of  rights  and  constitution.  And 
trict  to  elect  a  counsellor  ;  and  in  case  of  such  division,  the  pow  ers  of  sr.id  court  shad  be  limited  and  defined  by 
the  manner  of  the  choice  shall  be  conformabie  to  the  express  laws;  and  no  suit  in  equity  shall  be  sustained 
jiresent  mode  of  election  in  counties.  where  clear  and  adequate  remedy  may  be  had  at  law. 

And  whereas  the  elections  appointed  to  be  made  by  'Ihe  genera:  court  are  empoui  red  to  give  to  jitsiices 

this  constitulion,  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  October  an-  of  the  peace  jurisdiction  in  civil  causes,  when  thv  dania- 

iiuall}',  by  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  may  not  be  ges  demanded  shall  not  t\ctiri.l  four  floundi;  and  title  of 

completed  on  that  day,  the  said  elections  may  be  ad-  real  esuue  is  not  concerned ;  but  with  right  of  ajjpeal  to 

journed  from  day  lo  day,  until  the  same  may  be  com-  either  party  to  some  other  court,  so  that  a  trial  by  jury 

pleted  ;  and  the  order  of  ihe  elections  shall  be  as  follows:  in  the  last  lesori  may  be  had. 

the  vacancies  in  the  senate,  if  any,  shall  be  fim  filled  up;  No  person  shall  hold  the  office  of  a  judge  in  any  courf, 

the  governor  shall  then  he  elected,  providird  there  shall  or  judge  of  probate,  or  sheriff  of  aiiy  counn ,  after  he 

be  no  choice  of  him  by  the  ^leojile ;  and  afterwards  the  has  attained  the  age  of  seventy  years, 

two  houses  shall  proceed  to  fill  up  the  vacancy,  if  any.  No  judge  of  any  court,  or  justice  of  the  peace,  shall 

in  the  council.                                                                   '  act  as  attorney,  or  be  of  counsel,  to  any  party,  or  origi- 
nate any  civil  suit,  in  matters  which  shall  come  or  be 

SECnETAUY,  TREASUBER,    COMMISSARY  GEKE-  brought  before  him  as  judge,  or  justice  of  the  peace. 

UAL    SiC  ■'^"  'uatters  relating  to  the  proliate  of  wills,  andgrant- 
ing  letters  of  adminisliation,  siiall   be  exercised  By  Ihe 

The  secretary,  treasurer,  and   commissary  general,  judges  of  probate,  in  such  niamier  as  the  legislature  have 

shall  be  chosen  by  joint  ballot  of  the  senators  and  repre-  directed,  or  may  hereafter  direct ;  and  the  judges  of 

seniatives,  afisembled  in  one  room.  probate  shall  hold  their  courts  at  such  place  or  places, 

The  records  of  the  state  shall  be  kept  in  ihe  office  of  on  such  fixed  days  as  theconvenieucy  of  the  people  may 

thesecretary,and  he  shall  attend  the  governor  and  coun-  require,  and  the  legislature  from  time  lo  time  appoint, 

cil,  the  senate  and  representatives,  in  person,  orbyde-  No  judge  or  register  of  prohate  shall  be  of  counsel, 

puty,  as  they  may  r<  quire.  act  as  advocate,  or  receive  any  fees  as  advocate  or  coun- 

The  secretary  of  ihe  state  shall,  at  ail  times,  have  a  sel,  in  any  [)roliate  business  which  is  jiendiiig,  or  may  be 

deputy,  to  be  b^nrn  appointed  ;  for  whose  conduct  in  bruughi  into  any  eourt  of  probate  in  thecountj  of  which 

office  he  shall  be  re-poiisible.    And  in  case  of  the  death,  heis  judge  or  register. 

leraoyal,  or  inability  of  the  secretary,  his  deputy  shall  r  i  r  n  .r  e  <ir  inini'i-                          m. 

exercise  all  the  duties  of  the  office  of  secretary  of  this  (.LERIi-S  OF  toURl.                         * 

state,  until  another  shall  be  appointed.    The  secivtarv.  The  judges  of  the  courts  (those  of  the  probate  except* 

before  he  enters  upon  the  business  of  liis  oince,  shall  ed,  shall  appoint  their  respective  cierks,  lo  noidtheirof- 

giTe  bond,  with  sufficient  sureties,  in  a  reasonable  sum,  fice  during  pleasure  ;  and  no  such  clerks  siiall  act  .ns  an 


e4 


CONSTITUriOX  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


attorney,  or  be  of  counsel,  in  any  cause  in  the  court  of 
which  hi"  is  clerk,nor  shall  he  draw  any  writ  originating 
a  civil  action. 

ENCOURAGEMEXT  OF  LITERATITRK,  &C 

Kn;>wl<'df?caiid  learniiitr,  g^'nel•aUy  diifiistd  through 
a  comiiiuiiity,  being  es»cnii.i!  to  thi  jiii-strvatioii  of  a 
fvef  govt  rnii'unt ;  and  spVLadiiig  thi.  i>ppariuj".itii-s  asid 
adiaiitagis  of  edcuatioii  through  thv  various  parts  ol  ihe 
countj'j ,  btirig  iii^hiy  coudiifive  to  promute  this  end :  it 
ehail  bt  th.  doty  oi  the  legisiato:sand  magistvatrs,  iu  ail 
futun  periods  of  this  govermutnt,  to  elu-nsli  the  inteii  st 
of  litemiure  and  the  sciences,  ami  aa  senuiiarKs  aii<l 
pubiie  schuois,  to  encourage  pri\atcand  puliiic  institu- 
tions, rewards,  and  immunities  for  the  proiuotion  ol  ag- 
I'iculture,  arts,  scieu.'es,  toiumerce,  trades,  manufic- 
tures,  and  natural  histo.y  of  the  couiitij  ;  to  counte- 
nance ami  iiiciiicate  the  pniicipies  ofhu.ijanity  and  ge- 
neral bciievoieiice,  pub/icund  private  charil>,  industry 
and  economy,  honesty  and  punctuality, sinci  lit), sobri- 
ety, and  all  social  affectious  ajid  generous  sentiments 
among  the  p*  opie. 

Oath  and snbsiiijdions  ;  exclusion  from  offices  ;  commii- 

sioiis ;  ivrifs ;  conjinnwiuii  ■J'laivs ;  habeas  corpus  ;  tlie 

enactiuij  styie ;  cuntlnuance  of  uffueis  ;  piuvtsioii  for  a 

future  7-eviscon  of  the  institution,  drc. 

Any  pi  rson  chosen  govtrnor,  counsellor,  senator,  or 

representative,  ni<litur>  or  civii  officer,  (town  ufficeis 

excepted,)  accepting  the  trust,  shad,  before  he  proceeds 

to  execute  the  duties  of  his  office,  make  and  subseriOe 

«he  following  declaration,  viz. 

I,  A  B,  do  solemnly  Svvear,  that  1  will  bear  faith  and 
true  alii  glance  to  the  state  ot  New  Hampshire,  and 
Will  support  the  constitution  thereol.  So  litlp  me 
God. 
I,  A  B,  do  solemnly  and  sincerely  swear  and  affirm, 
that  1  will  faithfully  and  impartially  dischargf  and 

perform  al.  the  duties  incumbent  on  me  as 

according  to  the  best  of  n.y  abilitirs.  agreeably  to 

the  rules  and  regulations  of  this  eon.titution,  and 

the  laws  of  the  state  of  New  Hampshire.   So  l.tlp  me 

God. 

Any  person  having  taken  and  subscribed  the  oath  of 

allegiance,  and  the  same  being  filed  in  the  secretary's 

offlc'  ,  he  shall  not  be  obliged  to  take  said  oatli  again. 

Pruviikd  always,  Whenany  person  chosen  or  appoint- 
ed as  atbie»aid,  shall  be  of  the  denomiiiaiioii  called  (Qua- 
kers, or  shall  be  scrupulous  of  swearing,  and  shall  de- 
dine  taking  the  said  oaths, sueli^ghal!  take  and  subscribe 
them,  omitting  tlie  word  swciir.  and  likew  is,.-  llie  words 
BO  help  me  G(i(/,sui>joiiiiiig  iiibt>ad  fliereof,tAii  IdounUer 
the  pains  and  ptnaltics  if  perjury. 

And  the  oaths  or  affiruialioiis  shall  be  taken  and  sulv 
scribed  by  the  governor,  before  the  president  of  the  se- 
nate, in  "presence  of  both  housi  s  of  the  legislature,  and 
by  the  senators  and  represeiitJitives  first  elected  under 
this  constitution,  as  altered  and  amended,  before  the 
president  of  the  state,  and  a  m;ijority  of  the  council  t  ,en 
in  office,  and  for  ever  afcerwards  before  the  governor 
and  council  for  the  fnm  being ;  and  by  all  ofherofficers, 
before  such  persons,  and  in  such  manner  as  the  legisla- 
ture shall  from  time  to  time  appoint. 

All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  of  the  state  of 
New  Hampshire,  signed  by  the  governor,  and  attested 
by  the  secretary  or  his  deputy,  and  shall  have  the  great 
seal  of  the  state  affixed  thereto. 

All  writs  issuinn  out  of  the  clerk's  office  in  any  of  the 
courts  of  law,  shall  be  in  the  name  of  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire ;  shall  be  under  the  seal  of  the  court  whence 
they  issue,  and  bear  test  of  the  chief,  first,  or  senior  jus- 
tice of  the  court;  but  when  such  justice  shall  bei;iterest- 
ed,  then  the  writ  shall  bear  test  of  some  oiher  justice  of 
the  court,  to  which  the  same  shall  be  returnable;  and  be 
sigiitd  by  the  clerk  of  such  court. 

All  indictments,  presentments,  and  informations,  shall 
conclude,  against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the  state. 

The  estiUe  of  such  persons  as  may  destroy  their  own 
lives,shkll  not, for  that  otfence,be  forfeited,  but  descend 
or  ascend  in  the  same  manner  as  if  such  pei-sons  had 
died  in  a  natural  way.  Nor  shall  any  article  which  shaU 
accidentally  occasion  the  death  of  any  person,  be  hence- 
forth deemed  a  tleodand,  or  in  anywise  forfeited  on  ac- 
count of  such  misfortune. 

All  the  laws  w hich  have herelolbre  been  adopted, used, 
and  approved,  in  the  province,  colony,  or  state  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  usually  practised  on  in  the  courts  of 
law,  shall  remani  and  be  in  full  force  until  altered  and 
^^calf.d  by  the  legislature:  such  parts  thereof  only  ex- 
^pted,  as  are  repugnant  to  the  rights  and  liberties  con- 
tained in  this  constitution. :  Provided  that  nothing  lierc- 
jn  contained,  when  coinpand  with  the  twenty-third  ar- 


ticle in  the  bill  of  rights,  shall  be  construed  to  afiect  tLe 
laws  already  made  respecting  the  persons  or  estates  of 
absentees. 

The  privilege  and  benefit  of  the  habeas  corpus  shall 
be  enjoy,  d  in  this  state,  in  the  most  free, easy,  eheap,ex- 
peditious,  and  amp  e  manner,  and  shall  not  In  suspend- 
ed by  ;h(  legislate  re,  except  upon  the  most  urgetil  and 
pressing  occasions,  and  for  a  time  not  exceeding  three 
months.     , 

I'he  enacting  style,  in  liiaUing  and  passine;  acts,  sta- 
tutes, and  laws,  shall  hi —Be  it  enacted  by  the  senati  and 
house  oj  represeii'alives,  ingenerai  court  lojivened. 

No  governor,  oi  judge  oi  the  Mipi"'  mejudicial  court, 
shall  hod  any  office  or  plaCf  uiuh  r  the  anti.urily  oi  this 
stale,  e.Ncejn  sucli  as  by  this  constiiution  they  are  admit- 
ted to  ho.u  ;  saving  tha:  the  judges  of  the  said  court  may 
hold  I  he  offices  of  justice  of  the  peace  throughout  the 
state  ;  nor  sha.l  they  hoii  any  place  or  office,  or  leceive 
any  pension  or  salary ,  from  any  other  state,  governnieiit, 
or  power  whati  ver. 

No  person  shall  be  capable  of  exercising,  at  the  same 
time,  more  than  one  of  the  following  offices  within  this 
state,  viz.  judge  of  probate,  sheriff,  register  of  deeds; 
and  never  more  than  two  offices  of  profit,  which  may  be 
held  by  appointment  of  the  governor,  or  govei'norand 
council,  or  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  or  supe- 
rior or  inferior  cour.s,  railitarj  offices,  and  offices  of  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  excepted. 

No  person  holding  the  ffice  of  judge  of  any  court, 
(except  special  j  udges,)  secretary,  treasurer  of  the  state, 
attorney  general,  commissary  general,  military  officers 
receiving  pay  from  the  coi.tiiieiit  or  this  state,  (t ac  pt- 
ingoffic  is  ot' the  mil  i  til  ecasionaily  called  lorth  on  an 
e.'uernency,)register  of  deeds,  sheriff,  ov  officers  oi  the 
custoius,  including  iiava,  officers,  collectors  ot  excise, 
and  state  and  coulmental  taxes,  hereafter  appointed, 
and  not  having  settled  their  :<ccoiints  with  the  respective 
officers  with  whom  it  is  their  duty  to  settle  such  ac- 
counts, members  of  congress,  or  any  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  United  States,  shall,  at  the  same  time, 
bold  the  otTice  of  governor,  or  have  a  seat  in  the  senate, 
Ol  house  of  lepri  seiitatives,  or  council ;  but  bis  being 
chosen  or  apooniied  to,  anil  accepting  the  same,  shall 
operate  as  a  resignation  of  his  seat  in  the  chair,  senate, 
of  house  ot  represeiitativi  s,  or  council ;  and  the  places  so 
vacated  shall  be  filled  up.  No  member  of  the  council 
shall  have  a  seat  in  the  senate  or  house  of  representa- 
tive s. 

No  person  shall  ever  be  admitted  to  ho'd  a  seat  in  the 
legislature,  or  any  office  of  trust  or  importance  under 
this  government,  who, in  the  due  couneof  law, hasbeen 
convicted  of  bribery  or  corruption  in  obtaining  an  elec- 
tion or  appointment. 

In  all  eases  where  sums  of  luoney  are  mentioned  in  tliis 
constitution,  the  va.ue thereof  shall  be  computed  in  sil- 
ver, at  six  shilliii/^s  and  eij;ht  fience  per  ounce. 

To  the  end  that  there  may  be  no  failure  of  justice,  or 
danger  to  the  state,  by  the  alteration  and  amendments 
made  in  the  constitution,  the  general  court  is  hereby 
fully  authorised  and  directed  to  fix  the  time  when  the 
alterations  and  amendments  shall  take  effect,  and  make 
the  ni/cessary  arrangements  accordingly. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  selectmen  and  assessors  of 
the  several  towns  and  places  in  this  stale,  in  warning  the 
first  annual  meeting  for  the  choice  of  senators,  after  the 
expiration  of  seven  years  from  the  adoption  of  chis  con- 
stitution, as  amended,  to  assert  expressly  in  the  warrant, 
this  purpose,  among  the  others  for  the  meeting,  to  wit : 
to  take  the  sense  of  the  qualified  voters  on  the  subject  of 
a  revision  of  the  constitution ;  and  the  meeting  being 
warned  accordingly,  and  not  otherwise,  the  moderator 
shall  take  the  sense  of  the  qualified  voters  present,  as  to 
the  necessity  of  a  revision  :  and  a  return  ot  the  number 
of  votes  for  ana  against  such  ik  cessity,  shall  be  made  by 
the  clerk,  sealed  up,  and  directed  to  the  general  court, 
at  their  next  session  ;  and  if  itshall  appear  tothegeiieral 
court,  by  sucli  return,  that  the  sense  of  the  people  of  the 
state  has  been  taken,  and  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
majority  of  the  qualified  voters  in  the  state,  present  and 
voting  at  said  meetings,  there  is  a  necessity  for  a  revision 
of  the  constitution,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general 
court  to  call  a  convention  for  that  purpose;  otherwise 
the  general  court  shall  direct  the  sense  of  the  people  to 
be  taken,  and  then  proceed  in  the  manner  before-men- 
tioned. The  delegates  to  be  chosen  in  ihe  same  manner, 
and  propori'.oii.  d  as  the  representatives  to  the  general 
court;  proxided,  that  no  alterations Aall  be  made  in 
this  constitution,  before  ihe  same  shall  be  laid  before  the 
towns  antl  unincorporated  places,  and  approved  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  piesen.  and  voting  on  the 
subject. 

And  the  same  method  of  taking  the  senae  of  the  peoi. 
pie  as  to  a  revision  of  the  constitution,  and  calling  a  coii- 


CHARTER  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


25 


tentioii  for  that  puipose,  shall  be  observed  afterwarils,at  sbnU  be  prefixed  to  the  books  containing  the  laws  of  tins 

the  expiration  of  every  seven  years.  state,  in  all  future  editions  thereof. 

This  for.Ti  of  jjovemment  shall  be  enrolled  on  parch-  JOHN  PICKERIN'G,  Pirjit/enf   P.T- 

ment,  and  deposited  in  the  secretary's  office,  and  be  a  r, »  t  tt-e-     c             '        '         ' 

part  of  the  laws  of  the  land ;  and  printed  copies  thereof  Attest,  JOHN  CALFE,  iccretnry. 


CHARTER  OF  RHODE  ISLAND, 

Granted  bij  lining  Charles  11.  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  his  reign. 


<^uintadecima  pars  Fatentium  Anno  Regni  Regnis  Caroli  Secundi  Quintotlecimo. 


CHARLES  the  Second,  by  the  grace  of  ttod,  8je.  to 
all  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come,  greetinej:  Where- 
as we  have  been  informed,  by  the  petitition  of  ourtrusty 
and  well  beloved  subjects,  John  Clark,  on  the  behalfof 
Benedict  Arnold,  William  Brenton,  William  Codinj;- 
ton,  Nicholas  Easton,  William  Bocilston,  John  Porter, 
John  Smith,  Samuel  Gorton.  John  Weekes,  Roger  Wil- 
liams, Thomas  OIney,  Gregory  Uexter,  Jchn  Cogeshall, 
Joseph  Clarke,  Randall  Houlden,  John  Greene,  John 
Roome.Samuel  Wildliore, William  Field.James Barker, 
Richard  Tew,  Thomas  Harris,  and  William  Dyre.  and 
the  rest  of  the  purchasers  and  free  inhabitants  of  our 
island  called  Rhode  Island,  and  the  rest  of  the  colony  of 
Providence  Plantations,  in  the  Narraganset  Bay,  in  New 
England,  in  America — That  they,  pursuing  with  peace 
and  loyal  minds  their  sober,  serious,  and  religious  inten- 
tions, of  godly  edifying  themselves  and  one  another  in 
the  holy  Christian  faith  and  w  orship,  as  they  w  ere  per- 
stiaded,  together  with  the  gaining  oAer  and  convei-sion 
of  the  poor  ignorant  Indian  natives,  in  those  parts  of 
America,  to  the  sincere  profession  and  obedience  of  the 
same  faith  and  worship,  did  not  only,  by  the  consent 
and  good  encouragement  of  our  royal  progenitors,  trans- 
port themselves  out  of  this  kingdom  of  Rngland,  into 
America;  but  also,  since  their  arrival  there,  after  their 
tirsl  settlement  amongst  oMier  of  our  subjects  in  those 
parts,  for  the  avoiding  of  di=?or(I,  oml  these  many  evils 
which  w  ere  li.kely  to  er.sue  upon  those  our  subjects,  not 
being  able  to  bear,  in  those  remote  pans,  thf-ir  diftlrent 
apprehensions  in  religious  eo^eernmeiiis:  and  in  pursu- 
ance of  the  nfori  said  ends,  did  ^rice  Hgainleave  Iheir  de- 
sirable stations  and  habitations,  and,  with  excessive  la- 
hour  aiul  travail,  hazard,  ai:d  ehaiKc,  did  transplant 
ihemsi  Ives  into  the  niiilsl  i.f  the  Indian  nstive-%  w  ho,  as 
■n-e  are  informed,  arc  tlie  most  potent  prjices  and  people 
of  all  that  country  :  w  here,  by  the  good  providtnce  nf 
God,  (from  whom  the  plantations  have  t;iken  their 
name.)  upon  their  labour  and  industn-,  they  have  not 
only  been  preserved  to  admiration,  hut  have  increased 
and  prospered,  and  are  seized  and  possessed,  by  pin- 
vhaseand  consent  of  said  natives,  to  th(  ir  full  content, 
uf  such  lands,  islands,  rivers,  harbours,  and  n>a<ls.  as  are 
very  cor.vt  nient  both  for  plantations  and  al^o  for  build- 
ing of  ships,  supplying  of  pipe-staves,  and  other  mer- 
chandise, which  lie  very  commodious,  in  many  respects, 
fur  commerce,  and  to  accommodate  our  sotitheni  plant- 
ations, and  may  much  advance  the  trade  of  this  our 
realm,  and  greatly  eiiiiirge  the  territories  thereof;  they 
iiaving,  by  near  neighhourhood  to,  ans?  fiiendly  society 
with,  the  great  body  ofXarraganset  Indians,  giveii  them 
eneouiT.geinent,  of  thiir  own  accord,  to  subject  theni- 
Sf  ives,  their  people  and  land,  unto  us  ;  \i  hereby,  as  is 
Iioped.  there  may,  in  time,  bj'  the  blcstingof  God  upon 
their  endeavours,  be  laid  a  sure  foundation  of  happiness 
to  all  America: 

And  whereas,  in  their  humble  address,  they  have  free- 
ly declared  thit  it  is  much  on  their  hearts  (if  they  be 
permitteil)  to  hold  fuvtlia  lively  expi  riment  thatthemo^t 
liourisiiiiig  civil  state  may  stand, and  best  he  maintaiu -d, 
;ind  that  among  our  English  subjects  w  ith  a  full  iiberfy 
in  religious  concernments  ;  and  that  true  piety,  rightly 
grounded  upon  gospel  principles,  will  give  the  hi  st  anil 
greatest  security  to  sovertigntj'.  and  will  lay  in  the 
hearts  of  men  the  strongest  obligations  to  true  loyalty:— 
Now  know  ye,  that  «•<•,  being  willing  to  encourage  the 
hopelul  undertaking  of  our  said  loyal  and  loving  siib- 
jects,  and  to  secure  thcni  in  the  free  exercise  and  enjoy- 
uient  of  all  the  civil  and  religio'is  rights  appertaining  to 


them,  as  our  loving  subjects:  and  to  preserve  unto  them 
that  liberty  in  the  true  Christian  tiiith  and  worship  of 
God  which  they  have  sought,  with  so  much  travail,  and 
with  peaceable'  minds  and  loyal  subjection  to  our  royal 
progenitors  and  ourselves,  to  enjoy  :  and  because  some 
of  the  people  and  inhabitants  of'th'e  same  colony  cannot, 
in  thiir  private  opinion,  conform  to  the  public  exercise 
of  religion,  according  to  the  liturgy,  foviii,  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  church  of  England,  to'take  or  subscribe  the 
oaths  and  articles  madf  and  established  in  that  behalf; 
and  for  that  tlv  same,  by  reason  of  the  remote  distances 
of  those  places,  will,  as  wehope,  benobreaehof  theuni- 
tv  and  uniformity  established  in  this  nation,  have  there- 
fore thought  fit,  and  do  hereby  publish,  grant,  ordain, 
and  declare,  that  our  royal  will  and  pleasure  is, 

I'hat  no  person  w  ilhin  the  said  colony,  at  any  time 
hereafter,  shall  be  anywise  molested,  punished,  disquiet- 
ed, or  called  in  question,  for  any  differences  in  opinion 
in  mattersof  religion,  who  do  not  actually  disturb  ilie  ci- 
vil peace  of  our  said  colony ;  but  that  all  and  every  per- 
son and  persons  may,  from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times 
hereafter,  freely  and  fully  have  and  enjoy  his  own  and 
their  judgments  and  consciences,  in  matters  of  religious 
concernments,  thromrhout  the  tract  of  land  hereafter 
mentioned,  they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  and 
quietly,  and  not  using  this  liberty  to  liceittiousness  and 
profaiienes's.  nor  to  the  civil  injury  or  outward  disturb- 
ance of  others ;  any  law,  statute, or  clause  therein  con- 
tained, or  io  be  contained,  usage,  or  custom,  of  this 
realm,  to  the  contrai^  hereof,  in  anywise  notwithstand- 
ing. 

And  that  they  may  be  in  the  better  capacity  to  defend 
themselves,  in  their  just  rights  and  liberties,  againstall 
the  enemies  of  the  Christian  faith,  and  others,  in  all  re- 
spects, we  have  further  thought  fit,  and  at  the  humble 
petition  of  the  persons  aforesaid,  are  graciously  pleased 
to  declare. 

That  they  shall  liave  and  enjoy  the  benefit  of  our  late 
act  of  indemnity  and  free  iiardoi*,  as  the  rest  of  our  sub- 
jects i!>  our  othi  r  dominions  and  territoiies  have;  and  to 
create  o  make  them  a  body  politic  or  corporate,  witli 
the  powers  and  piivileges  hereinafter  mentiiined.  And, 
accordingiy,  oov  will  and  pleasure  is,  and  ofotirespecial 
grace,  certain  knowledge,  and  mere  nmtien,  we  have 
ordain«l.  constituted,  and  declared,  and,  by  these  pre- 
sents, for  us,  our  hei  s,  and  successors,  do  ordain,  consti- 
tute, and  declare,  that  they,  the  said  William  Brenton, 
Wihiam  Codington,  Nicholas  Easton,  Benedict  Arnold, 
William  Roulston.  John  Porter,  Samuel  Gonon,  John 
Smith,  John  Weekes,  Roger  Williams,  Thomas  Olney, 
Grec;ory  Dexter,  .lohn  Cog'shail.  .Joseph  Clarke,  Ran- 
liall  Hiiiildin,  John  ■  one,  John  Ronme,  William  Dyre, 
Samurl  Wiklbore,  Richard  Tew,  AVillinm  Field,  Tho- 
mas Karris.  James  Barker, Rainsborrow,  — — . 

Williams,  and  John  Nickso;i,  and  all  such  others  as  are 
now,  or  hereafter  shall  be,  admitted  free  of  the  company 
and  society  of  oin-  colony  of  Providence  Plantations,  in 
the  NariT.gan^et  Bay,  in  New  England,  s'lnll  be,  from 
time  to  time,  and  for  evei- hereafter,  a  body  eoi-[ioraie 
and  p^ilitic,  in  fact  and  name,  by  the  n:inie  ui'Tliet^over- 
1101- anil  cdinprmy  nf  the  Eui;li  It  colon;/ of  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plant  at  ion.i,  in  N,  re  Enf;(n!id.  hi  Ameri- 
ca; anil  th:it  liy  the  same  name  they  and  their  successors 
shall  and  may  have  perpetual  succesdon,  and  shall  and 
may  he  persons  able  and  capable  in  the  law  to  sue  aiu! 
he  sued,  to  plead  and  be  impleaded,  to  answer  and  to  be 
answered  unto,  to  defend  and  to  be  defindcd,  in  all  and 
sineuSar  -ults.  cause?,  quarrels,  nutters,  actions,  and 


-CHARTER  OP  RHODE  ISLAND. 


thin]3:s,of«iiat  kind  and  iiatiiie soever  ;  andaUoloIiavc, 
take,  possess,  acquire, and  purchase  lands,  ten<;inents,or 
hertditams-iits.  or  any  goods  or  chattels,  and  the  same  to 
lease,  grant,  d(  niiso.  alien,  bargain,  sell,  and  dispose  of, 
at  their  own  «ill  and  pleasure,  is  other  our  liege  pcop'e 
of  this  our  realm  of  England,  or  any  corporation  or  body 
politic  within  the  same,  may  lawfully  do. 

And  further,  that  they,  the  said  go\  emor  and  compa- 
ny, and  their  successors,  shall  and  may,  for  ever  hereaf- 
te'r,  have  a  common  seal,  to  serve  and  u^e  for  all  matters, 
causes,  things,  and  affairs  whatsoever,  of  them  and  their 
succcssots :  and  the  same  seal  to  alter,  ehantce.  break, 
and  make  nt  w,  from  time  to  liit-e,  at  tlieir  will  and  plea- 
sure, as  thtv  shall  think  fit. 

And  further,  we  will  and  ordain,  and,  by  these  pre- 
sents, for  t!s,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  declare  and  ap- 
point, that,  for  the  better  ordering;  and  manacitipr  of  the 
affairs  and  business  of  the  said  company  and  their  suc- 
cessors, there  sljall  be  one  ftO\'ernor,  one  deputy  govern- 
or, and  ten  asssistants,  to  be  from  time  to  time  constitu- 
ted, elected,  and  chosen,  out  of  the  freemen  cf  the  said 
company,  foi  the  lime  being,  in  such  manner  and  forni 
as  is  hereafter  in  these  presents  expressed;  which  Siiid 
officers  shall  apply  themselves  to  take  care  for  the  best 
disposing  and  orderine:  of  the  general  b:isiness  and  af- 
fairs of,  and  concerning  the  lands  and  hereditaments 
liereiiiafter  mentioned  to  be  granted,  and  the  plantation 
thereof,  and  the  government  of  the  people  there. 

And,  for  the  better  execution  of  our  royal  pleasure 
herein,  we  do,  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  assigii, 
7)ame,  constitute,  and  appoint  the  aforesaid  Beneilict 
Arnold  to  be  the  first  and  present  governor  of  the  said 
coin-pany  ;  and  the  said  William  Brenton  to  be  the  depu- 
ty governor ;  and  thesaiil  AViiliam  IJoulston,  John  Por- 
ter, Roger  Willi,ams,  Thomas  OIney,  John  Smitli,_John 
Greene,  John  Cogeshall,  James  Barker,  William  i-'ield, 
and  Joseph  Clarke,  to  bo  the  ten  present  assistants  of  the 
said  company,  to  continue  in  the  said  several  ofiices  re- 
spectively, until  the  first  Wednesday  which  shall  be  in 
the  moath  of  May  now  next  coming. 

And  further,  we  will,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us, 
our  t.eirs,  and  successors,  do  ordain  and  grant,  that  the 
governor  of  the  said  company,  for  the  time  b'  ing,  or.  in 
his  absence,  by  occasion  of  sicI:T<ess  or  otherwise,  b)^  his 
leave  or  permission,  the  deputy  governor  for  the  time 
being  shall  and  may,  from  time  to  time,  upon  all  occa- 
sions, give  orders  for  the  assembling  of  th.' said  compa- 
ny, ami  calling  them  together  to  consu't  and  advise  of 
the  business  and  aftairs  of  the  said  company  ;  and  that 
for  ever  hereafter  twice  in  every  year,  that  is  to  say.  on 
every  first  VVtdnesday  in  the  month  of  May,  and  on 
every  hist  Wednesday  in  Octol)er,  or  ofkener,'in  case  it 
shall  be  requisite.  ;  V-  assistants,  and  such  of  the  fn-emen 
of  the  said  compa;iy.  not  exceetling  six  persons  for  New- 
port, four  per-voes  for  each  of  the  respective  towns  of 
Providence,  Por!smoi;th,and  Warw  ick,  and  two  persons 
for  each  other  place,  tow  n,  or  city,  who  shall  I.e,  f;-;im 
time  to  time,thereimto  elected  or'deptited,  by  the  ii::i  jor 
part  of  the  fnemenof  the  respective  townsor  places,  for 
which  they  shall  be  so  elected  or  deputed,  shall  have  a 
general  meeting  or  nsscnibly.  then  and  ihi  le  to  consult, 
advise,  and  deterniine.in  and  about  the  aiX.irs  and  busi- 
ness of  the  said  company  and  plantations. 

And  further,  we  do, Of  our  especial  grace,  certain 
loiowl'd (.;<•.  and  m.-rejnotion,  give  and  grant  unto  the 
said  gov:  riuir  and  cotnpany  of  the  English  colony  of 
Rhode  lOaixl.and  Providence  Plantations, in  \'ew Eng- 
land, in  America,  and  tin  ir  successors,  that  the  govern- 
or, in  his  absence,  or  by  his  permission,  the  deputy  go- 
vernor of  the  s'^id  comjianj',  fur  the  time  being,  the  as- 
sistants and  such  of  the  freetnen  of  the  said  company, :« 
shall  besoalbiesiid  elected  or  deputed,  or  so  many  yf 
them  as  shall  be  present  at  such  meeting  or  assembly,  as 
aforesaid,  shall  be  culled  the  gelieral  assembly ;  and  that 
they,  or  the  greatest  pait  of  them  then  present  (whereof 
the  governor,  or  deputy  governor,  and  six  of  the  assist- 
ants at  least,  tobeseveii)  shall  h  ve,  and  have  heri  by 
given  and  granttd  unto  them,  full  power  and  authority, 
from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times  hereafter,  to  appoint, 
alter,  atid  change  such  da>s,  times,  and  places  of  meet- 
ing and  general  assembly,  as  they  shall  think  fit ;  and  to 
choose,  nominate,  and  appoint  such  and  so  many  per- 
sons as  they 'ihall  think  fit,a)id  shall  be  willing  to  accejit 
the  same,  to  be  free  of  the  s;iid  eoTnnany  and  body  poli- 
tic, antl  them  into  the  same  to  admit;  and  to  elect  and 
constitute  such  offices  and  officers,  and  to  grant  sueh 
needful  commissions  as  theyshall  think  fit  and  requisite, 
for  ordering,  managing,  and  despatching  of  the  affairs  <  f 
the  said  governor  and  company,  and  their  succtssors: 
and  fram  time  to  time  to  make,  ordain,  constitute,  and 
repesjj,  such  laws,  ^talutts, orders,  and  ordinances,  forms, 
and  ceremonies  of  government  and  magistracy,  as  to 
thtJin  shall  seem  mcctj  fuv  i.he  good  and  w  elfare  of  the 


said  company,  and  for  t'le  government  and  ordering  of 
the  lands  and  hereditaments  herein  after  mentioned  to 
be  gianted,  and-of  the  people  that  do,  or  at  any  time 
hereafter  shall,  inhabit  or  be  within  the  same  ;  so  as  such 
laws,  ordinances,  and  eonstitutiens,  so  made,  be  not  con- 
trary and  repugn<;nt  unto,  but  (as  near  as  may  be)  agree- 
able to  the  laws  of  this  our  .-ealm  of  England,  consider- 
ing the  nature  and  constitution  of  tlie  place  and  people 
there  ;  and  also  to  appoint,  order,  and  direct,  erect  and 
settle  such  places  and  courts  of  jurisdiction,  for  hearing 
and  deterniiningofall  actions,  cases, matters, and  things, 
happening  within  the  said  colony  and  plantation,  which 
shall  be  in  dispute,  and  depending  there,  as  theyshall 
think  fit ;  and  also  to  distinguish  and  set  forth  the  seve> 
ral  names  and  titles,  duties,  powers,  and  limits, of  each 
court, office,  and  officer,  superior  and  inferior;  and  also 
to  contrive  and  appoint  such  forms  of  oaths  and  attest- 
ations, not  repugnant,  but  (as  nearas  maybe)  agreeable, 
as  aforesaid,  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  this  our  realm, as 
are  convenient  and  requisite,  with  respect  to  the  due  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  and  due  execution  and  discharge 
of  all  offices  and  places  of  trust,  by  the  persons  that  shall 
be  therein  coticeiT.ed  ;  and  also  to  regulate  and  order 
the  way  and  manner  of  al!  elections  to  offices  and  places 
of  trust,  ami  to  prescribe,  limit,  and  distinguish  the 
numberand  bounds  of  all  places,  towns,  and  cities,  with- 
in the  limits  and  bounds  herein  aftermentioned,andnot 
herein  partictilarly  named,  that  have  or  shall  have  the 
pow  er  of  electing  and  sendhtg  of  freemen  to  the  said 
general  assembly;  and  also  to  order,direct,and  authoinze 
the  imposing  of  lawful  and  reasonable  fines,  mulcts,ini- 
prisonment,  and,  executing  other  punishments,  pecuni- 
ary and  co!-poral,  upon  offenders  and  delinquents,  ac- 
cording to  the  course  of  other  corporations,  within  this 
our  kingdom  of  England  ;  and  again,  to  alter,  revoke, 
annul,  or  pardon,  under  their  common  seal,  or  nther- 
wise,such  fines, mulcts, imprisonments,sentences,  judg- 
ments, and  condemnations,  as  shall  be  thought  fit ;  and 
to  direct,  ritle,  order,  and  dispose  of  all  other  niatteis 
and  things,  and  particularly  that  which  relates  to  the 
making  of  pin-chases  of  the  native  Indians,  as  to  ihein 
shall  seem  meet  ;  whereby  our  said  people  and  ii'habi- 
tants  in  the  said  plantations,  may  be  so  religiously,  peace- 
ably, and  civilly  governed,  as  that,  by  their  good  life, 
ami  orderly  conversation,  they  may  win  and  incite  the 
native  Indians  of  the  country  to  the  knowledge  and  obe- 
dience of  the  only  true  God  and  Saviour  of  mankind; 
w  iliing,  commanding,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our 
heirs,ar.d  successors,  ordaining,and  appointing,  that  all 
sttch  laws,  st.itutes,  orders,  and  ordinances, instructions, 
impositions, and  directions,asshallbeso  madebythe  go- 
vernor, deptity,  assistant,  and  freemen,  or  such  number 
of  them  as  aforesaid,  and  published  in  writing  under 
their  common  seal,  shall  he  carefully  and  duly  observed, 
kept,  performed,  and  put  in  execution,  according  to  the 
true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  same.  And  these  our 
1(  tters  jjatcnt,  or  the  duplicate  of  exemplification  there- 
of, shall  be,  to  all  and  ev^y  such  officers,  superior  or  in- 
ferior, fVom  time  to  time,  for  the  putting  of  the  same  or- 
ders, laws,  statutes,  i.idim^nees,  instructions,  and  direc- 
tions indue  execution,  against  us, our  heirs, and  succes- 
sors, a  sufficient  warrant  and  discharge. 

And  fiirilur,  our  will  ard  pleasure  is,  and  we  do 
hereby,  for  Us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  establish  and 
ovdain,  that  yearly,  once  in  the  year  for  ever  hereafter, 
nauiely,  tlie  aforesaid  Wednesday  in  May,  and  at  the 
town  of  Nenjiort,  or  elsewhere,  if  urgent  occasion  do 
require,  the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  assistants, 
of  thcsKid  company,  and  other  officers  of  the  said  com- 
pany, or  such  of  them  as  the  general  assembly  shall  think 
fit,  shall  be  in  the  said  general  court  or  assembly,  tote 
held  from  that  day  or  time,  newly  chosen  for  the  year 
ensuing,  by  the  greater  part  of  the  said  company  for  the 
time  being,  as  shall  be  then  there  present.  Andif  itshall 
iiappen  tliat  the  jiresent  governor,  deputy  governor, 
and  assistants,  by  th(  se  presents  appointed,  or  any  such 
as  shall  hereafter  he  newly  chosen  into  their  respective 
roimis,  or  any  of  them,  or  any  other  of  the  officers  of  the 
said  coni]CTny,  shall  die,  or  be  removed  from  his  or  their 
several  offices  or  places,  before  the  said  general  day  of 
election,  (whom  we  do  hereby  declare  for  a  misdemean- 
or or  default  tube  removable  bythe  governor,  assistants, 
and  company,  or  such  greater  partof  them, in  any  of  the 
said  public  courts  to  be  assembled  as  aforesaid)  that  then 
ai'd  in  every  such  case,  it  shall  and  may  be  la'^vful  to  and 
for  the  said  governor,  deputy  governor,  assistants,  and 
company  aforesaid,  or  such  greater  part  of  them,  so  to 
1)C  assembled,  as  is  aforesaid,  in  any  of  their  assemblies, 
to  proceed  to  a  new  election  of  one  or  more  of  their 
company  in  the  room  or  place,  rooms  or  places,  of  such 
ofllcer  or  officers,  so  dying,  or  removed,  according  to 
their  directions.  And  immediately  upon  or  after  such 
election  or  elections  made  of  such  g'oreriicr,  deputy  go- 


CHARTER  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


vcmov,  assistant  or  assistants,  ov  any  otlier  ofBcer  of  tlie 
said  company,  in  niauner  and  loini  aforesaid, the  auilio- 
rity,  office,  and  power,  before  given  to  tlielbrmer  gover- 
nor, deputy  governor,  and  otlier  oflieer  or  officers  so  re- 
moved, in  wliose  stead  and  place  nv.v  s)iall  be  chosen, 
shall,  as  to  hiai  and  them,  and  every  of  them  respec- 
tively, cease  and  determine  :  Provided  always,  and  our 
will  and  pleasure  is,  that  as  wel  sueli  asare  by  tliesi; 
pre-sents  appointed  to  be  the  present  (governor,  deputy 
^vernor,  and  assistants  of  the  said  company,  as  those 
V'faicli  shall  succeed  (hem,and  al  hither  ofiicei-s  to  be  ap- 
pointed and  chosen  as  aibresaid, shall,  before  the  under- 
taking the  execution  of  the  said  offices  and  places  re- 
spectively, {fire  their  solenni  encja^ement,  by  oath  or 
otherwise,  for  the  due  ami  faithful  performance  of  their 
duties,  in  their  several  offices  and  piacis,  belbre  such 
person  or  persons  as  are  by  these  present!)  hereafter  ap- 
pointed to  lake  ami  receive  the  same :  that  is  to  say,  the 
said  Benedict  Arnold,  who  is  herein  before  nominated 
and  appointed  the  present  gu\ernor  of  the  said  eomjia- 
ny,  shall  (five  the  aforesaid  engagement  before  William 
}5reuton,  or  any  two  of  the  said  assistants,  of  the  said 
company,  unto  whom  we  do  by  these  presents  give  full 
power  and  authority  to  require  and  receive  the  same  : 
and  the  said  William  Breiiton,  who  is  hereby  before 
Hominated  and  appointed  the  present  deputy  governor 
of  the  saidcompany,shall  (five  tlr  aroivsaid  engagement 
belbre  the  said  Benedict  Arnold,  or  any  two  of  the  assist- 
ants of  the  said  company,  unto  w  horn  we  do,by  these  pie- 
sents,  give  full  power  and  authority  to  require  and  re- 
ceive the  same:  and  the  said  William  Boulston,  John 
I'orter,  Roger  Williams,  Thomas  Olney,  .loUn  Smith, 
.'ohn  Greene,  John  Cogeshall,  James  Barker.  \Villi:im 
Field,  and  Josepli  Clarke,  w  lio  are  herein  befon-  uomi- 
nated  and  appointed  the  present  assistants, of  the  com- 
pany, shall  give  the  said  engagement  to  tlieiroftic.es  and 
jilaces  respectively  beloiitfing,  before  the  said  Benedict 
Arnold  and  William  Ureatoii,  or  one  of  ilieiu,  to  w  lioiii 
respectively  we  do  hereby  give  full  powei-  and  uutliority 
to  require,  administer,  or  receive  the  same :  anil  further, 
our  w  ill  ami  pleasure  is,  that  all  and  every  other  I'ulure 
governor,  or  deputy  governor,  to  be  elected  and  cliosen 
by  virtue  of  these  presents,  shall  givethesaid  engage- 
]nent  before  t\\  o  or  more  of  the  said  assistants  of  the  said 
company,(br  the  time  being,  unto  w hom  we  df>,^y  these 
presents,  give  full  iiower  and  authority  to  requite,  ad- 
minister, or  receive  the'same:  and  the  said  assistants, 
and  every  of  them,  and  ail  and  evei7  other  officer  or  of- 
ficers, to  be  hereafter  elected  and  chosen  by  virtue  of 
lliese  presents,  from  time  to  time,  shall  give  the  like  en- 
gagements to  their  offices  and  places  respectively  be- 
longing, before  the  governor,  or  deputy  governor,  for 
the  time  being,  unto  which  the  said  governor,  or  deputy 
governor,  we  do  by  these  presents  give  full  power  and 
authority  to  require,  administer,  or  receive  the  same  ac- 
cordingly. 

And  we  do  likewise,  for  ns,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
j^ive  and  grant  unto  the  said  governor  and  company  and 
their  successoi-s,  by  these  presents,  that  for  the  more 
peaceably  and  orderly  government  of  the  said  i>lanta- 
tions,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  fur  the  governor,  depu- 
ty governor,  assistants,  and  all  other  ollicers  and  minis- 
ters of  the  said  company,  in  the  ad  miuislra  lion  of  justice, 
and  exercise  of  government,  and  the  said  (ilanlations,  to 
use,  exercise,  and  put  in  execution,  such  methods,  or- 
ders, rules,  and  directions,  (not  being  contrary  and  re- 
Iiugiianttothelawsand  statutes  of  this  our  realm,)  as 
lave  been  heretofore  given,  used,  and  accustomed  in 
such  cases  respectively,  to  be  put  in  practice,  until  at  the 
next, or  some  other  r^neral  assembly,  especial  provision 
shall  be  made  in  the  cases  aforesaid. 

And  we  do  further,  for  us,  our  heii-5  and  successors, 
give  and  grant  unto  the  said  governor  and  company, 
and  their  successors,  by  these  priseiits,  that  it  shall  and 
may  be  lawful  to  and  tor  the  said  governor,  or,  in  his  ab- 
sence, the  deput>  governor,  and  luajor  part  of  the  said 
assistants  for  the  time  being,  at  any  iime,  when  the  saiel 
general  assembly  is  not  sitting,  to  nominate,  appoint, 
and  constitute  such  and  so  many  commanders,  govern- 
ors,and  military offieeisjas  to  them  shall  seem  leouisite, 
for  the  leading,  conducting,  and  training  m>  the  nihabi- 
lants  of  the  said  jilantations  in  martial  affairs,  and  for 
the  defence  and  safeguard  of  the  said  jilaulations;  that 
it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  all  and  every  such 
commander,  governor,  and  militar)'  officer,  that  shall  be 
so  as  aforesaid,  or  by  ihe  governor,  or,  in  his  absence, 
the  deputy  governor,  and  six  of  tlie  aisisiams,  and  major 
part  of  the  freemen  of  said  coin;jany,  present  at  any  ge- 
neral assemblies,  nominated.  uppuinud,;i:id  coiistiiiited, 
according  to  th>:  tPiior  of  !:•>  and  ih'.ir  respective  com- 
missions  and  directions,  to  a-.seiiilne,  eseicise  in  aims, 
marshal,  array,  and  put  in  warlike  posture,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  said  colony,  for  their  especial  defence  and  safe- 


ty ;  and  to  lead  and  conduct  the  said  inhabitants,  antl  to 
encounter,  repulse,  and  resist,  by  force  of  arms,  as  well 
by  sea  as  by  land,  to  kill,  slay,  and  destroy,  by  all  fitting 
ways,  enterprises,  and  means  whatsoever,  all  and  every 
such  person  or  pirsons  as  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  at- 
tempt or  enterprise  the  deslruclion,  invasion,  detriment, 
or  annoyance  of  the  said  itihabltaiifs,  or  pluntations  ; 
and  to  use  and  exercise  the  law  marn.d,  in  such  cases 
only  as  occasion  may  necessiuily  recjuire  ;  and  to  take 
and  surprise,  by  all  ways  and  means  w  batsoever,  all  and 
every  such  person  or  persons,  with  their  ship,  or  ships, 
armour,  ainiuunition,  or  other  goods  of  such  persoin,  as 
shall  in  hostile  manner  inva<le,  oi  altenipi  the  defeating 
of  the  said  plantation,  or  the  huit  of  the  said  company 
and  inhabitants;  and  uponjusi  cause,  to  iii\adeand  dl'- 
stioy  the  native  Indians,  or  oilier  enemies  of  the  said  co- 
lony. 

Nevertheless, our  will  and  p leas ;i re  is,  and  wedo here- 
by declare  to  the  rest  of  our  colonies  in  New  Kngland, 
that  it  shail  not  be  lawful  fur  this  our  said  colony  of 
Rhode  Island  and  I'lovidence  I'laiitations,  in  America, 
in  Xew  Kngiaiid,  to  invade  tlie  natives  inhabiting  willw 
in  the  boniidsand  limits  of  the  said  colonies,  without  the 
KliowUdgeaiid  consent  of  the  said  oilier  colonies.  And 
it  is  hereby  declared,  that  it  shall  nut  iie  lawful  to  or  for 
the  rest  of  the  colonies  to  invade  or  molest  the  native 
Indians,  or  any  other  inhabitants,  inhabiting  within  tlie 
Ivjunds  or  iimi'ts  hereafter  mentioned,  (they  liaving  stjlv' 
jected  tliemselves  unto  us,  and  being  by  us  takm  into 
our  special  protection,)  without  the  knowledge  and  eon- 
sent  of  the  governor  and  company  of  our  colony  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations. 

Also,  our  will  and  pleasure  is,  and  wedo  hereby  de- 
clare unto  all  Christian  kings,  princes,  and  states,  that, 
if  any  pei-son,  w  ho  shall  hereafter  be  of  ill."  said  compa- 
ny or  platiiation,  or  any  other,  by  apiMiintmint  of  the 
said  governor  and  company,  for  the  tiiiu-  being,  shall,  at 
any  time  or  times  hereafter,  rob  or  spoil,  by  sea  or  land, 
or  do  any  hurt,  or  unlawful  hostility,  lb  any  of  the  sub- 
jects of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  or  to  any  of  the  sub- 
jects of  any  prince  or  state,  being  then  in  league  with 
uSj  our  heirs  and  successors,  upon  complaint  of  sucli 
injury  done  to  any  such  prince  or  state,  or  their  subjects, 
we,  our  heirs  and  successors,  will  make  open  proclama- 
tion, within  any  part  of  our  realm  of  Kngland,  fit  for 
that  purpose,that  the  person  or  persons  committing  any 
sueli  robbery  or  spoil  shall,  wiihiii  tiie  time  limited  by 
such  proclamation,  make  full  restitution  or  satisfaction 
of  all  such  inje.ries  done  or  committed,  so  as  the  said 
prlnee,  or  others,  so  complaining,  maj  be  fully  satisfied 
and  contented;  and  if  the  said  person  or  persons,  who 
shall  commit  any  such  robbery  or  spoil,  shail  not  make 
satisfaction  accordingly,  within  such  time  so  to  be  limit- 
ed, that  then,  w e,  our  heirs  and  successors, will  put  such 
person  or  persons  out  of  our  allegiance  ami  proieclion  ; 
and,  that  then  it  .shall  and  lua)  be  lawful  and  free  for  all 
priiices  and  others  to  prosecute  with  hostility  sucti  of- 
fenders, and  every  of  them,  their  and  every  of  their  pro- 
curers, aiders,  abettors,  and  counsellors,  in  that  khalf. 

Provided,  also,  and  our  express  will  atid  pleasure  is, 
and  we  do,  by  these  presents,  for  us.  our  heirs,  and  stic- 
eessors,  ordain  and  appoint,  tliat  these  presents  shall  not 
in  any  manner  hinder  any  of  our  loving-  subjects  what- 
soever from  using  and  exercising  the  trade  of  fishing 
upon  the  coast  of  New  England,  iiiAiiiirica;  but  that 
they,  and  evvry  or  any  of  them,  shall  have  full  and  free 
power  and  liberty  to  continue  and  use  the  trade  of  tisji- 
i\ij;  upon  the  said  coast,  in  any  of  the  seas  thereunto  atl- 
joiuing,  or  any  arms  of  the  sea,  or  salt  water  rivei-s  and 
creeks,  where  they  have  been  accastomc.i  to  fi>h;  and  to 
build  and  set  upon  the  waste  land,  belonging  to  thesaid 
colony  and  plantations,  such  w  harves,  stages,  and  work- 
houses, as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  salting,  drying,  and 
keejiing  of  their  iisli,  to  be  taken  or  gotten  upon  that 
coast. 

And  further,  for  the  encouragement  of  the  inhabitants 
of  our  said  colony  of  Providence  Plantations  to  set  upon 
the  businessof  taking  whales,it  sli.ill  be  lawful  for  them, 
or  any  of  them,  having  struck  a  whale,  dubertus,  or 
other  great  (ish,  it  or  them  to  pui-suc  unto  that  coast,  or 
into  any  ba)',  river,  co\e,  creek,  or  shore,  l)el9iigiDg 
thert'to,  and  itor  them  upon  the  said  coast,  or  in  the  said 
bay,  river,  cove,  creek,  or  shore,  belonging  thereto,  to 
kill  and  order  liir  the  best  advantage,  without  molesta- 
tion, they  making  no  wilful  waste  or  spoil ;  any  tlii  .jj  in 
these  presents  contained,  or  aiij  other  matter  or  thing, 
I J  ;!i'j  contrary  notwitlistanding. 

And  furilio:r,  also,  we  are  graciously  pleased,  and  do 
hereby  declare,  that  (fsliiy  of  the  inluiiitants  of  uursnid 
Colony  lio  set  upon  the  planting  of  vineyards,  (the  soil 
and  ei!:.iate  both  sce.ni.ig  nuturaliy  to  coi>cur  to  tiie 
production  of  vines,)  or  be  industrious  in  the  discovery 
of  fishing  banks,  in  or  about  the  said  colony,  we  will. 


i-S 


f.HARTER  OL'   RHOlJK  ISLAM). 


IVomtlme  to  time,  j;lveaiKl  allow  all  due  and  fitting- tn- 
couragemtiit  theriin,  as  to  otliers  in  cases  of  a  like 
na'ure. 

And  fuithevjofoiiv  more  ample  grace,  certain  kiiow- 
lcdjje,and  mere  motion,  we  have  given  and  grantetl.and 
by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  suecessors,  do 
give  and  grant  to  the  said  governor  and  company  of  tiie 
English  colony  of  Khode  Island  and  Providtuce  Planta- 
tions, in  the  Narraganset  Bay,  in  New  P^ngland,  in 
America,  and  to  every  inhabitant  there,  and  to  every 
person  and  persons  trading  thiilier,  and  to  every  such 
person  or  persons  as  are  or  sliall  be  free  of  the  said  colony , 
lull  power  and  authority,  from  time  to  lime,  and  at  all 
times  hereafter,  to  take,  sluj),  trans jiort,  and  carry  away 
out  of  any  of  our  realms  and  dominioni,  for  and  towards 
the  plantation  and  dctence  of  the  said  colony,  such  and 
so  many  of  our  loving  subjects  and  sir:inge;s,as  sliail  or 
■win,  willingly, atoompany-  them  in  and  to  tlitir  said  co- 
lony and  plantations,  except  sueli  person  or  persons  as 
arc  or  shall  be  therein  restrained  by  U'.,  our  heirs,  and 
successors,  or  any  law  or  statute  of  this  realm :  and  also 
to  ship  and  transport  all  and  all  manner  uf  gooiis,  chat- 
tels, merchandise,  and  other  ilmigs  whaisoever,  that  are 
or  shall  be  useful  ornecessary  for  the  said  plantations, 
and  defence  thereof,  and  usually  transport,  d,  and  not 
prohibited  by  any  law  or  slatuuol'lins  our  rcaan ;  yield- 
ing and  pa}  ing  unto  us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  such 
duties,  customs,  and  subsidies,  as  are  or  ought  to  be  paid 
or  payable  for  the  same. 

And  tiirtlier,  our  will  and  pleasure  is,  and  we  do,  for 
us,  our  heirs,"and  successors,  ordain,  <leclare,  and  grant, 
unto  the  said  governor  and  company,  and  tlieir  succes- 
sors, that  all  and  every  the^uhjects  of  us,  our  hens,  and 
successors,  whichjire  already  piaint  d  and  settled  within 
our  said  colony  of  Provid':-iice  Plantations,  or  winch  shall 
hereafter  go  to  inlialiit  within  the  said  colony,  and  ail 
and  ever}  of  their  children  w  Inch  have  been  born  there, 
or  which  shali  happen  hereafter  to  be  born  there,  or  on 
the  sea  going  thither,  or  returning  from  thence,  shall 
have  and  enjoy  dll  liberties  and  imMiiinuies  of  free  and 
natural  subjects,  within  any  of  the  doniinions  of  us,  oiir 
heirs,  and  successors,  to  all  interns,  constructions,  and 
purposes  whatsoever,  as  if  thej  and  every  of  them  were 
born  within  the  realm  of  Kngiar.d. 

And  further,  know  ye,  that  we,  of  our  more  abundant 
grace,  certain  know  ledge,  and  mere  motion,  havt  given, 
granted, and  confirmed,  and,  by  these  jn-csents,  lor  us, 
our  heirs,  and  successors,  do  give,  grant,  and  confirm 
unto  the  said  governor  and  co:  pan),  and  their  succes- 
sors, all  that  part  of  our  dominions,  in  New  England,  in 
America,  containing  the  Nahaniitk  and  Nanhygansei 
alias  Narraganset  bay,aud  countiKsand  parts  adjacent, 
bounded  on  the  west  or  westerh ,  to  the  middle  or  chan- 
nel of  a  river  there,  commoniy  called  and  know  n  by  the 
name  of  Pawcatuck  alias  Paw  Ci-.w  tuck  nver  ;  and  so, 
along  the  siid  riverj  as  tlie  greater  or  middie  stream 
thereof  stretches  or  lies  up  into  the  uurlh  countiy  north- 
ward unto  the  head  thereof,and  IVoniiliencc,  by  a  straight 
line  draw  n  due  iiorlh,  until  it  meet  with  the  south  line  of 
the  Massachusetts  colony ;  and  on  the  north  or  northerly 
by  the  aforesaid  south  or  smitherly  line  of  the  Massachu- 
setts colony  or  plantation,  and  extending  towards  the 
east  or  eastwardly  three  Kiiglisli  miles,  to  the  east  am! 
iiorih-east  of  the  most  eastern  and  north-eastern  parts  of 
the  aibresaid  Narraganset  bay,  as  the  said  bay  lieih  or 
extendetli  itself  from  the  ocean  ou  the  south  or  south- 
wardly, unto  the  mouth  of  the  river  which  runneili  to- 
wards die  town  of  Providence  ;  and  from  thence, along 
the  eastwardly  side  or  bank  of  the  said  river  (iiighcr 
called  by  the  name  ol  Seacunck,)  up  to  the  tails  called 
Patuckel  Kails,  being  the  most  westwardly  line  of  Ply- 
month  colony  ;  and  so,  from  the  said  llilis,  in  a  straight 
line,diienorl'h,  until  n  meet  with  the  aioresaid  line  of  the 
Massachusetts  colon} .  and  boundeil  on  the  south  by  the 
ocean, and  in  particular  the  lands  belonging  to  the  town 
of  Providence,  Patuxit,Warwick,ivlis(>uaiumacock,  alias 
Pswcat  lick,  and  the  rest  upon  the  mam  iaud,in  the  tract 
aforesaid,  together  with  Khode  Island,  Block  Island,  and 
all  the  rest  of  the  islands  and  banks  in  Narraganset  ba) , 
and  bordering  upon  the  coast  of  the  tract  atoresaul, 
(Fisher's  Island  only  excepted,)  tog.ther  with  all  tirm 
lands,  soils,  grounds,  havens,  ports,  rivers,  waters,  fish- 
ings, mints  royal,  and  all  other  mines,  niiuerals,  precious 
stones,  quarries,  woods,  wood-grounds,  rocks,  slates, and 
all  and  singular  other  commodities,  jurisdictions,  royal- 
ties, privileges,  franchises,  pre-eminencts,  and  hertdita- 
nients  whatsoever,  within  the  same  tract,  bounds, lauds, 
and  islands  aforesaid,  to  theoi  or  any  of  them  belonging;. 


or  in  any  wise  appertaiiung :  to  have  and  to  hold  ihr 
same,  unto  the  said  gover;ior  and  company,  and  theit' 
successors  for  ever,  upon  trust, for  the  use  and  benefit  of 
themselves  and  their  associates,  freemen  of  the  said  co- 
lony, their  heirs  and  assigns  ;  to  be  holden  of  us,  our 
heirs,  and  successoi"s,as  of  the  manor  of  East  Greenwicli, 
in  our  county  of  Kent,  in  five  and  common  soccage,  and 
notin  capite,  norby  knight's  service ;— yielding  and  pay- 
ing thereforto  us, our  heirs,  and  successors,only  the  fifth 
part  of  all  the  ore  of  gold  and  silver  which,  from  time  to 
time,  ami  at  all  times  hereafter,  shall  be  there  gotten, 
had,  or  obtained,  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  of  all  services, 
duties,  fines,  forfeitures,  made  or  to  be  made,  claims,  or 
demands  whatsoever,  to  be  to  us,  our  heirs,  or  succes- 
sors, therefore  or  thereabout  rendered,  made,  or  paid ; 
any  grant  or  clause  in  a  late  grant  to  the  governor  antl 
company  of  Connecticut  colony, in  America,  to  the  con- 
trary iheieof  in  any  wise  notwithstanding;  the  aforesaid 
Pawcatuck  river  having  been  yielded,  after  much  de- 
bate, for  the  fixed  and  certain  bounds  betw  een  these  our 
said  colonies,  by  the  agents  thereof,  whohave  also  agreed, 
that  the  said  Pawcatuck  river  sh.ill  also  be  called  alias 
Narogancelt  or  Narraganset  river,  and  to  prevent  future 
disputes  that  otherwise  might  arise  thereby,  for  ever 
hereafter  sliall  be  construed,  deemed,  and  taken  to  be 
the  Navragancelt  river,  in  our  late  grant  to  Connecti- 
cut colon} ,  mentioned  as  the  easterlv  bounds  of  tliat  co- 
lony. 

And  further,  oiir  w  ill  and  pleasure  is,  that,  in  all  mat- 
ters of  public  controversies,  vv  liich  may  fi»ll  out  between 
our  colony  of  Providence  Plantations,  to  make  their  ap- 
peal therein  to  us,  our  heirs,  and  successors,  lor  redress 
in  such  Ciiscs,  within  this  our  realm  of  England  ;  a!ul 
that  it  shall  be  law  ful  to  and  for  the  inhabitants  of  the 
said  (xilony  of  Providence  Plantations,  without  let  or 
molesiaiiun,  }u  pass  and  repass  with  freedom  into  and 
through  the  rest  of  the  English  colonies,  upon  their  law- 
ful and  civil  occasions,  and  to  converse  and  hold  com- 
merce and  trade  with  such  of  the  inhubstants  of  our 
other  English  colonies,  as  shall  Ixf  willing  to  admit  them 
thereunto,  they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  among 
theni ;  any  act,  clause,  or  sentence  in  any  of  the  said  co- 
lonies provided,  or  that  shall  be  providetl,  to  the  contra- 
ry in  any  w  ise  noiwitlisianding. 

And  lastly,  we  do,  for  us,  our  heirs, and  successors,  or- 
dain and  grant,  unto  the  said  governor  and  company, 
and  tiR'ir  successors,  by  these  presents,  that  these  our 
letters  patent  shall  be  firm,  good,  ert'ectual,  and  availa- 
ble, in  all  things  in  the  law,  to  all  intents, constructions, 
and  purposes  whatsoever,  according  to  our  true  intent 
and  meaning  ht  rein  before  declared,  and  shall  be  con- 
strued, reputed,  and  adjudged,  in  all  cases  most  favour- 
able ui.  the  behalt,  ami  for  the  best  benefit  and  behoof 
ol  the  said  governor  and  company,  aud  their  successors, 
although  express  mention,  &.c.  in  witness,  &c. 
Wiuiess,  &c.  Per  IpiUiii  Hcguni. 
[Tlie  state  of  Khode  Island  and  Providence  Planta- 
tions has  notassuiiied  a  form  of  government  difTerent 
from  that  contained  in  the  foregoing  charter.  For  in 
that,  the  king  ceded  to  the  governor  and  company  all 
powers,  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial,  reserving  to 
himself,  as  an  acknortlednieut  of  Ids  sovereignty,  a  ren- 
der of  liie  fifth  part  of  the  gold  and  silverore  tliatshould 
be  found  w  itliin  the  territory.  The  governor,  chief  ma- 
gistrates, and  legislators,  are  chosen  by  the  lieemen,  as 
usual,  and  all  judicial  and  executive  otticers  are  annual- 
ly elected  by  the  governor  and  company,  or  upper  and 
lower  house  of  assembly.  All  processes,  original  and 
judicial,  formerly  issued  in  the  kuig's  name,  but  they 
now  issue  in  the  name  of  the  governor  and  compaii}. 
Ihe  oaths  of  allegiance  and  of  oific*  are  made  contorm- 
able  to  tlie  principles  of  the  revolution.  Ihe  go\ ernor. 
in  his  legislative  capacity,  cannot  givea  negative  to  any 
act  of  the  two  houses  ;  but,  in  common  with  the  other 
magistrates,  has  one  voice  only. 

1  he  state  is  divided  into  five  counties,ineachof  which 
there  is  a  court  of  common  pleas  and  genera!  sessions  of 
the  peace,  held  twice  every  jear,  for  the  trial  of  all 
causes  not  capital,  that  arise  will, in  their  limits;  from 
w  hieh  an  appeal  lies  to  the  superior  court  ol  judicature, 
court  of  assize  and  general  jail  delivery,  whose  juris- 
diction extends  over  the  whole  state,  and  who  also  sit 
twice  a  year  in  each  county.  The  constitution  admits 
not  of  religious  establishments,  any  further  than  de- 
pends upon  the  voluntary  choice  of  individuals.  All  men 
inofessiii"  a  belief  in  one  Supreme  Being,  are  equally 
protected°by  the  laws ;  and  no  particular  sect  can  claim 
pre-eminence.] 


CONSTITUTION  OF  CONNECTICUT. 


PREAMBLE.  i  l^-  '^'o  person  shall  be  attainted  of  treason  or  fllony 
by  the  legialaturc. 

The  people  of  Connecticut,  acknowledging  with  gra-  (.  16.  The  citizens  have  a  right,  in  a  peaceable  man- 

tituile,  the  good  providence  uf  God,  in  having  permitted  neV,  to  assemble  for  then-  common  good,  and  to  apply  to 

them  toenjovaiiee  government,  do,  in  order  more  ef-  those  invested  with  ihe  iiowers  ol  government  lor  rc- 

fectually  to  define,  secure,  and  perpetuate  the  liberties,  dress  of  grievances,  or  other  proper  purposes,  by  peti- 

rights,  and  privileges  wliich  they  have  derived  from  their  tioii,  address,  or  remonstrance. 

ancestoi-s,  hereby,  after  a  careful  consideration  and  re-  }  17.  Every  citi/.en  has  a  right  to  bear  arms  in  defence 

vision,  ordain  and  establish  the  following  constitution  of  himself  and  the  state. 

and  form  of  civil  government.  §  18.  The  military  shall,  in  all  cases,  and  at  all  times, 

bein  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  power. 

ARTICLE   1.  5  19'  Nosoldiershall,iu  time  of  peace,  be  quartered 
in  an  v  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner ;  nor  in 

HECLAUATMN  of  BIGUTS.  time  of  war,  but  in  a  mamier  to  be  prescribed  by  law . 

^  20.   No  hereditary  emoluments,   privileges,  or  ho- 

Tbat  the  great  and  essential  principles  of  liberty  and  nours,  shall  ever  be  granted  or  conferred  in  this  state, 

free  government  may  be  recognized  and  established,  we  ^  21.  The  right  ot  tiial  by  jury  shall  remain  inviolate, 
declare : 

§1.  Tliat  all  men,  when  they  form  a  social  compact,  ARilCLE  2. 
are  equal  in  rights ;  and  that  no  man.  or  set  of  men,  are 

entitled  to  exclusive  imblic  emoluments  or  privileges  OF  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  POWERS, 
from  the  cumuiunitT. 

J  2.  That  a'l  political  power  is  inherent  in  the  peoiile,  The  powers  of  govcraraeut  shall  be  divided  into  three 

and  all  free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority,  distinct  departments,  and  each  of  them  confided  U)  a  se- 

and  instituted  for  their  benefit ;  and  llifit  they  liave  at  all  pai'ate  magistracy,  to  wit ;— those  which  are  legislative, 

times  an  undeniable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter  their  10  one ;  those  w  hicli  are  executive,  to  another ;  and  those 

form  of  government  in  such  nianner  as  they  may  think  w  hieh  are  judicial,  to  another. 

?  3.  'Ihe  exercise  and  enjoyment  of  religious  profes-  ARllULlli  o, 
sion  and  worship,  without  discrimination,  shall  forever 

be  free  to  all  persons  in  this  state,  provided  that  the  right  OF  THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPAUTMENT. 

hercbydeclaredand  established  shall  not  be  so  construed  .,    .                    ,.  ,  .              ,    „,               . 

as  to  excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  or  to  justify  practices  i  I-  The  legis.ative  power  oi  this  state  shall  be  vested 

inconsistent  w  ith  the  peace  and  s;ifet\  of  the  st.-ite.  m  two  disunct  houses  or  branches ;  the  one  to  he  styled 

§•4.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  law  to  any  Chris-  the  senate,  the  other  the  house  ot  representatives,  and 

rian  sect  or  mode  of  worship.  both  together  the  general  assembly.     The  style  ot  the 

§  5.  Every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write,  and  pub-  la«  s  shall  be :  Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  re- 

lisb  his  sentiments  on  all  subjects,  being  resi/onsible  for  preventatives  inf^eneral  assembly  convened. 

the  abuse  of  that  liberty.  i  2.  There  shall  be  one  slated  session  of  the  general  as- 

i  6.  No  law  shall  ever  be  passed  to  curtail  or  restrain  sembly,  to  be  holden  c-ach  year,  alternately  at  Hartford 

the  liberty  of  speech  or  of  the  i)icss.  and  New  Haven,  on  the  first  Wednesday  ot  May,  and 

§  7.  In  all  prosecutions  or  imlictn-.ents  for  libels,  the  at  such  other  limes  as  the  general  assembly  shall  judge 

truth  raav  be  given  in  evidence,  and  the  jury  shall  have  necessary :  the  first  session  to  beholdenat  Harttord ;  but 

the  right'to  determine  the  law  and  the  facts,  under  the  the  person  administering  the  office  of  governor,  may,  on 

direction  of  the  court.  special  emergencies,  convene  the  general  assembly  at 

§8.  Thepeop;eshallbesecureinthfcirperso:is,houses,  eitherof  said  places,  c.t  any  other  time.    And  in  case  of 

papei-s,  and  possessions,  from  unreasonable  searches  or  danger  from  the  prevalence  of  contagious  diseases  in  ei- 

seizures ;  and  no  warrant  to  search  anyplace  or  to  seize  tlier  of  said  places,  or  other  circumstances,  the  person 

any  pei-son  or  things,  shall  issue,  wiilsout  describing  administering  the  olKcc  of  governor,  may,  by  proclama- 

them  as  nearly  as  may  be,  nor  without  probable  cause,  tion,  Convene  said  assembly  at  any  other  place  ni  tins 

supported  by  oath  or  affirmation.  state.                                             .                       .       „  , 

§  9.   In  all  criiain.al  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  §  3.  Tlieliouseof  representativesshall  consist  of  elect- 

liave  a  right  to  be  heard,  bv  himself  and  by  counsel ;  to  ors  residing  in  towns  from  which  they  are  tiected.   Ihe 

demand  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  be  number  oi'  rep;eseniati\es  from  each  town  shall  be  the 

confronted  by  tlic  witnesses  against  him  ;  to  have  com-  same  as  at  present  practiseil  and  allowed.  In  case  a  new 

pulsoi7  process  to  obtain  witnesses  in  his  favour;  and  in  town  shall  hereafter  i)e  incorporated,  such  iievv  town 

all  prosecutions  by  indictment  or  information,  a  speedy  shall  be  entitled  to  one  lepitsentative  only  ;  and  if  such 

public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury.    He  shall  not  be  com-  new  town  shall  be  made  trom  one  or  more  towns,  the 

pelled  to  give  evidence  ag:i;iist  himself,  nor  be  deprived  town  or  towns  from  which  the  same  shall  be  made,  shall 

uf  life,  liberty,  or  propenv,  but  bvdue  course  of  law.  be  entitled  to  the  same  number  of  representatives  as  at 

And  no  person  shall  be  ho'klen  to  answer  for  any  crime,  present  allowed,  unless  the  number  shall  be  reduced  by 

the  punishment  of  which  may  be  dtath  or  imprisonment  tiie  consent  of  such  town  or  towns, 

fur  life,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  an  hidictmentof  a  J  4-  Thesenateshall  consist  of  twelve  memberj,  to  be 

grand  jury  ;  except  in  tlie  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  chosen  annually  by  the  electors. 

inilitiii,  when  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  §  5.  At  the  meetings  of  the  electors,  lieUl  in  the  seve- 

danger.  mi  towns  in  this  state,  in  April  annually,  alterthe  elec- 

ij  10,   No  person  shall  be  arrested,  detaiie,!,  or  pu-  tion  of  representatives.the  electors  present  shall  be  call- 

nislied,  except  in  cases  clearlv  warranted  by  i:iv.-.  ed  upon  to  bring  in  their  writien  ballots  lor  senators, 

§11.   The  property  of  no 'person  shall  be  taken  for  Thepresidiiigofticer  shall  receive  the  votes  of  the  elect- 

pu'blie  nse,  without  jiist  compensation  therefor.  ors.  and  count  and  declare  theiii  in  open  meeting.     The 

§  12.  All  courts  shall  be  ojieu,  and  every  person,  for  presidhig  ofiicer  shall  also  make  duplicate  lists  of  the 

an  injury  done  him,  in  his  jierson,  properly,  or  reputa-  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  (breach, 

tion.  shall  have  remedy  by  tine  course  of  law,  and  right  which  shall  lie  certified  by  the  piesiding  officer;  one  of 

and  justice  administered  without  sale,  denial,  or  delay,  wliich  lists  sM!  be  delivered  to  the  town  clerk,  and  the 

§  13.  Excessi\c  hail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  exces-  other,  withiffeji  days  after  said  meeting,  shall  be  deli- 

sive  fines  imposed.  vered,  under  sial,  eidier  to  tliesecretancr  to  the  sherifi' 

§  1-1.  Ail  prisoners  shall,  licf.ire  conviction,  be  bailable   of  the  countv  i;i  which  sjid  t,)wn  is  situated  :  which  list 

by  sufficient  sureties,  except  for  capi'al  otleiices,  where  shad  be  directed  to  the  secretary,  with  a  superscription 

the  proof  is  evident,  or  the  piesuinplion  great ;  and  the  expressing  the  purport  of  t!ie  contents  thereof.    And 

privileges  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus-  each  sheriff  who  shad  receive  such  votes  shall,  within  fif- 

jiended,  unless  when  in  case  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  teen  days  after  said  meeting,  deliver,  or  cause  them  to 

■public  safetymayrequireitj-nor  inany  case,  but  bv  the  be  delivered,  to  the  secretary, 

legislature.                                            "                   '  S*^-  The  treasurer,  seeretarv.  and  comptroller,  for  the 


COXSTITUflON  OF  COXNEeTICUT. 


tiraebeiiig,shaU  canvass  the  Totes  puhlicly.  The  twelve 
persons  having  the  greatest  iiiiinber  of  voles  for  senators 
sliall  be  declared  to  be  elected.  But,  in  cases  where  no 
ehoice  is  made  by  the  electors,  in  consequence  of  an 
equality  of  votes,  the  liouse  of  representative  shall  desig- 
nate, by  ballot,  which  of  the  candidates  having  such 
tqual  number  of  votes  shall  be  decland  to  be  elected. 
The  return  of  votes,  and  tlie  result  of  the  cam  ass,  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  liouse  of  representatives,  and  also 
to  the  senate,  on  the  first  day  of  the  session  of  the  gene- 
ral assembly,  and  each  house  shall  be  the  final  judjje  of 
the  election  returns  and  qualifications  of  its  own  mem- 
bers. 

§  7.  The  house  of  representatives,  when  assembled, 
shall  choose  a  speaker,  clerk,  and  other  officers.  The 
senate  shall  thoose  its  clerk,  and  other  officers,  except 
the  president.  A  majoiiry  of  each  house  shall  constitute 
a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  ad- 
journ from  day  to  day,  and  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penal- 
ties, as  each  house  may  prescribe. 

§8.  Each  house  shall  determine  the  rules  of  its  own 
proceedings,  punish  membei-s  for  disoi-derly  tonduct, 
and,  with  the  consent  of  two-thiids, expel  a  member,  but 
jtot  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause;  and  shall  have  all 
ulher  powers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  legislature  of 
a  free  and  independent  state. 

f  9.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed- 
ings, and  publish  the  same  wiien  required  by  one-fifili 
of  Its  members,  except  such  parts  as,  m  the  judgment  of 
a  majority,  require  secrecy.  The  yeas  and  nays  of  the 
members  of  either  house  shali,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth 
of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journals. 

§  10.  I'he  senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all 
cases  of  civil  process,  be  i)ri\iltgcd  from  arrest  during 
the  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and  for  four  days 
b»fore  tlie  e  )mraencement  and  after  the  termination  of 
of  any  session  the reofi  And  for  any  speech  or  ilebate  in 
either  house  they  shali  not  be  questioned  in  any  other 
place. 

f  11.  The  debates  of  each  house  shali  be  public,  except 
on  such  occasions  as  in  the  opinion  of  the  house  may 
require  secrecy. 

ARTICLE  4. 

OF  THE  JiXECUTITE  DEPAHTMEXT. 

5  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  the  state  shall 
be  vested  in  a  go  vernor,  who  shall  be  chosen  by  the  eleet- 
oreof  the  state,and  shall  hold  hisoffice  forone  year  from 
the  first  Wednesday  of  May  next  succeeding  his  election, 
and  until  his  successors  be  duly  qualified.  No  person 
who  is  not  an  elector  of  this  state,  and  vvho  has  uot  arri- 
ved at  the  age  of  thirlj  years, «hall  be  eligible. 

§  2.  At  the  meetings  of  the  electors  in  the  respective 
towns,  in  the  month  of  April  in  each  year,  immediately 
after  the  election  of  senators,  the  presiding  officers  sliall 
call  upon  the  electors  to  bniiij  in  their  ballots  for  him 
whom  they  would  elect  to  be  governor,  with  his  name 
fairly  written.  When  such  ballots  shall  have  been  re- 
ceived and  counted,  in  tlie  presence  of  the  electors,  du- 
plicate lists  of  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number 
of  votes  given  for  each,  shall  be  made  and  certified  by 
the  presiding  officer,  one  of  which  lists  shall  be  deposit- 
ed in  the  office  of  the  town  clerk,  within  three  days,  and 
the  other,  within  ten  days  after  said  election,  shall  be 
transmitted  to  theseeretary,  or  to  the  sheriff  of  the  coun- 
ty in  whicli  such  election  shall  have  been  held.  The 
sheriff  receiving  said  votes  shall  deliver,  or  cause  them 
to  be  delivered,  to  the  secietary,wiihiii  fifteen  days  next 
after  said  election.  The  voiessb  returned  shall  be  count- 
ed by  the  treasurer,  secretary,  and  comptroller,  within 
the  month  of  April.  A  fiiir  list  of  the  persons  and  num- 
ber of  votes  given  for  each,  together  with  the  returns  of 
ihe  presiding  officers,  shall  bt,  by  the  treasurer,  secreta- 
ry, and  coiuptroller,  madt;  and  laid  before  the  general 
assembly  then  next  to  be  holdtn,  on  the  first  day  of  the 
session  thereof;  and  said  assembly  shall,  after  examina- 
tion of  the  same,  declare  the  person  whom  they  shall  find 
to  be  legally  chosen,  and  give  him  notice  accordingly. 
If  no  person  shall  have  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  said  votes,  or  if  two  or  more  shall  ha\e  an  equal  and 
the  greatest  number  of  said  votes,  thensaii^seiiibly,  on 
the  second  day  of  their  session,  by  johit  l|||pot  of  both 
houses,  shall  proceed,  wiiJiout  debate,  to  choose  a  gover- 
nor from  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  two  persons  having 
the  greatest  number  of  votes,  or  of  tlie  names  of  the  per- 
sons having  an  equal  and  highest  number  of  votes  so  rr- 
turned  as  aforesaid.  The  gem-ral  assembly  shall  by  law 
prescribe  the  manner  in  which  ail  questions  conctining 
the  election  of  a  governor  or  lieutenant  governor  shall 
bedeiermined. 

i  3.  -■>  I  till-  iinuual  meetings  of  the  electors,  immedi- 


ately after  the  election  of  governor,  there  shall  also  be 
chosen,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  herein  before  provided 
for  the  election  of  governor,  a  lieutenant  governor,  who 
shall  continue  in  office  for  the  same  time,  and  possess 
the  same  qualifications. 

§  4.  I'he  compensations  of  the  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  senators,  and  representatives,  shall  be  esta- 
blislied  by  law,  and  shall  not  be  varied  so  as  to  take  ef- 
fect until  after  an  election  which  shall  next  succeed  the 
passage  of  the  Jaw  establishing  said  compensations. 

§  5.  The  governor  shall  be  captain  general  of  the  mi- 
litia of  the  state,  except  \\  hen  called  into  the  service  of 
the  Unitetl  States. 

5  6.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  on  any  subject  re* 
lating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

§  7.  I'he  governor,  in  case  of  a  disagreement  between 
the  two  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  respecting  the 
time  of  adjournment,  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time 
as  he  shall  think  projier,  not  beyond  the  day  of  the  next 
stated  session. 

§  S.  He  shall, from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  general  as- 
seuibly  information  of  the  state  of  the  government,  and 
recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  deem  expedient. 

§9.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  ex- 
ecuted. 

j  10.    The  governor  shall  have  power  to  grant  re-  " 
pneves,  after  conviction,  in  all  cases  except  those  of  im- 
peachment, until  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the  gene- 
ral assembly,  and  no  longer. 

{11.  All  commissions  shall  he  in  the  name  and  by  au- 
thority of  the  state  of  Connecticut ;  shall  be  sealed  with 
the  state  seal,  signed  by  the  governor,  and  attested  by 
the  secretary. 

i  12.  Every  bill  w  hich  shall  have  passed  both  houses 
of  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  presented  to  the  gover- 
nor. If  lie  approves,  he  shall  sign  and  transmit  it  to  the 
secretary;  but  if  not,  he  shall  reiurn  it  to  the  house  in 
which  it  originated,  with  his  objections,  which  shall  be 
enternl  on  tlie  journals  of  the  house  ;  who  shall  proceed 
to  reconsider  the  bill.  If,  aftersuch  reconsideration, that 
house  shall  again  pass  it,  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objec- 
tions, to  the  other  house,  which  shall  also  reeonside»it. 
If  approved,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But,  in  such  cases, 
the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and 
nays ;  and  the  names  of  the  members  voting  for  and 
against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals  of  each 
house  respectively.  If  the  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by 
the  governor  within  three  days  (Sundays  exceptedjafter 
it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a 
law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  sigued  it ;  unless  the  ge- 
neral assembly,  by  their  adjournment,  prevents  its  rc- 
tiirn  ;  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

§  13.  The  lieutenant  governor  shall,  by  virtue  of  his 
office,  be  pri  sident  of  tlie  senate,  and  have,  w  hen  in  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  a  right  to  debate,  and,  when  the  se- 
nate is  equally  divided,  to  give  the  casting  vote. 

§  14.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  refusal  to  serve, 
or  removal  from  office  of  thegovernor,orof  his  fmpeach- 
nient,  or  absence  from  the  state,  the  lieutenantgovernor 
shall  exercise  the  power)  and  authority  appertaining  to 
the  office  of  governor,  until  another  be  chosen  at  the 
next  periodical  election  for  governor,  and  be  duly  qua- 
lified ;  or  until  the  governor  impeached  or  absent,  shall 
be  acquitted  or  reium. 

J  15.  Wlien  the  government  shall  he  administered  by 
the  lieutenant  gove'nior,  or  he  shall  be  unable  to  attend 
as  president  of  the  senate,  the  senate  shall  elect  one  of 
their  members  as  jiresident  pro  tempore.  And  if,  during 
liie  vacancy  of  the  office  of  governor,  the  lieutenant  go- 
vernor shali  die,  resign,  refuse  to  serve,  or  be  removed 
from  office,  or  if  he  shall  be  imjieacjied,  or  absent  from 
the  state,  the  president  of  the  senate  pi-o  temporeshall,  in 
like  manner,  administer  the  government  until  he  be  su- 
perceded by  a  governor  or  lieutenant  governor. 

5  16.  II  i-e  lieutenantgovernor  shall  be  required  to 
administer  the  government,  and  shall  while  in  such  ad- 
ministration, die  or  resign  during  the  recess  oi  the  gene- 
ral as>embly,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary,  forthe 
time  being,  to  convene  the  senate  for  the  purpose  of 
choosing  a  president  pro  tempiire. 

§  17.  A  treasurer  shall  annual  ly  be  chosen  by  the  elect- 
on  at  their  meeting  in  April ;  and  the  votes  shall  be  re- 
turned, counted,  canvassed,  and  declared,  in  tiie  same 
manner  as  is  pi-ovided  for  the  election  of  governor  and 
lieutenant  governor:  but  the  votes  for  treasurer  shall  be 
canvassed  by  the  secretary  and  comptroller  only.  He 
shall  receive  all  UiOneys  belonging  lo  the  s  ate,  and  dis- 
burse the  same  only  as  he  may  be  directed  by  law.  He 
shall  pjiy  no  warrant  Of  order  for  the  disbursement  of 
public  money,  until  the  same  has  been  registered  in  the 
office  of  the  comptroller. 


CONSTIl'Ui  lOX  OF  COXNEG  flCU  I' 


31 


i  13.  A  spurelary  shall  be  chosen  next  after  the  trea- 
sure)-, and  in  the  same  manner  ;  and  the  votes  for  secvc- 
taiy  shall  be  returned  to,  and  counted,  ciinva';>td,aiid 
tleelared  by,  the  tr  asnrer  and  complmller.  lie  shall 
have  the  safe  keeping  and  custody  of  tlie  public  records 
and  documents,  and  particularly  of  the  acts, resolutions, 
and  orders  of  the  general  assembly,  and  record  the  same ; 
and  perform  all  such  duties  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 
He  shall  be  the  keeper  of  the  seal  of  the  state,  which 
shall  not  be  altered. 

§  19.  A  comptroller  of  the  public  accounts  shall  be 
annually  ajiponited  by  the  g-eneral  assembly.  He  shall 
adjust  and  settle  nil  public  sccounts  and  demands,  ex- 
cept granff  :nid  orders  of  the  general  assembly.  He  shall 
prescribe  the  mode  of  keeping  and  rendi-ringal!  public 
accounts.  He  shall,  f.r  officio,  be  one  of  the  auditors  of 
tlie  accounts  of  the  trtasurer.  The  general  assembly 
may  .assign  to  him  other  duties  in  relation  to  his  office, 
and  to  that  of  the  treasurer,and  shall  prescribe  the  man- 
ner in  uhich  his  duties  shall  be  performed. 

5  20.  A  sheriff  shall  be  appointed  in  each  county,  by 
the  general  assembly,  who  shall  hold  liis  office  for  three 
yiars,  removable  by  said  assembly,  and  shall  become 
bound,  with  sufficient  sureties,  to  tbi-  treasurer  of  llie 
state,  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  the  do  ties  of  his  office, 
ni  such  manner  as  shall  be  j)rescrihed  by  law  :  in  case 
the  sheriffof  any  county  shall  die  or  resign,  the  govern- 
or may  fill  the  vacancy  occasion'^  th<  n by,  until  the 
same  shall  be  filled  by  tbe  gtneral  ass*  mbly.' 

9  21.  A  statement  of  all  receipts,  payments,  funds,and 
debts  of  the  state,  sbal'  be  publishc  d.'from  time  to  time, 
in  such  manner,  and  at  such  peiiods,  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

ARTICLE  5. 

CF  THE  JUDICIAL  nKPAHTMEXT. 

§  U  The  judicial  power  of  the  state  shall  be  vested  in 
a  supreme  court  of  errors,  a  superior  court,  and  such  in- 
ferior courts  as  the  general  assembly  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  ordain  and  establish ;  the  powers  and  jurisdiction 
of  which  fourts  shall  be  defined  by  law. 

5  2.  There  shall  be  appointed  in  each  county  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  justices  of  the  peace,  with  such  juris- 
diction in  civil  and  criminal  cases  as  the  general  assem- 
bly may  prescribe. 

§  3.  Thejudtres  of  t!\e  supreme  court  of  errors,  of  the 
supeiior  and  inferior  courts,  and  all  justices  of  the  peace, 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  general  .assembly,  in  such 
manner  as  shall  by  law  be  prescribed.  The  .judges  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  of  the  supeiior  court,  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  good  behaviour  ;  but  may  be  re- 
moved by  impeachment :  and  the  governor  shall  also  re- 
move them  on  the  address  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
of  each  house  of  the  general  assembly  ;  all  other  judges 
.and  justices  of  the  peace  shall  be  appointed  annually. 
N'o  judge  or  jusliceof  the  peace  shallbe  capable  of  liold- 
ing  his  office  after  he  shall  arrive  at  the  age  of  seventy 
years. 

ARTICLE  6. 

OF  rnr.  aUALIFICATIONS  OF  ELECTORS. 

§  1.  All  pei-sons  who  have  been,  or  shall  hereafter, 
pi-evious  to  the  ratification  of  this  constitution,  be,  ad- 
mitted freemen,  according  to  the  existing  laws  of  this 
state,  shall  be  electors. 

52.  Every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
who  shall  have  gained  a  settlement  in  this  state,  attained 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  reside<l  in  the  town  in 
whicb  he  may  offer  himself  to  he  admitted  to  the  privi- 
lege of  an  elector  at  least  six  montlis  preceding,  and 
have  a  freehold  estate  of  the  yearly  value  of  seyen  dol- 
lars, in  this  state  ;  or  having  been  eiu-olh d  in  the  militia, 
shall  have  performed  military  duty  therein,  for  the  term 
of  one  year  next  preceding  the  time  he  shall  offer  him- 
self for  admission,  or  being  liable  thereto,  shall  have  been, 
by  authority  by  law,  excused  therefrom,  or  shall  have 
paid  a  state  tax  within  the  year  next  preceding  the  lime 
be  shall  present  himself  for  such  adniission,  and  sl.al I 
sustain  a  good  moral  character,  shall,  on  his  taking  such 
oaili  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  be  an  elec'tor. 

5  3.  The  privileges  of  an  eleetiu-  shall  be  forfeited,  by 
a  conviction  nf  bribery, forgery, perj u ry, d uelling, fraud- 
ulent bankruptcy,  theft,  or  other  ofTeiice,  ibr  which  an 
int;imous  punishment  is  inflicted. 

5  4.  Every  elector  shall  he  eligible  to  any  offic  in  this 
st.ate,  except  in  cases  provided  for  in  tl-.is  constitution. 

y  5.  Theselectmenand  town  clerk  of  theseveral  towns 
shall  decide  on  the  qualifications  of  electors,  at  such 
times,  and  in  such  manner,  as  may  be  prescrilxd  bylaw. 

§6.  Laws  shall  be  made  to  support  tlje  privilege  of 
iree  suffrage,  prescribing  the  raauiier  cf  irgolatins;  ami 


conducting  meetings  of  the  electors,  and  prohibiting, 
under  adequate  penalties,  all  undue  influence  therein, 
from  power,  bribery,  tumult,  and  other  iinpi-oper  con- 
duct. 

§  7.  In  all  elections  of  ofiiccrs  of  tlie  state,  or  members 
of  the  general  assembly,  the  votes  of  the  electors  shall 
be  by  ballot. 

§  S.  At  all  elections  of  offlcersofthestate,  or  members 
of  the  general  assembly,  the  electors  shall  be  privilegeif 
from  arrest  duri-ig  their  attendance  upon,  and  going  to 
ami  returning  from,  the  same,  on  any  civil  process. 

§  9.  The  meetings  of  the  electors  for  the  election  of 
the  several  state  officers,  by  law  annually  to  be  elected, 
and  members  of  the  general  assembly  of  ibis  state,  shall 
be  holden  on  the  first  Monday  of  April  in  each  year. 

ARTICLE  r. 

OF  RELIGlOy. 

j  1.  It  being  the  duty  of  all  men  to  worship  the  Su- 
preme Being,  the  great  Creator  and  Preserver  of  the 
universe,  and  their  right  to  render  that  worshi])  in  the 
mode  most  consistent  with  the  dictates  of  their  con- 
sciences: no  person  shall,  by  law,  be  compelled  to  join 
or  support,  nor  be  classed  with,  or  associated  to,  anv 
congregation,  church,  or  religious  association.  But  eve- 
ry person  now  belonging  to  such  congregation,  church, 
or  religious  association,  shall  remain  a  member  thereof, 
until  be  shall  have  separated  hiinself  therefrom,  in  thj 
maimer  herein  after  provided.  And  each  and  every  so- 
ciety or  denomination  of  Christians  in  this  state,  shall 
have  and  enjoy  the  sauie  and  equal  powers,  rights,  and 
privileges  ;  and  shall  have  power  and  authority  to  sup- 
port and  maintain  the  ministers  or  teachers  of  their  re- 
spective denominations,  and  til  build  and  repair  houses 
for  i)ublic  worship,  by  a  tax  on  the  members  of  anysuch 
society  only,  to  be  laid  by  a  major  vote  of  the  legal  voters 
assembled  at  any  society  meeting,  wanied  and  held  ac- 
cording to  law,  or  in  any  other  manner. 

§2.  If  anypeisonshall  choose  to  separatehimself  from 
the  society  or  denomination  of  Christians  to  which  he 
may  belong,  and  shall  leave  a  written  notice  thereof 
w  ith  the  clerk  of  such  society,  be  shall  thereupon  be  bo 
longer  liable  for  any  future  expenses  which  may  be  in- 
curred by  said  society. 

ARTICLE  8. 

OF  EDUCATrOX, 

^  3.  The  charter  of  Yale  college,  as  motlified  by  agree- 
ment with  the  corporation  thereof,  in  pursuance  of  an 
act  of  the  general  assembly,  passed  in  May,  1792,  is  here- 
by confirmed. 

5  2.  The  fund,  called  the  Sc/iool  Fund,  shall  remain  a 
perpetual  fund,  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inriolablv 
appropriated  to  the  support  and  encouragement  of  the 
public  or  common  schools  throughout  the  state,  and  fbr 
the  equal  bent  fit  of  all  the  people  thereof.  The  value 
and  amount  of  said  fund  shall,  as  soon  as  practicable,  be 
ascenaintd  in  such  manner  as  the  general  assembly  may 
prescribe,  published,  and  recorded  in  the  comptroller's 
office  ;  and  no  law  shall  ever  be  made  authorising  said 
fund  to  be  diverted  to  any  other  use  than  the  encourage, 
ment  and  support  of  public  or  common  schools,  among 
the  several  school  societies,  as  justice  and  equity  shall 
require. 

ARTICLE  9. 

OF  IMPEACH7HENT. 

{  1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeachinf;. 

J  2,  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate. 
■\Vlien  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or 
affirmation.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  w  ithout  the 
concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 
When  the  governor  is  impeached,  the  chief  justice  shall 
preside. 

§3.  The  governor,  and  all  other  executiveand  judicial 
officers,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment ;  but  judgments 
in  such  cases  sli.tll  not  extend  further  than'to  remov.al 
from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of 
honour,  trust, or  profit,  under  this  state.  The  party  con- 
vieti  d  shall,  nevertbi-less,  be  liable  and  subjectlo  indict- 
ment, trial,  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

54.  Treason  against  the  state  shall  consist  only  in  le- 
vying war  against  them,  adhering  to  its  eneniies.  giving 
them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of 
treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  tlie 
same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court.  No  con- 
viction  of  treason,  or  attainder,  shall  work  corruption 
of  bJoodj  or  farfeiture, 


32 


CONSlii  iJJiON'  OF  xNEW  YORK. 


ARTICLE  10. 

GKNEKAL  PllOTISIOXS. 

■}  I.  Jlembers  of  the  pjenera!  assembly,  and  all  officers, 
executive  and  judicial,  shall,  before  they  enter  on  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices,  take  the  following  oath 
or  affirmation,  to  wit : 

Yoii  do  solemnly  swear,  (or  affirm,  as  the  case  may 
be,)  that  you  will  support  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
so  Ions;  as  you  continue  a  citizen  thereof;  and  that  you 
will  faithfully  discharg;e,  accoi-ding  to  Saw,  the  duties  of 

the  office  of ' to  the  best  of  your  abilities.  So 

help  you  Gud. 

52.  Each  town  shall  annually  elect  selectmen,  and 
such  officers  of  local  police,  as  the  laws  may  prescribe. 

§  3.  The  rig^hts  and  duties  of  all  corporations  shall  re- 
main, as  if  this  constitution  had  not  Iieen  adopted  ;  w  ith 
the  exception  of  such  regulations  and  rcFtrictions  as  are 
contained  in  this  constitution.  All  judicial  and  civil 
officers  now  in  office,  who  have  been  appointed  by  the 
Efeneral  assembly,  and  coniinissioiied  according  to  law, 
and  all  such  officers  as  shall  be  appointed  by  the  said  as- 
sembly, and  commissioned  as  aforesaid,  before  the  first 
"Wednesday  of  May  next,  shall  continue  to  hold  their  of- 
fices until  the  first  day  of  June  next,  unless  they  shall, 
before  that  time,  resign,  or  be  removed  from  office  ac- 
cording; to  law.  The  treasurer  and  secretary  shall  con- 
tinue in  office  \intil  a  treasurer  and  secretary  shall  be 
appointed  under  this  constitution.  All  military  officers 
shall  continue  to  hold  and  exercise  their  respective  offi- 
ces, until  they  shall  resign  or  be  remove*!  according  to 
law.  All  laws  not  contraiT  to,  or  inconsistent  with,  the 
provisions  of  this  constitution,  shall  remain  in  force  un- 
til they  expire  by  their  own  limitation,  or  shall  be  alter- 
ed or  repealed  by  the  general  assembly,  in  pursuance  of 
this  constitution.  The  validity  of  all  bonds,  debts,  con- 
tracts, as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate,  or 
the  state,  of  all  suits,  actions,  or  rights  of  action,  both  in 
lawand  equity,shall  continue  as  if  no  changehad  taken 
place.    The  governor,  lieutenant  govemsr.and  general 


assembly,  which  is  to  be  formed  in  October  next,  shall 
have  and  possess,  all  the  powers  and  authorities  not  re- 
pugnant to.or  inconsistentwith.this  constitution, which 
they  now  have  and  possess,  until  the  first  Wednesday  of 
]Maynest. 

§  4.  No  judge  of  the  superior  court,  or  of  the  supreme 
court  of  errors ;  no  member  of  congress ;  no  person  hold- 
ing any  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States  ; 
no  person  holding  the  office  of  treasurer,  secretary,  or 
comptroller ;  no  sheriff  or  sheriff's  deputy ;  shall  be  a 
member  of  the  general  assembly. 

ATITTCLE  11. 

OF  a:>IE>'DME>!TS  of  the  COS STITUTIOX. 

Wlienever  a  majority  of  the  house  of  representatives 
shall  deem  it  neccssarj-  to  alter  or  amend  this  constitu- 
tion, they  may  propose  such  alterations  and  amend- 
ments ;  which  proposed  amendments  shail  be  continued 
to  the  next  general  assembly,  and  be  published  with  the 
laws  which  may  have  been  passed  at  the  same  session  ; 
and  if  two-thirds  of  each  house,  at  the  next  session  of 
said  assembly,  shall  approve  the  amendments  proposed, 
by  yeas  and  m\  s.  said  amendments  shall,  by  the  secreta- 
ry, be  transmitted  to  (he  town  ckrk  in  each  town  in  this 
state  ;  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  present  the  same  to  the 
inhabitants  tiiereof,  for  their  consideration,  at  a  town- 
meeting,  legally  warned  and  held  for  that  purpose  ;  and 
if  it  shall  appear,in  a  manner  to  be  provided  by  law,  that 
a  majority  of  the  electors  present  at  such  meetings  shall 
have  approved  such  amendments,  the  same  shall  be  va- 
lid, to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  a  part  of  this  constitu- 
tion. 

Done  in  convention,  on  theffteenlh  rlay  of  September,  in 
the  year  of  our  Loril  nnc  thuusand  ei^ht  /iiinilred  and 
eighteen,  nnd  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  the 
furt'j-third. 

By  order  of  tiie  convention. 

OLIVER  AVOLCO XT,  Presiden'. 
James  Lanman,        7  _,    , 
Robert  Fairchild,     5''"^*^' 


COINSTITUTION  OF  NEW  YORK. 


In  Convention  of  the  Rppresentatives  of  the  state  of  JWa  York. 

KiNGSTox,  20th  April,  1T7T. 

WHEREAS   the  many  tyrannical  and   oppvessiye  but  the  whole  force  of  that  kingdom,  aided  by  foreign 

usurpations  of  the  king  and  parliamtntof  Great  Britain  mercenaries,  is  to  be  exerted  for  the  destruction  of  the 

on  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people  of  the  American  good  people  of  these  colonies :  And  whereas  it  appears 

colonies,  had  reduced  them  to  the  necessity  of  introdti-  absolutely  ineconcileable  to  reason  and  good  conscience 

eing  a  government  by  crngi-ess  and  committees,  astern-  for  the  people  of  these  colonies  now  10  take  the  oaths 

porary  expedients,  .ind  to  e\ist  no  longer  than  the  grie-  and  affirmations  necessai-y  (or  the  support  of  any  gfo- 

vanct's  of  the  people  should  remain  without  reilress :  vemnient  luider  the  crown  of  Great  Britain ;  and  it  is 

And  w  hereas  the  congress  of  the  colony  of  New  York  necessary  that  the  exercise  of  every  kind  of  authority 

did,on  the  ihirty-Qvst  dayof  May,now  last  past,  resolve  under  the  said  crown  should  be  totally  suppressed,  and 

as  follows,  viz.  all  the  (inw  crs  of  government  exerted  under  the  authn- 

"  Whereas  the  present  government  of  this  colony,  by  riiy  of  the  ]>eople  of  the  colonies,  for  the  preservation  of 

congress  and  committees,  was  instituted  while  the  i'lrmer  internal  peace,  virtue,  and  good  order,  as  well  as  for  the 

government,  under  the  crown  of  Gi-eat  Britain,  existed  defence  of  our  lives,  liberties,  and  properties,  against 

in  full  force;  and  was  established  for  the  sole  imrposc  of  the  hostile  invasions  and  cruel  depredations  of  our  ene- 

opposing  the  usurpation  of  (he  British  parliament,  and  mies :  Therefore, 

was  intended  to  expire  on  a  reconciliation  with  Great  '  Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  respective 

Britain,  which  il  was  then  apprehended  would  soon  take  assemblies  nnd  conventions  of  the  united  colonies,  where 

place,  but  is  now  considered  as  remote  and  uncertain:  no  government  sufficient  to  the  exig<?ncies  of  their  af- 

"  .\nd  whereas  many  and  great  inconveniences  at-  fairs  has  been  Iiithi-rio  establishtd,  to  adopt  such  govern- 

tended  the  s,Vid  mode  of  government,  by  congress  and  ment  as  snail,  in  the  opinion  of  the  representatives  of 

committees,  as,  of  necessity,  in  many  instances,  legisla-  the  people,  Kst  conduce  to  the  happiness  and  safety  of 

tive,  judicial,  and  executive  powers  have  been  vested  their  constituents  in  particular,  and  America  in  gene- 

therein,  especially  since  the  dissolution  of  the  former  ral.' 

government,  by  the  .alxlication  of  the  late  governor,  :;nd  "  And  whereas  doubts  have  arisen  whether  this  con- 

the  exclusion  of  this  colony  froin  the  protection  of  the  press  are  invested  w  ith  sufficient  power  and  authority  to 

king  of  Great  Britain:  deliberate  and  determine  on  so  important  a  subject  as 

"And  whereas  the  continental  congiess  did  resolve  as  the  neci  ssity  ol'evectinc  and  constituting  a  new  form  of 

followeth,  to  wit :  government  and  internal  police,  to  the  exclusion  of  nil 

'  Whereas  his  Britannic  majesty,  in  conjunction  with  foreign  jurisdiction,  domuiioii,  and  control  whatever  : 

the  lords  and  eomnions  of  Great  i3ritain.  has,  by  a  late  And  where.is  it  appertains  of  right  solely  to  the  pcopla 

act  of  parliament,  excluded  the  inhribltanis  of  these  of  this  colony  to  determine  the  said  doubts:  Therefore, 

tinited  colonies  from  the  protection  of  his  crow  n ;  Ami  »•  liesulrci!.  1  hat  it  be  recommended  to  the  electors  in 

whereas  no  answer  whatever  to  the  humble  petition  of  the  several  counties  in  this  colony,  by  election  in  the 

the  colonies,  for  redress  of  grievances  and  reconciliation  manner  and  form  prescribed  for  the  election  of  the  prc- 

-vith  Gve?.t  Britain,  has  been.  (.•;■  ij  likely  to  be  given;  sent  congiTss,  either  to  authorise  'in  addition  to  ths 


CONSTlTUTiON  OF  NEW  YORK. 


^oweis  vested  in  this  coiigiessj  tlieir  jireseiit  depiilies, or 
olliersinstead  of  their  present  deputies,  or  eitlier  of  them, 
to  take  into  consideration  the  neceisit}- and  proprieiy 
of  instituting;  siith  new  {government  :is  in  and  by  the  said 
resolution  of  the  continental  eon-^issis  descril)id  and 
recommended  :  And,  if  the  majority  of  the  counties,  by 
their  deputies  in  provincial  congress,  sliall  be  of  opinion 
tliat  such  new  government  ought  to  be  instituted  and 
established,  then  to  institute  and  establisli  such  a  go- 
verument  89  tiny  shall  deem  best  calculated  to  secure 
the  rights,  liberties,  and  happiness  of  tlie  good  people  of 
this  colony;  and  to  continue  in  force  until  a  future  peace 
w  ith  Great  Britain  sliall  render  the  same  unnecessary. 
And, 

"ii«o/t)erf.  That  the  said  elections  in  the  several  coun- 
ties ought  to  be  had  on  such  a  day,  and  at  such  i)lace  or 
places,  as,  by  the  committe  of  each  county  respectively, 
shall  be  determined.  And  it  is  recommended  to  the  said 
committees  to  fix  such  early  days  for  the  said  elections, 
as  that  all  the  deputies  to  be  elected  have  suffleicnt 
tiuie  to  repair  to  the  city  of  New  York  by  the  second 
Monday  in  July  next ;  on  which  dayall  the  said  deputies 
ou^ht  punctually  to  give  their  attendance. 

"And  whereas  tiieobjcctof  the  albresoin^  resolutions 
is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  good  people  of  this 
colony : 

"  Resolved,  That  it  be,  and  it  is  hereby  earnestly  re- 
commended to  the  committees,  freeholders,  and  other 
electors,  in  the  different  counties  in  this  colony,  dili- 
gently to  carry  the  same  into  execution." 

And  v.hereas  the  poed  people  of  the  said  colony,  in 
pursuance  i>f  the  said  resolution,  and  reposing;  special 
tru'st  and  coulidence  in  the  members  of  this  convention, 
Jiave  appointed,  authorised,  and  empowered  them  for 
the  purposes,  and  in  the  manner,  and  with  the  powers 
m  and  by  the  said  resolve  specified,  declaretl,  and  nicu- 
tJoned. 

And  whereas  the  delegates  of  the  United  America;! 
States,  in  general  congress  convened,  did.  on  the  fourth 
day  of  July  now  last  past,  solemnly  publish  and  declare, 
in  the  words  following,  to  wit : 

[Here  follows  the  declaration  of  American  indepen- 
dence.] 

And  whereas  this  convention,  having  taken  this  de- 
claration into  their  most  serious  consideration,  did,  on 
the  ninth  day  of  July  last  past,  tinanimously  resolve  that 
the  reasons  assigned  by  the  continental  congress,  for  de- 
claring the  united  colonies  free  and  independent  states, 
are  cogent  and  conclusive  ;  and  that,  while  we  lament 
the  cruel  necessity  which  has  rendered  ihat  measure  un- 
avoidable, we  approve  the  same,  and  will,  at  the  risk  of 
our  lives  and  fortinies,  join  with  the  other  colonies  in 
supporting  it. 

By  virtue  of  which  several  acts,  declarations,  and  pro- 
ceedings, mentioned  and  contained  in  the  afore-recited 
resolves  or  resolutions  of  the  general  congress  of  the 
United  American  States,  and  of  the  congress  or  conven- 
tions of  this  state,  all  power  whatever  therein  liath  re- 
verted to  the  people  thereof,  and  this  convention  hath, 
l»y  their  suffrages  and  fl-ee  choice,  been  ajipointed,  and, 
among  other  things, authorised  to  institute  and  establish 
such  a  government  p.s  theyshall  deem  be=t  calculated  to 
secure  the  rights  and  liberties  of  thfe  good  people  of  this 
state,  most  conducive  of  the  hap|)iness  and  safety  of  their 
constituents  in  particular,  and  of  America  in  general. 

1.  This  convention,  in  the  nume  and  by  the  atithority 
of  tlie  good  people  of  this  state,  doth  ordain,  determine, 
and  declare,  that  no  authority  shall,  on  any  pretence 
whatever,  be  exercised  over  the  people  or  members  of 
this  state,  but  such  as  shall  be  derived  from,  and  grant- 
ed by,  them. 

2.  'Ibis  convention  doth  further,  in  the  name  and  by 
the  authority  of  the  good  people  of  this  sti'.te,ordain,  de- 
termine, and  declare,  that  the  supreme  legislative  power 
within  litis  state  shall  be  vested  m  two  separate  and  dis- 
tinct bodies  of  men— the  one  to  be  called  tlie  assembly  of 
the  state  of  New  York—the  other  to  be  called  the  senate 
of  the  state  of  New  York— who,  together,  shall  form  the 
legislature,  and  meet  once  at  least  in  everj-  year,  lor  the 
despatch  of  business. 

3.  And  w  hereas  laws,  inconsistent  witii  the  spirit  of 
this  constitution, or  with  the  public  guod,nmy  bo  hastily 
and  unadvisutlly  jiassed ;  be  it  ordained,  tliat  the  gover- 
nor, for  the  time  being,  tVie  chancellor,  and  tlie  judges 
of  the  supreme  court,  or  any  two  ol'  ttieiu,  together  with 
the  governor,  shall  be,  and  hereby  are  constituted,  a 
council,  to  revise  all  bills  about  to  be  passed  itito  laws 
by  the  legislature;  and  for  that  purpose  skill  assemble 
themselves, from  timeto  time, when  the  legislatui-eshall 
be  coiiv ened  ;  for  \\ hich,  nevertheless,  they  shall  not  re- 
ceive any  salary  or  consideration,  under  any  pretence 
■whatl'\^r.    And  that  all  bills  which  hav'-  passed  tlie  se- 


nate and  assembly  shall,  before  they  become  laws,  be 
pi-esented  to  the  said  council  fi^r  their  rcvisat  .and  consi- 
deration :  and  if,  upon  such  revision  and  consideration, 
it  should  appear  improper  to  the  said  council, or  a  majo- 
rity of  tliem,  that  the  said  bil'  should  become  a  law  of 
this  state,  that  they  return  the  same,  together  with  their 
objections  thereto iii  writing,  to  the  senate  or  house  of 
assembly,  (in  whichsoever  the  same  shall  have  origina- 
ted,) who  shall  enter  the  objections  set  down  by  the 
council,  at  large  in  their  minutes,  and  pioceed  to  recon- 
sider the  said  bill.  But  if,  after  such  reconsideration, 
two-thirds  of  the  said  senate  or  house  of  assembly  shall, 
notwitlistanding  the  said  objections,  agree  to  pass  the 
sauie,  it  siiali,  together  with  the  objections,  be  sent  to 
the  other  branch  of  the  legislature,  «  here  it  shall  also  be 
reconsidered,  and, if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers present,  shall  be  a  law. 

And  in  order  to  prevent  any  unnecessar)  delays,  be  it 
further  ordained,  that  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned 
by  the  council  v\ithiii  ten  days  after  it  sliail  have  been 
presented,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  unless  the  legislature 
shall,  by  their  adjournment,  render  a  return  of  the  said 
bill,  within  ten  days,  impracticable  ;  in  which  case  the 
bill  sliall  be  retuined  on  the  first  day  of  the  meeting  of 
the  legislature,  after  the  expiration  of  the  said  ten  days. 

4.  That  the  assembly  shall  consist  of  at  least  seventy 
members,  to  be  annual ly  chosen  in  the  several  counties, 
in  the  proportion  foUov,  ing,  viz. 

For  the  city  and  county  of  New  York,  nine. 
'l"he  city  and  county  of  Albany,  ten. 
The  county  of  Duchess,  ieveii. 
'I'lie  county  of  Westchester,  six. 
The  county  of  Ulster,  sir. 
The  county  of  Suftblk,_/;tr. 
1'he  county  of  Queens, ,/(»!/;•. 
The  count)'  of  Orange, /oi/r. 
The  county  of  Kings,  ttuo. 
'['he  county  of  Richmond,  two. 
The  county  of  Tryon,  six. 
The  county  of  Charlotte, /o»r. 
'Ihe  county  of  Cumberland,  1/iree. 
The  county  of  Gloucester,  Uvo. 

5.  That  as  soon  after  the  expiration  of  seven  years 
(subsequent  to  the  terminatioji  of  the  present  war)  as 
may  be,  a  census  of  the  electors  and  inhabitants  of  this 
state  shall  be  taken,  under  the  direction  of  the  legisla- 
ture. And  if,  on  such  census,  it  shall  appear  that  the 
number  of  representatives  in  assembly,  from  the  said 
counties,  is  not  justly  proportioned  to  the  number  of 
electors  in  the  said  counties  respectively,  that  the  legis- 
lature do  adjust  and  apiiortion  the  same  by  that  rule. 
And  further,  that,  once  in  every  seven  years,  after  the 
taking  of  the  said  first  census,a  just  accountof  theelect- 
ors  resident  in  each  county  shall  be  taken;  and  if  it  shall 
thereupon  appear  that  the  number  of  electors  in  any 
county  shall  have  inciwsed  or  diminished,  one  or  more 
seventieth  parts  of  the  whole  nuinberof  electors,  which, 
on  the  said  first  census,  shall  be  found  in  this  state,  the 
number  of  represfiilatives  for  such  county  shall  be  in- 
creased or  diminished  accordingly — that  is  to  say,  one 
rcprest  iitative  for  every  seventieth  part  af(«res,aid. 

tj.  And  whereas  an  opinion  hath  long  prevaikd  among 
divers  of  the  good  jieople  of  this  state,  that  voting  at 
elections  by  ballot  would  tend  more  to  nresei-ve  the  li- 
berty and  equal  freedom  of  the  people,  than  voting  cJra 
rare  .—to  the  end,  therefore,  that  a  fair  experiment  be 
made,  which  of  those  two  methods  of  voting  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred : 

Be  it  ordained,  that,  as  soon  as  may  be  after  the  ter- 
mination of  the  present  war  between  the  United  States 
of  America  and  Great  Britain,  an  act  or  acts  be  passed 
by  the  legislature  of  this  state,  lor  causing  all  elections 
thereafter  to  be  held  in  this  state,  for  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives in  nsseuibly,to  be  by  ballot,  and  directing  the 
manner  in  which  Rie  same  shall  be  conducted.  And 
whereas  it  is  possible  that,  after  all  the  care  of  the  legis- 
lature, in  framing  ^le  said  act  or  acts,  certain  inconve- 
niences and  miscliTcfs,  unforeseen  at  this  day,  maybe 
tbiiiKBAO  atlt  nd  the  said  mode  of  electing  by  ballot : 

It  is  further  ordained,  that  if,  after  a  full  and  fair  ex- 
periment shall  be  made  of  voting  by  ballot  aforesaid,  the 
same  shall  be  found  less  conducive  to  the  safety  or  inter- 
est of  the  state,  than  the  method  of  voting  vivn  voce,  it 
shall  be  lawful  and  constitutional  for  the  legisiature  to 
alwlish  the  same ;  imn  ided,  t\\  o  thirds  of  the  members 
))resen!  in  each  house  respective!)'^  shall  concur  therein; 
and  further,  that,  dii;  ing  the  cor.tinuance  of  the  present 
war,  and  until  the  legisiature  of  this  state  shall  provide 
for  the  election  of  senators  and  representatives  inassem- 
bly  b)  bujlot,  the  said  elettiuui  sU-j,!]  be  isade  z'iX'U  voci. 


COXSTHU  IION  OF  AEW  YORK. 


7.  That  evciy  male  inhabitant,  of  full  a^e,  who  shall 
havepersonalljiesiiled  within  oneuf  the  counties  of  this 
state  for  six  months  immediately  preceding  the  day  of 
election,  shall,  at  such  election",  be  entitled  to  vote  for 
representatives  of  the  said  county  in  assembly:  if,  duriojj 
the  time  aforesaid,  he  shall  have  been  a  freeholder,  pos- 
sessing a  freehold  of  the  vaU;--  of  twenty  pounds,  within 
the  said  county,  or  havermttd  a  tenement  therein,  of 
the  yearly  value  of  forty  shillings,  and  been  rated  and 
actually  paid  ta:;is  to  this  state  :  Provided  ah\  ays,  that 
evei-y person  w  ho  now  is  a  freeinaii  of  the  citj'  of  Alba- 
ny, or  who  was  made  a  freeman  of  the  cityof  Xew  York 
on  or  before  the  fourteenth  day  of  October,  in  ihe  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundrid  and  seventy- 
five,  and  shall  be  actually  and  usually  resident  in  the 
said  cities  respectiveh,  shall  he  entitled  to  vote  for  re- 
presentatives in  asseiiibly  w  ithiu  his  said  place  of  resi- 
dence. 

8.  That  every  elector,  before  he  is  admitted  to  vote, 
shall,if  required  by  the  returning  officer,  or  either  of  the 
inspectors,  take  an  oath,  or,  if  of  llie  people  called  Qua- 
kers, an  affirmation,  of  alh  glance  to  the  state. 

9.  That  the  assembly,  thus  constituted,  shall  choose 
their  own  speaker,  be  judges  of  their  own  members, 
and  enjoy  the  same  prii  ileges,  and  proceed  in  doing 
bnsiness  in  like  manner,  as  the  assemblies  of  the  colony 
of  New  York  of  right  formi  rly  did ;  and  that  a  majority 
of  the  said  members  shall,  from  time  to  time,  constitute 
a  house  to  proceed  upon  business. 

10.  And  this  convention  doth  further,  in  the  name  and 
by  the  authoiity  of  the  good  people  of  this  state,  ordain, 
determine,  and  declare,  that  the  senate  of  the  state  of 
New  York  shall  consist  of  twenty-four  freeholders,  to  be 
chosen  out  of  the  body  ofthe  freeholders,  and  that  they 
be  chosen  by  the  freholders  of  this  state,  possessed  of 
freeholds  of  the  value  of  one  hundred  pounds,  over  and 
above  all  debts  charged  thereon. 

11.  That  the  members  of  the  senate  be  elected  for 
four  years,  and,  immediately  after  the  first  election, 
they  be  divided  Ly  lot  into  four  classes,  six  in  each  class, 
and  numbered  one,  two,  three, four;  that  the  seats  of 
the  members  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  ex- 
piration of  till-  first  year,  the  second  class  the  second 
year,  and  so  on  continually  :  to  the  end,  that  the  fourth 
part  of  the  senate,  as  nearly  as  possible,  siay  be  annually 
chosen. 

12.  '1  hat  the  election  of  senators  s'  all  be  after  this 
manner;  that  so  much  of  this  state  as  is  now  parcelled 
into  counties,  be  divided  into  four  great  districts;  the 
southern  district  to  comiivehend  the  city  and  county  of 
New  York,  Suffolk,  West  Chester,  King's,  Queen's,  and 
Richmond  counties ;  the  middle  district  to  comjjrehend 
tlie  counties  of  Dueliess,  Ulster,  and  Orange;  the  west- 
ern district,  the  city  and  county  of  Alban> ,  and  Tryon 
county;  and  the  eastern  distnct  the  couiitics  of  Char- 
lotte, Ciunber'aiid,  and  Gloucester.  That  the  senators 
shall  be  elected  by  the  freeholders  of  the  said  disiiicts, 
<iualified  .as  af  av-said,  in  the  proportions  followiiii,,  viz. 
in  the  southern  district,  nine ;  in  the  middle  district,  six ; 
in  the  western  distiict,  six;  and  in  the  eastern  district, 
three  :  And  be  it  ordained,  that  a  census  shall  be  taken 
as  soon  as  may  be,  after  the  expiration  of  seven  years 
from  the  terroiiiation  of  the  present  war,  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  legislature  ;  ond  if,  on  such  census,  it 
shall  appear  that  the  number  of  senators  is  not  justly 
proportioned  lo  the  several  districts, that  the  legislatiu-e 
adjust  the  proportion,  as  near  as  may  be,  to  the  num- 
ber of  freeholders,  qualified  as  aforesaid  in  each  district. 
That  when  the  niunber  of  electors  within  any  of  the 
said  districts  shall  have  increased  one  twenty-fourth 
part  ofthc?  wlioli'  number  of  electors  which  by  the  said 
census  shall  be  found  to  be  in  this  state,  an  additional 
senator  shall  be  chosi-n  by  the  electors  of  such  district 
Thata  n.ajovityof  the  ..umber  of  senators,  to  be  chosen 
as  aforesaid,  shall  be  necessary  to  constitute  a  senate 
sufficient  to  proceed  upon  business  ;tlind  that  the  senate 
shall,  in  liki  manner  with  the  assembly,  be  the  judges 
of  its  own  members.  And  be  it  ordained,  that  ii  shall 
be  in  the  power  of  ihi  future  legislatures  of  this  state, 
for  the  advantage  and  coiiveniciice  ofthe  cood  people 
thereof,  to  divide  the  same  into  si;ch  further  ancl  otiier 
counties  and  distiicts,  as  shall  to  them  appear  neces- 
sary. 

13.  And  this  convention  doth  further,  in  the  name 
and  by  the  authoiity  ot  the  good  people  of  this  state, 
crdaiii, ''etermine,  and  declare,  thst  no  member  of  this 
state  shall  be  disfranchised,  or  deprived  of  any  of  the 
rights  or  privileges  secured  to  the  subjects  of  tiiis  state 
by  this  constitution,  unless  by  the  law  ofthe  land  or  the 
judgment  of  his  peers. 

14.  That  neither  the  assembly  nor  the  senates  hall 
iiave  the  power  to  adjourn  themselves  for  any  longer 


time  than  two  days,  without   the  mutual  conseat  o. 
both, 

15.  That, «  henevcr  the  assembly  and  senate  disagree, 
a  conference  sh.dl  beheld  in  the  presence  of  both,  and 
he  managed  by  committees,  to  be  by  them  respectively 
chosen  by  ballot.  That  thedooti,  both  of  the  assembly 
and  the  senate,  shall  at  all  times  be  kgpt  open  to  all 
persons,  except  w  iien  the  welfare  ofthe  stale  shall  re- 
quire their  debates  to  be  kept  secret.  And  the  journals 
of  ail  their  proceedings  shall  be  kept  in  the  manner 
heretofore  aecustomtd  by  the  general  assembly  of  the 
colony  of  New  York  ;  and,  except  such  parts  as  they 
shall,  as  a'oresaid,  respectively  determine  not  to  make 
public,  be,  from  day  to  day,  if  the  business  of  the  legis- 
lature will  permit,  published. 

16.  It  is,  nevertheless,  provided,  that  the  number  of 
senators  shall  never  exceed  one  hundred,  nor  the  num- 
ber of  assembly  three  hundred;  but  that,  whenever 
the  number  of  senators  shall  amount  to  one  hundre<!, 
or  ofthe  assembly  to  three  hundred,  then,  and  in  such 
case,  the  legislature  sh-II,  from  time  to  time  thereaf^ 
ter,  by  laws  for  that  purpose,  apportion  and  distribute 
the  said  one  hundred  senators  and  three  hundred  re- 
presentatives among  th'j  grtat  districts  and  counties  of 
this  state, in  proportion  to  the  number  of  tbeir  respec- 
tive electors,  so  that  the  representation  of  the  good 
I>eople  of  this  state,  both  in  the  senate  and  assembly, 
shall  for  ever  remain  proportionate  and  adequate. 

17.  And  this  convention  doth  further,  in  the  name 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people  of  this  state, 
ordain,  determine,  and  declare,  that  the  supreme  ex- 
ecutive power  and  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  vest- 
ed in  a  governor ;  and  that,  STaledly,once  in  every  three 
years,  and  as  often  as  the  seat  of  govei'nment  shall  lie- 
come  vacant,  a  w-ise  and  discreet  freeholder  of  this  slate 
shall  be,  by  ballot,  elected  governor,  by  the  freeholders 
of  this  state,  qualified  as  before  described  to  elect  se- 
nators, which  elrctions  shall  be  always  held  at  the  times 
and  places  of  choosing  representatives  in  assembly  for 
each  respective  county  ;  and  that  the  person  wholialh 
the  greatestnumberof  votes  within  the  said  state,  shall 
be  governor  thereof. 

18.  That  the  governor  shall  continue  in  ofBce  three 
years,  and  shall,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  be  general  and 
eommandei'-in-chief  of  all  the  militia,  and  admiral  of 
the  navy,  of  this  state;  that  he  shall  have  power  to 
convene  the  assembly  and  senate  on  extraordinary 
occisions;  to  prorogue  them  from  time  |to  time,  pro- 
vided such  prorogations  shall  not  exceed  sixty  days,  in 
the  space  of  any  one  year;  and,  at  his  discretion,  to 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons  to  persons  convicted  of 
criiiies  other  than  treason  or  murder,  in  which  he  may 
suspend  the  execution  of  the  sentence,  until  it  shall  be 
reported  to  the  legislature,  at  their  subsequent  meet- 
ing :  and  they  shall  either  pnrdon,  or  direct  the  e.xecu- 
lioii  of  ihe  criminal,  or  grant  a  further  reprieve. 

I'l.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  in- 
form the  legislature,  at  every  session,  ofthe  condition 
ofthe  state,  so  far  as  may  respect  his  department  ;  to 
recommend  such  matters  to  their  consideration  as  shall 
appear  to  him  to  concern  its  good  government,  welfare, 
and  prosperity  ;  to  correspond  with  the  continental 
congress,  and  other  states  ;  to  transact  all  necessary 
business  wiih  the  officers  of  government,  civil  and  mi- 
litary ;  to  take  care  that  the  laws  are  faithfully  execu- 
ted, til  the  best  of  his  ability  ;  and  to  expedite  all  such 
measures  as  may  be  resolved  upon  by  the  legislature. 

2n.  Thata  lieutenant  governor  shall,  at  every  elec- 
tion of  a  governor,  and  as  otten  as  the  lieutenant  go- 
vernor shall  die,  resign,  or  b;'  removed  from  office,  be 
elected  in  the  same  manner  with  the  governor,  to  con- 
tinue in  office  until  the  next  ehetioii  of  a  governor; 
and  such  lieutenant  governor  shall,  by  virtue  of  his  of- 
fice, be  president  ofthe  senate,  and,  upon  an  equal  di- 
vision,  have  a  easting  voice  in  their  decisions,  but  not 
vote  on  any  other  occasion. 

And  in  case  of  the  iiripeachment  of  the  governor,  or 
his  removal  Ironi  office,  death,  resignation,  or  absence 
from  ihestEle,  Ihe  lieutenant  governor  shall  exercise 
all  the  powi  r  and  authority  appertaining  to  the  office 
of  govtrnor,  until  anotbt  r  be  chosen,  or  tUe  governor 
absent,  or  impeach;  d,  shall  return  or  be  acquitted. 
Provided,  that  where  the  governor  shall,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  leirislatiire,  be  out  of  tlie  slate,  in  time  of 
war,  at  the  head  of  the  i«ilitai7  force  thereof,  he  shall 
still  continue  in  his  command  of  all  the  military  force 
of  the  state,  both  by  sea  and  land.  ^, 

21.  That  whenever  the  government  shall  flc  admi- 
cistercd  by  the  lieutenant  governor,  or  he  shall  be  itii- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  XEW  YORK. 


35 


able  to  atteud  as  pvesiJentof  Uie  senate,  the  senatoi's 
tUall  Ijave  power  to  elect  one  ottlieir  own  members  to 
tbe  office  of  president  of  the  senate,  which  he  shsU  ex- 
ercise pro  hac  riro.  And  if,  during  sucli  vacancy  of  the 
office  of  gove/nor,  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  im- 
peached, displaced,  resign,  die,  or  be  absent  from  tlie 
state,  the  president  of  the-  senate  shall,  in  like  mnnner 
as  the  litutenani  g^overnor.  xdminisler  the  government, 
until  others  shall  be  elected  by  the  suftiage  of  the  peo- 
ple, at  the  succetding  election. 

22.  And  this  convention  doth  further,  in  the  name 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  p-ople  of  this  state, 
ordain,  di-termiiie,  and  declare,  that  the  treasurer  of 
'.his  state  shall  be  appointed  by  act  of  the  legislature, 
to  originate  with  tht-  assembly  :  provided,  that  he  shall 
be  not  elect!  d  out  of  either  branch  of  the  legislature. 

23.  That  all  oHicers,  other  than  those  who,  by  this 
constitution,  are  directed  ta  be  olhi  rwise  appointed, 
shall  be  appointed  in  the  manner  following,  to  wit: 
The  assembly  shall,  once  in  every  year,  openly  nomi- 
rate  and  appoint  one  ol  the  senators  frcm  each  great 
<iistricf,  which  senators  shall  form  .1  council,  lor  the  ap- 
pointment ot  the  said  officers,  o!  which  the  govi  rnor, 
for  the  time  biing,  or  the  lieuttnant  governor,  or  the 
president  of  the  senate,  (when  they  shall  respectively 
administer  the  government.)  shall  he  president,  and 
have  a  casting  voice,  but  no  other  vote ;  and,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  said  council,  sinll  appoint  all 
the  said  officers  ;  and  th-.t  a  majority  of  the  said  coun- 
cil be  a  quorum  :  and,  fiu'ther,  the  said  sen.. tors  shall 
not  be  eligible  to  the  said  council  for  two  years  succes- 
sively. 

24.  That  all  military  officers  be  apjiointed  during 
pleasure  :  tliat  all  comniissioned  officers,  civil  and  mili- 
tary, be  connnissioned  liy  the  governor^  and  tli.it  the 
chancellor,  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  tirst 
.judge  of  the  county  court  in  every  county,  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behaviour,  or  till  they  have  resptc- 
tively  attained  the  age  o(  si.\ty  year":. 

25.  That  the  chancellor  and  judi;es  of  the  supreme 
court,  3h«ll  not,  at  the  same  time,  hold  any  other  of- 
fice, excepting  that  ofdelegatL-  to  the  general  congress, 
upon  special  occasions  ;  and  that  the  first  judges  of  tin; 
county  courts,  in  the  several  coumies,  sliail. i;ot,  at  the 
same  time,  hold  any  other  office,  e\ce|)ting  th:it  of  se- 
nator^  or  delegate  to  the  general  ceiigress.  But  if  the 
chancellor,  or  either  of  tiie  said  judges,  be  elected  or 
appointed  to  any  other  office,  i  vcepting  as  before  ex- 
cepted, it  sh  11  be  at  his  opti.in  in  wh.ch  to  serve. 

26.  That  the  sheriffs  and  coroners  be  annually  ap- 
pointed ;  and  that  no  person  shall  be  capable  o!  holding 
either  of  the  said  offices  for  more  than  four  years  suc- 
cessively ;  nor  the  sherifi's  of  holding  any  oilier  i.ffice 
at  the  same  timi-. 

27.  And  be  it  further  ordained,  that  the  register,  and 
clerks  in  chancery,  beappoiiit'd  by  the  chaiice!li;r;  the 
clerks  of  the  supreme  court,  by  the  judges  of  th.'  said 
court ;  the  clerk  of  the  court  of  probate,  by  the  judge 
of  the  said  court  ;  and  the  n  gisier  and  niars'ial  of  the 
court  of  admiralty,  by  the  judge  of  the  admiralty.  'I'he 
said  marshals,  r,  gisters,  and  clerks,  to  continue  in  office 
during  tbe  pleasure  of  those  by  whom  they  are  to  be 
appointed  as  aforesaid. 

And  that  all  attorneys,  solicitors,  and  counsellors  at 
lav/,  hereafter  to  be  appointed,  be  appointed  by  the 
court,  and  licensed  by  tlie  first  judge  of  the  court  in 
which  they  shall  respectively  plead  or  practise  ;  and  be 
regulated  by  the  rides  and  orders  of  tlie  saiil  courts. 

2S.  And  be  it  further  ordained,  that  where,  by  this 
convention,  the  duration  of  any  office  shall  not  be  as- 
certained, such  office  shall  be  constru  d  lo  be  held  du- 
ring the  pleasure  of  the  council  of  appointment :  Pro- 
vided, that  new  commissions  shall  be  issued  to  jtid^jesof 
the  county  courts  (other  than  to  the  first  judje)  and  to 
justices  of  the  peace,  once  at  least  in  every  three  years. 

29.  That  town  clerks,  supervisors,  assessor?,  consta- 
bles, collectors,  and  all  other  offieers,  heretofore  eligible 
by  the  people,  shall  always  continue  to  be  so  eligible, 
in  the  manner  directed  by  the  present  or  future  acts  of 
the  legislature. 

That  loan  officers,  county  treasurers,  and  clerks  of 
the  supervisors,  continue  to  be  appointed  in  the  man- 
ner directed  by  the  present  or  future  acts  of  the  legis- 
lature. 

3D.  That  delegates  to  represent  this  state  in  the  ge- 
neral  congress  of  the  Ur.iled  States  of  America,  be  an- 
nually appointed,  as  follows,  to  wit :  The  senate  and 
assenlhly  shall  each  openly  nominate  as  many  persons 
as  shall  be  equal  to  the  wipde  number  of  de'e^^ttes  to 


be-apptiintcd;  after  which  nomination  ihc-y  shall  meet 
together,  and  those  persons  named  in  both  lists  shall  be 
delegates ;  and  out  ef  those  persons  whose  names  are 
not  in  both  lists,  one  half  shall  bt  chosen  by  the  joint 
ballot  of  the  senators  and  me.aibers  of  assembly,  so  met 
together  as  aforCiaid. 

31.  That  the  style  of  all  laws  siiall  be  as  foilows  to 
wit ;  "  Be  il  enaclcdbtj  tlie lieojde  ql'l/iCitate  nj  NeviYurk, 
represented  in  senate  awl  n^sembltj  f  and  that  all  writs 
and  other  proci  eding  shall  run  in  the  name  of  The  peo- 
ple of  the  state  nfNcrv  J'ork,  and  be  tested  in  the  name  of 
the  cbuncellor,  or  chief  justice  oftlie  court  from  whence 
they  shall  issue. 

32.  And  this  conv^-ntion  doth  furllier,  in  the  nan  e 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  guti!  pi  ople  of  this  st4te, 
ordain,  determine,  and  declare,  that  a  court  shall  be  in- 
stituted for  the  trial  of  imptachnunts  and  the  correc- 
tion of  errors,  under  the  regti!a:Jor.s  which  shall  be  es- 
tablished by  the  legislatur  ,  and  to  consist  of  the  pre- 
sident of  th  ■  senate  for  tht  :im<»  bein^.  ar.-d  ihc  sena- 
tors, chancellor,  and  judges  of  the  suprune  court,  or 
the  major  part  uf  tliem  ;  (.\eept  ihptwhensn  iinpeach- 
ment  shall  be  prosecuted  against  the  chancellor,  or  ei- 
ther of  the  juilges  of  the  supreme  court,  the  person  so 
impeached  shall  be  suspended  from  exercising  his  of- 
fice, until  his  acquitthl :  and,  in  like  manner,  when  an 
appi-al,  from  a  decree  in  cr,uity,  shall  be  beard,  the 
chancellor  shall  inform  the  court  of  the  reasons  of  his 
decree,  but  shall  not  have  a  voice  in  the  final  sentence- 
And  if  the  cans  ■  to  be  determined  shall  be  brought  tip 
by  writ  of  error,  on  a  question  of  law,  on  a  judgment 
in  the  supreme  court,  the  judges  of  that  court  shall  as- 
sign the  reasons  of  sucli  their  judgment,  but  shall  not 
have  a  voice  for  its  affirmance  or  reversal. 

33.  That  the  jKiwer  of  impeaching  all  ofileers  of  the 
state,  for  mal  and  corrupt  toiiduct  in  tlieir  respective 
offices  be  vested  in  the  representatives  ot  the  people  in 
asseml,ly;  but  that  it  shall  always  be  necessary  that 
two-thii'd  parts  of  the  meiT^bers  present  shall  consent 
to  and  agree  in  sttch  impiaehmeiit.  That,  previousto 
the  trial  of  every  i'lipeachment,  the  members  of  the 
saiil  cour;  shall  respectively  be  sworn  truly  and  impar- 
tially to  try  and  deti  rroine  the  charge  in  question,  ac- 
cording to  evidence  ;  and  that  no  judgment  of  the  said 
court  shall  be  valid  unU'ss  it  be  ass.-iited  to  by  two-third 
parts  of  the  meue.  ers  then  present ;  nor  shall  it  extend 
further  th.ui  to  remoial  from  office  and  disqualification 
to  hold  and  enjoy  any  place  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit, 
under  this  stat-.  But  the  party  so  convicted  shall  be, 
nevertheless,  iiabh  .iid  subject  to  indictment,  trial, 
judgment,  and  punishment,  according  tothelaws  of  the 
land. 

34.  And  it  isfe.r.her  ordained,  that  in  every  trial  on 
impeachmMit,  or  indictment  for  crimes  or  misdemean- 
riur,  the  p-.rty  impeached  or  indicted  shall  be  allowed 
council,  as  i,,  civ^l  aeiioiis. 

35.  And  this  eonventkin  eloth  furilitr,  in  the  name 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people  of  this  state, 
ordain,  determine,  and  declare,  that  such  parts  of  the 
common  law  of  i'-ii;.';laiid,  and  of  the  statute  law  of  Eng- 
lard  and  rrieat  Britain,  and  of  the  acts  of  the  legisla- 
ture <i)i  he  colony  of  New  York,  as  togetht  .did  lorra  the 
laA-  of  the  said  colony  on  the  I<)lh  of  April,  in  (he  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy- 
five,  shall  l>e  and  continue  the  law  of  this  state,  subject 
to  such  alteratiois  and  provisions  as  thi  legislature  of 
this  state  shall,  from  time-  to  t  me,  mcke  coucerniiig 
the  saiTie.  'J'hat  such  -if  the  .-.aid  acts  'S  are  temporary 
sliall  expire  at  the  ti.nes  United  for  their  duration  re- 
spectively. That  all  such  parts  of  the  said  common 
law,  and  .ill  such  of  the  said  statutes  -.nd  acts ai'oresaid, 
or  parts  thereof,  us  may  be  construed  to  establish  or 
maintain  any  particular  denomination  of  Christians  or 
their  ministers  or  concern  the  allegiance  heretofore 
yielded  to,  and  the  supremacy,  sovereignty,  govern- 
ment, or  jirerogativcJ,  ciaimed  or  exercised  by  the  king 
of  Great  Bi-itain  and  Iiis  predecessors,  over  the  colony 
of  New  York  or  its  inhabitants,  or  are  repugnant  to  this 
constitution,  be,  and  they  hcreliy  are,  abrogated  and  re- 
jected. And  this  convention  doth  further  ordain, that  tlie 
resolves  or  resolutions  of  the  congress  of  the  colony  of 
New  York,  and  of  the  convention  of  the  state  of  New 
Y'ork,  now  in  force,  and  not  repugnant  to  the  govern- 
ment established  by  this  constitution,  shall  be  consider- 
ed as  making  part  oi'  the  laws  of  this  state ;  .subject, 
nevevtlirless,  to  such  alterations  and  provisions  as  the 
legislature  of  the  state  may,  fi'o.u  time  to' time,  make 
concerning  the  same. 

3'),    All  I  be  it  fuvjh.'T  ordained,  that  all  ^wiiU  of 


.-tfj  COXSniLTION  Ui-   iNbvV    i'ORK. 

lands  M  irhin  this  state,  nsacli-  ^>5'  the  Uin?  of  Great  Bri-  sent  war  •j_and  that  such  acts  shall  uot  work  a  eonup« 

lain,  or  iiersons  acting  uiulev  his  auihority,  after  the  tion  of  blood.    And  further,  that  the  iegi-lp'iire  ot  this 

tbiirtocntii  (lay  orOotoher,oi>.e  thoinand  seven  hundivd  siateshall,  at  no  Un^n  hureafttr,  insiituu-  an>  ik-\\  court 

and  sevL'nty-fiv>:-,  siiall  be  niiU  anri  void  ;  but  that  no-  or  courts,  but  iueh  4S  shall  i>rcceed  according  to  the 

thing-  in  this  constitution  coniainied,  shall  be  conslrmd  course  ot  the  eoinmop  law. 

til  aff.ct  any  grants  of  land,  within  this  state,  made  by        -IZ.  And  this  convei.tion  doth  further,  in  the  nameand 

the  authority  of  the  said  kin^'  or  his  pitdccessors,  or  by  itir  authority  of  the  good  peopleof  this  sta;e, ordain, 

to  annul  any  charters  to  bodies  politic,  by  him  or  them,  determine,  atid  dt  clare,  that  it  shall  be  in  the  discretitjn 

or  any  of  them,  made  prior  lo  that  day.     And  that  none  of  the  legislature  to  naturalize  all  such  persons,  and  in 

of  the  said  charters  shall  be  adjuogcd  to  be  void,  by  ri  .v  such  manner,  as  they  shall  think  proper  ;  provided  all 

son  of  any  nonuser  or  misuser  of.any  of  their -.ospective  such  of  the  persons,  so  to  be  by  them  naturalized,  as, 

rights  or  privileges,   betwten  the    nineteenth    day  of  b:ing  bi;rn  ii   parts  lieyond  sea,  and  out  of  the  United 

April,  in  the  year  of  our  I.oid  one  thousand  seven  hun-  States  of  America,  shall  come  lo  settle  in,  and  become 

dredaud  seventy-five,  and  the  publication  of  this  con-  subjects  of  ihjs  slate,  shall  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to 

stitution.     And  further,  that  all  such  of  the  officers,  this  state,  and  abjure  and  rtnounce  all  allegiance  and 

dfJCTibed  in  the  said  charters  resj>ectiyelv,  as,  by  the  subjection  to  all  and  every  foreign  king,  prince,  potcn- 

lerms  of  the  said  charters,  were  to  be  appointed  by  ilie  t.ite,  and  state, in  all  matters,  tcclesiasiieal  as  well  as 

severnor  of  the  culonv  of  New  York,  with  ur  wiiliout  civil. 


tlie  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  of  the  said  king, 
in  the  said  colony,  shall  hi.nceforth  be  appointed  by  the 
cotincil  est:obli%h<d  by  this  constitution  for  theappoinr- 
Jiient  of  officers  in  this  state,  until  otherwise  directed 
fcy  the  legislature. 

37.  And  whereas  it  is  of  grt  .it  importance  to  the  safe- 
ty «f  this  state  that  peace  and  aniits  with  the  Indians 
within  the  same  be  at  all  times  supported  and  main- 
tained :  and  whereas  the  frauds,  too  often  practised  to- 


Btj  Older  : 
LEONARD  GANSEVOORT,  Pies.  pro.  tern. 

AMENDMENTS. 
In  convention  of  the  delegates  of  the  state  oflfc-tv  Tork. 

Albany,  October  27,  ISOl  - 
Whereas  the  legislature  of  this  state,  by  their  act 
wards  the  s.iid  Indians,  in  coiitracts  made  for  their  passed  the  sixth  day  of  April  last,  did  propose  to  the  cl- 
lands,  hive,  in  divers  i!istances,heen  prcductive  ofdaii-  tizens  of  this  state  to  elect  by  ballot  dt  legates  to  meet 
Rerous discontents  and  animosities;  Be  it  ordaini-d.that  jn  convention  "  lor  the  purpose  ol  considi  ring  the  parts 
no  purchases  or  contracts  for  the  sale  of  hinds,  made  „f  the  constitution  of  this  state,  respecting  the  number 
since  the  fourteenth  day  ot  October,  incite  jear  of  our  of  senators  and  members  of  assembly  in  this  state,  and 
Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ^ventj-live,  or  with  power  to  reduce  and  limit  the  number  of  them  as 
which  heivafter  may  be  made  with  or  of  the  said  In-  the  said  coiivrntion  might  deem  proper:  and  also  lor 
dians,  within  the  limits  of  this  state,  sliiill  be  binding  on  the  )iU'poie  of  consiilering  and  determining  the  true 
fh<^  said  Indians,  or  deemed  valid,  unless  made  under  construction  of  the  twenty-thiid  article  of  the  constitn- 
the  authority  and  with  the  consent  of  the  legislafure  of  tion  o;  this  state,  relative  to  the  right  of  nomination  to 
this  state.  i/ffice:— 

38.  And  whereas  we  are  required,  by  the  benevolent  And  whereas  the  prople  of  this  state  have  elected  the 
jtrinciphs  of  rational  liberty,  not  only  to  expel  civil  ty-  members  of  this  convention,  for  the  purpose  above  ex- 
ranny,  but  also  to  giiaid  against  that  spiritual  oppies-  pressed ;  and  this  convention  having  maturely  consi- 
sionandintolerancc  where  with  the  bigotry  and  ambition  dered  the  subject,  thus  submitted  to  their  determina- 
of  weak  and  w  icked  (uiesis  and  princes  has'e  scourged  tion,  do,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  people 
mankind:  this  conventioii  dotli  liirther,  in  the  name  of  this  state.  ordi;in,  determine,  and  declare; 
and  by  the  auihority  of  the  good  people  of  this  state,  ].  That  the  number  of  the  members  of  the  assembly 
ordaiii,  determine,  :ind  declan-,  that  the  free  exercise  hereafter  to  be  elected  shall  be  one  hundred,  and  shall 
andenjoyment  of  religious  proi'ssion  and  worship,  with-  never  exc  ed  one  hundred  and  lift)', 
out  discrimination  or  pri  ( "^rence,  shall  for  ever  hereal-  2.  That  the  legislature  at  their  ne\t  session  shall  ap- 
ter  be  allyweil  within  this  state  to  all  mankind  ;  Pro-  portion  lhes:iid  one  hundred  members  of  the  assembly 
vided,  that  the  liberty  of  conscience  hereby  granted  among  the  several  counties  of  this  state,  as  near>y  as 
shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  excuse  acts  of  licentious-  may  be,  according  to  the  number  of  electors  which  shall 
ness,  or  justify  practices  inconsistent  with  the  peaceor  be  tound  to  be  in  each  county, by  the  census  directed  to 
safety  of  this  state.  be  taken  in  the  present  year. 

3'^  And  whereas  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  are,  by  3.  That,  from  the  lirst'Moi  day  in  July  next,  the  num- 
their  profession,  dedicated  to  the  service  of  God  and  the  her  of  the  senators  shall  be  peruianently  thirty-two,  and 
care  of  souls,  and  ought  not  to  be  diverted  from  the  that  the  present  number  of  senators  shall  he  reduced 
great  duties  ot  their  function  therefore,  no  minister  of  to  thirty-two,  in  the  following  manner,  that  is  to  say  : 
the  gospel, .or  priest  of  atiy  denomination  whatsoever.  The  seals  of  tlie  eleven  senators  composing  the  first 
shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  under  any  pretence  or  de-  das?,  whose  time  of  service  will  expire  on  the  first  Mon- 
scription  whatever,beeligil)le  to.  or  capable  of  holding,  dayiti  .Inly  next,  shall  not  be  tilled  up;  and  out  of  the 
any  civil  or  military  office  or  place  within  this  state.  gi  cntid  class  the  seats  of  ont  senator  from  the  middle 

40.  And  whereas  it  is  of  the  utinosl  importance  to  the  district,  and  of  one  senator  from  the  southern  district, 
safety  of  every  state,  that  it  should  always  be  in  a  con-  shall  he  vacated  by  the  senators  of  those  districts,  be- 
dition  of  defence  ;  and  it  is  th-  duty  of  every  man  who  longing  to  that  class,  casting  lots  among  themselves  ; 
enjoys  the  protection  of  society  to  be  prepared  and  out  of  the  third  class,  the  seats  of  two  senators  from  the 
willing  to  defend  it  ;  this  convention,  llierefure,  in  the  n.iddle  district,  and  of  one  senator  from  the  easterii  dis- 
tiame  and  by  the  authority  o'"  the  good  people  of  this  trict,  shall  be  vacated  in  the  same  manner;  out  of  the 
state,  doth  ordain,  determine,  and  declare,  that  the  mi-  ftnirth  class,  the  seals  of  one  senator  from  the  middle^ 
litia  of  this  state,  at  all  times  hereafter,  as  well  in  peace  district,  of  one  senator  from  the  eastern  district,  and  of 
as  in  war,  shall  be  arm<d,  and  disciplined,  and  in  rea-  one  senator  from  the  weatern  district,  shall  be  >'acattd 
diness  for  service.  Thai  all  such  of  the  inhabitants  of  in  the  same  manner;  and  if  any  of  the  said  classes  shall 
this  state  (btiigof  the  people  c.-i'led  Quakers)  as.  from  neglect  to  cast  tots,  the  senate  shall  in  such  case  proceed 
scruples  of  conscience,  may  be  avt  rse  to  the  beaiing  of  to  cast  lots  for  such  class  or  classes  so  neglecting.  And 
arms,  be  therefrom  excused  by  the  legislature,  and  do  that  tight  senators  shall  he  chosen  at  the  next  ekction, 
pay  to  the  state  such  sums  of  money,  iit  lieu  of  their  in  such  districts  as  the  leeislattire  shall  direct,  for  the 
personal  service,  as  the  sanie  may,  in  the  jtldgment  of  pnrpose  of  apportioning  the  whole  number  of  senators 
the  legislafure,  be  worth  :  And  that  a  proper  magazine  amongst  the  four  gieat  districts  of  the  state,  as  nearly 
of  warlike  stores,  proj-ortionatt  to  the  number  oj  inha-  as  maybe  according  to  theinimber  of  electors  qualified 
bitants,  be,  for  ever  htieafter,  at  the  expense  of  this  to  vote  foi  senators,  which  shall  be  found  to  he  in  each 
state,  and  by  acts  of  the  legislature,  established,  main-  of  the  said  districts,  by  the  census  above-mentioned; 
tained,  and  continued,  in  every  county  in  this  state.  which  eight  senators  so  to  be  chosen  shall  form  the  first 

41.  And  this  Crnvention  doth  foriliei  ordain,  defer-  class, 
mine,  and  declare,  in  the  i>ame  and  by  the  authority,  of  4.  That,  from  the  first  Monday  in  July  next,  and  on 
the  good  people  of  this  state,  that  tricl  by  jury,  in  all  the  return  of  every  census  thereafter,  the  ntimber  of 
cases,  in  which  it  hath  heretofore  been  used  in  the  co-  the  assembly  shall  be  increased  at  the  rate  of  two  nieni- 
iony  of  New  York,  shall  he  established,  and  remain  in-  hers  for  every  year,  nntil  the  whole  number  shall 
violate  for  ever.  Ami  that  no  acts  of  attainder  shall  be  amount  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  ;  and  that,  upon  the 
passed  by  the  legislattire  of  this  state,  lor  tfimes  other  return  of  every  such  census,  the  legislature  shall  appor- 
than  these  comitiitted  before  the  termination  of  the  pre-    tion  the  senators  and  members  of  the  assembly  amotigst 


C'JXSTrTUTION  OF  .\tW  .TERSE\.  3f 

tJe  !;Teat  districts  and  counties  ot  tlie  state,  as  nearly  by  the  constitution  are  directed  to  be  otherwise  ap- 

as  may  be,  accordingto  the  number  of  their  respective  pointed,  is  vested  concurrently  in  the  person  adn.mis- 

elcctors  ;  Provided,  that  the  leRislatiire  shall  not  be  pro-  tering  the  government  of  '.his  state  for  tht  time  !■»:  iig, 

hibited  by  any  thing  herein  contained,  from  allowing  and  in  each  of  the  members  of  the  council  of  appoim- 

one  member  of  assembly  to   each  county  heretofore  nient. 

erected  within  this  state.'                             '  By  order : 

^.  And  this  convention  do  further,  in  the  name  and  A.  BURR,  Prest.  of  the  Convention, 

by  the  authority  of  the  people  of  this  state,  ordain,  de-  and  delegate  from  Orange  county. 

termine,  and  declare,  that,  by  the  Rue  construction  of  Attest, 

the  twenty-third  article  of  the  constitution  of  this  state,  .Tames  Van  Ingen,  ~f  Seeretnr'e^ 

the  right  to  nominate  all  officers  other  than  those  who  Joseph  Constant,  5 


CONSTITUTION  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


"WHEREAS  all  the  constitutional  authority  ever  pos-  tion,  the  council  and  assembly  shall  separately  meet, 

sessed  by  the  kings  of  Great  Britain  over  these'eolonies,*  and  that  the  consent  of  both  houses  shall  be  necessary  to 

or  their  other  dominions,  was,  by  compact,  derived  from  every  law ;  provided,  that  seven  shall  be  a  quorum  of  the 

the  people,  and  held  of  them,  for  the  common  interest  council  for  doing  business,  and  that  no  law  shall  pass, 

of  tlie  w  hole  society ;  allegiance  and  protection  are,  in  unless  there  be  a  majority  of  all^the  representatives  of 

the  nature  of  things,  reciprocal  ties,  each  equally  de-  each  body  personally  present,  and  aRreeiug  thereto: 

pending  upon  the  otlier,  and  liable  to  be  dissolved  by  Provided,  always,  that  if  a  majority  of  the  iepresenta- 


assenting  to  suiidi-j-acts  of  the  British  parliament,  at-  orprojjortion  of  the  membersofassemblyforany  county 

tempted  to  subject  them  to  the  absolute  dominion  of  or  counties  in  this  colony,  then,  and  in  such  case,  the 

that  body  ;  and  has  also  made  war  upon  them,  in  the  same  may,  on  the  principles  of  more  equal  representa- 

niost  cruel  and  unnatural  manner,  for  no  other  cause,  tion,  be  lawfully  done,  any  thing  in  this  charter  to  the 

than  asserting  their  just  rights— all  civil  authority  under  contrary  notwithstanding;  so  that  the  whole  number  ef 

him  is  necessarily  at  an  end,and  a  dissolution  of  govern-  representatives  in  assemblyshall  not,  at  anytime,  be  less 

nient  in  each  colony  has  consequently  taken  place.  than  thirty-nine. 

And  whereas,  in  the  present  deplorable  situation  of       4.  That  all  inhabitants  of  this  colony,  of  ftiU  age,  who 

these  colonies,  exposed  to  the  furj-  of  a  cruel  and  relent-  are  worth  fifty  pounds,  proclamation  money,  clear  estate 

less  enemy,  some  form  of  government  is  absolutely  ne-  in  the  same,and  have  resided  within  the  county  in  which 

cessar5-,  not  only  for  the  p.-eservation  rff  good  order,  but  they  claim  a  vote  for  twelve  months  immediately  pre- 

also  the  more  etfectually  to  unite  the  people,and  eftable  ceding  the  election,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  for  repre- 

them  to  exert  their  whole  force  in  their  own  necessary  sentatives  in  council  and  assembly ;  and  also  for  all  other 

defence:  and  as  the  honourable  the  continental  con-  public  officers  that  shall  be  elected  by  the  people  of  the 

gress,the  supreme  council  of  the  American  colonics,  has  county  at  large. 

advised  sucli  of  the  colonies  as  have  not  yet  gone  into        5.  That  the  assembly,  when  met,  shall  have  power  to 

measures,  to  adopt  for  themselves  respectively,  such  go-  choose  a  speaker,  and  other  iheir  officers  ;  to  be  judges 

vernraent  as  shall  best  conduce  to  their  own  happiness  of  the  qualifications  and  elections  of  their  own  mem- 

and  safety,  and  the  well  being  of  America  in  general :—  bers ;  sit  u])on  their  o«n  adjournments ;  prepare  bills  to 

We,  the  representatives  of  the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  be  passed  into  laws  ;  and  to  empower  their  speaker  to 

having  been  elected  by  all  the  counties,  in  the  freest  c(  nvene  them  whenever  any  extraurdinai-y  occurrence 

manner,  and  in  congress  assembled,  have,  after  mature  shall  render  it  necessary-. 

deliberation,  ajrreed  upon  a  set  of  charter  rights,and  the.       6.  That  the  council  shall  also  have  power  to  prepare 

form  of  a  constitution,  in  the  manner  following,  viz.  bills  to  pass  into  laws,  and  have  other  like  powere  as  the 

1.  TUat  thegovennnentof  this  province  shall  be  vest-  assembly,  and  in  all  respects  be  a  free  and  indepen- 
cd  in  a  governor,  legislative  council,  and  general  assem-  dent  branch  of  the  legislature  of  this  colony  ;  save  only 
b'y-                        .          _  that  they  shall  not  prejmre  or  alter  anv  money  bill — 

2.  That  the  said  legislative  council  and  general  as-  which  shall  be  the  privilege  of  the  assenibly  ;  that  tlie 
seinbly  shall  be  chosen,  for  the  first  time,  on  the  second  council  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  convened  by  the  go- 
Tuesday  of  August  next;  the  membei-s  whereof  shall  be  vernoror  vice  president,  but  must  be  convened  at  all 
the  same  in  number  and  qualifications  as  is  hereinafter  times  when  the  assembly  sits  ;  foi  which  purpose  the 
mentioned  \  and  shall  be  and  remain  vested  with  all  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly  shall  always,  immedi- 
powers  and  authority  to  be  held  by  any  ftitnie  legisla-  ately  after  an  adjournment,  give  notice  to  the  governor, 
live  council  and  assembly  of  this  colony  until  the  second  or  vice  president,  of  the  time  and  place  to  which  the 
Tuesday  in  October,  which  shall  lie  ii'i  the  year  of  our  house  is  adjourned. 

Lordonethous -.nil  seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven.  7.  Tbat'the  council  and  assemblv,  jointly,  at  tlieir 

3.  That,  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  October  yearly,  firstmeetingafter  each  annual  election',  shall,  bv  a  ma- 
andeve;-j' year  for  ever,  (with  the  privilege  of  adjourn-  jority  of  votes,  elect  some  fit  pei-son  within  tfi'e  colo- 
jng  from  day  to  day,  as  occasion  may  require,)  tlie  coun-  n  v  to  be  governor  for  one  year,  w  ho  shall  he  constant 
ties  shall  severally  choose  one  person,  to  be  a  member  of  pp'sident  of  the  council,  and  have  a  casting  vote  in  their 
the  legislative  council  of  this  colony,  who  shall  be,  and  proceedings;  and  that  the  council  themselves  shall 
have  been  for  one  whole  year  next  before  the  election,  choose  a  vice  president,  who  shall  act  as  such  in  the  ah- 
an  inhabitant  and  freeholder  in  the  county  in  which  he  sence  of  the  governor. 

is  chosen,  and  worth  at  least  one  thousand' pounds,  pro-        8.  That  the  governor,  or.  in  his  absence,  the  vice  pre- 

clamation  money^f  real  and  personal  estate,  within  the  sident  of  the  council,  shall  have  the  ^uprciue  executive 

same  county  ;  th^at  the  same  time,  each  county  shall  power,  be  chancellor  of  the  colony,  and  act  as  captain 

also  choose  three  fTieiTiI)er3  of  assembly  ;  provided,  that  general  and  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  militia,  and 

no  person  shall  beentitled  toa  seat  in  the  said  assembly,  other  military  force,  in  this  colony  ;  and  that  any  three 

unless  he  be,  and  have  been,  for  one  whole  year  next  lit-  or  more  of  the  council  shall  at  all  times  be  a  pri  vv  eoun- 

fore  the  election,  an  inhabitant  of  the  county  he  is  tn  re-  oil  to  .advise  the  governor  in  all  rases  where  he  m'av  find 

present,  and  worth  five  hundred  pounds  proclamation  it  necessary  co  consult  them;  and  that  the  governor  be 

money,  m  real  and  personal  estate,  in  tiie  same  county ;  ordinary  or  surrogate  general. 

that,  on  the  second  Tuesday  next  after  the  day  of  cle'c-       9.   That  the  govri-ndr  and  council  (seven  whereof  shall 

be  a  quorum)  be  the  court  of  appeals,  in  the  last  resort, 

•  On  the  20th  of  September,  1777,  an  act  of  the  legis-  in  all  causes  of  law.  as  heretofitre ;  and  that  they  possess 

Jature  was  passed  substituting  the  word  stale  for  the  the  power  of  granting  pardons  to  criminals,  after  con- 

wonlfo^ony,  in  commissions,  writs,  ?tc.— No  other  alter-  demnation,  in  all  cases  of  ireason,  felony,  or  a< her  of- 

Et:on  lp;ii  tafieu  place  in  the  constitution.  fences. 


CONSTITUTION  OP  NEW  JERSEY. 


10.  Tliat  captains,  and  all  other  inferior  officers  of  the 
militia,  shall  be  chosen  by  the  companies  in  the  respec 
tive  counties ;  bnt  field  and  general  ofiicers,  by  the 
council  and  assembl) . 

11.  That  the  council  and  .issembly  shall  have  power 
to  make  the  great  seal  of  this  colony,  which  shall  be  kept 
by  the  governor,  or,  in  his  absence,  by  the  vice  president 
of  the  council,  to  be  used  by  them  as  occasion  may  re- 
<)uire ;  and  it  shall  be  called  the  great  seal  cj  the  colvtnj  of 
Xerv  Jersey. 

13.  That  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  conti- 
nue in  office  for  seven  years  ;  the  j';dges  uf  the  inferior 
court  of  common  picas  in  the  several  counties,  justices 
of  the  peace,  clerks  of  the  supreme  court,  clerks  of  the 
inferior  courts  of  common  pleas  and  quarter  sessions,  the 
attorney  genera!,  ar.d  provincial  secretary,  shall  conti- 
nue in  office  for  five  years,  and  the  provincial  treasurer 
shall  continue  in  office  for  one  year ;  and  that  they  shall 
be  severally  appointed  by  the  council  and  assembly,  in 
manner  aforesaid,  and  commissioned  by  the  governor, 
or,  in  his  absence,  by  the  vice  prtsident  of  the  council. 
Provided,  always,  that  the  said  officers,  severally,  shall 
he  capable  of  being  re-appointed,  at  theendof  the  terms 
severallv  before  limited  ;  and  that  any  of  the  said  officers 
shall  be  liable  to  be  dismissed,  when  adjudged  guilty  of 
misbehaviour  by  the  council,  on  an  impeachment  of  the 
assembly. 

13.  That  the  inhabitants  of  each  county  qualified  to 
vote  as  aforesaid,  shall,  &t  the  time  and  place  of  electing 
their  representatives,  annually  elect  one  sheriff,  and  one 
or  more  coroners  ;  and  that  they  may  re-elect  the  same 
person  to  such  offices  until  he  shall  have  served  three 
years,  but  no  longer;  after  which,  three  years  must 
elapse  before  the  same  person  is  capable  of  bemg  elected 
again.  When  the  election  is  certified  to  the  governor, 
or  vice  president,  under  the  hands  of  six  fi-eeholders  of 
the  county  fur  which  they  were  elected,  they  shall  he 
immediately  commissioned  to  serve  in  their  respective 
offices. 

14.  That  the  townships,  at  their  annual  town  meet- 
ings for  electing  other  officers,  shall  choose  constables 
for  the  districts  respectively  ;  and  also  three  or  more  ju- 
dicious freeholders,  of  good  character,  to  hear  and  final- 
ly determine  all  appeals,  relative  to  unjust  assessments, 
incases  of  public  taxation;  which  commissions  of  appeal 
shall,  for  that  purpose,sit  at  some  suitable  time  ortimes, 
to  be  by  them  appointed,  and  made  known  to  the  peo- 
ple by  advertisements. 

IS.That  the  laws  of  this  colony  shall  begin  in  the  fol- 
lowini?  style,  viz.—"  Be  it  enacted  by  the  council  and 
genei^l  assembly  of  this  colony,  and  it  Is  hereby  enacted 
by  the  authority  of  the  same:"  that  all  commissions 
granted  by  the  "governor  or  vice  president,  shall  run 
thus :  "  The  colony  of  New  .leisey  to  A  B,  &c.  greet- 
ing :"  and  that  all  writs  shall  likewise  run  in  the  name 
of  the  colony;  and  that  all  indictments  shall  conclude 
in  the  following  manner,  viz.  "Against  the  peace  of  this 
colonv,  the  government  and  dignity  of  the  same." 

10.  That  all  criminals  shall  be  admitted  to  the  same 
privileges  of  witnesses  and  counsel,  as  their  prosecutoi-s 
are  or  shall  be  entitleil  to. 

17.  That  tlie  estates  of  such  persons  as  shall  destroy 
their  own  lives,  shall  not,  for  that  offence,  be  forfeited  ; 
but  shall  descend  in  the  same  manner  as  they  would 
have  done  had  such  persons  died  in  a  natural  way:  nor 
shall  any  article  which  may  occasion  accidentally  tlie 
death  of  any  one,  be  henceforth  deemed  a  deodand,  or  in 
anywise  forfeited,  on  account  of  such  misfortune. 

la.  That  no  person  shall  ever,  within  this  colony,  be 
deprived  of  the  inestimable  privilege  of  worshipping 
Almighty  God.  in  a  manner  agreeable  to  the  dictates  of 
his  own  conscience  :  nor,  under  .tny  pretence  whatever, 
be  compelled  to  attend  any  place  of  worship,  conti-ary 
to  his  own  fiilth  and  judgment ;  nor  shall  any  per^on 
within  this  colonv  ever  be  obliged  to  pay  tythes,  taxes, 


or  any  other  r.ites,for  the  purpose  of  buiiditig  or  re;  aii 
ing  any  other  church  or  churches,  place  or  places  wt 
worship,  or  for  the  maintenance  of  aui  minister  or  mi- 
nistry, contrary  to  what  he  believes  to  be  right,  or  has 
deliberately  and  voluntarily  engaged  himself  to  perform. 

19.  That  there  shall  be  no  establishment  of  any  one 
religious  sect  in  this  province,  in  preference  to  another  ; 
and  that  no  protestaiit  inhabitant  of  this  colony  shall  be 
denied  the  enjoyment  of  any  civil  right,  merely  on  ac- 
count of  his  religious  principles  ;  but  that  all  persons, 
professing  a  belief  in  the  faith  of  any  proti  slant  sect, 
who  shall  demean  themselves  peaceably  under  the  go- 
vernment, as  hereby  established,  shall  be  capable  of  be- 
ing elected  into  any  office  of  profit  or  trust,  or  being  a 
jnember  of  either  branch  of  the  legislature,  and  shall 
fully  and  freely  enjoy  every  privilege  and  immunity 
enjoyed  by  others  their  fellow  -subjects. 

20.  I'liat  the  legislative  department  of  this  colony 
may,  as  much  as  possible,  he  presened  from  all  suspi- 
cion of  corruption,  none  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or 
other  court,  sheritFs,  or  nnj' other  person  or  persons,  pos- 
sessed of  any  pest  of  profit  under  the  government,  other 
than  justices  of  the  peace,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  seat  in 
assembly;  but  that,  on  his  being  elected,  and  taking  his 
seat,  his  office  or  post  shall  be  considered  as  vacant. 

21.  That  all  the  laws  of  this  province,  eonuiined  in  the 
edition  lately  published  by  Mr.  Allison,  shall  be  and  re- 
main in  full  foice,  until  altered  by  the  legislature  of  this 
colony,  such  only  excepted,  as  are  incompatible  with 
this  charter,  and  shall  be,  accoi'ding  as  heretofore,  re- 
garded in  all  respects,  by  all  civil  officers  and  others, 
the  good  people  of  this  province. 

22.  That  the  common  law  of  England,  as  well  as  so 
much  of  the  statute  law  as  has  been  heretofore  practised 
in  this  colony,  shall  still  remain  in  force,  until  they  shall 
be  altered  by  a  future  law  of  the  legislature  ;  such  p.arts 
onlj-  excepted  as  are  repugnant  to  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges contained  in  this  charter ;  and  that  the  inestimable 
right  of  trial  by  jui-y  shall  remain  confirmed,  as  a  part 
of  the  law  of  this  colony,  without  repeal,  for  ever. 

23.  That  every  person  who  shall  be  elected,  as  afore- 
said, to  be  a  member  of  the  legislative  council  or  house 
of  assembly,  shall,  previous  to  his  taking  his  seat  in 
council  or  assembly,  take  the  following  oath  or  affirma- 
tion, viz. 

"  I,  A  B,  do  soVninly  declare,  that,  as  a  member  of  the 
legislative  council  (or  assembly,  as  the  case  may  be)  of 
the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  I  will  not  assent  to  any  law, 
vote,  or  proceeding,  which  shall  appear  to  me  injurious 
to  the  public  welfare  of  said  colony,  nor  that  shall  annul 
or  repeal  that  part  of  the  third  section,  in  the  charter  of 
this  colony,  which  establishes  that  the  elections  of  mem- 
bers of  the  legislative  council  and  assembly  shall  be  an- 
nual ;  nor  that  part  of  the  twenty-second  section  in  said 
charter,  respecting  the  trial  by  jury,  nor  that  shall  an- 
nul, repeal,  or  alter,  any  part  or  parts  of  the  eighteenth 
or  nineteenth  sections  of  the  same. 

And  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  he  elected  as 
aforesaid,  is  hereby  empowered  to  administer  to  the  said 
members  the  said  oath  or  affirmation. 

Provided,  always,  and  it  is  the  true  intent  and  mean- 
ing of  this  congress,  that,  if  a  reconciliation  between 
Great  Britain  and  these  colonies  should  take  place,  and 
the  latter  be  again  taken  under  the  protection  and  go- 
vernment of  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  this  charter 
shall  be  null  and  void,  otherivise  to  remain  firm  and  in- 
violable. 

In  Provincial  Congress,        "^ 
Burlington,  July  2,  1776.3 

Btj  order  of  C»ngres-s : 

SAMUEL  TUCKER,  President. 

Extract  from  the  minutes. 

■William  Pattersouj  Secretrinj. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 

Js  ratified  in  convention,  the  2d  day  of  September,  1790. 


WK,  the  people  of  the  commonwealth  of  PennsyWr.-  pore,  when  (he  speaker  shall  exercise  the  office  of  go- 
nia,ordaiu  and  establish  this  constitution  for  its  govern-    vernor.  ,    „.    .        „  ,,  it     .•„„„<■;»= 

ment.  12.  Each  house  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its 

membei-s.    CoiHcsted  elections  shall  be  determined  by  » 

AUTICLE  1.  committee,  to  be  selected, tbrmed, and  regulated  iiisuch 

5  1.  The  legislative  powerof  this  eonimonweallh  shall    manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law.    A  raajoiity  of  each 

be'vested  in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a    house  shall  constituie  a  qnonim  to  do  business ;  but  a 

senate  and  house  of  representatives.  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may 

2.  The  I'epresentatives  shall  be  chosen  annually,  by  be  authorised,  by  law,  to  compel  the  atter.dancr  ot  ab- 
the  citizens  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  each  stnt  members,  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penal- 
county  respeetivelv,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October,    ties,  as  may  be  provided,  ,        ^• 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  13.  Each  house  may  detei-raine  the  rules  ol  its  prn- 
hnve  attained  the  Si^e  of  twentv-one  yc-aw,  and  have  eeedings;  punish  Us  members  for  disorderly  behaviour; 
been  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  the  state  three  vcars  and,  with  the  coneuireiice  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  raein- 
next  preceding?  his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  an  her;  but  not  a  second  time  ior  the  same  cause,  and  shall 
inhabitant  of  the  city  or  county  in  which  he  shall  be  have  all  other  jiowers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  le- 
chosen  ;  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  gislature  of  a  free  state.  .  ,  e-  j- 
business  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  state.  No  per-  14.  Each  house  shall  ketpajournal  of  its  proceedings, 
son  residing  within  any  city,  town,  or  borough,  which  and  publish  them  weekly,  except  sucli  parts  as  may  re- 
shall  be  entitled  to  a  separate  representation,  shall  be  quire  secrecy.  And  the-  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members, 
elected  a  member  for  any  county  ;  nor  shall  any  person  on  any  q>Lstion,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  any  two  of  them, 
residing  without  the  limits  ofany  such  city,  town,  or  bo-    be  entered  on  the  journals. 

rough,  be  elected  a  member  therefor.  15.  'I'he  dooi-s  of  each  house,  and  of  committees  ot  the 

4.  Within  three  yc  ,rs  after  the  first  meetinp-  of  the  whole,  shall  be  open,  unless  wh  .-u  the  business  shall  be 
general  assembly,  and  within  evervsubsequent'terra  of   such  as  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

seven  years,  an  enumeration  of  the  taxable  inhabitants  16.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  ot  the 
shall  be  mule,  in  such  manneras  shall  be  directed  by  othei-,adjourn  for  more  than  threedays,nor  to  anyothev 
law,  Tlie  number  of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several  l>lace  than  that  m  winch  the  two  liouses  shall  be  sitting, 
periods  of  making  such  enumeration,  be  fixed  bv  the  le-  17.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a 
gislature,  and  apportioned  among  the  city  of  P'hiladel-  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by 
phia  and  the  several  counties,  according  to  the  number  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  commonwealth, 
of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each ;  and  shall  never  be  less  They  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  and 
than  sixty,  nor  greater  than  one  hundred.  Each  county  breach  or  surety  of  the  peace,  be  free  from  airest,during 
shall  have  at  least  one  representative  ;  but  no  county  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  the  respective  pnvi- 
hereafter  erected,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  separate  repre-  Itged  houses,  and  n>  going  to  and  returning  from  the 
sentation,  until  a  sufficient  number  of  taxable  inhabi-  same.  And  for  any  speech  or  debate  m  cither  house^ 
tants  shall  be  contained  within  it  to  entitle  them  to  one  they  shall  not  be  questioned  m  any  other  place, 
representative,  agreeable  to  the  ratio  which  shall  then  18.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,during  thetime 
be  established.  for  wliich  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  apiiouited  to 

5.  The  senators  shall  be  ehosen  for  four  rears,  by  the  any  civil  'jffice,  under  this  commonwealth,  which  shall 
cisizens  of  Philadelphia  and  of  the  several  counties,  at  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall 
the  same  time,  in  the  same  manner,  and  at  the  same  have  been  incn  ased,  during  such  time ;  and  no  member 
places  where  they  shall  vote  for  representatives.  of  congress,  or  other  person  holding  any  office,  except 

6.  Thenumberofsenatorsslia!l,attheseveral  periods  of  attorney  at  law,  and  m  the  iiiMtia,  under  the  United 
of  making  the  enumeration  b?fore-mentioned,  be  fixed  States  or  this  commonwealth,  shall  be  a  member  ot 
by  the  legislature,  and  apportioned  among  the  districts  either  house,  durivig  his  continuance  in  congress,  or  m 
formed  as  herein  after  directed,  according  to  the  num-    office.  ... 

ber  of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each ;  and  shall  never  be  19.  When  vacancies  happen  m  either  house,  the 
less  than  one-fourth,  nor  greater  than  one-third,  of  the  speaker  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacan- 
uumber  of  representatives.  cies. 

7.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  districts,  to  be  20.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  m  the 
formed  by  the  legislature ;  each  district  containing  such  house  of  representatives  ;  but  the  senate  may  propose 
a  number  of  ta\able  inhabitants  as  shall  be  entitled  to    amendments,  as  in  otiier  bills, 

elect  not  more  than  four  senators.  When  a  district  shall        21.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  tirnsary,  but 
be  composed  of  two  or  more  counties,  they  shall  be  ad-    in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law. 
joining.   Neither  the  cilvof  Philadil])hi3,  iicranycoun-       22.  Every  bill,  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses, 
"ty,  shall  be  divided,  in  forming  a  district.  shall  be  pr.  seiited  to  the  governor.    If  he  approve,  he 

8.  No  pei-son  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  al-  shall  sign  it;  but  if  he  shall  not  approve,  he  shall  return 
tained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  have  been  a  it,  with  his  objections, to  the  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
citizen  and  inhabitant  o'f  the  slate  Cniv  years  next  be-  oriijinated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  iii>oii 
fore  his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  an  inhabitant  their  je.uriials,  and  proceed  to  n  consider  it.  If,  alter 
of  the  district  for  which  he  shall  have  been  ehosen  ;  un-  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree 
less  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  biiiiness  of  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objections,  to 
the  United  States,  or  of  this  state.  the  other  house,  by  w  hlcli,  likewise,  it  shall  be  reconsi- 

0.  Immediately  after  tfie  senators  shall  be  assembled,  <kTed  ;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  thai  house,  it 
in  consequence  of  the  first  cKction,  suhstqiieiit  to  the  shall  be  a  law.  But,  in  such  cases,  the  votes  of  bath 
first  enumeration, they  shall  bedivided, by  lot,  asequal-  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays  :  .and  thu 
ly  as  mav  be,  into  four  classes.  Tlie  seats  of  the  senators  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  or  against  the  bill  shall 
of  the  first  class  shall  be  vaeati'd  ai  the  expiration  of  the  be  emend  on  the  journals  of  each  house  respectively.  If 
firstyear;  of  the  second  class,  at  i  he  expiration  of  the  anybill  shall  not  be  returned  by  ihe  governor  within  tea 
second  year;  of  the  third  class,  al  t!ie  txjiiration  of  the  days  ^Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  be  presented  to 
third  year;  and  of  the  fourth  c'ass,  at  tiie  expiratiuii  of  him,  it  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed 
fourth  year;  so  that  one-fourth  maybe  chosen  evtrj-  it,  unless  the  general  assembly,  by  their  adjournment, 
year.  prevent  its  return ;  in  which  case,  it  shall  be  a  law,  nn- 

10.  The  general  assembly  shall  meet  on  tlie  first  Tuis-  less  sent  back  within  three  days  after  their  next  meeting, 
day  of  December  in  everv  year,  unless  sooner  convened  23.  Ever)-  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
by' the  governor.  '  '  currence  of  both  houses  may  be  necessary,  (except  on  a 

H.  Each  house  shall  choose  its  speaker  and  other  ofTi-  'question  of  adjournment,)  shall  bs  presented  to  the  go- 
cers;  and  the  scuate  shall  aUo  choos-i  a  speaker, //.••o.'t.r.-   veraor ;  and,,  b'.fore  it  shall  take  elTectj  be  apjutrved  by 


tONSTlTUriOX  OF  I'liNXSYLV  AMA. 


him;  or,  hciiipr  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-  pers,  minutes,  and  voncbers  relative  thereto,  bei'ore  ei- 
thii'ds  of  both  houses,  accoidin)!;  to  t!ie  ruics  and  liniita-  tlier  branch  of  the  legislature ;  and  shall  peiibrra  such 
tiens  prescribed  in  case  of  a  bill.  other  duties  as  shall  be  enjoined  him  by  law. 


ARTICT.K  ■;. 

§  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  common- 
wealth shall  be  vested  in  a  governor. 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  chosen  on  the  second  Tues- 
day of  October,  by  the  citizens  of  the  coramonwealth, 
at  the  places  where  th'"5  shall  respeclively  vote  for  re- 
presentatives. I'Ue  returns  of  every  election  for  go- 
vernor, shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  scat  of 
STovernment,  directed  to  the  speaker  of  the  senate,  who 
shall  open  and  publish  them,  in  the  presence  of  the 
members  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature.  The  person 
having  the  highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  goveniuL. 
But,  if  two  or  more  shall  be  equal  and  highest  in  votes, 
one  of  them  shall  be  chosen  governor  by  the  joint  vote 
of  the  members  of  both  houses.  Contested  elections  shall 
be  determined  by  a  committee,  to  be  selected  from  both 
houses  of  the  legislature,  and  formed  and  regulated  in 
such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

3.  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  during  three 
years  from  the  third  Tuesday  of  December  next  ensuing 
Lis  election ;  and  shall  not  be  capable  of  holding  it  long- 
er than  nine  in  any  term  of  twelve  years. 

4.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  and  have 
been  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  this  state  seveji  years 
next  before  his  election;  unless  he  shall  have  been  ab- 
sent on  the  public  business  of  the  United  States,  or  of 
this  state. 

5.  No  member  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  of- 
fice under  the  United  States,  or  this  state,  shall  exercise 
the  office  of  governor. 

6.  The  governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  leceive  for  his 
servicesa  compensation,  which  shall  be  neither  increased 
nor  diminished  duiing  the  period  for  which  he  shall 
have  been  elected. 

7.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  this  common wealtli,  and  of  the  militia  ;  except 
when  they  shall  be  called  Into  the  actual  service  of  the 
United  States. 

8.  He  shall  apj)oint  all  officers  whose  offices  dre  esta- 
blished by  this  constitution,  or  shall  lie  established  by 
law,  and  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  othervvase 
provided  fur ;  but  no  pei-son  shall  be  appointed  to  an  of- 
fice within  any  county,  who  shall  not  have  been  a  oili- 
zBn  and  inhabitant  therein  one  year  nest  before  his  ap- 
pointment, if  tlie  county  shall  have  been  so  long  erect- 
ed ;  but,  if  it  shall  not  have.been  so  long  erected,  then 
■within  the  limits  of  the  county  or  counties  out  of  winch 
it  shall  have  been  taken.  No  member  of  congress  from 
this  state,  or  any  person  holding  or  exercising  any  office 
of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall,  at  the 
same  time,  hold  or  exercise  the  office  of  .judge,  secreta- 
ry, treasurer,  prothonotary,  register  of  wills,  recoriler  of 
deeds,  sheriff,  or  any  office  in  this  state,  to  which  a  salary 
is  by  law  annexed,  or  any  other  office  which  future  le- 
gislatures shall  declare  incompatible  with  offices  or  ap- 
pointments under  the  United  States. 

9.  He  shall  have  power  to  remit  lines  and  forfeitures, 
and  grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of  im- 
peachment. 

10.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the 
officers  in  the  executive  depanmeut,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  the  duties  of  then'  respective  offices. 

11.  He  shall, from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  general  as- 
sembly information  of  the  state  of'  the  commonwealth, 
and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as 
he  shall  judge  exjjedient. 

12.  He  may,  on  extraordinarj' occasions,  convene  the 
general  assembly :  and,  in  case  of  disagreement  between 
the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjourn- 
ment, adjourn  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper,  ndl 
e.\ceeding  four  months. 

13.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted. 

14.  In  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  governor, 
or  of  his  removal  from  office,  the  speaker  of  the  senate 
shall  exercise  the  office  of  governor,  until  another  go- 
vernor shall  be  duly  qualified.  And  if  the  trial  of  a  con- 
tested election  shall  continue  longer  than  until  the  third 
Tuesday  in  December  next  ensuing  the  election  of  go- 
vernor, the  governor  of  the  last  year,  or  the  speaker  of 
the  senate,  who  may  be  in  the  exercise  of  the  exi  cutive 
authority, shall  continue  therein  until  the  uetermiiiation 
of  such  contested  election,  and  until  a  governor  shall  be 
qualified  as  aforesaid. 

15.  A  secretary  shall  be  appointed  and  commissioned 
daring  the  governor's  continuance  in  office,  if  he  shall 
so  long  behave  himself  well.  He  shall  keep  a  fair  regis- 
ter of  all  the  official  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  govern- 
or, and  shall,  vhcu  reiiuireU,  lay  tlie  same,  and  all  pa-' 


AiiTictr.  3. 
i]  1.  In  elections  by  the  citizens,  every  freeman,  of  the 
age  of  twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  the  stale  two 
years  next  before  tiie  t  lection, and  within  that  time  paid 
a  state  or  county  tax,  which  shall  have  been  assessed  at 
lsa»st  six  months  before  the  election,  shall  enjoy  the 
rights  of  an  elector  :  Provided,  that  the  sons  of  persons 
qualified  as  aforesaid,  between  the  ages  of  twenty-ojie 
and  twenty-two  years,  sliall  be  entitled  to  vote,  although 
they  shall  not  have  paid  taxes. 

2.  All  elections  shall  be  by  ballot,  except  those  by  per- 
sons in  their  representative  capacities,  who  shall  vote 
viva  voce. 

3.  Electors  shall,  in  all  eases,  except  treason,  felony, 
and  breach  or  sm-ety  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  Iroin 
arrest  during  their  attendance  on  electiDns,and  in  going 
to  and  returning  from  them. 

AKTICLK  4. 
§  1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeaching. 

2.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  ti.e  senators  shall  be 
upon  oath  or  affirmation.  No  person  shall  be  convicted 
without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
present. 

3.  I'he  governor,  and  all  other  civil  officers  under  this 
commonwealth,  shall  he  liable  to  impeachment  for  any 
misdemeanor  in  office.  But  judgment  in  such  cases  shall 
not  extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  dis- 
qualification to  hold  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  pro- 
fit, under  this  conimonwealth.  The  party,  whether 
convicted  or  acquitted,  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  to 
indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  accord- 
ing to  law. 

ARTICtE  5. 

§  I.  The  judicial  power  of  this  commonwealth  shall 
be  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  in  courts  of  oyer  and  ter- 
miner and  general  jail  delivery,  in  a  court  of  common 
pleas,  orphans'  court,  register's  court,  and  a  court  of 
quarter  sessions  of  the  peace,  for  each  county,  in  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  and  in  such  other  courts  as  tlie  legis- 
lature may,  from  tiiue  to  time,  establish. 

2.  The  judgi's  of  the  supreme  court,  and  of  the  seve- 
ral courts  of  common  pleas,shaU  hold  their  offices  during 
good  behaviour.  But,  lor  any  reasonable  cause,  which 
shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  of  impeachment,  the  go- 
vernor may  remove  any  of  them,  on  the  address  of  two- 
thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  legislature.  The  judges  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  the  president  of  the  several 
courts  of  common  pleas,  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 
for  their  services  an  adequate  compensation,  to  be  fixed 
by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  con- 
tinuance in  office ;  but  they  shall  receive  no  fees  or  per- 
quisites of  office,  nor  hold  any  other  office  of  profit  un- 
der this  conunonwealth. 

3.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  supreme  court  sliall  extend 
over  the  state ;  and  the  judges  thereof  shall,  by  virtue  of 
their  offices,  be  justices  of  oyer  and  terminer  and  gene- 
ral jail  delivery,  in  the  several  counties. 

•J.  Until  it  shall  be  otherwise  directed  bylaw,  the  se- 
veral courts  of  common  pleas  shall  be  established  in  the 
following  manner:  The  governor  shall  appoint,  in  each 
county,  notfewer  than  three,  nor  more  than  four  judges, 
who,  Suring  their  continuance  ill  office,  shall  reside  in 
such  county.  The  state  sTiall  be  divided,  by  law,  into 
circuits,  none  of  which  shall  include  more  than  six,  nor 
fewer  than  three  counties.  A  president  shall  be  appoint- 
ed of  the  courts  in  each  circuit,  who,  during  his  conti- 
nuance in  office,  shall  reside  therein.  'I'he  president 
and  judges,  any  two  of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum,  shall 
compose  the  r':i.pective  courts  of  common  pleas. 

5.  1  he  Judires  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  each 
county  shall,  ))y  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  justices  of 
oyer  and  ter.jiiner.and  general  jail  delivery,  for  the  trial 
of  capital  and  other  offenders  therein:  any  two  of  the 
said  judges,  the  president  being  (me,  shall  be  a  quorum; 
but  tliey  shall  not  hold  a  court  of  oyer  and  terminer  or 
jail  delivery  in  any  county,  when  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court,  or  any  of  them,  shall  bt  sitting  in  the  same 
county.  The  party  accused,  as  well  as  the  commBii- 
wealth,  may,  under  such  regulations  as  shall  be  prescri- 
bed by  law,  remove  the  indictinent  and  proceedings,  or 
a  transcript  thereof,  into  the  supreme  court. 

6.  The  siijireme  court,  and  the  several  courts  of  com- 
mon pleas,  shall,  beside  the  powers  heretofore  usually 
exercised  by  them,  have  the  powers  of  a  court  of  chan- 
cery, so  far  as  relates  to  the  perpetuating  testimony, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


41 


fhe  olitaining  of  evidence  from  places  not  within  this 
state,  and  the  care  of  the  persons  and  estates  of  those 
who  ai-e  non  compos  mentis;  ami  the  legislature  shall 
vest  in  the  said  coiuls  such  other  jmiwcts,  to  grant  n-litf 
ill  equity,  as  shall  be  found  nect  ssarj- ;  and  may,  fronv 
time  to  time,  enlarge  or  diminish  those  powers,  or  vest 
them  in  such  other  courts  as  they  shall  judge  proper,  for 
the^ue  aduiinistriition  of  justice. 

7.  The  judges  of  tin:  coin-t  of  common  pleas  of  each 
county,  any  two  of  wliom  shall  be  a  (inorum,  shall  com- 
pose the  c-oiirt  of  q  uarter  sessions  of  the  peace,  and  or- 
phans' court  thereof:  and  the  register  of  wills,  together 
with  the  said  judges,  or  any  two  of  them,  shall  compose 
the  register's  court  of  each  county. 

8.  The  judges  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas  shall, 
within  thi-ir  respective  counties,  have  the  like  powers 
with  the  judgi-s  of  the  supiemt-  com-t,  to  issue  writs  of 
certiorari  to  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and  to  cause  their 
proceedings  to  be  brought  before  them,  and  the  like 
right  and  j  ustice  to  be  done. 

9.  The  president  of  the  court  in  each  circuit,  within 
such  circuit,  and  the  judges  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  within  their  respective  counties,  shall  be  justices 
of  the  peace,  so  far  as  relates  to  criminal  matters. 

10.  The  governor  shall  appoint  a  competent  number 
of  justices  of  the  peace,  in  such  convenient  districts,  in 
each  county,  as  are  or  sliall  be  directed  by  law  :  th(-y 
shall  be  commissioned  during  good  behaviour  ;  but  may 
be  removed  on  conviction  of  niisbehti\'iour  in  office,  or 
of  any  infamous  crime,  or  on  the  address  of  both  houses 
of  the  legislature. 

tl.  A  register's  office,  for  the  probate  of  wills,  and 
granting  letters  of  administration,  and  an  offici-  for  the 
recording  of  deeds,  shall  be  kept  in  each  county. 

12.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be,  lite  comtnontvealth 
of  Pennsyivanin ;  all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in 
the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  conclude,  ojoinj?  the  peace  and  digni- 
fy of  the  same< 

AnTICI.K  6. 

$  1.  Sheriffs  and  coroners  sliall,at  the  times  and  places 
of  election  of  representatives,  be  clinsen  by  the  citi7,ens 
of  each  county.  'I'wo  persons  shall  be  chosen  for  each 
office,  one  of  whom,  for  each  respective! v,  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor.  They  shall  hold  their  offices 
for  three  years,  if  they  shall  so  long  behave  themselves 
well,  and  until  a  successor  be  duly  qualified  :  but  no 
person  shall  be  twicechosen  orappointed  sheriff,  in  any 
fenn  of  six  years.  Vacancies  in  either  of  the  said  offici  s 
shall  be  filled  by  a  new  appointment,  to  be  made  by  the 
governor,  to  continue  until  the  next  general  election, 
and  until  a  successor  shall  be  chosen  and  ijualilied  as 
nforesaid. 

2.  The  freemen  of  this  commonwealth  shall  be  armed 
and  disciplined  for  its  defence.  Those  wiio  conscien- 
tiously scruple  to  fiear  arms,  shall  not  be  compelled  to 
do  so  ;  but  shall  pay  an  rouivalent  for  personal  service. 
The  militia  officers  shall  De  apoiiited  in  such  manner, 
and  for  such  time,  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

3.  Prothonotaries,  clerks  rf  the  peace,  and  orphans' 
courts,  recorders  of  deeds,  registers  of  wills,  and  sherifTs, 
shall  keep  their  offices  in  the  county  town  of  the  county 
hi  which  they  respectively  shall  be  officers ;  unless  when 
flie  governor  shall,  for  sj>etial  reasons,  dispense  therc^ 
with,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  five  years,  afttr  the 
county  shall  have  been  erected.  • 

-1.  .'Vll  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  comiuonweaith  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
be  sealed  with  the  state  seal,  and  signed  by  the  go- 
vernor. 

5.  The  state  tri-asiirer  shall  be  appointed  annnallj,hy 
the  joint  vote  of  the  members  of  both  houses.  All  olheV 
,  officers  in  the  treasin^  dejinrtment.  attorneys  at  law , 
election  officers,  officers  relating  to  taxes,  to  the  pour, 
and  liighvvajs,  constables,  and  other  Unvnship  officers, 
shall  be  appointed  in  such  manner  as  is  or  shall  bedirect- 
«1  by  law. 

articlt;  7. 

^  1.  The  legislature  shall ,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may 
be,  provide  by  law  for  the  est;ibli»liiiieiit  of  schools 
throughout  the  slate,  in  such  manner  that  the  poor  may 
be  taught  gratis. 

2.  The  arts  and  sciences  sliall  be  promoted,  in  one  or 
more  seminaries  of  learning. 

3.  The  rights,  privileges,  immunities,  and  estates,  of 
religious  societies  and  corporate  bodies,  shall  remain  as 
if  the  constitution  of  this  slate  had  not  been  altered  or 
amendetl. 

AUTicti;  8. 

- Xeiabei-s  of  tlte  general  assijmbly .  r.nd  al!  cfliccis, cse- 


cutive  and  judicial,  shall  be  bound,  by  oath  or  afiirma- 
tion,  to  support  the  constitution  of  this  commonwealth, 
and  to  perform  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  with 
fidelity. 

ARTICLE  9. 

Tltat  thegeneraU  great,  and  tsiential  principles  of  liberty 
and  frie  gotiernment  may  be  recognized  and  unalterably 
established,  we  declare : 

1.  That  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  indepen- 
dent, and  have  cert.nin  inherent  and  indefeasible  rights, 
among  w  hich  are  those  of  enjoying  and  defending  life 
and  liberty,  of  acquiring,  possessing,  and  protecting 
property  and  reputation,  and  of  pursuing  their  own 
hapjiiness. 

2.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people;  and  all 
free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority,  and 
instituted  fur  their  peace,  safety, and  happiness.  For  the 
advanceiueiit  of  those  ends,  they  have,  at  all  times,  an 
unalienable  and  indefessible  right  to  alter,  reform,  or 
abolish  their  government,  in  such  manner  as  they  may 
think  proper. 

3.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasiVle  right 
to  worship  Almighty  God  according  to  ilie  dictates  of 
their  own  consciences  :  and  no  man  can,  of  right,  be 
compelled  to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any  p!ace  of  wor- 
ship, or  to  maintain  any  ministry,  against  nis  consent ; 
that  no  human  authority  can,  in  any  case  whatever,  con- 
trol or  interfere  w  ith  the  rights  of  conscience  ;  and  that 
no  preference  shall  ever  be  given,  by  law,  to  any  reli- 
gious establishments  or  modes  of  worship. 

4.  That  no  person,  who  acknowledges  the  being  of  a 
God,  and  a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments, 
shall,  on  account  of  bis  religious  sentimtiits,  be  disqua- 
lified to  hold  .any  office  or  place  of  trust  or  profit  under 
this  commonwealth. 

5.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal. 

6.  The  trial  by  jury  shall  be  as  heretofore,  and  the 
right  thereof  remain  inviolate. 

7.  That  the  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  everyper- 
son  who  undertakes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of  the 
legislature,  or  any  branch  of  gov  evnment ;  and  no  law 
shall  ever  be  made  to  restrain  the  right  thereof.  The 
free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one  of 
the  invaluable  rights  of  man ;  and  every  citizen  may 
freely  sneak,  write,  and  print  on  any  subject,  being  re- 
sponsible for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty.  In  ]>rosecutions 
for  the  publication  of  papers  invtstigatiiig  the  official 
conduct  of  officers,  or  men  in  public  capacity,  or  where 
the  mailer  published  is  proper  for  public  infumation, 
the  truth  thereof  may  be  given  in  evidence.  And,  in  all 
indictments  for  libels,  the  jui-y  shall  have  a  right  to  de- 
termine the  law  and  the  facts,  under  the  direction  of  the 
court,  as  in  other  cases, 

8.  That  the  pe(,ple  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons, 
houses,  pajiers,  a>id  possessions,  from  uni-easonable 
searches  and  seizures:  and  that  no  warrant  to  search 
any  place,  it  to  se'Ze  any  person  or  things,  shall  issue, 
without  describing  ;'iem  as  nearly  ;\s  mav  be,  nor  with- 
out probab;e  causi-,  supported  tiy  oath  or  affirmation. 

9.  That.in  all  ciin-.iiial  pros;  cutions,  theacciisedhath 
a  right  to  be  heard  hv  himseif  and  his  counsel :  to  de- 
mand the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusatien  against 
him  :  to  meet  the  witnesses  face  to  face  :  to  have  com- 
jmlsory  process  for  oiitaining  witnesses  in  his  favour ; 
and,  in  prosecuiions  by  indictment  or  information,  a 
speedy,  public  tiial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  vicin- 
age :  that  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence 
against  himself,  nor  can  he  be  cteprived  of  his  life,  liber- 
ty, or  property,  unless  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  o 
the  law  of  the  land, 

10.  That  no  persons  shall,  for  any  indictable  offence 
be  proceeded  :igainst  criminally  by  information,  excep 
in  cases  arising  mi  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  mi 
litia  when  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  publi 
danger,  or,  by  leave  of  the  conrt,for  oiipiession  andrnis 
demeanor  in  office.  No  perscm  shall,  for  the  same  of 
fence,  f)e  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  sha 
any  man's  ;iiop>  ify  be  taken  or  applied  to  pnblick  use. 
without  the  consent  of  his  representatives,  and  withoii' 
just  compensation  being  made. 

11.  That  all  comts  shall  be  open;  and  every  man, fiii 
an  injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person,  or  repu- 
tation, sli;»i !  have  re  le  eily  by  the  due  course  of  law,  an  ' 
right  and  justice  adniinistered  without  sale,  denial,  o; 
delay.  Suits  may  be  brought  ag.ainst  the  commonwealtii 
in  such  manner,  in  such  courts,  and  i>i  such  cases, as  tht 
legislature  may  by  law  direct. 

12.  That  no  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  exer- 
cised unless  by  the  legislature  or  its  authority. 

13.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  ex- 
cessive fines  imposed}  nor  cruel  punishments  iaflisted. 


4-2  (JOXS'ilTUllON  OF  I'KXXSYLA'AMA. 

14.  That  all  prisoners  sliall  be|bai!able  by  sufficient  7.  Tliat  the  first  senate  shall  consist  of  eiffiiiem  mem» 
sureties,  unless  for  eajjital  offences,  where  the  pronf  is  bers,  to  be  chosen  in  districts,  fonned  as  follows,  to  wit : 
evident,  or  presumption  ppreat  ;  and  the  pviv;ieB;e  of  the  The  city  of  Philadelphia  and  the  counties  of  Philadel- 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unl-^ss  phia  and  Delaware  shall  he  a  district,  and  elect  three 
when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  senators  :  the  county  of  Chester  shall  be  a  district,  and 
may  require  it.  shall  elect  one  senator  :  the  county  of  Bucks  shall  be  a 

15.  That  no  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer  or  jail  district,  and  shall  elect  one  senator :  the  county  of  Mont- 
delivery  shall  be  issued.  Efomei^  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  otie  senator  : 

16.  That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  the  county  of  Northampton  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall 
strong:  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  elect  one  senator  :  the  counties  of  Lancaster  and  York 
prison  after  deliverinjj  up  his  estates  for  the  benefit  of  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  three  senators  ;  the 
ins  creditors  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  counties  of  Berks  and  Dauphin  shall  be  a  district,  and 
law.  shall  elect  two  senators:  the  counties  of  Cumberland 

17.  That  no  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing  and  Mifflin  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  one  sena- 
contracts,  shall  be  made.  tor  :  the  counties  of  Northumberland,  Luzerne,  and 

18.  That  no  person  shall  be  attainted  of  treason  or  fe-  HiiiitinE:don,  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  one  sena- 
lony  by  the  legislature.  tor:  tlie  counties  of  Bedford  and  Franklin  shall  be  a  dis- 

19.  That  nn  attainder  shall  work  errmption  of  blood,  trict,  and  shall  elect  one  senator :  the  counties  of  West- 
nor,  except  jlurina;  the  life  of  the  offender.  Forfeiture  of  moreland  and  AHegliany  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall 
estate  to  tlie  commonwealth  ■  that  the  instates  of  such  fleet  one  senator:  and  the  counties  of  Washington  and 
persons  as  shall  destroy  their  own  !i>es,  shall  descend  or  Fayette  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  two  senators  : 
vest  as  in  case  of  natural  death  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  which  senatoi-s  shall  serve  until  the  first  enumeration 
be  killed  by  casualty,  there  shall  he  no  forfeiture  by  rea-  befi>re-mentioned  shall  be  made,  and  the  representation 
sun  thereof.  in  both  houses  of  the  legislattire  shall  be  established  by 

20.  Tliat  the  citizens  have  a  right,  in  a  peaceable  man-  law,  and  chosen  as  in  the  constitution  is  directed.  Any 
ner,  to  assemble  together  for  their  common  good,  and  vacancies  which  shall  happen  in  the  senate  within  the 
to  apply  to  those  invested  with  the  powers  of  govern-  said  time,  shall  he  supplied  as  prescribed  in  the  nine- 
ir.ent  for  redress  of  grievatices.  or  other  proper  purposes,  teenth  section  of  the  first  article. 

b)'  petition,  address,  or  remonstrance.  8.    That  the  elections  of  senators  shall  he  conducted, 

21.  That  the  right  of  the  citizens  to  bear  arms,  inde-  and  the  returns  thereof  made  to  the  senate,  in  the  same 
fence  of  themselves  and  the  state,  shall  not  be  ques-  manner  as  is  presciibcd  by  the  election  laws  of  the  state 
tioncd.  for  conducting  and  making  returns  of  the  election  of  re- 

22.  That  no  standing armv  shall,  in  time  of  peace, be  presentatives.  In  those  districts  which  consist  of  niore 
kept  up,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature;  and  the  than  one  county,  the  judges  of  the  district  elections 
military  shall,  in  all  cases,  and  at  all  limes,  he  in  strict  within  each  county,  after  having  formed  a  return  of  the 
subordination  to  thi' civil  powe'-.  whole  election  within  that  county,  in  such  manner  as  is 

23.  That  no  soldier  shall, in  time  of  peace,  be  quarter-  directed  by  law,  shall  send  the  same,  by  one  or  more  of 
ed  in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor,  their  number,  to  the  places  herein  after  mentioned  with- 
in time  (if  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  jireseribed  by  law.  in  the  district,  of  which  such  count}-  is  a  i)art.  Avherethe 

24.  That  the  legislature  shall  not  grantanytitleof  no-  judges,  so  met,  shall  compare  and  cast  up  the  several 
bility  or  hereditaiT  distinction,  nor  create  aiiv  office  the  county  returns,  and  execute,  under  their  hands  and 
appointment  to  v  hich  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  seals,  one  general  and  true  return  for  the  whole  district; 
during  good  behaviour.  that  is  to  say,  the  judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the 

25.  That  emigration  from  the  state  shall  not  be  pro-  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  counties  of  Philadelphia 
liibited.  and  Delaware,  shall  meet  in  the  state  house  in  the  city 

26.  To  guard  against  transgressions  of  the  high  now-  of  Philadelphia  ;  the  judges  of  the  district  composed  o'f 
ers  which  w"  hsve  delegated,  we  declare,  that  every  the  counties  of  Lancaster  and  York,  shall  meet  at  the 
thing  in  this  article.  Is  exoenled  out  of  tlie  general  pow-  coint  house  in  the  county  of  Lancaster;  the  judges  of 
ers  of  govemmeiil,  and  shall  for  ever  remain  inviolate,  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Berks  and  Dau- 
phin, shall  meet  at  Middletown  in  the  county  of  Berks  ; 

SCHEDULE.  the  judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of 
.  Cuniberlandand  Mifflin, shall  meetin  Greenwood  town- 
Thnt  no  inconvenience  mnt,  arise  Jrom  the  alterat/ons  and  ship,  county  of  Cumberland,  at  the  house  now  occupied 
atnemlmenti  in  the  cons!>tution  oj  tins  commomiealth,  i,y  David  Miller  ;  the  judges  of  the  district  composed  of 
flj/f/,  in  onlcrlocarnj  the  same  into  coTjiptete  operation,  ihe  counties  of  Northumberland,  Luzerne,  and  Hunt- 
it  is  herf.hu  L'er'arerland  m/iaincit:  ingdon,  shall  meet  in  the  town  of  Sunburj-;  the  judges 

1.  That  all  laws  of  this  coniinonwcalth,  in  force  at  the  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Bedford  and 
time  of  making  the  said  alterations  and  amendments  in  Franklin,  shall  meet  at  the  house  now  occupied  hj' John 
the  said  constitution,  and  not  inconsistent  therewith,  Dickey,  in  Air  township,  Bedford  county;  the  judges 
and  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims,  and  con-  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Westmore- 
tracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate,  shall  land  and  Alleghany,  shall  meet  in  Westmorehand  coun- 
pontinue  as  if  the  said  alterations  and  amendments  had  ty,  at  the  court  house  in  the  town  of  Greensborough  ; 
not  been  made.  'he  iudges  of  the  district  coinposed  of  the  counties  of 

2.  That  the  president  and  supreme  executive  council  ^Vas'llington  and  Fayette,  shall  meet  at  the  courthouse 
shall  continue  to  exercise  the  executive  authority  of  this  in  the  town  of  Washington,  in  Washington  county,  on 
commonwealth,  as  heretofore,  until  the  third  Tuesday  the  thir  1  Tuesday  of  October  respectively,  for  the  pur- 
of  December  next ;  but  no  intermediate  ^•acancies  in  the  poses  aforesaid. 

council  shall  be  supplied  by  new  elec  ions.  9.  That  the  e'ection  of  the  govenior  shall  be  conduct- 

3.  Tliat  all  officers  in  the  appointment  of  the  execu-  ed  in  the  several  ccuntics.  in  the  maimer  prescribed  by 
tire  department,  shall  continue  in  the  exercise  of  the  the  laws  of  the  state  for  the  election  ttf  representatives  : 
duties  of  their  respective  offlces  until  the  first  day  of  and  the  returns  in  each  county  shall  be  sealed  by  the 
September,  one  thoiis:tnd  seven  hundred  and  ninety-  judges  of  the  elections,  and  transmitted  to  the  president 
one,  unless  their  commissions  shall  sooner  exjiire  by  of  the  supreme  executive  council,  directed  to  the  speak- 
iheir  own  limitations,  or  the  said  offices  become  vacant  er  of  the  senate,  as  soon  after  the  election  as  may  be. 
by  death  or  resignation,  and  no  lon-rer,  unless  re-ap-  Done  in  convi-itioii.  the  srcv.nd  dat  of  September,  in 
pomteil  and  f  immi-.sion'  d  by  the  governor;  >xcept  that  ^v,g  ypgr  of  our  Lord  one  tliousand  seven  hundred 
the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  hold  their  offices  ^„^  ninety,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
for  the  terms  in  their  commissions  respectively  <'x-  statesof  America  Ihefifteenth.  In  testimony  where- 
pressed,  of  v\e  liave  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

4.  That  justice  shall  be  administered  m  the  several  -i  umv/rAc  tutttut  txt  d  „  -.u^i 
counties  of  this  state  until  the  period  aforesaid,  by  the  ^  HOMAS  MIFl-  LIN,  President. 
same  jtist'ces.  in  the  same  courts,  and  in  the  same  man-  .Tames  Wilson,  William  Gibbons, 
ner,  as  heretofore.  Hilary  Baker,                         Thomas  Bull, 

5.  That  no  person  now  in  commission  as  sheriff,  shall  William  Lev.  is,                      James  Boyd, 
be  eligible  at  the  next  election  fiir  a  longer  term  than  Thomas  M'Kean,                   F.dward  Hand, 
will,  with  the  time  which  he  shall  have  served  in  the  George  Gray,                         Bobert  Coleman, 
said  office,  coiuplete  the  term  of  three  yeai's.  William  Robinson.jr.             Sebastian  Graff, 

6.  That,  until  the  first  enumeration  shall  be  made,  as  Robert  Hare,                          .lohn  Hubley, 
directed  in  the  fourth  section  of  the  first  article  of  the  Enoch  Edwards,                    .lohn  Breckbill, 
constitution  established  by  this  convention,  the  city  of  Samuel  Ogilen,                      Henry  Miller, 
Philadelphia  and  the  several  counties  shall  be  respee-  Thomas  .lenks,  jr.                  Heniy  Slagle. 
lively  efiiiitled  to  elect  the  same  number  of  representa-  -lohn  Barclay,                       David  Reddick. 
lives  as  is  r.ow  tirescribed  by  lav.'.  -Abraham  Stcti',                     ,7ames  Ross. 


Juhn  Srnilie. 
Albert  Gallatin, 
Jamts  M'Lene, 
George  Matthews, 
James  Morris, 
Liiidsey  Coats, 
.lonathanSboemaker, 
William  Reed, 
Benjamin  Tyson, 
Eeiijamin  Pedaii, 
Matthew  Dill, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  DELAWARE.                                        43 

AVilliam  Irvine,  John  Piper,                           ^Vi^ianl  Brown, 

James  Power,  Charles  Smith,                  •     Alexander  Gra\ don, 

Joseph  Heister,'  Simon  Snyder,                       Timothy  Pickering, 

Christian  Lower,  William  Findley,                   Andrew  Henderson, 

Abraham  Lincoln,  William  Todd,                        John  Gibson, 

Paul  tJroscop,  Alexander  Anderson,             Thomas  Beale, 

BakzerGehr,  John  Hogc,                             John  Sellers, 

Samiul  Sitgieaves,  John  Gloninger,                    Nathaniel  NewHn. 

John  Amdt,  Attest,  Joseph  Redman,  Secretary, 

Peler  Rhoads,  Jacob  Shallus,  Assistant  SKKtar'j, 
Joseph  Powell, 


CONSTITUTIOIS"  OF  DELAWARE. 


lie,   the  People,  hereliy  ordiitn  ami  establish  and  no  person  shall  be  ior  the  same  oflence  twice  put  m 

A;    /-.       ,-.   ,•         r  ry                    ^r     ji       ,„t  jeopardy  oflife  or  limb :  nor  shall  any  man's  property 

this  C07ls/Mltlon  of  Government  Jor  the  state  -^e  fakeii  or  applied  to  public  use,  without  the  consent 

of  Delatvare.  of  his  representatives,  and  without  compensation  being 

made. 

THROUGH  divine  goodness,  all  men  have  by  nature  §  9,  All  courts  shall  be  open  ;  and  every  man,  for  au 

the  rights  of  worshipping  and  serving  their  Creator  ac-  iiijur\-  done  him  in  his  reputation,  person,  moveable  or 

cording  to  the  dictates  of  their  consciences,  of  enjoying  immoveable   possessions,    shall    have   remedy  by  due 

and  deft?ndiug  life  and  liberty,  of  acquiring  and  protect-  course  of  law,  and  justice  administered  accoi'ding  to  the 

ing  reputation  and  property,  and,  in  general,  of  attain-  very  right'of  the  cause,  and  the  law  of  the  land,  without 

ing  objects  suitable  to  their  condition,  without  injury  sale,  denial,  or  unreasonable  delay  or  espense  ;  and  eve- 

bj  one  to  another  ;  and  as  these  rights  are  essentia!  to  ry  action  shall  be  tried  in  the  county  in  which  it  shall 

their  welfare,  for  the  due  exercise  thereof,  power  is  in-  be  commenced,  unless  when  the  judges  of  the  court  in 

herent  in  them  ;  and,  therefore,  all  just  authority  in  the  which  the  cause  is  to  be  tried,  shall  determine  that  an 

institutions  of  political  society  is  derived  from  the  peo-  impartial  trial  thereof  cannot  be  had*n  that  county, 

pie,  and  established  with  their  consent,  to  advance  their  Suits  may  be  brought  against  the  state,  according  to 


happiness :  and  they  may,  for  this  end,  as  circumstances 
require,  from  time  to  time,  alter  their  constitution  of  go- 
vernment. ' 


such  regulations  as  shall  be  made  by  law. 

§  10.  No  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  exercised, 
but  b}-  authority  of  the  legislature. 

„,,.  J  §11.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  norexces- 

.  Kiit-L,  .  1.  sive  fines  imposed, norcrue!  punishments  inflicted; and 

§  1.   Although  it  is  the  dut>-  of  sU  men  frequently  to  in  the  construction  of  jails,  a  proper  regard  shall  be  had 

assemble  together  for  the  public  wiu-ship  of  the  Author  to  the  health  of  prisoners. 

of  the  Universe,  and  piety  and  morality,  im  which  the  }  12.  All  prisoners  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sure- 
prosperity  of  communities  depentls,  are  thereby  promo-  ties,  unless  for  caj)ital  offences,  w  hen  .'he  proof  is  posi- 
ted :  yet,  no  man  shall  or  ought  to  be  compelled  to  at-  five  or  the  presumption  great;  and  when  persons  are 
tend  any  religious  worship,  to  contribute  to  the  erection  confined  on  accusation  for  such  ofleiices,  their  friends 
or  support  ot  any  place  of  worship,  or  to  the  mainle-  and  counsel  may  at  proper  seasons  have  access  to  them, 
nance  of  any  ministry,  against  his  own  free  will  and  §13.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall 
consent :  and  no  power  shall  or  ought  to  be  vested  in  or  not  l>e  suspeiidi  d,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or 
assumed  by  any  magistrate,  that  shall  in  any  case  inter-  invasion  the  public  safi^t>'  shall  require  it. 
fere  with,  or  in  any  m,anncr  control,  the  rights  of  con-  §  14.  No  comir.ission  of  o}T;r  and  terminer  or  jail  deli- 
science,  in  the  free  exercise  of  religious  worship,  nor  a  very  shall  be  issued. 

preference  given  by  law  to  any  religious  societies,  deno-  §  15.  No  attainder  sTir.!!  work  corruption  orblood,nor, 

minations,  or  modes  of  worship.  exceptduringthelileof  the  offender,  forfeiture  of  estate. 

§  2.  No  religious  test  shall  be  required  as  a  qualifica-  ^Ike  estates  of  those  who  destroy  their  own  lives,  shall 
tion  to  any  office,  or  public  trust,  under  this  state.  ^^Scend  or  v^st  as  in  case  of  natural  death,  and  if  any 

S3.  AU  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal.  person  be  killed  by  accident,    no  forfeiture  shall  be 

I  4.  Trial  by  jiu'y  shall  be  as  heretofore.  thereby  ii>eurifd. 

§5.  The  press  shall  be  free  to  every  citizen  who  nn-  5  Ifi.  Although  disobedience  to  the  laws  by  a  part  of 

dertakes  to  examine  the  official  conduct  of  nu^n  acting  the  people,  upon  suggestions  of  impolicy  or  injustice  in 

in  a  public  capacity ;  and  any  citizen  may  print  on  any  tbeiii,  tends,  by  immediate  efi'ect  and  ihe  iuHiience  of 

subject,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty.  exain;:.le,  not  only  to  endanger  the  public  welfare  and 

In  prosecutions  for  publications  investigating  the  pro-  safety,  but  also,  in  governments  of  a  republican  form, 

ceMings  ot  officers,  or  where  the  matter  published  is  contravenes  the  social  pvinciples  of  such  governments, 

proper  for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be  founded  on  common  consent  for  common  good  ;  yet  the 

given  in  evidence  ;  and  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  citizens  have  a  right,  in  an  orderly  manner,   to  meet 

jury  may  determine  the  facts  and  the  law,  as  in  other  together,  and  to  apply  to  persons  intrusted  with  the 

ea'ies.  powers  of  government,  fm'  redress  of  grievances,  or 

§  6.   The   people  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons,  other  proper  purposes,  by  petition,  remonstrance,  or  ad- 

hou!es,  papers,    and   possessions,  from    unreasonable  dress. 

searches  and  seizures;  and  no  warrant  to  search  any  §17.  No  standing  army  shall  be  kept  up  without  the 

place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  thnigs,  shall  issue,  with-  consent  of  the  legislature  ;  and  the  iiiilitar)'  shall  in  all 

cut  describing  them  as  particularly  as  maybe;  northen,  cases  and  at  all  ti;ues;  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the 

nnhss  there  be  probable  cause,  supported  bv  oath  or  af-  civil  power, 

tirmation.                                                         '  §18.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quarteied 

§  7.   In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  hath  a  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner;  uor  in 

right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel,  to  be  plain-  time  of  war,  but  by  a  civil  uiagisti  ate,  in  a  manner  to  be 

ly  and  fully  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  ac-  presciibed  by  law. 

cusation  against  him,  to  meet  the  witnesses  in  their  ex-  §  19-  No  hereditary  distinction  shall  be  granted  ;  nor 

amination  face  to  face,  to  have  compulsory  process  in  any  office  created  or  exercised,   the  appointment  to, 

due  time  on  application  by  himself,  his  friends,  or  coun-  which  shall  bi;  for  a  longer  term  than  dunng  good  beha- 

sel,  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favour,  and  a  speedy  viour;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  tinder  this  st^ite, 

and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  :  he  shall  not  be  shall  acceiit  of  any  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever, 

compelled  to  give  evidence  against  himself;  nor  shall  be  Irom  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

^'■PT'Jfi',''-'^ ''''"'  '''"''^>'  ?'■  pi'')P<;it3;,  unless  by  the  judg-  ive  declare  that  every  f./iiri/;  in  this  article  is  reserved  out 

of  t.!te  general  poiccrs  of  •government  herein  after  men- 
tioned. 

AllTICLF.  2. 

i  I.  Tlie  legislative  power  of  this  state  shall  be  ve>ted 


meat  of  his  peers  or  the  law  of  the  land. 

§  8.  No  person  shall,  for  any  indictable  offence,  be 
proceeded  aiyainst  criminally  by  information,  except  in, 
cases  ai'ising  111  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia 
vhen  in  actiialservite,  intimecf  waror  public  dauge.-; 


CUNSTULllOX  OF  Df.L.WV.VUF.. 


in  a  genera!  assembly,  which  shall  consist  oi"  &  senate  time  for  which  he  shall  have  been  citcleti,  be  appointed 
and  house  of  representatives.  to  any  eivil  office  under  this  stiie,  which  shall  have 
}  2.  The  I'^presentativesihali  be  chosen  annually  by  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have 
the  ciiiz'-.:s  residing  in  the-  several  counties  respectively,  been  increased,  during  such  time.  No  person  concern- 
on  the  firs.  I'iiesday  of  October.  ed  in  any  army  or  navy  contract,  no  member  of  eon- 
No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  giess,  nor  any  person  holding  any  oftice  under  this  state, 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  tuenty-four  years,  and  ha\e  or  (he  United  Slates,  except  the"  attorney  general,  offi- 
a  freehold  iu  the  county  in  '.vliich  he  shall  be  chosen,  cers  usually  appointed  by  the  courts  ot  justice  respee- 
have  been  a  citizen  and  inhaiitant  of  the  state  three  tively,  attorneys  at  law,  and  officers  in  the  militia,  hold- 
years  next  piecedii.g  thv  fir-ii  liiet  ting  of  the  legislature  ing  no  disqualifjing  office,shall,  during  his  continuance 
after  his  election,  and  the  la-.i  year  of  that  term  an  ii;ha-  in  congrtss  or  in  i.ffice,  hv  a  senator  or  repieseutativc. 
bitant  of  the  county  in  which  ht  aliall  be  chosen,  unless  §  l3.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  writs  of 
he  shah  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the  (lection  shall  he  issued  by  tht-  speakers  respectively,  or. 
United  States,  or  ol'  tiiis  slate.  in  cases  of  necessity,  in  such  other  manner  as  shall  be 
There  shall  be  seven  representatives  chosen  in  each  provided  for  by  la»';  and  the  persons  thereupon  chosen 
county,  until  a  greater  number  of  representativt-s  -hail  shall  hod  their  seats  as  long  as  those  in  whose  stead  they 
by  the  general  assembly  be  judged  necessary;  and  then,  aiefiejted  might  have  done,  if  such  vacancies  had  net 
two-thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  leLri3:ature  eo;<carriitg,  happened. 

they  may  by  law  make  provision  for  increasing  their  j  u.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
Stimber.  Iiouse  of  representatives  ■  but  the  senate  may  projiose  al- 
J  3.  I'he  senators  shall  be  chosen  for  three  years  by  terutions,  as  on  other  bills ;  anjl  no  bill,  from  the  opera- 
the  citizens  resUling  in  the  several  counties  respective-  tioii  of  which,  when  passed  into  a  law,  revenue  may  in- 
ly, having  right  to  vote  for  representatives,  at  the  same  cidentally  arise,  shall  be  accounted  a  bill  for  raising  re- 
time when  they  shall  vote  for  representatives,  in  the  venue;  nor  shall  any  matter  or  clause  whatever,  not 
same  manner,  and  at  the  satne  places.  immediately  relating  to  and  necessary  for  raising  reve- 
Nopersonshallbea  senator  who  shall  not  have  attain-  nue,  be  in  any  manner  blended  with  ov  annexed  to  a  bill 
ed  to  the  age  of  tuenty-seven  yeais,  and  have  in  the  for  raising  revenue. 

county  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen  a  freehold  estate,  in  $  l^-  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  trcasurvj  but 
two  hundred  acres  of  land,  or  an  estate  in  real  and  per-  in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  a 
sonal  property,or  in  either,  of  the  value  of  one  tiiou^fiul  regular  ^tateme-nt  and  account  of  the  veceipts  and  ex- 
pounds at  least,  and  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhubitr  n;  p -nditures  of  ail  public  money  shall  be  published  annu- 
of  the  state  three  years  next  preceding  the  first  m> .  lius  ^'-ly- 
of  the  legislature  after  his  election,  and  the  last  year  of 
that  term  an  inhabitant  of  the  county  in  which  he  shall 
be  chosen,  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  pub- 
lic business  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  state. 

There  shall  Bfe  three  senators  chosen  in  each  county, 


ARTICIE  3. 


§  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  the  state  aliall 
be  vested  in  a  governor. 
§2.  The  governor  shall  be  chose/1  on  the  first  Tuesday 
■When  a  greater  nu.nber  of  senators  shall  bv  the  general  ol  October,  by  the  citizens  of  the  state  having  a  right  to 
assembly  bejudgid  necessary,  two-thirds o^e'ach  branch  *'"te  lor  representatives,  in  the  counties  where  they  re- 
concurring.'they  iii:iy  by  lav/  make  provision  for  increa-  speciiveiy  reside,  at  the  places  where  they  shall  vote  for 
sing  their  num'jer;  but  the  number  of  senators  shall  ne-    representatives.  • 

ver  be  greater  than  one  half,  nor  less  than  one  third,  of  i'he  returns  of  evei^  election  for  governor  shall  be 
the  nnmljer  of  representatives.  staled  up  anil  imraedialeiy  delivere-d  by  the  returning 

Immediately  after  the  senators  shall  be  ajsemb! eel  in  orticei-s  of  tii-  several  connties  to  the  speaker  of  these- 
eonsequence  of  the  fii-st  election,  (he  senators  ■csuang  nate,  or,  in  case  of  his  deaih.  to  the  speaker  of  the  house 
in  each  count), sliall  be  divided  by  lotinto  ihi'ecliisses.  of  representatives,  who  shall  keep  the  same  until  a 
The  seats  of  the  srjiators  of  the  first  class  shul  be  vacated  speaker  cf  ihe  senate  shuH  be  appointed,  to  whom  they 
at  the  e^pi;■ation  of  the  first  year;  of  tin  second  ela^s  at  sliiili  be  .;..!ii.  viia.elj  d;  livereii  after  his  appointment, 
the  expiration  of  the  second  >  ear ;  and  of  the  third  ciass  who  shaa  open  and  publish  the  same  in  the  presence  of 
at  the  expiration  ol  ihethiid  year;  so  that  one  third  may  tlie  memlx-i-s  of  botli  houses  of  the  legislature.  Dupli- 
be  chosen  every  y  ar.  cates  of  the  said  returns  shall  also  be  immediately  lodged 

§  4.  I'he  general  assembly  shall  meei  on  the  first  rtilh  the  prothonoiary  of  ea>.h  county.  The  person  hav- 
Tuesdayof  January  in  every  year,  unless  sooner  con-  ing  lie  highest  number  of  voles  shall  be  governor:  but, 
▼ened  by  the  governor.  '  if  two  or  iiiore  shall  be  equal  in  the  highest  number  of 

§  5.  Each  Iiouse  shall  choose  its  speaker  and  other  of-  voies,  the  numbers  of  the  two  houses  shall,  by  joint  bal- 
ficers;  and  also  eaeii  house  h  host  spt  uKer  shall  ixereise  lot,  choose  one  of  them  to  be  governor ;  and  if,  upon  such 
theofficeof  governor,  may  choose  a  speaker  pro  tempore,    ballot,  two  or  more  of  them  shall  still  be  equal  and  high- 

§  fi.  Each  house  sha.l  judge  ut  the  eleoion ;,  r<  turj^est  in  votes,  the  speaker  of  the  senate  shall  have  an  adtli- 
and  <iualitications,  of  iis  own  miinbers  ,  uu-.l  a  u:  ■ioii^l»i'J"al  casting  vote. 

of  each  shall  coiistiiiue  a  quoriini  to  do  hii-  i;iess;  but  a  Contested  elections  of  a  governor  shall  be  determined 
smaller  number  maj  adjourn  from  day  to  nay,  a;id  shall  by  a  joint  committee-,  consisting  of  one-third  of  all  the 
be  authorised  to  coiiipel  the  attendance  o;  absent  mem-  members  of  each  biaiichof  the  legislature,  to  be  selected 
bars,  in  such  manmr,  and  under  such  penalties,  as  shall  •>>  ballot  of  the  iioiises  respectively :  every  person  of  the 
be  deemed  expedient.  committee  shall  take  an  oath  or  affirmation,  that,  in  de- 

57,  Each  house  may  determine  the  rule's  of  its  pro-  termining  the  said  election,  he  v  ill  faithfully  discharge 
ceedings,  punish  any  of  its  meinhers  for  disorderly  beha-    the  trust  reposed  in  him ;  and  the  committee  shall  always 

ing  three 


years  from  the  third  Tuesday  of  January  next  ensuing 
his  election;  and  shall  not  be  capable  of  holding  it  loug- 


viour,  and,  with  the  eoncurience  of  iwo-tliirds,  e^pel  a  sil  w  ith  open  doors. 

member  ;  and  shall  have  all  other  powers  nece'-sarv  for  '  f  3.  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  duri 

a  branch  of  the  legislature  of  a  free  «iid  independent 

state. 

§  8.    Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed-  ev  than  three  in  any  term  of  six  yea 

ings,  and  publish  them  immediately  after  every  session,  §  4.    He  shall  be  at  least  thirty-siX  years  of  age,  and 

except  such  parts  as  may  require  secrecy  :  and  the  yeas  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  the  United  States 

and  nays  of  the  members  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  twelve  years  next  before  the  first  meeting  of  the  legisla- 

desire  of  a-.y  member,  he  entered  on  the  journal.  ture  after  his  election,  and  the  last  six  of  that  term  an 

§  9.  The  doors  of  each  house,and  of  committees  of  tlie  inhabitant  of  this  state,  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent 

whole,  shall  be  open,  unless  when  the  liusiuess is  such  as  on  the  public  business  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this 

ought  to  be  kept  secret.  stale. 

§  10.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  §  *•   No  member  of  congress,  nor  penon  holding  any 

other,  adjourn  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  office  under  the  United  States  orthis  state,  shall  exercise 

place  than  that  in  which  the  iwo  houses  shall  be  sitting,  the  office  of  governor. 

§11.   The  senators  and  ri'pivsentalive's  shall  receive  a  §6.  The  governor  shalt,atstated  times,  receive  for  his 

compensation  for  then  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  services  an  adequate  salary,  to  be  fixed  by  law,  which 

and  paid  out  of  the  treasui-y  of  the  state ;  but  no  law,  va-  shall  be  neither  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  pe- 


rying  the  compensation,  shall  take  effect  till  an  election 
of  representatives  shall  have  intervened.  They  shall  in 
all  cases,  except,  treason,  felon) ,  or  breach  of  the  peace, 
be  privilegt  d  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the 
session  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in  going  to,  and 


riid  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

§  7.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  this  state,  anil  of  the  militia  ;  except  when  they 
shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

f  8.   He  shall  appoint  all  officers  whose  offices  are  es- 


leturniug  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  tablished  by  this  constitution,  or  shall  be  established  by 

m  either  house,  ihey  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  law,  and  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise 

place.  provided  for ;  but  no  person  shall  be  appointed  to  an  of- 

*  12.  Ne  senator  or  representative  shall,  during-  the  nee  within  a  county  w  ho  shall  not  have  a  right  to  vote 


constitution; Ul-'  DVA .\\VAll\i. 


4br  repicsen(;irivc-s,  and  liavc  been  an  inhabitant  tlicreiu 
one  veap  next  before  his  appointment,  nor  hold  the  of- 
fice 'longer  than  he  continues  to  reside  in  the  county. 
No  mt-iiiber  of  eoiigivss,  nor  any  person,  holdinjj  or  ex- 
ei-eisiii!;-  anv  office  undirtlie  United  Stales,  shall,  at  the 
same  lime,  hold  or  exercise  Iheoffiee  of  judge,  trcasiu'er, 
attorney  general,  seci-etary,  clerk  of  the  supreme  court, 
prothonotary,rcpister  for  the  probate  of  wills  and  g^nt- 
inc  letters  of  atfministratioTi,  recorder,  sheriff",  or  any 
office  under  this  state,  with  a  salary  by  law  annexed  to 
it,  or  any  other  office  which  the  lepslaiure  shall  declare 
incompatible  with  offices  or  appointments  under  the 
United  States.  No  person  shall  hold  more  than  one  of 
the  following  offices  at  the  same  time,  to  wit :  treasurer, 
attorney  s;enc  ral,  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  prothono- 
tary,  register,  siieriff.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the 
name  of  the  state,  shall  be  sealed  with  the  great  seal, 
and  be  signed  and  tested  by  the  governor. 

§9.  He shal  1  h.ave power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures; 
and  to  gi-ant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of 
iinpeacliment. 

5  10.  He  may  reqtiire  informatioii,  in  writing,  f:»jra 
the  officers  in  the  executive  department,  npon  any  sub- 
ject relating  to  the  duties  of  their  lespective  offices. 

5  11.  He  shall,  from  time  to  lime,  give  to  the  general 
assembly  information  of  affairs  concerning  the  state  ; 
and  recommend  to  their  consideration  sucli  measures  as 
he  shall  judge  expedient. 

§  1 2.  Tie  may, on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
jyeneral  assembly ;  and,  in  case  of  disagreement  between 
the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  timeof  adjournment, 
adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper,  not 
exceeding  three  ffionths. 

}  13.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  ex- 
ecuted. # 

§  14.  On  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  governor,  or 
his  removal  from  office  on  impeachment,  or  lor  inability, 
the  speaker  of  the  senate,  at  that  time,  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  governor  nnril  a  new  governor  shall  be  duly 
qualified;  and  on  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  speaker 
of  the  senate,  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives 
at  that  time,  shall  exercise  the  office,  until  it  be  regular- 
ly vested  in  a  new  governor.  If  the  trial  of  a  contested 
election  shall  continue  longer  than  the  third  Tuesday  of 
-January  next  ensuing  the  election  of  a  governor,  the  go- 
vernor of  the  last  year,  or  the  speaker  of  the  senate  or  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  who  may  then  be  in  the 
exercise  of  the  executive  atilhority,shaU  continue  there- 
in until  a  determination  of  such  contested  election. 
Thegovernor  sliall  not  be  reVnoved  from  his  office  for 
inability,  but  with  the  concurrence  of  tv.o-tliirds  of  ail 
the  members  of  each  branch  of  the  hgisiature. 

§  IS.  A  secretary  shall  be  anpointed  and  commission- 
ed during  the  govenioi's  cominiiance  in  office,  if  he 
shall  so  long  behave  himself  well.  He  shall  keep  a  fair 
register  of  all  the  official  acts  aud  proceedings  of  the  go- 
vernor ;  and  sliall,  when  required  by  either  branch  of 
the  legislature,  lay  the  same,  and  aliptipers,  minutes, 
and  vouchers  relative  thereto,  before  them;  and   shall 

Jierform  such  other  duties  as  shall  be  enjoined  him  by 
aw.  He  shall  have  a  compensation  fur  his  services,  to 
be  fixed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  4. 

5  1.  All  elections  of  governor,  senators,  and  repre- 
sentatives, shall  be  by  ballot;  and,  in  such  elections, 
every  white  freeman,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
haviii™  resided  in  the  state  two  years  next  before  the 
election, and  within  that  time  paid  astate  or  county  tax, 
v.hieh  shall  have  been  assessed  at  least  six  months  before 
the  electicm,  shall  enjoy  th"  right  ol  an  elector ;  and  the 
sons  of  persons  so  f[!ialified  shall,  between  the  ages  of 
twt.nty-one  and  twenty-two  years,  be  entitled  to  vote, 
althoiigli  they  shall  not  have  paiil  taxes. 

$2,  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony, 
or  breach  ol  the  [leace,  he  privileged  from  arrest  during 
their  attendance  at  elections,  and  in  going  to  and  re- 
f  ll^nin^J  from  them. 

ARTICLE  5. 

•',  ;.  The  house  of  representative.^  shall  have  the  sole 
powerof  impeachin|»;  but  two-thirds  ol  all  the  members 
must  concur  in  an  impeachment.  All  impeac.'imems 
shall  he  tried  by  tiie  senate;  and,  when  sitting  lor  that 
purpose,  the  senate  shall  be  upon  oath  or  afiirination  to 
do  justice  according  to  the  evidence.  No  person  shall  be 
convicted  without  the  eoneurrence  of  two-thirds  of  all 
the  senators. 

j  2.  The  governor,  and  all  other  civil  officers  under 
this  state,  slia'.l  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  treason, 
bribery,  or  any  high  crime  or  misdemeanor  iu  office, 
■./tidgnient  in  siich  cases  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 


removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  of- 
fice of  honour,  trust,  or  profit  under  this  state  ;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  subject  to  indict- 
ment, trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to 
law. 

J  3,  Treason  against  this  state,  shall  coi^sist  only  iti  le- 
vying war  against  it,  or  in  adhering  to  the  enemies  of 
tie,-  government,  giving  thera  aid  and  comfort.  No  per- 
son shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on  the  testimo- 
ny ot  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confes- 
sion in  open  court. 

AHTICLE  6. 

§  1.  The  judicial  powerof  this  state  shall  be  vested  in 
a  ci/ort  of  chancer)',  a  supreme  court,  and  courts  of  oyer 
and  terminer  and  general  jail  deliver;-,  in  a  court  of 
common  pleas,  and  in  an  orphans'  court,  register's  couit, 
and  a  court  of  quarter  sessions  of  tlie  peace  for  each 
county,injusticesof  the  peace, and  in  such  other  courts 
as  the  legislature,  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  of  each 
branch  concurring,  may,  from  time  to  time,  establish. 

§  2.  The  chancellor  and  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  shall  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behaviour:  but,  for  any  reasonable 
cause  which  shall  not  be  a  sufficient  ground  for  an  im- 
peachment, the  governor  may,  in  his  discretion,  remove 
any  of  them,  on  tlic  adilress  o'ftwo-thirds  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  each  brand;  of  the  legislature.  They  shall,  ai 
staled  times,  receive  for  their  services  adequate  salaries, 
to  be  fixed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
their  continuance  in  office,  and  shall  be  pay.able  quar- 
terly to  their  respective  orders  upon  the  treasurer,  out 
of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury ;  but  they  shall  hold  no 
other  office  of  profit,  nor  i  eceii  e  any  fees  or  perquisites, 
except  such  fees  as  shall  be  fixed  by  law  for  business  to 
be  done  out  of  court. 

§  3.  Thejudges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  not  few- 
er than  three,  nor  more  than  four,  one  of  whom  shall  be 
the  chief  iustice.  There  shall  be  a  judge  residing  in 
each  county,  'i  he  jurisdiction  of  this  court  shall  extend 
over  the  sta"te.  Tlie  judges  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  of- 
fices, be  justices  of  oyer  and  terminer,  and  general  jail 
delivery,  in  the  several  counties.  Any  two  of  the  judges 
may  act  as  if  ail  were  present, 

J  4.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  sh.all  lie 
not  fewer  tiian  three,  nor  more  than  four,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  chief  justice.  There  shall  be  a  judge  residing 
in  each  county.  The  jurisdiction  of  this  court  shall  ex- 
tend over  the  state.  Any  two  of  the  judges  may  act  as 
if  all  were  present. 

§  5.  The  chancellor,  or  any  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  or  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  shall  issue  the 
M'lit  of  habeas  corpus,  in  vacation  tii.je,  and  outof  term, 
when  duly  ajiplied  f.ir,  which  shall  be  immediately 
obeyed. 

5  6.  Any  jitdge  of  the  supreme  court,  or  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  may,  unless  the  legislature  shall  other- 
wise provide  by  law,  out  of  court,  take  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  deeds  ;  and  the  same  being  theregn  certified, 
under  his  hand,  such  deed  shall  be  recorded,  and  have 
the  same  effect  as  if  acknowledged  in  open  court. 

§  7.  In  civil  causes,  when  pending,  the  supreme  court 
and  court  of  common  pleas  shall  have  the  power,  before 
judgment,  of  directing,  upon  such  terms  as  they  shall 
deem  reasonablt-,  amendments  in  pleadings  and  Ugal 
proceedings,  so  that  by  error  in  any  of  them,  the  deter- 
fiiination  of  causes,  according  to  their  real  merits,  shall 
not  be  hindered  ;  and  also  of  directing  the  examination 
of  witnesses  that  are  aged,  very  infirm,  or  going  out  of 
the  stati',  upiii  interrogatories  ile  bene  esse,  to  be  read  irr 
evidence  in  c;:se  of  the  death  or  departure  of  the  wit- 
nesses before  the  trial,  or  inability  by  reason  of  age,  sick- 
ness, bodily  infirmity,  or  imprisonment,  then  to  attend  ; 
and  also  life  power  of  obtaining  evidence  from  places  not 
within  the  'jtate. 

§  8.  Suits  may  originate  in  the  supreme  court  or  court 
of  common  pleas. 

(  9.  Ofie  judge  of  the  supreme  court  or  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  may,  if  the  other  judgt-s  come  not,  open 
and  adjonni  the  court,  and  may  also  make  the  necessa- 
ry rules  preparatory  respectively  to  the  trial  orargument 
of  causes. 

^10,  At  any  lime  pending  an  action  for  debt  or  da- 
mages, the  deiendant  may  bring  into  court  a  sum  of  mo- 
ney for  dischargingthesame  and  the  costs  thnn  accrued, 
and  the  plaintiff  not  accepting  therei'f,  it  sliall  he  deli- 
vered for  his  use  to  the  clerk  or  prothonotai-j-  of  the 
court ;  and  if,  upon  the  final  decision  of  the  cause,  the 
plaintiff'  shall  not  recover  a  greater  sum  than  that  paid 
uito  court  for  him,  he  shall  not  recover  any  costs  accrn- 
ing  after  such  payment,  e>;cept  where  ijje  idaititiff  is  an 
executor  or  ud:ninistralor. 


4G 


CONSTITUTION  OF  DELAWARE. 


5  11.  By  llie  dealli  of  any  party,  no  suit  in  chancery 
or  at  law,  wliere  the  cause  of  action  surv-ives,sliall  abate ; 
but,  until  the  legislature  shall  otlicrvvise  provide,  sug- 
gestion of  such  death  being  entered  of  record,  the  exe- 
cutor or  administrator  of  a  deceased  petitioner,  or  plain- 
tiff, may  prosecute  the  said  suit ;  and  li  a  respondent  or 
defendant  dies,  the  executor  or  administrator,  being  du- 
ly served  with  a  scire  facias,  thirty  days  before  the  return 
thereof,  shall  be  considered  as  a  party  to  the  suit,  in  the 
same  manner  as  if  he  had  voluntarily  made  himself  a 
party;  and  in  any  of  those  eas -s  the  court  shall  pass  a 
decree,  or  render  juds;meut  for  o;- against  executors  or 
administrators  as  to  right  appertains.  Bii  t  «here  an  ex- 
ecutor or  administrator  of  a  deceased  respondent  or  de- 
fendant becomes  a  party,  the  court,  upon  motion,  shall 
j^rant  such  a  continuance  of  the  cause  as  to  the  judges 
shall  appear  proper. 

§  12.  Whenever  a  person,  not  being  an  executor  or 
administrator,  appeals  from  a  decree  of  the  cliancellor, 
or  applies  for  a  writ  of  error,  such  appeal  or  writ  shall 
be  no  stay  of  proceeding  in  the  chancery,  or  the  court 
to  which  the  writ  issues,  unless  the  appellant  orplaintiff 
in  error  shall  give  sufficient  security,  to  be  approved  re- 
spectively by  the  chancellor,  or  by  a  judge  of  the  court 
from  which  the  writ  issues,  that  the  appellant  or  plain- 
tiff in  error  shnl!  prosecute  respectively  his  appeal  or 
writ  to  effect,  and  pay  the  eondemnatitin  inoney  and  all 
costs,  or  otherwise  abide  tlie  decree  in  appeal  or  the 
judgment  in  error,  if  he  fail  to  make  his  plea  good. 

i  13.  No  writ  of  error  shall  be  brought  uponuny  judg- 
ment heretofore  confessed,  entered,  or  rendered,  but 
within  five  years  from  this  ti.ne;  nor  upon  any  judg- 
ment hereafter  to  be  confessed,  entered,orrendered,but 
within  five  years  after  the  confessing,  entering,  or  ren- 
dering thereof,  unless  tlie  person  entitled  to  such  writ 
bean  infant,  femrae convert,  iion  compos  mentis,  or  a 
prisoner,  and  then  within  five  years  exclusive  of  the 
time  of  such  disability. 

5  14.  She  equity  jurisdiction  heretofore  exercised  by 
the  jiidg«  of  the  court  of  common  |)leas,  shall  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  common  law  jurisdiction,  and  vested  in 
a  chancellor,  ulio  shall  hold  courts  of  chancery  in  the 
several  counties  of  this  state.  In  cases  of  equity  juris- 
diction, where  the  chancellor  is  interested,  the  cogni- 
znnco  thereof  shall  belong  to  theeourtof  common  pleas, 
with  an  appeal  to  the  high  court  of  errors  and  appeals. 

§  15.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  or  any 
two  of  them,  shall  compose  the  orphans' court  of  each 
county,  and  may  exercise  the  equity  jurisdiction  hereto- 
fbre  exercised  by  the  orphans' courts',  except  as  to  ad- 
justing and  settling  executors,  administrators,  and  guar- 
dians' accounts;  in  which  cases  they  shall  have  an  ap- 
pellate jurisdiciionfrom  the  sentence  or  decree  of  the 
register.  This  court  may  issue  process  throughout  the 
state,  to  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses.  Appeals 
may  be  made  from  the  orphans"  court,  in  cases  where 
that  court  has  original  jurisdiction,  to  the  supreme  court, 
^^hose  decision  shall  be  final. 

^  16.  An  executor,  administrator,  or  guardian,  shall 
file  every  account  witft  the  register  for  the  county,  who 
shall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be,  carefully  examine 
the  particulars,  with  the  proofs  tliereof,  in  the  j)resence 
of  sucheNecntor,  admiinstrator,  or  guardian,  and  shall 
adjust  and  settle  the  siime,  accordhig  to  the  very  right 
of  the  matter,  and  tlx  law  of  the  land  :  which  account, 
so  settled,  shall  remain  in  his  office  for  inspection;  and 
the  executor,  administrator,  or  guardian  shall,  within 
three  months  after  such  settlement,  give  due  notice,  in 
writing,  to  all  jiei-sons entitled  to  shares  of  the  estate,  or 
to  their  gaurdians  respectively,  if  residing  within  tlie 
state,  that  the  account  is  lodged  in  the  said  office  for  in- 
spection; and  the  judges  of  the  orphans'  court  shall  hear 
theexcepti<insof  any  persons  concerned,  if  any  be  made, 
and  theieupon  allow  no  demand  whatever  against  the 
estate  of  the  deceased,  unless,  upon  consideration  of  all 
circumstances,  they  shall  be  fully  convinced  that  the 
same  is  iherev  ith  justly  chargeable. 

5  17.  'IJie  registers  oftheseveral  counties  shall  respec- 
tively hold  tlie  register's  court  in  each  county.  Upon 
the  litiga'.ion  of  a  cause,  the  depositions  of  the  witnesses 
examined  shall  be  taken  at  large  in  writing,  and  make 
part  of  the  proceedings  in  the  cause.  This  court  may 
issue  process  throughout  the  state  to  compel  the  attend- 
ance of  >vitnesses.  Appeals  may  be  made  from  the  re- 
;;ister's  court  to  the  supreme  court,  whose  decision  shall 
be  final.  In  cases  where  a  register  is  intertsted  in  ques- 
tions concerning  the  probate  of  wills,  the  granting  let- 
ters of  administration,  or  executors,  administrators,  or 
guardians'  accounts,  the  cognizance  thereof  shall  be- 
long to  the  oriihans"  court,  with  an  appeal  to  tlie  supreme 
court,  whose  decision  shall  be  final. 

§  IS.  The  prothonotariesof  theeourtof  common  pleas 
may  issue  processes  as  heretofore,  take  recognizances  of 


bail,  and  sign  confessions  of  judgment ;  and  the  cleiUi 
of  the  supreme  court  shall  have  the  like  powers.  Ko 
judgment  in  the  supreme  court  or  court  of  common 
pleas,  held  for  one  county,  shall  bind  lands  or  tene- 
ments in  another,  until  a  testatum  fieri  facias  being  is- 
sued, shall  be  entered  of  record  in  the  office  of  the  pro- 
thonotai-}'  of  the  county  wherein  the  lands  or  tenements 
are  situated. 

§  19.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  shall, 
by  virtue  of  tlieir  offices,  compose  the  courts  of  general 
quarter  sessions  of  the  peace,  and  jail  delivery,  within 
the  several  counties.  Any  two  of  the  said  judges  shall 
be  a  quorum, 

^  20.  The  governor  shall  appointa  competent  number 
of  persons  to  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace,  not  ex- 
ceeding twelve  in  each  county,  until  two-thinls  of  both 
houses  of  the  legislature  shall,  by  law,  direct  an  addition 
to  the  number,  who  shall  be  commissioned  for  seven 
years,  if  so  long  they  shall  behave  themselves  well :  but 
may  be  removed  by  the  governor  within  that  time,  on 
conviction  of  misbehaviour  in  office,  or  on  the  address 
of  both  houses  of  the  legislature. 

§  21.  The  style  in  all  process  and  public  acts  shall  be, 
the  \t'ite  of  Delmtrarc.  Prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on 
in  the  name  of  the  state,  and  shall  conclude,  against  the 
peace  ami  dignify  of  the  state. 

ARTICLE  7. 

§  1 .  There  shall  be  a  court,  st  yled  the  high  court  of  er- 
rors and  appeals,  which  shall  consist  of  the  chancellor 
and  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  court  of 
common  pitas.  Any  four  of  the  judges  of  this  court  may 
proceed  on  business;  but  any  smaller  number  may  open 
and  adjourn  the  court.  If'^  any  of  them  has  rendered 
judgment  or  passed  a  decree  iiwany  cause  before  remo- 
val, he  shall  not  sit  judicially  upon  the  hearing  of  tlie 
same  in  this  court,  but  may  assign  the  reasons  upon 
which  such  judgment  v.as  rendered,  or  such  decree 
passed.  'Ihe-  chancellor  shall  preside,  except  when  he 
cannot  sit  judicially;  and  in  such  cases,or  in  his  absence, 
the  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court ;  but  ii'  he  is  so 
disqualified  or  absent,  then  the  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  conunon  pleas  shall  preside  ;  and  it  he  is  so  dis- 
qualified or  absent,  then  the  next  eldest  judge,  ac- 
cording to  priority  in  date  of  commissions,  if  present, 
and  not  disqualified  as  aforesaid,  shall  preside.  This 
court  shall  have  power  to  issue  writs  of  error  to  the  su- 
preme court,  and  to  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  to 
receive  and  determine  appeals  from  interlocutory  or 
final  orders  or  decrees  of  the  chancellor.  Krrors  shall 
be  assigned,  and  causes  of  appeal  exhibited  in  writing, 
speedily,  and  citations  duly  served  on  adverse  parties. 

§  2.  Upon  the  reversal  of  a  judgment  of  the  supreiBe 
court,  or  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  or  a  decree  of 
the  chancellor,  this  court  shall  respectively  render  such 
judgment,  or  pass  such  decree,  as  the  supreme  court,  or 
the  court  of  common  jileas,  or  the  chancellor,  ought  to 
have  rendered  or  passed,  except  where  the  reversal  is  iu 
favour  of  the  plaintifl'  or  petitioner  in  the  original  suit, 
and  the  damages  to  be  assessed,  or  the  matters  to  be  de- 
creed, are  uncertain.  In  any  of  which  cases,  the  causes 
shall  be  remanded,  in  order  to  a  final  decision. 

§  3.  The  judges  of  this  court  may  issue  all  process  pro- 
per for  bringing  records  fully  before  them,  and  for  car- 
rying their  determinations  into  execution. 

AHTICLE  8. 

5  1.  The  members  of  the  senate  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, the  chancellor,  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  the  attorney 
general,  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  conservators 
of  the  peace  thi-cughout  the  state ;  and  the  treasurer,  se- 
cretary, clerks  of  the  supreme  court,  jirothonotaries,  re- 
gisters, recorders, sheriffs,  and  coroneis,  shall, by  virtue 
of  their  offiees,be  conservators  thereof,  within  the  coun- 
ties respectively  in  which  they  reside. 

§  2.  The  iepresentative,and  when  there  shall  be  more 
than  one,  the  representativt  s,  of  the  people  of  this  state 
in  congress,  shall  be  voted  for  at  the  same  places  where 
representatives  in  the  state  legislature  are  votedfor,and 
in  thesarae  rcanner.   . 

§3.  The  state  treasurer  shall  be  appointed  annually 
by  the  house  of  representatives,  with  the  concurrence  of 
the  senate.  No  person  who  hath  served  in  the  office  of 
state  treasurer,  shall  be  efigihle  to  a  seat  in  either  house 
of  the  legislaiure,  until  he  shall  have  made  a  final  settle- 
ment of  his  accounts  as  treasurer,  and  discharged  the  ba- 
l.tnce,  if  any,  thereon  due. 

§  4.  Two  pci-sons  for  the  office  of  sheriff,  and  two  for 
the  office  ol^  coroner,  shall  be  chosen  by  the  citizens  re- 
siding in  each  county,  and  having  right  to  vote  for  re- 
pix-sentalives,  at  the  time  .and  places  of  election  of  re- 


CONSTITL  riON  OF  DF.LAWAIJL'.. 


prciontativcs,  one  of  \\  Iiom,  for  each  oftice  respectively, 
shall  he  appointed  hy  the  ffovenior.  They  shall  hold 
their  oflices  for  three  years,  if  so  loiif:  they  shall  behave 
themselves  well,  and  until  successors  be  duly  (jiialifiid  ; 
but  no  person  shall  be  twice  appointed  shentf,  upon 
election  by  the  citizens,  in  any  temi  of  six  years.  The 
governor  shall  fill  vacancies  in  these  offices  by  new  n\>- 
pointraents,  to  continue  unto  the  next  tjeneral  election, 
and  until  successors  shall  be  chosen  and  duly  qualified. 
The  legislature,  two-tliirds  of  each  branch  concurring, 
may,  when  it  shall  be  judged  expedient,  vest  the  ap- 
pointment of  sheriffs  and  corouei-s  in  the  ejovemor;  but 
no  person  shall  be  twice  appointed  sheritt,  in  any  term 
of  six  years. 

$  5.  TheattorneygeneraI,clerksof  tliesupremecourt, 
prothonotaries,  registers,  clerks  of  the  ori)Uans'  courts 
and  of  the  peace,  sliall  respectively  be  commissioned  for 
five  years,  if  so  lonRthey  shall  behave  themselves  well ; 
but  may  be  removed  by  th<'  governor  within  that  time, 
on  conviction  of  misbiliaviouv  in  office,  or  on  the  ad- 
dress of  botli  houses  of  the  le.^islature.  Prothonotaries, 
clerks  of  the  supreme  court,  of  the  orphans'  courts,  re- 
psters,  recorders,  and  sheriffs,  shall  keep  their  offices  in 
the  town  or  place  in  each  county  in  which  the  supreme 
court  and  the  court  of  common  jileas  are  usually  held. 

}  6.  Attorneys  at  law,  all  inferior  offices  in  the  treasu- 
ry department,elee(ionofficers,offieers  relating  to  tdlks, 
to  the  poor,  and  to  the  liighways,  constables  and  hun- 
dred officers,  shall  be  appointed  in  such  manner  as  is  or 
may  be  directed  by  law. 

J  7.  All  salai-ies  and  fees  annexed  to  offices  shall  be 
moderate;  and  no  officer  shall  receive  any  fees  whatever, 
without  fjiving;  to  the  person  who  pays,  a  receipt  for 
them,  if  required,  therein  specifvin<j  every  particular, 
-and  the  charge  for  it. 

§  8.  No  costs  shall  be  paid  by  a  person  accused,  on  a 
bill  heing  returned  ignoramus  ;  nor  an  acquittal  by  a 
jur5>  unless  a  raajoritj'  of  the  judges  present  at  the  trial, 
certify  that  there  was  probaljle  cause  for  the  prosecu- 
tion. 

§9.  The  rights,  privileges,  immunities,  and  estates  of 
religious  societies  and  corporate  bodies,  shall  remain  as 
if  the  constitution  of  this  state  had  not  been  altered.  No 
clergj-man  or  preacher  of  the  gospel,  of  any  denomina- 
tion, shall  he  capable  of  holding  any  ciWl  office  in  this 
state,  or  of  being  a  member  of  either  branch  of  the  legis- 
lature, while  he  continues  in  the  exercise  of  the  iiastoral 
or  clerical  functions. 

5  10.  All  the  laws  of  this  state,  existing  at  tlie  time  of 
making  this  constitution,  and  not  inconsistent  with  it, 
shall  remain  in  force,  unless  they  shall  be  altered  by  fu- 
ture laws  ;  and  all  actions  ar.d  prosecutions  now  pend- 
ing, shall  proceed  as  if  this  constitution  had  not  been 
made. 

}  11.  This  constitution  shall  be  prefixed  to  every  edi- 
tion of  the  laws  made  by  direction  of  the  legislature. 

J  12.  The  legislature  sliall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may 
be,  provide  by  law  for  ascertaining  what  statutes  anil 
parts  of  statutes  shall  continue  to  be  in  iorce  within  this 
state  ;  for  reducing  them  and  all  acts  of  the  general  as- 
sembly, into  such  order,  and  publishing  them  in  such 
manner,  that  thereby  flie  knowledge  of  them  may  be 
generally  diffused;  for  choosing  inspectors  and  judges 
of  elections,  and  regulating  the  same,  in  such  rnamier 
as  shall  most  effectually  guard  the  rights  of  the  citizens 
entitled  to  vote;  for  bitter  seen  ring  pei-sona!  liberty , and 
easily  and  speedily  redressing  all  wrongful  restraints 
thereof;  for  more  certainly  obtaining  returns  of  impar- 
tial juries;  for  dividinjj  lands  and  tenements  in  sales  by 
shenffs,  where  they  will  he^r  a  division,  into  as  many 
parcels  as  maybe,  without  spoiling  the  whole,  and  for 
advertising  and  making  the  sales,  in  such  manner  and  at 
such  times  and  nl.ices,  as  may  render  them  most  benefi- 
cial to  all  persons  concerned;  and  for  establishing  schools, 
and  promoting  arts  and  sciences. 

ARTICLK  9. 
Members  of  the  general  assembly,  and  all  officers,  ex- 
ecutive and  judicial,  shall  be  hound,  by  oath  or  affirma- 
tion, to  support  the  constitution  ofthis  state,  and  to  per- 
fonn  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  with  fideliry. 

AHTICLB  10. 
The  general  assembly,  whenever  two-thirds  of  each 
house  shall  deem  it  necessary,  mny,  with  the  approbation 
of  the  governor,  propose  amenilVneuts  to  this  constitu- 
tion, and  at  least  three,  and  not  more  than  six  months, 
before  the  next  general  election  of  npresenlalivi  s,  diilv 
publish  them  in  print,  for  the  co?isideration  of  the  p  o- 
ple;  and,  if  three-fouilhs  of  each  branch  of  the  IcjislatuiB 


shall,  after  such  an  election,  and  before  another,  ratify 
the  same  amendments,  they  shall  he  valid  to  all  intents 
and  piiiposes,as  parts  oi'this  constitution.  No  convention 
shall  be  called  but  by  the  authority  of  thi  people  ;  and 
an  unexceptionable  modeof  making  their  sense  known, 
will  be  forthera,at  a  general  election  of  representatives, 
to  vote  also,  by  ballot,  _/i/)' or  against  a  convention,  as 
theyshall  severally  choose  to  do;  and  if,thereupon,it  shall 
appear,  that  a  majority  of  all  the  citizens  in  the  state, 
having  right  to  vote  for  representatives,  have  voted  for 
a  convention,  the  general  assembly  shall,  accordingly.at 
their  next  sessions,  call  a  convention,  to  consist  at  least 
of  as  many  members  as  there  are  in  both  houses  of  the 
legislature,  to  he  chosen  in  the  same  manner,  at  the 
same  places,  and  at  the  same  time,  tliat  representatives 
are.  by  the  citizens  entitled  to  vote  for  ivpresentatives, 
on  due  notice  given  for  one  month,  and  to  meet  within 
three  months  after  they  shall  be  elected. 

SCHEDULE. 

That  no  inconveniences  may  arise  fro mdie  aUeraiiont  of 
the  constitution  of  this  state,  and  in  ortkr  to  carry  the 
same  into  complete  operation,  it  is  heredy  declared  antt 
ordained: 

§  1.  That  the  president,  or,  in  case  of  his  death,  inabi- 
lity, or  absence  from  the  state,  the  speaker  of  the  legis- 
lative council,  at  that  time,  and  in  case  of  his  death,  in- 
ability, or  absence  from  the  state,  I  he  speaker  of  the 
house  of  assembly,  at  that  time,  shall  respectively,  with 
the  privy  council,  exercise  the  executive  authority  of 
this  state,  until  the  third  Tuesday  in  January  next.  If 
the  death,  inability,  or  absence  of  the  president,  shall 
happen  after  the  first  Tuesday  of  next  October,  and  be- 
fore the  fii-st  Tuesday  in  next  January,  then  the  execu- 
tive authority  shall  devolve  upon  the  person  who  was 
speaker  of  the  council  at  the  next  ])receding  session  of 
the  general  assembly ;  and  in  case  of  his  deatii,  inability, 
or  absence,  upon  th  e  person  who  was  speaker  of  the  house 
of  assembly  at  the  said  next  preceding  session. 

J  2.  TlL-it  all  persons  holding  offices  to  which,  under 
this  constitution,  appointments  are  to  be  made  by  the 
governor,  shall  continue  in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  of 
their  respective  officts,  until  the  first  Tuesday  of  Octo- 
ber, one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-three,  un- 
less their  commissions  shall  sooner  expire  by  their  own 
limitations,  or  the  said  offices  shall  become' vacant  by 
death  or  resignation,  and  no  longer,  unless  rc-appointea 
and  comiiiissihned  by  the  governor. 

§  3,  That  justice  shall  be  administered  in  tlie  several 
counties  of  this  state,  until  the  period  last  mentioned, 
hy  the  same  justices,  in  the  same  courts,  and  in  the  same 
manner,  as  heretofore. 

6  4.  That  the  sheriffs  elected  at  October  next  shall 
hold  their  respective  commissions  two  yeai-s,  and  no  long- 
er, from  that  time,  or  until  new  sheriffs  are  elected  and 
appointed  ;  and  such  persons  shall  not  he  again  eligible 
until  the  expiration  ofthree  years  after  their  commissions 
ctase. 

J  5.  That  the  elections  of  governor,  senaloi-s,  and  re- 
presentatives, shall  be  conducted  by  the  same  persons, 
and  in  thi-  same  manner  as  is  prescribed  by  the  election 
laws  of  this  state,  concerning  the  election  of  members 
of  the  couneil,  and  of  the  house  of  assembly ;  and  the  re- 
turns then  of  shall  be  made  respectively  to  the  person 
exercising  the  executive  authority,  to  the  senate,  and  t» 
the  house  of  representatives. 

}  6,  The  first  meeting  of  the  legislature,  under  this 
constitution,  shall  be  at  the  town  of  Dover. 
Done  in  convention,  the  tw-lfih  day  of  June,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousai:d  seven  liundred  and 
ninety-two,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States  of  Air.erica  the  sixtef  nth.  In  testimony  where- 
of, we  have  hereunto  subsci  ibed  our  names. 

THOMAS  MONTGOMERY,  President. 
.Tohn  Dickinson,  Robert  Coram, 

Robert  Armstrong,  Kensiy  Johns, 

Edward  Roche,  Nicholas  Ridgely, 

William  Johnson,  John  Clayton, 

Robert  Uaughey,  Thomas  White, 

George  Monroe,  Maiilove  Emerson, 

James  Morris,  George  Mitchell, 

Richard  Basset,  John  W.  Batson, 

Benjamin  Dill,  Rhoads  Shankland, 

Henry  MoUiston,  Isaac  Beaucliamp, 

Andrew  Han-att,  Daniel  Polk. 

Isaac  Cooper,' 

Attest. 

James  Booth,  Secretari', 


4S 


COxVSTITUTION  OF  ^MARYLAND. 
AMENDMENT. 


adjusting  and  settling;  executors,  adiniiiislralors,  am 

.         .  J        ,        t    «,j    CT  guardians' accounts,  in  which  case  he  shall  have  an  ap 

The  follou-tfig  section  7va.;  adoflterl  on  the  22rf  ■;/  January    „^.^]^^^.  jurisilietion  from  the  sentence  and  decree  of  thi 


and  51  h  of  February,  1802,  in  lieu  of  the  15th  section  of 
the  6th  article  of  the  constitution : 


register:    This  coui't  may  issue  process  tbronghout  the 
state  to  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses.    Appeals 


5  15.  The  chancellor  shall  compose  the  orphans'  court  may  be  made  from  the  orphans'  court,  in  cases  where 
of  each  county.and  exercise  tlieequltyjtirisdictionhere-  that  court  1ms  original  jurisdiction,  to  tiicsupreniecourt, 
tofore  exercised  by  the  orphans'  court,  except  as  to  the    whose  decision  sliail  be  final. 


CONSTl  i  UTIO]S"  OF  MARYLAND. 


The  Declaration  of  Eights  and  the  Constitution  and  Form  of  Government 
of  the  state  of  Mar ij land. 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  IlIGHTS. 

THE  parliament  of  Great  Britain,  by  a  declaratory 
act,  having  assumed  a  right  to  make  laws  to  bind  the  co- 
lonies in  all  cases  whatsoever,  and  in  pursuance  of  such 
claim,  endeavoured,  by  force  of  arms,  to  subjugate  the 
united  colonies  to  an  unconditional  submission  to  their 
will  and  power,  and  having  at  length  cemstrained  them 
to  declare  themselves  independent  states,  and  to  assume 
government  under  the  authority  of  the  people :— Thcre- 
fove. 

We,  tjie  delsgates  of  Maryland,  in  free  and  full  con- 
vention assembled,  taking  into  our  most  serious  consi- 
deration the  best  means  of  establishing  a  good  constitu- 
tion in  this  state,  for  the  sure  foundation  and  more  per- 
manent security  theieof.  declare  : 

1.  That  all  government  of  right  originates  from  the 
people, is  founded  in  compact  only, and  instituted  solely 
for  the  good  of  the  whole. 

2.  That  the  people  of  this  state  ought  to  have  the  sole 
and  exclusive  right  of  regulating  the  internal  govern- 
ment and  police  thereof, 

3.  That  the  i-habitants  of  Maryland  are  entitled  to  the 
common  law  of  England,  and  the  trial  by  jury,  accord- 
ing to  the  course  of  that  law^,and  to  the  benefit  of  such 
of  the  English  statutes,  as  existed  at  the  time  of  their 
first  emigration,  and  which,  by  experience,  have  been 
found  applicable  to  their  local  and  other  circumstances, 
and  of  such  others  as  have  been  since  made  in  England, 
or  Great  Britain,  and  have  been  introduced,  used,  and 
practised  by  the  courts  of  law  or  equity ;  and  also  t;>  all 
acts  of  assembly,  in  force  on  the  first  of  June,  seventeen 
lunidred  and  seventy-fom-,  excsjit  such  a»  may  have 
since  expired,  or  have  been,  or  may  be,  altered  by  acts 
of  convention,  or  this  declaration  of  rights— subject,  ne- 
vertheless, to  the  revision  of,  and  amendment  or  repeal 
bv,  the  legislature  of  this  state:  and  the  inhabitants  of 
Hi.^ryland  are  also  entitled  to  all  property  derived  to 
Ihem  from  or  under  the  charter  granted  by  his  majesty 
Charles  I.  to  Caicilius  Calvert,  baron  of  Baltimore. 

4.  That  all  persons  invested  with  the  legislative  or 
executive  powers  of  government,  are  the  trusfet  s  of  the 
publie,  and,  as  such,  nccountable  for  their  eondflct ; 
wherefore,  wiienever  the  ends  of  government  are  per- 
verted, and  the  public  liberty  manifestly  endangered, 
.tiid  all  other  means  of  redress  are  ineffectual,  the  people 
may,  and  of  right  ought  to,  reform  the  old,  or  estiihlish 
a  new  government.  1  he  doctrine  of  non-resistance 
against  arbitrary  power  and  oppressionisabsurd, slavish, 
and  destructive' of  the  good  and  hapjiiness  of  mankind. 

5.  That  the  right,  in  the  people,  to  participate  in  the 
Iegisiaturc,is  the  best  security  of  li!)erty,  and  the  found- 
ation of  all  free  government ;  for  this  purpose,  elections 
ought  to  be  free  and  frequent,  and  every  man  having 
property  in,  a  common  inf-rcst  with,  and  an  attachment 
to,  the  community,  ought  to  have  a  right  of  suft'rage. 

6.  That  the  legislalivc,exeei;tive,and  judicial  powers 
of  government, ought  tobeforever  separate  anddistinct 
frsim  each  other. 

7.  That  no  powerof  suspending  laws  or  the  execution 
of  laws,  unless  by,  or  derived  tTom,  the  legislature,ouglit 
to  be  exercised  or  allowed. 

•Such  parts  of  the  original  constitution, or  the  amend- 
ments thereto,  as  have  been  altered  or  abolished,  areen- 
-iosi  <!  in  brai;Lets. 


8.  Ihat  freedom  of  speech  and  debate,  or  proceedings, 
in  the  legislature,  ought  not  to  be  impeaclied  in  any  othe  r 
court  of  judicature. 

9.  That  a  place  for  the  meeting  of  the  legislaturt; 
ought  to  be  fixed,  the  most  convenient  to  the  members 
thereof,  and  to  the  depositoryof  public  records  ;  and  the 
legislature  ought  not  to  be  convened  orheld  at  any  other 
place,  but  from  evident  necessity. 

10.  That. for  redress  of  grievances,  and  fur  amending, 
strengthening,  and  presi-rving  the  laws,  the  legislature 
ought  to  be  frequently  convened. 

11.  That  every  man  hath  a  right  to  petition  the  legis- 
lature, for  the  redress  of  grievances,  In  a  peaceable  and 
orderly  manner. 

12.  That  no  aid,  charge,  tax,  burthen,  fee  or  fees,  ought 
to  be  set,  rated,  or  levied,  under  any  pretence,  without 
consent  of  the  legislature. 

13.  That  the  levying  taxes  bj-  the  poll  is  grievous  and 
oppressive,  and  ought  to  be  abolished:  that  paupers  ought 
not  to  beasses-id  for  the  support  of  govtrnraent :  but  eve- 
ry other  person  in  the  state  ought  to  contribute  his  pro- 
portion of  public  taxes,  for  the  support  of  government, 
according  to  his  actual  worth,  in  real  or  personal  pro- 
perty, within  the  sttite;  yet  fines,  duties,  or  taxes,  may 
properly  and  justly  be  imposed  or  laid,  with  political  ; 
vieft ,  for  the  good  government  and  benefit  of  the  com- 
munity. 

14.  That  sanguinaiy  laws  ought  to  be  avoided,  as  far 
as  is  consistent  with  the  safety  of  the  state;  and  no  law  to 
inflict  cruel  and  unusual  pains  and  penalties  ought  tube 
made  in  any  case,  or  at  any  time  hereafter.  i 

15.  I'hat  retrospective  laws,  punishing  facts  commit- 
ted before  the  existt  nee  of  such  laws,  and  by  them  oidy     ; 
dt-clared  criminal,  are  oppressive,  unjust,  and  incompa-     . 
tible  with  liberty;  wherefore, r.ofjrpojt /arte law  ought 

to  be  njade. 

16.  I'hat  no  law  to  attaint  particular  persons  of  trea- 
son or  felony,  ought  to  be  made  in  any  «ase,  or  at  an;' 
time  hereafter. 

17.  That  evci-y  freeman,  for  any  injury  done  him  in 
his  person  or  property,  ought  to  have  remedy,  by  the 
course  of  the  law  of  the  land,  andought  to  have  justice 
and  right, freely,  without  sale,  fully,  w  ithout  any  denial, 
!-.nd  spe.  dily,  W'ithout  delay,  accortling  to  the  law  of  tlie 
land. 

18.  That  the  trial  of  facts  where  the}- arise  is  one  of  ■ 
the  greatest  securities  of  the  lives,  liberties,  and  estates  -. 
of  the  people.  t 

19.  That, in  all  criminal  prnsecutions,every  man  hath 
a  right  to  be  informed  of  the  accusation  against  him;  to 
have  a  eopyof  the  indictment  or  charge  in  due  time  (if 
required)  to  prepareforhis  defencci  to beallowed coun- 
sel ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to 
have  process  for  his  witnesses ;  to  examine  the  witnesses 
(brand  against  him,  on  oath;  and  to  a  speedy  trial  by  an 
impartial  jury,  without  whose  unanimous  consent  he 
ought  not  "to  be  found  guilty. 

20.  That  no  man  ought  tii  be  cijnipelled  to  give  evi- 
dence against  himself,  in  a  court  of  common  law,  or  in     ; 
any  other  court,  hut  in  such  cases  as  have  been  tisually 
])i-:i'jl:sid  in  this  state,  or  may  hereafter  be  directed  by     i 
the  legisiatuiv.  .  J 

21.  That  no  freeman  ought  to  be  taken,  or  impnson-  j 
ed,  or  disseized  of  his  freehold,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or  ] 
oui!a\\  '.-d  ,or  exiled,,  or  laanv  manner  destroyed,  cr  dc- 


j>nreH  of  his  life,  liberty,  or  jiroperty,  but  by  tiic;  judg-  co-jrt  of  t.ijs  present  ycp.r.  to  he  hi  '<!  for  the  county  m 
jmeistof  his  peers,  or  hy  the  law  of  thelaii:!.                     •nhieh  liii  parish  simll  lie.  or  partly  li<'.  or  for  such  time 

22.  That  excessive  bail  ought  not  to  he  ivquired,  Ti')i'  as  he  liath  remained  iu, his' parish,  and  perSbrmed  hiS 
excessive  tines  imposid,  nor  cniel  or  luuisnal  jmnish-  (I'siy. 

meuis  indicted  hy  the  courts  of"  law.  .74.  That  every  ^'ifr.  sale  cr  <U  visf  eif  lands,  to  any  mi- 

23.  That  all  warrants,  without  oath  or  sftirmaiion^  to  nisler,  public  teacher,  or  preacher  of  the  jjospei,  as  sucl:. 
searoh  suspected  places,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  pro-  or  to  any  religious  sect,  order,  er  <!(noininat!on.  or  to  or 
perty, arc  prievoiis  and  oppressive;  Kiid'ail  freneral  •*■•■>--  fbrUie  support,  nse,  or  !>enefit  o!'.  or  in  trust  for. any 
•rants,  to  search  siisi)ecle(l  niaees,  or  to  apprehend. s;is-  minister,  public  teacher,  or  pi-eaehcrof  thep;ar.pel,  as 
pecti-d  pei-sniis,  without  na'inins:  or  dcseribiii"  the  place  such,  or  any  reli^jious  sei-t,  orilet,  or  denomination  ;  End 
or  the  person  in  special,  are  illegfal  and  ought  not  to  be  every  fjift  or  sale  of  priiiHls  or  chattels,  to  j;;o  in  succo?" 
S^rantcd.  sion,  cr  to  take  place  after  the  death  of  the  seller  or  do- 

24.  That  there  ou(?ht  to  he  no  f  jrfeiture  ofany  part  of  nor,  taor  fjr  such  support,  use,  orl-enffit,anil  also  fcv€- 
the  estat-,-  of  any  pei-son,  for  anv  crime  e>:pei>t  inur^n-,  n'  devisr-  of  ijomls  or  cliattels  to  or  for  the  suppoit.  lise, 
or  treason  a;^iinst  the  state,  and  then  onlv  in  conviction  or  be.;!  Sit  ■■fapy  ministlr,  public  teacher,or  pre atl.er  ol 
and  attainder.  tl:e  •;■''^;!'. '.  as  such,  or  any  religious  sect,  order,  or  deno- 

25.  That  a  well  regulated  militia  is  the  proner  and  na-  ni".  '■•''■•'..  ^  ithoi:t  ilie  leave  of  the  legislature,  shall  be 
tural  defence  of  a  free  government.                "                .  void,  i  \ei  :>!  ai«a)S  any  sale,  ccifl,  iease,  or  demise  of  any 

2r,.  Thatstan(iiuf:aru)iesaredantferoustoiiberly,and  quantity  of  latul  iiot  cxct-edin;;  t«o.acres,fora  cliirth, 

ought  not  to  be  raised  or  kept  up  without  the  consent  of  rheelinf:.  or  other  house  of  wcvship,  and  for  a  burjins 

the  legislature.                                                                    '  gr&tinil,  which  shall  be  improved,  enjoyed,  or  used  only 

27.   That,  in  all  casc^,  and  at  all  times,  tlie  military  for  such  purpose.orsuch  sale,gift,  lease,  ordevise.shall 

ought  to  be  under  strict  subordination  to,  and  control  of  be  voi'^. 

the  ciu I  power.  35.   That  no  other  test  or  qualificaiion  oitg^ht  to  be  rc« 

29.  Tliatnosoldicroughtto  be  quartered  in atiy  house  quired,  on  adini-sion  to  any  office  of  tmst  orprofit.ihan 

in  time  of  peace,  without  ihe  consent  of  the  owner :  and  such  oath  of  support  nud  fidelity  to  tiiis  state,  and  such 

in  time  of  war  in  such  manner  only  as  the  legislature  oath  of  office,  as  shall  be  directed  by  this  convention  or 

shall  direct.  th^'  hipslarure  of  this  ftate,  and  a  decia.ation  of  a  belief 

29.  'J  hat  no  person,  evocpt  regular  soldiers,  marinci?',  in  the  Christian  rSIig.on. 

and  marinei-s  in  the  service  of  this  state,  or  militia  «  hen  35.  That  '.he  niainier  of  administering  an  oath  to  any 

in  actual  service,  ought  in  any  case  to  be  subject  to.  or  person  ought  to  bc-such  as  those  of  the  religious  persr.a- 

punishable  by,  raartiai  law.  sion,  prolV  ssion,  or  denomination,  of  w  hieb  such  pirvon 

30.  Thatthe  inde|)er>de'.iCYand  uprightness  of  fudges  is  one,  generally  estet  to  the  most  efTictual  contirmalion 
are  essential  to  the  impartia!  aduiinistration  of  justice,  by  tiK-  attestation  of  ihe  Divine  Keing;  and  that  tliepeo- 

^anda  great  seeuritv  to"  the  r^giits  and  lilK-rties '  of  the  piecalltd  ri;aker3,ihose  cahed  iui:ker;,andihosecalled 

jM-ople;  \vhe;-efor(,theeiiancvllorand  judges  ought  to  nienooisJs,  holding  it  unlawrul  to  take  an  oath  on  any 

hold  commissions  during  <r<'od  beh.avioiir;  and  the  said  cceasinn,  <;iight  to  bf  a'lowed  to  make  tiieir  solemn  af- 

chancelior  and  judges  shail  be  removed  foi  niisbeha-  formation  in  the  manner  that  qr.akers  have  br-en  hereto- 

viour,  on  conviction  in  a  court  of  law,  and  mav  be  re-  'ore  allowed  to  afrirm  ;  and  to  be  of  the  same  avail  as  an 

moved  by  the  governor,  upon  th'-  address  of  tiK'  general  oaih  in  all  such  cases  as  the  :;ffir!i;ation  of  quakcrs  liath 

assembly  ;  provided,  that  two-thirds  of  all  tlie  isembers  been  allowed  and  accepted  within  this  state  instead  of 

of  each  h'luse  concur  in  s'leh  address.    That  salaries,  !i-  »n  oaib.     And  further,  on  such  afiirrjiation,  warrants 

beral.  hut  not  profuse,  ought  to  bo  secured  to  the  char-  to  search  for  stolen  goods,  or  the  apprehension  or  com- 

cellor  and  the  judges  during  the  continuance* of  their  raitment  of  olfemleis.  ought  to  be  granted,  or  security 

coinmissions.  in  such  manner,  and  at  such  times,  as  the  for  the  peace  awarded,  an  1  quakers.  tur.kers.  or  menii- 
legishiture  shall  hereafter  direct,  upon  cmisideiation  of   nists,  ought  also,  on  their  solemn  animation  aforesaid, 

the  circumstances  of  this  state.    No  chancellor  or  jsidge  to  be  admitted  as  witnesses  in  all  criminal  cases  [notca- 

ou^nt  to  hold  any  other  ofnce,  civil  or  militar)-,  or  re-  ^j..,!  i 

eeivefeesorperquisiu-sofanyhii-.d.   _  •*  37.'  That  the  city  of  Annapolis  ought  to  have  all  its 


rights,  priviliges,  and  benefits  agreeable  to  its  charter 
aiid  lite  acts  of  assembly  confirmiiig  and  reguhiting  th© 
sninp.  subject,  nevrri'ieless,  to  such  alterations  as  may 
be  niaile  by  this  c'onve:ition  or  any  future  legislature. 

j8.  That  the  lilxrty  of  the  pre^s  ought  to  be  inviola- 
bl  y  priserv'od. 

30.  That  monopolies  .nr?  odious,  contrary  to  the  spi- 
rit of  a  free  govern;!!ei)t,  and  t.he  piinciples  of  com- 


31.  That  a  longcoiitiutinnce  in  the  first  e?i;ee!itive  de- 
partment of  powvr  or  trust,  is  dangerous  to  liberty;  a  ro- 
tation,thert-roi-e,in  thfiSe  dtpr.rtineius.  Is  one  of  the  best 
jseeiirities  of  permanent  fivcdoin. 

32.  That  no  person  oi'.ght  to  bold,  at  tlie  same  time, 
more  than  otie  office  of  pKilit,  nor  ought  any  person  in 
public  trust  to  receive  any  present  IVum  any  foreign 
prince  or  state,  or  fro'n  the  United  States,  or  any  of 
them,  without  the  appro'iarion  of  this  state.  '  ,        ,  ,        ,i.      , 

33.  That.asitistheduiyofeverymnntowoiviipGod    merce,  and  onpht  not  tu  l,e  suf.eivd,         ^ 
in  such  manner  ns  he  ihinks  most  acceptable  to  hitn,  all       '*''•  '  ^  ''^'  ""  ""'' '."  ""'""*>'•  "^  hereditary  honours, 
persons  prons^ing  the  fhvistian  ivligion  are  enuaJly  cr-    o"R''t  'o  be  grantctl  im  this  state. 
-■■'-•-  .      ■      . ■.        -  41.  Tl!.!t  the  snhsi'iiiiig  resolves  of  this  and  the  Severn! 

conventi'ms  held  for  this  colony,  oitght  to  be  in  firce  as 
laws,  iiiiless  altevetl  by  ijiis  convention,  cr  the  legisla- 
ture of  this  state. 

4.',.  That  this  declarr; (ion  of  rights,  or  the  form  of  ge» 

vrmnen,  to  be  established  by  this  con' entiim,  or  any 

lity,  or  injure  others  in  thiir  natural,  eivji.  or  i-eligious'  )>art  of  eiihf  v  ■.rthem.ouglit  not  tn  lie  altered,  changrrti 

rights:  nor  ought  r.ny  person  to  be  compelled  to  (re-    or  abolish- d  by  the  legislature  of  this  si^ite,  but  in  such 


titled  to  protection  in  tlif  ir  religious  liberty  ;  w  herefbre, 
no  person  oii;.;ht  by  any  'aw  t<i  be  moh  stcd'  in  Itis  jierson 
(•r  estate,  on  sceo'uiit  of  his  re!igioi;s  persuasion  iisj;ro- 
fi-sMon,  or  for  his  religiotts  7iraetice  •  iiiiless,  underdlpFni;' 
of  religion,  any  man  shali  disturb  the  g.iod  order,  neac.., 
or  saf.ty  of  the  stale,  or  shall  iiffringe  the  laws  c)fn;o:-a- 


«jiunr  nr  maiuttiin,  or  contribute,  unh  cs  on  enntract,  tn 
maintain  any  iiarlic'iiar  place  of  worship  oraiiyparii- 
euiar  ministi'y :  [yet  the  It  gisiatlire  may.  in  their  d'i•:e;•^■- 
fion,  lay  a  gi-neral  and  eqtial  tax  for  the  stipjiorl  of  the 
Christian  religion ;  having  to  each  inili-.  idual  the  puwtT 
of  appointing  the  payment  over  of  the  ii.oney.  collected 
from  hini.  to  the  suppoit  ofany  ;)ai  tieiiar  plaeeof  wor- 
ship or  minister,  or  fiir  tlie  benefit  of  the  | 


ranni-ras  this  cor.vpn'ion  ^ball  pvrscribeand  direct. 
Thistlfelai-ation  of  righ's  was  assented  to  and  passedj 
in  convention  of  the  delegates  of  the •  freemen  oS' 
jNfarvland,  besrnn  and  held  at  Annapolis,  the  14tU 
day  of  Aug«>t.  A.  V>.  1776. 

By  order  of  the  convention  : 

.MAT.  TILGH.MAN,  PreiK 


•  poor  of  hisowii 
denoaitnatiim,  or  the  jir.or  in  geni'i-ai  of  any  paiticular 
county :  |  but  the  ehiu'cliLs  chapi'h,  g.'i  bi-s,  and  all  other 
properly,  now  belonging  to  the  t'liurch  of  Kngiand, 
ought  to  remarti  to  the  Church  of  England  for  •.-vc-r. 
And  all  acts  of  assembly  lately  pas;rd,  for  collecting 
Tnone5-s  for  building  or  repairing  p!»i-tieular  churches  or 
chapeln  of  ease,  shall  eontiniieiu  force.and  In- executed, 
unless  the  iegislaiiiresliall.  by  not.  sup;  isede  or  repeal 
the  same:  '  .... 

of  tolmccL, -.,...,_ „ ..,.,......- 

tion  of  any  vestry-men  or  church-ward'-ns ;  and  every  county  in  which  they  offer  to  vote,  and  residing  therein, 
inrumb-.-nt  of  the  Church  of  England, 'vho  hath  remain-  »"<'  '•'"  freemt-n  having  property  in  this  state  above  the 
ed  in  his  parish,  and  perlin-iued  his  duty,shall  be  entitled  value  of  thirty  luiunds  cun-eiit  ironcy,  and  having  rpi 
to  receive  the  provision  and  support  established  by  tlie  sided  in  the  county  in  w  liich  they  oiler  to  vote  one  whole 
act  entitled  "an  act  for  the  supjiort  of  the  clergy  of  the  year  next  preceding  the  election,  shall  have  a  right  of" 
C]iur«Uof  jT.ijs'lijnd  in  this  pn", .ice,"  till  the  Xo'vember    sulTra^c  in  the  e'cttioti  of  delegates  for  such  eo'int'  ; 


t:i::  cnNr.TiTUTiON^  axd  Foii?r  of  GOVE^:^f-. 

3IF.NT. 

1.  That  the  legislalure  consist  of  t^vo  distinct  branch» 
PS,  a  senate  and  house  of  delegates,  w  hich  shall  be  styled^ 
lh^•  gencial  Hssei.ibly  of  Marj  laud. 

2.  I'hat  th;-  house  of  delegates  shall  be  chosen  in  th& 


he  iegiilaii.re  shall,  by  not.  sup;  isede  or  repeal  ,  ^  1  hat  th;-  hnus,r  tit  delegates  shall  be  chosen  m  tli& 
e:  but  no  eountv  court  slniil  .assess  any  qua:'tity  f<>l'<'«ingm»nner:  all  freemen  t«hove  t\yenty-oneyear^ 
ceo,  or  Slim  c-f  inoiiev,  hen  after,  on  iheapplici--    f**'  "!?'■>  ''nv'ng  a  freehold  ot  fifty  acres  of  land  in  the 


CONS  TfTUlIOX  OF  .MARYLAND. 


and  all  freemen  so]  (iiiaUfKil  shall,  on  thc'fiist  Monday 
of  October,  seventeen  Iniadred  and  seventy-seven,  and^ 
on  the  sameduy  in  every  year  thereafter,  assemble  in 
the  eouniiis  in  wliicli  they  are  respectively  qualified  to 
voff,  [at  rhe  court  house  in  the  saiA  counties,  or  at  such 
other  pbec-  as  the  legislaiu'.v  shall  direct;]  and,  when 
asien;bl;d,  they  shall  proceed  to  elvCt,  [viva  voce,]  four 
delet^ates  for  their  respective  countie  ,  of  the  most  wise, 
seniibJr  ,  atid  diseret-t  o','  tht-  ji'Ojdc,  resident  in  the 
county  wh  re  they  are  to■oeclill^tll  one  whole  year  next 
prec-dins;  the  elt'ction,  above  twenty  one  years  of  age, 
[and  having  in  thu  state  real  or  jx  rsoh;il  prop-  riy  above 
the  value  of  five  hundred  pounds  curri'nt  money  ;]  and 
upon  the  final  castiitg  of  the  polls,  the  tour  persons  who 
shall  appear  to  have  the  greatest  number  of  legal  votes, 
shall  be  declared  and  returned  duly  elected  for  their  re- 
spective county. 

3.  [That  th- sheriff  of  each  county,  or,  in  case  of  sick- 
ness, his  deputy,  (summoning  two  justices  of  the  coun- 
ty, who  are  reiiuirul  to  atteiul  lor  the  preservation  of 
the  peace)  shall  be  judge  of  the  election,  and  may  ad- 
journ from  day  to  day.  if  necessavy.tiU  the  same  be  finish- 
ed, so  that  the'  whole  election  shall  be  concluded  in  four 
days :  and  slial!  make  his  return  thereof,  undet'  his  hand, 
to  the  chauet  Ilor  of  this  state  for  tlie  time  being.] 

4.  That  l11  persons,  qualified  by  the  charter  of  the 
city  of  Ai;ii"polis  to  vote  tor  burgesses,  shall,  on  the 
same  first  Mo. .day  of  October,  seventeen  hundred  and 
seventy.Etve;i,  and  on  the  same  day  in  every  vear  for 
ever  tin  reafter, elect,  Ivivn  von;]  by  a  majority  of  vo;es, 
two  delegates,  qualified  agreeable  to  the  said  charter; 
[that  the  mayor,  recorder,  ay.d  ;i'(ii.  riiien  of  the  sM  city, 
orany  ihrei;  of  th;  m,l>e  judges  id"  iht  election,  appo',i;t 
the  place  in  the  said  citv  tor  holdinc  the  same,  and  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  as  aforesaid  ;  and  sl.all  make 
return  thereof  as  ufai'  said  ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  the 
said  city  shall  not  br  enti;lid  to  vote  for  uelegates  for 
Anne-Arutidal  county,  tiuless  they  h.^ve  a  freehold  of 
fifty  acres  of  land  in  the  county,  distinct  from  the  city.] 

5'.  rhat  all  persons,  iidial-.itants  of  Baltimore  town, 
and  having  the  same  qualifications  as  electors  in  the 
county,  shall,  on  the  same  first  Monday  ot  Octohtr,  se- 
venteen hundred  and  sf-venty-seven.  and  on  the  saire 
day  in  every  year  (or  ever  thereafter,  [at  such  place  in 
the  saicl  town  as  the  judges  shall  appoint,]  elect,  [viva 
rwce.]  by  a  majority  ofvotes,  two  delegates,  [qualified  as 
aforesaid  ;]  but,  if  the. said  inhabitants  of  the  town  shall 
so  decrease,  as  that  the  numi-:er  of  per-ons  having  a 
right  of  suffrage  therein  shall  have  been,  for  the  si)ace 
of  seven  years  successively,  less  than  one  half  the  num- 
ber of  voters  in  some  one  county  in  this  state,  such  town 
shall  thenceforward  cease  to  send  two  delegates  or  re- 
j)resentntives  to  the  house  of  delegates,  until  the  said 
town  shall  have  one  half  of  the  number  of  voters  in 
some  one  county  in  this  stat'". 

6.  That  [the  commissioners  of  the  said  town,  or  any 
lhiccormoreofthtm,fc)rlhe  time  being,  shall  be  judges 
of  tJie  said  election,  and  may  adjourn  as  aforesaid,  and 
shall  make  return  thereof  as  aforesaid  ;  but]  (he  inha- 
bitants of  the  said  town  shall  not  be  entitled  to  vote 
for,  or  be  elected,  delegates  for  Baltimore  county  : 
neither  shall  the  inhabitants  of  Baltimore  county,  out 
of  the  limits  of  Baltimore  town,  be  entitled  to  vote  fur, 
or  be  elected,  delegates  for  the  said  town. 

7.  That,  on  refusal,  death,  disqualification,  resigna- 
tion, or  removal  otit  of  this  state,  of  any  delegate,  or  on 
his  becoming  governor  or  member  of  the  council. a  war- 
rant of  election  shall  issue  by  the  speaU.  r,  for  the  elec- 
tion of  another  in  his  place;  ot  which  ten  days'  notice 
at  the  least  (excluding  the  day  of  notice  and  the  day  of 
election)  shall  be  given. 

3.  That  not  less  than  a  majority  of  the  delegates,  with 
their  siieaker,  (to  be  chosen  by  them  by  ballot.)  consti- 
tute a  house  for  the  transaction  of  any  business,  other 
than  that  of  adjourning 

o.  That  the  house  of  delegates  shall  judge  of  the 
elections  and  qualifications  ofdelegaies. 

10.  That  the  house  of  delegates  may  originate  all  mo- 
ney bills,  propose  bilh  to  the  senatt,  or  receive  those 
offered  by  that  bod  ,  and  assent,  dissent,  or  propose 
amendments ;  that  they  may  inquire,  on  the  oath  of  wit- 
nesses, into  all  complaints,  grievances,  and  offences,  as 
tlie  grand  inque.st  of  this  state,  and  may  commit  any 
person,  for  any  crime,  to  the  public  jail,  there  to  re- 
inaiii  till  he  be  discharged  by  due  course  of  law.  They 
may  exp  1  any  member  for  a  gre:it  misdemeanor,  but 
ii'it  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause.  They  may  exa- 
11, -ne  and  pass  all  accounts  of  the  state,  relating  either 
ti)  the  collection  or  expenditure  of  the  revenue,  or  ap- 


point auditors  to  state  and  adjust  the  same.  Tliey  may 
call  for  all  public  or  official  papers  and  records,  anil 
send  for  persons  whom  they  may  judge  necessai-y  >n 
the  course  of  their  inquiries,  concerning  affairs  relating 
to  the  public  interest  ;  and  may  direct  all  office  bonds 
which  shall  be  made  payable  to  the  state,  to  be  sued  for 
any  breach  of  duty. 

il.  That  the  senate  may  be  at  full  and  perfect  liberty 
to  exercise  their  judgment  in  passing  laws  ;  and  that 
they  may  not  be  compelled  by  the  house  of  delegates, 
eitlier  to  reject  a  money  bill,  which  the  emergency  of 
aflairs  may  require,  or  to  assent  to  some  other  acts  of 
legislation,  in  their  conscience  and  judgment  injurious 
to  the  public-welfare,  the  house  of  delegates  shall  not, 
on  any  occasion,  or  under  any  pretence,  annex  to,  or 
blend  witii.a  money  bill,  any  matter,  clausje,  or  thing, 
not  immediately  relating  to,  and  necessary  for  the  im- 
pesing,  assessing,  levying,  or  applying  the  taxes  or  sup- 
plies to  be  raised  for  the  support  of  government,  or  tbt- 
current  expenses  of  tl-.e  state;  and  to  prevent  alterca- 
tion  about  such  bills,  it  is  declared,  that  no  bill  imposing 
duties  or  customs  for  the  mere  regulation  of  commerce, 
or  iniiicting  fines  for  the  reformation  of  morals,  or  to 
enforce  the  execution  of  the  laws,  by  which  an  inciden- 
tal revenue  may  arise,  shall  be  accounted  a  money  bill ; 
but  every  bill  assessing,  levying,  or  applying  taxes  or 
supplies  for  the  support  of  government  or  the  cut^ 
Kent  expenses  of  the  state,  or  appropriating  money  in 
the  treasury,  shall  be  deemed  a  m^ney  bill. 

12.  That  the  house  of  delegate*  may  punish,  by  im- 
prisonment, any  person,  who  shall  be  guilty  of  a  con- 
tempt, in  thsir  view,  by  any  disorderly  or  riotous  beha- 
viour, or  by  threats  to,  or  abuse  of,  thiir  members,  or  by 
any  olistruction  to  their  proceedings.  They  may  also 
punish,  by  imprisonment,  any  person  who  shall  be  guil- 
ty of  a  breach  of  privilege,  by  arresting  on  civil  process, 
or  by  asiaulling  any  of  their  members,  during  tlieir  sit- 
ting, or  on  their  way  to,  or  return  from,  the  heuse  of 
delegates,  or  by  any  assault  of,  or  obstruction  to  their 
officers,  in  the  execution  of  any  order  or  process,  or  by 
assaulting  or  obstructing  any  witness,  or  any  other  per- 
son, attending  on.  or  on  their  way  to  or  from  the  house, 
or  by  rescuing  any  person  committed  by  the  house:  and 
the  senate  may  exercise  the  same  power,  in  similar 
cases. 

13.  That  the  treasurers  (one  for  the  western,  and 
another  for  the  eastern  shore)  and  the  commissioners  of 

'  the  loan  office,  may  be  appointed  by  the  house  of  dele- 
gates, during  their  pleasure;  and,  in  case  of  a  refusal, 
death,  resignation,  disqualification,  or  removal  out  of 
the  state,  of  any  of  the  said  commissioners  or  treasurers, 
in  the  recess  ol  the  general  assembly,  the  governor,  w  Ith 
the  advice  of  the  council,  may  appoint  and  commission 
a  fit  and  projier  person  to  such  vacant  office,  to  hold 
the  same  until  the  meeting  of  the  next  general  assem- 
bly. 

1-1.  That  {he  sen.ite  he  chosen  in  the  following  man- 
ner: all  persons  quaiilied  [as  aforesaid.]  to  vote  for 
county  delegates,  sluH,  on  the  first  Monday  of  Septem- 
b-r,  1781,  and  on  the  s-.me  day  in  every  fifth  year  for 
everthereafter,eleet,  [riua  wficf.]  by  a  majority  of  votes, 
iwo  nersous  lor  their  respective  counties  (qualified  [as 
aforiftaid,]  to  be  elected  county  delegates)  to  be  electors 
of  the  senate:  [and  the  sheriff  of  each  county,  or,  in 
case  of  sickness,  his  deputy  (summoning  two  justices  of 
the  80unty,who  are  r  quired  to  attend,  fiir  the  preser- 
vution  of  peace)  shall  ho!d  and  b.  juilge  of  the  said  elec- 
tiim,  and  m.Tke  letnrn  thereol,  iis  aforesaid.]  And  all 
persons  qualified  [as  aforesaid]  to  vote  for  delegates  for 
the  city  of  Annapolis  and  Baltimore  town,  shall,  on  the 
same  first  Mond  ly  of  September,  17S1,  and  on  the  ?anie 
day,  in  every  fifth  yew  tor  ever  thereafter,  elect,  Iviva 
vore,]  by  a  majoriiy  ofvotes,  one  person  for  the  said  city 
and  town  respectively,  qualified  [as  aforesaid]  to  be 
elected  a  delegite  for  the  said  city  and  town  respec- 
tively ;  the  said  election  to  be  held  in  the  9-.>me  manner, 
as  the  election  of  d<  legates  for  the  said  city  and  town  ; 
the  right  to  elect  the  said  elector,  with  respect  to  Bal- 
timore town,  to  continue  as  long  as  the  right  to  elect 
delegiites  for  the  said  town. 

15.  That  the  said  electors  of  the  senate  meet  at  the 
city  of  Annapolis,  or  such,  other  place  as  shall  be  ap- 
pointed for  convening  the  legislature,  on  the  third  Mon- 
day in  Septembir,  1781,  and  on  the  same  day  in  every 
fifth  year  lijr  ever  th.ereafter,  and  they,  orany  twenty- 
four  of  them,  so  met,  shall  proceed  to  elect,  by  ballot, 
either  out  of  their  own  body,  or  the  people  at  large, 
fifteen  senators,  (nine  of  whom  to  be  residents  on  the 
western,  and  six  to  be  residents  on  the  eastern  shore.' 


coNsrn uTiox  or  Maryland. 


51 


men  ol'  tiie  most  wUilom,  experience,  and  virtue,  above 
twenty-live  years  of  age,  residcnis  of  the  state  above 
three  whole  years  nfxt  jirecedintj  the  election,  [and 
having  therein  ri  al  anil  pergonal  property,  above  the 
value  of  one  ihoiiiand  pound^  curnrit  money.] 

16.  That  tht-  senators  shall  be  balloted  for  at  one  and 
the  same  tinu-.anii  out  of  the  g.  ntlemen  residents  of  tlie 
western  shore,  wlio  shall  be  propo^'d  a?  senators,  thf 
nine  who  sh>ll,  on  strikiiij^  the  ballots,  appear  to  have 
the  greatest  nu.nbirsin  ilieiv  fiivoui',  sliall  be  actord- 
inglj  declared  and  returntd  duly  elected  ;  and  out  of 
the  gentk'inen,  residents  of  the  eastern  shore,  who  shall 
be  pr(.po%ed  :is  senators,  the  six  who  shall,  on  striking" 
the  balliits,  appear  to  have  the  gie  .test  numbers  in 
their  favour,  shull  be  accordingly  di  ciarrd  and  returned 
duly  ol'Cted  ;  and  if  two  or  mort ,  on  the  same  shore, 
shall  ha\e  an  equal  number  of  ballots  in  tluir  favour, 
by  uhich  the  choice  sh  ill  not  be  determined  on  the  first 
ballot,  then  the  electors  shall  Hg«in  haHot  hefor-  they 
separate,iii  which  they  shall  be  confiue<l  to  tbi'  pt  isons 
who  on  the  iirst  ballot  shall  have  had  an  equal  num- 
ber, and  they  who  shall  have  the  Rveatest  number  in 
their  favour  on  the  second  ballot,  shall  be  accordingly 
declared  and  retained  duly  elected  ;  and  if  the  whole 
number  should  not  thus  be  made  up,  because  of  an  cqua! 
number  on  thes-cond  hallot  still  being  in  favour  of  two 
or  more  persons,  then  the  election  shall  be  determined 
by  lot  between  those  who  have  equal  numbers  ;  «liich 
proceedings  of  the  electors  shall  be  certified  under  their 
hands,  and  returned  to  the  chancellor  for  the  time  be- 
ing. 

17.  That  the  electors  of  senators  shall  .judge  of  th.e 
qualifications  and  elections  of  members  of  their  boiiy  ; 
and  on  a  contested  eieelioii  shall  admit  to  a  seat,  as  an 
elector.such  qualified  person  as  sh-tll  appear  to  them  to 
have  the  gi'eatest  number  of  legal  votes  in  his  favour. 

i3.  That  the  electors,  immediately  on  their  meeting, 
and  before  they  proceed  t:>  the  election  of  senators,  take 
such  oath  of  support  and  fidelity  to  this  state.as  this  con- 
vention or  the  legislature  shall  direct,  and  also  an  oath 
"  to  elect  without  favour,  aiVection,  parliility,  or  pvejit- 
cice,  such  persons  fur  senit<)rs,as  they  in  their  judgment 
and  conscience  believe  best  qu.^.litied  for  the  office." 

19.  That,  ill  case  of  refusal,  death,  resignatiim,  dis- 
qualification, or  removal  out  of  this  state  of  any  senator, 
or  on  his  becoming  governor,  or  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, the  senate  shall,  iiumi  diatciy  thereupon,  or  at  their 
next  meeting  thereafter,  elect  by  ballot  (in  the  same 
manner  as  the  electors  are  above  directed  to  choose 
senators) another  in  his  pi  nee,  for  (he  residue  of  the  said 
terra  of  five  years. 

20.  That  not  less  than  a  majority  of  the  senate,  with 
their  president,  (io  be  chosen  by  them  by  ballot)  shall 
constitute  a  house  for  the  transacting  any  business  other 
than  that  of  adjourning. 

21.  That  the  senate  shall  judge  of  the  elections  and 
qualification  »'.'  senators. 

22.  That  the  senate  may  originate  any  other,  except 
money  bills,  to  which  their  assent  or  dissent  only  shall 
be  given:  and  nioy  receive  any  other  bills  from  the 
house  of  delegates,  and  assent,  dissent,  or  propose 
amendments. 

23.  that  the  general  assembly  meet  annually,  [on  the 
first  Monday  of  November,]  si.d,  if  necessary,  oftener.  ' 

24.  That  eaclihoiise  shall  appoint  its  own  officers, and 
settle  its  own  rules  of  proceeding. 

25.  That  a  person  of  wisdom,  experience,  and  virtue, 
shall  be  chosen  governor,  [on  the  second  Monday  of  No- 
vember, seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  and  on 
the  second  Monday  in  every  year  for  ever  thereafter.] 
by  the  joint  hallot  of  both  houses,  (to  be  taken  in  each 
house  respectively)  deposited  in  a  conference  room ; 
the  boxes  to  be  examined  by  a  joint  committee  of  both 
houses,  and  the  niimbf  rs  severally  reported,  that  the 
appointment  may  be  entered;  which  mode  of  taking  the 
joint  ballot  ol  both  houses  shall  be  adopted  in  all  cases. 
But  if  two  or  more  shall  have  an  equal  number  of  bal- 
lots in  their  favour,  by  which  the  choice  shall  not  be 
determined  on  the  first  bnllot,  then  a  second  ballot  shall 
be  taken,  which  shall  be  confined  to  the  persons  who 
on  the  first  hallot  shall  have  had  an  equal  number;  and 
if  the  ballots  should  again  be  equal  between  two  or 
more  persons,  then  the  election  of  the  governor  shall 
be  determined  liy  lot  between  those  who  have  equal 
numbers;  and  if  the  person  i  liosen  goVvinor  shall  die, 
resign,  remove  out  of  the  state,  or  refuse  to  act,  (sitting 
the  general  assembly.)  the  senate  and  house  of  delegates 
sliall  immediately  thereupon  proceed  to  a  new  clioicc  , 
in  n.anner  aforesaid. 


26.  lltat  the  senators  and  delegates,  [on  the  second 
Tuesdav  of  November,  seventeen  hundred  and  soventj  - 
seven,  and  annually  on  the  second  Tuc-day  of  Noven- 
ber.  for  ever  thereafter,]  elect  by  joint  ballot  (in  the 
same  manner  as  senators  are  directed  to  be  chosen) five 
of  the  most  sensible,  discreet,  and  experienced  men, 
above  twenty-five  years  of  age,  nsidents  in  the  stoti- 
above  three  years  next  preceding  the  election,  [ami 
having  therc-in  a  freehold  oflandsand  tenements, :- hove 
the  value  of  cihe  thousand  pounds  current  money,]  to 
be  the  council  to  the  governor,  w  hose  proceeilings  shall 
be  always  entered  on  record,  to  any  part  whereof  any 
member  may  enter  his  dissent ;  and  the  ir  advice,  if  so 
required  by  the  governor,  or  any  n)ember  of  the  cour.- 
cil,  shall  be  given  in  writing,  and  sigiii  d  by  the  mem- 
bers giving  till  same  rcsiieciivi  ly ;  which  proceedings 
of  the  council  shall  h  laid  b  lore  the  senate  oi-*h(use 
of  delegates,  when  cale  d  for  by  them  or  <  iih  rof  them. 
The  eotiucil  ma\  appoint  their  own  clerk,  who  shall 
lake  such  oath  oi'  siippoit  and  fidelity  to  this  state,  as_ 
this  convention, or  the  legislature,  shall  dire'ci  imiii  c,f 
secrecy,  in  such  matters  as  he  shall  be  directed  by  the 
board  to  keep  secrt  t. 

27.  [That  the  delegates  to  cof.jress  from  this  state, 
thall  be  chosen  annuilly,  or  sup  rsidcd  in  the  mean 
time,  by  the.joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  assembly  ja)id 
that  there  be  a  rotation,  in  such  maiinei,  that  at  least 
two  of  the  number  be  annually  changed  ;and  no  person 
shall  be  capable  of  being  a  delegate  to  congress  for 
more  than  three  in  any  term  of  six  years  ;  and  no  per- 
son vv'ho  holds  any  oflice  of  profit  in  the  gift  of  congies 
shall  be  eligible  to  sit  in  congress ;  but  if  appointed  to 
any  such  ofiice,  his  seat  shall  be  thereby  vacated.  That 
no  person,  unless  above  twenty.five  jtars  of  age,  and  a 
resident  in  the  state  mure  than  five  5 ears  next  prece- 
ding the  election,  and  having  real  and  personal  estate 
in  this  slate  above  the  value  of  one  thousand  pounds 
current  moftey,  shall  be  eligible  to  sit  in  congress  ] 

28.  That  the  senators  and  delegates,  immediately  on 
their  annual  meeting,  and  before  they  proceed  to  any 
business,  and  every  person  hereafter  elected  a  senatir 
or  delegate,  before  he  acts  as  such,  sliall  take  an  oath 
of  support  and  fidelity  to  this  state,  as  aforesaid  ;  and 
before  the  election  of  a  governor,  or  memljers  of  the 
council,  shall  take  an  oath, "  to  elect  without  favour,  af- 
fection, partiality,  or  prejudice,  such  person  as  govern- 
or, or  nirmber  of  the  council,  as  they,  in  their  judgment 
and  conscience,  believe  best  qualified  lor  theofiice." 

29.  That  the  senate  and  delegates  may  adjourn  them- 
selves resi)eeli\ely ;  but  if  the  two  houses  shall  nut 
agree  on  the  same  time,  but  adjourn  to  ditierent  days, 
then  shall  the  governor  appoint  and  notify  one  of  those 
days,  or  some  daybetwi  en  ;  and  the  assembly  shall  then 
meet  and  be  held  accoixlingly :  and  he  shiill,  if  neces- 
sary, by  advice  of  the  council,  call  them  before  the  tiinej 
to  which  they  siiall  in  any  manner  be  adjourned,  on 
givinj;  not  less  than  ten  days'  notice  thereof:  but  the 
gove  rnor  shall  not  adjourn  iheasseiiibly,  otherwise  than 
as  aforesaid,  nor  prorogue  nor  dissolve  it  at  any  lime. 

30.  That  no  person,  unless  above  lwent)-five  years  of 
age. a  resident  in  this  slate  above  five  years  next  pre- 
cetliKg  the  election,  [and  having  in  the  state  real  and 
jiersonal  property  above  the  value  of  five  thousand 
pounds  ciiireiil  money  (one  thousand  pounds  whereof; 
at  least,  to  be  of  ireehold  estate]  sliall  be  eligible  as  go- 
vernor. 

31.  That  the  governor  shall  not  continue  in  that  of- 
fice longer  than  three  years  successively,  nor  he  eligi- 
ble as  governor  until  tlie  expiration  of  four  years  after 
he  shall  hnve  been  out  of  that  office. 

32.  That,  upon  the  death, r'esignalion,  or  removal  out 
of  this  state,  of  the  governor,  the  first  named  of  the 
council,  for  the  time  being,  shall  act  as  governor,  and 
qualify  in  the  same  manner,  [and  shall  imimdiate- 
ly  call  a  me-eling  of]  the  general  assembly  [giving  not 
less  than  fourteen  dajs"  notice  of  the  meeting,  at  which] 
n.eetiiig,a  governor  shall  lie  appointed,  in  manner  afore- 
said, lor  the  residue  of  the  year. 

33.  That  the  governor,  hy  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the'countil.  may  embody  the  militia  ;  ar.d 
when  embodied,  shall  atone  have  the  direction  thereel  ; 
and  shall  also  have  the  direction  of  all-the  regular  land 
and  sea  forces,  under  the  laws  of  this  state,  (but  lie  shall 
not  command  in  persim,  unless  advised  thereto  hy  the 
council,  and  then  only  so  long  as  they  ihalL approve 
thereof;)  and  may  alone  exercise  all  other  the  execu- 
tive powers  of  govtrnment,  where  the  concurrence  of 
ihe  council  is  not  required,  according  to  the  laws  of  ihij 
.stale,  and  grant  reprieves  or  pardoib,  for  any  crime,  ex- 


CONS  11  rU  11  ox  OF  .MARYLAND. 


cv  yi.  ..1  iucli  cases  w  here  the  law  sUall  otherw  ise  direct ; 
[and  may,  during  the  recess  of  ilic  gtheral  sssenihjy, 
Jay  f  mbar^oes  to  piivciit  ihe  depariuie  oi  any  ship- 
ping, oi'  iJii^  c.Npoitatiyii  of  ally  to..iuuHljiis,  tor  any 
timt  not  e\c.e:Uuar  thirty  d.tys  in  ;iny  ojn'  y- ar,  sum- 
moning the  gsiiei-alas.er.jiily  to  laeiLwiiMiiiheiiine  of 
the CoutiauaaCe  ot'sucit  r..:I)Hrgo  ;]  ami  may  also  crilei" 
and  compel  any  vtrssi  I  to  liile  qi.al-rcuiiiu'.  itSu.h  ve<.- 
Sel,  01'  the  port  ficm  whicii  s!u  shali  h.ivr  Coi-.-.e,  sh.ill, 
«n  strong  grounds,  be  siispecud  ;o  be  ii^'ted  >v!th  the 
plague;  but  thef;ovfniorsl!:i!l:iol.  tUidfrauy  prirteutf, 
exercise  any  power  or  prero^aliv  c,  by  viri  ul-  oi  any  l;:\v, 
Statute,  orciibto.i  of  r.iiglasid  or  Grtai  Britain. 

34.  That  the  members  oi'tlie  council,  or  any  three  or 
more  oftheiis,  when  convent  d,  sliali  cosislitutea  board 
for  the  transiciing  oi  busiiiesi ;  iLiii  the  guvnuor,  fur 
the  tiijie  being,  shall  preside  in  the  ej'.intil.  aaJ  be  en- 
titled to  a  vote  on  ail  (luestious  in  which  they  sliali  Lt- 
■divided  ill  opinion  ;  and  iu  the  ahseiiee  oi  the  governor, 
the  first  named  of  the  cou:icil  siiall  jsreside;  and,  as 
such,  shall  also  vote  in  all  cases  where  the  other  uuai- 
hbVi  disagree  in  their  opinion. 

35.  That,  ill  case  oi'  refusal,  death,  resignation,  dis- 
qualification, or  removal  out  ol"  the  state,  by  any  person 
ciiosen  a  ineniber  tA  the  council,  the  members  thereof, 
iinniediatciy  ittereupon,  or  at  their  next  meeting  there- 
after, shall  elect,  by  ballot,  another  person,  qiial'tied 
£as  aloresaid,]  in  his  place,  for  the  reiidue  of  the  year. 

36.  That  the  council  shall  have  power  to  niahe  the 
great  seat  of  t.'iis  state,  which  shall  Le  ktpt  by  the  chan- 
cellor tor  the  tin.e  being,  ;iiul  affi.Ked  to  ail  laws,  com- 
missions, grants,  and  other  piiblic  testiint;nials,  Si  has 
been  heretofore  practised  in  this  state. 

37.  Ihat  no  senator,  delegate  of  the  assembly,  or 
member  of  the  council  if  lie  shall  quiilit'y  us  such,  shall 
hold  or  execute  any  office  ot  profit,  or  receive  the  pro- 
fits of  any  office  exercised  by  any  other  person,  during 
the  time  tor  which  he  shall  "b-  thctd;  nqr  shall  any 
governor  be  ciipabl."  of  holding  any  other  ofKee  of  pro- 
fit in  this  state,  v.  liilc  he  acts  as  such  ;  and  no  person, 
holding  a  place  of  proiit.or  receiving  any  part  of  the 
profits  thereof,  or  receiving  the  j.-roliis  arising  on  any 
Ugency  for  the  supply  of  clothing  or  provision.?,  for  the 
iarmy  or  navy,  or  holding  any  office  under  the  United 
States,  or  any  of  them— or  a  nii-;ister,  or  preacher  of  the 
gospel,  of  ail)  denomination— or  any  person  eniph.ytd 
in  the  regular  land  service,  or  marine,  of  this,  or  the 
United  States,  shall  have  a  stat  in  the  general  assem- 
bly, or  in  the  council  of  this  stale. 

33.  Th»t  evrfy  governor,  senator,  deli  gate  to  [con- 
gress or]  assembly,  ai<ii_jeen:ber  o!"  the  council,  before 
he  acts  as  such,  shall  taUe  an  oath  "that  he  will  nut 
receive,  directly  or  iiidiiecily,  at  any  time,  any  part  of 
the  profits  of  any  ofUce  lit  Id  uy  ai.y  otfier  person,  during 
his  acting  ill  liis  ofiice  o!  governor,  senator,  delig.ite 
to  [congress,  or]  assembly, or  member  uf  the  ccuneil.  or 
the  profits,  or  any  part  o!'  the  profits,  arising  on  any 
agency,  for  the  supply  of  clothing  or  pi'ovisioiis  fur  the 
army  or  navy." 

39.  That,  if  any  senator,  delegate  to  [congress,  or] 
assenibly,  or  member  of  the  council,  shall  hold  or  exf- 
cute  any  office  of  jirofii,  or  receive,  directly  or  indirect- 
ly, at  any  time,  the  profits,  or  any  jiart  of  the  profits,  of 
any  office  exercised  by  iiny  other  }k  rsoii,  duriiig  his 
acting  as  senator,  deleg.Tte  to  [coniriess,  or]  asseinWy, 
t)r  m^ mlM;r  of  the  council— his  seat  (on  cunvietio;;  ir.  a 
tourt  of  law.  by  the  oath  of  two  creuitsihle  witnesses,) 
shall  b-  void;  and.  hi  shell  suffer  the  piniishment  for 
wiUu!  hnd  corrupt  perjury,  or  he  banished  lliisr  state  for 
■ever,  or  disqu.iliSed  for  ever  from  holding  any  oflict  • ; 
place  of  trust  or  pro.lt,  as  the  court  may  adjudge. 

40.  That  tile  chancellor,  [all  judi^es.]  the  attorney 
general,  [clerks  of  the  ii^eneral  coi:rt,]  the  clerks  of  the 
county  courts,  the  registers  of  the  land  office,  ar.d  the 
registers  of  wills,  shall  hold  their  commissions  during 
good  behaviour,  immovable  only  for  mishebaviour,  on 
convicli.iii  in  a  court  of  law. 

41.  That  there  he  a  register  of  wills  appointed  for 
each  county,  who  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  govern- 
or, on  the  joint  rtcommendatiun  of  the  senate  and 
house  of  deh  gates  ;  and  that,  upon  the  death  resigna- 
tion, disqiialiticaiion,  or  removal  otit  of  the  county,  by 
any  register  of  w  ills,  in  the  recess  of  the  eeneral  assem- 
bly, the  governor,  with  t!ie  advieeof  the  couiuil.  mav 
appoint  and  commission  a  fit  and  proper  jieison  to  sucfi 
vacant  office,  to  hold  the  same  until  ihi  meeting  of  the 
general  assembly. 

42.  Tliat  sheriffs  shall  be  elected  in  each  county,  by 
balUt,  cvti^  iliird  year ;  that  is  to  say,  *\vo  persons  for 


the  office  of  sheriff  for  each  county,  the  one  of  wfaoift 
having  the  majority  of  votes,  or  if  both  have  an  equal 
number,  eiihero;  thein,  at  the  discretion  oi  the  govern- 
or, to  be  couimlssiomd  by  the  gove.nor,  lor  tlie  said 
office  and  having  served  lor  three  years,  such  person 
sliall  bt  in<  hgible  for  the  four  years  next  sufcceiding  ; 
bond  with  security  to  be  tnheii  every  ye.ir  a.«  usual: 
aiirl  no  sh -rift"  shall  be  qualified  to  act  ijefore  the  same 
is  given.  In  case  of  death,  itltisal,  resignation,  disqua- 
lification, or  reinov.il  out  of  the  county,  before  the  cx- 
pii-atioii  of  the  ihr.e  ye^irs,  theathi  r  ;  ersoii,  chosen  as 
afbreswidj  shiJI  be  commissioned  by  the  governor,  to  ex- 
ecute the  said  officf  (or  tiie  residue  of  the  said  three 
yiars;  the  said  person  giving  bond  with  security  as  afore- 
said ;  and,  in  case  of  his  death,  ri fitsal,  rcsigi:>ation,  dis- 
qualification, or  removal  out  of  the  county,  b.fore  ihi; 
e.spiratiou  of  the  said  thre  years,  the  governor,  with 
the  advice  of  council,  may  noiiinate  and  comniissioii  a 
fit  and  proper  person  to  execute  the  said  office  for  tho 
residue  of  the  said  three  years,  the  said  person  giving 
bond  and  security  as  aforesaid.  The  election  shall  be 
held  at  the  same  time  and  place  apppiuted  for  "the  elec- 
tion of  delegates  ;  [and  the  justices  there  summoned  to 
attend  lor  the  preservation  of  the  peace,  shall  be  j  udgt  s 
thereof,  and  of  the  qualification  of  Candida  tes.w  ho  shaU 
appoint  a  clerk  to  take  the  ballots.  All  freemen,  above 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  having  a  freehold  of  fifty 
acres  of  land  in  the  county  in  which  they  ofier  to  bal- 
lot, and  residing  therein— and  all  freemen,  above  the 
age  of  twentyoni;  years,  and  having  property  in  the 
state  above  the  value  of  thirty  pounds  current  mo;iey, 
aiid  having  residid  in  the  county  in  which  they  offer  to 
ballotone  whole  year  next  preeedingthe  election— shall 
have  a  right  of  <ufiVage.]  No  person  to  be  eligible  to 
the  office  of  sheriff  for  a  cotnity,  but  an  inhahitnnt  of 
the  said  county,  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
[and  having  real  and  personal  property  in  the  statu 
above  the  value  of  one  thousand  pounds  current  money.] 
The  justices  [aforesaid]  shall  examine  the  ballots ;  and 
the  two  candidates  properly  qualifi-d,  having  in  each 
couiuy  the  majui-ity  of  legal  ballots,  shall  be  declared 
duly  elected  for  the  'office  of  sheriff  for  such  county,and 
returned  to  the  governor  and  Council,  w  ith  a  certificate 
of  the  number  of  ballots  for  each  of  there. 

43.  That  everj'  person  w  ho  shall  offer  to  vote  for  de- 
legates, or  for  the  electors  of  the  senate,  or  for  the  she- 
liif",  shall,  (if  required  by  any  three  persons  qualified 
to  vole,)  before  In.  be  admitted  to  poll,  take  such  oath 
■or  atfiimation  of  support  and  fidelity  to  this  state,  as 
this  convention  or  the  legislature  shall  direct. 

44.  That  a  justice  of  t.he  peace  may  be  eligible  ns  a 
senator,  delegate,  or  nietiiber  of  the  council,  and  may 
coatiinie  to  act  as  a  justice  ot  the  peace. 

45.  [That  no  field  officer  of  the  militia  shall  he  elfgi» 
b'e  as  a  senator,  delegate,  or  member  of  the  council.] 

46.  That  all  civil  officers,  hereafter  to  be  appointed 
for  the  several  counties  of  this  state,  shall  have  been 
residents  of  the  county  respeciively  for  which  they  shall 
be  appointed,  six  months  next  before  their  appoint- 
ment ;  and  shall  continue  residents  of  their  county  re- 
spectively during  their  continuance  in  office. 

47.  That  the  jud;.;es  of  [the  general  court  and  justices 
of]  the  county  courts,  may  appoint  the  clerks  of  their 
respective  couit.s  ;  [and,  in  casL  of  refusal,  death,  re- 
signation, disqualification,  or  removal  cut  of  the  state, 
or  fioiii  their  respective  siiores.  of  the  clerks  of  the  ge- 
neral court,  or  cither  of  thciii.  in  the  vacation  of  tlie 
s;i!d  court]— and,  iri  case  of  refusal,  death,  resignation, 
t!;;c|ti:  lificatifiti.or  removal  out  of  the  county,  of  any  of 
•'>!  ■  ill  r:our.i>  clerks,  ill  the  vacation  of  the  county 
e;.iir:  '.t  whicji  he  is  cleik— the  governor,  with  the  ad- 
viei  ot  '..he  cotiiitil,  may  appoint  and  commissiim  a  tit 
ai.d  proper  jieison  to  such'  vKcaiit  offiie  respectively, 
to  hold  the  same  until  the  meeting  of  the  next  [general 
court,  or]  County  cuurt,  as  the  case  niay  lie. 

■!8.  That  the  governor,  for  the  time  being,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  niay  appoint  the 
c'lancelior,  and  all  judges  and  ju-tices.  the  attorney 
gmeral,  [naval  officers,]  officers  in  the  regular  land  and 
sta  service,  officers  of  the  militia,  registers  of  the  land 
ofiic( ,  surveyors,  and  all  other  civil  officers  of  govem- 
iiient,  (assessors,  constables,  and  overseers  of  the  roads> 
only  f'xeepted,)  and  may  also  suspend  or  remove  any 
civil  officer,  who  has  not  a  comuiissinn  during  good  be- 
haviour; and  may  suspend  any  militia  officer  for  one 
nimth  ;  :ind  n. ay  also  s' spei^d  or  renn.ve  any  regular 
(f^'eer  in  the  land  or  -.ea  service  j  and  the  governor  may 
remove  ur  susj.eiid  any  militia  officer,  il)  pursuance  of 
the  judgment  ofacouit  martial. 


COxXSTITUriON  OF  MAHVLIXD.  6:' 

4i.   That  all  civil  oiKcers,  of  U.e  appointment  of  llie    attested  by  the  cliancellor,  uhli  ilie  seal  ot'  the  state  an- 

^'     •»•■•«>«">-•  '  K\,.    :   _: ..a.o.I oiisonf  nivifai-v  nnH  mi  itia  rninliussioiis.  Which 


peiso..  who  shall  be  aiiiiointt-il  and  commissiomd  in  his  .--^^  -j^^.  ,;r^^  ^^.  ,„.oprieiarv,  shall  go  to  the  state- 
stead  shall  be  qualif.td.  j_^^^.  y„|  .  j^,^.},  a,  ,(,(.  .vonerai  ussemblv  luay  abolish  or 

50.  Ihat  the  guvenioi-.evirya.embr  of  the  council,  (,;i„,^vi,'.  piovidefoi-. 

and  every  jud^e  and  justice,  brtoie  thoy  act  as  sucJi,  jq_  ■j'ha(t!,isfui.„i  ot'governmi'iit,and  IhedLclaration 
shiill  respective !y  take  uii  0:1th  "that  lie  wilj  not,  through  ^f , ;o.]„s^  j,|,d  ,,0  part  thereof,  shall  be  altered,  changed, 
favour,  affection,  or  partiaiiiy,  vole  lor  any  person  to  oraholishsd,  uniess  a  bill  so  to  alter,  change,  or  aboiish 
office,  and  that  he  will  vote  lor  such  person  as  m  bis  jj,^  same,  shall  pass  the  general  assembly,  and  be  pub- 
judgment  and  conscience  he  believes  most  fit  and  best  iisi,^.j  ^j  (east  three  n)onths  before  a  new  election,  and 
qualified  for  the  ofiiee :  ai.d  tliat  l;e  has  not  made,  nor  ^jjaU  be  coiitirnied  by  the  general  assembly,  after  a  new 
will  make,  any  piomise  or  engagement  to  give  his  vote  election  of  delegate's,  in  the  first  session  after  such  ue^.• 
or  inlenst  in  favour  oi  any  person."  election :  Provided,  that  nothing  in  this  form  of  govern- 

51.  ThattherebetwurtgiiUrs  of  the  land  office,  one  inent,  v/hieh  relates  to  the  eastern  shore  partieularly, 
upon  the  western  and  one  npon  the  eastern  shore ;  that  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  be  altered,  unless  for  the  al- 
short  extracts  of  the  grants  and  certificates  of  the  land  teration  and  confirmation  thereof,  at  least  tuo-thnds  of 
outhe  western  and  eastern  shores  respectively,  be  made  ail  the  members  of  each  branch  of  the  ge:ie,a!  assembly 
in  separate  books,  at  the  public  expense,  and  deposited  shall  concur.  ,,  ,  ,  ., 
in  the  offices  of  the  said  registers,  in  such  manner  as  CO.  'I  hat  every  bill  passed  by  the  general  assembly, 
shall  hereafter  be  provided  bv  the  general  assembly.  when  engro5sed,sliall  be  presented  by  the  speaker  oi  the 

52.  That  every  chancellor;  judge,  register  of  wills ,  bouse  of  delegates,  m  the  senate,  to  the  governor  for  the 
commissioner  of-the  loan  offici,  attorney  general,  slie-  ti.,.e  being,  who  shall  s.gn  the  same,  and  the.elo  affix 


he  vvill  not,  directl)  m-  indiree-Jy,  tvceive  any  fee  or  re-    ^  ^.^^.^  „,^:^  i„  „^s  state, 

ward  for  doing  his  office  of ,  but  what  is,  or 

shall  be,  allowed  by  law ;  nor  will,  dirtCtly  or  indirect- 
ly, receive  the  profits,  or  any  part  ot  the  profits  of  any 
office  held  by  any  other  jiersun  :  ar.d  that  he  does  not 
hold  the  same  office  iu  trust,  or  for  the  benefit  of  any 
other  person." 

53.  That,  if  any  governor,  chancellor,  judge,  register 
of  wills,  attorney  general,  register  of  the  land  office, 
commissioners  of  the  laud  office,  register  of  tlie  chance- 
ry court,  or  any  clerk  of  the  common  law  courts,  trea- 
surer, [naval  officer,]  sheriff,  surveyor,  or  auditor  of 
public  accounts,  shall  receive,  directly  or  indirectly,  at 
any  time,  the  profits,  or  any  part  of  the  profits  of  any 


This  form  of  govemraeut  was  assented  to,  and  paised 
in  convention  of  the  delegates  of -the  IVeemen  of 
Maryland,  begun  and  held  at  the  city  of  Annupo'ii, 
the  14th  day  of  August,  A.  D.  177f). 

B>j  order  of  the  Co  n  vention : 

M.  TILGHSIAX,  Presidait. 


AMENDMENTS 

TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  MAIITIANJ). 
Article  1.   Be  it  enacted  by  the  generai  assembly  of 


office,  held  by  any  other  person,  during  liis  acting  in  the  Maryland,  [That  all  those  parts  of  the  constitution  and 

office  to  which  be  is  appointed,  his  election,  ai>po:nt-  ibrni  of  government,  that  prevent  a  citizen  consciei;- 

ment,  and  commission,  (on  conviction  in  a  court  of  law,  tiously  scritpnieus  of  t-.iking  an  oath  i;i  any  case,  end 

by  the  oath  of  two  credible  witnesses,)  shall  be  void,  and  v,  lio  are  peniiitled  by  the  constitution  to  iiffirm  in  cer- 

lie  shall  suifer  the  pUnisiimeut  fur  wilful  and  corrupt  tain  cases,  from  taking  a  seat  in  the  legislature,  or  from 

perjuryjor  be  banished  thisst;itefurever,ordisqr.allfied  being  an  elector  of  the  senate,  witbout  taking  an  oath 

for  ever  from  hcUling  any  oiFice  or  place  of  trust  or  of  support  to  this  government,  shall  be,  and  hereby  an- 

profit  as  the  court  may  adjuge.  i*  pealed,  .ibrogated , and  made  null  and  von! ;  and  here- 

54.  That,  if  any  person  shall  give  tiny  bri!)r,  present,  after  a  solemn  r.ffirrjaiion  or  declaration  of  support  ■■■ 
ov  rewarti, 
ment  or  d: 
obtain  or 

'''■.'-         "     u  '      "■     •    .    i'.'              <•  .1          ;j,H-n...'  constKUtioliloaiiirin  111  eeiiuiii  eases.! — i-i;55eii -■.  uieui- 

or.iudge,  or  to  be  appointed  to  any  ol  the  said  offices,  ^.^_  42-confirmcd,  1789,  ch.  1.                          * 

or  to  any  office  of  profit  or  trust,  now  created,  or  here-  ^;  That  no  member  of  congress,  or  person  luilding  an 

after  to  he  created,  ,n  ilns  state-the  person  givir.g,  and  ^g.^^,  „f  n-ust  or  profit  under  the  United  Slates,  shall  be 

the  person  receiving  the  same,(on  conviction  111 1.  court  ^^  ^^,^1^.  ^f  having  a  seat  iu  the  general  asser.ibly,  or  bt- 

ol  law,)  shall  be  for  ever  disquablied  to  boid  any  office  ;   '  ^j,  elector  of  the  scnate,or  boldingany  office  of  trust 

of  trust  or  inofit  in  tins  state,  or  profit  under  this  suite:  and  if  any  member  of  the  ge- 

55.  Tliat  every  person  aiipointcd  to  any  office  of  pro-  „e,al  assenil.ly,  elector  of  the  senate,  or  person  holding 
fit  or  trust,  shall,  before  he  enters  on  the  executit;u  an  ofi-te  or  irest  of  profit  under  this  state,  shall  take  his 
ibereuf,  take  the  fiillowii.g  oath,  to  wit :  "  I,  A  B,  do  setiArii;  congress,  or  accept  of  an  office  of  trust  or  profit 
svi/ear,  that  I  do  not  hold  myself  bound  in  alleginnci;  to  under  the  United  States. or  being  elected  to  eon;;ress,or 
the  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  that  I  will  be  taithiul,  appointed  to  an  office  of  trust  orprofit  uiidertheUnited 
and  beur  true  aiiegiance,  to  the  state  of  Maryland,''  states,  not  n.ake  his  nsignation  of  liis  seat  in  congress, 
and  shall  also  stibscribe  a  declaration  of  his  belief  in  the  or  of  his  office,  as  the  case  may  be,  within  thirty  days 
Christian  religion.  after  n;);ice  of  his  eiection  or  appointment  to  office,  as 

5t).  That  there  be  a  court  of  appeals,  composeij  of  per-  r.foreaiid,  his  sej.tinihe  legislature  of  this  stale,  or  as 

sons  of  integrity  and  sound  ludgmeiit  in  the  law,  whose  elector  of  the  senate,  or  of  his  office  held  under  this  state 

judgment  shall  ho  final  and  conclusive  in  all  cases  of  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  void  :  Provided,  that  no  person  who 

appeal  [from  the  general  eou  rt,  court  of  chancery,  and  is  now  or  may  be  at  any  time  when  this  act  beecines  part 

court  of  admiralty:]  that  one  person  of  integrity  and  of  the  constitution,  a  member  both  of  congress  and  of 

sound  judgment  iii  the  law  be  appointed  chancellor:  the  legislature  ef  this  state,  or  who  now  holds,  nr  may 

[that  three  per.ons  of  intcgritv  and  saund  judgiient  in  hold,  at  the  time  w  hen  this  act  becomes  part  of  the  eoii- 

the  l:i\v  beappointedjiidgesuf  the  court  now  called  the  stitution,  an  office  as  aforesaid,  biuh  under  this  state 

jimvincial  court :  and  that  the  same  court  beliereafier  and  the  United  Slates,  shall  be  affected  by  this  act,  if. 

called  and  known  by  the  name  of  the  general  court :  williin  fifteen  days  aft'.-r,  the  same  sl-.:ill  beec.me  part  of 

wliich  court  shall  sit  on  the  western  and  eusteni  shoiX'S,  the  eoiistityiion,  he  shall  resign  his  stut  iti  congress,  or 

for  transacting  and  determining  the  business  of  tlie  re-  his  office  held  underthe  United  States.— I'assed  1791,  ch. 

speetive  sliores,  a:  sueU  times  and  places  as  the  future  8U— confirmed  1792,  ch.  22. 

legislature  of  this  state  shall  direct  and  appoint.]  3.  'I'hat  every  person,  being  a  mend)er  of  either  of  the 

57.  Tliat  thi'stvleof  all  laws  rim  t!ms:**Hc  it  enact-  religious  sects  or  societies  called  qiiakers,  inenonists, 

od  bv  the  generaliissembly  of  Maryland  ;"  that  all  pub-  tuukers,  or  nicolites.  or  new  n.iiakers,  and  who  shall  be 

lie  comiuissjoiis  and  grants  run  thus : "  The  state  of  .Ma-  eonscientiously  seriiimlous  of  taking  an  oath  on  any  oc- 

i:vi?nd,"  ;!ic.  :i;!d  s'.ji:  1  be  sigued  liv  the  governor,  and  ctisiuii,  ijtinj  otherwise  quttlifid,  and  duly  elected  a  se- 


!:.4                                         CONSTITUTiON  OF  MARYLAND. 

aator,  delegate,  or  elector  of  the  senate,  or  being  other-  tlie  election  of  such  county  or  city,  or  either  of  theui. 

%vise  qualified  and  duly  appointed  or  elected  to  any  lur  delegates  to  the  general  assembly,  electors  of  the  se- 

ofRce  of  profit  or  trust,  on  making  affirmation  instead  of  iiate  and  sheriffs.]— Passed  ISOl,  eh.  90— confirmed  1802, 

taking  the  several  oaths  appointed  by  the  constitution  cli.  20. 

and  form  of  government, and  the  several  acts  of  assem-  S.  That  Frederick  countysliall  be  divided  and  laid  off 

biy  of  this  state  now  in  force,  or  thai  hereafter  may  be  into  nine  separate  districts.— Passed  1802,  ch.  82— con- 

niaclc,  such  person  may  hold  and  exercise  any  oftice  of  firmed  1S03,  ch.  IP. 

profit  or  trust  to  which'he  may  be  appointed  or  elected,  o.  Tliat  this  slate  shall  bedivided  into  six  judicial  dis- 

and  may,  by  such  affirmation,  qualify  himself  to  take  a  iriets,  in  maimer  and  form  following,  to  wil :  St.  Mary's 

seat  in  the  legislature,  and  to  act  thei-ein  as  a  member  of  Charles,  and  Prince  George's  counties  shall  be  the  first 

the  same  in  all  cases  \»  Imtever,  or  to  be  an  elector  of  the  district ;  Cecil,  lient,  Quceu  Anne's,  and  Talbot  coun- 

senate,  in  as  full  and  ample  a  manner,  to  all  intents  and  ties,  sha;'  be  the  second  district ;  Calvert,  Anne  Arun- 

purposes  w  hatever,  as  persons  .ve  now  competent- and  del, and  .Montgomei-ycounties,shall  b- thethird  district; 

qualified  to  act,  who  are  not  conscientiously  scrujnilous  Caroline,  Dorchester,  Somerset, and  \yovcester  counties, 

of  taking  such  oaths.— Passed,  1794,  ch.  49— confirmed  shall  bethe  fourth  district ;  Frederick,  Washington,and 

1795,  ch.  11.  Alleghany  counties,  shallbe  the  fifth  district;  Baltimore 

4.  [That  the  mayor  and  second  branch  of  the  city'  and  Harford  counties  s.iall  be  the  sixth  district;  and 
council  ofthecity  of  Baltimore,  or  any  three  or  more  of  there  sluill  be  appointed  for  tach  of  the  said  judicial  dis- 
them,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  judges  of  the  elections  tricts,  tliree  persons  of  integrity  and  sound  legal  know- 
for  delegates  of  iliecityof  Baltimore,  and  for  elector  of  ledge,  residentsof  the  state  of  Maryland,  who  shall,  pre- 
the  senate,  and  shall  have  and  exercise  all  the  lights  and  vious  to.  and  during  their  acting  as  judges,  reside  in  the 
.".uthorities  respecting  such  elections,  which  were  vested  district  for  which  they  shall  respectively  be  appointed, 
in  the  commissioners  of  Baltimore  town,  in  virtue  of  the  one  of  whom  shall  be  styled  in  the  commission  cliief 
constitution  and  form  of  government.]— Passed  1797,  judge,  and  the  other  two  associate  judges  of  the  district 
ch.  57— confirmed.  1798.  ch.  2.  for  which  they  shall  be  appointed  ;  and  the  chief  judge, 

5.  That  the  people  clied  quakers,  those  called  nico-  together  with  the  two  associate  judges,  shall  compose 
lites,  or  new  quakers,  those  called  tunkers,  and  those  the  county  courts  in  each  respective  district ;  and  each 
called  raenonisis,  holding  it  unlaw  ful  to  taiie  an  oath  on  j  udge  sliall  hold  his  commission  during  ^ood  behaviour ; 
any  occasion,  shall  be  allowed  to  make  their  solemn  af-  removable  fur  misbehaviour,  on  conviction  in  a  court  of 
firmation  as  witnesses,  in  the  manner  that  quakers  have  law,  or  shall  be  removed  by  the  governor,  ui)on  the  ad- 
been  heretofore  allowed  to  affirm,  which  affirmation  dress  of  the  general  assembly,  provided  that  two  thirds 
shallbe  of  the  same  avail  as  an  oath,  to  all  intents  and  of  all  the  membersol  each  hoiiseconcur  in  suchaddress; 
purposes  whatever,  and  the  county  courts,  so  as  aforesaid  established,  shall 

§2.  Before  any  of  the  persons  aforesaid  shall  be  admit-  have,  hold,  and  exercise,  in  t!ie  several  counties  of  this 

ted  as  a  witness  in  .iny  court  of  justice  in  this  state,  the  slate,  all  and  every  the  powers,  authorities,  and  jurisdic- 

court  shall  be  satisfied,  by  sucli  testimony  as  thev  may  lions,  which  the  county  courts  of  this  state  now  have, 

require,  that  such  person  IS  one  of  those  who  profess  to  use,   and   exercise,  and  which  shall  be  hereafter  pre- 

be  conscientiously  scrupulous  of  taking  an  oath.— Passed  scribed  bylaw;  and  the  said  county  courts  established 

1797,  ch.  lis- confirmed  1798,  ch.  8:.  by  this  act,  shall  respectively  hold  their  sessions  in  the 

Art.  6.   That  the  several  counties  of  this  state,  for  the  several  counties,  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  legisla- 

purpose  of  holding  ail  future  elections  for  delegates,  ture  sliall  direct  and  appoint;  and  thesalariesof  the  said 

electors  of  the  senate,  and  sheritts  of  the  several  coun-  judges  shall  not  be  diminiihed  during  the  period  of  their 

ties,  shall  be  divided  into  separate  districts,  in  the  man-  continuance  in  office. 

ner  hereni  after  directed,  viz.  St.  Marj's  county  shall  be  J  2.   In  any  suit  or  action  at  law  hereafter  to  be  com- 

divided  and  laid  offinto  [three]  separate  districts,  Kent  nienced  or  instituted  in  any  county  court  of  this  state, 

county  shall  be  divided  and  laid  oiT  into  three  separate  the  judges  thereof,upon  suggestion  in  writing,  by  either 

districts ;  Calvert  county  shall  be  divided  and  laid  offin-  of  the  parties  thereto,  supjjorted  by  affidavit,  or  other 

to  three  Si  parate  districts;  Charles  county  shall  be  di-  proper  evidence,  thatafairand  impartial  trial  cannot  be 

vidcd  ard  laid  oft'into  four  separati' districts  ;  Talbot  liad  in  the  county  court  of  the  county  v;heresuch  suitor 

county  shall  be  divided  and  laid  off  nito  four  separate  action  is  depending,  shall  and  may  order  and  direct  the 

districts ;  Somei-set  county  sliall  be  divided  and  laid  off  record  of  iheir  ])roceedings  in  such  suit  or  action,  to  he 

into  three  separate  districts:  Dorchester  county  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  judges  of  any  county  court  within  the 

divided  and  laid  oft"  into  three  separate  districts ;  Cecil  district,  for  trial,  a.'id  the  judges  of  such  county  court, 

countysliall  be  divided  and  laid  off  into  four  stparate  to  whom  the  said  record  shall  oe  transmitted,  shall  hear 

districts  ;   Prince  George's  coiuiiy  shall  be  divided  aisd  and  determine  the  same  in  like  manner  as  if  such  suitor 

laid  ofi'into  five  sepra-ate  districts ;"  Queen  Anne's  county  action  liad  been  uriginally  instituted  therein ;  provided, 

shall  bedivided  and  JaidofTintii  thri:e  separate  districts;  nevertheless, thatsuch suggestion  shall  be  madeasalbrc- 

Worcester  county  shall  be  divided  and  laid  ofl"  into  five  said,  before  or  during  the  term  in  which  the  issue  or  is- 

sejiarate  districts;  Frederick  county  shall  be  divided  and  sues  may  be  joined  in  said  si;it  or  action;  and  provided 

Jaid  off  into  [seven]  separate  districts  ;  Harford  county  also,  that  such  further  remedy  may  be  provided  by  law 

shallbe  divided  and  laid  ofi'into  five  separate  districts  ;  in  the  premises,  as  the  legislature  shall,  from  time  to 

<;;aroline  county  shall  be  divided  ar.d  laid  off  into  three  time,  direct  and  enact. 

separate  districts ;  Washington  county  shall  be  divided  §  3.  If  any  party  presented  or  indicted,  in  any  of  the 
and  laid  otf  into  five  separate  districts;  Montgomery  county  courts  of  this  state,  shall  suggest,  in  writing,  to 
county  shall  be  ilivided  anil  Laid  off  into  five  separate  the  court.in  which  such  prosecution  is  depending,  that 
districts;  Aikghany  county  shall  be  divided  and  laid  off  a  fair  and  ini]iartial  trial  cannot  be  had  in  such  court,  it 
into  SIX  separate  districts  ;  Anne  Arundel  county  in-  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  court  to  order  and 
eluding  the  city  of  Annapolis,  shall  be  divided  and  laid  direct  the  record  of  their  proceedings  in  the  said  prose- 
off  into  five  separate  districts ;  Baltimore  county,  out  of  cution,  to  be  transmitted  to  the  judges  of  any  adjoining 
the  limits  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  shall  be  divided  and  county  court,  lor  trial,  and  the  Judges  of  such  adjoining 
laid  otf  into  seven  districts ;  and  that  the  city  of  Balti-  county  court  shall  hear  and  determine  the  same-j  in  the 
more  shall  be  laid  off  into  eight  districts.  same  manner  as  if  such  prosecution  had  been  originally 

12,   Ail  and  every  part  of  the  constitution  and  form  instituted  therein :  Provided, that  such  further  and  other 

of  government,  relating  to  the  judges,  time,  place,  and  remedy  may  be  ))rovided  by  law  in  the  premises,  as  the 

manner  of  holding  elections  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  legislature  may  direct  and  enact. 

and  all  and  e^ery  part  of  the  second,  third,  fifth,  four-  §  4.   If  the  attorney  general,  or  the  prosecutor  for  the 

teentli,and  fiirty-second  sections  of  the  constitution  and  state,  shall  suggest,  in  writing,  to  any  county  court  be- 

forni  of  government  of  this  state,  which  relate  to  the  fore  whom  an  indictment  is  or  may  be  depending,  that 

judges,  place,  time,  and  manner  of  holding  the  several  the  stale  cannot  have  a  fair  and  impartial  trial  in  such 

elections  for  delegates,  electors  of  the  senate,  and  the  court,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  court,  in 

sheriffs  of  the  several  counties,  be,  and  the  same  are  their  discretion,  to  order  and  direct  the  record  of  their 

hereby  abrogated,  re])ealed,  and  annulled,  and  the  same  proceedings  in  the  said  |>ix)secution  to  be  transmitted  to 

shall  hereafter  be  regujated  by  law  .—Passed  1798,  ch.  the  judges  of  any  adjoining  county  court  for  trial,  and 

lis— confirmc  d  1799,  cli.  48.  the,)udgesofsuchcot;ntycourtsliali  hiai'and  determine 

Art.  7.  ['Ihat  every  free  white  male  citizen  of  this  the  same,  as  if  such  iirusecution  had  been  originally  in- 
state, and  no  oilier,  above  twenty-one  years  tf  age,  hav-  stituted  therein. 

iiig  resided  twelve  monihs  in  the' county  next  preceding  §  5.  There  shall  be  a  court  of  appeals,  and  the  same 

the  election  at  which  he  offers  to  vete,  and  every  free  sliall  lie  composed  of  the  cliiefjudges  of  theseveraljudl- 

ivhite  male  citizen  of  this  state,  above  twenty-one  years  eiai  districts  of  the  state,  whicli  said  court  of  appeal  shall 

of  age.  and  having  obtained  a  i-tsidenci-of  twelvemonths  hold,  use,  and  exercise,  all  and  singular  the  powers,  au- 

next  preceding  the  election,  in  the  city  of  Baliin-.ore,  or  tliorilies,  and  jurisdictions,  heretofore  held,  used,  and 

the  tity  of  Annapolis,  and  at  whicli  he  offers  to  vote,  exercised  by  the  court  of  a|)|iealsof  this  state,  am!  also 

ihall  have  a  right  of  suiTi iire,  and  shall  vote  l.y  ballot. in  the  appellate  jiirisdietinn  I.eietofore  us'.d  Mid  exercised 


CONSlirLTIOX  Ol-    VIHGIXIA. 


t>y  t>R'  G;cuera!  cotiit;  and  the  said  court  of  appeals  here- 
by established, shall  sit  on  the  western  and  eastern  shores, 
for  trans-ielinir  and  determining  tlie  business  of  the  re- 
spective shores,  at  such  tinits  and  places  as  the  fiitiire 
legislature  of  this  state  shall  direct  and  appoint ;  and  any 
three  of  the  said  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  sliall 
form  a  quoriira,  to  hear  and  decide  in  all  c.ises  pending 
in  said  court ;  and  the  judge  who  has  given  a  decision  in 
any  case  in  the  county  court,  shall  withdraw  from  the 
bench  '.ipon  the  deciding  of  the  sair.e  caie  before  the 
court  of  appeals;  and  the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals 
may  appoint  the  clerks  of  said  court  for  the  western  and 
tastem  shores  respectively,\vho  shall  hold  their  appoint- 
ments during  good  behaviour,  removable  only  for  mis- 
behaviour, on  conviction  in  a  court  of  law ;  and,  in  case 
of  death,  resignation,  disqualification,  or  removal  out  of 
the  state,  or  from  their  respective  shores,  of  either  of  the 
said  clerks,in  the  vacation  of  the  said  comf,  the  govern- 
or, with  the  advice  of  the  cotmcil,  may  appoint  and  com- 
mission a  lit  and  proi)er  person  to  such  ^  acant  office,  to 
hold  the  same  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  said  court; 
and  all  laws  passed  after  this  act  shall  take  effect,  shall 
be  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  court  of  appeals  of  the 
western  shore.  Passed  1S04,  ch.  55— confirmed  180S,  ch. 
19. 

Art.  10.  That  St.  Mary's  county  shall  be  divided  into 
four  separate  districts,  and  that  the  additional  district 
shall  be  laid  off  adjoining  and  between  the  first  and  third 
districts,  as  they  are  now  numbered. — Passed  1806,  ch. 
29— confirmed  1807,  ch.  8. 

11.  That,  upon  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal  out 
of  this  state,  of  the  governor,  it  shall  not  be  necessary  to 
call  a  meeting  of  the  legislature,  to  fill  the  vacancy  oc- 
casioned thereby,  but  the  first  named  of  the  council  for 
the  time  being  shall  qualify  and  act  as  governor,  until 
the  next  meeting  of  the  general  assembly,  at  which  meet- 
ing a  governor  shall  be  chosen  in  the  manner  heretofore 
appointed  and  directed. 

$2.  No  governor  shall  be  capable  of  holding  any  other 
office  of  profit  during  the  time  for  which  he  shall  be 
elected.— Passed  June,  1809,  ch.  16— confirmed  Novem- 
ber, 1809,  ch.  11. 

Art.  12.  That  all  such  parts  of  the  constitution  and 
form  of  government,  as  require  a  property  qualification 
in  persons  to  be  appointed  or  holdmg  offices  of  profit  or 
trust  in  this  state,  and  in  persons  elected  members  of  the 
legislature  or  electors  of  thesenate,sliaU  be  and  the  same 
are  hereby  repealed  and  abolished.— Passed  November, 
1809,  ch.  198— confirmed  1810,  ch.  IS. 


1"!,  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  tlie  general  assem- 
bly of  this  state  to  lay  an  equal  and  general  tax,  or  any 
other  tax, on  the  people  of  this  state,  for  the  support  of 
any  reli-jion.- Passed  Noveiaber,  180'.',  ch.  167— confirm- 
ed 18l0,'c!i.  24. 

14.  That  evei7  free  white  male  citizen  of  this  state, 
above  iweniy-one  years  of  age,  and  no  otiier.  having  re- 
sided twelve  months  within  this  state, and  six  months  in 
the  county,  or  in  the  city  of  Annapolis  or  Baltimore, 
next  preCL-dins;  the  election  at  which  heoftVrs  to  vote, 
shall  have  a  right  of  saftVage,  and  shall  vote,  by  ballot, 
ill  the  eleclioiiof  such  county  or  city,  or  either  of  them, 
for  electors  of  the  president  and  vice  president  of  the 
United  States, for  representatives  of  this  statein the  con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  for  delegates  to  the  general 
assembly  of  this  state,  electors  of  the  senate,  and  sherift's. 
—Passed  November,  ISOQ,  ch.  83— confirmed  1810,  ch, 
33. 

15.  That  no  person  residing  in  the  city  of  Annapolis 
shall  have  a  vote  in  the  county  of  Anne  Aruntlel,  for  de- 
legates for  the  said  county:  and  all  and  every  part  of 
the  constitution  which  enables  persons  holding  fifty 
acres  of  land  to  vote  in  said  county,  be  and  is  hereby 
abolished.— Passed  November,  1809,  ch.  33— confirmed 
18 10,  ch.  49. 

16.  That  the  forty-fifth  article  of  the  constitution  and 
form  of  govcinmeiit  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed 
and  utterlyabolished.— Passed  November,  1809,  ch. OS- 
confirmed  1810,  ch.  78. 

17.  That  tlie  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  general  as- 
sembly shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  in 
each  year,  instead  of  the  first  Monday  in  November,  as 
fis  now]  prescribed  by  the  constitution  and  form  of  go- 
vernment. 

5  2.  The  governor  of  this  state  shall  be  chosen  on  the 
second  Monday  of  December,  in  e.ach  and  every  year, 
in  the  same  maimer  as  is  now  prescribed  by  the  consti- 
tution and  form  of  government ;  and  the  council  to  the 
governor  shall  be  elected  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  thfe 
second  Monday  of  December,  in  each  and  evei-y  year,  in 
the  same  manner  as  is  now  prescribed  by  the  constitu- 
tion and  form  of  government. 

§  3.  All  annual  appointments  of  civil  officers  in  this 
stale  shall  be  made  in  the  third  week  to  December,  in 
every  year,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  constitution  and 
form  of  government  now  directs.— Passed  1311,  ch.211— 
confirmed  November,  1312. 


CONSTITUTIOTsT  OF  VIRGINIA. 


The  Constitution  or  Form  of  Government, 
agreed  to  and  resolved  upon  by  the  delegates 
and  representatives  of  the  several  cotmties 
and  corporations  of  Virginia,  in  a  general 
convention,  held  at  WiUiamsbnrgh,onthe&th 
of  J^tay,  and  continued  by  adpurnments  to 
the  5th  of  July,  1776. 

WE,  the  delegates  and  representatires  of  the  good 
people  of  Vir^nia,  ilo  declare  the  futureform  of  govern- 
ment of  Virginia,  to  be  as  followeth: 

The  legislative,  executive,  and  judiciary  departments 
shall  be  separate  and  distinct,  so  that  neither  exercise 
the  powers  properly  belonging  to  the  other;  nor  shall 
any  person  exercise  the  powers  of  more  than  one  of 
them  at  the  same  time,  except  that  the  justices  of  the 
county  courts  shall  be  eligible  to  either  house  of  tlie  as- 
sembly. 

The  legislative  shall  be  formed  of  twodistinct  branch- 
es, who,  together,  shall  beacoraplete  legislature.  They 
shall  meet  once  oroftener,  every  year,  and  shall  be  call- 
ed (fie  general  assembly  of  Virginia.  One  of  these  shall 
be  called  the  house  of  delegates,  and  consist  of  two  repre- 
sentatives, to  be  chosen  for  each  co^iiity,  and  for  the  dis- 
trict of  West  Atigusta,annually,  of  such  men  as  actually 
reside  in.  and  are  freeholders  of  tli?  sui.i'-,  or  duK-  niiali- 


fied  according  to  law,  and  also  of  one  delegate  ov  repre- 
sentative, to  be  chosen  annually,  for  the  city  of  Wil- 
liamsburgb,  and  one  for  the  borough  of  Norfolk,  and  a 
represeiitativefor  each  of  such  otiier  cities  and  boroughs 
as  may  hereafter  be  allowed  particular  representation 
by  the  legislature  ;  but  n  hen  any  city  or  borough  shall 
so  decrease,  as  that  the  number  of  persons  having  right 
of  suffrage  thereiii  shall  have  been, for  the  space  of  seven 
years  successively,  less  than  half  the  number  of  voters 
m  some  one  county  in  Virginia,  such  city  or  borough 
thenceforward  shall  cease  "to  send  a  delegate  or  repre- 
sentative to  the  assembly. 

The  other  shall  be  called  the  senate,  and  consist  of 
twenty-four  members,  of  whom  thirteen  shall  constitute 
a  house  to  proceed  on  business ;  for  whose  election,  the 
different  counties  shall  be  divided  into  twx-nty-fbur  dis- 
tricts: and  each  county  of  the  respective  district,  at  the 
time  of  the  election  of  its  delegates,  shall  vote  for  one 
senator, -.vh'i  is  actually  a  resident  and  freeholder  within 
the  district,  or  duly  (lualificd  according  to  law,  and  is 
iipw  aids  of  twenty-five  year-  of  age ;  and  the  sheriffs  of 
each  county,  within  five  days  at  farthest,  alter  the  last 
county  election  in  the  dtstiict.sball  meet  at  some  conve- 
nient place,  and,  from  ihe  poll  so  taken  in  their  respec- 
tive counties,  return  as  a  senator  the  man  who  shall  have 
the  greatest  number  of  votes  in  the  whole  district.  To 
keep  up  this  assembly,  by  rotation,  the  districts  shall  be 
equally  divided  into  four  classes,  and  numbered  by  lot. 
At  the  '-nd  of  one  year  after  t!ie  general  election,  the  six 


uc,  ^  CQXsnruriox  of  vinc-iixiA. 

memliers  eicctcd  by  the  f5i"st  division  shall  he  displaced,  have  the  direction  of  the  iiiiiitla,  untler  the  laws  of  t;i^ 

and  the  vacancies  thereby  occasioned  supplied  from  ?iich  country. 

classesor  divi  inii,  by  iiiu'  e'cctiun,  in  the  luanner  afore-  The  two  houses  of  assembly  shall,  by  .joint  ballot,  ap- 

said.    This,  rotation  shall  be  applied  to  ejch  division,  point  judj^es  of  tlie  supreme  coirt  of  appeals,  anil  gene- 

aecnrdingto  its  number,  and  continued  in  due  ordera:i-  ral  court  judges  in  chaiiccry,jud,q;cs  of  admiralty,  secre- 

nnaily.  tary,  and  the  attorney  i>v::ie  al,  to  be  commissioned  by 

The  right  of  suffrage  in  the  election  of  members  for  the  governor,  ami  cotitiuiie  in  clTiee  diiriiit;  good  beha- 

both  houses  shall  remain  as  exercised  at  present ;  and  viour.    In  Ciise  of  dcai'i,  incapacity,  or  resignation,  the 

each  houseshal!  ehoose  its  own  speaker,  appoint  its  own  governoi',  with  the  ailrice  of  the  privy  council,  shall  a'i- 

offlcers,  settle  its  own  rules  of  proceeding,  and  direct  point  persons  to  succeed  in  office,  to  be  approved  or  dis- 

'.vrits  of  election,  ibr  the  suppljing  intermediate  vaean-  approved  by  both  liouses.  Theseofficers  snail  have  fixed 

cies.  and  adequate  salaries,  and,  together  with  all  otliirs 

All  laws  sh?>ll  originate  in  the  house  of  delesfatea,  to  holding  lucrative  ofiices,  and  all  ministers  of  the  gospel, 

beapprovedof  or  rejected  by  the  senate,  or  to  be  amend-  of  every  denomination,  be  incapable  of  being:  elected 

ed,  with  consent  of  the  hotise  of  delesrates ;  except  mo-  members  of  either  house  of  assembly  or  the  privy  coun- 

ney  bills,  wluch  in  no  instance  shall  he  aitored  by  the  cii. 

senate,  but  wholly  approved  or  rejectfd.  Tlie  governor,  with  th'^  advice  of  the  privy  council^ 

A  governor,  or  chief  magistrate,  shall  be  chosen  annu-  shall  appoint  justices  of  the  peace  for  the  counties:  and 

ally,  bj- joint  ballot  of  both  hoTises,  (to  be  taken  in  each  in  case  of  vacancies,  or  a  necessity  of  increasing  the 

house  respectively,)  deposited  in  the  confei-ence  room  ;  number  hereafter,  such  appointments  to  be  made  upon 

thcboxesexamincdjoiutlybyacommittecofeaLhhotise,  recommendation  of  the  respective  county  courts.     The 

and  the  numbers  severall  j'  reported  to  them,  that  the  ap-  present  acting  secretary  in  Virginia,  and  clerks  of  all  the 

pointments  may  be  entered,  (which  shall  be  the  mode  of  county  courts,  shall  continue  in  office.    Incaseof  va- 

taking  the  joint  ballot  of  both  houses,  in  all  eases.)  who  cancies,  either  by  death,  incapacity,  nr  resignation,  a 

shall  not  ctmtinue  in  that  office  longer  than  three  years  secretary  shall  be  appointed,  as  before  directed :  and  the 

successively,  nor  be  eligible  until  the  expiration  of  four  clerks  by  the  respective  courts.  The  present  and  future 

years  after  he  shall  have  been  out  of  that  office.  An  ade-  clerks  shall  hold  their  ofRstJs  riiirhig  good  behaviour,  to 

(juate,  but  moderate  salary,  shall  be  settled  on  him  dur-  be  judged  of  and  determined  in  the  general  court.  Tho 

ing  his  continuance  in  office ;  and  he  shall,  with  tiie  ad-  sherills  and  coronei-s  shall  be  nominated  by  the  respec- 

rice  of  a  council  of  state,  exercise  the  executive  jiowers  'ive  courts,  approved  by  the  governor,  with  the  advice 

of  government,  according  to  the  laws  of  this  common-  of  the  privy  council,  and  commissioned  by  the  governor, 

■wealth  ;  and  shall  not,  under  any  pretence,  exercise  any  'I'he  justices  shall  appoint  constables ;  anil  ail  fees  of  »he 

power  or  prerogative,  by  virtue' of  any  law.  statute,  or  aforesaid  officers  be  regulated  bv  law. 

custom  of  England.  But  he  shall,  with  the  advice  of  the  The  governor,  when  he  is  out  of  office,  and  others,  of- 

counci!  of  state,  have  the  power  of  granting  repri'evcs  or  fending  against  the  state,  eitlier  by  maieadministratior, 

pardons,  except  where  the  jjrosecution  shall  have  been  corruption,  or  other  mearis,  by  which  the  safety  of  the 

carrried  on  by  the  hou«e  of  delegates,  or  the  law  shall  state  may  be  endangered,  sliall  be  imneachable  by  the 

otherwise  particularly  direct ;  in  which  cases,  no  ivprieve  house  of  delegates.    Such  impeachments  to  be  prosecu- 

or  pardon  shall  be  granted,  but  by  resolve  of  the  house  ted  by  the  attorney  general,  or  such  other  person  or  per- 

of  delegates.  sons  as  the  house  may  appoint,  in  the  general  court,  ac- 

Either  house  of  tlie  general  assembly  may  adjoum  cording  to  the  laws  of  the  land.    If  found  guilty,  he  or 

themselves  respectively.    The  gnvtrnor  shall  not  pro-  they  shall  be  either  for  ever  disabled  to  hold  afiy  office 

rogue  or  adjourn  the  assembly  during  their  sitting,  nor  under  government,  or  be  removed  from  such  office  pro 

dissolve  them  at  any  time  ;  but  lie  shall,  if  necessarv,  tempore,  or  subjected  to  such  pains  or  penalties  as  the 

either  by  adviceof  the  council  of  state,or  <m  application  laws  shall  direct. 

of  a  iiiajority  of  the  house  of  delegates,  call  them  before  If  all  or  any  of  the  judges  of  the  general  court  should, 

the  time  to  which  they  shall  stand  prorogued  or  ad-  oti  good  grcurils,  (tobe  judged  of  by  the  house  of  de- 

Joumed.  legates,)   be   accused  of  any  of  the  crimes  or  offences 

A  privy  council  or  council  of  state,  consisting  of  eight  above-mentioned,  such  house  of  delegates  may,  in  like 

members,  shall  be  chosen  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  manner,  imptivoh  the  judge  or  judges  so  nccused,  to  be 

of  assembly,  either  from  their  o\?n  members  or  the  peo-  prosecuted  in  the  court  of  appeals ;  and  he  or  they,  it 

pie  at  large,  to  assist  in  th.e  administration  of  govern-  found  guiltj^shali  be  punished  in  the  same  manner  "as  is 

jnent.    They  shall  annually  choose,  out  of  their  omu  prescribed  in  the  jirecediiig  clause, 

members,  a  president,  who,  in  ease  of  death,  inability,  or  Commissions  and  grants  shall  sun  "  In  the  name  nf  the 

absence  of  the  governor,  from  the  government,  shall  act  comwomvcahh  of  F/r^hlm,'''  and  bear  test  by  the  go\crn- 

as  lieutemnt  governor.    Four  members  shall  be  suffi-  or,  with  the  seal  of  the  commonwealth  annexed.    Writs 

cienttoaet,  and  their  advice  and  procenjup,s  shall  be  shall  run  in  the  same  manner,  and  bear  test  by  the 

entered  on  record,  and  signed  by  the  niemhers  present,  clerics  of  the  several  courts.  Indictments  ihall  conclude, 

(to  any  part  whereof  any  member  may  enter  his  dissent,)  '"  ngoinst  the  prwe  nn'l  ilisnil'i  of  rlie  convnomvealth.'' 

t!5  he  laid  before  the  general  assembly,  when  called  for  A  treasurer  shall  be  appointed  annually,  by  joint  bal- 

bythem.     'ITiis  council  may  appoint  their  own  clerk,  lot  of  both  houses. 

who  shall  have  a  salary  settled  by  law.  and  take  an  oath  All  escheats,  penalties,  and  foi-feitures,  heretofore  go- 
of secrecy,  in  such  matters  as  he  shall  be  directed  by  the  ing  to  the  king,  sliall  go  to  the  commonwealth, save  only 
board  to  conceal.  A  sum  of  money  appropriated  to  that  suth  as  the  legislature  mav  abolish,  or  otherwise  provide 
purposeshallbedividedannually  among  the  members,  for. 

in  proportion  to  their  attendance:  and  they  shall  be  in-  The  territories,  contained  within  the  charters  ereot- 
i/apable,  dtnin;^  their  continuance  in  office,  of  sitting  in  ing  the  colonies  of  Maryland,  Pcnnsjdvania,  Korth  and 
either  bouse  ol  asifinbly.  Two  members  shall  be  re-  South  Carolina,  are  hereby  ceded,  released,  and  forever 
moved,  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  assembly,  at  the  cnTifirmed  to  the  people  of  these  colonies  respectively, 
end  of  e\  ery  three  years,  and  he  ineligible  for  the  three  with  all  the  rights  of  [iroperty,.jurisdiction.  and  govern- 
next  years.  These  vacancies  as  well  as  those  occasioned  meiit,  and  all  other  rights  whatsoever,  v.liieh  might  at 
by  death  or  incapacity,  shall  be  supplitd  by  new  elec-  any  lime  heretofore  have  been  claimed  by  Virginia,  ex- 
tions,  in  the  same  manner.                                '  cept  the  free  navigation  and  use  of  the  rivers  Potomaque 

Thedelegates  for  Virijinia  to  the  conlii>ental  congress  and  Pokomoke,  with  the  property  of  the  Virginia  shores 
shall  be  chosen  .annually,  or  superseded  in  the  liiean  and  strands  borderingon  either.cf  the  said  riveis,and  all 
time,  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  assembly.  improvements  which  have  been,  or  shall  be,  madethere- 
Tlie  present  militir;  officers  shall  be  continued,  and  on.  The  western  and  northern  extent  of  Virginia  shall, 
vacancies  supplied  by  appointment  of  the  governor,  Iti  all  other  respects,  stand  as  fixed  by  the  charter  of 
with  the  advice  of  the  pnvy  council,  on  reeommenda-  king  .tames  I.  in  the  year  one  thousand' six  hundred  antl 
tions  from  the  respective  county  courts;  but  the  govern-  nine,  :uid  by  the  public  treaty  of  peace  between  the 
or  and  council  shall  have  a  power  of  stispcnding  any  courts  of  Britain  and  France,  in  the  year  one  thousand 
officer,  and  orderinj^  a  court  martial  on  complaint  of  seven  hundred  and  sixty  three;  unless,  by  act  of  this  lu- 
misbehaviour  or  inability,  or  to  supply  vacancies  of  offi-  gislature,  oae  or  pore  governments  be  established  w  est- 
eers.  happening  when  in  actual  ser\ice.  ward  of  the  Alleghany  mountains.    And  no  purchase  of 

The  governor  mavembody  the  militia,  with  theadvjce  land  shall  be  made  of  the  Indian  natives,  hut  on  behalf 

'  'f  the  privj-  Qcuncil ;  and,  when  embodied,  shall  alone  of  the  public,  by  auihortt  v  of  the  general  nssemhiyv  ^ 


CONSTiTUTiOK  OF  NOMITI  CAROLINA. 


rhe     Cunstiiution 


Farm   of    C.-n-ernmsnt  21.  Tli:it  a  fiequent  recurrence  to  fundameiital  piiii- 

,          -^  ,  '^';,^'^",f' ;"''  cipks,  is  •ib.olult'ly  necessary  to  prtserve  the  blessings 

agreed  to  and  resolved  iiUon  by  the  Jicpre-  of  liberty. 

icnlatives  of  the  freemen  of  the  state  ofJ\'urth  22.  That  no  liercditaryemoluments,  privileges,  or  ho- 

i-i       I-           I.I         11            r      ^1    i   i,    .  ,•  noiirs.  oiierht  to  be  craiited  or  conferred  m  this  state. 

Carolina,  elected  and  chosen  Jor  that  parti-  ""2"  '•?!«" perpetuities  and  monopolies  are  contrary  to 


_„,    .,.,..  (lerpetuit , 

Culur  purpone,  in  compress  assembled,  at  Ha-    the  genius  of  a  dee  state,  and  ought  not  to  be  allowed. 

It  far   December  IS.   1 776  24.  That  retrospective  laws,  punishing  facts,  comniit- 

iijax,  uecemuu  10,    n  1  ^.  ted  before  the  eMSteuce  of  such  laws,  and  by  them  only 

i  iiPfT  judTiox  OF  uiRHTS    &LC  declared  Criminal,  ale  op;,ressive,  uii.j  list,  and  iiicompa- 

A  DFXLAHA  nOJ.   OF  llIGHTb,  6.C.  ^.^^^^  ^^.^^^  |.^^^.|^. .  ^.,,^^.^f^,,e,  no  CX  t'OStfact,,  law  ought 

1.  Tliat  all  jiolitical  power  is  vested  in,  and  derived    to  be  made. 

from,  the  peo|)le  only.  25.   Tlie  property  of  tlie  soil,  in  a  free  government, 

2.  That  the  jieople  of  t}iis  slate  ought  to  have  the  sole  being  one  of  the  essential  rights  of  the  collective  body  ot 
and  exclusive  right  of  regulating  llie  internal  govern-  the  people,  it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  avoid  tuturedis- 
ment  and  police  thereof.  putes,  that  the  limits  of  the  state  should  be  ascertained 

3.  Thatnoman,orsetofmen,are  entitled  to  exclusive  with  i>recisioii :  and  as  the  former  temporary  line  be- 
er separate  emoluments  or  ^)rivileges  from  the  commu-  tweeii  North  and  South  Carolina  was  c<mfirmed,and  ex- 
nily,  but  iu  consideration  ot  public  services,  tended  by  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  legislatures 

4.  That  the  legislative,  executive,  and  supreme  judi-  of  the  two  states,  agreeable  to  the  order  o.  the  late  [\ioK 
cial  powei'S  of  government,  ought  to  be  for  ever  separate  George  II.  in  council,  tliat  line,  and  that  only,  should  be 
and  distinct  from  each  other.  esteemed  lite  southern  boundary  of  this  state;  that  is  to 

5.  That  all  powers  of  suspending  laws,  ortheexecu-  say,  beginning  on  the  seaside,  at  a  cedar  stake,  at  or 
tion  of  laws,  by  any  authority,  without  consent  of  the  near  the  mouth  of  little  river,  (being  the  southern  ex- 
representatives  of  the  people,  is  injurious  to  their  rights,  treniity  of  Urunwick  county,)  and  running  from  thcnco 
and  ouglit  not  to  be  exercised.  a  north-west  course,  through  the  boniKlary  house,  which 

6.  That  elections  of  mtnihers  to  serve  as  represeiita-  stands  in  thirty-three  degrees  tifty-six  minutes,  to  thirty- 
lives  in  general  assembly,  ought  to  be  free,  fiv^degvets  north  Utitude ;   and  from  thence  a  west 

".  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  every  man  has  a  course,  so  far  as  is  mentioned  iu  the  charter  of  king 
a  right  to  be  informed  of  the  accusation  against  him,  and  Charles  II.  to  the  late  proprietors  of  Carolina.  There- 
to confront  the  accusers  and  witnesses  with  other  testi-  fore,  ail  the  territory,  seas,  waters,  and  harbours,  with 
mony,  and  shall  not  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  thei-  afipurtenances,  lying  batween  the  line  above  de- 
against  himself.  scribed,  and  the  southern  line  of  the  state  of  Virginia, 

8.  That  no  freeman  shall  be  put  to  answer  any  crimi-  which  begins  on  the  seashore,  in  thirty-six  degrees  ihir- 
nalcharge,  but  by  indictment,  presentmentjorimpeach-  ty  minutt-s  north  latitude,  and  from  thence  runs  west, 
ment.                                                             .            .  '  '         '"'—■•' — 

9.  That  no  freeman  shall  be  convicted  of  any  crime, 
but  by  the  unanimous  verdict  of  a  jury  of  good  and  law- 
ful men,  in  open  court,  as  heretofore  used. 

10.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  ex- 
cessive fines  imposed, nor  cruel  or  unusual  punishments 
inflicted. 

11.  That  general  warrants,  whereby  anomcer  or  mes- 
senger may  he  commanded  to  search  suspected  places, 
without  evidence  of  the  f  icl  committed,  or  to  seize  any 
person  or  persons,  not  named,  whose  ofleiices  aie  not 
i)arl!cularly  described,  and  supported  by  evidence,  are 
dangerous  to  liberty,  and  ought  not  to  be  gianteil. 


agreeable  to  the  said  charter  of  king  Cliarles,  are  the 
right  and  propeity  of  the  people  of  this  state,  to  be  held 
by  them  in  sovereignty:  any  partial  line,  without  the 
consent  of  the  legislature  of  tins  state,  at  anytime  there- 
after directed  or  laid  out.  in  any  wise  uotwithstanthng  : 
provided  alwavs,  that  this  deeiaration  of  right  shall  not 
prejudice  any  nation  or  nations  of  Indians,  from  enjoy, 
ing'sueh  hunting  grounds  as  may  have  been,  or  hereafter 
shall  be,  secured  to  them,  by  any  former  or  future  Icgis- 
latuiv  of  this  state:  And  provided  also,  that  it  shall  not 
be  construed  so  as  to  prevent  the  establishment  of  one 
or  more  governments  westward  of  this  state,  by  consent 

..^ ,,  ,,  „  ,,f  ll,t.  legislature:  And  provided  further,  that  nothing 

y2.  That  no  freeman  ought  to  be  taken^  imprisoned,  herein  contained  slia'.l  ait'eet  the  titles  or  possessions  of 
or  disseized  of  his  freeholti,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or  individuals  holding  or  claimiie^  i:iulev  the  !avvs  hereto- 
outlawed  or  exiled,  or  in  any  manner  destroyed,  or  d--  fore  in  foi  ee,  or  grants  hevetof;(re  made  by  1  lie  late  king 
privc  d  of  his  life,  liberty,  or  property,  but  by  the  law  of  George  II.  or  his  predecessors,  or  the  late  lords,  propri- 
the  land.  etors,  or  any  of  them. 

13.    That  every  freemEn,  restrained  of  his  liberty,  is 


14.   Thatin  allcontrov.-rsies  at  law,  ivspecimg  pro-  reeiprocas  anu  tiieone  suouiu  ui  wguv.  uc  .iju:>cu  «i 

DCrtv,  the  ancient  mode  of  trial  bvjoiy,is  one  of  ihebest  the  other  is  withdrawn:          ,.   ,,.        -„ 

secu'riiies  •  f  the  ri'-hts  of  the  people,  and  ought  to  le-  And  whereas  George  the  1  bird,  kmgol  G:-cat  Bnl 

m-in  sacied  and  inviolable.                                                 .  and  iatesoveivignof  the  British  Ainericaii  coloines,h 

"is.   That  the  freedom  of  tlie  press  is  one  of  the  great  not  only  withdrawn  from  them  his  protection,  but,  by 

bulwarks  of  libertv,  and  therefore  ought  never  to  be  re-  an  act  of  the  Mntish  legislatme,(leclaied  the  inhabitants 

strained                  '  of  these  states  out  of  the  prolectionof  the  British  crown. 


am 
haih 


17.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  bear  arms,  for  the 
delencc  of  the  slate ;  and  as  standing  armies,  in  time  of 
peace,  are  dangerous  to  liberiy,  lliey  ought  not  lobe 
kept  up  ;  and  that  the  ivulitary  should  be  kept  under 
strict.subordination  to,  and  governed  by  the  civil  power. 

18.  Tliat  the  people  havea  right  I0  assemble  together, 
to  consult  for  tlie  common  good,  to  instruct  their  repiv 


for  the  purpose  of  rediieiug  the  inhabitants  of  the  said 
colonies  to  a  state  of  abject  slavery  ;  in  con3^quence 
whereof,  all  government,  under  the  said  king,  within 
the  said  colonies,  hath  ceased,  and  a  total  dissolution  of 
government,  in  many  of  them,  hath  taken  place: 

And  whereas  the  continental  congress,  having  consi- 
dered till'  premises,  and  other  previous  violations  of  the 


seutatives,  and  to  api)lv  to  the  legislature  for  redress  of  rights  of  the  good  people  of  America,  have  iherefoie  de- 

•Tievanees.  '  clarcd  that  the  thirteen  united  colonies  arc,  of  right, 

"  10.  That  all  men  havea  natural  and  tinalien.lble  rigJit  wholly  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  IJritish  crown, 

to  worship  Almighty  God,  according  to  the  dicta'es  of  or  any  other  foreign  jiirisdiciion  whatsoever  ;  and  that 

iheir  own  consciences.  the  said  colonies  now  are,  and  for  ever  shall  be,  Iree  and 

20.  'Ihat.  for  redress  of  grievances,  .^nd  for  amending  independent  states : 
and  streiig'hening  the  Laws,  elections  ouaht  to  lio  often        Wlier^-fore,  in  our  present  state,  m  order  to  prevent 

1,^)<^.        o  -  anarebv  and  coiiTusion,  it  becomes  necessaiy  that  go- 

11 


.5  CONSTITUTION  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

venunent  should  be  e^tablishetl  in  this  state ;  therefore,  tenements,  above  the  value  of  one  thousand  pounds^ 

we,  the  iiepresentatives  of  the  freemen  of  North  Caroli-  shall  be  eligible  as  a  governor. 

na,  chosen  and  assembled  in  congress,  for  the  express  16.  That  the  senate  and  house  of  commons,  jointly,  at 

jiurpose  of  framing  a  constitution,  under  the  authority  tlieir  first  meeting,  after  each  annual  election,  shall,  by 

of  the  people,  most  conducive  to  their  happiness  and  ballot,  elect  seven  persons,  to  be  a  council  of  state  for 

prosperity,  do  declare,  that  a  government  for  this  state  one  year ;  whoshall  advise  the  governor  in  the  execution 

sliali  be  established,  in  manner  and  form  following,  to  of  Ins  office :  and  that  four  members  shall  be  a  quorum  ; 

int:  their  advice  and  proceedings  shall  be  entered  in  a  jour- 

1.  That  the  legislative  authority  shall  be  vested  in  two  rial,  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose  only,  and  signed  by  the 
distinct  branches,  both  dependent  on  the  people,  to  7vit,  members  present ;  to  any  part  of  which  any  member  pre- 
9t  senate  2l\\<\  house  of  com7no7is.  sent  may  enter  his  dissent.    And  such  journal  shall  be 

2.  That  the  senate  shall  be  coiiiposed  of  representa-  laid  before  the  general  assembly  when  called  for  by 
lives,  aiinnally  chosen  by  ballot,  one  for  each  county  in  them. 

the  state.  17.  That  there  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  state,  which  shall 

3.  That  the  house  of  commons  sliall  be  composed  of  be  kept  by  the  governor,  and  used  by  him,  as  occasion 
representatives  annually  chosen  by  ballot,  two  for  each  may  riquife ;  and  shall  be  <:a,\\>iA,the  great  seal  of  the  state 
county,  and  one  for  each  of  the  towns  ofEdenton,  New-  of  North  Carolina,  and  be  affixed  to  all  grants  and  com- 
bem,  Wilmington,  Salisbury,  Hillsborough,  and  Hali-  missions. 

lax.  18.  The  governor,  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  captain 

4.  That  the  senate  and  house  of  commons,  assembled  general  and  commander  in  chief  of  the  militia;  and,  in 
for  the  purpose  of  legislation,  shall  be  denominated  the  the  recess  of  the  general  assembly,  shall  have  power,  by 
general  assembly.  and  with  tlie  advice  of  the  council  of  state,  to  embody 

5.  That  each  member  of  the  senate  shall  have  usually  the  militia,  for  the  public  safety. 

resided  in  the  county  for  which  he  is  chosen  for  one  year  19.  The  governor,  for  the  time  being,  shall  have  pow- 

inimediately  piecediisg  his  election,  and  for  the  same  er  to  draw  for  and  supply  such  suras  of  money  as  shall 

time  shall  have  possessed,  and  continue  to  possess,  in  the  be  voted  by  the  general  assembly,  for  the  contingencies 

county  which  he  represents,  not  less  than  three  hundred  of  govemrnent,and  be  accountable  to  them  for  the  same, 

acres  of  land  in  fee.  He  also  may,  bv  and  with  the  advice  of  the  council  of 

6.  That  each  member  of  the  house  of  commons  shall  state,  lay  embargoes,  or  jirohibit  the  exportation  of  any 
have  usually  resided  in  the  county  in  which  he  is  chosen  commodity,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  thirty  days,  at 
for  one  year  immediately  preceding  his  election,  and  for  any  one  time  in  the  recess  of  the  general  assembly ;  and 
six  months  shall  have  possessed,  and  ccntijiue  to  possess,  shall  have  the  power  of  granting  pardons  and  reprieves, 
in  the  county  which  he  represents,  not  (ess  than  one  except  where  the  prosecution  shall  be  carried  on  by  the 
hiinured  acres  cf  land  in  fee,  or  for  the  term  of  his  own  general  assembly,  or  the  law  shall  otherwise  direct,  in 
Ijfe.  which  case,  he  may,  in  the  recess,  grant  a  reprieve  until 

7.  That  all  freemen,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  the  next  sitting  of  the  general  assembly  ;  and  may  exer- 
whohave  been  inhabitants  of  any  one  county  witliin  tlie  ciseall  the  other  executive  powers  of  government,  limit- 
state  twelve  months  immediately  preceding  the  day  of  ed  and  restrained ,  as  by  this  constitution  is  mentioned, 
any  election,  and  possessed  of  a  freehold,  within  the  and  according  to  the  laws  of  the  state.  And,  on  his  death, 
same  county,  of  fifty  acres  cf  laud,  for  six  months  next  inability,  or  absence  from  the  state,  the  speaker  of  the 
before,  and  at  tiie  day  of  election,  shall  be  entitled  to  senate,  for  the  time  being ;  and,  in  case  of  his  death,  in» 
Vote  for  a  member  of  the  fcnate.  ability,  or  absence  from  the  state,  the  sneaker  of  the 

3.  That  all  freemen  cf  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  house  of  commons,  shall  exeicise  the  powers  of  goveiii- 

■who  have  been  inhabitants  of  any  one  county  within  ment,  after  such  death,  or  during  such  absence  or  inabi- 

tlie  state  twelve  months  immediately  jireceding  the  day  lity  of  the  governor,  or  speaker  of  the  senate,  or  until  a 

of  any  election, and  shall  have  paid  public  taxes.shall  be  new  nomination  is  made  by  the  general  assembly, 

entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  house  of  commons,  20.  That,  in  every  case,  where  any  office,  the  right  of 

for  the  county  in  which  he  resides..  whose  appointment  is,  by  this  constitution,  vested  in  the 

0.  Thatall  persons  possessed  ofa  freehold,  in  any  town  general  assembly,  shall,  during  their  recess,  die,  sr  his 

in  this  state,  having  a  right  of  representation,  and  also  office  by  other  means  become  vacant,  the  governor  shall 

ail  free)nen,w  ho  have  been  inhabitants  of  any  such  town  have  jiower,  with  the  advice  of  the  council  of  state,  to  fill 

twelve  months  next  before,  and  at  the  day  of  election,  up  such  vacancy,  by  granting  a  temporary  commission, 

and  shall  have  paid  public  taxes,shali  be  entitled  to  vote  which  shall  expne  at  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the 

for  a  member  to  represent  such  town  in  the  house  of  general  assembly. 

conm«ms:  provided,  always,  that  tiiis  section  shall  not  21.  Tliat  the  governor,  judgesof  the  supreme  court  of 

entitle  any  inhabitant  of  such  town  to  vote  for  members  law  and  equity,  judges  of  admiralty,  and  attorney  gene- 

of  the  houseof  commons  for  thecountyinwhich  he  may  ral,  shall  have  adequate  salai-ies,  during  their  con tinu- 

reside;  nor  any  freeholder  in  such  county,  who  resides  ancc  in  office. 

without  or  beyond  the  liuiits  of  such  town,  to  vote  for  a  22.  That  the  genera!  assembly  shall,  by  joint  ballot  of 

member  for  said  town.  both  houses,  annually  appoint  a  treasurer  or  treasurers 

10.  That  thes'z-nateand houseof  eommons,when  met,  f^r  this  state. 

shall  each  have  power  to  choose  a  speaker,  and  other  23.  That  the  governor,  and  other  officers,  offending 
tiicir  officers:  he  judges  of  the  qualifications  and  elec-  against  the  state,  by  violating  any  part  of  this  constitu- 
tions of  their  membei-s ;  sit  upon  tlieirown  adjournments  tion,  nialeidministration,  or  corruption,  may  be  prose- 
froin  day  to  day;  and  prepare  l-.ills  to  be  passed  into  laws,  culcd,  on  the  impeatnmcnt  of  the  general  assembly,  or 
The  two  liouses  shall  direct  writs  of  election,  for  sup-  presentment  of  the  irrand  jurv  of  any  court  of  supreme 
p!ving  intermediate  vacancies;  and  shall  also  jointly,  by  jurisdiction  in  this  state, 
bailot,  adjourn  themselves  to  any  future  day  or  place.  '    24.  That  the  genera!  assembly  shall,  by  joint  ballot  of 

11.  That  all  bills  shall  be  read  three  times  m  each  both  houses,  triennially  appoint  a  secretary  for  this 
house,  before  they  pass  into  lav.s,  and  be  signed  by  the  state. 

Sj)eak-rs  of  both  ho'.ises.  25.   That  no  persons,  who  heretofore  have  been,  or 

12.  That  every  person,  who  shall  be  chosen  a  member  hereafti  r  may  be,  receiviTs  of  ijublic  moneys,  shall  have 
of  the  senate  or  house  of  commons,  or  appointed  to  any  a  seat  in  either  house  of  genera!  assembly,  or  be  eligible 
office  or  place  of  trust,  bifore  taking  his  seat,  or  enter-  to  any  office  in  this  state,  until  such  person  shall  have 
ing  upon  the  execution  of  his  office,  shall  take  an  oath  fully  accounted  for,  and  paid  into  the  treasury,  all  suras 
to  the  state  ;  and  all  officers  shall  also  take  an  oath  of  for  which  they  may  be  accountable  and  liable. 

office.  26.    Tliat  no  treasurer  shall  have  a  seat,  either  in  the 

13.  That  the  genf  ral  assembly  shall,  by  joint  ballot  of  senate,  house  of  commons,  or  co^mcil  of  state,during  his 
both  houses,  appoint  juds-.-s  of  the  supr'en'.e  courts  of  continuance  in  thatofiice,or  before  he  shall  have  finally 
law  and  equity,  judges  of  :idmiralty,aiul  attorney  gene-  settled  his  accounts  with  the  public,  for  all  the  moneys 
val,  w  ho  shall  be  commissioneil  by  the  governor,  and  which  may  be  in  his  hands,  at  the  expiration  of  his  of- 
lio!d  th'  ir  offices  dining  goud  behaviour.  lice,  belonging  to  the  state,  and  hath  paid  the  same  into 

14.  That  the  s'liate  and  house  of  commons  shall  have  the  hands  of  the  succeeding  treasurer. 

power  to  appoint  the  generals  and  field  officers  of  the  27.  That  no  officer  in  the  regular  army  or  navy,  in  the 

militia,  and  all  ofliveis  of  fhe  re,:uiar  army  of  this  state,  service  and  pay  of  the  United  States,  of  this  state  or  any 

15.  That  the  ,s<-iiate  audliouseof  commons,  jointly,  at  other  state,  nor  any  contractor  or  agent  for  supplying 
their  first  meeili.g  after  each  annual  election,  shall,  by  such  army  or  navy  with  clothing  or  provisions,  shall 
ballot,  elect  a  governor  for  one  year,  who  sliall  not  be  have  a  seat  either  ni  the  sL-nate,  house  of  commons,  or 
eligible  to  that  office  h.-nger  than  three  years,  in  six  sue-  council  of  state,  or  be  eligible  then  to;  and  any  member 
cessive  years;  thai  no  p;  reon  under  thirty  years  of  age,  of  the  senate,  house  of  commons,  or  council  of  state,  be- 
and  who  has  not  been  a  resident  in  this  state  above  five  ing  appointed  to,  and  accepting  of  such  office,  shall 
yeai's,  and  having,  in  the  state,  a  freehold  in  lands  and  thereby  \  acate  his  seat. 


COXSTITUTIOX  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


59 


28.  That  no  member  of  the  council  of  state  shall  have 
a  seat,  either  in  the  senate  or  house  of  commons. 

29.  lliat  no  judge  of  tlie  supicme  court  of  law  or 
equity,  or  jutlge  of  admiralty,  sliall  have  a  seat  in  the 
senate,  house  of  commons,  or  council  ofstate. 

30.  That  no  secretary  of  this  state,  attorney  general, 
or  clerk  of  any  court  of  record,  shall  have  a  seat  in  the 
senate,  house  of  commons,  or  council  of  slate. 

31.  That  no  clergyman,  or  preacher  of  ilie  gospel,  of 
any  denomination,  shall  be  capable  of  being  a  member 
of  either  the  senate,  house  of  commons,  or  council  of 
state,  while  he  continues  in  the  exercise  of  the  pastoral 
function. 

32.  That  no  pei"Son  who  shall  denj-  the  b(;ing  of  God, 
or  the  truth  of  the  protestant  religion,  or  the  divine  au- 
thority of  either  the  Old  or  New  Testaments,  or  who 
shall  hold  religious  principles  incompatible  with  the 
freedom  and  safety  of  the  stat",  shall  be  capable  of  hold- 
ing any  office,  or  place  of  trust  or  profit,  in  the  civil  de- 
partment, within  this  state. 

33.  That  the  justicesof  the  peace,  within  their  respec- 
tive counties  in  this  state,  shall  in  future  be  recommend- 
ed^ to  the  governor  for  the  time  being,  by  the  represent- 
atives in  general  assembly ;  and  tlie  governor  shall  com- 
mission them  accordingly:  and  the  justices,  when  so 
commissioned,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  be- 
haviour, and  shall  not  be  removed  from  office  by  the 
general  assembly,  unless  for  misbehaviour,  absence,  or 
inability. 

34.  That  thereshall  be  no  establishment  of  any  one  re- 
ligious church  or  denomination  in  this  state,  in  prefer- 
ence to  any  other ;  neither  shall  any  person,  on  any  pre- 
tence whatsoever,  be  compelled  to  attend  any  place  of 
worship  contraiyto  his  own  faith  or  judgment,  nor  be 
obliged  to  paj',  for  the  purchase  of  any  glebe,  or  the 
building  of  any  house  of  worship,  or  for  the  maintenance 
of  any  minister  or  ministry,  contrai'yto  wliat  he  believes 
right,  or  has  voluntarily  and  personally  engaged  to  per- 
form; but  all  persons  shall  be  at  liberty  to  exercise  their 
own  mode  of  worship  :  Provided,  that  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  construed  to  exempt  preachei-s  of 
treasonable  or  seditious  discourses,  from  legal  trial  and 
punishment. 

35.  That  no  person  in  the  state  shall  hold  more  than 
one  lucrative  office  at  any  one  time:  Provided,  that  w> 
appointment  in  the  miiitia,  or  the  office  of  lustice  of  the 
peace,  shall  be  considered  as  a  lucrative  office. 

36.  That  all  commissions  and  grants  shall  run  in  the 
name  of  tlie  state  of  N'orth  Carolina,  and  bear  test,  and 
be  signed  by  the  governor.  All  writs  shall  run  in  the 
same  manner,  and  bs  ar  test,  and  be  signed  by  the  clerks 
of  the  respective  courts.  Indictments  shall  conclude, 
agaimt  tlic peace  antidignity  of  the  state. 

37.  That  the  delegates  for  this  state  to  the  continental 
congress,  wliile  necessary,  shall  be  chosen  annually  by 
the  general  assembly,  by  ballot ;  but  may  be  sui)trstded, 


in  the  mean  time,  in  the  same  manner;  and  no  person 
shall  be  elected  to  serve  in  that  capacity  f*  more  than 
three  years  successively. 

38.  That  there  shall'be  a  sheriff,  coroner,  or  coroners, 
and  constables,  in  each  county  witliin  this  state. 

39.  That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  a 
strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in 
prison  after  delivering  up,  bona  fide,  all  his  estate,  real 
and  personal,  for  the  use  of  his  creditoi-s,  in  such  man- 
ner as  shall  be  hereafter  regulated  by  law.  All  iirisoners 
shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  unless  for  capital 
otfences,  w  hen  the  proof  is  evident,  or  the  presumption 
great.  » 

40.  That  every  foreigner  who  comes  to  settle  in  this 
state,  having  fii-st  taken  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
same,  may  purchase,  or,  by  other  just  means,  acquire, 
hold, and  transfer  land, orotb^  real  estiite;  and  after  one 
year's  residence  shali  be  deemed  a  free  citizen. 

11.  Thataschool  orschoolsshall  beestablished  bythe 
legislature,  for  the  convenient  instruction  of  youth, with 
such  salaries  to  the  masters,  paid  by  the  public,  as  may 
enable  them  to  inptriict  at  luw  prices;  and,  all  useful 
learning  shall  be  duly  encouraged  and  prom.oted,  in  one 
or  more  universities. 

42.  That  no  purchase  of  lands  shall  be  made  of  the 
Indian  natives,  but  on  behalf  of  the  public,  by  authority 
of  the  genera!  assembly. 

43.  That  the  future  legislature  of  this  state  shall  regu- 
late entails,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  piwi-ut  perpetuities. 

44.  That  the  declaration  of  rights  is  !;i-reb>  declared 
to  be  part  of  the  constitution  of  this  suite,  and  ought 
never  to  be  violated  on  any  pretence  whatsoever, 

45.  That  any  member,  of  either  isouse  of  general  as- 
sembly, shall  have  liberty  to  dissi  lit  from,  and  protest 
against  any  act  or  resolve,  which  he  may  think  injurious 
to  the  public,  or  any  individual,  and  have  the  reasons  of 
hb  dissent  entered  on  the  journals. 

40.  That  neither  house  ot  the  general  assembly  shall 
pioeeed  upon  public  business,  unless  a  majority  of  all 
the  members  of  s'lch  house  are  actually  present ;  and 
that,  upon  a  motion  made  and  seconded,  the  yeas  and 
nays,  upon  any  question,  shall  be  taken  and  entered  on 
the  journals ;  and  that  the  journals  of  the  proceedings 
of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly  shall  be  primed, 
and  made  public,  immediately  after  their  adjournment. 

This  constitution  is  not  intended  to  preclude  the  pre- 
sent congress  from  making  a  temporary  provision,  for 
t!»e  '.veil  ordering  of  this  state,  until  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  establish  government,^ agreeable  to  the  mode 
herein  before  described. 

RICHARD  CASWELL,  President. 
December  the  eighteenth,  one  thousand  seven  hundred 

and  seventy-six,  read  the  third  time,  and  ratified  in 

open  congress. 

By  order : 

James  Green,  jun.  Secret-anj. 


COISSTITUTIOA^  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


%VE,  the  delegates  of  the  people  of  the  state  of  South 
Carolina,  in  general  convention  met,  do  ordain  and  esta- 
blish this  constitution  for  its  government. 

ARTICLE  1. 

§  1.  The  legislative  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  vest- 
edin  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  senate 
and  house  of  representatives. 

2.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  1)€  composed  of 
members,  chosen  by  ballot,  every  second  year,  by  the 
citizens  of  this  state,  qualified  as  in  this  constitution  is 
provided. 

3,  The  several  election  districts  in  this  state  shall  elect 
the  following  number  of  representatives,  viz  ; 

Charleston,  iiicluding  St.  Philip  \     f,f,^^„  members 

and  St.  Michael,  3 

Christ  Church  three  do 

St.  John,  Berkely,  three  do 

St.  Andrew,  three  do 

St.  George,  Dorchester,  three  do 

St.  James,  Goose  Creek,  three  do 

St.  Thomas  and  St.  Dennis  three  do 

St,  Paul,  three  do 


St.  Bartholomew, 

St.  James,  Santee, 

St.  Suhn,  Colleton, 

St,  Stephen, 

St.  Helena, 

St.  Luke, 

Piince  William' 

St.  Peter, 

All  Saints,  (includingits  ancient  ^ 

boundaries)  $ 

Winyaw,  (not  including  any  pan  > 

of  All  Saints  $ 

Kiiigston,(not  includir-.g  any  par-.  1 

of  All  Saints  > 

Wiiliamsburgh, 
Liberty, 
Marlborough, 
Chesterfield, 
Darlington, 
York, 
Chester, 
Fairfield, 
Richland, 


three  members 

three 

do 

three 

do 

three 

do 

three 

do 

three 

do 

three 

do 

IJirce 

do 

one 

do 

three 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

three 

do 

tvvo 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

fi9 


C.0JCS7ITU  nox  QF  SOUTH  CAROLIXA. 


two  members 

two 

<Io 

t-AO 

do 

t  wo 

(to 

tliree 

do 

thiv-e 

do 

three 

do 

three 

(!n 

two 

do 

two 

do 

t«i) 

do 

tliite 

do 

two 

do 

two 

do 

three 

do 

three 

do 

I.aiicastci', 
Kershaw, 

Claremoiif, 
fMarendon, 
Ahbevjile, 
Edgefield, 
>;ewbii!y,(includins  the  fork  be-") 

tween  Broad  and  Salsida  livers) 5 
Laurens, 
Union, 
Spartan, 
Oreenville, 
Pendleton.  ^ 

St.  Matthew, 
Orange, 
■Winton.Cinoludin^thedistriet  be-  T 

tween  Savannah  river,  and  the  > 

north  fork  of  Kdisto)  J 

Saxe  Gotha, 

4.  Every  free  white  man.  of  the  ape  of  twen!y-one 
Tearsj  being;  a  citizen  of  this  state,  and  having;  resided 
therein  two  years  previous  to  the  day  of  e'eciion,  and 
■who  hath  a  freeliol<!  of  fifty  acres  of  land,  or  a  town  lot, 
of  which  he  hatli  been  legally  seized  and  possessed,  at 
least  six  months  before  svichelection,  or,  not  having  such 
IVeehold  or  tawTi  lot,  hath  been  a  resident  in  the  election 
district,  iTi_ which  be  olfers  to  sjive  his  vote,  six  months 
before  the  said  election,  and  hath  paid  a  tax  the  prece- 
ding year  of  tln-ce  shillings  srerlin^  towards  the  mi  j;po;t 
of  this  si.vertiraent,  shall  have  a  right  to  vote  fora  mem- 
ber or  memlKrs,  to  serve  in  either  branch  of  the  legisla- 
ture, for  the  election  district  in  which  he  liolds  such 
property,  or  is  so  resident. 

5.  The  returning  officer,  or  any  other  person  present, 
entitled  to  vote,  may  require  any  person  who  shall  oflVr 
Jiis  Tote  at  an  election,  to  produce  a  certificate  ot  his 
citb^nship,  and  a  receipt  from  the  tax  collector  ryfhis 
liaviu«  p«jd  a  tax,  entitling  him  to  vote,  or  to  swear,  or 
afllnn,  that  he  is  duly  qualified  to  vote  agreeably  to  this 
t;onstitution. 

6.  No  person  shall  he  eligible  to  a  scat  in  the  house  of 
rqiresentatives,  unless  he  is  a  free  white  man,  of  theage 
<>r  twenty-on«:  yenrs,  and  hath  been  a  citiz.en  and  resi- 
dent in  tliis  state  three  years  previous  to  his  election.  If 
a  resident  in  the  election  district,  he  shall  not  be  eligible 
to  a  seat  in  the  house  of  represeiitaiives,  unless  he  be  le- 
gally seiietl  ami  possessed,  in  his  own  rights,  of  a  settled 
freehold  estate  of  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  ten 
negroes;  or  of  a  real  estate,  of  the  value  ofone  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  sterlin,g,  clear  of  debt.  If  a  non-resi- 
dent, he  shall  be  legally  seized  and  possessed  of  a  settled 
freehold  estate  therein,  of  the  value  of  five  hundred 
pounds  sterling,  clear  of  debt. 

7.  The  senate  shall  be  composed  of  membeis  to  be 
chosen  for  four  years,  in  the  following  proportions,  by 
the  citizens  of  this  state,  qualified  to  elect  members  to 
the  house  of  representatives,  at  the  same  time,  in  t!ie 
same  manner,  and  at  the  same  places,  where  they  shall 
%ote  for  representatives,  viz : 

Charleston,  (including  St.  Philip'? 

and  St.  Michael)  5 

fhrist  Church, 
St.  John,  Berkely, 
St.  Andrew, 
St.  George, 

St.  James,  Goose  Creek, 
St.  Thomas  and  St.  Dennis, 
St.  Paul. 
St.  Bartholomew, 
St.  James,  Santee, 
St.  John,  Colleton, 
St.  Stephen, 
St.  Helena, 
St.  Luke, 
Prince  William, 
St.  Peter, 
All  Saints, 

Winyaw  and  VVilliamsburgli, 
Liberty  and  Kingston, 
Marlborough,  Cliesterfield,  '^ 

and  Darluigton,  S 

York, 

Fairfield,  Richland,  and  Chester, 
Lancaster  and  Kershaw, 
Claremont  and  Clarendon, 
Abbeville, 
Edgefield, 
Newbury,  (including  the  fork  be-  7 

tween  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers)  3 
Laurens, 
Union, 
Spartan, 
Greenvillp, 


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Pendleton,  one  meraViei' 

St.  Matthew  and  Orange,  one       do 

Winton,  (including  the  district  be-  "> 

tween  Savamiah   river  and  the  >     one       do 

Nortli  fork  of  Edisto  J 

Saxe  Gotha  one        do 

8.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  the  senate, 
<n)lc5s  he  is  a  free  w  hire  man,  of  the  age  of  thirty  years, 
and  hath  been  a  citizen  and  resident  in  this  state  five 
years  pnvious  to  his  election.  If  a  resident  in  the  elec- 
tion disti-ict,he  shall  not  be  eligible,  unless  he  be  legally- 
seized  and  possessed,  in  his  own  right,  of  a  settled  free- 
hold estate  of  the  value  of  three  hundred  pounds  ster- 
ling, clear  of  debt.  If  a  non-resident  in  the  election 
district,  he  shall  not  be  eligible  unless  liebe  legally  seized 
and  possessed, in  his  ow^l  right,  of  a  settled  freehold  estate, 
in  the  said  district,  of  the  value  of  one  thousand  pounds 
sterling,  clear  of  debt. 

9.  Immediately  after  the  senators  shall  be  assembled, 
in  conseqoenee  of'thefirstelection,theysha!l  bedivided 
by  lot  into  two  classes.  The  scats  ef  the  senators  of  tlie 
first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  se- 
coinl  year,  and  of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of 
t!ie  fourth  year ;  so  that  one  half  thereof,  as  near  as  pos- 
sible, may  be  chosen,  for  ever  thereafter,  every  second 
year,  for  the  term  of  four  years. 

10.  Seua'oi-s.and  members  olthe  house  of  representa- 
tives, shall  be  chosen  on  the  seconil  Monday  in  October 
next,  and  the  day  follow  ing ;  and  on  the  same  days  in 
every  second  y  ar  thereafter,  in  such  manner,  and  at 
such  times,  as  are  herern  directed  ;  and  shall  meet  oh 
the  fourth  Monday  in  November  annually,  at  Columbia, 
(which  shall  remain  the  seat  of  government,  initil  other- 
wise determined,  hy  the  conciu'rence  of  two  thirds  of 
both  branches  of  the  whole  representation)  unless  the 
casiialiies  of  war,  or  contagions  disorders,  should  render 
it  unsafe  to  meet  there :  in  either  of  w  hich  cxses,  the  go- 
vernor, or  commander  in  chief  for  th>-  time  being,  may, 
by  proclamation,  appoint  a  more  secure  and  convenient 
jjiace  of  meeting. 

11.  Each  iu)use  shail  Judge  of  the  elections,  returns, 
and  qualifications  of  its  own  members ;  and  a  majority 
of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business  ; 
but  a  smaller  number  may  adjoe.rn  from  day  to  day,  ami 
may  be  authorised  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent 
members  in  such  maimer  and  under  such  penalties  as 
may  he  provided  by  laiv. 

12.  Each  house  shall  choose  by  ballot  its  own  oflicei's, 
determine  its  rules  of  proceeding',  punish  its  members 
for  disorderly  behaviour,  and.  with  the  concurrence  of 
two-thirds,  expel  a  member,  but  not  a  second  time  for 
the  same  canst. 

15.  Each  house  may  punish,  by  imprisonment,  during 
sitting,  any  pei-son  not  a  meiuDt-r,  who  shall  be  guilty  of 
disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disorderly  or  contemptu- 
ous behaviour  in  its  presence— or  who,  during  the  time 
of  its  sitting,  shall  threaten  harm  to  the  bodj  or  estate  of 
any  member,  for  anything  said  or  done  in  either  house;' 
or  who  shall  assault  any  of  them  therefor  ;  or  who  shall 
assault  or  arrest  any  witness  or  other  person  ordered  to 
aitend  the  house,  iii  his  going  to  or  returning  therefrom; 
or  w  ho  shall  rescue  any  person  arrested  by  order  of  the 
house. 

l<l.  The  members  of  both  houses  shall  be  protected  in 
their  persons  and  estates  during  their  attendance  on, 
going  to,  and  returning  from  the  legislature,  and  ten 
days  previous  to  their  sitting,  and  ten  days  after  the  ad- 
joiuument  of  the  legislature.  But  these  privileges  shall 
not  he  extended  so  ;is  10  ju-otcct  any  member  who  shall 
be  charged  w  ith  treason,  felony,  or  bieacli  of  the  peace. 

15.  Bills  tor  raising  a  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
house  of  representatives  ;  but  may  be  altered,  amended, 
or  rejected,  by  the  senate. 

All  other  bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  and  may 
be  amended,  altered,  or  rejected  by  the  other. 

Ifi.  No  bill  or  ordinance  shall  have  the  force  of  law, 
until  it  shall  have  been  read  three  times,  and  on  three 
several  days,  in  each  house,  has  had  the  great  seal  af- 
fixed to  it,  and  has  been  signed,  in  the  senate  house,  by 
the  president  of  the  senate  and  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives. 

17.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  out  of  the  public  treasu- 
ry, but  by  the  legislati\'e  authority  of  the  state. 

IS.  The  members  of  the  legislature,  who  shall  assem- 
ble under  this  constitution,  sjiall  be  entitled  to  receive 
out  of  the  public  treasury,  as  a  compensation  for  their 
expenses,  a  sum  not  exceeding  seven  shillings  sterling  a 
day,  during  their  attendance  on,  going  to,  and  returning 
from  the  legislature :  but  the  same  may  be  increased  or 
diminished  by  law,  if  circumstances  ref|uire  :  but  no  al- 
terations shall  be  made  by  any  legislature,  to  take  effect 
during  the  existence  of  the  legislature  which  shall  make 
such  alferatifin. 


COXSTiTUTIOX  OF  SOUTH  CAROLIX-1.. 


01 


19.  Niithev house  shall,  dnrins;  tlieir  session,  ■« ithout 
the  consent  of  tlie  other,  ail.jouin  for  more  than  three 
clays,  nor  to  any  other  place  ilian  that  in  which  the  two 
houses  shall  he  sitting. 

90.  No  hill  or  ordinance,  which  shall  have  been  re- 
jected by  either  house,  shall  be  brought  in  again  during 
tlie  sitting,  without  leave  of  the  house,  and  notice  of  six 
days  being  previously  given. 

21.  No  pei-sou  shall  be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  the  legisla- 
ture whilst  he  holds  any  oflice  of  profit  or  trust  under 
tJiis  state,  the  United  States,  or  either  of  them,  or  under 
any  other  power — exeeptofficers  in  the  militia,  army,  or 
navy  of  this  state,  justices  of  the  peace,  or  justices  of  the 
county  courts,  while  they  receive  no  salaries ;  nor  shall 
any  contractor  of  the  army  or  navy  of  this  state,  the 
United  States,  or  either  of  them,  or  the  agents  of  such 
contractor,  be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  either  house.  And  if 
any  member  shallaccept  or  exercise  any  of  the  said  dis- 
qualifying offices,  he  shall  vacate  his  seat. 

22.  If  any  election  distiict  shall  neglect  to  choose  a 
member  or  members,  on  the  days  of  election,  or  if  any 
])erson  chosen  a  member  ot  either  house  shall  refuse  to 
qualify  and  take  his  seat,  or  should  die,  depart  the  slate, 
or  accept  of  any  disqualifying  office,  a  writ  of  election 
shall  be  issued  by  the  president  of  the  senate,  or  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  as  the  case  may  be,  for 
the  jnivposeof  filling  up  the  vacancythereby  occasioned, 
lor  the  remainder  of  the  terra  for  which  the  person  so 
refusing  to  qualify,  dj-ing,  depaiting  the  state,  or  accept- 
ing a  disqualifying  office,  was  elected  to  serve. 

23.  And  whereas  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  are,  by 
their  profession,  dedicated  to  the  service  of  God,  and  the 
care  of  souls,  and  ought  not  to  be  diverted  from  the 

^giieat  duty  of  their  functions:  therefore,  no  minister  of 
the  gospel,  or  public  preacher,  of  any  religious  persua- 
sion, whilst  he  continues  in  the  extrcise  of  his  jiastoral 
functions,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  officeof  governor,  lieu- 
tenant governor,  or  a  seat  in  the  senate  or  house  of  re- 
presentatives. 

ARTICLE  2. 

§  1.  The  executive  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  in- 
vested in  a  governor,  to  be  chosen  in  minner  following : 
as  soon  as  may  be,  after  the  tirst  meeting  of  the  senate 
and  boose  of  representatives,  and  at  every  fir^t  meeting 
of  the  house  of  representatives  thereafter,  when  a  majo- 
rity of  both  houses  shall  be  present,  the  senate  and  house 
of  representatives,  shall  jointly,  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, choose  by  ballot  a  governor,  to  continue  for 
two  years,  and  until  a  new  election  shall  be  made. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  oifice  of  govern- 
or, unless  he  hath  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and 
hath  resided  within  this  state,  and  been  a  citizen  triere- 
of,  ten  years,  and  unless  he  he  seized  and  possessed  of 
a  settled  estate  within  the  same,  in  his  own  right,  of 
the  value  of  fifteen  hundred  pounds  sterling,  clear  of 
debt. 

No  person,  having  served  two  years  as  governoi-,  shall 
be  re-eligible  to  that  ofilce,  till  after  the  expiration  of 
four  years. 

No  person  shall  hold  the  office  of  governor,  and  any 
other  office,  or  commission,  civil  or  military,  except  in 
the  militia,  either  in  this  state,or  under  any  state,  or  the 
United  States,  or  any  other  power,  at  one  and  the  same 
time. 

3.  A  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  cliosen  at  the  same 
time,  in  the  same  manner,  continue  in  office  for  the  same 
period,  and  be  possesst'd  of  the  same  qualifications  as  the 
governor. 

4.  A  member  of  the  senate  or  house  of  representatives 
being  chosen,  and  acting  as  governor  or  lieutenant  go- 
^emor,  shall  vacate  h.is  seat, and  another  person  shall  be 
elected  in  liis  stead. 

5.  In  case  of  the  impcadimcnt  of  the  governor,  or  his 
remos  al  fVom  office,  death,  resignation,  or  absence  from 
the  stiite,  the  lientenantitovernorshall  succeed  to  his  of- 
fice. And  in  case  of  the  impeachment  of  the  lieutenant 
governor,  or  his  removal  from  office,  death,  resignation, 
or  absence  from  the  state,  the  president  of  the  senate 
shall  succeed  to  his  office,  till  a  nomination  to  those  of- 
fices respectively  shall  be  made  by  the  senate  and  house 
of  representatives,  for  tlie  remainder  of  the  time  for 
which  the  officer  so  impeached,  removed  from  office,  dy- 
ing, resigning,  or  being  absent,  was  elected. 

6.  The  governor  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the 
army  and  navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except 
when  they  shall  be  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the 
United  States. 

7.  He  shall  have  powerto  grant  reprieves  and  pardons, 
after  conviction,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  in 
such  manner,  on  such  terms,  and  under  restrictions,  a? 
he  shall  think  proper ;  and  he  shall  have  power  to  remit 
lines  and  foiTeituivs,  unless  otherwise  directed  bv  law. 


8.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  he  faithfully  exe- 
cuted in  mercy. 

0.  He  shall  havepowev  to  i)roiriblf  the  exportation  of 
provision,  for  any  time  not  exceeding  thirty  days. 

10.  He  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation,  w  hich  shall  neither  be  increased  or  dimi- 
nislied  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been 
elected. 

11.  All  officers  in  the  executive  department,  when  re- 
quired by  I  he  governor,  shall  give  him  information  in 
writing,  iipon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their 
respective  offices. 

12.  The  go\ernor  shall,  from  lime  to  time,  give  to  the 
general  assembly  information  of  the  condition  of  the 
state ;  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  mea- 
sures as  he  shall  judge  necessary  or  expedient. 

13.  He  may,  on  e\traordinavy  occasions,  convene  the 
general  assembly ;  and,  in  case  of  disagreement  between 
the  two  houses,  w  itli  respect  to  thetiraeof  adjournment, 
adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper,  not 
beyond  the  fourtli  :Moiiday  in  the  month  of  November 
then  ensuing. 

AliTIfLE.'). 

§  1.  The  judicial  jiower  shall  be  vested  in  such  supc- 
riorand  inferior  courts  of  law  and  equity,  as  the  legisla- 
ture shall,  from  time  to  time,  direct  and  establish. 

The  judges  of  each  shall  hold  their  comr.iissions  dur- 
ing good  behaviour ;  and  judges  of  the  superior  courts 
shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  a  compensation  for  their 
ser\'ices,  which  shall  neither  be  increased  or  diminished 
during  their  continuanc-  in  office;  but  they  shall  receive 
no  fees  or  perquisites  of  office,  nor  hold  any  other  office 
of  profit  or  trust  under  this  state,  the  United  States,  or 
any  other  power. 

2.  Ihesryleof  all  processes  shall  be,  "  The  state  of 
South  Carolina.'''  All  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in 
the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  itate  of  South  Ca-_ 
rolina,  and  conclude,— 'S.-^'ainji  the  peace  and  dignity  of 
the  same.''' 

ARTICLE  4. 

All  persons  who  shall  be  chcscn  or  appointed  to  any 
office  of  profit  or  trust,  before  entering  on  the  execution 
thereof,  shall  take  the  following  oath  :  "  I  do  swear  (or 
affirm)  that  I  am  duly  qualified,  according  to  the  consti- 
tution of  this  state,  to  exercise  the  office  to  which  I  have 
been  appointed,  arid  will,  to  the  best  of  my  abilities,  dis- 
charge the  duties  thereof,  and  preserve,  protect,  and 
defend  the  constitution  of  this  state,  and  ol  the  United 
States." 

ARTICLE  5. 

J  1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeaching;  hut  no  impeachment  shall  be 
)iia<Ie,  unless  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
house  of  representatives. 

2.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate: 
when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  on 
oath  or  affirmation  :  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted 
without  the  concurrence  of  t«  o-thirds  of  the  members 
present. 

3.  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  all  tlie 
civil  officers,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  mis- 
demeanor in  office.  But  judgment  in  such  cases  shall 
not  extend  further  than  to  a  removal  from  office,  and 
disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or 
profit,  under  this  state.  The  i^arty.  con^icIed  shall,  ne- 
vertheless, be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and 
ptinishinent,  according  to  law . 

ARTICLE  6. 

(j  1.  The  judges  of  the  superior  courts,  commissioners 
of  the  treasury,  secretary  of  the  state,  and  survevov  ge- 
neral, sfiall  be  elected' by  the  joint  ballot  of  both 
houses,  in  the  house  of  representaiives.  The  commis- 
sioners of  the  treasury,  secretary  of  this  state,  and  sm-vey- 
or  general,  shall  hold  their  offices  for  four  years  :  but 
shall  not  be  eligible  again  for  four  years  after  the  expi- 
ration of  the  lime  for  which  they  shall  have  been  elect- 
ed. 

2.  All  other  officers  shall  be  appointed  as  they  hitherto 
have  been,  until  otherwise  directed  by  law;  but  sherilTs 
shall  hold  their  offici.s  for  four  years,  and  not  be  again 
eligible  for  four  years  after  the  term  for  which  they  shall 
have  been  elected. 

3.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina,  and  be  sealed 
with  the'seal  of  the  slate,  and  be  signed  by  the  governor. 

ARTICLE  7. 
All  laws  in  force  in  this  slate  at  the  passing  of  this  con- 
stitution, shall  so  continue  until  altered  or  repeated  bv 


63 


GONSTITUTION  OF  GEORGIA. 


the  legislabsre ;  except  where  they  are  temporarj-,  in 
which  case  they  sliall  expire  at  the  times  respectively 
liirdted  for  their  duration,  if  not  continued  by  act  of  the 
legislature. 

ARTICLE  8. 

}  1.  The  free  exercise  and  enjoyment  of  religious  pro- 
fession and  isorship,  without  discrimination  or  prefer- 
ence, shall,  for  ever  hereafter,  be  allowed  within  this 
state  to  all  mnnkind  :  Provided,  that  the  liberty  of  eon- 
science  therebj  declared,  shali  not  be  so  coiistrued  as  to 
excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  or  justifj-  practices  incon- 
sistent with  the  peace  or  safety  of  this  state. 

2.  Tlie  rights,  privileges,  immunities,  and  estates,  of 
both  civil  and  religious  societies  and  of  coi-porate  bodies, 
shall  remain  as  if  ^he  constitution  of  this  state  had  not 
been  altered  or  amended. 

AUTICLE  9. 

§1.  All  power  is  originally  vested  in  the  people;  and 
all  free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority, 
and  are  instituted  for  their  peace,  safety,  and  happiness. 

2.  Xo  freeman  of  this  state  shall  be  taken  or  imprison- 
ed or  disseized  of  his  freehold,  libertiesj  or  privileges,  or 
outlawed,  or  exiled,  or  in  any  manner  destroyed,  or  de- 
prived of  his  life,  liberty,  or  property,  but  by  the  .judg- 
ment of  his  peers,  or  by  the  law  of  the  land  :  nor  shall 
any  bill  of  attainder,e:i-/;orf/firfo  law,or  law  impairing 
the  obligation  of  contracts,  ever  be  passed  by  the  legis- 
lature of  this  state. 

3.  The  military  shall  be  subordinate  to  the  civil  pow- 
er. 

4.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive 
fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  punishments  inflicted. 

5.  The  legislature  shall  not  grant  any  title  of  nobility 
or  hereditary  distinction,  nor  create  any  office,  the  ap- 
pointment to  which  shall  be  for  any  longer  term  than 
during  good  behaviour. 

6.  'i'lie  trial  by  jury,  as  heretofore  used  in  this  state, 
and  the  liberty  of  the  press,  shall  be  for  ever  inviolably 
preseiTed. 

ARTICLE  10. 

§  1.  The  business  of  the  treasurj- shall  be  in  future  con- 
ducted by  two  treasurers,  one  of  w  hom  sliall  hold  his  of- 
fice and  reside  in  Columb)a;theothershall  hold  his  office 
and  reside  in  Charleston. 

2.  The  secretary  of  state  and  surveyor  general  shall 
hold  their  offices  both  in  Columbia  and  in  Charleston. 
They  shall  reside  at  one  place,  and  their  deputies  at  the 
other. 

3.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  circuits,  the  judges  shall 
meet  and  sit  at  Columbia,  forthc  pui'pose  of  hearing  and 
derermining  all  motions  which  may  be  made  for  new 
trials,  and  in  arrest  of  judgments,and  such  points  of  law 
as  may  be  submitted  to  thtm.  From  Columbia  they  shall 
proceed  to  Chnrkston,  and  there  bear  and  determine  all 
sucii  motions  for  new  trials  and  in  arrest  of  judgment, 
and  such  points  uf  law,  as  ma>  be  submitted  to  them. 


4.  The  governorshall  always  reside, during  the  sitting 
of  the  legislature,  at  the  place  where  their  sessions  may 
be  held,  and  at  all  other  times,  wherever,  in  his  opinion, 
the  public  good  may  reqtiire. 

5.  The  legislature  shall, assoon  asmaybeconvenient, 
pass  laws  for  the  abolition  of  the  rights  of  primogeniture, 
and  for  giving  an  equitable  distribution  of  the  real  estates 
of  intestates. 

ARTICLE  11. 

No  convention  of  the  people  shad  be  called,  unless  by 
the  concurrence  of  two-thiids  of  both  branches  of  the 
whole  representation. 

No  part  of  this  constitution  shall  be  altered,  unless  a 
bill  to  alter  the  same  shall  have  been  read  three  times  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  three  times  in  the  se- 
nate, and  agreed  to  by  two-thirds  of  both  branches  of  the 
whole  representation ;  neither  shall  any  alteration  take 
place  until  the  bill  so  agreed  to,  be  published  three 
months  previous  to  a  new  election  for  members  to  the 
house  of  representatives ;  and  if  the  alteration  proposed 
by  the  legislature  shall  be  agreed  to  in  their  first  session, 
by  two-thirds  of  the  whole  representation  in  both  branch- 
es of  the  legislature,  after  the  same  shall  have  been  read 
three  times,  on  three  several  days  in  each  house,  then, 
and  not  otherwise,  the  same  shall  become  a  part  of  the 
constitution. 

Done  in  com-ention,  at  Columbia,  in  the  state  of  South 
Carolina,  the  third  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  1790,  and  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  of  America. 
By  tlie  unanimous  order  of  the  convention. 

CHARLES  PINCKNEY,  President. 


A  BILL 
To  alter  the  fourth  section  of  the.  first  article  of  llie  consli- 
t'lttian  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina. 
Be  it  enacted  by  the  honourable  the  senate  and  house 
of  representatives,  now  met  and  sitting  in  general  as- 
sembly, and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the 
fourth  section  of  the  first  article  of  the  constitution  of 
this  state  be  altered  and  amended,  to  read  as  follows  : 
Every  free  white  man,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  yeai's, 
]>aupers,  and  non-commissioned  officers,  and  private  sol- 
diers oi  the  army  of  the  United  States  excepted,  being  a 
citizen  of  this  state,and  having  resided  therein  two  years 
previous  to  the  day  of  election,  and  who  hath  a  freehold 
of  fifty  acres  of  land,  or  a  town  lot,  of  which  he  hath 
been  legally  seized  and  possessed  at  least  six  months  be- 
fore such  election,  or  not  having  such  treehold  or  town 
lot,  hatli  been  a  resident  in  the  election  district  in  which 
be  offers  to  give  his  vote  six  months  before  the  said  elec- 
tion,shall  have  a  right  to  vote  for  a  member  or  members 
to  serve  in  either  branch  of  the  legislature,  for  the  elec- 
tion district  in  which  he  holds  such  property,  or  is  so  re- 
sident. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  GEORGIA. 


The  CoTistihition  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  as 
revised,  amended,  and  compiled,  by  the  con- 
ventio7i  of  the  state, at  Louisville,  on  the  30th 
day  of  May,  1798. 

ARTICLE  1 . 

§  1.  The  legislative,  executive,  and  judiciary  depart- 
ments of  government  shall  be  distinct,  and  each  depart- 
ment shall  be  confided  to  a  separate  body  of  magistracy; 
and  no  person  or  collection  of  persons,  being  of  one  of 
those  departments, shall  exercise  any  power  properlyat- 
tached  to  either  of  the  others,  except  in  the  instances 
herein  expressly  permitted. 

§  2.  The  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  two  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  branches,  to  wit :  a  senate  and  house  of 
-representatives,  t«  be  styled, "  The  penrrnl  nsstivhty."' 


§  3.  The  senate  shall  be  elected  annually,  on  the  first 
Monday  in  November,  until  such  day  of  election  be  al- 
tered by  law;  and  shall  be  composed  of  one  memberfrom 
each  county,  to  be  chosen  by  the  electors  thereof. 

5  4.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator,  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  yt-ars  i  and  have  lieeii 
nine  5ears  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  three 
years  an  inhabitant  of  this  state,  and  shall  have  usually 
resided  within  the  county  for  which  he  shall  be  retunned, 
at  least  one  year  immediately  preceding  his  election, 
(except  persons  who  way  have  been  absent  on  public 
business  of  this  state  or  ot  the  United  States,)  and  is  and 
shall  have  been  possessed,  in  his  own  right,  of  a  settled 
freehold  estate  of  the  value  of  five  hundred  dollars,  or  of 
taxable  property  to  the  amount  of  one  thousand  dollars, 
within  the  county,  for  one  year  preceding  his  election ; 
and  whose  estate shall.on  a  reasonable  estimation,  be  ful- 
ly competent  to  the  discharge  of  his  just  debts,  over  and 
above  that  sum. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  C^EORGIA.  C 

^  S.  The  senate  shall  elect,  by  ballot,  a  president,  out  any  thing  said  or  d.-ine  in  either  house,  or  who  shall  as- 
of  their  own  body.  saiilt  any  of  them  therefor;  or  who  shall  atsault  or  arrest 
5  6.  The  si-nate  shall  have  thesole  power  to  try  all  im-  any  witness  in  goinp:  to  or  returning;  from,  or  who  shall 
neaehments.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  rescue  any  person  arrested  by  order  of  either  house, 
be  on  oath  or  afiinnai  ion :  and  no  person  shall  be  eon-  j  U.  No  senator  or  representative  shall  be  liable  to  be 
victed  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  arrested  during  his  attendance  on  the  general  assembly, 
members  present :— judgment  in  eases  of  inipeachuR'nt  or  for  ten  days  previous  to  its  sitting,  or  for  ten  days  af- 
shall  not  extend  further  than  removal  from  office  and  ter  the  rising  thereof,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or 
disiiualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  ot  honour,  breach  of  the  peace ;  nor  shall  any  member  be  liable  to 
trust,  or  profit,  within  this  state :  but  the  party  convict-  answer  for  any  thing-  snoken  in  debate  in  either  house, 
ed  shall,  nevertheless,  be  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  in  any  court  or  place  elsewhere  ;  hut  shall,  nevertheless, 
judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to  law.  be  bound  to  answer  for  perjury,  briberj-,  or  corruption. 
5  7.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  composed  of  5  15.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  procecd- 
members  from  all  the  counties  which  now  are  or  liere-  ings,  and  publish  them  immediately  after  tlieir  adjourn- 
after  may  be  included  within  this  slate,  according  to  mem.;  and  the  yeas  and  navs  of  the  members  on  any 
their  respective  numbers  of  free  white  persons,  and  in-  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  any  two  members,  be  en- 
cluding  three-fifths  of  all  the  people  of  colour.    Theac-  tered  on  the  journals. 

tual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  two  years,  and  §I6.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  or  appropiiaiing  mo- 

within  every  subsequent  term  of  seven  years  thereafter,  neys  shall  originate  in  the  house  of  representatives  ;  but 

and  at  such  time  and  in  such  manner  as  this  convention  the  senate  shall  propose  or  concur  with  amendments,  as 

may  direct.    Each  county  containing  three  thousand  in  other  bills. 

persons,  agreeably  to  the  foregoing  plan  of  enumeva-  Mr  f  17-  Every  bill  shall  be  read  three  times  and  on  three 
tion,  shall  be  entitled  to  two  members  ;  seven  thousand,  ^jiarate  days,  in  each  branch  of  the  genera!  assembly, 
to  three  members ;  and  twelve  thousand,  to  four  mem-  btfove  it  shall  pass,  unless  in  cases  of  actual  invasion  or 
bars ;  but  each  county  shall  have  at  least  one,  and  not  insurrection  ;  nor  shall  any  law  or  ordinance  pass,  con- 
more  than  four  members  ;  the  representatives  shall  be  taining  any  matter  different  from  what  is  expressed  in 
chosen  annually,  on  the  first  Monday  in  November,  un-  the  title  thereof;  and  all  acts  shall  be  signed  \>y  the  pre- 
til  such  day  of  election  be  altered  by  law.  Until  the  sident  in  the  senate,  and  speaker  in  the  house  of  repre- 
aforesaid  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  several  coun-  sentatives  :  No  bill  or  ordinance  which  shall  have  been 
ties  shall  be  entitled  to  the  following  niunber  of  repre-  rejected  by  either  house,  shall  be  brought  in  again  dur- 
sentatives,  resi)ectively  :  Camden  two ;  Glynn  two ;  Li-  ing  the  sessioit,  under  the  same  or  any  oiher  title,  with- 
berty  three ;  M'Intosh  two ;  Bryan  one  ;  Chatham  four;  oiit  the  consent  of  two-ttiirds  of  each  branch. 
Effingham  two  ;  Scriven  two ;  Montgomery  two ;  Burke  §  18.  Each  senator  and  representative,  before  he  be 
-three ;  Bullock  one ;  Jefferson  three ;  Lincoln  two  ;  El-  permitted  to  take  his  seat,  shall  take  an  oath,  or  make 
bert  three;  Jackson  two;  Richmond  three;  Wilkes  four;  afnnaation,  that  he  hath  not  practised  any  unlawful 
Columbia  three;  Warren  tliree  ;  Washington  three  ;  means,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  to  procure  his  elec- 
Hancockfour;  Greene  three;  Oglethorpe  three;  and  tion;  an^l  every  person  shall  bedisqualifiedfromserving 
Franklin  two.  as  a  senator  or  representative,  for  the  term  for  which  he 
§  8.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  shall  have  been  elected,  who  shall  be  convicted  of  having- 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  have  given  or  offered  any  bribe  or  treat,  or  canvassed  forsuch 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  tlie  United  States,  three  election;  and  every  candidate  employing  like  means, 
yeare  an  inhabitant  of  this  state,  and  have  usually  re-  and  not  elected,  shall,  on  conviction,  be  ineligible  to 
sided  in  the  county  in  which  he  shall  be  cliosen  one  hold  a  seat  in  either  house,  or  to  hold  any  office  of  ho- 
year  immediately  preceding  his  election,  (unless  he  nour  or  profit  Jbr  the  term  of  one  year,  and  to  such 
shall  have  been  absent  on  public  business  of  this  state  or  other  disabilities  or  penalties,  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
of  the  United  States,)  and  shall  be  possessed  in  his  own  law. 

right  of  a  settled  freehold  estate  of  the  value  of  two  ^  19.  Every  member  of  the  senate  or  house  of  reprc- 

hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  or  of  taxable  property  to  the  sentatives  shall,  before  he  takes  his  seat,  take  tlic  follow- 

ainountof  five  hundred  dollars  within  the  county,  for  ing  oath  or  affirmation,  to  wit :  "  I,  A  B.  do  solemnly 

oi\e  year  preceding  his  election  ;  anil  whose  estate  shall,  swear  (or  afflrm,  as  the  case  may  be)  that  I  have  not  ob- 

on  a  reasonable  estimation,  he  competent  to  the  dis-  tained  my  election  by  bribery,  treats,  canvassing,  or 

chargeof  his  just  debts,  over  and  above  that  sum.  other  undue  or  unlawful  means,' used  by  myself,  or 

$  9.   The  house  of  repi-esentatives  shall  choose  tlieir  others  by  my  desire  or  approbation,  for  that  purpose  ; 

speaker  and  other  officers.  that  I  consider  myself  constitutionally  nualified  as  a  se- 

§  10.   They  shall  have  solely  the  power  to  impeach  all  nator,  or  representative  ;  and  that,  on  all  questions  and 

persons  who  have  been  or  may  be  in  office.  measures  which  may  come  before  me,  I  will  give  my 

§  ll.    No  person  holding  any  military  commission  or  vote,  and  so  conduct  myself,  as  may,  in  myjtidgment, 

other  appointment,  having  any  emolument  or  compen-  appear  most  conducive  to  the  interest  and  prosperity  of 

sation  annexed  thereto,  under  this  state  or  the  United  this  state ;  and  that  I  will  bear  true  faith  and  allegiance 

States,  or  either  of  them,  except  justices  of  the  inferior  to  the  same ;  and  to  the  utmost  of  my  power  and  ability 

court,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  officers  of  the  militia,  observe,  conform  to,  support,  and  defend  the  constitu- 

nor  any  pei-son  who  has  had  charge  of  public  moneys  tion  thereof." 

belonging  to  the  state,  unaccounted  for,  and  unpaid,  or  §  20.  No  person  who  hatli  been  or  may  be  convicted  of 

who  has  not  paid  all  legal  taxes  or  contributions  to  the  felony  before  any  court  of  this  state,  or  any  of  the  Uni- 

government,  required  of  him,  shall  have  a  seat  in  either  ted  States,  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  or  appointment 

branch  of  the  general  assembly  ;  nor  shall  any  senator  or  of  honour,  profit,  or  trust,  within  this  state, 

representative  be  elected  to  any  office  or  appointment  ^21.    Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  the  general 

by  the  legislature,  having  any  emolument  or  compensa-  assembly,shall,without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn 

tion  annexed  thereto,during  the  time  for  \v1iich  he  shall  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than 

have  been  elected,  with  the  above  exceptions,  unless  he  that  at  which  the  two  brandies  shall  be  sitting  ;  and  in 

shall  decline  accepting  his  seat,  by  notice  to  the  execu-  case  of  disagreement  between  ihe  senate  and  house  of 

tive  within  twenty  days  after  he  shall  have  been  elect-  representatives,  with  respect  to  their  adjournment,  the 

ed ;  nor  shall  any  member,  after  having  taken  his  seat,  governor  may  adjourn  them. 

be  eligible  to  any  of  the  aforesaid  offices  or  appoint-  f.  22.  The  genera!  assembly  shall  have  power  to  make 

ments  during  the  time  for  which  he  shall  have  been  all  laws  and  ordinances  which  they  shall  deem  necessai-y 

elected.  and  proper  for  the  g;ood  of  the  state,  which  shall  not  be 

§12.   The  meeting  of  the  general  assembly  shall  be  repugnant  to 'his  e  institution, 

annually,  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  Januaryj  until  such  §  23.  They  siall  have  power  to  alter  the  boundaries  of 

day  of  meeting  be  altered  bylaw:  a  ma  jonty  of  each  the  present  counties,  and  to  lay  off  new  ones, as  well  out 

branch  shall  be  authorised  to  pi-uceed  to  business ;  but  a  of  the  counties  alroady  laid  off,  as  out  of  the  other  terri- 

smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  com-  torj  belonging  to  tlie  state :  but  the  property  of  the  soil, 

pel  the  attendance  of  their  members  m  such  manner  as  in  a  free  government,  being  one  of  the  essential  rights 

each  house  may  prescribe.  of  a  free  people,  it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  avoid  dis- 

J  13.   Each  house  shall  be  the  judges  of  the  elections,  putC'S,  that  the  limits  of  this  state  should  be  ascertained 

returns,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members;  with  with  precision  and  exactness;  and  thisconvention,coni- 

powei-s  to  expel  or  punish,  by  censuring,  fining,  and  im-  posed  of  the  immediate  reiiresentatives  of  the  people, 

prisoning,  or  eillier,  for  disorderly  behiiviouv ;  and  may  chosen  by  them  to  assert  their  rights,  to  revise  the  pow- 

espel  any  person  convicted  of  any  felonious  or  iufamoas  ers  givenby  them  to  ihe  governriient,  and  from  whoso 

offence ;  each  house  may  punish  by  iuipi-is-.ir.iiu  nt.  dur-  w  ill  all  ruling  authority  of  right  flows,  doth  assert  ami 

ing  session,  any  person  not  a  member,   wiio  shall  be  declare,  the  boundaries  of  tjiis  stale  shall  be  as  follows, 

guiltyof  disj-espect  by  any  disorderly  or  tontemptuous  that  is  to  say ;  the  limits,  boundaries,  jurisdictions,  and 

behaviour  in  its  presence,  ok  who,  during  session,  shall  authority  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  do,  and  did,  and  of 

tlueatcn  hanii  tu  the  body  w  estate  of  any  member,  for  right  on  iht  to,  extend  from  th'scaov  mouth  of  the  rivei- 


lii  t^UXalli  LllOA  OF  (jfc-UJt<..lA. 

bavannali,  along  tlie  i>orlhei-ii  branch /ir  stream  thereof,  the  same  to  the  clerks  of  the  superior  courts  of  tlie  sev;- 
to  the  fork  or  eoiilluenee  of  the  rivers  HOW  called  Tuga-  ral  counties,  certified  under  their  hands,  on  or  before 
!o  aitd  Keowee,  and  from  thence  alonfc  the  most  north-  the  first  day  of  December  next;  the  ]>ersons  so  ajipoinl- 
erii  branch  or  stream  of  the  said  riNer  Tuj^alo,  till  it  in-  ed,  being  first  severally  sworn  before  the  said  justices, 
lersect  the  northern  boundaiy  line  of  South  Carolina,  if  or  either  of  them,  duly  and  faithfully  to  perform  the 
the  said  branch  or  stream  of  Tugalo  extends  so  far  north,  trust  reposed  in  them;  and  it  shall  be  the  d\ity  of  the  said 
reserving;  all  the  islands  in  the  said  river  Savaiuiah  and  clerks  to  transmit  all  such  returns,  under  seal,  directetl 
Tugfalo  to  Georgia  ;  but,  if  the  head  sprin;^  or  source  of  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  at  the  first 
any  bi'ancli  orslream  of  the  said  river  Tngalo  does  not  session  of  the  legislature  thereafter.  And  it  shall  bathe 
extend  to  the  north  boundaiy  line  of  South  Carolina,  duty  of  the  general  assembly,  at  their  said  fiist  session, 
then  a  west  line  to  the  Mississippi,  to  be  drawn  from  the  to  apportion  the  members  of  the  house  of  repi-esenta- 
head  spring  or  source  of  the  said  b'.anch  or  stream  of  tives  among  the  several  counties,  aojreeably  to  tlie  plan 
Tugalo  river,  which  extends  to  the  highest  northern  la-  prescribed  by  this  constitution,  and  to  provide  an  ade- 
titudc ;  thence  down  the  middle  of  the  said  river  Missis-  quate  eom])ensaticn  for  the  taking  of  the  said  census, 
sippi,  until  it  shall  intersect  the  northernmost  i>artof  Eve;-ypei-son  whose  usual  place  of  abode  shall  be  in  any 
the  thiity-first  degree  of  north  laiitnde;  south,  by  a  line  family  on  the  first  Monday  in  July  next,  shall  be  return- 
drawn  due  east,  from  the  termination  of  the  litie  last  ed  as  of  such  family,  and  every  person  occasionally  ab- 
mentioned,  in  the  latitude  of  thirty-one  degretsnorth  of  sent  at  the  time  of  taking  tlieeimmeration, as  belonging 
the  equator,  to  the  middle  of  the  river  Apalachicols,  or  to  that  place  in  which  he  usually  resides.  The  general 
Chatahoochee ;  thence,  along  the  middle  thereof,  to  its  assemblyshall, bylaw,  direct  t'le  nwnneroftakingsnch 
junction  with  Flint  river ;  thence,  straight  to  the  head  census  or  ennmeration,  within  every  subsequent  term  of 
"of  St.  Mary's  rivei ;  and  thence,  along  the  middle  of  SMfceven  years,  in  conformity  to  this  constitution.  And  it 
Mary's  river,  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  from  thence  t^ns  declared  to  be  the  duty  of  all  officers,  civil  and  milita- 
the  mouth  or  inlet  of  Savannah  river,  the  place  of  be-  ry,  throughout  this  state,  to  be  aiding  and  assisting  in 
ginning:  including  and  comprehending  all  the  lands  the  true  and  faithful  execution  thereof.  In  case  the  jus- 
and  waters  within  tlie  said  limits,  boundaries,  and  juris-  tices  of  the  inferior  courts  should  fail  to  make  such  ap- 
dictional  rights  ;  and  also  all  the  islands  wiihin  twenty  i)oiiitments,  or  if  there  should  not  be  a  sufBcient  num- 
leagues  of  the  sea  coast.  And  this  convention  doth  fur-  ber  of  such  justices  in  any  cotiuty,  then  the  justices  of 
ther  declare  and  assert,  that  all  the  territory  witliout  the  tlie  peace,  or  any  three  of  ihem,  shall  have  and  exercise 
present  temporary  line,  and  within  the  limits  aforesaid,  like  powers  and  authority  respecting  the  said  census  ; 
is  now,  of  right,  the  property  of  the  free  citizens  of  this  and  if  the  census  or  ennmeration  of  any  county  shall  not 
state,  and  held  by  them  in  soveK-ignty,  inalienable  but  be  so  taken  and  returned,  then,  and  in  that  case,  the  gc- 
by  their  consent.  Provided,  nevertheless.  That  nothing  neral  assembly  shall  .tpportion  the  representation  of 
herein  contained  shall  be  construed  so  as  to  prevent  a  such  county  according  to  the  best  evidence  in  their 
sale  to,  or  contract  « ith,  the  United  States,  by  the  legis-  power,  relative  to  its  population, 
lature  of  this  statn,  ofand  for  all  oraiiy  partof  the  west-  Ai  Tirrr  " 
eru  territwy  of  this  state,  lying  westward  of  the  river  ii  .  -. 

ChatahoocIiec,onsuc!i  terms  as  may  be  beneficial  to  both  §  1.   The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  goveni- 

partits  ;  and  may  procure  an  extension  of  settlement,  or,   who  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  two 

and  extinguishment  of  Indian  claims,  in  and  to  the  va-  years,  and  until  such  time  as  a  successor  shall  be  chosen 

cant  territory  of  this  state  to  the  east  and  north  of  the  and  qualified.     He  shall  have  a  competent  salary,  esla- 

said  river  Chatahoochee,  to  which  the  territory,  such  blished  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  increased  or  dimi- 

powerof  contract  or  sale,  by  the  legislature,  shall  not  nished  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been 

extend :  And  provided  also.  The  legislature  may  give  its  elected ;  neither  shall  he  receive,  within  that  period,any 

consent  to  the  establishment  of  one  or  more  govern-  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  either  of 

ments  westward  thereof;  but  monopolies  of  land  by  in-  them,  or  from  any  foreign  power. 

Uividuals  being  contiary  to  the  spirit  of  our  free  govern-  §  2.    The  governor  shall  be  elected  by  the  general  as- 

ment,  no  sale  of  territory  of  this  state,  or  any  part  there-  sembly,  at  their  second  annual  session  after  the  rising  of 

of,  shall  take  p'ace  to  individuals  or  private  companies,  this  convention,  and  at  every  second  annual  session 

unless  a  count}'  or  counties  shal  1  have  been  first  laid  off,  thereafter,  on  the  second  day  aftt  r  the  two  houses  shall 

including  such  territory,  and  the  Indian  rights  shall  be  organized  .and  competent  to  proceed  to  business, 

have  been  extinguished  thereto.  §  3.   No  person  sliall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  go- 

521.  The  foregoing  section  of  this  article  having  de-  venior,  who  shall  i;ot  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United 
clared  the  cominonrights  of  ihe  free  citizens  of  thisstate  States  twelve  years,  and  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  six, 
in  and  to  all  the  teriitoiy  without  the  present  tempora-  years,  and  who  hath  not  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty 
17  boundary  line,  and  within  the  limits  of  this  state  years,  and  who  does  not  possess  five  hundred  acres  of 
thereby  defined,  by  which  the  contemplated  purchases  land,  in  his  own  right,  within  this  state,  and  other  pro- 
of certain  comjianies  of  a  considerable  portion  thereof  ptrty  to  the  amount  of  four  thousand  dollars,aiHl  whose 
are  become  constitutionally  void;  and  justice  and  good  estate  shall  no!,  on  a  reasonable  estimation,  be  compe- 
f hith  re<(nire,  that  the  state  should  not  detain  a  cunside-  tent  to  the  discharge  of  his  debts,  over  and  above  that 
ration  for  a  contract  which  has  failed ;  the  legis!ature,at  sum. 

their  next  session,  shall  make  provision  by  law  for  re-  (1  4.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  disability  of 

turning  to  any  person  or  persons  who  has  or  have  bona  the  governor,  the  jnesident  of  the  senate  shall  exercise 

fiile  dejjosited  nionc)  s  for  such  purposes  in  the  treasuiy  the  executive  powers  of  government  until  such  disabili- 

of  this  state:  Provided,  That  the  same  shall  :i0t  have  ty  be  removed,  or  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  general 

been  drawn  therefrom  in  terms  of  the  act  passed  the  assembly. 

thirteenth  dayof  February,  one  thousand  seven  hu:i-  §5.   1  he  governor  shall,  before  he  enters  on  the  duties 

dred  antl  ninety-six,  commonly  called  the  rescinding  of  his  office,  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation:  "I 

act,  or  the  appropriation  law  sof  the  years  one  thousand  do  solemnly  swear  (or  alTirm.  as  the  case  may  be)  that  I 

seven  hundred  and  ninety-six,  and  one  thousand  seven  w  ill  faitlifully  execute  the  office  of  governor  of  the  state 

hundred  and  niiielj -seven:  nor  shall  the  moneys  jiaid  of  Georgia;  and  will, to  thebestof  my  abilities, preserve, 

for  such  purchases  ever  be  deemed  a  part  of  the  funds  of  protect,  and  defend  the  said  state,  and  cause  justice  to 

this  state,  or  be  liable  to  appropriation  as  such ;  but  until  be  executed  in  mercy  therein,  according  to  the  coustitu- 

sueh  moneys  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  they  shall  be  tion  and  la\vs  tliireot"." 

consitlered  altog'ther  at  the  risk  of  the  pei-sons  who  have  f  6.    He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  array  and 

deposited  the  s:tme.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  out  of  the  navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia  thereof, 

trtasuryor  from  the  jiublic  fuiidsof  this  state,  except  by  ^7.    He  shall  l:ave  power  to  grant  reprieves  for  of- 

appiopriation  made  bylaw:  and  a  reg^ilar  statement  fencesag;iinst  the  slate,  except  iiicasesof  impeachment, 

and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  pub-  and  to  grant  pardons  or  to  remit  any  part  of  a  sentence, 

lie  moneys  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time.    No  in  all  c:ises  :if>er  conviction,  except  liu- treason  or  mur- 

vote,  resolution,  law,  or  ordir,  shall  pass  the  general  as-  der,  in  which  cases  he  may  respite  tlie  execution,  and 

sembly,  granting  a  donatioit  or  gratuity  in  favourof  any  make  report  tliereof  to  the  next  geneial  assembly,  by 

pei-son  whatever,  but  by  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  whom  a  pardon  may  be  granted, 

of  the  general  asseiubly.  }  8.    He  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  up  all  va- 

5  25.  It  shall  be  the  lUity  of  the  justices  of  the  inferior  caneiis  that  hapi>en  in  the  senate  or  house  of  represent- 

courtjOrany  three  of  them,  in  each  county  respectively,  atives  ;  and  shall  have  power  to  convene  the  general  as- 

within  sixty  days  after  the  adjournment  of"  this  conveii-  sembly  on  exti-acrtlinary  occasions ;  and  shall  give  them, 

lion,  to  appoint  one  or  more  lit  persons  in  each  county,  from  time  to  time,  inlbrmatiou  of  the  state  of  the  rejiub- 

liot  exceeding  one  tor  each  battalion  district,  whose  duty  lie.  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures 

it  shall  be  to  take  a  full  and  ac.urate  census  or  enume-  as  he  m:iy  deem  iKcessary  and  expedient, 

ratiunof  all  free  white  persons  and  peopleof  colourre-  J  9.    When  any  office  shall  become  vacant  by  death, 

siding  I  herein,  distinguishing,  in  separate  columns,  the  resignation,  or  otherwise^^e  governor  shall  have  tlf 

free -.vliiteptrspns  frojn  pprsyns  of  colour,  and  return  power  to  fill  stich  vacanc^p-aiul  pprsons  so  appninttl 


L  OXSTiTUfiON  OF  <.,KOiiC.(A. 


tij 


sliall  continue  ill  office  until  a  successor  is  appointed,  county  for  h  bich  llfy  sliall  be  a])i>uintcd,  unless  remo- 

Bgreeably  to  the  mode  pointed  out  by  tliis  constitution  ^ed  by  souteuce  on  impeachment,  oi-  by  the  governor, 

or  by  the  legislature.                            '  on  the  aJilress  of  two-tiiirds  of  each  braiicb  of  the  geiie- 

^  io.   He  shall  have  the  revision  (if  all  bills  passed  by  ral  assembly.    They  may  be  compensated  for  their  ser- 

both  housiss,  before  the  same  shall  become  laws;  but  vicesinsiich  maiiiierasthelegislatnremay  by  law  direct, 

two-thirds  of  Iwth  houses  may  pass  a  law  notwitJistand-  ^i  5.   The  Justices  of  the  peace  shall  be  nominated  by 

ing  his  dissent ;  and  if  any  bill  should  not  be  v<;turned  the  inferior  courts  of  the  several  counties,  a)id  connnis- 

by  the  governor  « itliin  tive  days  after  it  hath  been  pre-  siomd  by  the  governor,  and  there  shall  be  two  justices 

sented  to  him,  the  same  ^hall  be  a  la«',  unless  the  gene-  of  the  |)eace  in  each  captain's  diatiict,  either  or  both  ot 

i«l  assembly,  by  their  adjournment,  shall  prevent  its  re-  whom  sliall  have  power  to  try  all  cases  of  a  civil  nature 

turn.           '                      "  within  their  district,  where  the  debt  or  litigated  demand 

J  U.   Every  vote,  resolution,  or  order,  to  which  the  does  not  exceed  thirty  dollars,  in  such  manner  as  the  le- 

ooncurrence  of  both  Iiouses  may  be  necessaiy,  except  gislature  may  by  law  direct.    They  shall  hold  their  ap- 

on  a  question  of  adjournment,  shall  lie  presented  to  the  pointments  during  good  behaviour,  or  until  they  shall 

.ETOvenior ;  and,  before  it  shall  take  e.Tect,  be  approved  be  removed  by  conviction,  oii  indietmcutiu  the  superior 

by  him :  oi-,  being  disapproved,  maybe  repassed  by  two-  court,  for  maiepractice  in  oftUe,  orfor  any  feloniou-i  cr 

thirds  of  both  Iiouses,  according]to"  the  rules  and  limit-  infamoiis  crime,  or  by  the  governor,  on  the  address  of 

ations  prescribed  in  case  of  a  bill.  tw  o-ihirils  of  each  branch  ot  the  legislature. 

§  12.  There  shall  be  a  secretai-y  of  the  state,  a  treasu-  ^  6.   '1  he  powers  of  a  court  of  ordinal"}'  or  register  «C 

rer,  and  a  surveyor  general,  ai)p<iinted  in  the  s;une  niau-  probates,  shall  be  invested  in  the  inferior  courts  of  each 

ner  and  at  ihesame  session  of  the  legi'^lature,  and  they  counly,  from  whose  deciiiou  there  may  be  an  appeal  t6 

shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  liko  period  as  the  govern-  the  superior  court,  under  such  vestriciions  and  regula- 

or,  and  shall  have  a  competent  salary,  including  such  lions  as  ihe  general  as.cmbly  may  by  law  direct ;  but 

emoluments  as  maybe  established  bylaw,  which  shall  the  inferior  court  shall  have  power  to  vcit  the  care  of 

not  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the  period  for  the  records,  a:ul  other  proceedings  therein,  in  the  clerk, 

which  they  shall  have  been  elected.  or  such  other  p^i-son  as  they  may  appoint,  and  any  one 

§  13.    The  greatseal  of  the  state  shall  be  deposited  in  or  more  j'l-U.'is  of  the  said  court,  with  such  clerk  or 

theofliceofthesecretaiyof  state,  and  shall  not  be  affix-  other  persnii,  may  issue  citations  and  ^rant  temporary 

ed  to  any  instrument  of  writing,  bi;t  by  order  of  the  go-  letters,  in  <ime  of  vacation,  to  hold  until  the  next  meet- 

vernor  or  general  assembly:  and  the  general  assembly  ing  of  ihe  said  court;  and  such  clerk  or  other  persott 

shall,  at  their  first  session  after  the  rising  of  this  conven-  may  grsnt  marriage  licenses. 

tion,  cause  the  great  seal  to  be  altered  by  law.  §  7.    Ihe  judges  of  tlie  superior  courts,  or  any  one  of 

$  14.   The  governor  shall  have  power  to  appoint  liis  them,  shall  have  power  to  issue  writs  of  tnanriamus,  pi-o- 

cwn  secretai'ies.  liibiticn,  wire  facias,  and  all  other  writs  which  may  be 

,  __,   ^ ,.  ^  n^eess-irv  for  oiiri-ying  their  powers  fully  into  eifect. 

AiiriCLt  o.  ^g    \ViUiiii  five  yearsaftcr  the  adoption  of  this  consti- 

v  1.  The  judicial  powers  of  this  state  shall  he  vested  in  tution,tl>e  body  of  our  laws,  civil  and  criminal,  shall  be 

a  superior  court,  and  in  such  infciior  jurisdictions  as  i!ie  revised,  digested,  and  arranged  under  jiroper heads, and 

legislature  shall, from  time  to  time,  oi-dain  and  establish,  promulgated  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may  di- 

The  judges  of  the  superior  courts  shall  be  elected  for  red;  and  no  jierson  shall  be  debarred  from  advocating 

the  term  of  three  years,  reniovable  by  the  governor,  on  or  defending  his  cause,  before  any  court  or  tribunal^ 

the  address  of  two-thirds  of  both  houses  forthat  purpose,  either  by  biMi«elf  or  counsel,  or  both. 

or  by  impeachment  and  conviction  thereon.    The  su-  §9.   Divorces  shall  not  be  granted  by  the  legislature, 

jierior  court  shall  have  exclusive  and  final  jurisdiction  until  the  parties  shall  have  had  a  fair  tnal  before  the  su- 

m  all  criminal  cases  whieli  shall  be  tried  in  the  toiinty  perior  court,  and  a  verdict  shall  have  been  obtained,  au- 

wherein  the  ci'ime  was  committed,  and  in  all  cases  re-  ihorising  a  divorce  upon  legal  principles.    And  in  sucU 

■specting  titles  to  land,  which  shall  be  tried  in  the  county  cases,  two-thiids  of  each  branch  of  the  legislature  may 

where  the  land  lies;  and  shall  have  power  to  correct  er-  pa«s  acts  of  divorce  accordingly. 

vors  in  inferiorjudicatories  by  \vritsof<-er/i(()(7)7',as  well  §  10.   The  clerks  of  the  superior  and  inferior  totirts 

as  errors  in  the  superior  courts,  and  to  order  new  trials  shall  be  appointed  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature 

on  proper  and  legal  grounds :  Provided,  That  such  new  may  by  law  direct,  shall  be  comniisioned  by  the  govera- 

trials  shall  be  di  tennined,  and  such  erriu's  corrected,  in  or,  and  shall  continue  in  office  during  good  beiiaviour. 

the  superior  court  of  the  county  in  which  such  action  §  11.   Sheriffs  shall  be  appointed  in  sucii  manner  as 

originated.    And  the  said  court  shall  also  lune  appella-  the  general  assembly  may  by  law  direct,  and  shall  hold 

tive  jurisdiction  in  such  other  cas's  as  the  legislature  their  ajjpointmeiits  for  the  term  of  two  years,  unless 

may  by  lav/  direct,  which  shall  in  no  case  tend  lo  remove  sooner  rem.oved  by  sentence  on  impeachment,  or  by  the 

the  cause  from  the  county  in  w  '-.ich  the  action  origina-  governor,  on  the  addi'ess  of  two-thirds  of  thejtistices  of 

ted ;  and  ih.e  judges  then-of,  in  all  cases  of  ap]>lication  the  inferior  court  and  of  the  peace  in  the  county  ;  but 

for  new  trials,  or  correction  of  errors,  shall  enter  their  no  pei-son  shall  be  twice  elected  sheriff  within  any  terra 

opinions  on  the  minutes  of  the  court.     The  inferior  of  four  years ;  and  no  county  officer  after  the  next  elec- 

eourts  shall  have  cognizance  of  all  other  civil  cases,  tion  shall  he  chosen  at  the  time  of  electing  a  senator  oc 
-which  shall  be  tried  in  the  county  wherein  the  defend- 
ant resides,  except  in  cases  of  joint  obligors,  residing  in 
diifcrent  counties,  which  maybe  commenced  in  eilher 
county:  and  aco])yof  the  petition  and  jn'ocess, served  on 
Ihe  party  or  parties  residing  out  of  the  cov.nty  in  which 


epresertauve. 


ARTICIE  4. 


V  1.  The  c!ecto!"s  of  memljers  of  ihe  general  assembly 
shall  be  citizen:)  and  inhabitants  of  this  state,  and  shall 

the  suit  maybe  commenced,  shall  be  deemed  sufficient  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  have 

service,  iiiiiler  si;ch  rules  and  regulations  :is  tiie  legisla-  paid  all  tiixes  which  may  have  been  required  of  thein, 

tiire  may  direct;  but  the  legislature  may,  by  law,  to  and  which  tli^y  ">'*>' ''^^'e  had  an  opportiiiiity  of  paying, 

which  iv.'o-iliirds  of  e:tch  branch  shall  concur,  give  con-  agreeably  to  law,  >  r  the  year  preceding  the  election, 

current  jtirisdietiim  to  the  superior  courts.    Thesupe-  and  shallhave  resided  six  months  within  the  county: 

rior  and  inPerior  courts  siiail  sit  in  each  county  twice  in  'Piovided,  that,  in  ease  of  invasion,  and  the  inhabitants 

every  year,  at  sucii  staled  times  as  the  legislature  shall  shall  be  (h-iven  from  any  cotiuty,  so  as  to  prevent  au 

appoiilt.                                    '  election  tiiertin,  such  refuge-.Mnhabitants,  beingamai- 

V  2.     The  judges  sliall  have.salaries  adetjiiate  to  their  jority  of  llie  vbtei-s  of  such  county,  may  meet  under  tlife 

services,  established  hv  law,  which  shall  not  be  increased  direction  of  any  three  justices  cf  the  peace  thereof,  in 

or  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office  ;  but  theueanst  county,  not  in  a  state  of  alarm,  and  proceed 

shall  not  receive  any  other  pertjiiisites  or  emoluments  loan  election,  withoot  having  paid  such  tax  sorequired 

whatever,  frimi  paities  or  others,  on  account  of  ai;y  duly  of  electors,  and  the  persons  elected  thereat  shall  be  eu- 

re((uired  of  Iherti,  titled  to  rhcir  seats. 

t  3.  There  shall  be  a  state's  attorney  and,solicitors  ap-  J  2.  AU  elections  by  the  general  assembly  shall  be  by 

pointed  by  the  legislature,  and  commissioned  bv  the  go-  joint  ballot  of  both  branches  of  the  legislature ;  and  when 

venior,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term'  of  three  the  senate  and  house  of  rem-esentatives  unite  for  the 

rears,  unless  removed  by  sen'ence  nn  impeachment,  or  pui-jiose  ol'electiiig,  they  shall  meet  in  the  representative 

by  the  governor,  on  the  addiess  of  tw(!-tlurd3  of  each  chambei-,  and  the  jiresident  of  the  senate  shalUn  such 

1).  anch  of  the  general  assembly.    They  shall  have  saia-  case  preside,  receive  the  ballots,  and  declare  tlie  person 

ries  adequate  to  their  services  established  by  law,  which  or  persons  elected.    In  all  elections  by  the  people,  the 

shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  during  their  conti-  electois  shall  vote  viva  voce,  until  the  legiilature  shall 

nuance  in  office.  otherwise  direct.                   ' 

§  4.   Justices  of  the  inferior  courts  shall  be  appointed  §  '•  'i'he  general  officers  of  the  militia  shall  he  elected 

by  the  general  assembly,  and  be  cominissioncd  by  the  by  the  general  assembly,  and  shall  be  commissioned  by 

governor,  and  shall  liold  their  commissions  during  good  tlie  governor.    All  other  offic^-rs  of  the  militia  shall  be 

ktiliaviour,  or  as  long  as  they  respectively  reside  in  tlie  elected  in  such  mauner  as  the  h;gistature  njiy  dijtett 


66' 


CONSTITUTIOX  OP  GEOliGl.v. 


and  shall  lie  commissioned  by  the  governor ;  and  all  mi- 
Htia  officers  now  in  commission,  and  those  which  may 
be  hereafter  commissioned,  shall  hold  their  commissions 
during  their  usual  residence  within  the  division,  hii- 
gade,  regiment,  battalion,  or  comiiany,  to  which  they 
belong,  unless  removed  by  sentence  ofa  court  martial, 
or  by  the  governor,  on  the  address  of  two-thirds  of  each 
branch  of  the  general  a^sembl)'. 

J  4.  All  persons  appointed  by  the  legislature  to  till 
■vacancies  shall  continue  in  office  only  so  long  as  to  com- 
plete the  time  for  which  their  predecessors  were  ap- 
pointed. 

{  5.  Freedom  of  the  press,  and  trial  by  jury,  as  here- 
tofore used  in  this  state,  shall  remain  inviolate,  and  no 
ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

f  6.  No  person  who  heretofore  hath  been,  or  hereafter 
may  be,  a  collector,  or  holder  of  public  moneys,  shall  be 
eligible  to  any  office  in  this  state,  until  such  person  shall 
have  accounted  for  and  paid  into  the  treasury  all  stuns 
for  which  he  may  be  accountable  or  liable. 

§  7.  The  person  ofa  debtor,  where  there  is  not  a 
strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  detained  in 
prison  after  delivering  up,  bona  Jlik,  all  his  estate,  real 
and  personal,  for  the  use  of  liis  creditors,  in  such  man- 
ner as  shall  hereafter  be  regiilateu  by  law, 

§  8.  Convictions  on  impeachments  which  have  hereto- 
fore taken  place,  are  hereby  released,  and  persons  Ijing 
■under  such  convictions  restored  to  citizenship. 

\  9.  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  case  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public 
safety  may  require  it. 

§  10.  No  person  within  this  state  shall,  upon  any  pre- 
tencej  be  deprived  of  the  inestimable  privilege  of  >vor- 
shippmg  God  in  a  raamier  agreeable  to  his  own  con- 
science, norbe  compelled  to  atleiidany  place  of  worship 
contrary  to  his  own  faith  anrt  Judgment;  nor  shall  he 
ever  be  obliged  to  pay  tythes,  taxes,  or  any  other  rate,for 
the  building  or  repairing  any  place  of  woi-ship,  or  for 
the  maintenance  of  any  minister  or  ministry,  contrary  to 
■what  he  believes  to  be  right,  or  hath  voluntarily  engaged 
to  do.  No  one  religious  society  shall  ever  be  established 
in  this  state,  in  preference  to  any  other  ;  nor  shall  any 
person  be  denied  theenjoyment  of  any  civil  right,  mere- 
ly on  account  of  his  religious  principles. 

§  11.  I'here  shall  be  no  future  importations  of  slaves 
into  this  state,  from  Africa  or  any  foreign  place,  after 
the  first  day  of  October  next.  The  legislature  shall  have 
no  power  to  pass  laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves, 
without  the  consent  of  each  of  their  respective  owners, 
previous  to  sueli  emancipation.  They  shall  have  no 
power  to  prevent  emigrants  from  either  of  the  United 
States  to  this  state,  from  bringing  with  tliem  such  per- 
sons as  may  be  deemed  slaves  by  the  laws  of  any  one  of 
the  United  States. 

§  12.  Any  person  wlio  shall  maliciously  dismember  or 
deprive  a  slave  of  his  life,  shall  suffer  such  punishment 
as  would  be  inflicted  in  case  the  like  offence  had  been 
committed  on  a  free  white  pei-son,  and  on  the  like  proof, 
except  in  case  of  insurrection  by  such  slave,  and  unless 
such  death  should  happen  by  accident,  in  gi.ing  such 
slave  moderate  correction, 

§  13.  'I'he  arts  and  sciences  shall  be  promoted,  in  one 
or  more  seminaries  of  learning ;  and  the  legislature  shall, 
as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be,  give  such  further  tlona- 
tions  and  privileges  to  those  already  established,  as  may 
be  necessary  to  secure  the  objects  of  their  institution ; 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assemblv,  at  their 
next  session,  to  provide  effectual  measures  for  the  im- 
provement and  permanent  security  of  the  funds  and  en- 
dowments of  such  institutions. 

§  14.  All  civil  officers  shall  conti.iue  in  the  exercise  of 
the  duties  of  their  several  offices,  during  the  periods  for 
which  they  were  appointed,  or  until  they  shall  be  super- 
seded by  appointments  made  in  conformity  to  this  con- 
stitution :  And  all  laws  now  in  force  shall  continue  tn 
o_perate,  so  far  as  they  are  compatible  with  this  constitu- 
tion, until  repealed ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  gene- 


ral assembly  to  pass  all  necessary  laws  and  regulation* 
for  carrying  this  constitution  into  full  effect. 

5  IS.  No  part  of  this  constitution  shall  be  altered,  un- 
less a  bill  for  that  purposv,  specifying  the  alterations  in- 
tended to  be  ii>ade,  shall  have  been  read  three  times  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  three  times  in  the 
senate,  on  three  se^■eral  days  in  each  house,  and  agreed 
to  by  two-thirds  of  each  house  respectively;  and  when 
any  such  bill  shall  be  passed  in  manner  aforesaid,  the 
same  shall  be  pubiislied  at  least  six  months  previous  to 
the  next  ensuing  annual  election  for  membei-s  of  the  ge- 
neral assembly ;  and  if  such  alterations,  or  any  of  iliem, 
so  proposed,  shall  be  agreed  to,  i.i  their  first  session 
thereafter,  by  two-tliird»  of  each  branch  of  the  general 
assembly,after  the  same  shall  have  been  read  three  times, 
on  three  separate  days,  in  each  respective  house,  then, 
and  not  otherwise,  the  same  shall  become  a  part  of  this 
constitution. 

■yVe,  the  underwritten  delegates  of  the  people  of  the 
state  of  Georgia,  chosen  and  authorised  by  them  to 
revise,  alter,  or  amend  the  powers  or  principles  of 
their  goveinraent,  do  declare,  ordain,  and  ratify  the 
several  srticlcs  and  sections  contained  in   the  six 
pages  hereunto  prefixed,  as  the  constitution  of  this 
state  ;  and  the  same  shall  be  in  operation  from  the 
dale  hereof. 
In  testimony  whereof,  -vve,  and  each  of  us,  respective- 
ly, have  hereunto  set  our  hands,  at  Louisville,  the 
seat  of  government,  this  thirteenth  day  of  May,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-eight,  and  in  the  twenty-second  year  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  •'Stales  of  America  ; 
and  have  caused  the  great  seal  of  the  state  to  be  af- 
fixed thereto. 
Article  4th,  section  11th,  a.id  first  line,  the  following^ 
words  being  interlined,  to  wit—"  after  the  first  day  of 
October  next." 

JARED  IRWIN,  President. 
Joseph  Clay,  jun.  Thomas  Gi  bert, 

J.  B.  Maxwell",  John  Burnett, 

John  Pray,  John  Coiiper, 

Beiijamiin  Davis,  Thomas  Spalding, 

John  Morrison,  James  H.  Rutherford, 

Johti  Milton,  James  Oliver, 

Ja:rie9  Bird,  John  Watts, 

Andrew  E.  Wells,  George  Franklin; 

Chillies  M'Call,juD.  ,Tohn  Lawson, 

G   W.  Foster,  '        George  Wilson, 

Jonas  Fauche,  James  Pitmann, 

James  Nisbet,  .Toseph  Humpheris, 

Chas.  .\bircrombee,  James  Cochran, 

Thomas  Lamar,  James  Powell, 

Malt.  Rabun,  Jaracs  Dunwodv, 

Peter  J.  Cariies,  Henry  Ware, 

Wilbam  Fleming,  Gibson  'VVoodridge, 

R.  D.  Gray,  .Tared  Gore, 

James  Seagrove,  John  H.  M'liitosh, 

Thomas  Stafford,  ,Tames  Gignilliat, 

James  Jackson,  Beiij.tmiii  Harrison, 

James  Jones,  John  Watts, 

George  Jones,  .lohn  Jones, 

James  Simms,  John  Lumpkin, 

W;«,  Drane.  I'homas  Duke, 

James  M'Ntil,  Burwell  Pope, 

John  King,  Robert  Watkins, 

John  London,  Abraham  Jones, 

Thomas  Polhil!,  Lewis  Lanier, 

AVilliam  Barnctt,  Arthur  Fort, 

R-  Hunt,  W.  Sith,  jun. 

Benjamin  Mosely,  Matthew  Talbot, 

A.  Franklin,  Jesse  Mercer, 

Robert  Walters,  Benjamin  Taliaferror 

Attest, 

James  M.  Simmons,  Secretanj. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  VERMONT. 

ADOPTED  BY  IHE  CONVENTION  HOLDEN  AT  WINDSOR,  July  4th,  179o 


CHAP.  1. 

.  1  Declaration  of  Rights  of  the  Inhabitants  of 
the  state  of  Vermont. 

ARTICLE  1. 
THAT  ail  men  are  borti  equally  free  and  indepen- 
dent, and  have  cei-tain  natural,  inherent,  and  unalit-na- 
ble  rights,  aniongst  «  hich  are  the  enjoying  and  defend- 
ing life  and  liberty,  acquiring,  possessing,  and  protect- 
ing proptrty,  and  pursuing  and  obtaining  happiness 
and  safety:  therefore,  no  male  person,  born  in  this 
country,  Of  brought  from  over  sea,  ought  to  be  holden 
by  law  to  serve  any  person  as  a  servant,  slave,  or  ap- 
prentice, after  he  arrives  to  the  age  ot  twenty-one  years, 
nov  female,  in  like  manner,  after  she  arrives  to  the  age 
of  eighteen  years,  unless  they  are  hound  by  their  own 
consent  after  they  arrive  to  such  age,  or  bound  by  law 
for  the  payment  of  debts,  damages,  fines,  costs,  or  the 
like. 


That  private  properly  ought  to  be  subservient  to 
public  uses,  when  necessity  requires  it ;  neveitheless. 
When  any  person's  propt  rty  is  taken  for  the  use  of  the 
public,  the  owner  ought  to  receive  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

AIITILLE  3. 

That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  unalienable  right  to 
worship  Almighty  God  accordintr  to  the  dictates  oflheir 
own  consciences  and  understandings,  as  in  their  opinion 
shall  be  regulateil  by  the  word  of  God :  and  that  no 
man  ought  to,  or  of  right  can.  be  compelled  to  attend 
any  religious  worship,  or  erect  or  support  any  jtlace  of 
worship,  cr  maintain  any  minister,  contrary  to  the  dic- 
tates of  his  conscience ;  nor  can  any  man  be  justly  de- 
prived or  abridged  nf  any  eivil  right  ns  a  citizen,  on  ac- 
count of  his  religious  sentiments  or  peculiar  n.ode  of  re- 
ligious worship;  and  that  no  authority  can  or  ought  lobe 
vested  in, or  assumed  by,  any  power  whatever,  that  hall 
in  any-  case  interfere  with,  or  in  any  manner  control, 
the  rights  of  conscience  in  the  free  exercise  of  religious 
worship.  Nevertheless,  every  sect  or  <l(  nomination  of 
Christians  ought  to  observe  the  Sabbath,  or  Lord's  day, 
and  keep  up  some  sort  of  religious  worship,  which  to 
them  shall  seem  most  agreeable  to  the  revealed  will  of 
God. 

ARTICLE  4. 

Every  person  within  this  state  ought  to  find  a  certain 
remedy,  by  having  recourse  to  the  laws,  for  all  injuries 
or  wrongs  which  he  may  receive  in  his  person,  proper- 
ty, or  character:  he  ought  to  obtain  right  and  justice 
freely,  and  without  being  obliged  to  purchase  it  ;  com- 
pletely, and  without  any  denial ;  promptly,  and  without 
delay  ;  conformably  to  the  law. 

ARTICLE  5. 

That  the  people  of  this  state,  by  their  legal  repre- 
sentatives, have  the  sole,  inherent,  anil  exclusive  right 
of  govevifing  and  regulating  the  internal  police  o£  the 
same. 

ARTICLE  6. 

That  all  power  being  originally  inherent  iu,and  con- 
sequently derived  from,  the  jieople,  therefore,  all  offi- 
cers of  government,  whether  legislative  or  executive, 
are  their  trustees  and  servants,  and  at  all  limes,  in  a 
legal  way,  accountable  to  them. 

ARTICLE  7. 
That  government  is,  or  ought  to  be,  instituted  for  the 
common  benelit,  protection,  and  security  of  the  people, 
nation,  or  conunanity,  and  not  for  the  particular  emo- 


lument or  advantage  of  any  single  man,  fan.il}',  or  set 
of  men,  who  are  a  part  oidy  of  that  community  ;  and 
that  the  community  hath  an  indubitable,  uiialienable, 
and  indefeasible  rig-lit  to  refcrin  or  alter  government, 
in  stich  manner  as  shall  be.  b^  that  community,  judged 
most  conducive  to  the  public  weal. 

ARTICLE  8. 

That  all  elections  ought  to  be  free  and  without  cor- 
ruption, and  that  all  freemen,  having  a  sufRcient  evi- 
dence, common  interest  with,  and  attachnunt  to  the 
community,  have  a  right  to  elect  ofiicersjand  be  elect- 
ed into  office,  agreeably  to  the  regulations  made  in  this 
constitution. 

ARTICLE  9. 

That  every  member  of  society  hath  a  right  to  he  pi"o» 
tected  in  the  enjoyment  ot  life,  liberty,  and  property, 
and  therefore  is  bound  to  contribute  his  proportion  to- 
wards the  expense  of  that  protection,  and  )  'x  Id  his  pei-- 
sonal  service,  wh  n  necessary,  or  an  equivalent  thereto; 
but  no  part  of  an)  person's  props  rty  can  be  justly  taken 
from  him,  or  appli-  d  to  pulilic  uses  without  his  consent, 
or  that  of  tl'.e  represtntative  body  of  freemen  ;  nor  can 
any  man,  who  is  conscientiously  scrupulous  of  bearing 
arms,  be  justly  compelled  thereto,  if  he  will  pay  such 
equivalent ;  nor  are  the  people  bound  by  ai.y  law,  but 
such  as  they  have  in  like  manner  assented  to,  for  their 
common  good  ;  and  pi-evious  to  any  law  being  made  to 
raise  a  tax,  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  to  be  raised  ought 
to  appear  evident  to  the  legislature  to  be  of  more  ser- 
vice to  the  community,  than  the  money  would  be  if  not 
collected. 

ARTICLE  10. 

rhat,in  all  prosecutions  forcriminal  ofrences,a person 
hath  arighi  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel ;  to 
deniand  the  cause  and  nature  of  his  accusation;  to  be 
confronted  with  the  witnesses  ;  to  call  for  evidence  in 
his  favour,  and  a  speedy  public  trial,  by  an  impartial 
jury  of  his  country;  witliout  the  unanimous  consent  of 
which  jury,  he  cannot  be  found  guilty  ;  nor  can  he  he 
compelled  to  give  evidence  against  biniscif;  nor  can 
any  person  be  justly  deprived  of  his  Uberiy,  except  by 
the  laws  of  the  land,  or  the  jiidgmeiil  of  his  peers, 

ARTICLE  11. 

That  the  people  have  a  right  to  hold  tbemsel>-es, 
thf  ir  houses,  papers,  and  possessions,  tree  from  seaivh 
or  seizure  ;  and,  therefore,  warrar^ts.  without  oath  or 
affirmation  first  made,  aflbidii'g  suffieieiit  foundation 
for  them,  and  whereby  any  officer  ov  messenger  may  be 
commanded  or  required  to  search  susp"  etej  places,  .  ■ 
to  seize  any  person  or  peisons.  his,  iier,  oi  their  propei  ■ 
ty,  not  particularly  described,are  contrary 'to  that  rigiir, 
and  ought  not  to  be  .granted. 

ARTICLE  12. 

That  v. hen  any  issue  in  fact,  proper  for  the  cogii;. 
zance  of  jury,  is  joined  in  a  court  of  law,  the  parties 
have  a  right  to  trial  by  Jury,  which  ought  to  be  held 
sacred. 

ARTICLE  13. 

That  the  people  have  a  right  to  freedom  of  speech, 
and  of  writing  and  publibhing  their  sentiments,  con- 
cerning the  transactions  of  government,  and  thcreibie 
the  freedom  of  the  press  ought  not  to  be  restrained. 

ARTICLE  14. 

The  fieo<lom  of  delilicration,  speech,  and  dehatf,  in 
the  legislature,  is  so  essential  to  the  rights  of  thepeoj-ie, 
that  it  cannot  he  the  foundation  of  any  accusation  v: 
prosecution,  action,  cv  conijil.iint.  in  any  other  auxix'.  •  ■ 
place  \vhat.so.evcr. 


u 


(OXSTlTUnoN  OF  A'£K:\I0\-T. 


AUTicti:  15. 
Tlie  power  of  suspending  laws,  or  the  execiuion  of 
laws,  ouijht  never  to  be  exeicis»;d  but  by  the  legislaiiu-e, 
or  by  authority  derived  frciii  it,  to  be  exfrcisfd  in  such 
particular  cases  as  this  coastitution,  or  the  legislature, 
shall  provide  for. 

AKTICIE  16. 

That  the  people  have  a  right  to  bear  arms  for  the  ik-- 
fence  of  themselves  and  the  state  ;  and,  as  staiidiiig  ar- 
mies in  time  of  peace  are  dangerous  to  libtrty.  they 
ought  not  to  be  kept  up  ;  and  the  military  should  be 
kept  under  strict  subordination  to,  and  govenitd  by, 
tiie  civil  power. 

ARTICXE  17. 

Tliat  no  person  in  this  state  can,  in  any  east,  be  sub- 
jected to  law  martia!,  or  to  any  penaltic-i  or  pains  by 
virtue  of  that  law.  except  those  enipl'>>cd  in  the  army, 
and  the  militia  in  actual  service. 

ARTICLE  18. 

The  frequent  recurrence  to  fundanicntal  princip'.es, 
and  firm  adherence  to  juslicf,  modt-ration,  tempciaiicf, 
industi-y,  and  frugnlit}',  arc  absolutely  necessary  to  pre- 
serve the  blessings  of  liberty,  and  keep  government 
free  ;  the  people  ought,  thtrelove,  to  pay  particular  at- 
tention to  these  points,  in  the  choice  of  officers  and  re- 
presentatives, and  have  a  right,  in  a  legal  way,  to  exact 
a  due  and  constant  regard  to  them, from  thtir  legislators 
and  magistrates,  in  niakingand  executing  such  luw^as 
are  necessary  for  the  good  government  of  the  stnte. 

AUTlCir.  19. 

That  all  people  hare  a  natural  sad  inherert  ri^lit  to 
emigrate  from  one  state  to  another  that  will  receive 
them. 

AXTlrLH  20. 

I'hat  the  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together  to 
consult  lov  their  common  gtod  :  to  inttiiict  tlieir  repre- 
sentatives :  auJ  apply  to  the  legislature  for  redress  of 
grievances,  by  addrcs':,  petition,  or  remonstituice. 

Afit-ICLE  21. 

That  no  person  shall  be  liable  to  be  transported  out 
ef  this  state,  for  trial  for  anyoftence  comn;itt.';d  within 
the  same. 

CHAP.  2. 

Plan  or  Form  of  Governmsnt. 

§  T.  The  commonwealth  or  state  of  Vermont  shall  be 
governed  hereafter  by  a  governor  or  lieutenant  govern- 
or, council,  and  an  assembly  of  the  representatives  of 
the  freemen  of  the  same,  in  manner  and  form  following: 

J  2.  The  supreme  legislative  power  shall  be  vesttd 
in  a  house  of  representatives,  of  the  freemen  of  the 
commonwealth  or  state  of  Vermoiit. 

5  3.  The  supreme  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in 
a  governor,  or,  in  his  absence,  a  lieutenant  governor, 
and  council. 

I  4.  Courts  of  justice  shall  be  maintained  in  every 
county  in  this  state,  and  also  in  new  counties,  when 
formed  ;  which  courts  shall  be  open  lor  the  trial  ot  all 
causes  proper  ("or  their  cognizance  ;  and  justice  shall  be 
therein  impartially  administered,  without  eoiTuption  or 
unnecessary  delay.  The  .judges  of  the  supreme  court 
shall  be  justices  of  the  peace  throughout  the  state;  and 
the  several  judges  of  the  county  courts,  in  their  respec- 
tive counties,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  except  in  the 
trial  of  such  causes  as  may  be  appealed  to  the  county 
court. 

J  5.  A  future  legislature  may,  when  they  shall  con- 
ceive the  same  to  be  expedient  and  necessary,  erect  a 
court  of  chancerj-,  with  such  powers  as  are  usually  exer- 
cised by  that  court,  or  as  shall  appear  for  the  interest  of 
the  commonxveallh  :  Provided,  they  do  not  constitute 
themselves  the  judges  of  the  said  court. 

$  6.  The  legislative,  executive,  and  judiciary  depart- 
ments, shall  be  separate  and  distinct,  so  that  neither 
exercise  the  powers  properly  belonging  to  the  other. 

5  7.  In  order  that  the  freemen  of  this  state  might  en- 
joy the  benefit  of  election,  as  equally  as  may  be,  each 
town  within  this  state,  that  consists  or  may  consist  of 
eighty  taxable  inhabitants,  within  one  septenary,  or  se- 
ven years  next  after  the  establishing  this  constitution, 
may  hold  elections  therein,  and  choose  each  Os'o  repre- 


sentatives; and  each  other  inhabited  town  m  tuis  slai'. 
may,  in  like  manner,  choose  each  one  reipresentative  tn 
represent  them  in  general  assembly,  during  the  saitl 
septenary,  or  seven  jtars ;  and  after  tliat,  each  inhabited 
town  may,  in  like  manner,  hoid  sucih  election,  and 
choose  ea'cli  one  representative,  for  ever  thereafter. 

§  8.  The  house  of  representatives  of  the  freemen  of 
this  state  shall  consist  ot  persons  most  noted  for  wisdom 
and  virtue,  to  be  chosen  by  ballot,  by  the  freemen  of 
every  town  in  this  state,  respectively,  on  the  first  Tues- 
d;iy  in  S  ptemher,  annually,  for  ever. 

\  9.  1  he  represmtatives  so  chosen,  a  majority  of 
whom  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  transacting  any 
other  business  than  raising  a  state  tax,  for  which  iwo- 
thiids  of  the  members  elected  r.hall  be  present,  siial! 
meet  on  the  second  Thursday  of  the  succeeding  Octo- 
Xkw  and  shall  be  styled,  TItc  General  Assembly  of  the  state 
ofrermant .-  they  shall  have  pov.er  to  choose  their  speak- 
er, secretary  of  state,  th^iir'cleik,  atid  other  necessary 
officers  of  the  house— sit  on  tlieir  own  adjournments— 
prepare  bills,  and  enact  them  into  lav,'s,  judge  of  the 
elections  and  qualilications  of  their  own  memberi.:  iliey 
may  e.\pel  members,  but  not  for  causes  known  to  their 
own  constituents  antecedent  to  their  own  elections : 
they  msy  administer  oaths  and  aflirmalions  in  matters 
depending  before  them,  redress  grievances,  impeach 
state  criminals,  grant  charters  of  incorporation,  consti- 
tute towns,  boroughs,  cities,  and  counties :  thej-  may, 
annually,  on  their  first  .session  afttr  their  election,  in 
coiijunciion  with  the  council,  or  oftener  if  need  be,  elect 
judges  ot  the  supreme  nnd  several  county  and  probate 
courts,  sheriffs,  and  justices  of  the  peace  ;  and  also  with 
till-  council  may  elect  major  generals,  and  brigadier 
generals,  from  time  lo  time,  as  often  as  there  shall  be 
occasion  ;  and  they  shall  hove  all  other  powers  necessa- 
ry for  the  legislature  of  a  free  and  sovereign  state ;  but 
they  shall  have  no  power  to  add  lo,  alter,  abolish,  or  in- 
fringe any  part  of  this  constitution. 

f  10.  The  supiirine  executive  council  of  this  state  shall 
consist  of  a  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  twelve 
persons, chosen  in  the  following  manner,  viz.  The  free- 
men of  each  town  shall,  oil  the  day  of  the  election,  for 
choosing  representatiies  to  attend  the  general  assem- 
bly, bring  in  their  votes  for  governor,  with  his  name 
fairly  written,  to  the  constable,  who  shall  seal  them  up, 
and  Y^rite  on  them,  voles  for  the  governor,  and  deliver 
them  to  the  l■ep^■esentati^■es  chosen  toattend  the  general 
assembly;  and  at  the  opening  of  the  general  assembly 
there  shall  be  a  committee  appointed  out  of  the  council 
and  assembly,  who.  after  being  duly  sworn  to  the  faith- 
ful discharge  of  thtir  (rust,  shall  proceed  to  receive,  sort, 
and  count  the  votes  for  the  governor,  and  declare  the 
person  who  has  the  major  part  of  the  votes  to  be  go- 
vernor for  the  year  ensuing.  And  if  there  be  no  choice 
made,  then  the  council  and  general  assembly,  by  their 
joint  ballot,  shall  make  choice  of  a  governor.  The  lien- 
tenant  governor  and  treasurer  shall  be  chosen  in  the 
manner  above  directed.  And  each  freeman  shall  give 
in  twelve  votes,  fiir  twelve  counsellors,  in  the  same  man- 
ner, and  the  twelve  highest  in  nomination  shall  serve 
for  tlie  ensuinp  year  as  counsellors. 

§11.  'I'he  governor,  and,in  his  absence,  the  lieutenant 
governor,  witii  the  council,  a  major  part  of  whom,  in- 
cluding the  gov.;rnor,  or  lit  utenant  governor,  shall  be  a 
quorum  to  transact  businiss,  shall  have  power  to  com- 
mission all  ot^icf  IS,  and  also  to  appoint  officers,  except 
where  provision  is,  or,  shall  be  otherwise  made  by  law, 
or  this  frame  of  government ;  and  shall  supply  every 
vacancy  in  any  otace,  occasioned  by  death  or  other- 
wise, until  the  office  can  be  filled  in  the  manner  direct- 
ed bylaw  or  this  constitution. 

They  are  to  correspond  with  other  states,  transact 
business  with  officers  of  government,  civil  and  military, 
and  to  prepare  such  business  as  may  appear  to  them 
necessary  to  lay  tiefore  the  generalassembly.  They  shall 
sit  as  judges  to  hear  and  determine  on  impeachments, 
taking  to  their  assistance,  for  advice  only,  »he  judges 
of  the  supreme  court.  And  shall  have  power  to  grant 
pardons,  and  remit  lines,  in  all  cases  whatsover,  except 
in  treason  and  murder  :  in  which  they  shall  have  power 
to  grant  reprieves,  but  not  lo  pardon,  until  after  the  end 
of  the  next  session  ot  assembly  ;  and  except  in  cases  of 
impeachment,  in  which  there  shall  bv  uo  remission  or 
mitigation  of  punishment,  but  by  act  of  legislation. 

They  are  also  to  take  care  that  the  laws  he  faithfully 
executetK  They  are  to  expedite  the  execution  of  such 
measures  as  may  be  resolved  upon  by  the  general  as- 
sembly. And  they  may  draw  uixui^he  treasury  for  such 
sums  as  may  be  appropnatcil  by  thehausc  of  represent- 


(;ONSTITUTION  Or  VEliMONl 


atives.  They  may  aho  lay  embargoes,  ov  proliiliit  the 
exportation  of  any  commodity,  fov  any  time  not  exceed- 
ing thirty  days,  in  the  recess  of  tht-  hon«'  onlj-.  They 
may  triaiit  such  licenses  as  shall  'ou  directed  bylaw!  «n<l 
shall  havepowtrr  to  call  togtthtT  the  general  assembly, 
when  necessary,  belbre  the  day  to  which  they  shall 
stand  adjourned.  The  governor  shall  be  captain  gene- 
ral and  comTiander  in  chief  of  the  forces  of  the  state, 
but  shall  not  command  in  person,  except  advised  there- 
to by  the  conned,  and  then  only  so  long  as  they  shall 
approve  thereof.  And  the  lieutenant  governor  shall, 
liy  virtue  ot  his  office,  be  lieuts-ant  general  of  all  the 
Jbrces  of  the  state.  The  governor,  or  lieutenant  govern- 
or, and  the  council,  shall  meet  at  the  time  and  place 
■with  the  general  assembly  ;  the  lieutenant  governor 
■shall,  during  the  pi-esence'of  the  commander  in  chief, 
vote  and  act  as  one  of  the  council  .■  and  the  governor, 
and,  iir  his  absence,  the  lieuienani  governor,  shall,  by 
virtue  of  tiK'ir  offices,  presi<Ie  in  council,  and  have  a 
casting,  ()ut  no  other  vote.  Every  member  oi'  the  coun- 
cil shall  be  a  justice  of  the  peitee,  for  the  whole  state, 
by  virtue  of  his  office.  The  governor  and  council  shall 
have  a  secretary,  and  keep  fair  books  of  their  proceed- 
ings, wherein  any  counsellor  may  enter  his  dissent, 
>vith  his  reasons  to  support  it ;  aiid  the  governor  may 
appoint  a  secretary  for  liimself  and  his  council. 

5  12.  The  representatives,  h:;ving  met  and  chosen 
iheir  speaker  and  clerk,  shall,  each  of  them,  before  they 
proceed  to  business,  take  and  subscribe,  as  well  the  oath 
or  affirmation  of  allegiance  herein  after  directed,  except 
where  they  shall  produce  certificates  of  their  having 
heretofore  taken  and  subscribed  the  same,  as  thefoUow- 
"  lowing  oath  or  affirmation,  viz. 

"  You ,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm,)  th.it,  as  a 

member  of  this  assembly,  you  will  not  propose  or  assent 
to  any  bill,  vole,  or  resolution,  which  shall  appear  to 
you  injurious  to  the  people,  nor  do  or  consent  to  any 
act  or  thing  whatsoever  that  shall  have  a  tendency  to 
lessen  or  abridge  iheir  rights  and  privileges,  as  declared 
by  the  constitution  of  this  state;  but  will,  in  all  things, 
conduct  yourself  as  a  faithful,  honest  representative, 
and  guarilian  of  the  people,  according  to  the  best  of 
yonr  judgment  and  abilities  ;  (in  case  of  an  oat!i)  so  help 
you  God.  {And  in  case  of  mi  affirmation)  under  the  pains 
and  penalties  of  perjury.'" 

J  13.  The  doors  of  the  house  in  which  the  general  as- 
sembly of  this  commonwealth  shall  sit,  shall  be  open 
lor  the  admission  of  ail  persons  who  behave  decently, 
except  only  when  the  welfare  of  the  state  may  require 
them  to  be' shut. 

§  14.  The  votes  and  proceedings  of  the  general  as- 
sembly shall  be  printed,  when  one  third  of  the  mem- 
bers think  it  necessary,  as  soon  as  convenient  after  the 
end  of  each  session,  with  theycasand  nays  on  any  ((ues- 
tion,  when  required  by  any  nieml>er,  except  where  the 
Votes  shall  be  taken  by  ballot,  in  which  case  every  mem- 
ber shall  have  a  right  to  insert  the  reasons  of  his  vote 
upon  the  minutes. 

§  IS.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  state,  in  future  to 
be  passed,  shall  be ;  It  is  hereby  enacted  by  t/ie^cneral  as- 
nemfily  of  t/ie  state  of  Vermont. 

5  16.  To  the  end  that  laws,  before  they  are  enacted, 
may  be  more  maturely  considered,  and  the  inconve- 
nience of  hasty  detcrminalions,  as  much  as  possible, 
prevented,  all  bills  v.  hicli  ovigiiiate  in  the  assembly  shall 
be  laid  before  the  governor  and  council,  for  their  revi- 
sion and  concurrence  or  proposals  of  amendment  ;  who 
shall  return  the  same  to  the  assembly,  with,  their  pro- 
posals of  amendment,  if  any,  in  writing;  and  if  the 
same  are  not  agreed  to  by  the  assembly,  it  shall  be  in 
the  power  of  the  governor  and  council  to  suspend  the 
passing  of  such  bills  until  the  next  session  of  the  legis- 
lature :  Provided,  that  if  the  goA  ernor  and  council  shrill 
neglect  or  refuse  to  return  any  such  bill  to  the  ?,ssera- 
bly,  with  written  proposals  of  amendment,  within  five 
days,  or  before  the  rising  of  the  legislature,  the  same 
shall  become  a  law.  ^ 

§  17.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  out  of  the  treasury, 
unless  first  appropriated  by  act  of  legislation. 

5  18.  No  person  shall  be  elected  a  representative  until 
he  has  resided  t«  o  years  in  this  state  ;  the  last  of  which 
shall  be  in  the  town  for  which  he  is  elected. 

}  19.  No  member  of  the  council  or  house  of  represent- 
atives shall,  directly  or  indirectly,  receive  any  fee  or  re- 
ward to  bring  forward  or  advocate  any  bill,  petition,  or 
other  business  to  be  transacted  in  the  legislature ;  or 
nilvocate  any  cause,  as  counsel,  in  either  house  of  legis- 
):iiion,  except  when  employed  in  behalf  of  the  state. 
••  20.  No  person  Ought.  \n  any  casre  or  in  anv  time,  to 


m 


be  declared  guilty  of  treason  or  felony  by  the  legisla- 
ture. 

5  21,  Every  man,  of  the  full  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
having  resided  in  this  state  for  the  space  ol  one  whole 
\  ear  next  before  tlie  election  of  repr.  sentatives,  and  is 
of  a  quiet  and  peaceable  behaviour,  aad  will  take  the 
ibllowiiigoalb  or  affirojation,  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the 
privileges  of  a  freeman  of  thisstate: 

<■•  You  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm.)  that  whenever  you 
give  your  vote  or  suffrage  touching  any  matter  that 
coiicerus  the  state  of  Virmont,  yuu  will  do  it  so  as  in 
your  eonseience  you  shall  judge  will  most  conduce  to  the 
best  good  of  the  same,  as  established  by  the  constitution, 
without  fear  or  favour  of  any  man." 

§  22.  The  inhabitants  of  this  state  shall  be  trained 
and  armed  for  its  defence,  under  such  regulations,  re- 
strictions, and  exceptions,  as  congress,  agreeably  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  the  legislature 
of  this  state,  shall  direct.  The  several  companies  of 
militia  shall,  as  often  as  vacancies  happen,  elec!  their 
captain  and  other  officers,  and  the  captains  and  subal 
terns  shall  nominate  and  recommend  the  field  officers 
of  their  respective  regiments,  who  shall  ajipoint  their 
staff  officers. 

^  23.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  of  the 
freemen  of  the  state  of  Vermont,  sealed  with  the  state 
Sh-al,  signed  by  the  governor,  ami,  in  his  absence,  the 
lieutenant  governor,  and  attested  by  the  secretary; 
wliich  seal  shall  be  kej)t  by  the  goveruor. 

§  2 !.  Every  officer  of  state,  v.'In.tlier  judicial  or  ex- 
ecutive, shall  be  liable  to  be  imiieachid  by  the  general 
assembly,  either  wheii  in  office  or  after  his  resigtiation 
or  removal, for  raaleadministiation.  All  impeachments 
slitill  be  before  the  governor,  or  lieutenant  governor, 
and  council,  who  shall  hear  and  determine  the  same, 
and  may  award  costs  ;  and  no  trial  or  impeachment 
shall  be  a  bar  to  a  prosecution  at  law. 

§  25.  As  every  fneman,  to  preserve  his  indei)endence, 
if  without  a  sufficient  estate,  ought  to  hare  some  pro- 
fession, calling,  trade,  or  farm,  whereby  he  may  honestly 
subsist,  thtre  can  be  no  necessity  lor,  iior  use  in  estab- 
lishing offices  of  profit,  the  usual  etiircts  of  which  are 
dependence  and  servility,  unbeeoiuing  freemen,  in  the 
possessors  or  expectants,  and  faction,  contention,  and 
discord  among  the  people.  But,  if  any  man  is  called 
into  public  service,  to  the  prejudice  of  his  private  af- 
fairs, he  has  a  right  to  a  rea  onable  compensation  :  and 
whenever  an  office,  through  increase  of  fees  or  other- 
wise, become  so  profitable  as  to  occasion  many  to  apply 
for  it,  the  profits  ouglit  to  be  lesseived  by  the  legislature. 
And  if  any  officer  shall  wittingly  and  wilfully  take 
greater  ft  es  than  the  law  allows  him,  it  shall  ever  after 
disqualify  him  from  holding  any  oface  in  this  state,  un- 
til he  shall  be  restored  by  act  of  legislation. 

§  26.  No  person  in  this  state  shall  he  capable  of  hoW' 
iiig  or  ex(;rcising  more  than  one  of  the  following  offices 
at  the  same  time,  viz.  governor,  lieutenant  governor, 
judge  of  the  supreme  court,  treasurer  of  the  stale,  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  member  of  the  general  assembly, 
surveyor  general,  or  sheriiT.  Nor  shall  any  person, 
holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  the  authority 
of  congress,  be  eligible  to  any  appointment  in  the  le- 
gislature, or  of  holihng  any  executive  or  judiciary  office 
under  this  state. 

§  27.  'I'he  treasurer  of  the  state  shall,  before  the  go- 
vernor and  council,  give  sufficient  security  to  the  se- 
cretary of  the  state,  in  behalf  of  the  general  assembly  ; 
and  each  high  sheriff,  before  the  first  judge  of  the  coun- 
ty court,  to  the  treasurer  of  their  respective  counties, 
previous  to  their  respectively  entering  upon  the  execu- 
tion of  their  offices,  in  such  manner,  and  in  such  sums, 
as  shall  be  directed  by  the  legislature. 

528  The  treasurer's  itccounts  shall  be  annually  au- 
dited, and  a  fair  state  thereof  laid  before  the  general  as- 
sembly, at  their  session  in  October. 

§  29.  Every  officer,  whetlier  judicial,  executive,  or 
military,  in  authority  under  this  state,  before  he  enters 
upon  the  execution  of  his  office,  shall  take  and  sub- 
scribe to  the  following  oath  or  affirmation  of  allegiance 
to  this  state,  unless  he  shall  produce  evidence  that  he 
has  before  taken  the  same  ;  and  also  the  following  oath 
or  affirmation  of  office,  except  military  officers,  ami 
such  as  shall  bo  exempted  by  the  legislature. 
The  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  allegiance. 
"  Vou  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm,)  that  you  will  he 
true  and  faithful  to  the  state  of  Venr.ont,  and  that  you 
will  not.  directly  or  indirectly,  do  any  act  or  thing  inju- 
rious to  the  constitution  or  government  thereofj  as  es- 
t.tblishrd  by  conveatioTi :  'ffmi  aal'i'^  so  help  vou  God- 


ro 

(Ifan  affirmation)  under  the  pains  and  iH-naUics  of  pei:- 
jnry." 

The  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  office. 

"  Yoii, —,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  you 

will  faiihfully  execute  ilie  office  of" tor  tlie of 

;  and  will  ihtreiu  do  <;q>.al  right  and  justice  to  all 

men,  to  the  best  of  your  judgment  and  abilities,  accord- 
ing to  law  :  {If  an  oath)  so  help  you  God.  Ifanajffrm- 
fl(i07i)  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of  perjury." 

§  30.  No  person  sliall  ha  eligible  to  the  office  of  go- 
vernor or  lieutenant  governor,  until  he  shall  have  re- 
sided in  this  state  four  years  next  preceding  the  day 
of  his  election. 

§  31.  Trials  of  issues,  proper  for  the  cognizance  of  a 
^ury,  in  the  supreme  and  county  courts,  shall  be  by  jury, 
excci)t  where  parties  otherwise  agree  ;  and  great  care 
ought  to  be  taken  to  prevent  corruption  or  partiality 
in  the  choice  and  return  or  appointment  of  juries. 

{  32.  All  prosecutions  shall  commence,  by  the  authori- 
ty qftlte  state  of  Vermont ;  all  indictments  shall  conclude 
with  these  words:  against  Ih;  peace  ami  tligmty  of  the 
state.  And  all  fines  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  of- 
fences. 

§  33.  The  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not 
strong  presumptirn  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in 
prison  after  delivering  up  and  assigning  over,  bonafde, 
all  his  estate,  real  and  personal,  in  pussefsion,  reversion, 
or  remainder,  for  the  use  ol  his  eieditors,  in  such  man- 
ner as  shall  be  hereafter  regulated  by  law.  And  all 
prisoners,  unless  in  execution,  or  committed  lor  capital 
oftences,  when  tlie  proof  is  evident,  or  presumption 
£reat,  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties  ;  nor  shall 
excessive  bail  be  exacted  for  bailable  oJiVnces. 

$  34.  All  elections,  whether  by  the  people  or  the  le- 
.£;islature,  shall  be  free  and  voluntary  ;  and  any  elector, 
*vho  shall  receive  any  gift  or  reward  for  his  vole,  in 
meat,  drink,  moneys,  or  othi-rwise,  shall  forfeit  his  right 
to  elect  at  that  time,  and  softer  such  other  penalty  as 
the  law  shall  direct  ;  and  any  person  who  shftll,  diri-ctly 
or  indirectly,  give,  promise,  or  bestow,  any  such  re- 
Avards,  to  be  elected,  shall  thereby  be  rendered  incapa- 
^)le  to  sp.rve  for  the  ensuing  year,  and  be  subject  to  such 
lurlher  punishment  as  a  luture  legislature  shall  direct. 

i)  35.  All  deeds  and  conveyances  ot  land  sliall  be  re- 
torded  in  the  to\ui  clerk's  office,  in  their  respective 
towns  ;  and  for  want  thereof,  in  the  county  clerk's  of- 
fice of  the  same  county. 

§  36.  The  legislature  shall  regulate  entails  in  such 
manner  as  to  prevent  perpetuities. 

5  37.  To  deter  more  efti^ctually  from  the  commission 
of  crimes,  by  continued  visible  punishments  of  long  du- 
jation,  and  to  make  sanguinary  punishments  less  ne- 
cessary, means  ought  to  be  provided  tor  punishing  by 
l.ard  labour  those  who  shall  be  convicted  of  crimes  not 
capital,  whereby  the  criminal  sliall  be  employed  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public,  or  for  the  reparation  of  injuries 
ilone  10  private  persons  :  and  all  persons,  at  proper  times, 
ought  to  be  perniitttd  to  see  them  at  their  labour. 

}38.  The  estates  of  such  persons  as  may  destroy  (heir 
own  lives  shall  not  for  that  oflTence  be  forfeited,  but 
descend  or  ascend  in  the  same  manner  as  if  such  per- 
sons had  died  in  a  natural  way.  Nor  shall  any  article, 
which  shall  accident.-illy  occasion  the  death  of  any  per- 
son, be  henceforth  deemed  a  deodand,  or  iu  anywise 
forleited  on  account  of  such  misfortune. 

§  39.  Every  person  of  good  character,  wlio  comes  to 
settle  in  this  state,  having  first  taken  an  oaih  or  affirm- 
ation of  allegiance  to  the  same,  may  purchase,  or  by 
other  just  means  acquire,  hold,  and  transfer  land,  or 
«ther  real  estate;  and,  after  one  year's  residence,  shall 
be  deemed  a  free  denizen  thereof,  and  entitled  to  all 
rights  of  a  natural  born  subject  of  this  state,  except 
\hat  he  shall  not  be  capable  of  being  elected  go>ernor, 
iieutenant  governor, treasurer,  counsellor,  or  represent- 
ative iu  assembly,  until  after  two  years'  residt;ace. 


CONSTITUTION  OP  YERMOKT. 


§  40.  The  inhabitants  of  this  state  sliall  have  libertjj 
in  seasonable  times,  to  hunt  and  fowl  on  the  lands  they 
hold,  and  on  other  lands  not  enclosed ;  and  in  like  raan- 
ner,  to  fish  in  all  beatable  and  other  waters,  not  private 
projierty,  under  jiroper  regulations,  to  be  hereafter 
niade  and  provided  by  the  general  assembly. 

§  41.  Laws  for  the  encouragement  of  virtue  and  pre- 
vention of  vice  and  imnioiality,  ought  to  be  constantly 
kept  iu  force,  and  duly  executed  •-  and  a  competent  num- 
ber of  schools  ought  to  be  maintained  in  each  town, for 
the  convenient  instruction  of  youth  :  and  one  or  more 
grammar  schools  be  incorporated,  and  properly  sup- 
ported, in  each  county  in  this  state.  And  all  religious 
societieh  or  bodies  of  men,  that  may  be  hereafter  united 
or  incorporated  for  the  advancement  of  religion  and 
learning,  or  for  other  pious  ami  charitable  purposes,^ 
shall  be  encouraged  and  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  privileges,  immunities,  and  estates,  which  they  iu 
justice  ought  to  enjoy,  under  such  regulations  as  the 
general  assembly  of  this  state  shall  direct. 

5  42.  The  declaration  of  the  political  rights  and  pri- 
vileges of  the  inhabitants  of  this  state,  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  a  part  of  the  constitution  of  this  commonwealth, 
and  ought  not  to  be  violated  on  any  pretence  whatso- 
ever. 

}  43.  In  order  that  the  freedom  of  this  commonwealth 
niay  be  preserved  inviolate  for  ever,  there  shall  be  cho- 
sen, by  li.illnt,  by  the  tVeemen  of  this  state, on  the  last 
Wednesday  in  March,  in  the  year  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  ninety-nine,  and  on  the  last  Wednesday  in 
March,  in  every  seven  yeais  thereafter,  thirteen  per- 
sons, who  shall  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner  thecouii- 
cil  is  chostn,  excejit  they  shall  not  be  out  of  the  council 
or  general  assembly,  to  be  called  the  council  of  censors  ; 
who  shall  meet  together  on  the  first  Wednesday  iu 
June  next  ensuing  tlitir  election,  the  majority  of  whom 
shall  be  a  quorum  in  every  case,  except  as  to  calling  a 
convention,  in  which,  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number 
elected  shall  agree,  and  w  bote  duty  it  shall  be  to  inquire, 
whether  the  consiitutien  has  been  preserved  inviolate 
in  every  part  duiing  the  last  septenary,  including  the 
year  of  their  service,  and  whether  the  legislative  and 
executive  branches  of  govenimei.t  have  performed  their 
duty,  as  guardians  of  the  people,  or  assumed  to  them- 
selves, or  exercised,  other  or  greater  powers  than  they 
are  entitled  to  by  the  cnnstituiiou  :  'I  hey  are  also  to  in- 
quire, whether  the  public  taxes  have  been  justly  laid 
and  collected  in  all  parts  of  this  commonwealth  ;  in 
what  manner  the  public  moneys  have  been  disposed  of; 
and  whether  the  laws  have  been  duly  executed.  For 
these  purposes,  they  shall  have  power  to  semi  for  per- 
sons, papers,  and  records:  they  shall  have  authority  to 
pass  public  censures,  to  order  impeachments,  and  to 
rtcomniend  to  the  legislature  the  repealing  such  laws 
as  shall  appear  to  them  to  hav  been  passed  contrary  to 
the  piincipl'  s  of  the  constitution  :  These  powers  they 
shall  coniinue  to  have  tor  aud  during  the  space  of  one 
year  from  the  day  of  ilieir  eleciion,  and  no  longer.  The 
said  council  of  censors  shall  also  have  power  to  call  a 
convention,  to  meet  withiii  two  years  after  their  sitting, 
it  there  appears  to  them  an  absolute  necessity  of  amend- 
ing any  article  of  this  constitution,  which  may  be  de- 
fective :  explaining  such  as  may  be  thought  not  clearly 
expressed  :  and  of  adding  such  as  are  necessary  for  the 
preservation  of  the  rights  and  hajipiness  of  the  people : 
but  the  articles  to  be  amended,  and  the  amendments 
proposed,  and  such  articles  as  arc  projiosed  to  be  added 
or  abolished  shall  be  promulgated  at  least  sis  months 
before  the  day  appointed  for  the  election  of  such  con- 
vention, for  the  previous  consideration  of  the  people, 
that  they  may  have  an  opportunity  of  instructing  their 
delegates  on  the  subject. 

By  oriler  of  the  Convention,  July  9th.  1793. 

THOMAS  CHIT7  KNDEN,  President, 

Attest,  Lewis  R.  Morris,  Secretary. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  KENTUCKY 


The    ComHtniion  or  Form   of    Gorernment,    Z^^J^^^^:^^^^^^^^^^^ 

J  or  the  state  of  Aeittucky,  residuuins  when  added  togt-therwiil  amount  to  such  ra- 

,,,„    .,  .  .•        V  .u  1      r.i      .«.^„p    tio,  in  that  casL-  one  representative  shall  be  added  to 

WE,  the  vepi-escutatiyes  of  the  people  of  the  state  of    '  "'  ,    i  '    „  ,  ,i,„  u-n-.  ct  .•,.c;.iii,,m 

Kentucky,  in  Ljvention  assemble^,  tS  secut-e  to  all  the    tha  -->,;-■-  jJ^J^lJ.'-^taiUhoose  it.  speak- 

titizens  thei-eiif  the  enioyment  of  tlie  right  ot  life,  liber-  !    ti        fficers 

ty,  and  P|operry,  and  of  pursuing  happiness,  do  ordain    ''''gTln  aUelectionsVor  representatives,  everyfree  male 

and  establish  this  constitution  for  its  government:  citizen  (rieKr<,.s,  mulattoel, and  Indians  escepted)  who, 

ARTifip  1  nt  ""O  time  bein?,hath  attained  to  the  affe  of  twenty-one 

*'       •  ye;irs,  and  rcsiatd  in  the  state  two  years,  or  the  county 

ri  ■        ji       T      ■  t   .■        71.      J        .J  or  town  in  which  he  oifers  to  vole  one  year  next  prece- 

Concernms^  the  Legislative  Departmen!.         LTthee'ection,  shall  enjoy  the  right  of  an  elector:  but 

§  1.   The  powers  of  the  government  of  the  state  of    no  person  shall  be  entitled  to  vote,  except  in  the  county 

Kentucky  shall  he  divided  into  three  distinct  depart-    or  town  in  which  hemay  actually  reside  at  the  tirne  ot 

ments,andeachofthembeconfidedtoaseparateb<jdyof   the  election,  except  as  is  herein  otherwise   providea. 

magistracy,  to  w  it :  those  which  are  legislative,  to  oiie ;    Electoi-s  shall,  in  all  cases,except treason,  felony, breach 

those  which  are  executive,  to  another  ;  and  those  which    or  iiircty  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during 

are  judiciai-y,  to  another.  their  attendance  at,  going  to,  and  returning  from  elec- 

2.    No  person,  or  collection  of  persons,  being  one  of    tions. 
those  departments,  shall  exercise  any  power  properly        9.  The  members  of  t!ie  senate  shall  be  chosen  for  the 
beloiigingtoeither  of  theothers:  excei>tintheinstances    term  of  fouryears;  and  when  assembled  shall  have  the 
hereinafter  expresslv  directed  or  permitted.  jiower  to  choose  its  officers  annually. 

10.  At  til!?  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  after 
ARTICLE  2.  this  constitution  takes  effect,  the  senators  shall  be  divi- 

ded by  lot,  as  equally  as  may  be,  into  four  classes  :  the 
Concer?linP  the  distribution  of  the  Po-wers   of   seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at 
thp    rm-prr)n,^f  the  expiration  of  the  first  year;  of  the  second  class,  at 

me    (joreinweni.  ^^^^  expiration  of  the  second  year ;  of  the  third  class, 

§  1.  The  legislati\e  power  of  this  commonwealth  shall    at  the  expiration  of  the  third  year  ;  and  of  the  fourth 
be  vested  in  two  distinct  branches ;  the  one  to  be  styled    class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year ;  ?o  that  one 
the  house  of  representatives,  the  other  the  senate,  and    fourth  shall  be  chosen  every  year,  and  a  rotation  thereby 
both  together,  the  general  assembbj  of  the  commomvealth    kept  up  perpetually. 
of  Kenlucky.  II.    I'he  senate  shall  consist  of  twenty-four  memhers 

2.  The  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall  at  least,  and  for  every  three  members  above  fifty -eight, 
continue  in  sei-vice  for  the  term  of  one  year  from  the  day  which  shall  be  added  to  the  houseof  representatives,  one 
of  the  commencement  of  the  general  election,  and  no    member  shall  be  added  to  tiie  senate. 

longer.  12.    The  same  number  of  senatorial  districts  shall, 

3.  Representatives  shall  be  chosen  on  the  first  Mnn-  from  time  to  time,  be  established  by  the  legislature,  as 
day  in  the  month  of  August  in  every  year ;  but  the  pre-  there  may  then  !>■■  senators  allotted  to  the  state ;  which 
siding  ofiieers  of  the  several  elections  shall  continue  the  shall  be  so  formed  as  to  contain,  as  near  as  may  be,  art 
same  for  three  days,  at  the  request  of  any  one  of  the  equal  number  of  free  male  inliabitants  in  each,  above 
candidates.  the  age  of  twenty-one  yeai-s.  and  so  that  no  county  shall 

4.  No  jiei-son  shall  be  a  representatlv:>,  who  at  the  be  divided,  or  form  more  than  one  district ;  and  where 
time  of  his  election  is  not  a  citi/.en  of  the  United  States,  two  or  more  counties  compose  a  district,  they  shall  be 
and  hath  not  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-four  years,    adjoining. 

and  resided  in  this  state  two  years  next  precediiig  his  i3.  When  an  additional  sjnator  may  be  added  to  the 
election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  in  the  county  or  town  senate,  he  shall  be  annexed  by  lot  to  one  of  the  four 
for  wliich  he  may  be  chosen.  classes,  so  as  to  keep  them  as  nearly  equal  in  number  as 

5.  Elections  for  representali^■es  P;r  the  several  coun-    possible. 

ties  entitled  to  representation  shall  be  held  at  the  places  14.  One  senator  for  each  district  shall  be  elected  by 
of  holding  their  respective  courts,  or  in  the  several  elee-  those  qualified  to  vote  for  representatives  therein,  who 
tion  precincts  into  which  the  legislature  may  think  shall  give  their  votes  at  the  several  places  in  the  eoun- 
proper,  from  time  to  time,  to  divide  any  or  all  of  those  ties  or  to^v^s  where  elections  are  by  law  directed  to  bo 
counties:   Provided,  that  when  it  shall  appear  to  the  le-    held. 

gislature  that  any  town  hath  a  number  of  qualified  vo-  15.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator,  who,  at  the  time  of 
ters  equal  to  the  ratio  then  fi<ed,  such  town  shall  be  his  election,  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
invested  with  the  privilege  of  a  separate  representation,  wlioliath  not  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and 
which  shall  be  retained  so  long  as  such  town  shall  con-  resided  in  this  state  six  years  next  preceding  his  election, 
tain  a  number  of  qualified  voters  equal  to  the  ratio  and  the  last  year  thereof  in  the  district  from  which  he 
which  mayfrom  time  to  time  be  fixed  by  law,  and  thi".x«-    may  ^e  chosen. 

after  elections,  for  the  county  in  which  such  town  is  sit-  16.  The  first  election  for  senators  shall  he  general 
uated.  shall  not  be  held  therein.  throughout  the  state,  and  at  the  same  time  that  the  gen- 

6.  Representation  shall  be  equal  and  uniform  in  this  eral  election  for  ivpresentatives  19  held  ;  and  thereafter 
commonwealth ;  and  shall  be  for  ever  regulated  and  as-  there  shall, in  like  nianner,bean  annual  election  for  se- 
ceitaini^d  by  the  number  of  qualified  electors  therein,  nator-i,  to  fill  the  places  of  those  whose  time  of  service 
In  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  three,and  everv  fourth    may  have  expired. 

year  thereafter,  an  enumeration  of  all  the  free  male  in-  1".  The  general  nssembly  shall  convene  on  the  first 
habitants  of  the  state,  above  twentj-one  years  of  age,  Monday  in  the  month  of  November  in  ever)'  year,  un- 
shall  be  made,  in  such  manner  as  shall  b:"  directed  by  less  a  different  day  be  appointed  by  law  ;  and  their  scs- 
law.  The  numberof  representatives  shall,  in  the  scvera'l  sions  shall  be  held" at  the  seat  of  government, 
years  of  making  these  enumerations,  be  so  fixed  as  not  IS.  Not  less  than  a  majority  of  the  members  of  each 
to  be  less  than  fifty-eight,  nor  more  than  one  hundred,  house  of  the  general  assembly  shall  constitute  a  quorum 
and  they  shall  be  apjiortiontd  for  the  four  years  next  fol-  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from 
lowing,' as  near  as  maybe,  amongthe  stveral  counties  day  to  day,  and  shall  be  authorized  by  law  to  compel 
and  towns,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  qualified  the  attendance  of  absent  membei-s,  in  such  manner,  and 
electors :  but,  when  a  county  may  not  have  a  sufficient  under  such  penalties,  as  may  be  prescribed  thereby, 
number  of  qualified  electors  to  entitle  it  to  one  repre-  V.  Each  house  of  the  general  assembly  shall  judge  of 
stntative,  and  when  the  adjacent  county  or  counties  the  qualifications,  elections,  and  returns  of  its  members; 
may  not  have  a  residuum  or  residtiums.  which,  when  but  a  contested  election  shall  be  determined  in  such 
added  to  the  small  county,  would  entitle  it  to  a  separate  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 
3'epresentation,  it  shall  then  be  in  the  powerof  the  legis-  20.  Each  bouse  of  the  geueral  assembly  may  deter- 
iatuie  to  join  two  ov  wore  together,  for  the  purpose  of  mine  the  rules  of  its  proeeedings ;  punish  a  member  fin* 
•jcndhig  a  representative:  PtWv.ided,  that  vhen  th°i-."    disorderly  b.chavjcur;  .nmh  with  thp  coticurn;n?eort\\c«- 


CON.STlilJ''ritJN  01«'  Ivi-^MUGk'i . 


thiL-ds,  expL-l  a  iiifiulicr,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the 
same  cause.  , ,     ,    „ ,  , 

21.  Eacli  lioitse  of  tlie  general  assembly  shall  keep  and 
publish,  weekly,  a  journal  of  its^noceedinsrs,  and  the 
veas  and  navs  of  the  members  on  any  question  shail,  at 
the  desire  of  any  two  of  them,  be  entered  on  their  jour- 
nal. . 

22.  Neither  house,  during  tlie  session  of  the  general 
assembly,shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn 
for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place'  than 
that  in  which  they  may  be  sitting. 

23.  The  members  of  the  general  assembly  shall  seve- 
rally receive  from  the  public  treasury  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  which  shall  be  one  dollar  and  a  half  a 
day,  during  their  attendance  on,  going  to,  or  returning 
from  the  sessions  of  their  respective  houses:  Provided, 
that  the  same  may  be  increased  or  dimished  by  law ;  but 
no  alteration  shall  take  effect  during  the  session  at  which 
sueh  alteration  shall  be  made. 

24.  The  members  of  the  general  assembly  s)iall,in  all 
cases,  except  treason,  felony,  breach  or  surety  of  the 
peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest,  during  their  attend- 
ance at  the  sessions  of  their  respeetivt  houses,  and  in 
going  to,  and  returning  from  the  same ;  and  for  any 
speech  or  debate,  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  ques- 
tioned in  any  other  place. 

25.  Nosenator  or  representative  sha!l,dnring  the  term 
for  which  he  was  elected,  nor  for  one  year  thereafter, 
he  appointed  or  elected  to  any  civil  office  of  profit  un- 
der this  coriimonw^ealth,  whicli  shall  have  been  created, 
or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have  been  increased, 
during  the  time  such  senator  or  representative  was  in 
ofHce,  except  to  such  oftices  or  appointments  as  may  be 
made  or  filled  by  the  elections  of  the  people. 

26.  No  person,  while  he  continues  to  exercise  the 
functions  of  a  clergyman,  priest,  or  teacher  of  any  reli- 
gions persuasion,  society,  or  sect ;  nor  whilst  he  holds  or 
exercises  any  office  of  profit  under  this  cosnmonwealth, 
shall  be  eligible  to  the  general  assembly;  except  attor- 
neys at  law,  justices  of  the  peace,  and  militia  ofncers  : 
Provided,  that  justices  of  the  courts  of  quarter  sessions 
shall  be  inelip^ible  so  long  as  any  compensation  may  be 
allowed  them  for  their  services:  'Provided,  also,  that  at- 
torneys for  the  commonwealth,  who  receive  a  fixed  an- 
nual salary  from  the  public  treasury,  shall  be  ineligible. 

27.  No  person  who  at  any  time  may  have  bneji  a  col- 
lector of  taxes  for  the  state,  or  the  assistant  or  deputy  of 
such  collector,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  general  assembly 
until  he  shall  have  obtained  a  quietus  for  the  amount  of 
such  collection,  and  for  all  public  moneys  for  which  he 
may  be  responsible. 

2S.  No  bill  shall  have  the  force  of  a  law  until  on  three 
several  days  it  be  read  over  in  each  house  of  the  general 
assembly, "and  free  discussion  allowed  thereon;  unless, 
incases  of  urgency,  four  fifths  of  the  house  where  the 
bill  shall  be  depending,  may  deem  it  expedient  to  ilis- 
pense  with  this  rule. 

29.  All  bills  for  laising  revenne  shall  originate  in  the 
house  of  representatives ;  but  the  senate  may  propose 
amendments,  as  in  other  bills:  Provided,  that  they  Miall 
not  introduce  any  new  matter,  under  the  colour  of  an 
amendment,  which  does  not  relate  to  raising  a  revenue. 

30.  I'he  general  assembly  shall  regulate  bylaw,  by 
whom,  and  in  what  manner,  writs  of  election  shali  be 
issued,  to  fill  the  vacancies  which  may  happen  in  either 
branch  thereof. 


Concerning  the  Executive  Department 
§  1.    The  supreme  executive  power  of  the  comnio'i- 
wealth  shall  be  vested  in  a  chief  magistrate,  who  shall 
lie  styled  the  governor  of  the  commonwealth  of  Ken- 
tucky. 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  elected  for  the  term  of  four 
veal's,  by  the  citizens  entitled  to  suflVa^je,  at  the  time 
and  places  where  they  shall  respectively  vote  for  repre- 
sentatives. The  person  having  the  highest  number  of 
votes  shallbe  governor;  butiftwoovmoresliall  be  equal 
and  highest  in  votes,  the  election  shail  be  determined  by 
lot,  in  such  manner  -.is  the  legislaiurc  may  direei. 

3.  The  governor  shall  be  ineligible  for  the  succeeding 
seven  years  after  the  expiration  of  the  time  for  h  hicii 
lie  shall  have  been  elected. 

4.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  a 
citizen  of  llie  United  States,  and  have  been  an  inhabi- 
tant of  this  state  at  least  six  years  next  precrtiiug  his 
election. 

5.  He  sha'l  commence  the  execution  of  his  office  on 
ihefotirth  Tuesday  succeeding  the  day  of  the  commence- 
ment of  the  general  election  on  which  he  shall  be  cho- 
sen, and  shall  ebntmue  in  the  execution  thereof  until 
the  end  of  ibur  wwk?  next  'ntcceeding  the  election  of 


his  successor,  and  uutii  his  successor  shall,  have  takeii 
the  oaths  or  aflirmations  prescribed  by  this  constitution. 

6.  No  member  of  congress,  or  jicrson  holding  any  of- 
fice under  the  United  States,  nor  nsinister  of  any  reli- 
gious society,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor. 

7.  The  governor  shail,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his 
services  a  conipensaiion,  \v  hith  shall  neither  be  increased 
or  diminished  during  the  term  for  which  he  shall  have 
been  elected. 

S.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  this  commoinvtallh,  and  of  the  militia  thereof, 
except  when  they  shall  be  called  into  tlie  service  of  the 
United  States:  but  he  shall  not  command  personally  ia 
the  field,  unless  he  shall  be  advised  so  to  do  by  a  resolu- 
tion of  the  general  assembly. 

9.  He  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  appoint  all  officei-s  whose  offices 
are  established  by  this  constitution  or  shall  be  established 
by  law,  .inti  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  other- 
wise provided  for :  Provided,  that  no  person  shall  be  so 
appointed  to  an  office  within  any  county,  who  shall  not 
have  been  a  citizen  and  inl'.abitant  therein  one  year 
next  before  his  appointment,  if  the  county  shall  have 
been  so  long  ei-ected,  but  if  it  shall  not  have  been  so 
long  erected,  then  within  the  limits  of  the  county  or 
couiities  from  whi ch  it  shall  have  been  taken :  Provided, 
also,  that  the  county  courts  be  authorized  by  law  to  ap- 
l)oint  inspectors,  collectors,  and  their  deputies,  survey- 
ors of  the  high  ways,  constables,  jailors,  and  such  other 
inferior  officers,  whose  jurisdiction  may  be  confined 
within  t!ie  limits  of  a  county, 

10.  Tfie  governor  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  vacan- 
cies that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  senate,  by 
granting  commissions,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  ot 
the  next  session. 

H.  He  shall  have  ])o\ver  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures, 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment. In  cases  of  treason,  he  shall  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  until  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the  general 
assembly ;  in  whicli  the  power  of  pardoning  shall  be 
vested. 

12.  He  may  require  informatlou  in  writing  from  the 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

13.  l^e  sliaII,from  lime  to  time,  give  to  the  general  as- 
sembly information  of  the  state  of  the  commonwealth  : 
and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  a>^ 
he  shall  deem  expedient. 

14.  He  may,  on  exiraordina-,-)-  occasions,  convene  ili' • 
general  assembly  at  t^e  seat  of  goverinnent,  or  at  a  di!- 
ferent  place,  if  that  should  have  become,  since  their  last 
adjouniineut,  dangerous  from  an  enemy,  or  from  coiila- 
gibus  disorders ;  and,  in  c:ise  of  disagreement  between 
the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  tinie  of  adjournment, 
adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  in-oper,  not 
exceeding  four  mouths. 

15.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  law  s  be  faillifutly  cxc  - 
cuted. 

16.  A  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  chosen  at  evciy 
election  for  a  governor,  in  the  same  manner,  continue  in 
office  for  the  same  time,  and  possess  the  same  qualifica- 
tions, lu  \  oting  for  governor,  or  lieutenant  governor, 
tlie  electors  shall  distinguish  whom  they  vcte  for  as  gi- 
vernor,  and  v.  horn  as  lietiteiiajit  governor. 

17.  He  shall,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  be  speaker  of  tir 
senate,  have  a  right,  when  in  committee  of  the  who'.  , 
to  debate  and  vote  on  all  subjects ;  and,  wlien  the  seiir;v.- 
are  equally  divided,  to  give  tlu'  casting  vote. 

18.  lu  c'ase  of  the  impeachment  of  the  governor,  his 
removal  from  oflice,  death,  refusal  to  qualify,  resigna- 
tion, or  absence  from  the  state,  the  lieutenant  governor 
sliall  exercise  all  the  power  and  autliority  appertaining 
to  the  office  of  goveriior,until  another  be  duly  qualified, 
or  the  governor  absent  or  irjptached  shall  return  or  be 
acquitted. 

19.  Whene\ec  the  government  siiall  be  administered 
by  the  Iieutei;:;nt  governor,  or  he  shall  be  unable  to  at^ 
tendiis  sj^jaUer  of  the  senate,  the  senators  sliall  elect 
one  of  th<  ir  :>u'ii  members  as  sjieaker,  for  that  oecasiuiu 
And  if,  duri:ig  the  vacancy  the  ufnce  of  governor,  the 
the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  impeached,  removed 
from  office,  refuse  to  qualify,  resign,  die,  or  bt;  absent 
from  tlie  state,  the  speaker  of  the  senate  shall,  in  like 
manner,  jidmliiister  the  goveniraent. 

20.  'I'he  lieutenant  governor,  while  he  acts  as  sjjeaker 
to  the  senate,  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  same  com- 
jiensiition  which  shall  for  the  same  period  be  allowed  lo 
the  speakerof  thehouseof  reprtsentatives,ai!d  no  more; 
and  during  the  time  he  administers  the  government,  as 
i;ovenior,  shall  receive  the  same  coivipensalion  which 
the  governor  would  have  x-eceived  and  been  entitled  to, 
liad  he  lieen  employed  in  the  duties  of  his  office. 

21.  T!ie  >.peaVer  fjru  Cejnporc  of  the  S'-nate.  during  the 


CONSlTfUTIOxS'  OF  KE^sTUClvi. 


time  be  administers  the  governinent,  sliall  receive,  iii 
like  manner,  tlie  same  compensation  w  hicli  the  governor 
Would  have  received,  had  he  been  enijiloyed  in  the  du- 
ties of  liis  oilice. 

22.  If  the  lieutenant  g^overnor  shall  be  called  upon  to 
administer  tlie  ijovex-nment,  and  shall,  while  in  ?uch  ad- 
ministration, resign,  die,  or  be  absent  from  the  state 
during:  the  recess  of  the  preneral  assembly,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  tlie  secretary,  for  the  time  being,  to  convene  the 
senate  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a  speaker. 

23.  An  attorney  general,  and  such  other  attorneys  for 
the  commonwealth  as  may  be  necissary,  shall  be  ap- 
pointed, whose  duty  shall  be  regulated  by  law.  Attor- 
neys for  the  commonwealth,  fur  the  several  counties, 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  respective  courts  having  juris- 
diction therein. 

24.  A  secretary  shall  be  appointed  and  commissioned 
during  the  terra  for  which  the  governor  shall  have  been 
elected,  if  he  shall  so  long  behave  himself  well.  He  shall 
keep  a  fair  register,  and  attest  all  the  official  acts  and 
proceedings  of  the  governor,  and  shall,  when  required, 
lay  the  same,  and  all  papers,  n'inutfs,  and  vouchers,  re- 
lative thereto,  before  either  house  of  the  gencial  assem- 
bly, and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  .is  may  be  en- 
joined him  by  law. 

25.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses 
shall  he  presented  to  the  governor;  if  he  approve,  he 
shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it  with  his  objec- 
tions to  the  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  upon  the  jour;'.al,  and 
proceed  to  reconsider  it ;  if,  after  such  reconsideration, 
a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to  that  house  shall 
sigreetopa^sthebill,  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objec- 
tions, to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  be  likewise 
considered,  and  if  approved  by  a  mniority  of  all  the 
members  elected  to  that  house,  it  thallbe  a  law  ;  but  in 
sucli  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined 
by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting 
for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  jotmial 
of  each  house  respectively;  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  re- 
turned by  the  governor,  within  ten  d.avs  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted) after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  hini,itshall 
be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  -igned  it,  unless 
the  general  assembly  by  their  adjournment  pn-vent  its 
i-etiim  ;  in  which  case  it  shall  be  a  law,  unless  sent  back 
within  three  days  after  their  next  meeting. 

28.  Everyoriler,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
ciirience  of  both  houses  may  be  necessai-v,  except  on  a 
tiutstion  of  adjournment,  shall  be  presented  to  the  go- 
vernor, and  before  it  shall  take  effect,  he  api)roved  by 
liim  ;  or,  being  disapproved,  shall  he  repassed,  by  a  ma- 
jority of  all  the  inembi  rs  electtd  to  both  housi  s,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  and  iiniiiations  presciibed  in  case  of  a  bil  I. 

27.  Contesttd  elections  for  a  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor,  shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to  be  se- 
lected from  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  and 
formed  and  regulated  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  direct- 
ed by  law.  ' 

28.  The  freemen  of  this  commonwealth,  (negroes, 
muiattoes,  and  Indians  excepted,)  shall  be  armed  and 
disciplined  for  its  defence.  Those  who  conscientiously 
scruple  to  bear  arms,  shall  not  be  compelled  to  do  so, 
but  shall  pay  an  equivalent  for  personal  service. 

29.  The  connnaudiiig  officers  of  the  respective  regi- 
ments shall  appoint  the  regimental  staff;  brigadier  gen- 
erals, their  brigade  majors  ;  major  generals,  their  aids  ; 
and  captains,  the  non-commissioned  officers  of  compa- 
nies. 

30.  A  majority  of  the  field  officers  and  captains  in 
eaeli  i-egiimnt  shall  nominate  the  connnissioned  officers 
in  each  company,  who  shall  be  commissioned  by  the 
governor:  Provided,  that  no  nomination  shall  be  made, 
iMilcss  two  at  least  of  the  field  efficers  are  present;  and 
*hen  two  or  more  persons  hare  an  equal  and  the  high- 
est number  of  votes,  the  field  officer  present,  who  may 
be  highest  in  commission,  shall  decide  the  nomination. 

31.  Sheriffs  shall  be  hereafter  appointed  in  the  follow- 
ing manner :  When  tlie  time  of  a  sheriff  for  any  county 
may  be  about  to  expire,  the  county  court  for  the  same, 
a  majority  of  a'.l  its  .justices  being  presL'nt,  shall,  in  the 
months  of  September,  October,  or  November,  next 
preceding  thereto,  recommend  to  the  governor  two  pro- 
per persons  to  till  the  office,  who  are  then  justices  of 
the  county  court ;  and  who  shall  in  such  recommenda- 
tion pay  a  just  regard  to  seniority  in  office,  and  a  regu- 
lar rotiition.  One  of  the  persons  so  n  commended  shall 
be  commissioned  by  the  governor,  and  shall  hold  his  of- 
fice for  two  years,  if  he  to  long  liehave  well,  and  until  a 
successor  be  duly  qualified.  If  the  couiiiy  courts  shall 
omit  in  the  months  aforesaid,  to  make  such  recommend- 
ation, the  governor  shall  then  nominate,  and,  by  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  appoint  a  fit 
P£H£in  to  fill  suoh  office. 


ABTICT.E  1. 

Concerning  the  Judicial  Hepavlment. 
5  1.  Thejudieiary  power  of  this  commonwealth,  both 
as  to  matters  of  law  and  equity,  shall  be  vested  in  one 
supreme  court,  which  shall  bestykd  the  court  of  ap- 
peals, and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  general  assem- 
bly may,  from  time  to  time,  erect  and  establish. 

2.  The  court  of  appeals,  except  in  cases  otherwise  di- 
rected by  this  constitution,  shall  have  appellate  juris- 
diction only  ;  which  shall  be  co-extensive  with  the  state, 
under  such  i-eslrictions  and  regulations,  not  repugnant 
to  this  constitution,  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

3.  The  judges,  both  of  thesupreme  and  inferior  courts, 
shall  hold  tbtirofficts  during  good  behaviour  :  but  for 
any  reasonable  cause,  which  shall  not  be  sufficient 
gionud  of  impeachment,  the  governor  shall  remove  any 
of  them  on  the  address  of  two  thirds  of  each  house  of  the 
general  assembly :  Provided,  how  ever,  that  the  cause  or 
causes  for  which  snch  rt^moval  maybe  required,  shall  be 
stated  at  length  in  such  address,  and  on  the  journal  of 
each  house.  They  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for  their 
setvices  an  adequate  compensation  to  be  fixed  by  law. 

4.  Tlie  judges  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  be  con- 
servators of  the  peace  throughout  the  state.  The  style 
of  all  process  shall  be,  "  the  commonwealth  of  Kentuc- 
ky." All  pro';ecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name, 
and  by  the  authority,  of  the  commonwealth  of  Kentuc- 
ky, and  conclude,  against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the 
same. 

5.  There  shall  be  established  in  each  county,  now,  or 
which  may  hereafter  be  erected,  within  this  common- 
wealth, a  county  court. 

(j.  A  competent  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  shall 
be  appointed  in  each  county;  they  shall  be  commission- 
ed during  good  behaviour,  but  may  be  removed  on  con- 
viction of  misbehaviour  in  office,  orany  infamous  crime, 
or  on  the  address  of  two  thirds  of  each  houseof  the  gene- 
ral assembly  :  Provided,  however,  that  the  cause  or 
causes  for  uhich  such  removal  may- be  required,  shall  he- 
stated  at  length  in  such  address,  and  on  the  journal  of 
each  bouse. 

7.  The  number  of  the  justices  of  tUe  peace,  to  wliich 
the  se\eral  counties  of  this  commonwealth  now  esta- 
blished, or  w  hicli  may  hereafter  be  established,  ought  to 
be  entitled,  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  regulated  by  law. 

8.  When  a  surveyor,  coroner,  or  justice  of  the  peace, 
shall  be  needed  in  any  county,  the  county  court  for  the 
same,  a  majority  of  ail  its  justices  concurring  therein, 
shall  recommend  to  the  governor  two  proper  persons  to 
fill  the  office, one  of  whom  he  shall  appoint  thereto:  Pro- 
vided, however,  that  if  the  county  court  shall  for  twelve 
months  omit  to  make  such  recommendation,  after  bein^ 
requested  by  the  governor  to  recommend  proper  per- 
sons, he  shall  then  noiuinate,  and,  by  and  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  senaLe,  appoint  a  fit  person  to 
fill  such  office. 

0.  When  a  new  county  shall  he  erected,  a  competent 
number  of  justices  of  the  peace,  a  sheriff,  and  coroner 
therefore,  shall  be  recommended  to  the  governor  by  a 
majority  of  all  tlie  members  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, from  the  senatorial  district  or  districts  m  which 
the  county  is  situated  ;  and  if  either  of  the  persons  thus 
recommended  shall  be  rejected  by  the  goremoror  the 
senate.aiuither  person  shall  immediately  be  recommend' 
ed  as  aforesaid. 

10.  Each  ciuirt  sbali  appoint  its  own  clerk,  who  shall 
hold  his  office  during  good  behaviour;  but  no  person 
shall  be  appointed  clerk  nn\y  pro  iemliore,  who  shall  not 
produce  to  the  couil  appoiiiting  him  a  certificate  from  a 
majority  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals,  that  he 
hati  been  examined  by  their  clerk  in  their  presence,and 
under  their  direction,  and  that  they  judge  him  to  be 
well  qualified  to  execute  the  office  of  clerk  of  any  court 
of  the  same  dignity  with  that  for  which  he  offers  himself. 
I  hey  shall  be  removable  for  breach  of  good  behaviour, 
by  the  court  of  appeals  only,  who  shall  be  judges  of  the 
fact  as  well  as  of  the  law.  Two  thirds  of  the  members 
present  must  concur  in  the  st-ntence. 

n.  All  commissions  shall  lie  in  the  name,  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  state  of  Kentucky,  and  sealed  with  the 
state  seal,  a!id  signed  by  the  [governor. 

12.  The  state  treasurer,  and  printer  or  printers  for  the 
commonweal  til,  shall  be  appointed  annually  by  the  joint 
vote  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly:  Pi'ov'ided, 
that,  during  the  recess  of  the  same,  the  governor  shall 
have  power  to  fill  vacancies  which  may  happen  in  eithcj" 
of  the  said  offices. 

ARTICLE  5. 

Concernii^g  Impeachments. 
5  1.   The  bouse  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sd'T 
nowcr  of  impeacJun^. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  KENTUCKY. 


2.  All  impeachments  iliall  be  iricd  by  the  senate: 
when  sitting  furthat  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  upon 
oath  or  affiririation  :  No  person  shall  be  convitteil  « ith- 
out  the  eoiicurieiice  of  two-thirds  of  the  ii|embii-s  pre- 
sent. 

3.  The  ^vemor,  and  all  civil  officers,  shaii  be  liable 
to  impeachmi^Tit  for  any  misdemeanor  in  otnte  ,  but 
judgment  in  such  cast  s  slmll  not  extend  fiirlh'  r  than  to 
remova!  f.om  uffic  .and  disqiialilieation  lo  ho'.d  any  of- 
fice of  honour,  trii'^t,  or  profit,  nnder:  his  coiiioioii  wealth; 
but  the  party,  eon\icted  shall,  never!  he!t  ss.be  liable  and 
subject  lo  indictment,  trial,  and  piinishnieut,  according 
to  faw. 

AKTrCLE  6. 

Genera'  Provisions. 

{\  1.  Members  of  the  general  assembly  and  all  officers, 
executive  and  judici?!,  before  they  enter  upon  tin-  exe- 
cution of  their  respective  ofHces,  shall  take  the  fol los- 
ing oath  or  affirmation :  "  I  do  solenmiy  swear(oraf5irm, 
as  the  ease  may  be)  '.hat  T  will  be  faithful  and  true  to 
the  commonweal  lb  of  Kentneky.  so  lona;  as  Icontinuea 
citizen  thereof,  and  that  I  will  faithfully  execute,  to  the 
best  of  rayabilities,  the  office  of ,  according  to  law." 

2.  Treason  against  the  commonwealth  shall  consist 
only  in  levying  war  against  it.  or  in  adhering  to  its  ene- 
nsies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be 
convicted  of  treasmi,  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two 
witnesses  to  the  saiae  overt  act,  or  his  own  confession  in 
open  court. 

3.  Every  person  sbn.'l  be  disqualified  from  serving  as 
a  governor,  fioutenanr  governor,  senator,  or  represents- 
tive,  for  the  term  for  wir.ch  he  shall  have  been  elected, 
who  shall  be  convicted  of  having  given  or  offered  any 
bribe  or  treat  to  procure  his  election. 

4.  Laws  sliall  be  maile  to  exclude  fi-om  office,  and 
from  suffiage,  tliose  who  shall  thereafter  be  com  icted  of 
bribery,  peri  ury,  forgery,  or  other  high  crimes  or  misde- 
meanors. The  jn-ivi  'ege  of  free  su  !fi  aci'  sh:i  1 1  be  sii  p))oited 
by  laws  ivgulating  elections, and  iiroliil'iting.nndtr  adi - 
quate  penalties,  all  -.indue  iiillurnc-  tht  iioii,  from  pow- 
er bribery,  tumult,  or  other  improper  practices. 

5.  No  money  shall  In-  dra^^  n  from  the  treasury,  but  in 
pursuance  of  appropriations  made  by  law,  nor  shall  any 
appropriations  of  money,  for  the  support  of  an  army,  be 
made  for  a  longer  time  than  one  year;  and  a  regular 
statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures 
of  all  public  monev  shall  be  jiublished  annually. 

6.  Tiie  general" assembl.  >:hall  direct  by  law  in  what 
manner,  and  in  what  courts,  suits  shall  be  brought 
agitinst  the  commonwi-alili. 

7.  The  manner  of  -administering  an  oalli  or  afR rraa- 
lion,  shall  be  such  as  is  most  consistent  v.  ith  the  con- 
science of  the  d'-ponent,  and  shall  be  esteemed  by  the 
general  assembly  the  most  solemn  appeal  to  God, 

8.  All  laws,  which,  on  the  first  day  of  June,  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  nint-ty-two,  wei-e  in  force  in  the 
state  of  Virginia,  and  which  are  of  a  general  naiine,-dnd 
not  local  to  that  state,  and  not  repugnant  to  this  consti- 
tution, nor  to  the  laws  v.  Iiich  have  been  enacted  by  th2 
legislature  of  this  coramonwt.alth,  shall  be  in  force  with- 
in this  state,  until  they  shall  be  altered  or  repealed  by 
the  general  aisembly. 

9.  The  compact  with  tlie  state  of  Virginia,  subject  to 
such  alterations  -.js  maybe  made  therein,  agreeably  to 
the  mr)de  prescribed  by  the  said  compact,  sliall  be  con- 
sidered as  part  of  this  constitution. 

10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  pass 
such  lav.s  as  mfiv  Ir-  necessary  and  proper  to  decide  dif- 
ferences by  Ribitratoi-s,  to  be  appointed  by  the  jiarties 
who  may  choose  ibat  summary  mode  of  adjestment. 

11.  A'i-  ci'.il  -iflicers  fcr  the  coninier.wealih  at  large 
shall  reside  wititin  the  state,  and  all  district,  county,  or 
town  oftict-rs,  \vitlii7i  their  i<  sn  cfivi  districts,  cc^uiui.  s. 
or  towns, (trusties  of  towns  ixeeptrd,)  and  sliall  keep 
their  respective  offices  at  such  pl:ic-s  therein  as  i:.ay  be 
required  bylaw;  and  all  militia  officei-s  shall  reside  in 
the  bounds  of  the  division,  brijrad'-,  t-cgimeiit,  battalion, 
or  company,  to  which  they  may  severally  belong 

12.  The  attorney  general, and  other  attoiiievs  for  this 
commonwealth,  who  receive  a  fixed  annual  salary  from 
the  public  treasury,,)  udges,  a  iidclerk-i  of  courts,  J  usi  ices 
of  the  peace,  stirvryors  of  lands,  a.ul  all  coinniissioned 
militia  officers,  shall  hold  th  ir  respective  "ffic  s  ijuring 
^or.d  iK-haviour,  and  the  con'iniMince  of  their  respective 
courts,  under  tli'j  exceptions  contained  in  this  constitu- 
tion. 

13.  Absence  on  the  business  of  this  state,or  the  United 
States,  shall  not  forfeit  a  residence  once  obtained,  so  as 
to  deprive  any  one  of  the  riglit  of  stifTrage,  or  of  being 
elected  or  appointetl  to  any  ofHce  under  this  common^ 


wealth,  under  the  exceptions  coiilained  in  tlus  constitit- 
tion. 

14i  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  re- 
gulate bylaw  in  what  cases  and  what  deduction  from 
tin;  saiarii  s  of  public  officers  sha:i  be  mad(  forneglect 
of  duly  iii  ti.eir  official  capacity. 

15.  Returns  of  all  eleetioivs  for  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  and  me.iibers  of  tht  general  assembly,shaU  be 
wade  to  the  secrt  tai  y,  for  the  time  being. 

16.  In  all  elections  by  the  people,  and  also  by  the  se- 
nate and  house  of  representatives,  jointly  or  separately, 
the  votes  shall  be  personally  and  publicly  given,  viva 
voce. 

17.  No  member  of  congress,  nor  person  holding  or 
exercising  any  ofiice  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United 
Stales,  or  either  of  them,  or  under  any  foreign  power, 
shall  be  eligible  as  a  mcmlier  of  the  general  assembly  of 
this  commonwealth,  or  hold  or  exercise  any  office  of 
trust  or  profit,  under  the  same. 

1 8.  The  general  assembly  shall  direct  by  law  how  per- 
sons who  now  are,  or  may  hereafter  become,  securities 
for  public  officers,  may  be  relieved  or  discharged  on  ac- 
count of  such  securityship. 

AHTfCLE  7. 

Concerning  Slaves. 

§  1.  The  general  assembly  sliall  have  no  power  to  pass 
laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slavt  s,  without  the  consent 
of  their  owners,  or  without  paying  their  owners,  jircvi- 
ous  to  such  emancipation,  a  full  equivalent  in  money 
for  the  s'aves'so  emancipated.  Thi  y  shall  have  no  pow- 
er to  prevent  emigrants  to  this  state  fiom  bringing  witli 
them  such  jjersons  as  are  deemed  slaves  by  the  laws  of 
any  one  of  the  United  States,  so  long  as  any  person  of 
the  same  age  oi  description  shall  be  coiitlimed  in  slavery 
by  the  laws  of  this  state.  They  shall  pass  laws  to  permit 
the  owners  of  slaves  to  emancipate  tht  m,  saving  tin 
rights  of  creditors,  and  preventing  them  from  becomiii- 
a  charge  to  any  county  in  this  commonwealth.  Tin - 
shall  have  full  power  to  prevent  slaves  being  brcught 
into  this  state  as  merchandise,  ''hey  shall  have  liiU 
))Ower  to  prevent  any  slaves  being  hronght  in  this  state, 
w  ho  have  been,  since  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  eightj -nine,  or  may  hereafter 
be,  imported  into  any  of  the  United  States,  from  a  fo- 
reign country.  And  they  sb?ll  have  full  power  to  pass 
such  laws  as  maybe  necessary  to  oblige  the  owners  of 
slaves  to  treat  them  with  humanity,  to  provide  for  them 
necessary  clothing  and  provision,  to  abstain  iioui  all  in- 
juries to  them  extending  to  life,  or  limb,  and  in  case  of 
their  in  gleet  or  refusal  to  comply  with  the  directions  of 
such  laws,  to  have  such  slave  or  slaves  sold  for  the  bene- 
fit of  their  owner  or  owners. 

2.  In  the  prosecution  of  slaves  for  felony,  no  inquest 
by  a  grand  jury  shall  be  necessary,  but  the  proceedings 
in  such  prosecutions  shall  be  regulated  by  law:  except 
that  the  general  assembly  shallhave  no  powertodeprive 
them  of  the  privilege  of  an  impartial  trial  by  a  petit 
jury. 

AtiTICLH  8. 

§1.  The  seat  of  government  shall  continue  in  the 
to«n  of  Frankfort,  until  it  shall  be  removed  by  law  : 
Provided,  however,  that  two  thirds  of  all  the  members 
elected  lo  each  house  of  the  genera!  assembly  shall  con- 
cur in  the  passing  of  such  law. 

AllTICLE  9. 

.Mode  of  Rexdsinrr  the  Constitution, 

§'1.  When  experience  shall  p-jiiit  out  the  necessiu-  of 
amending  this  constilution,  and  when  a  majority  of  all 
the  members  elected  to  each  house  of  the;,";;neral  assem- 
bly shall,  within  the  first  twenty  days  of  their  stated  an- 
nual session,  concur  in  p-,issing"a  law,  specifying  the  al- 
terations intended  to  be  made,  for  taking  the  sense  of 
the  good  people  of  iliis  state,  as  to  the  necessity  and  ex- 
pediency of  calling  a  coiivtntioti,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  several  shf litis,  and  other  returning oHicei-s,  at  the 
next  general  election  wliich  shall  be  held  for  lepitsent- 
atives  after  the  passing  cf  such  !itw,  to  open  a  poll  for, 
ami  make  ivturn  to  the  si  crttary,  for  the  lime  beingf,  of, 
the  names  of  ail  those  entitled  tovotelbrrejiresentatives, 
who  have  voted  for  calling  a  convention;  and  if  theiv- 
upon  it  shall  appear  tliat  a  :najurii\  of  all  the  citizens  of 
this  state  enlitltd  to  vot.  for  represintativi  s  have  voted 
fora  convention,  tliegeniral.as3emblyshall  direct  fuai  a 
similar  poll  shall  ber>i>.  mi' and  laku)  for  the  itxty--'!!' 
and  if  tin  veupon  it  shall  appearthata  nLijority  of  a;  the 
citizens  of  ihi*  s;rite-  tl-h  d  to  v  ti  for  rep  escntaiii  s 
have  voted  for  a  convention,  the  genera!  assembly  shaiLat 
then-  next  session,  call  a  convention,  to  consis'  of  as  maiiy 
meinbersa";  there  shall  be  in  the  house  of  representatives 


CONSriTUTION  OF  KEN  I'UCKY.  i'a 

and  no  liinre;  to  he  chosen  in  the  same  manner  and  pro-        IS.   That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  reijuised.  nor  r\- 
pui-tioi),  at  the  same  places,  ami  at  the  same  time,  that    cessive fines  imposed, nor  tiiiel  punishments luflitted. 
representatives  are,  by  eili/.tns  entitled  to  vote  for  re-        16.   That  all  prisoners  shail  be  bailable  hy  suflicient 


all  tbe  citizens  entitled  to  vote  for  representatives,  did     niav  require  it. 
not  vote  for  a  convention,  a  convention  shall  not   be        17.   That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not 
called.  strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  m 

prison  after  deli\erinK  up  his   ■nau-  for  the  henfit  of  his 

AtiTfrT  F   1 0  creditors, in  such  manner  as  slia'l  be  pveseriluM  by  law. 

18.   1  hat  no  ex  post  fa'to  law,  nor  any  law  impairing 

That  the  general,  R-reat,  and  essential  principles  of    contracli,  shall  bi  iiiadt.  .       ,    r  v 

liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  cs-        19.   1  luu  no  i)Lrsr,n  shall  be  attainted  of  treason  or  te- 

taWished,  we  declare:  iony  by  [he  legisli.iui.-.     ,    „        ,  •        ru.     .     - 

«  I.  That  all  freemen,  when  they  form  a  social  com-  20.  That  no  attainder  sh:-,il  «o.k  eurniptiOH  ot  blooil. 
pact,  are  equal ;  and  that  no  man.  or  set  of  men,  are  en-  nor,  except  dMing  the  life  of  the  oaeiuler,  lorleiture  ot 
titled  to  exclusive,  separate,  pubiie  emoluments  or  pri-    estate  to  the  commonwealtli. 

vileges,  from  the  community,  but  in  consideration  of  21.  1  hat  the  .states  oC  si:ch  persons  as  shall  destroy 
public  services.  '  tluir  own  lives,  shall  disceml  or  vest  as  in  cabcol  natu- 

2.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  i>eOj)le,  and  all  ral  death  ;  and  d' any  jursoa  slml!  be  killed  by  casualty, 
free  governments  are  founded  .  n  thtir  autliorily,  and  there  shall  be  no  Ibrkitiiiv  by  le.-isni  fhereo!. 
instituted  for  their  peace,safetv .  and  happiness  :  Fortlu;  22.  Vhat  the  citizens  have  a  nsht,  in  a  peaceable  man- 
advancement  of  these  vmls,  tliej  ha>'e  at  all  times  an  ner,  to  assinible  together,  for  theiv  common  wod,  and 
unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter,  reform,  or  to  apply  to  thos;  mv.sted  with  the  powers  ot  goverii- 
abolish  their  government,  in  such  manner  as  thev  may  ment  for  redress  of  grievances  or  other  proper  purposes, 
think  proper.  ^)'  oetition,  add. iss,  or  ri-monsiranee. 

3.  That  all  men  have  a  nattna!  and  indef.  asible  right       23.  That  the  right  of  the  citizens  to  bear  arms,  in  de- 
to  worship  Almighty  God,  according  to  the  dictates  o.    fence  of  themse  ves  and  the  state  shall  not  be  questioij- 
their  own  consciences ;  that  no  man  shall  be  compelled    ed.  ,    ,,    •      •         r  i, 
to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any  place  of  worship,  or  to        24.  That  no  standing  army  shnll,  m  time  of  peace,  be 
maintain  any  ministry  against  hii  consent ;  that  no  hu-    kept  uj),  without  the  consent  oi  the  legis  atiire;  and  the 

.  man  authority  ought,  in  any  case  whatever,  to  control    military  shall. ui  all  cases  and  at  all  tunes  be  in  strict  sii- 
or  interfere  with  the  lights  of  conscience;  and  that  no    bordinalion  to  the  civil  power. 

preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  25.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quar- 
societies  or  modes  of  worship.  toed  in  any  house  witoout  the  consent  ot  the  owner, 

4.  That  the  civil  rights,  pri  vilege9,or  capacities  of  any  nor  in  ti.iie  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 
eiti/.en  shall  in  no  wise  be  diminished  or  enlarged  on  law.  ,  ,.  .  ■.,  ». 
account  of  his  religion.                                                           26^  That  the  legislature  shall  not  grant  any  title  ot 

5.  That  all  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal.  nobility,  or  hereditaiy  distmcliori,  not- create  any  othce, 

6.  That  the  ancient  mode  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  held  the  a)>i.ointment  to  mIiicIi  shall  be  for  a  longer  term 
sacred,  and  the  right  thereof  remain  inviolate^  than  during  good  liehanonr. 

7.  That  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  every  person  .27.  That  emigration  from  tins  state  shall  not  be  pro- 
who  undertakes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of  the  le-  hibi'i  d.  ..  ,\  ,  •  , 
gislature,  or  any  branch  of  governmtnt ;  and  no  law  28.  To  guard  against  trniisgri  ssions  ot  tW  high  pow- 
shall  ever  be  made  to  restrain  the  ri.ht  ihtreof.  The  efs  which  we  have  delegated,  we  declare,  that  every 
free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one  of  thing  in  this  article  is  txeepled  out  of  the  general  pow- 
the  invaluable  rights  of"  man,  and  every  citizen  may  ers  of  govv-rnment,  and  sh.iil  fur  ever  remain  inviolate  ; 
freely  speak,  write,  and  print,  on  ariv  subject,  being  re-  and  that  all  laws  coutravy  thereto,  or  contrary  to  this 
sponsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty.                                 constitution,  shall  be  vo:i!. 

8.  In  prosecutions  for  the  publication  of  papers  inves-  

ttgatiiig  tlie  official  conduct  of  ofiict  rfl,or  men  in  a  jiuh-  B~ua«» 

lie  capacity,  or  where  the  matter  published  is  proper  SPHFliTTI  F 

for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be  given  ^  -'"'^  j<j  i-r.- 

jn  evidence.  And  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  jury  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  alterations 
shall  have  a  right  to  deter.mine  the  lav/  and  the  facts,  ami  amendments  made  in  the  coi:suiUti<m  of  this  com- 
nnder  the  direction  of  the  court,  as  in  other  cases.  monwealth,  and  in  order  to  carry  the  same  into  com- 

9.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  tiieir  persons,  pletc  operation,  it  is  hereby  declared  and  ordained: 
houses,  papers,  and  possessions,  from  unnasonable  sei-  ■{,  j.  Thatall  laws  of  this  commonHialih,  in  force  at 
/.ures  and  searches;  and  that  no  warrant  to  search  a:. y  ihetimeof  niakingthesaid  aiterationsandamendmtnts, 
place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  things,  shall  issue  w  ith-  an,!  not  inconsistent  therewiih,  and  all  rights,  actions, 
out  describing  them  as  nearly  as  maybe,  nor  wiihout  prosecutions,  claims,  and  contracts,  as  well  of  individu- 
probable  cause,  supported  by  oalh  oraffiimation.  alsasof  bodies  corporate,  shall  continue  as  if  the  said 

10.  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused    alterations  and  amendments  had  not  bein  made. 

hath  a  right  to  he  heard  by  himself  and  counsel :  to  de-       2.   That  all  officers  now  ii;liiig  any  office  or  appoint- 

niaiid  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  against    meut,shali  continue  in  the  e\erciseofihedutiesoftht-ir 

him :  to  meet  the  witnesses  face  to  face :  to  have  com-    respective  offices  or  appointments  f  jr  the  terms  therein 

pulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favour;    expressed,  unless  by  this  constitution  it  is  otherwise  di- 

and,  in  prosecutions  by  indictment  or  information,  a    reeled. 

speedy  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  Jury  of  the  vicinage ;       3.  The  oaths  of  office  herein  directed  to  he  taken,  may 

that  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  against    be  administered  by  any  justice  of  the  peace,  until  the 

himself,  nor  can  he  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liherty,  or    legislature  shall  otiievwise  direct. 

Tiroperty,  unless  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the        4.   The  general  assembly,  to  he-  held  in  Novemlrer  next, 

law  of  the  land.  shall  api>ortion  the  represeiiiativtsand  senatov3,and  lay 

11.  That  no  person  shall,  for  any  indictable  oifence,  off  the  state  into  senaloriat  districts  conformable  to  the 
he  proceeded  against  criminally  hy  information,  except  legulatioiis  pn  scribed  by  this  coiistitution.  lij  fixing 
in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  the  militia,  those  apportionments,  and  in  estabiisUing those  districts, 
when  in  actual  service,  in  the  time  of  war  or  public  tliey  shnll  take  for  their  guide  the  enumeration  directed 
danger,  by  leave  of  the  court,  for  oppression  or  misde-  by  law  to  be  made  in  the  present  ytar,  by  the  commis- 
meai.or  in  office.  sinners  of  the  tax,  and  iheapporiionments  thus  made 

12.  No  i>erson  shall,  for  the  same  offence,  be  twice  put  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  end  ofthe  statetl  annu- 
in  jeopardy  of  his  life  or  limb,  nor  shall  any  man's  pro-  al  sessions  of  the  general  assembly  in  the  year  eighteen 
pertyoc  taken  or  applied  to  public  use,  without  the  con-    hundred  and  three. 

sent  of  his  representatives,  and  without  Just  cornpensa-  s.  In  order  that  no  inconvenience  mav  arise  from  the 
tion  being  previously  made  to  him.  change  made  by  this  coiistimtion  in  the  time  of  holding 

13.  Thatall  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  person  for  the  general  election,,  it  is  hereby  ordained  that  the  first 
anyinjurydone  him  In  his  !ands,goods,p  •rson,or  repn-  electiov.  for  governor,  lieutin;'iit  guviinor,  and  laetn- 
tation,  shall  have  remedy  by  the  due  course  of  law ;  and  hers  ofthe  general  assembly, sbal!  ci/mmcnce  on  the  first 
right  aiul  justice  adininiste'ix-d  without  sale,  denial,  or    Mmiday  in  Jlay,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred.    The 

.    delay.  persons  tlien  elected  shall  continue  in  oflice  during  the 

14.  Tliat  no  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  rvf  :•-    several  terms  of  service  prescribed  hy  this  coiistiiiuion, 
'■'ed,  unless  by  the  legishiture  or  its  authoritv.  uul  nntil  the  next  general  election  which  shall  be  held 


76 


t;OXSTlTUTiO:j>  of  TEXXESSEE; 


after  thcii-  said  terms  shall  liav8  vesppctivcly  expired. 
The  returns  for  the  said  first  election  of  govcinor  and 
lieutenantfjovernorshall  be  made  to  the  secretary,  with- 
in fifteen  days  from  tlie  day  of  election,  who  shall,  as 
soon  as  may  be,  examine  and  co<int  the  same,  in  the 
presence  of  at  least  two  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
or  district  courts,  and  shall  declare  who  are  the  persons 
thereby  duly  elected,  and  give  them  official  notice  of 
their  election;  and  if  any  person  shall  be  equal  and 
highest  on  the  poll,  the  said  judges  and  secretary  shall 
•letermine  the  election  by  lot. 

6.  This  constitution,  except  so  much  thereof  as  is 
therein  otherwise  directed,  sli.il I  not  be  in  force  until 
the  first  day  of  June,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred ;  on 
which  day  the  whole  theres'f  shall  take  full  and  com- 
plete effect. 

Done  in  convention,at  Frankfort,  theserenteenth  day 
of  August,  one  thousandsevcn  hinidr^d  and  ninety- 
nine,  and  of  the  Independence  ol  the  United  States 
of  America  the  twenty-fourth. 

ALEXANDER  S.  BULLIT,  P.  C. 


John  Allen, 
Charles  Smith, 


Robert  Vi'ilmot, 
James  Duncan, 


William  Griffith, 
Nathaniel  Rogers, 
William  Sudduth, 
Young  Kwing, 
John  Breckeiiridge, 
John  M'Dowell, 
John  Beii, 
H.  Harrison, 
B.  Thurston, 
Waller  CaiT, 
}Iarris  Innes, 
John  Logan, 
Phileniou  Thomas, 
Philip  BucUner, 
Thomas  Sandford, 
Robert  Clark, 
R.  Hickman, 
Thomas  Miirshall.ji 
Joshua  Baker, 
Peter  Briinner, 
John  Adair, 
Thomas  Allen, 
Samuel  Taylor, 
Green  Clay, 
Thomas  Clay, 


■W^illiam  lr\Tiie, 
Jilson  Payne, 
John  Rowan, 
George  Stockton, 
William  M.Bledsoe, 
William  Casey, 
Henry  Coleman, 
William  Elliot  Boswell, 
Richard  Taylor, 
John  Piice, " 
William  Logan, 
N.  Huston, 
John  Bailey, 
Reuben  Ewing, 
Richard  Prather, 
Nicolas  Minor, 
Benjamin  lyog^n, 
Abraham  0«en, 
William  Heniy, 
Robert  Johnson, 
Caleb  Wallace, 
William  Steel, 
Felix  Gnnidv, 
Robert  Abell, 
Alexander  Davidson. 


TiaarmiT— «'^'**--**'w»p*^ffiTr^»B«« 


CONSTITUTIOIS"  OF  TENNESSEE. 


Tlie    Constitniion  of  the  state  of  Tennessee^ 
unan.imo7islij  established  in   convention,  at 
Knoxvillc,  on  the  sixth  day  of  Febntary, 
one  thousand  seven  hnndred  and  ninety-six 
WE,  the  people  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
south  of  the  river  Ohio,  having' the  right  of  admission 
into  the  government,  as  a  member  state  thereof,  consist- 
ent with  the  constitution  of  the  United  Stales,  and  the 
act  of  cession  of  the  state  of  North  Ciroiina,  recognizing 
the  ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  territory  ol  the 
United  States  north-west  of  the  river  Ohio,  do  ordain 
and  establish  the  following  constitution,  or  fown  of  go- 
Ternment ;  and  do  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to 
form  ourselves  into  a  free  and  independent  state,  by  the 
name  of  The  state  of  Tennessee. 

ARTICLE  1. 

5  1.  The  legislative  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  vest- 
ed in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  senate 
and  house  of  representatives,  both  dependent  on  the 
people. 

2.  Within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
general  assembly,  and  within  eveiT  subsequent  tenn  of 
seven  years,  an  enumeration  of  the  taxable  inhabitants 
shall  be  made,  in  such  a  manner  Jis  shall  be  directed  l>y 
law;  the  number  of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several 
periods  of  making  such  enunieratio:),  be  fixed  by  the 
legislature,  apportioned  among  the  several  coinuies,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  ta\abie  inhabitants  in  each  ; 
and  shall  never  be  less  than  twen'y-two  nor  greater 
than  twenty-six, until  the  number  of  t:isable  inhabitants 
shall  be  forty  thousand ;  and  after  that  event,  at  such 
ratio  that  the  whole  number  of  lepreseutativei  shall  ne- 
ver exceed  fortj-. 

3.  The  number  of  senators  shall, at  th''  several  perir.d^. 
ef  making  the  enumeration  ijefore-mentioned,  be  fixed 
by  the  legislature,  and  apportioned  among  the  districts 
formed  as  hereinafter  directed,  according  to  the  number 
of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each,  and  shall  never  be  less 
than  one  third,  nor  more  than  one  half  of  the  number  of 
representatives. 

4.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  by  districts,  to  be 
formed  by  the  legislature,  each  district  containing  such 
a  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  as  slioll  be  entitled  to 
elect  not  more  than  threesenators.  When  a  district  shall 
be  composed  of  two  or  more  counties,  they  shall  be  ad- 
joining, and  no  county  shall  be  divided  in  forming  a 
district. 

5.  The  first  election  for  senators  anil  representatives 
shall  commence  on  the  second  Thursday  of  March  next, 
}>r)d  shall  continue  for  that  and  the  succeetlingday ;  and 


the  next  election  shall  commence  on  the  first  Thursday 
of  August,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-se- 
ven, and  shall  continue  on  that  and  the  succeeding  daj-; 
and  for  ever  thereafter,  elections  shall  be  held  once  in 
two  veal's,  commencing  on  the  first  Tliursday  in  Au- 
gust, and  terminating  the  succeeding  day. 

6.  The  fii-st  session  of  the  general  assembly  shall  com- 
mence on  the  last  Monday  of  March  next.  The  second 
on  the  third  Monday  of  September,  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  ninety-seven.  And  for  ever  thereafter  the 
general  assembly  shall  meet  on  the  third  Monday  of  Sep- 
tember next  ensuing  the  then  election,  and  at  no  other 
period,  unless  as  provided  for  by  this  constitution. 

7.  I'hat  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  the 
general  assembly,  unless  he  shall  have  resided  three 
yeai-s  in  the  Ftate,  and  one  year  in  the  county  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  election,  and  shall  possess,  in  his 
own  right,  in  the  county  w  hich  he  represents,  not  less 
than  two  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  shall  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

S.  The  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  when  as- 
sembled, shall  each  choose  a  speaker  and  its  other  offi- 
cers, be  judges  of  the  qualifications  and  elections,  of  its 
members ;  and  sit  upon  its  own  adjoiimments  from  day 
to  day.  Two  thirds  of  each  house  shall  constitutea  quo- 
rum to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn 
from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authoiizt  d  bj'  law  to  com- 
pel the  attendance  of  absent  members. 

9.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro- 
ceedings, i)iinish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour, 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  mem- 
ber, but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  on'ence,  and 
shall  have  all  other  powers  necessary  for  the  legislature 
of  a  free  state. 

10.  Se:iators  and  representatives  shall  in  all  cases, 
exci  |ii  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privi- 
leged from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  general  as- 
sembly, and  in  going  to,  and  returning  from,  the  same ; 
and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall 
not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

11.  Each  bouse  may  punish  by  imprisonment,  during 
their  session,  any  pei-son,  not  a  member,  w  ho  shall  be 
guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disorderly  or 
contemptuous  behaviour  in  their  ])resence. 

12.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  the  go- 
vernor, for  the  time  being,  shall  issue  writs  of  election 
to  fill  such  vacancies. 

13.  Neither^iouse  shall,  during  their  session,  adjourn 
V  ithout  consent  o(  the  other,  for  more  than  three  days, 
nor  to  an)  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  houses 
shall  be  sitting. 

1"!.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  may  be 
amendi-d,  altered,  or  refertei!.  by  tlip  nt'her. 


CONSTITtrnON  OP  TENNESSEE. 


15.  Evei-y  bill  shall  be  read  three  times,  on  three  dif- 
ferent days,  in  each  house,  and  be  signed  by  the  respec- 
tive speakers,  before  it  becomes  a  law. 

16.  .\fter  a  bill  has  been  rejected,  no  bill  containini^ 
the  same  substance  shall  be  passed  into  a  law  during  the 
same  session. 

17.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  stateshall  be,  Beit  en- 
acted by  the  general  assemhlij  of  the  state  of  Tennessee. 

18.  Each  house  shall  keep  ajournalof  its  proceedings, 
and  publish  them,  except  such  parts  as  the  welfare  of  the 
state  may  require  to  be  kept  secret ;  and  the  yeas  and 
nays  of  the  members  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  re- 
quest of  any  two  of  them,  be  entered  on  the  journals. 

19.  The  doors  of  each  house;  and  committees  of  the 
whole,  shall  be  kept  open,  unless  when  the  business 
shall  be  such  as  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

20.  The  legislature  of  this  stateshall  not  allow  the  fol- 
lowing officers  of  government  greater  annual  salaries 
than  as  follows,  until  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  four,  to  wit  : 

The  governor  not  more  than  seven  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars. 

The  judges  of  the  supreme  courts  not  more  than  six 
hundred  dollars  each. 

The  secretai-y  not  more  than  four  hundred  dollars. 

The  treasurer  or  treasurers,  not  more  than  four  pep 
cent,  for  receiving  and  paying  out  all  moneys. 

The  attorney  or  attorneys  for  the  state  shall  receive 
a  compensation  for  their  sennces  not  exceeding  fifty 
dollars  for  each  superior  court  which  he  sliall  attend. 

No  member  of  the  legislature  shall  receive  more  than 
one  dollar  and  seventy-live  cents  per  day,  nor  more  for 
every  twenty-five  miles  he  shall  travel  in  going  to,  and 
leturniug  from,  the  genera!  assembly, 

21.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasui-y,  but 
in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law. 

22.  No  pei-son,  who  heretofore  hath  been,  or  hereaf- 
ter may  be,  a  collectorovholder  of  the  public  moneys, 
shall  have  a  seat  in  either  house  of  the  general  assembly, 
nntil  such  person  shall  have  accounted  for,  and  paid  in- 
to the  treasury,  all  sums  for  which  he  may  be  accounta- 
ble or  liable. 

23.  No  judge  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  secretary 
of  state,  attorney  general,  register,  clerk  of  any  court  of 
record,  or  person  holding  any  office  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  shall  have  a  seat  in  the  general  as- 
sembly, nor  shall  any  person,  in  this  state,  hold  more 
than  one  lucrative  office  at  one  and  the  same  time :  Pro- 
vided, that  no  appointment  in  the  militia,  or  the  otfice 
of  justice  of  the  peace,  shall  be  considered  as  a  lucrative 
office. 

24.  No  member  of  the  general  assembly  shall  be  eligi- 
ble to  any  office  or  place  of  trust,  except  to  the  office  of 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  trustee  of  any  literary  institu- 
tion, where  the  jjower  of  appointment  to  such  office  or 
place  of  trust  is  vested  in  their  own  body. 

25.  Any  memberof  either  house  of  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  have  liberty  todissent  from,  and  protest  against, 
any  act  or  resolve  which  he  may  think  injurious  to  the 
public  or  any  individual, and  have  the  reasons  of  hisdis- 
sent  entered  on  the  journals, 

26.  All  lands  liable  to  taxation  in  this  state,  held  by 
deed,  grant,  or  entry,  shall  be  taxed  equal  and  uniform, 
in  such  manner  that  no  one  hundred  acres  shall  be  taxed 
higher  than  another,  except  town  lots,  which  shall  not 
be  taxed  higher  than  two  hundred  acres  of  land  each  ; 
no  freeman  shall  be  taxed  higher  than  one  bund  red  acres, 
and  no  slave  higher  than  two  hundred  acres,  on  each 
poll. 

97.  No  article  manufactured  of  the  produce  of  this 
state,  shall  be  taxed  otherwise  than  to  pay  inspection 
fees. 

AllTICLK  2. 

Si.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  stateshall 
be' vested  in  a  governor. 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors  of  the 
members  of  the  general  assembly,  at  the  times  and  places 
where  they  sbalt  respectively  vote  for  the  membei-s 
thereof.  The  returns  of  everj'electicm  for  governor  sliall 
be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  goveniment, 
by  the  returning  officers,  directed  to  the  speaker  of  the 
senate, who  shall  open  and  publish  them  in  tin-  presence 
of  a  majority  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  gene- 
ral assembly.  The  person  having  the  highest  number 
of  votes  shall  be  governor  ;  but  if  two  or  more  shall  be 
equal  and  highest  in  votes,  one  of  them  shall  be  chosen 

■  governor  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  general 
assembly.  Contested  elections  for  governor  shall  be  de- 
termined by  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  in 
such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

3,  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty-five  vesn-s  of  age,  and 


possess  a  freehold  estate  of  five  hundred  acres  of  land^ 
and  have  been  a  citizen  or  inhabitant  of  this  state  four 
years  next  before  his  election,  imless  he  shall  have  been 
absent  on  the  public  business  of  the  United  States  or  of 
this  state. 

<l.  The  first  governor  shall  hold  his  ofiice  until  the 
fourth  Tuesday  of  September,  one  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred and  ninety-seven,and  until  another  governorshall 
be  elected  and  qualified  to  office;  and  for  ever  after,  the 
governor  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  two  years, 
and  until  another  governor  shall  be  elected  and  quali- 
fied ;  but  shall  not  be  eligible  more  than  six  years  in  any 
term  of  eight. 

5.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
naN'y  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when  they 
shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

6.  He  shall  have  power  to  grant  repiieves  and  par- 
dons, after  conviction,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

7.  He  shall  at  stated  times  receive  a  compensation  for 
his  ser\'ices,  which  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished 
during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

8.  He  may  reqtiire information,  in  writing,  from  the 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

9.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
general  assembly,  by  proclamation,  aud  shall  stale  to 
them,  when  assembled,  the  purpose  for  which  they  shall 
have  been  convened. 

10.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  shall  be  faithfully- 
executed. 

11.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  genera! 
assembly,  information  of  the  slate  of  the  government, 
and  recommend  to  their  consideration  sucli  measures  as 
he  shall  judge  expedient. 

12.  In caseof hisdeath,orresignation,orremovalfrom 
office,  the  speaker  of  the  senate  shall  exercise  the  office 
of  governor,  until  another  governor  shall  be  qualified, 

13.  No  member  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  Unite<l  States,  or  this  state,  shall  execute 
the  office  of  governor. 

14.  When  any  officer, the  right  of  whose  appointment 
is,  by  this  constitution,  vested  in  the  general  assembly, 
shall,  duiing  tlie  recess,  die,  or  his  office  by  other 
means  become  vacant,  the  governor  shall  have  power  to 
fill  up  such  vacancy,  by  gi'aiitinga  temporai-y  commis- 
sion, which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next  session  of 
the  legislature. 

15  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  the  state,  which  shall  be 
kept  by  the  governor,  and  used  by  him  officially,  and 
shall  be  called  the  great  seal  of  the  state  of  Tennessee. 

16.  All  giants  and  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name 
and  by  the  authority  of  the  state  of  Tennessee,  be  sealed 
with  the  state  seal,  and  signed  by  the  governor. 

1?.  A  secretary  of  this  state  shall  be  appointed  and 
commissioned  during  the  term  of  four  years.  He  shall 
keep  a  fair  register  of  all  the  official  acts  and  proceed- 
ing, of  the  governor;  and  shall  when  required  lay  the 
same,  and  all  papers  minutes,  and  vouchers,  relative 
thereto,  before  the  general  assembly,  and  shall  pertbrin 
such  other  duties  as  shall  be  enjoined  him  by  law, 

ARTICLK  3. 

§  1,  Evei-y  freeman,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years 
and  upwards,  possessing  a  freehold  iii  the  county  where- 
in he  may  vote,  and  being  an  inhabitant  of  this  state, 
and  everyfreeman,  being  an  inhabitant  of  any  one  coun- 
ty in  the  state  six  months  immediately  preceding  the 
day  of  election,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  for  membei-s  of 
the  general  assembly  for  the  county  in  which  he  shall 
reside, 

2,  Electors  shall,  in  all  eases  except  treason,  feIony,or 
breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  duiing 
their  attendance  at  elections,  and  in  going  to,  and  re- 
turning from  them. 

3.  All  elections  shiill  be  by  ballot. 

ARTICLE  4. 

§  1.  The  liouse  of  representatives  shall  liave  the  sole 
power  of  impeachment. 

2.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate : 
when  sitting  tor  that  purpose, thesenators  shall  be  upon 
oath  or  affirmation. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concur- 
rence of  two  thirds  of  the  members  of  the  whole  house. 

4.  The  governot,  and  all  civil  officers  under  tiiis  state, 
shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in 
office ;  but  judgment  in  siich  cases  shall  not  extend  fur- 
ther than  removal  from  office,  and  disqiialitieation  to 
hold  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit  under  this 
state.  The  party  shall,  nevertheless,  in  all  cases,  be 
liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment, 
according;  to  law. 


78 


CONSTITUTION  OF  TENNESSEE. 


ARTICLE  D, 

Jl.  Thejudicjary  power  of  this  state  siiall  be  vested  in 
such  superior  and  inferior  courts  of  law  and  equity,  as 
t!>e  legislature  sliall,  from  timo  to  time,  direct  and  csta- 
lilish. 

2.  Tlie  general  assembly  shall,  by  ioint  ballot  of  both 
houses,  appoint  juda;es  of  the  several  courts  of  law  and 
equity ;  also  an  attorney  or  attomejs  fur  the  state,  who 
shall  hold  their  r;-speetive  offices  during  good  beha- 
viour. 

3.  The  judges  of  the  supeiior  court  shall,  at  stated 
times,  receive  a  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be 
ascertained  by  law  j  but  siiall  nut  be  allowed  any  fees  or 
perquisites  of  office,  nor  shall  they  bold  any  other  office 
of  trust  or  profit  under  this  state,  or  the  United  States. 

4.  The  judges  of  the  superior  courts  shall  be  justices 
of  oyer  and  terminer  and  general  jail  delivery  through- 
out the  state. 

5.  Thejudgesofthe  superior  and  inferior  courts  shall 
not  charge  juries  «ith  respect  to  matters  of  fact,  Ijut 
may  state  the  testimony  ami  declare  the  law. 

6.  The  judges  of  the  superior  couits  shall  have  power 
in  all  civil  cases  to  issue  writs  of  certiorari,  to  remove 
any  cause,  or  a  transcript  thereof,  from  any  inferior 
court  of  record  into  the  superior,  on  sufficient  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation, 

7.  The  judges  or  justices  of  the  iivferior  courts  of  law 
shall  have  power,  in  all  cases,  to  issue  writs  ttt'cerliorari,  ■ 
to  remove  any  cause,  or  a  transcript  thereof,  from  any 
inferior  jurisdiction,  into  theircourt,  on  sufficient  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation. 

8.  No  judge  shall  sit  on  the  trial  of  any  cause  where 
the  parties  shall  be  connected  with  him,  by  affinity  or 
consanguinity,  except  by  consent  of  parties.  In  case 
all  the  judges  of  the  superior  court  shall  be  interested 
in  the  event  of  any  cause,  or  related  to  al!  or  either  of 
the  parties,  the  governor  of  the  state  shall,  in  such  c.ise, 
specially  commission  three  men,  of  law  knowledge,  for 
the  determination  thereof. 

9.  All  writs  and  other  process  shal  I  run,  in  the  naine  of 
the  state  of  Tennessee  ;  and  bear  test  and  be  signed  by 
the  respective  clerks.  Indictments  shall  conclude, 
against  the  peace  and  rt/gnity  of  the  stale. 

10.  Each  coiut  shall  appoint  its  own  clerk,  who  may 
liold  his  office  during  good  behaviour. 

H.  No  fine  siiall  be  laid  on  any  citizen  of  this  state 
that  shall  exceed  fifty  dollars,  unless  it  shall  be  assessed 
bya  jury  ef  his  peers,  who  sliall  assess  tlie  fine  at  the 
time  they  find  the  fact,  if  they  think  the  fine  ought  to 
be  more  than  fifty  dollars. 

12.  There  shall  be  justices  of  the  peace  appointed  for 
each  county,  not  e\ceeding  two  for  each  capiain's  com- 
pany, except  for  the  company  which  includes  the  coun- 
ty town,  which  shall  not  exceed  three,  w  ho  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  good  behaviour. 

ARTICLE  6. 

§  1.  There  shall  be  appointed  in  each  county,  by  the 
county  court,  one  sheriff,  one  coroner,  one  trustee,  and 
a  sufficient  number  of  consl.ibles,  who  shall  hold  their 
offices  for  two  years.  They  shall  also  liave  power  to  ap- 
point one  register,  and  ranger  for  the  county,  who  shall 
hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour.  The  sheriff, 
and  coroner,  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor. 

2.  There  shall  be  a  treasurer  or  treasurers  appointed 
for  the  state,  who  shall  hold  his  or  their  offices  for  two 
years. 

3.  The  appointment  of  all  officers,  not  otherwise  di- 
rected by  this  constitution,  shall  be  vested  in  the  legis- 
lature. 


1.  Captains,  subalterns,  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers, shall  be  elected  by  those  citizens,  in  their  respec- 
tive districts,  who  are  subject  to  militaiy  duty. 

2.  All  field  officers  of  the  militia  shall  be  elected  by 
those  citizens  in  their  respective  counties  who  are  sub- 
ject to  military  duty. 

3.  Brig.idiers  gener.al  shall  be  elected  by  the  field  offi- 
cers of  their  respective  brigades. 

4.  Majors  general  shall  be  elected  bv  the  brigadiers 
and  field  officers  of  tlie  respective  divisions. 

5.  The  governor  shall  appoint  the  adjutant  general ; 
the  majors  general  shall  appoint  their  aids  ;  the  brig.i- 
diers general  shall  appoint  their  brigade  majors  ;  and 
the  commanding  officers  of  regiments,  their  adjutants 
and  quarter  masters. 

6.  Thecaptains  and  the  subalterns  of  the  caT.ilry  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  troops  enrolled  in  their  respective 
companies,  and  the  field  officers  of  the  districts  shall  be 


appointed  by  the  said  captain:  and  subalterns ;  provided . 
that  whenever  any  new  county  is  laid  off,  that  the  field 
officers  of  said  eavairy  shall  appoint  the  captain  and 
other  officei's  therein, pro  tempore,  until  the  company  is 
filled  up  and  complected,  at  which  time  the  election  of 
the  captains  and  subalterns  shall  take  place  as  aforesaid. 
7.  The  legislature  shall  pass  laws  exempting  citizens 
belonging  to  any  sect  or  denomination  of  religion,  the 
tenets  of  which  are  known  to  be  opposed  to  the  bearing 
of  arms,  from  attending  private  and  general  musters. 

auticl^;  8 

§  1.  Whereas  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  are,  by  their 
profession,  dedicated  to  God  and  the  care  of  souls,  and 
ought  not  to  be  diverted  from  the  ^reat  duties  of  their 
functions ;  therefore,  no  minister  ot  the  gospel,  or  priest 
of  any  denomination  whatever,  shall  be  eligible  to  a  seat 
in  either  house  of  the  legislature. 

2.  No  person  who  denies  the  being  of  God,  or  a  future 
state  of  rexvarfh  and  punishments,  shall  hold  any  office 
in  the  civil  department  of  this  state. 

Alt TICLE  9. 

5>  1,  That  every  person  »  ho  shall  be  chosen  or  appoint- 
ed to  any  office  of^  trust  or  profit,  shall,  before  entering 
on  the  execution  thereof,  take  an  oath  to  support  the 
constitution  of  this  suite,  and  also  an  oath  of  office. 

2.  That  each  member  of  the  senate  and  house  of  re- 
presentatives, shall,  before  they  proceed  to  business, 
take  an  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the  constitution 
of  this  state,  and  also  the  following  oath : 

1.  A  E.  do  solemnly  su ear,  (or  affirm)  that,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  this  general  assembly,  I  will  in  all  appointments 
vote  without  favour,  aff  etion,  partiality,  or  prejudice, 
and  that  I  will  not  propose  or  assent  to  any  bill,  vote, 
or  resolution,  which  shall  appear  to  me  injurious  to  the 
people,  or  consent  to  any  act  or  thmg  whatever,  that 
shall  have  a  tendency  to  lessen  or  abridge  tlieir  rights 
and  privileg-es,  as  declared  by  the  constitution  of  this 
state. 

3.  Any  elector  who  shall  receive  any  gift  or  reward 
for  his  vote,  in  meat,  drink,  money,  or  otherwise,  shall 
suffer  such  punishment  as  the  laws  shall  direct.  And 
any  person  who  shall,  directly  or  indirectly,  give,  pro- 
mise, or  bestow,  any  such  reward  to  be  elected,  shall 
thereby  be  rendered  incapable,  for  two  years,  to  serve 
in  the  office  for  which  he  was  elected,  and  be  subject  to 
such  further  punishment  as  the  lesjisiature  shall  direct. 

4.  No  new  county  shall  be  established  by  (he  general 
assembly,  which  sli.ill  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or 
either  of  them,  from  which  it  shall  be  taken,  to  a  less 
content  than  six  hundred  and  twenty-five  square  miles. 
Nor  shall  any  new  county  be  laid  off,  of  le-ss  contents. 
All  new  counties,  as  to  the  right  of  suffrage  and  repre- 
sentation, shall  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  county  or 
counties  from  which  it  was  taken,  until  entitled  by 
numbers  to  the  right  of  representation.  No  bill  shall  be 
passed  into  a  law,  for  the  establishment  of  a  new  coun- 
ty, except  ujion  a  petition  to  the  genera'  assembly  for 
that  purpose,  signed  by  two  hundred  of  the  free  male 
inhabitants  within  the  limits  or  bounds  of  such  new 
county  prayed  to  be  laid  off. 

ARTICLE  10. 

5  1.  Knoxville  shall  be  the  seat  of  government  until 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  tn  o. 

2.  All  laws  and  ordinances  now  in  force  and  use  in 
this  teritory,  not  inconsistent  with  this  constitution, 
shall  continue  to  be  in  force  and  use  in  this  state,  until 
they  shall  expire,  be  altered,  or  I'epealed  by  the  legisla- 
ture. 

3.  That  whenever  two  thirds  of  the  general  assembly 
shall  think  it  necessary  to  amend  or  change  this  consti- 
tution, they  shall  recommend  to  ihe  electors,  at  the  next 
election  for  members  to  the  general  assciiibiy,  to  vote 
for  or  agiiinst  the  convention ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that 
a  majority  of  all  the  citizens  of  the  staie,  voting  for  re- 
presentati\es,  have  voted  (or  a  coiivenlioii,  the  general 
assembly  shall,  at  their  next  session,  call  a  conve^ntion, 
to  consist  of  as  many  members  as  there  may  be  in  the 
general  assembly,  to  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner,  at 
thesame  place,  and  by  the  same  electors  that  choose  the 
general  assembly,  who  shall  a-ieet  within  three  months 
after  the  said  election, for  the  pu  rpose  of  revising.amend- 
iiig,  or  changing  the  constitution. 

4.  The  decLaialioii  of  rights  heo'to  annexed,  is  de- 
clared to  be  a  part  of  the  cimsiitulion  of  this  state,  and 
shall  never  be  violated  on  any  pretence  whatever.  And 
to  guard  against  transgressions  of  thehigh  powers  which 
we  h,ave  delegated,  we  declare,  that  every  thing  in  the 
bill  of  rights  contained,  and  every  other  right  not  here- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  TENNESSEE.  79 

by  delejjated,  is  excepted  cut  of  the  general  powei's  of  cwditor  or  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  sliall  be  pre- 

governtnent,  and  shall  for  ever  remain  inviolate.  scribed  by  law. 

19.   That  the  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  every 

AUTICLE  11.  person  \vlio  niidtitaUes  to  e-.aiiiine  the  proceedings  of 

71  .„7,.«   !.•       ^c   m^^i,!..  tbe  legislatMrL,  or  of  any  blanch  01- officer  of  eovem- 

nfcJarnlton  of  Jil^atS.  „„,„j  .^„_„j  „„'.„^^,  ^,,3,,  ;.,.,,,.  ^^  ,„ade  to  restrain  the 

51.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people;  and  all  nsht   thereof.    The  fre<-  comuiiinicaiion  of  thoughts 

free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority,  anil  and  opinions  is  one  of  the  invaluable  rights  of  man,  and 

instituted  for  their  peace,  safety.  ar.iX  happiness ;  for  the  every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write,  and  print,  on  any 

advancement  of  tliust-  ends,  tin  y  have  at  all  times  an  subject,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty, 

unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter,  reform,  or  But,  in  prosecutions  for  \\i\  |>ublicatiun  »f  papei-s  in- 

abolish  the  government,  in  such  manner  as  thej  may  vestigaiiiig  the  official  conduct  of  officers  or  men  in 

think  pi'oper.  public  capacity,  the  truth  thereof  niay  be  given  in  evi- 

2.  That  governrtient  being  instituted  for  the  common  dence  ;  and  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  jury  shall 
benefit,  the  doctriue  of  non-resistance  against  arbitrary  have  a  right  to  determiiie  tbe  law  and  the  facts,  under 
power  and  oppression  is  absurd,  slavish,  and  destructive  the  direction  of  the  murt,  as  in  other  cases. 

to  the  good  and  happiness  of  mankind.  20.  That  no  reti-ospeeiive  law,  or  law  impairing  the 

3.  That  all  men  have  a  uatui-al  and  indefeasible  right  obligation  of  contracts,  shall  be  made. 

to  xyorship  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  21.   That  no  man's  particular  services  shall  be  de- 

their  own  conscience;  (hat  no  man  can  of  right  be  com-  raaiuled,  or  property  taken,  or  applied  to  public  use, 

pelled  to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any  place  of  woi-ship,  without  thf  consent  of  his  representatives,  or  without 

or  to  maintain  any  ministry  against  his  consent;  that  no  just  compensation  being  made  therefore, 

human  authority  can,  in  any  case  wbateve.-.  control  or  22.    That  the  citizens  have  a  right,   in  a  peaceable 

interfere  with  the  rights  of  conscience  ;  and  that  no  p,-e-  manner,  to  assiinble  together,  for  their  common  good, 

ference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  esta-  to  instruct  their  representatives,  and  to  ap|»iy  to  those 

blishments  or  modes  of  worship.  invested  with  the  powers  ot  government  for  redress  of 

4.  That  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  grievances,  or  other  proper  purposes,  by  address  or  re- 
qualification  to  any  ofRce,  or  public  trust,  under  this  monstrance. 

state.  23.  That  perpetuities  and  mof.opolies  are  contrai-y  to 

5.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal.  the  g.-nius  cf  a  free  state,  and  shall  liot  be  allowed. 

6.  That  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  remain  iimo-  24.  That  the  sure  and  certain  defence  of  a  free  people 
late.                                            ■  is  a  well  i-egulated  niililia:  and,  as  standing  armies  in 

7.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons,  time  of  peace  are  dangerous  to  freedom,  they  ought  to 
houses,  pajiers,  and  possessions,  from  unreasonable  be  avoided,  as  far  as  the  circumstances  and  safetj' of  the 
searches  and  seizures, and  that  general  warrants,  where-  community  will  auutit ;  ai.d  that  in  all  cases  tliemilitary 
by  an  officer  may  be  commanded  to  search  suspected  s!)a!l  bt-  kept  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  autho- 
places,  without  evidence  of  the  fact  com.mitted.  or  to  rity. 

seize  any  pei^on  or  pei-sons,  not  nained,  w  hose  otTences  25.   That  no  citizen  in  this  state,  except  such  as  are 

are  not  particularly  described  and  supported  by  evi-  employed  in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  or  militia  in 

dence,  are  dangerous  to  iiborty,  and  ought  not'to  be  actual  service,  shall  be  stibjected  to  corporeal  punish- 

granted.  ment  under  the  mania!  law. 

8.  That  no  freeman  shall  be  taken,  or  imprisoned,  or  26.  That  the  freemen  of  this  state  have  a  right  to  keep 
disseized  of  his  freehold,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or  out-  and  to  bear  arms  for  their  common  defence. 

lawed, or  exiled, orinnuymannerdeslroyed,ordeprivtd  27.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  timeof  peace,  beq;iarter- 

of  his  life,  liberty,  or  property,  bntby  the  judgment  of  ed  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor 

his  peei-s,  or  the  law  of  the  land.  in  time  of  war.  but  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law- 

9.  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,the  accused  hath  28.  That  no  citizen  of  this  state  shall  be  compelled  to 
a  right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel ;  to  de-  bear  arm«,  provided  he  will  pay  an  equivalent,  to  be  as- 
mand  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  against  certained  by  law. 

him,  and  to  have  a  copy  thereof ;  to  meet  the  witnesses  29.  iliat  an  equal  participation  of  the  free  naviga- 
face  to  face  :  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  tion  of  the  Mississippi,  is  one  of  the  inherent  rights  of 
witnesses  in  his  favour  ;  arid,  in  prosecutions  by  indict-  the  citizens  of  this  state  ;  it  cannot,  therefore,  be  con- 
mentor  presentment,  a  speedy  public  trial, by  an  impar-  ceded  to  any  prince,  potentate,  power,  person,  or  per- 
tial  jury  of  thecountyordisiriet  in  which  the  crime  shall  sons  whatever. 

have  been  committed  ;  and  shall  not  be  compelled  to  give  30.   i  hat  no  hereditary  emoluments,  privilejjes,  or  ho- 

evidence  against  hiniself.  nours,  shall  ever  be  granted  or  coniernd  in  this  state. 

10.  That  no  person  shall,  for  the  same  offence,  be  31.  That  the  people  residing  south  of  French  Br-oad 
twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  his  life  or  limb.  and  Holston,  between  the  rivers  Tennessee  and  the  Big 

H.   The  laws  made  for  the  punishnient  of  facts  com-  Pigeon,  are  entitled  to  the  right  of  pre-emption  and  oc- 

mitted  previous  to  the  existence  of  such  laws,  and  by  cupancy  in  that  tract. 

them  only  declared  criminal,  are  contrary  to  the  princi-  32.  That  the  limits  and  boundaries  of  this  state  be 
pies  of  a  free  government ;  whttciove,  no  ex  post  facto  ascertained,  it  is  declared  they  are  as  hereafter  men- 
law  shall  be  made.  tioned,   that    is  to  say  :— Beginning  on  the  extreme 

12.  That  no  conviction  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  height  of  the  Stone  mountain,  s:  the  place  where  the 
or  forfeiture  of  estate.  The  estate  of  such  persons  as  bne  of  Virginia  intersects  it,  in  'atitudt  thirty-six  de- 
shall  destroy  their  own  lives,  shall  descend  or  vest  as  in  gi-ees  aiid  thirtv  minutes  north— running  thenee,  along 
case  of  natural  death.  If  any  person  be  killed  by  casu-  the  extreme  height  of  the  said  mountain,  to  the  place 
ally,  there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  in  consequence  thereof,  where  Watauga  river  breaks  through  it ;  thence  a  di- 

13.  That  DO  person  arrested  or  confined  in  jail,  shall  rect  course,  to  the  tO))  of  the  Yellow  mountain,  where 
be  treated  w  ith  unnecessary  rigour.  Brigbt's  road  crosses  the  same  ;  thence,  along  the  ridge 

14.  That  no  fi-eeman  shall  be  put  to  answer  any  cr:mi-  of  said  mountains,  between  the  waters  of  Doe  river  and 
nal  charge,  but  by  presentment  nidictuient,  or  impeach  the  waters  of  Rock  creek,  to  the  place  where  the  road 
ment.  crosses  the  Iron  mountain ;  from  thence,  along  the  ex- 

15.  That  all  prisoneri  shall  be  bailable  bv  sufficient  treme  height  of  said  mountain,  to  the  place  where  Noli- 
sureties,  unless  for  capital  offences,  when  the  proof  is  chuky  river  runs  through  the  same  ;  thence,  to  the  top 
evident  or  the  presumption  great.  And  the  privilege  of  of  the  B;'ld  mountain;  thence.along  the  extreme  height 
the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  susnendt  d.  unless  of  said  mountain,  to  the  Painted  Rock,  on  French  Broad 
when  in  case  of  rebellion,  or  inv  asion,  the  public  safety  river .  thence,  along  the  highest  ridge  of  said  mountain, 
may  require  it.  to  the  place  where  it  is  call'  d  the  Great  Irqn  or  Smoky 

16.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  reqt:ircd,  nor  ex-  mountain;  thence,  along  the  extreme  height  of  said 
cessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punish-  mountain,  to  the  p:ac(vvhere  it  is  called  Unicoi  or  Una- 
ments inflicted.  ka  mountain,  between  th^  ludian  tov\ns  of  Cowee  and 

17.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open:  and  every  man, for  Old  Chota;  hence,  a'on;;  the  main  ridge  of  the  said 
an  injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person,  or  i-epti-  mouiitain,  to  the  southern  bo>indai-y  "f  this  state,  as  de- 
tation,shall  have  remedvbyduecoiirseoflaw,and  right  scribed  in  the  act  of  cession  of  North  Carolina  to  the 
and  justice  adminlstei-ed  without  sale,  denial,  or  delay.  United  States  of  Aii.niea  ;  and  that  all  the  territory, 
Suits  may  be  brought  against  the  state  in  such  manner,  lands,  and  waters,  lying  west  of  the  said  hue,  as  befcre- 
and  in  such  courts,  as  the  legislature  roa\  bv  law  direct,  mentioned,  and  contained  within  the  chartei-cd  Innits  of 
provi'lfd,  'hf  right  of  bringing  suit  be  limited  to  the  ci-  the  state  of  North  Carolina,  are  within  the  boundaries 
tizens  of  this  state.  and  limits  of  this  suite,  over  which  the  people  have  the 

18.  That  the  '  '  ■  -•  •  -     '• 

strong  presumii 

prisun  nU«r  dcliveving  up 


8.0 


CONSliTUTiON  OF  OHIO. 


of  rights,  and  constitution  of  North  Carolina,  the  cession 
act  of  the  said  state,  and  ordinance  of  the  late  congress, 
for  the  government  of  the  territory  north-west  of  the 
Ohio  :  Provided,  nothing  herein  contained  shall  extend 
to  aifect  the  claim  or  claims  of  individuals,  to  any  part 
of  the  soil  which  is  recognized  to  them  by  the  aforesaid 
cession  act. 


SCHEDULE. 

S 1.  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  a  change  of 
the  temporary  to  a  permanent  state  government,  it  is  de- 
clared, that  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims,  and 
contracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate, 
shall  continue  as  if  no  change  had  talien  place  in  the 
administration  of  government. 

2.  All  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  due  and  owing 
to  the  territorv  or  the  United  States  of  America,  south 
of  the  river  Ohio,  shall  inure  to  the  use  of  the  state. 
All  bonds  for  performance,  executed  to  the  governor  of 
the  said  territory,  shall  be  and  pass  over  to  the  governor 
of  this  state,  and  his  successors  in  office,  for  the  use  of 
the  state,  or  by  him  or  them  respectively  to  be  assigned 
over  to  the  use  of  those  concerned,  as  the  case  maj  be. 

3.  The  governor,  secretary,  judges,  and  brigadiers 
general,  have  a  right  by  virtue  of  their  appointments, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  to  continue  in 
the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  in 
their  several  departments,  until  the  said  officers  are  su- 
persetled  under  the  authority  of  this  constitution. 

4.  All  officers,  ciwl  and  military,  who  have  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  shall  continue  to  exercise  then- 
respective  offices  until  the  second  Monday  in  June,  and 
until  successors  in  office  shall  be  appointed  under  the 
authority  of  this  constitution,  and  duly  qualified. 

5.  The  governor  shall  make  use  of  his  private  seal 
until  a  state  seal  shall  be  provided. 

6  until  the  first  enumeration  shall  be  made,  as  di- 
rected in  the  second  section  of  the  first  article  of  this 
constitution,  the  several  counties  shall  be  respectively 
entitled  to  elect  one  senator  and  two  rppresentatives : 
Provided,  that  no  new  county  shall  be  entitled  to  sepa- 
rate representation,  previous  to  taking  the  enumera- 
tion. . 

7.  That  the  next  election  for  representauves  and  other 


officers,  to  be  held  for  Uie  county  of  Tennessee,  shall  1/? 
held  at  the  house  of  William  Miles. 

8,   Until  a  land  office  shall  be  opened,  so  as  to  enable 
the  citizens  south  of  French  Broad  and  Holston,  be- 
rween  the  rivers  Tennessee  and  Big  Pigeon,  to  obtain 
titles  upon  their  claims  of  occupancy  and  pre-emption, 
those  who  hold  lands  by  \irtue  of  siich  claims  shall  be 
eligible  to  serve  in  all  capacities  where  a  freehold  is  by 
this  constitution  made  a  rec^iiisite  qualification. 
Done  in  convention,  at  Knoxville,  by  unanimous  con- 
sent, on  the  sixth  day  of  February,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninty- 
six,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States 
of  America  the  twentieth.    In  testimony  whereof, 
we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names : 

WILLIAM  BLOUNT,  PresUknt. 
David  Craig,  William  Rankin, 

•Tames  Greenaway,  Elisha  Baker, 

Joseph  Black,  John  Galbreath, 

James  Houston,  Alexander  Outlaw, 

Samuel  Glass,  .Tosejih  Anderson, 

John  M'Nairy,  George  Doherty, 

Andrew  Jackson,  James  Uoddye, 

James  Robertson,  Archibald  Roane, 

'I'homas  Hardiman,  Peter  Bryan, 

Joel  Lewis,  Samuel  Wier, 

Spencer  Clack,  W.Douglass, 

John  Clack,  Edward  Douglass, 

Thomas  Buckenham,  Daniel  Smith, 

James  Berry,  Thomas  Johnson, 

Joseph  M'Min,  James  Ford, 

Thomas  Henderson,  ^^'illiam  Fort, 

William  Cocke,  AVilliam  Prince, 

Richard  Mitchell,  Robert  Prince, 

David  Shelby,  John  Tipton, 

Isaac  Walton,  Samuel  Handy, 

Georgi'  Rutlege,  Lecroy  Taylor, 

William  C.C. Claiborne,        Landon  Carter, 
Richard  Gammon,  James  Stuart, 

John  Shelby,  jun.  JaiMCs  White, 

John  Rhea,  Charles  M'Clung, 

Samuel  Frazier,  John  Crawford, 

Stephen  Brooks,  John  Adair. 

Attest. 

William  Mechlin,  Stcretanj. 


coisrsTiTUTioisr  of  ohio. 


Done  in  convention,  begun  and  held  at  Chili- 
cothe,  on  Monday,  the  1st  of  jYovember, 
A.  D-  1802,  and  of  the  independence  of  the 
United  States  the  27th. 

AVE,  the  people  of  the  eastern  di\'ision  of  the  territory 
of  United  States  nortli-west  of  the  river  Ohio,  having 
the  right  of  admission  into  the  genei'al  goverrmient,  as 
a  member  of  the  Union,  consistent  with  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States,  the  ordinance  of  congress  of  one 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  the  law 
of  Congress,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  enable  the  people  of 
the  eastern  division  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
north-west  of  the  river  Ohio  to  form  a  constitution  and 
state  government,  and  for  the  admission  of  such  state 
into  the  Union,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original 
states,  and  for  other  purposes  ;"  in  order  to  establish 
.justice,  promote  the  welfare  and  secure  the  blessings  of 
liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,do  ordain  and  esta- 
blish the  following  constitution  or  form  of  government, 
and  do  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to  form  ourselves 
into  a  free  and  independent  state,  by  the  name  of  T/ie 
State  of  Ohio. 

AnXICLU  1. 

5  1.  The  legislative  authority  of  this  state  shall  be 
vested  in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  shall  consist  of 
a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  both  to  be  elected 
Ijy  the  people. 

J-  Within  one  year  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  ge- 


neral assembly,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of 
four  years,  an  enumeration  of  all  the  while  male  inha- 
bitants above  twenty-one  years  of  age  shall  be  made,  in 
such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law.  The  number 
of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several  periods  of  making 
such  enumeration,  be  fixed  by  the  legislature,  and  ap- 
portioned among  the  several  counties  according  to  the 
number  ot  white  male  inhabitants  above  tv.enty-one 
years  of  age  in  each  ;  and  shall  never  be  less  than  twen- 
ty-four, nor  greater  than  thirty-six,  until  the  number  of 
white  male  inhabitants  of  above  twenty-one  years  of  age 
shall  be  twenty-two  thousand— and  after  that  event,  at 
such  ratio  that  the  whole  number  of  representatives 
shall  never  be  less  than  thirty-six,  nor  exceed  seventy- 
two. 

3.  The  representatives  shall  be  chosen  annually,  by 
the  citizens  of  .  ach  county  respectively,  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  Octob;r. 

4.  No  persun  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not 
have  attaitied  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  be  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States  and  an  inhabitant  of  this 
state;  shall  also  have  resided  within  the  limits  of  the 
county  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen  one  year  next  pre- 
ceding his  election,  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on 
the  public  business  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state, 
and  shall  have  paid  a  state  or  count;,-  tax. 

5.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  biennially,  by  quali- 
fied voters  for  representatives;  and,  on  their  being  con- 
vened in  consequence  oi  the  first  election,  they  shall  be 
divided  by  lot  from  their  respective  counties  or  districts, 
as  near  as  can  be,  into  two  classes :  the  seats  ot  the  sena- 
tors of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  iheexpii-aiion  o'' 


00>iSllX  UTJON  OP  OHIO.  SI 

Uie  Rrtt  year,  anu  of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  22.  An  accurate  slatcment  of  the  receipts  and  expen- 

of  the  second  year;  so  that  one  half  thereof,  as  near  as  dltures  of  the  puhlic  money,  sliali  be  attached  to  and 

possible,  maj'  he  annually  chosen  for  ever  thereafter.  publisheil  with  the  laws,  annually. 

6.  The  number  of  senators  shall,  at  the  several  peri-  23.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
ods  of  making  the  enumenitioii  btfore-menlioned,  be  powcrofimpeachinp;,  but  a  majority  of  all  the  members 
fixed  bv  the  legislatin-e,  and  apportioned  amons  the  se-  must  concur  in  an  impeachment.  All  impeachments 
veral  counties  or  districts  to  be  established  bylaw,  ac-  shall  be  triid  by  the  senate,  and  when  sitting  lor  that 
cording  to  the  number  ofwhite  male  inli:ibitants  of  the  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation  to  do  jus- 
ape  of  twenty-one  years  in  each,  and  shall  never  be  less  tice  aceordinpr  to  law  and  evidence  :  no  person  shall  be 
than  one  third  nor  more  than  one  half  of  the  number  of  convicted  without  the  concun-ence  of  two-thirds  of  all 
representatives.  the  senators. 

7.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  has  not  arrived  at  24.  The  povermr,  and  all  other  civil  officers  under 
the  age  of  thirty  -sears,  and  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  this  state,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misde- 
States;  shall  have  resided  two  years  in  the  county  or  raeanorin  office;  hut  judgment  in  such  cases  shall  not 
district  immediatelv  piecedinsj  the  election,  unless  he  extend  further  than  removal  from  office  and  disqualifi- 
shall  have  been  absent  on  the  ]niblie  business  of  the  cation  to  hold  any  offic,eofhonoiu-,prolit,or  trust,  nndei" 
United  States  or  of  this  state,  and  shall,  moreover,  have  this  state.  The  party,  whether  convicted  or  acquitted, 
paid  a  state  or  counly  ta.\.  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judg- 

8.  The  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  when  as-  ment,and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

sembled.  shall  each  choose  a  speaker  and  its  other  offi-  25.   The  first  session  of  the  general  assemWy,  shall 

eers,  be  judges  of  the  qualifications  and  elections  of  its  commence  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  March  next ;  and  for 

members,aml  sit  uponilsown adjournments;  two  thirds  ever  thereafter  the  general  assembly  shall  meet  on  the 

of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business,  first  Monday  of  December  in  evei-y  year,  and  at  no 

but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  other  period,  unless  directed  by  law,  or  provided  lor  by 

compel  the  attendance  of  absent  i.iembeis.'  this  constitution. 

9.  Each  hoiiseshall  keep  a  jonnial  of  its  proceedings,  26.  >7o  judge  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  secretary 
and  publish  them.  The  yeas" and  nays  of  the  members,  of  state,  attorney  general,  register,  clerk  of  any  court 
on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  any  two  of  them,  of  record,  sherifi'or  collector,  member  of  either  house  of 
be  entered  on  the  journals.  congress,  or  person  holding  any  lucrative  office  under 

10.  Anv  two  members  of  cither  house  shall  Iiave  liber-    the  United  States  or  this  state,  provided  that  the  ap- 
ty  to  dissent  from,  and  protest  against,  anv  net  or  reso-    pointments  in  the  militia  or  justices  of  the  peace  shall 
liition,  which  they  mav  think  in|  iirious  to  the  public  or    not  be  considered  lucrative  offices,  shall  be  eligible  as  a 
any  individual,  and  haVe  the  reasons  of  their  dissent  en-  "candidate  for,  or  have  a  seat  in,  the  general  assembly, 
tered  on  the  journals.  27.  No  person  shall  be  appointed  to  any  office  within 

11.  Eacli  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro-  any  county,  who  shall  not  have  been  a  citizen  and  in- 
ceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour,  habitant  therein  one  year  next  before  his  appointment, 
and,  \vitli  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expp|  a  mem-  if  the  county  shall  have  been  so  long  erected  ;  but  if  the 
ber,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause  ;  and  sliall  county  shall  not  have  been  so  long  erected,  then  within 
have  all  other  powers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  legis-  the  limits  of  the  county  or  counties  out  of  which  it  shall 
iatiire  of  a  free  and  independent  state.  have  been  taken. 

12.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  the  go-  28.  Xo  person  who  heretofore  hath  been,  or  hereaftei' 
vernor,  or  he  person  exercising  the  power  of  the  go-  may  be,  a  collector  or  holder  of  public  moneys,  shall 
vernor,  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies,  have  a  seat  in  either  house  of  the  geneia!  assembly,  un- 

13.  Senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all  cases,  til  such  person  shall  have  accounted  for  and  paid  into 
e?;cept  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  i)eace,  be  privi-  the  treasury  all  sums  for  which  he  may  be  accountable 
legeti  from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  general  as-  or  liable. 

semhly,  and  in  going  to,  and  returning  fioin,  the  same;  ARTICLE  2. 

and  for  any  speech  or  debate,  in  either  house,  thev  shall  ■"               '  ~" 

not  be  questioned  in  any  other  iilace.                     "  J  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  state  shall 

14.  Each  house  may  punish, bj-  imp;  isotimi/nt,  during  be  vested  in  a  governor. 

their  session,  any  person,  not  a'member.  who  shall  be  2.  The  governor  shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors  of  the 

guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  anv  disorderly  or  membirs  of  the  general  assembly,  on  the  second  Tues- 

contemptiious  behaviour  in  their  presence  ;  provided,  day  of  October,  at  the  same  places  and  in  the  same  man- 

such  imprisonment  shall  not,  at  any  one  lime,  exceed  ner  that  they  shall  vespectivelyvote  for  members  there^ 

twemy-four  hours.  of.    The  returns  of  every  election  for  governor  shall  be 

15.  I'he  doors  of  each  house,  and  of  commictees  of  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  tlie  seat  of  govemment, 
the  whole,  shall  be  kept  oin  n,  except  in  such  cases  as,  by  the  returning  officers,  directed  to  the  'iiraker  of  the 
intheopinion  of  the  house,  require  secrecy.  Neither  senate, wboshallopen  and  publish  them  lu  the  presence 
houseshail,  without  the  consent  of  theolher,  adjourn  of  a  majority  of  themembersofeachhonseofthegeneral 
forinoretliantwodnvs,  nor  to  anv  othw  place  than  that  assembly.  The  person  having  the  highest  number  of 
in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting.  votis  shall  be  governor;  butif  twoormoreshallbeequal 

16.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  m.iy  be  and  highest  in  votes,  then  one  of  them  shall  be  chosen 
altered,  amended,  or  rejr-cted,  bv  the  other.  governor  by  joint  ballot  of  both  housess  of  the  general 

17.  Every  bill  shall  \r~:  read  on"  three  difflient  days,  in  assembly.  Contested  elections  for  governor  shall  he  de- 
each  house,  unless,  in  can'  of  urgency,  rhtx-e  fourths  of  termined  by  botli  houses  of  l;he  general  assembly,  in 
the  house  where  such  hill  is  so  depend'ing  shall  deem  it  such  m.anner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  iaw._ 
expedient  to  disjieuse  with  this  rule:  and  every  bill,  3.  The  fast  governor  shall  hold  his  office  until  the 
haviiig  passed  both  ho:;ses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speak-  first  Monday  of  December,  one  tlioiis;ind  eight  hundred 
ITS  of  their  respective  houses.  and  five,  and  until  another  governor  shall  be  elected 

18.  I  he  siyle  of  the  laws  of  this  state  shall  be,  "  Be  it  and  qualified  lo  office  ;  and  for  ever  after  the  governor 
enacted  bi;  lUe  general  assembly  cf  the  stale  nfOhio.'"  shall  hold  his  ofiice  for  the  term  of  two  years,  and  until 

19.  Tlie  hirislattire  of  this  staU"  shall  not  allow  the  another  governor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified;  but  he 
followingofficersofgnvernment  greater  annual  salaries  shall  not  be  eligible  more  than  six  years  m  anyterra  of 
than  as  follows,  until  the  vear  one  thmisaml  eight  bun-  eight  years.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty  years  ot  age,  and 
dred  and  eight,  to  wit :  the' governor  not  mote  than  one  haie  been  a  ciiizm  of  the  United  States  twelve  years, 
thousand  dollars ;  the  judges  of  the  supr(  me  court  not  and  an  iiihabitant  of  this  state  four  years  next  preceding 
more  than  onethousand  do. lars  each;  tlie  presidents  of  his  election.  .  .  , 

the  courts  of  common  pleas  not  more  than  eight  bun-  4.  He  sliall,Ti-om  time  to  time,  ^ive  to  the  general  as- 

dred  dollars  each ;  the  s^  en  inrv  of  state  not  more  than  sembly  information  of  the  state  ot  the  government,  and 

five  hundrtd  dollars ;  the  audittir  of  public  accounts  not  lecoinmeiid  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 

more  than  seven  hundred  and  fifty-lollars;  thetreasurer  shall  deem  expedient. 

not  more  than  four  hiindrtd  and  fifty  dollars;  no  mem-  5.  He  shall  have  the  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  par- 

ber  of  the  legisl.atiire  shall  receive  more  than  two  dollars  dons,  after  conviction,  except  in  eases  o,  impeachment, 

per  day  during  his  attendance  on  the  legislature,  nor  6.   1  he  governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his 

more  for  everv  twenty-five  miles  he  shall  travel  in.  going  serviccsa  compensation, whichshall  neither  be  increased 

to  and  returning  from  the  general  assembly.  nor  diminished  during  the  term  Icr  which  he  shall  have 

20.  No  senator  or  representative  shall, dining  thetime  been  elected.                              .        .         ... 

for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  7.   He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  Irom  the 

any  civil  office  under  this  state,  which  shall  have  been  officers  in  the  executive  d^■paltment,  upon  any  subject 

created,  or  the  emolnments  of  which  shall  have  been  in-  relating  to  tlie  duties  of  theiirespectiveofiices,  andsball 

creased,  during  such  time.  take  care  that  the  laws  be  iailhfully  executed. 

21.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  trcasnrv,  btit  8.  When  an  officer,  the  nght  oi  whose  appointment 
in  e.onseqiience  of  .ippwpri.itior.';  made  bv  law.    '  is.  by  tliis  constitution,  vested  in  the  general  asscmTiTy, 


* 

Sa  CONSTITUTION  OF  OHIO. 

shall,  during- the  recess,  die,  or  his  office  by  any  means  theirofBces,becouscrvatoi-solthepeaee  throughout  tuc 

become  vacant,  the  governor  sliall  have  power  to  fill  state.    The  presidents  of  the  court  of  common  picas, 

such  vacancy,  by  granting  a  commission,  which  shall  sha'l,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  conservators  of  the 

expire  at  the  end  of  the  n''xt  session  of  the  legislature,  peace  in  their  respective  circuits,  and  the  .judges  of  the 

9.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the  court  of  common  pleas  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices, 
general  assembly,  by  proclamation,  and  shall  slate  to  be  conservators  of  the  peace  iji  their  respective  coun- 
them,  when  assembled,  the  purposes  for  which  they  shall  ties. 

have  been  cojivened.  3.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  the  presidents, 

10.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and  and  the  associate  judges  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas, 
navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when  they  shall  be  appointed  by  a  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the 
shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  general  assembly,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the 

11.  In  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  houses,  term  of  seven  years,  if  so  long  they  behave  well.  The 
« ith  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  the  governor  judges  of  the  supreme  coin't,  and  the  presidents  of  the 
shall  have  the  power  to  adjourn  the  general  assembly  courts  of  common  pleas,  shall  at  stated  times  receive  for 
to  such  time  as  he  thinks  proper,  provided  it  be  not  a  their  services  an  adequate  compensation,  to  be  fixed  by 
period  beyond  the  annual  meeting  of  the  legisialure.  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  conti- 

12.  In  case  of  the  death,  impeachment,  resignation,  or  nuance  in  office;  but  they  shall  receive  no  fees  or  per- 
the  removal  of  the  governor  from  office,  the  spe:iker  of  quisites  of  office,  nor  liold  any  other  office  of  profit  or 
the  senate  shall  exercise  the  office  of  governor,  uiitii  he  trust  under  the  authority  of  this  state  or  the  United  States, 
be  acquitted,  or  another  governor  shall  be  duly  qualifi-  9.  Each  court  shall  appoint  its  own  clerk,  for  the  term 
ed.  In  case  ofimpeachmentof  the  s])eaker  oftlie  senate,  of  seven  years  ;  but  no  person  shall  be  appointed  clerk, 
or  his  death,  removal  from  office,  resignation,  or  absence  except  pro  tempore,  who  shall  not  produce  to  the  court 
from  the  state,  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  reprcsenta-  appointing  him  a  certificate  from  a  majority  of  the 
tives  shiill  succeed  to  the  office,  and  exercise  the  duties  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  that  they  judge  him  to  be 
thereof,  until  a  governor  sliall  be  elected  and  qualified,  "well  qualified  to  execute  the  duties  oi' the  office  of  clerk 

13.  No  member  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  to  any  court  of  the  same  dignity  with  that  for  which  he 
office  under  the  United  States,  or  this  state  shall  execute  offers' himself.  Thcv  shall  be  removable  for  breach  of 
the  office  of  governor.  good  behaviour,  at  any  time,  by  the  judges  of  the  re- 

14.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  state,  which  shall  be  spective  courts. 

kept  by  the  governor,  and  used  by  him  officially,  and  10.   The  supreme  court  shall  be  held  once  a  year,  in 

shall  be  called  The  great  seal  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  each  county  ;  and  the  courts  of  common  pleas  shall  be 

15.  All  grants  and  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  holden  in  each  county  at  such  times  and  places  as  shall 
and  by  the  authority  of  Ihe  state  of  Ohio,  sealed  with  be  prescribed  by  law. 

the  seal,  signed  by  the  governor,  and  countersigned  by  11.  A  competent  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  shall 

the  secretary.  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  in  each  township  in 

16.  A  secretary  of  state  shall  be  appointed  by  joint  the  several  counties,  and  shall  continue  in  office  three 
ballot  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  who  years,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
shall  continue  in  office  three  years,  if  he  shall  so  long  be  regulated  and  defined  by  law. 

behave  himself  well.   He  shall  keep  a  fair  register  of  all  12.    The  style  of  all  process  shall  be.   The  State  of 

the  official  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  governor;  and  Ohio  ;  and  all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the 

shall,  when  required,  lay  the  same,  and  all   papers,  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  state  of  Ohio  ;  and  all 

minutes,  and  vouchers,  relative  thereto,  before  either  indictments  shall  conclude,  against  the  iieace  and  dig-* 

branch  of  the  legislature,  and  shall  perform  such  other  nity  of  the  same, 

duties  as  shall  be  assigned  him  by  law.  AltTlCtE  4 

AUTICLE  o.  j  j_  jj,  ,j^i  elections,  all  white  male  inhabitants,  above 
§  1.  Thejudicia!  power  of  this  state,  both  as  to  matters  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  the  state 
of  lawand  equity,  shall  he  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  in  one  year  next  preceding  the  election,  and  who  have 
courts  of  common  pleas  for  each  county,  in  justices  of  paid,  or  are  charged  with,  a  state  or  county  tax,  shall 
tiie  pe.ace,  and  in  such  other  courts  as  tlie  legislature  enjoy  the  right  of  an  elector;  but  no  person  shall  be  en- 
may, from  time  to  time,  establish.  titled  w  vote,  except  in  the  county  or  district  in  which 

3.   The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  three  judges,  he  shall  actually  reside  at  the  time  of  the  election, 
any  two  of  whom  shall  ccnslitute  a  quorum.  They  shall  2.  All  elections  shall  be  by  ballot, 
liave  original  and  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  in  com-  3.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony, 
nion  law  and  chancerv,  in  siich  cases  as  shall  be  direct-  or  breach  of  the  peace,  he  privileged  from  arrest  during 
cd  by  law  :  provided,that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  their  attendance  at  elections,  and  ingoing  to  and  re- 
prevent  the  general  assembly  from  adding  another  judge  turning  from  the  same. 

to  the  supreme  court  after  the  term  of  five  years,  in  4.   The  legislature  shall  have  full  power  to  exclude 

which  case  the  judges  may  divide  the  state  into  two  cir-  from  the  jirivilege  of  electing,  or  of  being  elected,  any 

cuits,  within  which  any  two  of  the  judges  may  hold  a  |ierson  convicted  of  bribery,  perjurj-,  or  any  other  in- 

court.  famous  crime. 

3.  The  several  courts  of  common  pleas  shall  consistof  5.  Nothing  contained  in  this  article  shall  be  so  con- 
a  president  and  associate  judges.  The  state  shall  be  di-  strucd  as  to  prevent  white  male  persons,  above  the  age 
vidtd  by  law  into  three  circuits :  there  shall  be  appoint-  of  twenty-one  years,  who  are  compelled  to  labour  on  the 
vdin  each  circuit  a  president  of  the  courts,  who,  during  roads  of  their  respective  townships  or  counties,  and  who 
his  continuance  in  office,  shall  reside  therein.  There  have  reside  d  one  year  in  the  state,  from  having  the  right 
shall  bo  appointed  in  each  county,  not  more  than  three  of  an  elector. 

nor  less  than  two  associate  judges,  who,  during  their  ARTICLF  5 
continuance  in  office,  shall  reside  therein.    'Ihe  presi- 
dent and  associate  judges,  in  their  I'cspective  counties,  §  1.   Captains  and  subalterns  in  the  militia  shall  be 
anytbreeof  whom  shall  be  a  quorum,  shall  compose  the  elected  by  those  persons  in  their  respective  company 
court  of  common  pleas,  which  court  shall  have  comii.on  districts  subject  to  military  duty, 
law  and  chancery  jurisdieti.>ii,  in  ii!l  such  cases  as  shall  2.  Majors  shall  be  elected  by  the  captains  and  subal- 
be  directed  by  law';  pro\ided.  that  nothinij  herein  con-  terns  of  the  battalion. 

tained  shall  be  construid  to  prevent  the  legislature  from  3.   Colonels  shall  be  elected  by  the  majors,  captains, 

increasing  the  number  of  circuits  and  presidents  after  and  subaltems  of  the  regiment, 

the  term  of  five  years.  4.  Brigadiers  genera!  shall  be  elected  by  the  'commis- 

4.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  court  of  sioned  officers  of  their  respective  brigades. 

common  pleas,  shall  have  complete  criminal  jurisdic-  5.    Majors  general  and  quarter  mastei-s  genera!  shall 

tion  in  such  cases,  and  in  such  manner  as  may  be  point-  be  appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  legis- 

ed  out  by  law.  lature. 

5.  Th^  court  of  common  pleas  in  each  county  shall  6.  The  governor  shall  appoint  the  adjutants  general, 
have  jurisdiction  of  all  pro'iUe  and  testamentary  mat-  The  majors  general  shall  appoint  tlieir  aids,  and  other 
ters,  granting udministiation,  and  the  appointment  of  division  officers.  The  brigadiers  their  majors;  the  bri- 
guardians,  .ind  such  oilier  cases  as  shall  be  prescribed  ga-.i'  majors  their  staff  officers;  commanders  of  regi- 
by  law.  nitnts  shall  appoint  their  adjutants,  quarter  niastei-s, 

6.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  shall,  and  other  regimental  staff  officei-s  ;  ninl  th(  ruptainsand 
within  their  respective  counties,  have  the  same  powers  subalterns  shall  appoint  thtir  non-comniissio;.eil  officers 
with  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  to  issue  writs  of  and  musicians. 

cer^soiwi',  to  the  justices  oftlie  |)"ace,  and  to  cause  their  7.    Ihe  captains  and  subalterns  of  the  artillery  and 

proceedings  to  lie  brought  before  them,  and  the  like  cavalry  shall  be  elected  by  the  persons  enrolled  in  tlieir 

right  and  ^justice  to  be'  done.  respective  corps,  and  the  majors  and  colonels  shall  be 

7.  The  Judges  of  thesupreraec.oui'tshall.byvijtne  of  appointed  in  such  mamver  as  shall  be  directed  bvJaw. 


CONSTITUllOiSr  QP  OHIO. 


8$ 


Tlie  colonels  shall  appoint  their  regimental  staff,  and 
the  captains  and  subaftefns  their  non-commissioned  of- 
ficers and  musicians. 

ARTICLE  6. 

J  1.  There  shall  be  elects d  in  each  county  one  sheriff 
and  one  coroner,  by  the  citizens  thereof  who  are  quali- 
fied to  vote  for  members  of  the  assembly  :  they  shall  be 
elected  at  the  time  and  place  of  holding  elections  for 
members  of  assembly;  they  shall  continue  in  office  two 
years,  if  they  shall  s'o  long  behave  well,  and  until  suc- 
cessoi-s  be  chosen  and  duly  qualified  :  provided,  that  no 
person  shall  be  eligible  as  sheriff  for  a  longer  term  than 
four  years  in  any  term  of  six  yeai-s. 

2.  The  state  treasurer  and  auditor  shall  be  triennially 
appointed,  by  a  jofnt  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  legisla- 
ture. 

3.  All  town  and  township  officers  shall  be  chosen  an- 
nually, by  the  inhabitants  thereof  duly  qualified  to  vote 
for  members  of  the  assembly,  i:t  such'time  and  place  as 
may  be  directed  by  law. 

4.  The  appointment  of  all  civil  officers,  not  otherwise 
directed  by  this  constitution,  shall  be  made  in  such  man- 
ner as  may  be  directed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  7 . 

J  1.  Every  person  who  shall  be  chosen  op  appointed 
to  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  authority  of  the 
state,  shall,  before  the  enterini^on  the  execution  therct.f, 
take  an  oath  or  affirmation  lo  suppoii  ilic  constitution 
of  the  United  States  and  thi>  state,  and  also  an  oath  of 
office. 

2.  Any  elector  who  shall  receive  any  gift  or  reward 
for  hisTote,  in  meat,  drink,  money,  or  otherwise,  shall 
suffer  such  punishment  as  tlie  laws  shall  direct;  and  any 
person  who  shall  directly  or  indirectly  give,  promise,  or 
bestow,  any  such  reward  to  be  elected,  shall  th<  I'tby  be 
rendered  incapable  for  two  years  to  serve  in  tlie  office 
for  which  he  was  elected,  and  be  subject  to  such  other 
■punishment  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

3.  No  new  county  shall  he  established  by  the  general 
assembly,  which  shall  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or 
either  of  them,  from  which  it  shall  be  taken,  to  less  con- 
tents than  four  hundred  square  miles,  nor  shall  any 
county  be  laid  off  of  less  contents.  Every  new  county, 
as  to  the  right  of  suffrage  and  representation,  shall  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  the  county  or  counties  from 
which  it  was  taken,  until  entitled  by  numbers  to  the 
right  of  representation. 

4.  Chilicothe  shall  he  the  seat  of  government  until  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight.  No  money 
shall  be  raised  until  the  yea.-  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  nine,  by  the  legislature  of  tliis  state,  for  the 
pinT)Ose  of  erecting  public  buildings  for  the  aeuommo- 
dalion  of  the  legislature. 

5.  Thai,  after  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  six,  whenever  two  thirds  of  the  general  assembly 
shall  think  it  necessary  to  amend  or  change  this  consti- 
tution, they  shall  recommend  to  tlie  electors,  at  the  next 
election  for  members  to  the  general  assembly,  to  vote  for 
or  against  a  convention  ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  a 
majority  of  the  citizens  of  the  state,  voting  for  repre- 
sentatives, have  voted  for  a  convention,  the  general  as- 
sembly shall,  at  their  next  session,  call  a  convention,  to 
consist  of  as  many  members  as  there  may  be  in  the  gene- 
I'a!  assembly,  to  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner,  at  the 
same  places,  and  by  the  same  electors  that  choose  ths 
general  assembly,  who  shall  meet  w  ithin  three  months 
after  the  said  election,  for  tlie  purpose  of  revising, 
amending,  or  changing  the  cotistitution.  But  no  alter- 
ation of  this  constitution  shall  ever  take  place,  so  as  to 
introduce  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude  into  this 
state. 

6.  That  the  limits  and  boundaries  of  this  state  be  as- 
ceitained,  it  is  declared,  that  they  are  as  hereafter  men- 
tioned— that  is  to  say,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania line ;  on  the  south  by  the  Ohio  river  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  river;  on  the  wescbythe  line 
drawn  due  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami 
aforesaid ;  and  on  the  north  by  an  ea<t  and  west  line, 
drawn  through  thesoutherly  extreir.e  of  Lake  Michigan, 
running  east  after  intersectmg  the  due  north  line  afore- 
said, from  the  mouth  ef  the  Great  Miami,  until  it  shall 
intersect  Lake  Erie,  or  the  territorial  line,  and  thence 
with  the  same  through  Lake  Erie  to  thi-  Pennsylvania 
line  aforesaid  :  Provided,  always,  and  it  is  hereby  fully 
liiulerstood  and  declared  by  this  convention,  that  if  the 
southerly  bt-iul  or  extreme  of  Lake  Michigan  should  ex- 
tend so  tar  south,  that  a  line  drawn  due  east  from  it 
should  not  intersect  Lake  Erie,  or  if  it  should  intersect 
the  said  Lake  Erie  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  river 
of  the  Lake,  then,  and  in  that  case,  with  the  assent  of 
ahe  congress  of  the  United  States,  the  northern  .boun- 


dary of  this  state  shall  be  established  by,  and  extending 
to,  a  direct  line,  rumiing  from  the  soiithern  extremity 
of  Lake  Michigan,  to  the  must  northerly  cape  of  the 
Jliami  bay,  after  intersecting  the  due  north  line  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  river  as  aforesaid,  thence 
north-east  to  the  territorial,  and  by  the  (.aid  territorial 
line  to  the  Pennsylvania  line. 

AUTtCLE  8. 

That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles  of 
liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized,  and  for 
ever  unalterably  established,  «'e  declare, 

\  1.  That  all  men  are  bom  <  qually  free  and  indepen- 
dent, and  have  certain,  natural,  inherent,  and  unaliena- 
ble rights,  amongst  which  are  the  enjo>ingand  defend- 
ing life  and  liberty,  .icquiring,  possessing,  and  protecting 
property,  and  pursuing  and  obtaining  happiness  and 
safely  ;  'and  eveiy  free  republican  goxernment,  being 
founded  on  their  sole  authority,  and  organized  for  the 
purpose  of  protecting  their  liberties,  and  securing  their 
independence :  to  effect  these  ends  they  have  at  all  times 
Q  complete  j)0\x  er  to  alter,  reform,  or  abolish  their  go- 
vernment, whenever  ihey  may  deem  it  necessai-y. 

2.  There  shall  be  neitlier  siavei-y  nor  involuntary  ser- 
vitude, in  this  state,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment 
of  crimes,  whereof  the  i>arty  shall  have  been  duly  con- 
victed ;  nor  shall  any  male  person,  arrived  »t  the  age  of 
tw  enty-one  years,  nor  fenuile  person, arrived  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  yeari,  he  held  to  serve  any  person  as  a  ser- 
vant, under  pretence  of  indenture,  or  otherwise,  unless 
such  person  shall  enter  into  such  indenture  w  hile  in  a 
stale  of  perfect  freedom,  and  on  condition  of  a  buna  fuh 
consideration,  received,  or  lo  be  received,  f.ir  their  ser- 
lice,  except  as  before  excepted.  Nor  shall  ativ  intlentui'e 
of  any  negro  or  mulatto  hereafter  made  and  executed, 
out  of  this  state,  or,  if  made  in  the  state,  where  the  term 
of  service  exceeds  one  year,  be  of  the  least  i-alidity,  ex- 
cept those  given  in  the  case  of  apprenticeships. 

3.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right 
to  worship  AIi»ighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of 
tlieir  conscience ;  that  no  human  authority  can.  in  any 
case  whatever,  coutrnl  or  interfere  w  illi  the  rights  of 
conscience;  that  no  man  shall  be  compelled  to  attend, 
erect,  or  supj^ort,  any  place  of  worship,  or  to  maintain 
any  ministry,  against  his  consent ;  and  that  no  jirefer- 
ence  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  society 
or  mode  of  worship  ;  and  no  religious  test  shall  be  re- 
qui'.-ed,  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  of  tnist  or  profit. 
Hut  religion,  molality,  and  knowledge,  being  essentially 
necessary  to  the  good  government,  and  the  happiness  of 
mankind,  schools,  and  the  means  of  instruction,  shall  for 
ever  be  encouraged  by  legislative  provision,  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  rights  of  conscience. 

4.  Private  projierty  ought,  and  shall  ever  be  held  in- 
violate, but  always  subservient  to  the  public  welfare, 
provided  a  compensation  in  money  be  made  to  the  own- 
er. 

5.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons, 
houses,  papers,  and  possessions,  from  all  unwarrantable 
searches  and  seizeres ;  and  thai  general  w  ar.ants,  where- 
by an  officer  rnay  be  commanded  to  search  suspected 
places,  wiihout  probable  evidence  of  the  fact  commit- 
ted, or  to  seize  any  person  or  persons  not  named,  whose 
offences  are  not  jiarticularly  described,  and  without  oath 
or  affirmation,are  dangerous  lo  liberty,  and  shall  not  be 
granted. 

6.  That  the  printing  presses  shall  be  open  and  free  to 
every  citizen,  who  w  ivhes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of 
any  branch  of  government,  or  the  conduct  of  any  public 
officer;  and  no  law  shall  ever  restrain  the  right  thereof. 
Evei-y  citizen  has  an  indisputable  right  to  sptak,  write, 
or  print,  upon  any  subject,  as  he  thinks  proper,  being 
liable  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty.  In  prosecutions  for 
any  publication  respectinEC  ihe  official  conduct  of  men 
ill  a  public  cnp.aclty.  or  where  the  m.itter  published  is 
proper  for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  al- 
ways be  given  in  evidence;  and  in  all  indictments  for 
libels,  the  jury  shall  have  a  right  to  determine  tlie  law 
and  the  facts,  under  the  direction  of  the  court,  as  in  other 
cases. 

7.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  person,  for 
an  injury  done  him  in  his  iands,  groods,  person,  or  repu- 
tation, shall  have  remedy  by  the  due  course  of  law,  and 
right  and  justice  administered  without  denial  oi  delay. 

8.  riiat  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  inviolatcl 

9.  That  no  priwer  smpending  the  laws  shall  be  exer- 
cised, unless  by  the  legislature. 

10.  That  no  person  arrested  or  confined  in  Jai!  shall  be 
treated  witli  unnecessary  rigour,  or  be  put  to  answer 
anv  criminal  charge,  but  by  presentment,  indictment, 
or  impeachment. 

11.  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused 
hath  a  right  »o  be  heard  by  hiuiself  and  his  Mitnse!.  to 


S4 


CONS'J ITUTION  of  0HIQ. 


demand  the  nature  ami  cause  of  the  accusation  against 
liirn,  and  to  have  a  copy  thereof;  to  incut  the  witnesses 
face  to  face  ;  to  have  coinpulsoiy  process  for  obtaining 
witnesses  in  his  favour;  and,  in  prosecutions  by  indict- 
ment or  presentment,  a  speedy  public  trial,  by  an  im- 
partial jury  ofthe  county  or  district  in  which  the  offence 
shall  have  been  committed,  and  shall  not  be  compelled 
to  give  evidence  against  hniistlf— nor  shall  he  be  twice 
put  in  jeopardy  for  the  same  offence. 

12.  I'hat  all  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient 
sureties,  unless  for  capital  oiunces,  where  the  proof  is 
evident  or  the  presumption  great ;  and  the  privilege  of 
the  writ  of  AaieoicorpMJ  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 
Yihen  in  case  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

13.  Excessive  bail  shail  not  he  required,  excessive 
fines  shall  not  be  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  pu- 
jiishments  inflicted. 

14.  All  penalties  shall  be  jiroportioned  to  the  nature 
of  the  offence.  No  wise  le^slature  will  afEx  the  same 
punishment  to  the  crimes  of  theft,  forgery,  and  the  like, 
which  they  do  to  those  of  mui-der  and  treason.  When 
the  same  undistinguished  severity  is  exerted  afjainst  all 
offences,  the  people  are  led  to  forget  the  real  distinction 
in  the  crimes  themselves,  and  to  commit  tlie  most  fla- 
grant >\'ith  as  little  compunction  as  they  do  tlie  lightest 
offences.  For  the  same  reasons,  a  multitude  of  sangui- 
uary  laws  are  both  impolitic  and  unjust ;  the  true  design 
of  all  punishments  being  to  reform,  not  to  extirminate 
mankind. 

15.  The  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  strong 
presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  prison 
s\fter  delivering  up  his  estate  for  the  ben.  fit  of  his  cre- 
ditor or  creditors,  ia  such  man:ier  as  shall  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

16.  No  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing  the 
validity  of  contracis,shai!  ever  be  made  ;  anu  no  convic- 
tion shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture  of 
estate. 

17.  That  no  pereon  shall  be  liable  to  be  transjjorted 
out  of  this  state,  for  any  offence  committed  within  the 
state. 

18.  That  a  frequent  recurrence  to  the  fundamental 
principles  of  civil  government  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
ipreserve  the  blessings  of  liberty. 

19.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together, 
iu  a  peaceable  manner,  to  consult  for  their  common 
good,  to  instruct  their  representatives,  and  to  apply  to 
the  legislature  for  redress  of  grievances. 

20.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  bear  arms  for  the 
defence  of  tliemselves  and  the  state ;  and  as  standing 
armies,  in  time  of  peace,  are  davigerous  to  liberty,  they 
shall  not  be  kept  up,  and  that  the  niilitar)  shall  lie  kept 
under  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  power. 

21.  That  no  person  in  this  state,  except  such  as  are 
employed  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  or 
militia  in  actual  service,  shall  be  subject  to  corporeal 
l)unishment  under  the  railitai-y  law. 

22.  That  no  soldier,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered 
in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in 
time  of  war,  but  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

23.  That  tl>e  levying  taxes  by  the  poll  is  grie\-ous 
and  oppressive ;  therefore,  the  legislature  shall  never 
levy  a  poll  tax  for  county  or  state  purposes. 

24.  That  no  hereditary  emolumenis,  privilegfes,  or 
liouours,  shall  ever  be  granted  or  conferred  by  this 
slate. 

25.  That  no  law  shall  be  passed  to  prevent  the  poor 
in  the  several  counties  and  townships  within  this  staicj 
from  an  equal  participation  in  the  schools,  academies, 
colleges,  and  universities,  within  this  state,  which  are 
endowed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  from  the  revenue  arising 
from  the  donations  made  by  the  United  Stales  for  the 
support  of  schools  and  colleges ;  and  the  doors  of  tlie 
said  schools,  academies,  and  universiiies,  shall  be  open 
for  the  reception  of  scholars,  students,  and  tcacliers,  of 
every  grade,  without  any  distinction  oi  preference  what- 
ever,  contrary  to  the  intent  lor  which  the  said  donations 
were  made. 

26.  That  laws  shall  be  passed  by  the  legislatnre  which 
sltall  secure  to  each  and  every  denomination  of  reli- 
gious societies, in  each  surveyed  township,  which  nuw 
is,  or  may  hereafter  be,  termed  in  the  state,  an  equ.il 
participation,  according  to  their  number  of  adherents, 
of  the  profits  arising  from  the  land  granted  by  congrtss 
for  the  support  of  religion,  agreeably  to  the  ordinance 
or  act  of  congi-ess  making  the  appropriation. 

27.  That  every  association  of  p-  rsons,  when  regularly 
formed  within  tliis  state,  and  having  given  tliemselves 
a  name,  may,  on  application  to  the  legislature,  be  enti- 
tled to  receive  letters  of  incorporation,  to  enable  tliem 
to  hold  estat'.s,  real  and  persona),  for  the  support  of 


their  schools,  academies,  colleges,  universiiies,  and  other 
purposes. 

2S.  To  guard  against  the  transgressions  of  the  high 
powers  which  we  have  delegated,  we  declare,  that  aU 
powers  not  hereby  delegated  remain  with  the  people. 


SCHEDULE. 

§  1.  That  no  evils  or  inconveniences  may  arise  from 
the  change  of  a  territorial  government  to  a  permanent 
slate  government,  it  is  declared  by  this  convention, 
that  all  rights,  suits,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims,  and 
contracts,  both  as  it  respects  individuals  and  bodies  cor- 
porate, shall  continue  as  if  no  change  had  taken  place 
in  this  government. 

2.  All  lines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  due  and  owing 
to  the  teriiiory  of  the  tFnilcd  States  north-west  of  the 
river  Ohio,  shall  inure  to  the  use  of  the  state.  All 
bonds  executed  to  the  governor, or  any  other  officer  in 
liis  official  capaciiy  in  the  territory,  shall  pass  over  to 
the  governor,  or  the  other  officers  of  the  state,  and  their 
successors  in  off.ce,  for  the  use  of  the  state,  or  by  him 
or  them  to  be  respectively  assigned  over  to  the  use  of 
those  concerned,  as  the  case  may  be. 

3.  The  governor,  secretary,  and  judges,  and  all  other 
officers  under  the  territorialgovernmeut,  shall  continue 
in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  uf  their  respective  depart- 
ments until  the  s.iid  officers  are  superseded  under  the 
authority  i.f  this  c.instiiiition. 

4.  Ail  laws  and  ports  of  laws  now  iu  force  in  this 
territory,  not  inconsistent  with  this  constitution,  shall 
continue  and  remain  in  full  effect  until  repealed  by 
the  legislature,  except  so  much  of  the  act  entitled  "  An 
act  ri  gulating  the  admission  and  practice  of  attorneys 
and  counsellors  at  law  ;"  and  of  the  act  made  amenda- 
lorj  thereto,  as  relates  to  the  terra  of  time  which  the 
applicant  shall  have  studied  law,  his  residence  wiihiu 
the  tetritory,  and  the  term  of  time  which  he  shall  have 
practised  as  an  attorney  at  law,  before  he  can  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  degree  of  a  counsellor  at  law. 

5.  The  governor  of  the  state  shall  make  use  of  his 
private  seal,  until  a  state  seal  be  procured. 

6.  The  president  of  the  couveution  shall  issue  writs 
of  I  lection  to  ihe  sheriffs  of  the  several  counties,  re- 
quiring them  to  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  governor, 
members  of  the  general  assembly,  sherifts,  and  coro- 
ners, at  the  respective  election  districts  in  each  county, 
on  the  second  Tuesday  of  January  next,  wliich  elections 
shall  be  conducted  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  ex- 
isting election  laws  of  this  territory  ;  and  the  members 
of  the  general  assembly,  sheriffs,'  and  coroners,  then 
elected,  shall  continue  to  exercise  the  duties  of  their  re- 
specrixe  offices  until  the  ne.xt  annua!  or  biennial  elec- 
tion thereafter,  as  prescribed  iu  this  constitution,  and 
no  longer. 

7.  Until  the  first  enumeration  shall  he  made,  as  di- 
rected in  the  second  section  of  the  first  article  of  this 
constitution,  the  county  of  Hamilton  shall  be  entitled 
to  four  senators  and  eight  representatives  ;  the  county 
of  Clermont,  one  senator  and  two  representatives  ;  the 
county  of  Adams,one  senator  and  three  representatives ; 
the  county  of  Hoss,  two  senators  and  four  re|)resenta- 
tives  i  the  county  of  Fairlield,  one  senator  and  two  re- 
presentatives; the  count)  of  Washington,  two  senators 
and  three  representatives  ;  the  county  of  Belmont,  one 
senator  and  two  representatives.;  the  county  of  Jeifer- 
son,  two  senators  and  four  representatives )  and  the 
county  of  Trumbull,  one  senator  and  two  representa- 
tives. 

Done  in  convention,  at  Chilicothe,  on  the  29lh  day  of 
November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1802,  and  of  the 
independence  of  the  United  Stales  of  America  the 
2Tth. 

In  testimony  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  subscribed 
our  names. 

EDWARD  TIFFIN,  President. 
Jos.  Darlington,  John  W.  Browne, 

Israel  Donaldson,  Charles  W.  Byrd, 

'I'ho  Kirker,  Fva.  Dunlavy, 

James  Caldwell,  \Vm.  Goforth, 

John  Reily,  John  Kilchell, 

John  Smith,  Jer.  Morrow, 

John  Wilson,  Jolui  Paul, 

Uudulph  Bear,  John  M'Int'.re, 

Klijah  Woods,  Geo.  Humphry, 

Philip  Gatch,  John  Milligan,' 

James  Sargent,  Naih.  Updegraff, 

Henry  Abiams,  Bavs.  Wells, 

Em.  Carpenter,  :Micli.  Baldwin, 


James  Giubb, 
Nath.  Massie, 
T,  Wortliington, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  INDIANA. 


85 


David  Abbot, 
Sam.  Huntington, 
Eph.  Cutler, 


Ben.  Ives  Gilmauj 
Attest, 

Thomas  Scott,  Sec rttarir 


Rufas  Putnam. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  INDIANA. 


WE,  the  representatives  of  the  people  of  the  territo-    The  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is 
ry  of  Indiana,  in  convention  met,  at  Corydon,  on  Mon-    one  of  the  invaluable  rights  of  man ;  and  every  citizen 
day  the  10th  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  eigh-    may  freely  speak,  write,  and  print,  on  any  subject,  be- 
teen  hundred  and  sixteen,  and  of  the  independence  of   ing  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty, 
the  United  States  the  fortieth,  having  the  right  of  ad-        10.  In  prosecutions  for  the  publication  of  papers  in- 
mission  into  the  general  government,  as  a  member  of  vestigatiag  the  official  conduct  of  officers  or  men  in  a 
the  Union,  consistent  with  the  constitution  of  the  Uni-    public  capacity,  or  where  the  matter  published  is  pro- 
ted  States,  the  ordinance  of  congress  of  one  thousand    per  for  the  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may 
seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  the  law  of  con-    be  giv  n  in  evidence;  and,  in  all  indictments  for  libels, 
gress,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  the  In-    the  jury  shall  have  a  right  to  deterra'me  the  law  and  the 
diana  ten-itory  to  form  a  constitution  and  state  govern,    facts,  under  the  direction  of  the  court,  as  in  other  cases, 
ment,  and  for  the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union,        11.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  evei-y  person, 
on  an  equal  tooting  with  the  original  states;"  in  order    for  an  injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person,  or 
to  establish  justice,  promote  the  welfare  and  secure  the    reputation,  shall  have  remedy  by  the  due  course  of  law, 
blessingsof  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity ,  do  or-    and  right  and  justice  administered  without  denial  or 
dain  and  establish  the  following  constitution  or  form  of   delay.  ..... 

government,  and  do  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to  12,  That  no  person  arrested  or  confined  in  jail  shall 
form  ourselves  into  a  free  and  independent  state,  by  die  be  treated  with  unnecessary  rigour,  or  be  put  to  answer 
name  of  T/ie  stale  of  Indiana.  any  criminal  charge,  but  by  presentment,  indictment, 

or  impeacl'.ment. 

ARTICLE    1.  13.   That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accuseil 

hath  aright  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  counsel ;  to  de- 

§1.  That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles    mand  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation  against 

of  liberty  and  !iee  government  may  be  recognized  and    him,  and  to  have  a  copy  thereof;  to  meet  the  witnesses 

unalterably  established,  we  declare;    That  all  men  are    (iacetoface;  to  have  compulsory  xirocess  for  obtaining 

born  equal  ly  free  and  independent,  and  have  certain  na-    witnesses  in  his  favour,  and  in  prosecutions  by  indict- 

tural,  inherent,  and  unalienable  rights,  among  which    ment  or  presentment,  a  speedy  public  trial,  by  an  im- 

are  the  enjoying  and  defending  life  and  liberty,  and  of   partialjuiyof  the  county  or  district  in  which  the  offence 

acquiring,  possessing,  and  protecting  property,' and  pur-    shall  have  been  committed,  and  shall  not  be  compelled 

suing  and  obtaining  happiness  and  safety.  to  give  evidence  ag-ainst  himself;   nor  shall  be  twice 

2.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people  ;  and  all    put  in  jeopardy  foe  the  same  offence. 

free  governments  are  founded  on  their  aiuhority,  and  14.  That  all  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient 
instituted  for  thtir  peace,  safety,  and  happiness  For  sureties,  unless  for  capital  offences,  when  the  proof  is 
the  advancement  of  these  ends,  they  have,  at  all  times,  evident  or  tlie  presumption  great;  and  the  privilege  of 
an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter  or  reibrni  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless, 
their  government,  in  such  manner  as  they  may  deem  in  case  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may 
proper.  require  it. 

3.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right  is.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required  ;  excessive 
to  worship  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  fines  shall  not  be  imposed ;  nor  cruel  and  unusual  pti- 
their  own  consciences:  that  no  man  shall  be  compelled    nishments  inflicted. 

to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any  place  of  worship,  or  to       16.  All  penalties  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  nature 

maintain  any  ministry,  against  his  consent :  that  no  hu-    of  the  offence. 

man  authority  can,  in  any  case  whatever,  control  or  in-        17.    The  person  of  a  debtor,  where   there   is   not 

terfere  with  the  rights  of  conscience  :  and  that  no  pre-    strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in 

ference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  soci-    prison  after  delivering  up  his  estate,  for  the  benefit  of 

eties  or  modes  of  worship;  and  no  religious  test  shall    his  creditor  or  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be 

be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  of  trust  or    prescribed  by  law. 

profit.  18.   No  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing  the 

4.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal.  validity  of  contracts,  shall  ever  be  made  ;  and  no  con- 

5.  That,  in  all  civil  cases,  v.here  the  value  in  contro-  viction  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  nor  forteiture  uf 
versy  shall  exceed  the  sum  of  twenty  dollars,  and  in  alt    estate. 

criminal  cases,  except  in  petit  misdemeanors,  which  19,  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together, 
shall  be  punishable  by  fine  only,  not  exceeding  three  in  a  peaceable  manner,  to  consult  for  their  common 
dollars,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may  prescribe  good  ;  to  instruct  their  representatives  ;  and  to  apply  to 
by  law,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  remain  inviolate,    the  legislature  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

6.  That  no  power  of  suspending  the  operation  of  the  20.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  bear  arms  for  tlie 
laws  shall  be  exercised,  except  by  the  legislature  or  its  defence  of  themselves  and  the  slate ;  and  that  the  mjli- 
authority.  tary  shall  be  kept  m  strict  subordination  to  the  civil 

7.  That  no  man's  particular  servicesshall  be  demand-   power. 

ed,  or  property  taken  or  applied  to  public  use,  without  21.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quar- 
the  consent  of  his  representatives,  or  without  a  just  tered  in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner, 
compensation  being  made  therefor.  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 

8.  The  rights  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per-    law. 

sons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  inireasonable  22.  That  the  legislature  shall  not  grant  any  title  of 
searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated ;  and  no  war-  nobility,  or  hereditary  distinctions  ;  nor  create  any  of^ 
rant  shall  issue  hut  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  fice,  the  appointment  to  which  shall  be  for  a  longer 
oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the    term  than  good  behaviour. 

place  to  be  searched,  and  the  person  cr  things  to  be  23.  That  emigration  from  the  state  shall  not  be  pro- 
seiz.  d.  hibited. 

9.  That  the  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  every  24.  To  guard  against  any  encroachments  on  the 
person  who  imdertakes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of  rights  herein  retained,  we  declare,  that  every  thing  in 
the  legislature,  or  any  branch  of  government ;  and  no  this  article  is  excepted  out  of  the  general  powers  of  go- 
lav,'  shall  ever  be  made  to  restrain  the  right  thereof,    vernment,  and  shill  for  ever  remain  inviolable. 


^0                                       CO>fSTlTUTl0S?  01?  l&DIANA, 

ARTICLE  2.  ^'*'  ^"y  °"^  member  of  either  bouse  shall  have  iibei:- 
ty  to  dissent  from  and  protest  againsit  any  act  or  reso- 
Thepowcrsof  the  gfovernment  of  Indiana  shall  be  di-  lution  which  he  may  think  injurious  to  the  public,  or 
vided  into  three  distinct  dcpurtniects,  and  each  of  them  any  individual  or  individuals,  and  have  the  reason  of 
be  confiiifd  to  a  separate  body  of  magistracy,  to  wit :  his  dissent  entered  on  the  journals. 
Those  which  are  legislative,  to  one  ;  tliose  which  are  11.  Each  house  -Tiay  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro- 
executive,  to  another ;  and  those  which  are  judiciary,  ceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour, 
to  another:  And  nu  jKrson,  or  collection  of  persons,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  mem- 
being  of  one  of  those  departments,  shall  exercise  any  ber,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause  ;  and  shall 
power  properly  attached  to  either  ol  the  others,  except  have  all  other  |)Owers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  lo- 
in the  instances  herein  expressly  pevmitted.  gislature  of  a  free  and  independent  state. 

AIITICLE  3  ^^'  ^^•'^n  vacancies  happen  in  either  branch  of  the 
general  assembly,  the  governor,  or  the  person  exercising 

§  1.    The  legislative  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  the  power  of  governor,  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to 

vested  in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  fill  such  vacancies. 

senate  and  house  of  representatives,  both  to  be  elected  13.    Senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all  cases, 

by  the  people.  except  tre:json,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privi- 

2.  The  general  assembly  may,  within  two  years  after  leged  from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  general  as- 
their  first  meeting,  and  shall,  in  the  year  eighteen  hiin-  scmbly,  and  in  going  to  or  returning  from  the  same  ; 
dred  and  twenty,  and  every  subsequent  term  of  five  and  for  any  speech  or  debaie,  in  either  house,  they  shall 
years,  cause  an  enumeration  to  be  made  of  all  the  white  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

male  inhabitants  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years-  14   Each  house  may  punish,  by  imprisonment,  during 

The  number  of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several  pe-  their  session,  any  person,  not  a  member,  who  shall  be 

riods  of  making  such  enumerations,   be  fixed  by  the  guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disorderly  or 

general  assembly,  and  apportioned  among  the  several  contemptuous  behaviour  in  their  presence:  Provided, 

counties  according  to  the  number  of  white  male  inha-  such  imprisonment  shall  not,  at  any  one  time,  exceed 

bitants  above  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  c  ach ;  and  shall  twenty-four  hours. 

never  be  less  than  twenty-five,  nor  greater  than  thirty-  is.    The  doors  of  each  house,  and  of  committees  of 

six,  until  the  number  of  white  male  inhabitants,  above  the  whole,  shalt  be  kept  open,  except  in  such  cases  as, 

twenty-one  years  of  age,  shal  1  be  twenty-two  thousand  ;  in  the  opinion  of  the  house,  may  require  secrecy.    Nei- 

and  after  that  event,  at  such  ratio  that  the  whole  num-  ther  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  ad- 

ber  of  representatives  shall  never  be  less  than  thirty-six,  journ  for  more  than  two  days,  nor  to  any  other  place 

nor  exceed  one  hundred.  than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

3.  The  representatives  shall  be  chosen  annually,  by  ig.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  may  be 
the  qualified  electors  of  each  county  respectively,  on  altered,  amended,  or  rejected,  by  the  other. 

the  first  Monday  of  August.                                     .'  17,  Every  bill  shall  be  read  on  three  different  days  in 

4.  No  person  shall  bearepresentative,  unless  he  shall  each  house,  unless,  in  case  of  urgency,  two  thirds  of  the 
have  attained  the  f.ge  of  twenty-one  years  and  shall  house  where  such  bill  may  be  depending  shall  deem  it 
be  a  citizen  of  the  United  states,  and  an  inhabitant  of  expedient  to  dispense  with  this  rule  ;  and  every  bill, 
this  state  ;  shall  also  have  resided  within  the  limits  of  having  passed  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  presi- 
the  county  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen  one  year  next  <jent  and  speaker  of  their  respective  houses, 
preceding  his  election,  if  the  county  shall  have  been  so  18.  The  style  of  the  laws  ef  this  state  shall  be,  "  Be  it 
long  erected  ;  but  if  not,  then  within  the  limits  of  the  enacted  by  the  general  nssemb'.ii  of  the  state  of  Indiana."' 
county  or  counties  out  of  which  it  shall  have  been  ta-  19.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
ken,  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  honseof  representatives,  but  the  senate  may  amend  or 
business  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state,  and  shall  reject,  as  in  other  bills. 

have  paid  a  state  or  county  tax.  20.  No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  authority 

5.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  for  three  years,  on  the  of  the  president  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  state, 
first  Monday  in  August,  by  the  qualified  vott  rs  for  re-  militia  officers  excepted,  shall  be  ehgible  to  a  seat  in 
presentatives  ;  and.  on  their  being  convened  in  conse-  either  branch  of  the  general  assembly,  unless  he  resign 
<iuenee  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  by  his  office  previous  to  his  election;  nor  shall  any  member 
lotfrom  their  respective  counties  or  districts,  as  near  as  of  either  branch  of  the  general  assembly,  during  the 
can  be,  into  three  classes  ;  the  seats  of  the  senators  of  time  for  which  he  is  elected,  be  eligible  to  any  office, 
the  first  class,  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  the  appointment  of  which  is  vested  in  the  general  as- 
first  year;  and  of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  sembly;  Provided,  that  nothing  in  this  constitution  shall 
the  second  year ;  and  of  the  third  class,  at  the  expira-  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  any  member  of  the  first 
tion  of  the  third  year ;  so  that  one  third  thereof,  as  near  sessioiB  of  the  first  general  assembly  from  accepting  any 
as  possible,  may  be  annually  chosen  for  ever  thereafter,  office  that  is  created  by  this  constitution,  or  the  consti- 

6.  The  number  of  senators  shall,  at  the  several  peri-  tution  of  the  United  States,  and  the  salaries  of  which 
ods  of  making  the  enumeration  before-mentioned,  b^  are  established. 

fixed  by  the  general  assembly,  and  apportioned  among  21.   No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but 

the  several  counties  or  districts  to  be  established  by  law,  in  consequence  of  approjn-iations  made  by  law. 

according  to  the  number  of  white  male  inhabitants,  of  22.   An  accurate  statement  of  the  receipts  and  ex- 

the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  in  each,  and  shall  never  be  penditures  of  the  public  money  shall  be  attached  to  and 

less  than  one  third  nor  more  than  one  half  of  the  num-  published  with  the  laws,  at  every  annual  session  of  the 

ber  of  representatives.  general  assembly. 

7.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  unless  he  shall  have  2?.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
attained  the  agre  of  twenty-five  years,  and  shall  be  a  ci-  power  of  impeaching,  but  a  majority  of  all  the  members 
tizen  of  the  United  States ;  and  shall,  next  preceding  elected  must  concur  in  such  impeachment.  All  ira- 
the  election,  have  resided  two  years  in  the  state,  the  peachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate;  and,  when  sit- 
last  twelve  months  of  which,  in  the  county  or  district  ting  for  that  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  upon  osth  or 
in  which  he  may  be  elected,  if  the  county  or  district  affirmation  to  do  justice  accoitlingto  law  and  evidence  ; 
shall  have  been  so  long  erected ;  but  if  not,'then  within  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence 
the  limits  of  the  county  or  counties,  district  ordistricts,  of  a  majority  of  all  the  senators  elected. 

out  of  which  the  same  shall  have  been  taken  ;  unless  24,    The  governor,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  state, 

[le  shall  have  been  absent  on  t'ne  public  business  of  the  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and 

United  States  or  this  state,  and  shall  moreover  have  conviction  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crinies 

paid  a  state  or  county  tax.  and  misdemeanors  ;  but  judgment  in  such  cases  shall 

8.  Thehouseofrepresentatives, when  assembled. shall  not  extend  further  than  removal  from  office,  and  dis- 
choosca  speaker  and  its  other  officers ;  and  the  senate  qualification  to  hold  any  office  of  honour,  profit,  or 
shall  choose  its  officers,  except  the  president ;  and  each  trust,  under  this  state.  The  party,  whether  convicted 
shall  be  juilges  of  the  qualifications  and  elections  of  its  or  acquitted,  shall,  nevertheless,  be  li.ible  to  indictment, 
members,  and  sit  upon  its  own  adjournments;  two  trial,  jui'ement,  and  punishment,  according  tn  law. 
thirds  of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  25.  Th-  fir.it  session  of  the  general  assembly  shall 
business,  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  commence  on  the  first  Monday  of  November  next ;  and 
to  day,  and  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  for  ever  after,  thi  general  assembl)  shall  meet  on  the 

0.  Kachhousesballkeepa  journal  of  its  proceedings,  first  Monday  in  December  in  every  year,  and  at  no 

and  publish  them.    The  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members,  otlier  period,  unless  directed  by  law,  or  provided  for  by 

on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  request  of  any  two  of  this  constitution, 

tbem.  be  entered  on  the  jnumsls.  26,  N"  Rerson  who  hereafter  may  he  a  col  lector  or 


CONSTiTUTIOX  OF  INDIANA. 


»f 


holder  of  public  money,  shall  have  a  seat  in  either    vemor.theelectorsshalldistinguishwiiom  they  vote  for 
house  of  the  general  assembly,  until  such  person  shall    as  governor,  and  whom  as  I'eutenant  gcTemor. 


have  accounted  for  and  paid  into  the  treasury  all  sums 
for  which  he  may  be  accountable. 


ARTICLE  4. 


16.  He  shall,  by  virtue  ot  his  office,  be  president  of 
the  senate  ;  have  a  right,  when  in  committee  of  the 
whole,  to  debate,  and  vote  on  all  subjects,  and,  when 
the  senate  are  equally  divided,  to  give  the  casting  vote. 

17.  In  case  of  impeachnient  of  the  jrovernov,  his  re- 
§  1.    The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  state  shall     moval  from  officr,  death,  refusal  to  qualify,  resignation, 

be  vested  in  a  governor,  who  shall  be  styled,  the  go-  or  absence  from  the  state,  the  lieutenant  governor  shall 
vernor  of  the  state  of  Indiana.  exercise  all  the  powers  and  authority  appertaining  to 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  chosen  bv  the  qualified  the  office  of  governer,  unti!  another  be  duly  qualified, 
electors  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  at  the  places  or  the  governor  absent  or  impeached,  shall  return  or 
where  they  shall   respectively  vote  for  represtutatives    be  acquitted. 

thereof.  The  returns  of  every  election  tor  governor  ]8.  Wheuevev  the  government  shall  be  administered 
shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  srat  of  go-  by  the  lieutenant  governor,  or  he  shall  be  unable  to  at- 
vernra.nt,  directed  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  ol'repre-  tend  as  president  of  the  senate,  the  senate  shall  elect 
sentatives,  who  shall  open  and  publisli  them  in  presence  one  of  their  own  members  as  president  lor  that  occasion, 
of  both  houses  of  the  geneial  assembly;  the  person  And  if,  during  the  vacancy  of  the  office  of  governor, 
having  the  highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  governor:  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  impeached,  removed 
but  if  two  or  more  shall  be  equal  and  highest  in  votes,  from  office,  refuse  to  qualify,  resign,  die,  or  be  absent 
one  of  them  shall  he  chosen  governor  by  the  joint  vote  from  the  state,  the  president  of  the  senate, /(ro  tempore 
of  the  members  of  both  houses.  Contested  elections  sliall,  in  like  manner,  administer  the  government,  until 
shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to  be  selected  IVoni  he  shall  be  superseded  by  a  governor  or  lieutenant  go- 
both  hou»es  of  the  general  assembly,  and  formed  and  vernor.  The  lieutenant  governor,  while  he  acts  as  pre- 
regnlated  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law.      sident  of  the  senate,  shall  receive  for  his  services  the 

3.  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  during  three  same  compensation  which  shall, for  ihesame  period, be 
years,  from  and  after  the  third  day  of  the  first  session  allowed  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
of  the  general  assembly  next  ensuing  his  election,  and  and  no  more  :  And  during  the  time  he  administers  the 
until  a  successor  shall  be  chosen  and  qualified  ;  and  government,  as  governor,  shall  receive  the  same  com= 
shall  not  be  capable  of  holding  it  longer  than  six  years  pensation  which  the  governor  would  have  received  and 
in  any  term  of  nine  years.  been  entitled  to,  had  he  been  employed  in  the  duUes  of 

4.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  and  shall    his  office,  and  no  more. 

have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  lor  ten  years.  19.  The  president  pro  tempore  of  the  senate,  during 
and  have  resided  in  the  state  five  years  next  preceding  the  time  he  administers  the  government,  shall  receive, 
bis  election  ;  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  in  like  manner,  the  same  compensation  which  the  go- 
business  of  this  state  oi>of  the  United  States :  Provided,  vernor  would  have  reci  ived,  had  he  been  employed  in 
that  this  shall  not  disqualify  any  person  from  the  office  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  no  more, 
ofgovernor,  who  shall  be  a  citizen  of  theUnitetl  States,  20.  If  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  called  upon 
and  shall  have  resided  in  the  Indiana  territory  two  to  administer  the  government,  and  shall,  while  in  such 
years  next  preceding  the  adoption  o*  this  constitution,    administration,  resign,  die,  or  be  absent  from  the  state, 

5.  No  member  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  of-  during  the  recess  of  the  general  assembly,  it  shall  be 
fice  under  the  United  States,  or  this  state,  shall  exercise  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state,  for  the  time  being, 
the  office  ofgovernor  or  lieutenant  governor.  to  convene  the  senate  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a 

6.  The  governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his    president  pro  tempore. 

services  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  in-  21.  A  secretary  of  state  shall  be  chosen  by  the  joint 
creased  nor  diminished  during  the  term  (or  which  be  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  and  be 
shall  have  been  eUcted.  commissioned  by  the  governor,  for  four  years,  or  until 

7.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and  a  new  secretary  be  chosen  and  qualified.  He  shall  keep 
navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia  thereof,  except  a  fair  register,  and  attest  all  the  official  acts  and  pro- 
when  they  shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  ceedings  of  the  governor;  and  shall,  when  required,  lay 
States;  but  he  shall  not  command  personally  in  the  the  same, and  all  papers,  minutes,  and  vouchers,  rela- 
Seld.  unless  he  shall  be  .-idvised  so  to  do  by  a  resolution  tive  thereto,  before  either  house  of  the  general  assem- 
of  thie  general  assembly.  bly ;  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  en- 

8.  lie  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice    joined  him  by  law. 

and  consent  of  the  senate,  appoint  and  commission  all  22.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses  of 
officers,  the  appointment  of  which  is  not  otherwise  di-  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  presented  to  the  govern- 
rected  by  this  constitution  ;  and  all  offices  which  may  or;  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall 
be  created  by  the  general  «ssembly  shall  be  filled  in  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  the  house  in  which  it 
such  manner  as  may  he  directed  bylaw.  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at 

9.  Vacancies  that  may  happen  in  offices,  the  ap-  large  upon  their  journals,  and  proceed  to  reconsider 
pointraent  of  which  is  vested  in  the  governor  and  se-  it ;  if  after  such  reconsideration,  a  majority  of  all  the 
nate,  or  in  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  filled  by  the  members  elected  to  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the 
governor,  during  the  recess  of  the  general  assembly,  by  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objections,  to  the  othev 
granting  commissions  that  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and 
the  next  session.  if  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to 

10.  He  shall  have  power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures,  that  house,  it  shall  be  a  law  ;  but  in  such  cases  the  votes 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of  im-  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays, 
peachment.  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against 

11.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the  the  bill,  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals  of  each  house 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the 
relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices.  governor,  within  five  days  cSundays  excepted)  after  it 

12.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  general  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  it  shall  be  a  law,  in 
assembly  information  of  the  affairs  of  the  slate,  and  re-  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it ;  unless  the  general 
commend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  assembly,  by  its  adjournment,  prevents  its  retuni,  in 
shall  deem  expedient.  which  case  it  shall  be  a  law,  unless  sent  back  within 

13.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the    three  days  after  their  next  meeting. 

general  assembly  at  the  seat  of  government,  or  at  a  dif-  23.  Every  resolution,  to  which  the  concurrence  of 
ferent  place,  if  that  shall  have  become,  since  their  last  both  houses  may  be  necessary,  shall  be  presented  to  the 
adjournment,  dangerous  from  an  enemy,  or  from  con-  governor,  and  betbre  it  shall  take  effect,  be  approved 
tagious  disorders  ;  and,  in  caseof  disagreement  between  by  him;  or,  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed  by  a 
the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjoui'n-  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to  both  houses,  ac- 
ment,  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  pro-  cording  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  case 
per,  not  beyond  tlie  time  of  the  next  ai  nual  session.        of  a  bill. 

lA.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  railhlully  ex-  24.  There  shall  be  elected,  by  joint  ballot  of  both 
eeuted.  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  a  tre.as'irer  and  audi- 

15.   A  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  chosen  at  every    tor,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  [jrtscribed  by  law, 
election  lor  a  governor,  in  the  same  manner,  continue    and  who  sliall  hold  their  offices  three  year*,  and  until 
in  office  for  the  same  time,  and  possess  the  same  quali-    their  successors  be  appointed  and  qualified, 
fications.    InyoliitgfQr  goTi:nigs  ami  lifutenaut  go-       2J.   There  sia).!  be  elected  in  each  county,  bytUe 


88  GONStiTUtlON  OF  INDIANA. 

qualified  electors  thereof,  one  shcriflF  and  one  coroner,  be  appointed  in  the  same  manner  as  Ixercin  before  pre- 
at  the  times  and  places  of  holding  elections  for  mem-  scri&d,  wlio  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  period  which 
hers  of  the  general  assembly.  Ihey  shall  continue  in  his  predecessor  had  to  serve,  and  no  longer,  unless  re- 
office  two  years,  and  until  successors  shall  be  chosen  appointed. 

and  duly  qualified  :  Provided,  that  no  person  shall  be  U-  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be,  The  State  of  In- 
eligible to  the  office  of  sheriff  more  than  four  years  in  diana.  All  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name 
any  term  of  six  years.  and  by  the  authority  of  the  state  of  Indiana;  and  all  in- 
26.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  state,  which  shall  be  dictraents  shall  conclude,  against  the  peace  and  dignity 
kept  by  the  governor,  and  used  by  him  officially,  and  *'•'"  ^^"if. 

shall  becalled,  t/ie  sea!  of  the  state  of  Indiana.  ^  ^^,-  ^  competent  number  of  justices  of  thepeace  shall 

be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  in  each  township  in 
ARTICLE  5.  ^^^  several  counties,  and  sliall  continue  in  office  five 
r-    r..!.    •   J-  •                     «..             ,     t  years,  if  they  shall  so  long  behave  well ;  whose  powers 
5 1.  The  judiciary  power  of  this  state,  both  as  to  mat-  and  duties  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  regulated  and  de- 
ters of  law  and  equity,  shall  be  vested  in  one  lupreme  fined  by  law. 
court,  in  circuit  courts,  and  in  such  other  inferior  courts 

as  the  general  assembly  may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  ARTICLE  6. 

and  establish.  r      t      ,i    ,      ■ 

2.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  three  judges,  ?  \  ^".^''  elections  not  otherwise  provided  for  by  this 
any  two  of  whom  shall  form  a  quorum,  and  shall  have  constitution,  every  wlute  male  citizen  of  the  United 
appellate  jurisdiction  only,  which  shall  be  co.extensive  ^V^"'  ^  ^^f  j'^  °,  ^^^^nty-one  years  and  upwards, 
^Wth  the  limits  olthe  state,  under  such  restrictions  and  ^!.V  ''"t  ^'^^'''^'^ '"  *''<^  *'^^f  o"^  y'^^l•  immediately  pre- 
regulations,  not  repugnant  to  this  constitution,  as  may,  if''^?  'T**  l'^'^'""?^  ^'"'"  ^^  T*",^^''  *^  IT  '",*^^ 
frLtimetotime,Ji|^ 

thing  in  th  s  article  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  g.  All  elections  shall  be  by  ballot :  Provided,  that  the 

the  general  assembly  from  givmg  the  supreine  court  general  assembly  may,  (if  they  deem  it  more  expedient,) 

original  jurisdiction  in  capital  eases  and  «ases  in  chan-  ^t  their  session  in  eighteen  hundred  and  twenty-one, 

eery,  where  the  president  of  the  circuit  court  may  be  change  the  mode,  so  as  to  vote  viva  voce ;  after  which 

interested  or  prejudiced.  time  it  shall  remain  unalterable. 

3.  The  circuit  courts  shall  each  consist  of  a  president  3.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony, 
and  two  associate  judges.  The  state  shall  be  divided  or  breach  of  tlie  peace,  be  free  from  arrest  in  going  to, 
by  law  into  three  circuits,  for  each  of  which  a  president  during  their  attendanceat,  and  in  returning  home  from, 
shall  be  appointed,  who,  during  his  continuance  in  of-  elections. 

fice,  shall  reside  therein.  The  president  and  associate  4.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  full  power  to  ex- 
judges,  in  their  respective  counties,  shall  have  common  elude  from  electing,  or  being  elected,  any  person  eon- 
law  and  chancery  jurisdiction,  as  also  complete  crimi-  victed  of  any  infamous  crime. 

nal  jurisdiction,  in  all  such  cases,  and  in  such  manner,  5.  Nothing  in  this  article  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  president  alone,  in  prevent  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who  were  actual 
the  absence  of  the  associate  judges,  or  the  president  and  residents  at  the  time  of  adopting  this  constitution,  and 
one  of  the  associate  judges,  in  the  absence  of  the  other,  ^^o,  by  the  existing  laws  of  this  territory,  are  entitled 
shall  be  competent  to  hold  a  court,  as  also  the  two  as-  *°  y?*^'  O'"  persons  who  have  been  absent  from  home  on 
sociate  judges,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  shall  be  ayisitor  necessary  business,  from  the  privileges  of  elect- 
competent  to  hold  a  court,  except  in  capital  cases,  and  *'"'. 

cases  in  chancei-y :  Provided,  that  nothing  herein  con-  AUTICIE  7. 
tained  shal  1  prevent  the  general  assembly  from  increa- 
sing the  number  of  the  circuits  and  presidents,  as  the  J  1.  The  militia  of  the  state  of  Indiana  shall  consist  of 
exigencies  of  the  state  may,  from  time  to  time,  require,  all  free,  able-bodied  male  pt  isoiis,  (negroes,  mulattoes, 

4.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  the  circuit,  and  and  Indians  exeejited,)  residents  in  ^e  said  state,  be- 
other  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their     ~ 
terra  of  seven  years,  if  they  shall  so  1 

and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  fo ^.  „  .    ,,               ,          .... 

compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  durinp-  shall  be  armed,  equipped,  and  tiained,  as  the  general 

their  continuance  in  office.  assembly  may  provide  by  law. 


respective  counties.                                     .  law;  and  shall  be  equal,  as  near  as  may  be,  to  the  lowest 

fi.  The  supreme  court  shall  hold  Its  sessions  at  the  seat  fines  assessed  on  those  privates  in  militia,  who  may  ne- 

ot  govfi-nmeut.  at  such  times  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  „]ect  or  refuse  to  perform  military  duty, 

law  ;  and  the  circuit  courts  shall  be  held  m  the  respec-  3.   Captains  and  subalteras  shall  be  elected  bv  those 

tive  counties  as  may  be  directed  by  law.  persons  in  their  respective  company  districts  who  are 

7.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  appoint-  subject  to  perforin  militia  duty  :  and  the  captain  of  each 
ed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  company  shall  appoint  the  non-commissioned  officei-s  to 
of  the  senate.  The  presidents  of  the  circuit  courts  shall  said  company. 

be  appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  both  branches  of  the  4.  Majors  shall  be  elected  by  those  persons  within  the 

general  assembly  ;  and  the  associate  judges  of  the  cir-  boniids  of  their  respective  battalion  districts,  subject  to 

cuit  courts  shall  be  elected  by  tlie  qualified  electors  in  perform  militia  duty;  and  colonels  shall  be  elected  by 

the  respective  counties.  those  persons  within  the  bounds  of  their  respective  regi- 

8.  The  supreme  court  shall  appoint  its  own  clerk ;  mental  districts,  subject  to  perform  militia  duty. 

and  the  clerks  of  the  circuit  court,  in  the  several  coun-  5.  Brigadiers  general  shall  be  elected  by  the  commis- 
ties,  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  in  the  se-  sioned  officers  within  the  bounds  of  their  resi,>ecti>e  bri- 
veral  counties;  but  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  gades;  and  majors  general  shall  be  elected  by  the  corn- 
office  of  clerk  of  the  circuit  court,in  any  county,  unless  missioned  nffit-.trs  v.ithin  the  bounds  of  their  respective 
heshallhavefirstobtainedfromoneormoreofthejudges  divisions.  ,  ,  -  ,  ,  .  .. 
of  the  supreme  court,  or  from  one  or  more  of  the  presi-  6.  Troop,  anil  squadrons  of  cavalry  and  companies  o{ 
dents  of  the  circuit  courts,  a  certificate  that  he  is  quali-  artillery,  nflemen,  gTenadiers,  or  liglit  infantry,  may  he 


pointing  a  clerk  pro  tern,  until  a  qualihe.l  clerk  may  be  g,,  ^.j^j,';,,  j,,^.^;^  s,ate,  shall  elect  their  own  officers, 
duly '  lected  :  And  provided  also  that  the  said  clerks  re-        7^   .,-[,p  Governor  shall  appoint  the  adjutant  general 

spectwely,  when  qualified  and  elected,  sh;ill  hold  their  a^,]  q„a,-ter  masters  general,  as  also  his  aids-de-camp, 
offices  seven  years,  and  no  longer,  unless  re-appointed.  3.    Majors  general  shall  appoint  their  aids-de-camp, 

9.  All  clerks  shall  be  removable  by  impeachment,  as  and  all  other  division  staff  officers  ;  brigadiers  general 
in  lither  cases.  shaM  appoint  their  I)iigademajors,and  allother brigade 

10.  When  any  vacancies  happen  in  any  of  the  courts,  stafTufficers ;  and  colonels  shall  appoint  their  regiment- 
occasioned  by  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal  from  al  staff  officers. 

ofHce,  of  any  judge  of  the  supreme  or  circuit  courts,  or        9.   AH  militia  officers  shall  be  commissioned  by  the 

any  of  the  clerks  of  »he  said  courts,  a  successor  shall  govenior.  and  shall  hold  iheir  coir.iiiissir.ns  during  ^r><^ 


GONS'l'ITU  I'lON  OF  INDIANA. 


Sd 


iw'iiaviour,  or  until  tlicy  shall  arrive  at  the  age  of  sixty 
years. 

10.  The  general  asiemblyshall,byiaw,fixtlie!netlio<l 
"t"  (liviiliiifj  the  militia  of  llit  state  into  divisions,  liri- 
(cades,  I't'giment^,  <'iHtia)i')n<i.  and  cniiipauies,  and  (hall 
iiiso  lis  the  rank  of  all  staff  ortict-rs. 

ARTICLE    8. 

Every  twelfth  year  after  this  constitution  shall  have 
taktn  effect,  at  the  general  election  held  for  go\ ernor, 
there  shall  be  a  poll  opened,  in  which  the  qualified 
electoriof  the  state  shall  espvfss,  by  vote,  whether  they 
arein  favour  of  calling  aconveniioiiornot;  andil  there 
should  be  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  g-iven  at  such  elec- 
tion, in  favour  of  a  convention,  the  j;'Overiior  shall  in- 
form the  uAt  frenei-a!  assembly  thereof,  whose  dutyll 
shall  be  to  j)rovide  by  law  for  tiie  election  of  the  mem- 
bers to  tlve  conveiition,  the  number  thereof,  and  the 
time  and  nlaeeofthtir  meeting;  which  l;\w  shiill  not  be 
passed  uuless  agieed  tobya  majority ofall  the  members 
elected  to  both  branches  of  the  general  assemhiy;  and 
■which  convention,  when  met,  shall  have  it  in  their  pow- 
er to  revise,amend,  or  change  the  conitituiion.  But,  as 
the  holdingany  panof  thehuman  creation  ins!avery,or 
involuntary  servitude,  can  only  originate  in  usiirpaiiiin 
and  tyranny,  no  alteration  of  this  constituiion  shall  ever 
take  place,  jo  as  to  introduce  slavery  or  involuntary 
servitude  in  this  state,  otherwise  than  for  the  punish- 
ment of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duiv 
''onTicted. 

ARTICLE  9, 

i  1..  Knowledge  and  leiuiiing  generally  diR'iised 
^  (hroiigh  a  community,  being  essential  to  theprtscrva- 
tion  of  a  free  government,  and  spveading  the  o|ii>ortu- 
nities  and  advantag'.'s  of  education  thio'igh  tin-  various 
parts  ofthc  country  being  highly  conducive  to  this  end. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide 
by  law  for  the  itnprovement  of  such  lands  as  are,  or 
liereafter  may  be,  granted  by  the  United  Slates  to  tliis 
state,  for  the  use  of  schools,  and  to  apply  any  funds 
whicli  may  be  raised  from  such  lands,  or  from  any  othi  r 
quarter,  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  grand  object  for 
which  they  are  or  maybe  intendt-d.  But  no  Irmds  grant- 
ed for  the  use  oi'  schools  or  stminarits  of  learning  shall 
he  sold,  by  authority  of  this  state,  prior  to  the  yi-ar  eigh- 
teen hundred  and  twenty;  and  the  mone5-s  which  may 
be  raised  out  of  the  sale  of  any  s;ich  lands,  or  o'h'  rwisc 
obtained  for  the  purposes  aibresaiil.  shall  be  and  remain 
a  fund  lor  the  exclusive  purposi  of  promoting  the  inte- 
rests of  literature  and  the  sciences,  and  for  the  supJ)ort 
of  seminaries  and  the  public  sehnois.  The  general  as- 
sembly sha'!,  from  time  to  time,  pass  such  laws  as  shall 
be  calculated  to  encourage  intellectual,  scientiflcil.and 
Rgricultural  iinprbvcim  nt,  by  allowing  rewards  and  im- 
munities for  the  pramolion  and  improvement  of  arts, 
sciences,  commerce,  manutiK'tures,  and  natural  Iiistoiy; 
and  to  countenance  and  encour.ige  the  piincipltsofhu- 
inanity, industr}, and  movalitj-. 

2.  It  shall  be  theduty  of  the  general  assembly,  as  soon 
as  circumsiarices  will  permit,  to  provide  by  law  for  a 
Ejeneral  system  of  education,  ascending  in  a  regular 
gradation  from  township  schtKjIs  to  a  s:,-,tc  luiiversity, 
wherein  tuition  shali  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to  all. 

3.  And  for  th"  promotion  of  such  saliiiai-v  end,  the 
money,  which  shall  be  paid  as  an  equivalejit,  fjy  persons 
.xi'mpt  from  militia  duty,  except  in  times  of  war,  shall 
he  e.iLclusively,  and  in  equal  pBBjjwtioiis,  applitd  to  the 
support  of  county  seminaries;  also,  all  fin;s  assess^'d  for 
any  breach  of  the  penal  laws,  shall  b<"  applied  to  said  se- 
minaries, in  the  counties  whei'ein  they  slia  i  ht  as«ssed. 

4.  It  shall  be  theduty  cf  the  general  assemlily,  as  soon 
as  eircumstanees  will  permit,  to  fonn  a  penal  eode, 
founded  on  the  principles  of  refornration,  ami  not  of 
vindictive  justice:  And  also,  to  provide  one  or  more 
iiirms,  to  Sean  asylum  for  those  persons. «  ho,  by  i-eason 
of  age,  iufinnity.or  other  misfortuni";,  may  have  a  claim 
tipon  the  aid  antl  b<  nefiCi  iice  ofsociriy,  on  such  princi- 
ples that  such  perso:is  may  therein  find  employment 
anil  every  i-easonabie  comfort,  and  lose,  by  their  useful- 
ness, the  dcgiadiii"  sense  of  depeiulence. 

5.  The  general  Kssembly,  at  the  tiuie  they  lay  ofV  a 
new  county,  shall  cause  at  least  ten  per  cei^t.  lo  be  re- 
served out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  town  lots, 
in  the  seat  of  justice  of  such  county,  for  the  use  of  a 

f.  vublic  library  for  such  county ;  and  at  the  same  session 
1  bey  shall  incorporate  a  library  company,  under  such 
Tales  and  ix'p^ulations .as  will  btstsecure  its  periuaBien.cCj 
and  ci tend  its  benefits.  ^     '  '  ' 

«  I.  TUereshall  not  be  established  nor  incoi^orated  in 
^i> State  atrj-baulc  orbwikinj  tomprmy.  or  moneyed 


institution,  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  bills  of  credit,  or 
bills  payable  to  order  or  bearer:  Provided,  that  nothing 
herein  contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the 
general  assembly  from  establishing  a  state  bank,  and 
branches,  not  exceeding  one  branch  for  any  three 
counties,  to  be  established  at  Such  place  within  such 
counties  as  the  directors  of  the  state  bank  may  select ; 
provided,  there  be  subscribed  and  paid  in  speeie,on  the 
pan  of  individuals,  a  sum  equal  to  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars: Provided,  also, that  the  uaukat  V)n'cennes,a!id  the 
Farmers  and  Mechanics''  bank  of  Indiana,  at  Madison, 
shall  he  considered  as  incorporattd  banks,  according  to 
the  true  tenor  of  the  charters  granted  to  said  banks 
by  the  Vgisiature  of  the  Indiana  territory:  Provided, 
that  nothing  lierein  cantainen  sball  be  so  construed  as 
to  prevt  nt  the  g<  lieral  assembly  troni  adopting  either  of 
the  aforesaid  banks,  a"s  the  state  bank;  and  in  case  ei- 
ther of  them  shall  he  adopted  as  the  state  bank,  the 
otin-r  may  become  a  branch,  under  the  rules  and  reglii 
laiiuns  herein  before  prescribed. 

ARTICLE  II. 

J  1.  Every  person  who  shall  be  chosen  or  appointed 
to  any  ofilce  of  trust  er  profit  under  the  authority  of  this 
state,  shall,  before  entering  on  the  duties  of  said  office, 
take  an  oath  or  afHrmation,  belore  any  pei-sou  lawfully 
authorized  to  administer  oaihs,  to  support  the  constitu- 
tinn  of  the  United  States  and  the  constitution  of  this 
Slate,  and  also  an  oath  of  office. 

2.  Ticasoti  .against  this  st.ite  shall  consistonly  in  levy- 
in?  war  against  it.  in  adhering  to  its  enemies,  or  giving 
them  aid  and  comfort. 

3.  So  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on 
the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or 
his  own  confession  in  open  court. 

4.  The  uiiumer  of  adn)iiiistering  an  oath  oraflirma-- 
ti.in  shall  be  such  as  is  most  consistent  with  the  con- 
science of  the  deponent,  and  shall  be  esteemed  the  most; 
solemn  appeal  to  Ciod. 

5.  Every  person  shall  be  disqualified  from  serving  as 
governor,  lieutenant  governor,  senator,  or  representa- 
tive, for  the  term  for  which  h-:-  shall  have  been  elected, 
who  shall  have  been  convicted  of  having  given  or  offer- 
ed any  bribe,  treat,  or  reward,  to  procure  bis  election. 

6.  All  officers  shall  reside  within  the  st."ite  ;  and  all 
district,  couiity,or  town  officers,  within  their  resjiective 
districts,  counties,  or  towns,  (the  triis'tees  of  the  town  of 
Clarksvillc  excpted.)  and  shall  keep  their  respective 
offices  at  such  place?  therein  as  in.Tv  be  directed  bylaw; 
and  all  militia  officers  shall  reside  within  the  bounds  of 
the  division,  brigade,  regiment,  battalion,  or  company, 
to  which  they  may  severally  belong. 

7.  There  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuutarj'  ser- 
vitude in  this  state,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment 
of  eriir.es.  w  hereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  con- 
victed. Nor  shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro  or  mulat- 
to, hereafter  made  and  executed,  out  of  the  hounds  ef 
this  state,  be  of  any  validity  wiihin  the  state. 

3.  No  act  of  the  general  asstmbly  sliall  be  in  force  un- 
til it  shall  have  been  published  in  print,  uuiess  in  cases 
of  emergency. 

9.  All  coiniuis?;ons  shall  he  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authoiityof  the  state  of  Indiana,  and  sealed  with  the 
state  seal,  and  signed  by  the  governor,  and  attested  by 
the  secretary  of  state. 

10.  There  shall  be  elected  in  each  county  a  recorderj 
whoshaM  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of'seven  years, 
if  he  sliall  so  long  hi  have  well :  Prn^^ded,  that  nothing 
herein  contained  shall  prevent  the  clerks  of  the  circuit 
courts  from  holding  the  office  of  recorder. 

11.  Coryilon,  in  Harrison  comity,  shall  be  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  until  the  year  eigh- 
teen hu:idred  and  twenty-five,  antl  until  removed  by 
law. 

12-  The  general  assembly,  when  tiiey  lay  of}" any  new 
county,  shall  not  reduce  the  old  county  or  eo'intiesfrom 
which  the  same  shall  be  taken,  to  a  less  content  than 
four  hutidred  square  miles. 

13.  Xo  person  shall  hold  more  than  one  lucrative  oj^ 
fice  at  the  same  time,  except  as  in  this  constitution  es," 
pressly  permitted. 

14.  No  person  shall  he  appointed  as  a  county  officer, 
within  any  county,  who  shall  not  have  been  a  citizen 
aiid  an  inhabitant  tlierein  one  year  next  preceding  his 
appointment,  if  the  county  shall  have  ueen  so  long 
ervcted  ;  but  if  the  county  si'ia'l  not  have  been  so  long 
erected, then  within  the  limits  of  the  county  or  counties 
out  of  which  it  shall  have  Ijeen  'aken. 

15.  All  town  and  township  officers  shall  he apiioiatetl 
in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

15.  The  following  officers  of  g^venimeut  shall  not  bp 
allowed  greater  annual  salaries,  until  the  year  eighteen, 
himclvcd  and  rinej^en,  ihau  ii?  follows :  the  g'l-erndi-- 


coNsrn uTioN  of  Indiana. 


uiie  tliousaiul  dollars;  the  secivlaiy  of  stale,  Iburhun- 
i  led  Jollars  ;  the  auditor  of  public  accounts,  four  hun- 
dred dollars;  the  treasurer,  four  hundred  dollars;  the 
j  udges  of  the  supreme  court,  ei?lit  hundred  dollars  each ; 
ihe  presidents  of  the  circuit  crjiats,  eight  hundred  doi- 
;;us  each  ;  and  the  members oi' the  g'eiieral  assembly,  not 

?;ceedinp  two  dollars  per  day,eac!r,durlng  their  attend- 
hiice  on  the  same:  a)iil  two  dollars  for  every  twentj'-fire 
liiiles they  shallseverally  travel,  on  the  nmst  usual  route, 
;i  going  to  and  returriirig  from  the  general  assembly;  af- 
loi-  which  time  their  pay  shall  he  refrulattd  by  law.  But 
::c>  law,  passed  to  jncrense  the  pay  of  the  members  of  the 
general  assemhly,  shall  take  effect  until  after  the  close 
o{  the  session  at  which  such  law  shall  !r  ve  hten  passed. 
17.  In  order  that  the  boundaries  of  the  state  of  In- 
diana may  more  clearly  he  known  and  estaiilished,  it  is 
Icreby  ordained  and  declared,  that  the  following  shall 
1  e  and  for  ever  remain  the  boundaries  of  tlie  said  state, 
to  wit:  Rounded  on  theeast,  by  the  meridian  linewhich 
lorms  the  western  boundary  of  the  slate  of  Ohio ;  on  the 
south,  hy  the  Ohio  river,  fomthe  mouth  of  the  Great 
Miami  river  to  the  niOuth  of  the  river  Wabash  ;  on  the 
west,  hy  a  line  drawn  aloin^  the  middle  of  the  Wabash 
river,  from  its  mouth  to  a  point  where  a  due  north  line, 
drawn  from  the  town  of  Vincennes,  wouM  last  touch 
the  north-western  shore  of  the  s.aid  Wabash  river  ;  and 
from  ther.ce,  by  a  due  north  line,  until  the  same  shall 
intersect  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  through  a  point 
ten  miles  north  of  the  southern  extreme  ofLiJke  Jliehi- 
cmi ;  on  the  north,  by  the  said  tast  and  west  line,  jint  jl 

'ie  same  shall  intersect  the  first  mentioned  meridian 
Vne,  which  forms  t5ie  western  boundary  of  the  state  of 

AKTICLB  12. 

•  cvilsorinconvenience  roayarisefioratlie 
clian;;  ■  -n?.  lurritorial  government  to  a  pern.anent  state 
jjGverumcnt,  it  is  declared,  by  iliis  coiistitution,  that  all 
vii^hts,  suits,  act'Ons.  prosecutions,  recognizances,  con- 
tracts and  claims,  botli  as  it  respects  individuals  and 
h-jdies  corporate,  shall  continue  as  if  no  chai;ge  had 
taken  place  in  this  government. 

2.  All  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  due  and  owinfj 
to  the  tenitorv  of  Indiana,  or  any  coiinly  therein,  sliall 
i.uin-  to  the  use  of  the  state  or  county.  All  bonds  ex- 
ecut 'd  ta  the  goTenior,  or  anj  other  orRcer,  in  hisjoffi- 
cial  capacitv,  'in  the  territoi ) ,  shall  pass  over  to  the  go- 
vernor, or  oiher  ofHcei's  of  the  state,  or  county,  and 
rheir  siiccessors  in  ofKce,for  the  useof  the  sta_ie,of  coun- 
ty, or  hyhim  or  them  to  he  respectively  assigned  over 
to  the  use  of  those  concerned,  as  the  case  may  be. 

3.  The  governor,  secretary, and  judges,  and  all  other 
ofllccrs,  bosh  civil  and  military,  ijndt  r  the  territorial 
government,  sliall  continue  in  the  exercise  of  the  duties 
of  their  i-espective  departments,  nntil  the  said  officers 
are  superseded  under  the  authority  of  this  constitution. 

4.,  All  laws  and  parts  of  la«  s  now  in  force  in  tiii*  ter- 
ritory, not  inconsistent  with  this  constitutioii.  shall 
continue  and  remain  in  full  force  and  efitcf,  until  they 
expire,  or  be  repealed. 

5.  The  governor  shall  use  l:is  private  seal  until  astate 
seal  be  procured. 

6.  Tlie  governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor  of  public 
accounts,  and  treasurer,  sliall  severally  reside  and  keep 
the  public  records,  books,  and  papers,.in  any  manner 
relating  to  their  respective  offices,  at  the  seat  of  goveni- 
laent:  Provided,  notwithstanding,  that  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  affect  the  residence 
of  the  governor  for  the  space  of  six  months,  and  until 
buildings  suitable  for  his  accommodation  shail  be  pro- 
cured, at  ihe  expense  of  the  state. 

7.  All  si.its,  pU  as,  plaints, and  other  proceedings,no\v 
depending  in  any  court  of  record,  or  justices'  courts, 
sl'.ailbc  prosecuted  to  final  judgment  and  execution  i 
and  (l!  appeals,  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  injunction,  or 
other  proceedings  v.hatever,  shall  progress, and  be  car- 
ried on,  in  the  respective  court  or  courts,  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  now  provided  hy  .aw,  anil  a  proceedings 
had  therein,  in  as  full  and  complete  a  manner  as  if  this 
constitution  weiv  not  adopted.  And  appeals  and  writs 
of  eri-or  may  be  taken  from  the  circuit  court  and  gent- 
vaX  court,  now  established  in  the  Indiana  territory,  to 
the  supreme  court,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  provided 
for  by  law. 

8.  The  president  of  this  convention  shall  issue  writs 
of  election,  directed  is  the  several  sheriffs  of  the  several 
counties,  rc'4uinng  ihem  to  cause  an  election  to  be  hi  id 
for  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  representative  to  the 
coi.gress  of  thv  Liiited  States,  m:  inliers  of  the  general 
'  ^e  nb'T.dii  lifTs- and  coronei-s,  at  the  respective  election 

liis;..--.!:"!  -.a  tavii  county,  on  tlie  fii-st  Monday  in  August 
next :  which  elections  shau  be  conducted  in  the  manner 
■nrcscvibeil  byihe  existiufj  eiection  i..ws  of  the  Imljavia 


territory ;  and  the  said  governor,  lieutenant  governoi  ■ 
members  of  the  general  assembly,  sheriffs,  and  coronets, 
then  duly  elected,  shall  continue  to  exercise  the  duties 
of  their  respective  offices  for  the  time  prescribed  by  this 
constitution,  and  until  their  successor  or  successors  are 
qualitied,  and  no  longer. 

9.  LTntit  the  first  enumeration  shall  be  made,  as  di- 
rected by  this  constitution,  the  county  of  Wayne  shall 
be  entitled  to  one  senator  and  three  rejiresentatives  ; 
the  county  of  Franklin,  one  senator  and  three  repre- 
sentatives ;  the  comity  of  Dearborn,  one  senator  and 
two  representatives ;  the  county  of  Switzerland,  one  re- 
presentative ;  and  the  county  of  Jefferson  and  Switzer- 
land, one  senator;  and  the  county  of  Jefferson,  two  re- 
presentatives ;  the  county  of  Clark,  one  senator  and 
three  representatives ;  the  county  of  Harrison,  one  sena- 
tor and  three  representatives  ;  the  counties  of  Washing- 
ton, Orange,  and  Jackson,  one  senator,  and  the  county 
of  Washirigton,  two  representatives  ;  the  counties  of 
Orr.nge  and  Jackson, one  representative  each ;  the  coun- 
ty of  Knox,  one  senaiX5r  and  three  representatives  ;  the 
county  of  Gibson,  one  senator  and  two  representatives ; 
the  counties  of  Posey,  Warrick,  and  Perry,  one  senator, 
and  each  of  the  aforesaid  counties  of  Posey,  AVarrick, 
and  Perr)'.  one  representative. 

10.  All  books,  records,  documents,  warrants,  and  pa- 
pei-s,  appertaiiiirg  and  belonging  to  the  office  of  terri- 
torial treasurer  of  the  Indiana  temtory,  and  all  moneys 
therein,  and  all  jiapers  and  documents  in  the  office  of 
tlie  secretary  of  said  territory,  shall  be  disposed  of  as  the 
general  assembly  of  this  state  may  direct. 

11.  All  suits,  actions,  pleas,  plaints,  prosecutions,  and 
caiises  w  hatsoeVer,  and  all  records,  books,  papers,  and 
documents,  now  in  the  general  court,  may  be  trunsfer- 
retl  to  the  supreme  court  established  by  this  constitution: 
And  all  causes,  suits,  actions,  pleas,  plaints, and  prose- 
cutions whatsoever,  now  existing  or  pending  in  the  cir- 
cuit courts  of  this  territoi^,  or,  w  hich  may  be  therein  at 
the  change  of  government,  and  all  records,  bonks,  pa- 
pers, anu  documents,  relating  to  the  said  suits,  or  filed 
m  the  said  courts,  may  he  transferred  over  to  the  circuit 
courts  established  by  this  constitution,  under  such  rules 
and  regulations  as  the  general  assembly  may  direct. 

Done  in  convention,at  Corydon,  on  the  twenty-ninth 
day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  eighteen  hun- 
dreil  and  sixteen,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the 
United  States  the  fortieth. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our 
names: 

.TONATHAN  JENNINGS, 

President  of  the  Canveniion^ 
Thomas  Carr,  Nathaniel  Hunt, 

John  K.  Graham,  David  H.  Maxwell, 

James  Lemon,  Samuel  Smock, 

James  Scott,  John  Badollet, 

James  Dill,  John  Eenefiel, 

K/.ra  Ferris,  Jno.  Johnson, 

Solomon  Manwaring,  Wm.  Polke, 

James  Brownlee,  B.  Parke, 

V/illiam  H.  Eads,  Charies  Polke, 

Robert  Hanna,  Dann  L>Tin, 

F.ncch  M'Carty,  William  Cotton, 

James  Noble,  John  De  Pauw, 

Alexander  Devin,  AVilliam  Graham, 

Fred.  Rapp,  William  Lowe, 

David  Robb,  Samuel  Milroy, 

James  Smith,  Robert  M'lntire, 

John  Roone,  Patrick  Baird, 

Da\is  Floyd,  Jeremiah  Cox, 

Daiiiet  C.Lane,  Hugh  Cull, 

Dennis  Pennington,  Joseph  Holhian. 

Patrick  Shields, 
Attest. 

■\Viliiain  Hendricks,  Secretary. 


ORDINANCE. 

Be  it  ordained,  bythe  rejiresentatives  of  the  people  of  the 
terri/urij  of  Indiana,  in  convention  met,  at  Cort/doh,  on 
Monilaij,  the  tenth  daij  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
eighteen  hvndrcd  and  sixteen.  That  we  do,  for  ourselves 
and  our  posterity,agree,  determine,  declare,  and  ordain, 
that  we  will,  and  do  hereby,  accept  the  propositions  of 
the  congress  of  the  United  States,  as  made  and  contain- 
ed in  their  act  of  the  Jiineteenth  day  of  April,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixteen,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  enalile  the 
people  of  t'.ie  Indiana  territory  to  form  a  state  govern- 
ment and  constitution,  and  for  the  admission  of  such 
statie  into  the  Uaiwi-,on  ail  e<Tual  ftot'rag  with  the  origi- 
r;:il  ,ta'os." 


CONSTITUTION  OF  LOUISIANA. 


91 


And  we  do  further,  for  ourselves  and  our  posterity, 
Hiereby  ratify,  confirm,  and  establish  the  boundaries  of 
the  said  state  of  Indiana,  as  fited,  prescribed,  laid  down, 
and  established,  in  the  act  of  congress  aforesaid;  and  we 
do,  also,  further,  for  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  liereby 
agree,  determine,  declare,  and  ordain,  that  each  and 
every  tract  of  land,  sold  ny  the  United  States,  lyinp 
within  the  said  state,  and  which  shall  be  sold  from  and 
after  the  first  day  of  December  next,  shall  be  and  re- 
main exempt  from  any  tax  laid  by  order  or  under  any 
authority  of  the  said  state  of  Indiana,  or  by  or  under  the 
authorit)  of  the  general  assembly  thereof,  whiherfor 
state,  coanty,  or  township,  wr  any  other  purpose  what- 


ever, for  the  term  of  five  years  from  and  after  the  day  of 
sale  of  any  such  tract  of  land  i  and  we  do,  moreover,  for 
ourselves  and  our  posterity,  hereby  declare  and  ordain, 
that  tiiis ordinance,  aiKl  every  part"thereof,shall  torever 
be  and  remain  irrevocable  and  inviolate,  v/itliout  the 
consentot'thcUniteil  States,in  congress  assembled, first 
had  and  obtained  for  the  alteration  thereof,  or  any  part 
thereof. 

JOXATHA?J  JENNINGS, 

President  of  tl,e  Cor.venfiov. 
June  29th,  1816. 
Attest,       "William  HendriclcsjSwete'l/- 


CONSTITUTION"  OF  LOUISIAWA. 


Constitution  or  Form   of  Government  of  the 
state  of  Louimana. 

WE,  the  representatives  of  tlie  people  of  all  that  part 
of  the  territory  or  country  ceded  under  the  name  of 
Louisiana,  by  the  treaty  made  at  Paris,  on  the  thirtieth 
day  of  April,  1803,  between  tlie  United  States  and 
France,  contained  in  the  following  limits,  to  wit:  Be- 
ginning at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sabine;  thence,  by  a 
nue  to  be  drawn  along  the  middle  of  said  river,  inclu- 
ding all  islands,  to  the  thirty-second  degree  of  latitude ; 
thence,  due  noith,  to  the  nortliernniost  part  of  the  thir- 
ty-third degree  of  north  latitude;  thence,  along  the  said 
parallel  of  latitude,  to  the  river  Mississippi ;  thence, 
down  the  said  river,  to  the  river  Iberville,  and  from 
thence,  along  tJie  middle  of  the  said  river,  and  lakes 
Meurepas  and  Poncliartrain,  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico; 
thence,  bounded  by  the  said  gulf,  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning, including  all  islands  within  three  leagues  of  the 
coast ;  in  convention  assembled,  by  virtue  of  an  act  of 
congress,  entitled,  "  an  act  to  enable  the  people  of  the 
territory  of  Orleans  to  form  a  constitution  and  state  go- 
vernment, and  for  the  admission  of  the  said  state  into 
the  Union,  on  an  equal  foocing  with  the  original  states, 
and  for  other  purposes ;"  in  order  to  secui'e  to  all  the  ci- 
tizens thereof  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  life,  liber- 
ty, and  property,  do  ordain  and  establish  tlie  following 
constitution  or  form  of  government ;  and  do  mutually 
agree  with  each  other  to  form  ourselves  into  a  free  and 
independent  state,  by  the  name  of  the  state  of  Louisi- 
ana. 

AKTICtE  1. 

Concerning  the  distribution  of  the  Poxeers  of 
Gover?i;nent. 

§  1.  The  powers  of  the  government  of  the  state  of 
Louisiana  shall  be  divided  into  three  distinct  depart- 
in«its,and  each  of  them  be  confided  to  a  separate  body  of 
magistracy,  to  wit :  those  vvb.ich  are  legislative,  to  one ; 
those  which  are  executive,  to  another  ;  and  those  which 
are  judiciary,  to  another. 

2.  No  person,  or  collection  of  persons,  being  one  of 
those  departmeni^.  shall  exercise  any  power  properly 
beJonging  to  either  of  t  lie  others:  except  in  the  instances 
hereinafter  expressly  directed  or  permitted. 


Concrrning  the  JjegisJative  Department. 
^  1.  The  lei^islative  power  of  this  stateshail  be  vested 
in  two  distinct  branches;  the  one  to  be  called  the  house 
of  representatives,  the  other  the  senate ;  and  both  toge- 
ther, the  general  assernhlrj  nf  the  stale  of  Louisiana. 

2.  The  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall 
continue  inser^'ice  ibr  the  term  of  two  years  from  the  day 
of  the  commencement  of  the  general  election. 

3.  Representatives  s!iall  be  chosen  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  July  every  two  years;  and  the  general  assembly 
shall  convene  on  the  first  Monday  in  January,  in  every 
year,  unless  a  different  daj  be  appointed  by  law ;  and 
their  sessions  shall  be  held  at  the  seat  of  government. 

4.  No  person  shall  he  a  representative  wIio,at  the  time 
of  his  election,  is  not  a  five  white  male  citizen  of  the 
fnited  States,  and  hath  not  attained  the  ao'e  oftwcnty- 


one  years,  and  resided  in  the  state  two  yeais  next  pre- 
ceding his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  in  the 
county  of  wiiicli  he  may  be  chosen,  or  in  the  district  for 
which  he  is  eiect'.d,  in  case  the  said  counties  may  be  di; 
vided  into  separate  districts  of  election,  and  has  not  held 
for  one  year,  in  the  said  county  or  district,  landed  pro- 
perty, to  the  value  of  five  hundred  dollars,  agreeably  to 
the  tax  list. 

5.  Electi(ms  for  reprisentatires  for  the  sevevrJ  conn- 
tiesentitled  to  representation, shall  be  held  at  tlie  places 
of  holding  their  respective  coiirti,or  in  iht  seveiai  elec- 
tion precincts  into  which  the  legisialun-  i>i:>.y  tliiul;  pro- 
per from  time  to  time  to  divide  any  or  all  of  those  coun- 
ties. 

6.  Representation  shall  be  equal  and  uniform  in  this 
state  ;  and  shall  be  for  ever  regul.tted  and  ascertained 
by  the  number  of  qualified  electors  therein.  In  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirti  en,  and  every 
four  years  thereafter,  an  enumeration  of  alt  the  electors 
shall  be  made  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 
Thenumber  of  representatives  shall,  in  the  several  years 
of  making  the  enumerations,  be  so  fixed  as  not  to  be 
less  than  twenty-five  nor  more  than  fifty. 

7.  The  houseof  representatives  shall  choose  its  speak- 
er and  other  officers. 

8.  In  all  elections  for  representatives, evei-y  free  white 
male  citizen  of  the  United  Stat»s,  « ho,  at  the  time  be- 
ing, bath  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and 
resided  in  the  county  in  which  he  offers  to  vote  one  year 
next  preceding  the  election,  and  who  m  the  last  six 
month  prior  to  the  said  elect.on,  sliall  have  paid  a  state 
tax,  shall  enjoy  the  rights  of_an  elector:  Provided,  how- 
ever, that  everv  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  who  shad  have  purchased  lands  from  the  United 
States,  shall  have  the  right  of  voting  whenever  he  shall 
have  the  other  qualifications  of  age  and  residence  above 
prescrihi'd.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason, 
feiony,  breach  or  surely  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from 
arrest  during  tin  ir  attendance  at,  going  to,  or  return- 
ing from  elections.    • 

9.  'I'lie  members  of  the  senate  shall  be  chosen  for  the 
term  of  four  5 ears;  and  when  assembled  shall  have  the 
power  to  ehocse  its  ofKcers  annual  ly. 

10.  The  Slate  shall  he  divided  into  fourteen  senatorial 
districts,  which  shall  forever  remain  indivisible,  as  fol- 
lows: the  parish  of  St.  Bernard  and  Plaqiiemine,  in- 
cluding the  country  above  as  f:,r  as  the  canal  (des  pe- 
cheursjon  the  ea-.t  of  the  Mississippi,  and  on  the  west 
as  far  as  Bevuody's  canal,  sliail  form  one  district.  The 
city  of  New  Orleans,  beginning  at  the  Nuns'  Plantation 
above,  and  extending  below  as  far  as  the  above-men- 
tioned canal, (des pechours)includingthe  inhabitants  of 
the  Bayou  St.  John,  shall  form  the  second  district.  The 
remainder  of  the  county  of  Orleans  shail  form  the  third 
district.  The  counties  of  German  Coast,  Acadia,  La- 
fourche, Iberville,  Point  Coupee,  Concordia,  Attacka- 
pas,  Oppelousas,  Rapides,  Nachitoches,  and  Ouachitta, 
shail  each  form  one  district,  and  each  district  shall  elect 
a  senator. 

11.  At  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  after 
this  constitution  takes  eflf'Ct,  the  senators  shall  be  divi- 
d'  d  by  lot,  as  equally  as  may  be,  inio  two  classes  :  the 
seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at 
the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  and  of  the  second  class 
at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year:  so  that  a  rrtfar-oi; 


'.I-J 


CdXSTITLTTIOX  OP  LOUISIANA. 


shall  be  chosen  every  year,  and  one  half  thereby  be  kept 
up  perpetually. 

12.  No  i)erson  sJiall  he  a  senator,  who,  at  Hie  time  of 
his  election,  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  UuiteJ  States,  and 
who  hath  not  attained  to  the  av;e  of  tw  einy-seveu  years ; 
resided  in  this  state  four  years  next  jireceding  liis  elec- 
tion, and  one  year  in  ihe  district  in  which  he  may  bech.o- 
sen  ;  and  unless  he  liolds  with  ibe  samealandcd  nroper- 
tyof  one  thousand  dollars,  agre«;:!h'.y  to  the  tax  list. 

13.  Tlie  first  election  for  senators  shall  be  i^eneral 
throughout  the  state,  and  at  the  same  time  thatthe  gen- 
eral election  for  r.|ireseiitatives  is  held  ;  and  thereafter 
there  sliall  be  a  biennial  election  of  senators,  to  fill  the 
places  of  those  whose  timr  of  service  may  have  exjjircd. 

14.  Not  less  than  a  majority  of  the  members  ot  each 
house  of  the  g:eneral  assembly  shall  form  a  qiiorum  to 
do  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  ailjouiu  from 
clay  to  day,  and  shall  be  authorized  by  law  to  compel 
the  attenjance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and 
under  such  penalties,  as  may  be  prescribed  thereby. 

15.  Each  house  of  the  general  assembly  shall, fudj^e  of 
the  quaiificaticns,  elections,  and  relurnsuf  its  members ; 
but  a  contested  election  shall  be  determined  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

16.  £ach  house  of  the  general  assembly  may  deter- 
mine the  rules  of  its  proceedings  •  punish  a  member  for 
disorderly  bthaviour;  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two 
thirds,  expf  1  a  member,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the 
same  offence. 

17.  Each  house  of  thegeneralasserably  shall  ketp  and 
l)»blisii,  weekly,  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  the 
yeas  and  nays  of  the  memljers  on  any  qui-stion  shall,  at 
the  desire  of  any  two  ot  them,  be  enieivd  on  thvir  jour- 
nal. 

IS.  Neither  house,  during  tht  session  of  the  general 
assembly,  shall,  without  tli-  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn 
for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than 
that  in  which  thsy  maj  besiitin!>-. 

10.  I'he  membei's  ot'  the  general  assembly  shall  seve- 
rally receive  from  the  public  treasury  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  which  shall  be  four  dollars  ptv  day, 
during  their attenrUince  at, going  to,and  returning';  from 
thesessious  of  their  respective  houses:  Frovided,  that 
the  same  may  be  increased  or  diminished  by  law  ;  but  no 
^  alteration  shall  take  effect  during  the  period  of  service 
of  the  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  by  whom 
such  aiteratioii  shall  have  beeninade. 

20.  I'he  members  of  the  geiierai  assembly  shall,  in  all 
cases,  excejjt  treason,  felony,  breach  or  surety  of  the 
pe.ice,  be  privileged  from  arrest,  during  their  attend- 
ance at  the  sessions  of  their  respective  houses,  and  in 
going  to,  or  returning  from  the  same  -,  and  for  any 
speech  or  debate,  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  ques- 
tioned in  any  other  pi.ice. 

21.  Nosenator  or  representative  shall, duringthetevjii 
lor  which  be  was  elected,  uor  for  one  year  thereafter, 
l«i  appointed  orelectid  to  any  civil  office  of  jmitit  un- 
der this  state,  which  shall  have  been  created, or  the  emo- 
luments of  «  hith  shal.  have  been  increased.  tUliing  the 
time  such  senator  or  ri  pnsentative  was  in  office,  except 
to  sucli  offices  or  appolutraents  as  may  be  tilled  by  the 
elections  ol  the  people. 

22.  No  person,  while  he  continues  to  exercise  the 
functions  of  a  ciergyinaii,  priest,  or  teacher  of  any  reli- 
gious jiersuasiun,  societ) ,  or  sect,  sliall  be  eligible  to  the 
general  assembly,  or  to  any  otKce  of  profit  or  trust  un- 
der this  state. 

23.  No  person  who  at  any  time  ir:a)'  have  been  a  col- 
lector of  taxes  for  the  state, or  t!ie assistant  or  diputy  of 
such  collector,  shall  be  eligible  t*)  the  general  assembly 
until  he  shall  have  obtaini  u  a  quietus  tiir  the  amount  of 
such  collection,  and  for  all  public  moneys  for  which  he 
may  be  responsible. 

24.  No  bill  shall  have  the;  force  of  a  law  until  on  three 
several  days  it  be  read  over  in  eacli  h'mse  of  the  geiierai 
assembly,  and  free  discussion  allowed  tin. reon;  unless, 
in  case  of  urgency,  four  tilths  of  the  house  where  tlie 
bill  shall  be  depeniiiiig,  may  deem  it  expedient  to  dis- 
pense with  this  ruie. 

25.  AH  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
house  of  represenuitives ;  but  the  senate  may  propose 
amendmenis,  as  in  other  bills :  Provided,  that  they  shall 
not  introduce  any  new  matter,  under  the  colour  of  an 
amendment,  which  does  not  relate  to  raising  a  revenue. 

26.  'I'he  general  assembly  shall  regulate  by  law,  by 
whom,  and  in  what  manner,  writs  of  election  shall  be 
issued,  to  hll  the  vaciincies  which  niay  happen  in  either 
branch  thereof. 

AUTICLi;  3. 

Concerning  tite  Executive  Department, 
^  X,   The  supreme  executive  poTs^er  of  tTiissate  sliallf 


be  vested  in  a  chief  magistrate,  who  shall  be  styled  flio 
governor  of  the  state  of  Louisiana. 

2.  'I'he  governor  shall  be  elected  for  the  term  of  four 
years,  ill  the  following  maniit  r  :  the  citizens  entitled  to 
vote  for  representatives  sliai!  vote  fbt  a  governor,  at  the 
time  and  place  of  voting  for  representatives  and  sena- 
tors. Their  votes  shall  be  returned  by  the  jiersoi-.s  pre- 
siding over  the  elections  to  the  seal  of  government,  ad- 
dressed to  the  president  of  the  senate ;  and  on  the  second 
day  of  the  g'eneral  assembly  the  members  of  the  two 
houses  shall  meet  in  the  house  of  representatives,  and, 
immediately  after,  the  two  candidates  who  shall  have 
obtained  the  greatest  number  of  vot<  s  shall  be  balloted 
for,  and  the  one  having  a  majority  of  votes  shall  be  go- 
vernor: Prnvidcdj  however,  that  if  more  than  two  can- 
didates  have  obtained  the  highest  number  of  votes,  it 
shall  be  the  dutj  of  the  general  assembly  to  ballot  for 
them  in  ihe  manner  ahove  prescribed :  and  in  case  seve- 
ral candidates  should  obtain  an  equal  number  of  votes 
next  to  the  candidate  who  has  obtained  the  highest  num- 
ber, it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  aisemhl)  to  select 
in  the  same  manner  the  candidate  w  ho  is  to  be  balloted 
for,  with  him  who  has  obtained  the  highest  number  of 
votes. 

3.  I'he  governor  shall  be  ineligible  fbr  the  succeeding 
four  jeais  after  the  expiration  of  the  time  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected. 

4.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  have  been  an  inhabi- 
tant of  this  state  at  least  six  years  preceding  his  election, 
and  shall  hold  in  his  own  right  a  landed  estate  of  five 
thousand  dollars  value,  agreeably  to  tht  tax  list. 

5.  He  shall  commence  the  execution  of  his  office  on 
the  fourtli  Monday  succeeding  (he  day  ol  his  election, 
aii<l  shall  continue  in  the  execution  thereof  until  the 
end  of  four  weeks  next  suecettling  the  election  of  his 
successor,  and  until  his  successor  shall  have  taken  the 
oath  or  afBrmation  prescribed  by  this  constitution. 

e.  No  menAer  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  of- 
fice under  the  United  States,  Or  minister  of  any  reli- 
gious sociiiy,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor. 

7.  I'he  governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his 
services  a  compensation,  whichshall  neither  be  increased 
nor  (Jiminished  during  the  term  for  w  hich  he  shall  have 
been  elected. 

8.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  thc~army  and 
navyof  this  state  and  of  the  miiitia  thereof,  except  when 
they  shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States: 
but  he  sliall  not  command  personally  in  the  field,  unless 
he  shall  be  advised  so  to  do  by  a  resolution  of  the  general 
assembly. 

0.  He  shall  nominate  and  apjioint,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate,judges,  sherifi's,  and  all  other 
officers  whose  offices  are  established  by  this  constitution, 
and  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  pro- 
vided tor :  Provided,  however,  that  the  legislature  shall 
have  a  right  to  preseiibe  the  mode  of  appointment  to  at! 
other  offices  to  be  established  by  law. 

10.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  vacan- 
cies that  may  happen  during  the  recessof  the  legislature, 
by  granting  commissions,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end 
of  the  next  session. 

1 1.  He  shall  have  power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures., 
and,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  to  grant  rc]>rieves 
and  pardons,  with  the  approbation  of  the  seriate.  In 
cases  of  treason,  he  shall  have  power  to  grant'repriSTes 
until  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the  general  assembly; 
in  u  hieli  the  power  of  pardoning  shall  he  vested. 

12.  He  may  require  information  in  w  riting  Irom  the 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

13.  He  sli&ll,froin  time  to  time,  give  to  the  general  as- 
sembly inlormation  respecting  the  situation  of  the  state, 
and  recommend  to  their  consideration  sucli  measures  as 
he  iiiaj  deem  expedient. 

14.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
general  assenibly  at  the  seat  of  government,  or  at  n  dif- 
ferent place, if  tiiatshould  have  become  dangerous  from 
an  enemy,  or  from  contagions  disorders ;  and,  in  case  of 
disagreenient  betwee"n  the  two  houses,  with  respect  to 
the  time  of  ad_)onrnraent,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such 
time  as  he  may  think  proper,  not  exceeding  four  months. 

15.  He  shall  take  care  tliat  the  lavi  s  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted. 

16.  It  shall  be  his  duty  to  visit  the  ditferent  counties 
at  least  once  in  every  two  years,  to  iniiinu  himself  of  tho 
state  of  the  niililia,'_and  of  tlie  general  condition  of  the 
eoiintry. 

17.  Incase  of  the  impeachment  of  the  goveiiior,  his 
vemo valtVomoffice,dtath, refusal  to qiialily,  resignation, 
or  absence  from  the  state,  the  president  of  the  senate 

-shall  eteR-ise  all  tTie  power  niid  auUiority  apperdtirtiiri? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  LOUISIANA. 


93 


to  Uio  ofiicc  of  governor,  until  another  bediily  qualified, 
or  tlie  puveroor  absent  or  impeached  shall  return  or  be 
ae((uitiir(l. 

IS.  The  president  of  the  sen-ite,  during  the  time  he 
ndiniiiisti-rs  the  government,  sliall  receive  the  same  com- 
pensation which  iheg-overnor  would  have  received,  had 
he  been  employtd  in  the  dutiis  of  his  office. 

19.  A  secrctarj-  of  state  shall  he  appointed  and  com- 
missioned duriufj  the  term  for  which  the  ^ovc  rnor  shall 
have  been  elicted,  if  he  shall  so  long  behave  himself 
well.  He  shall  keep  a  fair  res^ister,  and  attest  all  the 
official  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  go^  ernor,  and  sliall, 
■when  required,  lay  the  same,  and  all  pap&s,  minutes, 
and  vouchers,  relative  thereto,  before  either  house  of  the 
geneial  assembly,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties 
as  may  be  enjoined  him  by  law. 

20.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses 
shall  he  presented  to  the  governor ;  if  he  approve,  he 
shall  sign  it :  if  not,  he  shall  return  it  with  his  objec- 
tions to  the  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
shall  enter  the  objections  at  Urge  upon  the  journal,  and 
proceed  to  reconsider  it ;  if,  after  such  reconsideration, 
two  thirds  of  ail  the  members  elected  to  that  house  shall 
agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objec- 
tipns,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be 
re-considered,  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  all  the 
members  elected  to  that  house,  it'thail  be  a  law  ;  but  in 
such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined 
by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  members  voting 
for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal 
of  each  house  respectively;  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  re- 
turned by  the  governor,  within  ten  days  (Sundays  es- 
ceptetl)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,itshall 
be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless 
thegenei-al  assembly  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its 
return  ;  in  which  case  it  shall  be  a  law,  unless  sent  back 
within  three  days  after  their neM  meeting. 

21.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
currence of  both  bouses  may  be  necessary,  except  on  a 
question  of  adjournment,  shall  be  presented  to  the  go- 
vernor, and  before  it  shall  take  effect,  be  approved  by 
him;  or,  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed,  by  two 
thirds  of  both  houses. 

22.  The  flee  while  men  of  this  state  shall  be  armed 
and  disciplined  for  its  defence;  but  those  who  belong  to 
religious  societies,  whose  tenets  forbid  them  to  cany 
arms,  shall  not  be  compelled  to  do  so,  but  shall  pay  au 
equivalent  for  personal  service. 

23.  The  militia  of  this  state  shall  be  organized  in  such 
manner  as  may  hereafter  be  deemed  most  expedient  by 
the  legislature. 

ARTICLE  4. 

Concerning  the  Judiciary  Department. 

§  -1.  The  j  udieiary  power  shall  be  rested  in  a  supreme 
court  and  inferior  courts. 

2.  The  supreme  court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdic- 
tion only;  which  jurisdiction  shall  extend  to  all  civil 
cases,  when  the  matter  in  dispute  shall  exceed  the  sura 
of  (hvee  hundred  dollai's. 

3.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  not  less  than 
three  j  udges,  nor  more  than  five ;  the  majority  of  w  hom 
shall  form  a  quorum;  each  of  said  judges  shall  receive 
a  salar\K)f  five  thousand  dollars  annually.  The  supreme 
court  shall  hold  iis  sessions  at  the  places  herein  after 
mentioned  ;  and  for  that  purpose  the  state  is  hereby  di- 
vided into  two  districts  of  appellate  jurisdiction,  in 
each  of  which  the  supreme  court  shall  administer  jus- 
tice, in  the  manner  hereafter  prescribed.  The  eastern 
district  to  consist  of  the  counties  of  New  Orleans,  Ger- 
man Coast.  Acadia,  l.afbiirche,  Iberville,  and  Point 
Coupee.  The  western  district  to  consist  of  the  counties 
of  Attakapas.Oppelousas,  Rapides',  Concordia,  Natchi- 
toches, and  Ouacbitta.  The  supreme  court  shall  hold 
its  sessions  in  each  year,  for  the  eastern  district,  in  De- 
cember, January,  February,  March,  April,  May,  .Inne, 
and  July ;  and  for  the  western  district,  at  the  Oppelon- 
sas,  during  the  months  of  August,  September,  and  Oc- 
tober, for  five  years:  Provided,  however,  that  every  five 
years  the  legislature  may  change  the  place  of  holding 
said  court  in  the  western  district.  The  said  court  shall 
appoint  its  own  c!ei-ks. 

4.  The  legislature  is  authorized  to  establish  such  in- 
ferior courts  .as  may  be  convenient  to  the  administration 
of  justice. 

5.  'I'hejudfjes.hothofihesupreiv.eanduiferiorcourts, 
shall  hold  their  offices  iluring  good  behaviour:  but  for 
any  reason.able  cause,  which  shall  not  be  sufficient 
g-round  forim\)eachmeiit,  the  governor  shall  remove  any 
of  them  on  the  address  of  three  fourths  of  eacfi  liouse  of 
*ej,'enerHl  assembly:  Provided,  however,  that  the  eaiisc 


or  causes  for  whicli  such  removal  may  be  veouired,  shall 
be  stated  at  length  in  the  address,  aiid  inserted  on  the 
journal  of  each  house. 

6.  I'he  judges,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  shall  be  con- 
servators of  the  peace  throughout  the  state.  The  style 
o!"  all  proct-ss  shall  be,  "  the  state  of  Louisiana."  All 
prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name,  and  by  the 
authorit),  of  the  stale  of  Louisiana,  and  conclude, 
against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the  same. 

7.  Tlieie  shall  be  an  attorney  general  for  the  state, 
and  as  many  other  prosecuting  attorneys  for  the  state 
as  maybe  hereafter  found  necessary.  The  said  attor- 
neys sliall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  ad- 
vice and  approbation  of  the  senate.  Their  duties  shall 
be  determined  by  law. 

8.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name,  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  sta:e  of  Louisiana,  and  sealed  with  the 
state  seal,  and  signed  by  the  governor. 

9.  The  state  treasurer,  and  printer  or  printers  of  tlie 
state,  shall  be  appointed  annually  by  the  joint  vote  of 
both  houses  of  the  general  assembly :  Pr<)vided,  that, 
during  the  recess  of  the  same,  the  governor  shall  have 
power  to  fill  vacancies  which  may  happen  fti  either  of 
the  said  offices. 

10.  The  clerks  of  the  several  courts  shall  be  remova- 
blefor  breach  of  good  behaviour  by  the  court  of  appeals 
only, .who  shall  be  judge  of  the  fact  as  well  as  of  the 
law. 

11.  The  existing  laws  in  this  territory,  when  this  con- 
stitution goes  into  effect,  shall  -continue  to  be  in  force 
until  altered  or  abolished  by  the  legislature:  Provided, 
however,  that  the  legislature  shall  never  adopt  any  sys- 
tem or  code  of  laws,  by  a  general  reference  to  the  said 
system  or  code;  but,in  all  cases,sha!l  specify  the  several 
provisions  of  the  laws  it  may  enact. 

li.  The  judges  of  all  courts  within  this  state  shall,  as 
often  .as  it  may  be  possible  so  to  do,  in  every  definite 
judgment,  refer  to  the  particular  law,invirttlecf  whiclv 
such  judgment  is  founded. 

ARTICIE  5. 

Concerning  Impeachments. 

5  1.  The  power  of  impeachment  shall  be  vested  in  the 
house  of  representatives  afone. 

2.  All  impeaciiments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate; 
when  sitting  tiirthat  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  upon 
oath  or  affirmation  :  No  person  shaii  he  convicted  with- 
out the  concurreaice  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  pre- 
sent. 

3.  The  governor,  and  allthecivilofficers,  sliall  be  lia- 
ble to  impeachment  for  any  niisdeineanor  in  office ;  but 
judgment  in  such  cases  shall  not  extend  iiirlher  than  to 
removal  fVom  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  any 
office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  this  state  ;  hut 
the  parties,  comicied  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and 
subject  to  indictment,  trial,  and  punishuient,  according 
to  law. 

AllTiCLE  (3. 

Gejif'ral  I'rovisions. 

§  1.  Members  of  the  general  assembly,and  all  officers, 
executive  and  ju<lieial,  before  they  enter  upon  the  exe- 
cution of  their  lesjiective  offi.ces.  shall  t:ike  the  follow- 
ing oath  or  affiriiialion  :  "I,  (A  B)  do  solemnly  swear 
(oraffirm)  thai  I  will  taithfullyand  impartially  diicharge 

and  perform  ail  the  dutits  incumbent  on  me  as , 

accoi-diiig  to  the  best  of  my  abilities  and  understanding, 
Egreeabl>-  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  the  laws  of  this  state ;  so  help  me  God." 
_  '2.  Treason  against  the  state  shall  consist  only  in  levy- 
ing war  against  it,  or  in  adhering  to  its  enemies,  giving- 
them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of 
treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the 
same  overt  act,  or  his  confession  in  open  court. 

3.  Every  person  shall  be  disqualified  from  serving  as 
governor,  senator,  or  representative,  fiir  the  term  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  whosliall  beconvicted 
of  having  given  or  offt;redany  bribe  to  procure  his  elec- 
tion. 

4.  Laws  shall  be  made  to  exclude  from  office,  and 
from  sufTrage.  those  who  shall  thereafter  be  convicted  of 
bribery,  perjury,  forgery,  or  other  high  crimes  or  misde- 
meanors. The  privilege  office  suifi-.tge  shall  he  supported 
by  laws  regulating  elections,and  prohibiting,  under  ade- 
quate penalties,  all  undue  iiiHuence  thereon,  from  pow- 
er, bribery,  tuoiult, or  other  imjuoper  practices. 

5.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  hiitin 
pursuance  of  appropriations  made  by  law.  nor  sliall  any 
approimation  of  money,  for  the  support  of  an  army,  he 
inadpfnra  longer  time  than  nw  year:  and  a  rpgulari 


CONSTITUTION  OF  LOUISIANA. 


Hi 

statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures 
of  all  public  money  shall  he  published  annually. 

6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  gencia!  assenably  to  pass 
such  laws  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  decide  < 
ferences  by  arbitrators,  to  be  appointed  by  the  par 
who  may  <^t}°9^^  ^^f '''^':'"Z\ZtVfi^^etX^^^^^^        Tni^inbers  elected Vo  each  house  of  the  general  assemblv 

■!^  M  "",1.  ^.  H  »1  riistr^ct^-  countv  officer^  wTt^^    shall,  « ithin  the  first  twenty  days  of  their  stated  annual 
wthin  the  state,  and  a'j^d^^'fl'^to.  county  <^ft,cer^^^  ^^^.^      ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^  ,^^     specifying  the  alte.-a- 


dif- 

ties 


AHTICZE  7. 

Mode  of  Revising  the  Constitution, 

$  1.  When  experience  shall  point  out  the  necessity  of 

amending  this  constitution,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 

members  elected  to  each  house  of  the  general  assembly 

shall,  within  the  first  twenty  days  of  their  stated  annual 


and  ^r*^  '°7^":'^V  Xrs  of  both  houses"^  except  those     ent   led  to  voteToJ  representatives,  who  havt.  voted  for 
two  thuds  °f;'?e  members  ""^^^^l^^^^'^l;^^^  calling  a  convention ;  and  if  thereupon  it  shall  appear 

the  removal  of  whom  has  been  otherwise  proMdea  lo.    ^,^^4  jje^^^-^.;,  ^,43^1,^  citizens  of  this  state  entitled  to 


*'''«*'"aV'^°"^"*"^'??;  l>„.:np«  nf  this  state  or  the  United    vote  forrepres'entatives  "have  voted  for  a  convention,  the 

,«    I..  1  „ii  K^ti,»  -i,.T^  cf  thp  p-PTi».i<il  assemWv  to  re-    convention,  the  general  assembly  shall,  at  their  next  ses- 
^1°;  ^ ,  '''firfnwh.t^aL  and  whafctXTtion  from    sion.  call  a  convention,  to  consist  of  as  many  membei-s  as 

residence.  ^^   ^,,^j  ^^  ,.„,^  f„^.  representatives,  did  not  vote  for  a  con- 

«ateandhousro7ieprlsenXe?s,  jointly  or  separately,  vention,  a  convention  shall  not  be  called, 
the  votes  shall  be  given  by  ballot. 


14.  No  member  of  congress,  nor  person  holding  or 
exercising  any  oflHce  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United 
States,  or  either  of  them,  or  under  any  foreign  powei> 
shall  be  eligible  as  a  member  of  the  general  assembly  ot 
this  state,  or  hold  or  exercise  any  office  of  trust  or  profit, 
under  the  same. 


SCHEDULE. 

5 1.  Thatnoinconveniences  may  arise  from  the  change 
of  a  territorial  to  a  permanent  state  governmejit,  it  is 
declared  by  the  convention,  that  all  rights,  suits,  ac- 


ten  nroeeedings  of  the  same,  shall  be  proniuigateu,  pre-  -'»  ■«  ..u^..-..^-  •-"  ....^-..  k—- 

s*e?vld!  and' conducted,  in 'the  language  in  which  the  ^'""«  "♦.•^'^'^^^^^.^es^andfo 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  is  written.  2.  All  hnes,  pen.ilties,  and  to 

''■  '^^l^"^:^:^^]^^^^^^^^  r\'t;trAl?b°o*nd°e=ed\o  the  governor,  or  anv 

f^r^piblicXe    ;  ma"h1  .'"t^/^  or'SaJged  on  a?-  other  officer  in  h.s  official  -P-j{yi»th-^terntory, shall 

jur  |)uui.>- VI ',•',.  °  nass  over  to  the  governor  or  to  the  oincers  Gt  tnestate, 


„ _,  J, , forfeitures,  due  and  owing 

to  the  ten-itory  of  Orleans,  shall  Inure  to  the  use  of 


count  of  such  securityship. 


pass  over 


'^f  ^o  now-erof  susneAdine  the  laws  of  this  state  and  their  successors  in  office,  for  Uie  use  of  the  state,  by 
sJ{;-hfe^Kd,''f..S?l^llSsll^;reoritsautho  ^^^y^Z:^^^:^^^:^'^.  "^'^^  "  '""^ 
*'*5*     _       „      .    .     ,  ,;._.    ., „„,i  ,i.„n        3.  The  govenior,  secretary,  and  judges, and  all  other 


..^^\l''?V,ZT^t.lT^TZlMtoTlL^f-  oilicelsundertheterntorial  government,  shall  continue 

^^rtmL^l?.^^  ?L  na  ur^-rj'cause  of  t  L  acc^s^^^^^^^^^^^  in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  their  respective  depart- 

fg=^n"  Wm  "Lnne^  ng  tWitn'sef  ^^^^^  to  face'V  of  ments,  until  the  said  officers  are  supei-seded  under  the 

Pn^r^'^^h^^"^^::^^^  ^•t^lflall'i^rre'^  th. territory,  notincon- 

fonSn  'a  speedy  P^  hi  c  u  aTby  a^  .^^^^^^^^^  sistent  with  this  constitution,  shall  continue  ^.d  remain 

f;:;'rr,'^f  Lr7h.^l.  hebecoaJelled  to'^ive  evideLe  ^f^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  of  his 


the  vicinage:  nor  shall  he  be  compelled  to  give 
against  himself. 


ties 
dent 


iT  Au'prisoners  shall  he  bailable  by  sufficient  securi-    pvi>ate  seal,  until  a  state  seal  bej.rocm«l 

t  unless  for  capital  offences,  where  the  proof  is  evi-        6.  The  oaths  of  office  herein  directed  tobe  afcen, 

;^orpresump^ongreat;andthepnvilegeonbe^vnt     -/jdministered  hj^iiy  jusnc^^^  the  peac.,  unt. 


may 
I  the 


of  Aa6ec?f»r/.».9  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  legislature  shall  otherwise  direct. 

cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  re-  7.  At  the  expiration  of  the  "'"'^.''ff '  ^V.  f-lv  aiW  o^-- 

Ill-pit  stitutionistogomtooperation,  or  immediately  alter  ot- 

^20:  No  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing  the  iicial  information  shall  have  been  received  that  cong^ss 

r^wlc^a-inn  of  contracts  shall  be  nassed.  l.ave  approved  of  the  same,  the  president  ot  the  conveii- 

2,"Xithirpre  s^^^^^                                    person  who  tion  shliil  issue  writs  of  election  to  the  proper  officers ... 

un]crrak3Jxamine  the  proceedings  oKhe  legisla-  ^l.e  d.tterent  counties,  enjoimngthe-n  to  cause  a^^^^^^^^ 

K..„„„i.  „p  oo..pr,.mpnf  •  and  nn  law  dial  tion  to  beheld  tor  governor  and  members  ot  the  gent. ai 


have  the  right  of  appointing  the  several  public  officers  tion  to  cause  the  saia  elettioti  to  ^^'  ^^i''?^ '"^"^5^1^*' 

ecessary  for  the  administration  and  the  police  of  the  the  secretary  of  the  convention  shall  discharge  the  du- 

saW  city ,  pursuant  to  the  niode  of  election  which  shall  ties  hereby  imposed  on  the  president ;  and  in  that  caseof 

be  prescribed  bv  the  legislature :    Provide.l,  that  the  the  absence  of  the  secretary,  a  com.mttee  of  Messrs. 

mayor  and  recorder  shall  be  ineligible  to  a  seat  in  Uie  Blanque,  Rrown,  and  Urquhart,  or  * ''"•  °"'y,"J«''™' 

"eneial  assembly  shall  discharge  the  duties  herein  imposed  on  the  secre- 

"  24.    The  seat  of  government  shall  continue  at  New  tary  of  the  convention  ;  and  the  ULenibas  of  the  P-:-|«;ra' 

Orleans  until  removed  bv  law.  assembly  thus  elecud,   snail  assemble  on  th*^  «'"'''' 

2S.  All  laws  contrary  to  this  constitution  shall  be  nu'l  Slonday  thereafter,  at  the  seat  of  goyeiiime  .t.   |he  go- 

andvoid.  '  vernor  2nd  members  of  the  geneial  asswfibly.  tor  this 


CONSirrUTiON  UF  MlSSISSii 'l^I. 


95' 


time  only,  shall  enter  upi)n  the  duties  of  their  respec- 
tive offices  immediately  after  their  election,  and  shall 
continue  in  office  in  the  same  manner,  and  during  the 
same  period  .they  would  have  done  had  they  been  elect- 
ed on  the  rirs!  Monday  of  .July,  1812. 

8.  Until  thcfirslenumeration  shall  be  made,  as  direct- 
ed in  the  sixth  section  of  the  second  article  of  this  con- 
stitution, the  county  of  New  Orleans  shall  be  entitled  to 
six  representatives,  to  be  elected  as  follows :  one  by  the 
first  senatorial  district  within  the  said  county,  four  by 
the  second  district,  and  one  by  the  third  district ;  the 
county  of  German  Coast  to  two  representatives  ;  the 
county  of  Acadia  to  two  representatives;  the  county 
of  Ibberville  to  two  representatives  ;  the  county  of  La- 
fourche to  two  ix'presentatives,  to  be  elected  as  follows: 
one  bv  the  parish  of  Assumption,  and  the  other  by  the 
parish  of  the  Interior;  the  county  of  Kapides  to  two  re- 
presentatives ;  the  county  of  Natchitoches  to  one  repre- 
sentative ;  the  county  of  Concordia  to  one  representa- 
tive; the  county  of  Ouachitta  to  one  representative;  the 
county  of  Oppelousas  to  two  representatives;  the  coun- 
ty of  Attakapas  to  three  representatives,  to  beelec'ed 
as  follows :  two  by  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  and  the 
third  by  the  parish  of  St.  Mary  ;  and  the  resi>ective  se- 
natorial districts,  created  by  this  constitution,  to  one  se- 
nator each. 

Done  in  convention,  at  New  Orleans,  the  22d  day  of 
the  month  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  18 12, 
and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  36th. 

J.  POYDRAS,  President  ef  the  Convention. 
.I.D.  Degoutin  Belksschase,  G.  Roussin, 
^  J.  Bianqiie,  Amant  Hebert, 

F.  J.  Le  Bi-eton  D'Orggnoj-,  Wm.  Wikofi',  jr. 
Mgre.  Guiciianl,  Wm.  Goforth, 

S.  Henderson,  Bela  Hubbard,  jr. 

P.  Denis  De  La  Ronde,        St.  Martin, 
F.  Livandais,  H.  S.  Thibodaux, 

Bernard  Marigny,  S.  Hiriart, 

Thomsrs  Urnuhait,  Robert  Hall, 

J.  ViUere,  T.  F.  Oliver, 

John  Waikiin,  Levi  Wells, 

Samuel  Winter,  P.  Bossier  Prud'liomme, 

James  Brown,  James  Dunlap, 

.T.  N.  Destrehan,  D.  B.  Morgan, 

Andre  La  Branche,  Henry  Bry, 

Michel  Cantrelle,  Allen  B.  Magruder, 


D.  J.  Sutton,  W.  C.  MaqUille, 

John  Thompson,  Charles  Oliver, 

Louis  Dp  Bfaiie,  Alexandei  Porter,  jr. 

Henry  Johnson,  M.  L.  Reynaud, 

Attest, 

Elijius  Fromentin,  Secretary  to  the  Convention,. 


AN  ORDINANCE  relating  to  the  public  lands  of  the 

United  States,  and  the  lands  of  the  non-resident  fjvnprie- 
tors,citizensiiJ  said  statexuit/un  the  territory  of  Orleans' 

BE  it  ordained,  by  the  representatives  of  the  people 
of  the  territoi7  of  Orleans,  in  convention  assembled, 
agreeably  to  an  act  of  congress,  entitled,  "  An  act  to 
enable  the  people  of  the  territory  of  Orleans  to  fomi 
a  constitution  and  state  government,  and  for  the 
admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union,  on  an  equal 
footing  with  the  original  states,  and  for  other  purposes," 
that  the  people  inhabiting  the  said  territory  do  agree 
and  declare,  that  they  do  for  ever  disclaim  all  right  or 
title  to  the  waste  or  unappropriated  lands  lying  within 
the  said  territory  ;  and  that  the  same  shall  be  and  re- 
main at  the  sole  entire  disposition  of  the  United 
States. 

And  be  it  further  ordained,  by  the  atithority  aforesaid, 
that  each  and  every  tract  of  land  sold  by  congress  shall 
be  and  remain  exempt  from  any  tax,  laid  by  the  order, 
or  under  the  autliority  of  the  state  of  Louisiana,  whether 
for  state,  connty,  township,  parish,  or  any  other  purpose 
whate%er,  for  the  term  of  five  years,  from  and  after  the 
respective  days  of  the  sales  thereof;  and  that  the  lands 
belonging  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing 
without  the  said  state,  shall  never  be  taxed  higher  than 
the  lands  belonging  to  persons  residing  therein ;  and 
tiiat  no  taxes  shall  be  imposed  on  lands  the  inoperty  of 
the  United  States. 

And  be  it  further  ordained,  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  this  ordinance  shall  never  be  revoked,  without  the 
consent  of  the  United  States,  in  congress  assembled,  be- 
ing first  obtained  for  that  purpose. 

By  the  unanimous  order  of  the  convention : 

J.  POYDRAS,  President  of  tlie  Convention^ 
Eiijius  Fromentin,  Sea-etary  to  the  Convention. 

Done  in  convention,  at  New  Orleans,  this  28th  day  of 
Januarj',  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1812,  and  of  the 
independence  of  the  United  States  the  36th. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 


WE,  the  representatives  of  the  people  inhabiting  the 
western  partof  the  TMississippi  territory, contained  with- 
in the  following  limits,  to  wit:  Beginning  on  the  river 
Mississippi,  at  the  point  where  the  southern  boundary 
line  of  the  state  of  Tennessee  strikes  the  same;  thence, 
east,  along  tlie  said  boundai^  line,  to  the  Tennessee  ri- 
ver; thence,  up  the  same,  to  the  mouth  o!  Bear  creek  ; 
thence,  by  a  direct  line,  to  the  noith-wtst  corner  of  the 
county  of  Washington ;  thence,  due  south,  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico ;  thence,  westwaitlly,  including  all  islands 
within  six  leagues  of  the  shore,  to  the  most  eastern 
junction  of  Pearl  river  with  lake  Borgiie  ;  tiicnee,  up 
said  river,  to.  the  thirty-first  degree  of  north  latitude  ; 
thenccj  west,  along  the  said  degree  of  latitude,  to  the 
Mississippi  river ;  thence,  up  the  sanie,  to  the  beginning 
—assembled  in  convention,  at  the  town  nf  Washington, 
on  Monday,  the  seventh  day  of  July,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventeen,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  con- 
gress, entitled,  "An  act  to  enable  thepeojile  of  the  west- 
em  part  of  the  Mississippi  territorv  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion and  state  government,  and  for  the  admission  of 
such  state  into  tiic  Union,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the 
original  states  ;"  in  order  to  secure  to  the  citizens  there- 
of the  tights  of  life,  liberty,  and  property,  do  oitluin 
and  establisli  the  following  constitution,  and  form  of  go- 
vernment ;  and  do  mutually  agree  with  each  other  to 
form  ourselves  into  a  free  and  independent  state,  bv  the 
naitie  of  The  state  of  Mis5issit>p!. 


ARTICLE  1 . 

Declaration  of  Rights. 

That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles  of 
liberty  and  free  government  jnay  be  recognized  and  es- 
tablished, we  declare : 

§  1.  That  all  freemen,  when  they  form  a  social  com- 
pact, are  eq(ual  in  rights ;  and  that  no  man,  or  set  of 
men,  are  entitletl  to  exclusive,  separate,  public  emolu- 
ments or  privileges,  from  the  community,  but  in  con- 
sideration of  public  services. 

2.  That  all  political  power  is  inherent  in  the  people, 
and  all  free  ;^uvernments  are  founded  on  their  authori- 
ty, and  instituted  for  their  benefit :  and  therefore,  they 
have  at  all  times  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right 
to  alter  or  abolish  their  form  of  government,  in  such 
manner  as  they  may  think  expedient. 

3.  'Ihe  exercise  and  enjoyraent  of  religious  profession 
and  worship,  without  discrimination,  shall  for  ever  be 
free  to  all  persons  in  this  state :  Provided,  that  the  right 
hereby  declared  and  established  shall  not  be  so  construed 
:i3  to  excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  or  justify  practices 
inconsistent  with  the  peace  and  safety  of  this'state. 

4.  No  preference  shall  ever  be  git  en  by  law  to  any  re- 
ligious sect  or  mode  of  w  orship. 

5.  That  no  person  shall  be  molested  for  his  opinion' 
on  any  subject  whgtj^cr,  nor  suffer  any  civil  or  political 


so                                          CONSTITUriON  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

iacapacitr,  or  act^'iive  any  civil  or  politics'  advantage,  before  any  trilunial  in  this  state,  by  bim  or  hevselfj  o=J 

in  consec(i!eni:e  ot  such  opinions,  except  in  cases  pro-  counsel,  or  boili. 
videdfiir  in  this  constitution. 

6.  Every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write,  and  publish  COXCtrsiOJf. 
liis  sen:iment3  on  aii  subjects,  being  responsible  for  the 

abuse  of  that  ii!)eit}'.  To  guard  a;^ainst  transgressions  of  the  higlj  powers 

7.  No  law  shall  ever  be  passed  to  curtail  or  restrain  herein  delegated,  we  declare,  tliat  every  thing  in  this 
the  liberty  of  speech  or  of  the  )>ress.  article  is  excepted  out  of  the  genei-al  pow  ers  of  goveni- 

8.  In  all  prosecutions  or  indictments  for  libels,  the  mem,  and^hall  for  ever  remain  inviolate ;  and  that  all 
truth  may  be  givin  in  evidence;  and  the  Jury  shall  la»'s  toiMrary  thereto,  or  to  the  following  prc-.iSious, 
have  the  right  to  dntermine  the  law  and  the  facts',  under  shall  be  void. 

the  direction  of  the  ccurt.                                             •  ARTim-' '^' 

9.  That  the  peopU  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons,  akih.i.  ^  ~, 
hovist!,,  yr>    ■'••,  a:iii  possessions,  from  nr.ieasonable  sci-  ,  JOistribniion  of  Poivers. 

zures  or  searches;  and  that  no  wanant  to  search  any  _                                  ,.   ,                 „ 

place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  things,  shall  issue  w  ith-  §  '•   The  powers  of  the  government  ot  the  state  ot 

out  describing  them  as  nearly  as  maybe,  nor  without  Mississippi  shall  be  divided  into  three  distinct  depart- 

piobable  cause,  supported  bv  oath  or  affii  mation.  ments,  and  each  of  them  confided  to  a  separate  body  ot 

10.  That,  in  all  ciiminarprostcutions.  the  accused  magistracy,  to  wit :  those  which  are  legislauve,  to  one  : 
hatharighttobeheaid  by  hiinseif  and  counsel :  to  de-  those  which  are  executive,  to  another;  and  those  which 
mand  the  nature  and  caiise  ol  the  accusation  :  to  be  ^^^  .pidicial,  to  another. 

confronted  by  the  » itnesses  against  him :  to  have  com-  2.  No  person,  or  colieclion  of  persons,  being  of  one  ot 

pulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favour  ;  ''^'"'^  departments,  shall  exercise  any  pow  er  properly 

and,  in  al!  prosecutions  bv  indictment  or  information,  a  >)e!onging  to  either  of  the  others,  except  in  the  instances 

speedy  public  trial,  by  an  impartial.jury  of  the  county ;  hereinafter  expressly  dut  cted  or  peiinitted. 

that  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  agaiiist  ,          _f  a 

himself,  nor  can  he  be  deprived  of  his  life,  libertv,  or  AIlTICLE  o. 

property,  but  by  due  coui-se  of  law.                        '  Lrfrzi'nti7!P  Ttpbartmetit 

11.  No  person  shall  be accus.d, arrested,  or  detained,  J^ngis.au.e  uepcirimem. 

except  in  cases  ascertained  by  law,  and  according  to  the  §  1.  Every  fi'ee  white  male  pei-soiijof  the  age  of  twen- 

forms  which  the  same  has  presciibed  ;  and  no  person  ty-one  years  or  upwards,  who  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the 

shall  be  punished  but  in  \-irtiie  of  a  law  establisheil  and  United  States,  and  shall  hare  resided'  in  this  state  one 

promulgated  prior  to  the  offence,  and  legally  applied.  year  next  preceding  an  election,  and  the  last  six  months 

12.  That  no  pei-son  shall,  for  any  indictable  offence,  within  the  county,  city,  m-  town  in  which  he  offers  to 
be  proceeded  against  criminally  b)  information,  except  vote,  and  shall  be  enrolled  in  the  militia  thereof,  except 
in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces.cr  the  militia,  exempted  by  law  frcm  military  service ;  or,  having  the 
■when  in  actual  service,or  by  leave  of  the  court,  for  ims-  aforesaid  qualifications  of  citizenship  and  residence, 
Uemeanor  in  office.  shall  have  paid  a  state  or  county  tax,  shall  be  deemed  a 

13.  No  pei-son  shall,  for  the  same  offence,  be  twice  put  qualified  elector.  No  elector  shall  be  entitled  to  vote, 
in  jeopardy'of  life  or  limb,  nor  shall  any  person's  proper-  except  in  the  county,  city,  or  town,  (entitled  to  sepai'ate 
ty  be  taken  or  applied  to  public  use,  without  the  con-  representation)  in  which  he  may  reside  at  the  time  of 
sent  of  his  representatives,  and  without  just  compens.a-  the  election, 

tion  being  made  therefor.                          '  2.   Electors  shall,  in  all  cases  except  in  those  of  trea- 

14.  I'hat  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  person  for  son,  ft  lony,  or  breach  of  tlie  peace,  he  privileged  from 
any  injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  piisoii,  orre-  arrest  during  their  attendance  al  elections,  and  ingoing 
putat'.on,  shall  have  remedy  by  due  course  of  law  ;  and  to,  and  retui-ning  from  the  same. 

right  and  justice  administered  without  sale,  denial,  or  3.   The  fire*  election  shall  be  by  ballot,  and  all  future 

tlelay.  elections  shall  be  regulated  by  law. 

15.  That  no  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  exer-  4.  The  lepislafive  power  .of  this  state  sh.lll  be  vested 
eised,  except  by  the  legislature  or  its  authority.  in  two  distinct  bmnclns:  theone  to  be  styled  the  senate, 

16.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  ex-  the  othei  the  house  of  ivpresentatives,  and  both  toge- 
cessive  fines  imposed, nor  cruel  punishments  inflicted.  ther,  "  the  general  assembly  of  the  state  of  Mississippi." 

17.  That  al!  prisoners  shall, before  conviction.be  bail-  And  the  style  of  their  laws  shall  he,  ^^  Be  it  enacted  by 
able  by  safRcient  securities,  except  for  capital  offences,  flie  sfiiaU  and  house  of  i-ftiresentati-ces  'S  the  state  of  Mis' 
when  the  proof  is  evident,  or  the  presumption  great;  sissipfji.  in  general  assembly  convened." 

and  the  privilege  of  the  w  lit  of  habeas  coipns  shall  not  5.  The  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall 

be  suspended,  unless  v.  hen  in  case  of  rebellion  or  inva-  be  chosen  V.y  the  qualified  clectoi-s,  and  shall  serve  for 

sion  the  public  safi'ty  may  require  it.  the  term  of  one  year,  from  the  day  of  the  commence-' 

13.   That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  ment  of  tlie  general  election,  and  no  longer, 

strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  detained  in  6.    The  representatives  shall  be  chosen  every  year,  on 

prison  .ifter  delivering  up  his  tstate  for  the  benfit  of  his  the  first  Monday  and  the  day  following  in  Atigust. 

creditors,  in  such  manner  as  sliall  be  prescribed  by  law.  ]  7.  No  person  shall  be  a  representaiive  unless  he  be  a 

19.  That  no  ex  post  facto  law,  lior  law  impairing  the  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  shall  have  been  an  inha- 
obligation  of  a  contract,  shall  be  made.  bitantof  this  stale  two  yeai-s  next  preceding  his  election, 

20.  That  no  person  shall  ht;  attainted  of  treason  or  fe-  and  the  last  year  thereof  a  resident  of  the  county,  city, 
lony  by  the  legislature.  or  town,  for  w  hich  lie  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall  haveat- 

21.  That  the  estates  of  suicides  shall  descend  or  vest  tained  to  tlieageof  twenty-two  years;  andalso,uiilesshe 
as  in  cases  of  natural  death;  and  if  any  person  shall  be  siiall  hold,  in  his  own  right,  within  this  state,  one  hun- 
IviUed  by  casualty,  there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  by  rt^son  dred  and  fifty  acres  of  '.:ind,  or  an  interest  in  real  estate 
thereof.'  of  the  value  of  five  hundred  dollai'St  at  the  time  of  his 

22.  That  the  citizens  have  a  right,  in  a  peaceable  man-  election,  and  for  six  mouihs  previr.us  thereto.  ■ 

ner,  to  assemble  together,  for  tlieir  common  good,  and  S.  Elections  fo'- representatives  for  the  srveral  coun- 

to  apply  to  those  invested  with  the  powers  of  govern-  "ties  shall  be  held  at  tlie  places  of  holding  their  res])ec- 

mentfor  redress  of  grievances  or  other  proper  jiurposes,  tive  courts,  or  in  the  several  election  districts  into  «  huh 

by  petition,  address,  or  remonstrance.  the  legislature  may  divide  any  county:  Provided,  that 

23.  Every  citizen  has  a  right  to  bear  anns,  in  defence  when  it  shall  appesr  to  the  1.  gislature  tli;U  any  city 
of  himself  and  the  state.                         ,  or  town  hath  a  number  of  free  white  inlsahitaiits  equal 

24.  No  siandinp  army  shall  be  kept  up,  without  the  to  the  ratio  then  fixed,  such  city  or  lowir  shall  liave  a 
consent  of  the  legislature;  and  the  military  shall,  in  all  separate  representation,  accordin-r  to  the  number  of 
cases  and  at  all  times  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the  ei-  fr>re  w  i-ite  inhabitants  therein,  which  sh.",1 1  be  retained 
vil  power.  so  long  as  such  city  or  town  shall  contain  a  iiimiber  of 

25.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quar-  free  «  bite  injiabitants,  equal  to  t!ie  existing  ratio  ;  and 
tered  in  any  house  without  the  const  nt  of  the  owner,  thereafter  and  during  the  existence  of  the  rifjht  of  sepa- 
nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  rate  representation  in  such  city  or  town,  elections  forthe 
law.  county  in  which  such  city  or  town  entitled  to  a  separate 

26.  lliat  no  hereditary  emohiments, privileges,  or  lio-  repicentation  i$  situated,  shai!  not  be  held  in  such  city. 
aoiirs,  shall  ever  be  granted  or  eonfeiTcd  in  tliis  state.  or  town:  And  pioVided.that,  if  the  residuum  or  fi'action 

27.  No  citizen  of  this  state  shall  be  exiled,  or  prevent-  cf  any  citj  or  town  entitled  t<)  separate  lepresentalion 
ed  from  emigrating,  on  any  pretence  whatever.  shall,  when  added  to  the  residuum  in  the  county  iu 

23.  The  right  of  trial  by  jiav  sliall  remain  inviolate.  which  it  may  lie,  be  equal  to  the  ratio  fixed  by  law  for 

29.   No  person  shall  he  debarred  from  prosecuting  or  ""e  icj)resen!ative,  then  the  aferesaid  county,  city,  or 

flefendins  any  civil  cause,  for  or  a^inst  him'or  herself,  towii_.  having  Uie  larjest  residiuimj  shall  be  entitled  te 


UOXSTirUTIOK  OF  MISSISSIPPI.  91- 

Sucli  representation:  And  provided,  also,  that  when  or  disordprly  beiiaviour  in  its'presonce,  or  for  obstruct- 
there  are  two  or  nioie  counties  adjoining-,  which  have  iiij^anyof  Us  proceedings:  Provided,  such  iniprison- 
residuuras  over  and  above  the  ratio  then  fixed  bylaw,  meut  shall  not,  at  any  one  time,  exceed  forty-eight 
if  said  residiiums,  «  hen  added  together,  will  amount  lo  hours, 

such  ratio,in  that  ease  one  representative  shall  be  added  21.  The  doors  of  each  house  shall  be  open,  except  on 

to  tliai  county  having  the  largest  residuum.  such  occasions  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  house,  niny  re' 

9.  The  general  assembly  shall,  at  their  first  meeting,  quire  secrecy. 

and  in  the  rear  one  t!)Ousand  eight  htindred  and  twenty,  22.   Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 

aud  in  not  less  than  every,  three  nor  more  tiian  every  other,adjourn  for  more  thanthreedays,nortoanyother 

five  years  thereafter,  caust  an  ennmeratior.  to  be  made  place  ihan  that  in  which  they  may  be  sitting. 

of  all.thefi-ee  white  inhabitants  of  the  state  ;  and  the  23.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,aiid  be  amend- 

who!e  number  of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several  ed,  altered,  or  rejected,  by  the  other  ;  but  no  bit!  shall 

periods  of  making  such  enumeration,  be  fixed  by  the  have  the  force  of  a  law  until,  on  three  several  days,  it 

general  assembly-,  and  apportioned  among  the  several  he  read  in  each  house,  and  free  discussion  be  allowed 

counties,  cities,  or  towns,  entitled  to  separate  repre-  thereon,  unless,  in  cases  of  urgency,  four  fifths  of  tin; 

sentation,  according  to  the  number  of  free  white  inha-  house  in  which  the  bill  shall  be  depending  may  deem  it 

bitants  in  each  ;  and  stiall  not  be  less  than  tnenty-four,  expedient  to  dispense  with  this  rule  ;  and  every  bill, 

nor  greater  than  thirty-six,  until  the  number  of  free  having  passrd  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speak- 

-white  inhabitants  shall  lie  eighty  thousand  ;  and  after  er  and  president  of  their  respective  houses, 

that  event,  at  such  ratio  that  the  whole  number  of  re-  24.   All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  oi-iginate  in  the 

presentatives  shall  never  be  less  than   thirty-six,  nor  house  of  representatives,  but  the  senate  may  amend  Or 

more  than  one  hundred  :   Provided,  however,  that  each  reject  them  as  other  biils. 

county  shall  always  be  entitled  to  at  least  one  repre-  25.   Each  member  of  the  general  assembly  shall  re- 

sentative,  ceive  from  the  public  treasury  a  compensation  for  his 

10.  The  wholenumberof  senators  shall, at  the  several  services,  which  may  bs  increased  or  diminished  by  law; 
periods  of  making  the  enumeration  before-mentioned,  but  no  increaseof  compensation  shall  take  effect  during 
befixedbythe  generala!sembly,Hndapportionedamoiig  'he  session  at  which  such  increase  shall  have  been 
the  several  districts  to  be  established  by  law,  according  niade.  SB 

to  the  number  of  free  white  taxable  inhabitants  in  each,  26.  .MBsenator  or  representative  shall,  during  the 

and  shall  never  be  less  than  one  foiiith,  nor  more  th'an  term  roPSH'hich  he  shall  have  been  elected,  nor  for  one 

one  third  of  the  whole  ntimbei-  of  representatives.  year  thereafter,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  of  profit 

11.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  under  this  state,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the 
-electors,  for  three  yejirs;  and,  on  their  being  convened  cmolumenis  of  which  shall  hare  been  increased  during 

in  consequence  ofthe  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  such  term;  except  such  offices  as  may  be  filled  by  elec- 

by  lot  from  their  respective  districts,  into  three  classes,  tions  by  the  people  ;  and  no  member  of  either  house  of 

as  nearly  equal  as  can  be.    The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  general  assembly  shall,  after  the  commencement  of 

the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  the  first  session  of  the  legislature  alter  his  election,  and 

first  year  :  and  of  the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  during  the  remainder  of  the  term  for  which  he  is  eleet- 

the  second  year;  and  ofthe  third  class,  at  theexpii-ation  ed  be  eligible  to  any  office  or  place,  the  appointment  to 

ofthe  third  year :  so  that  one  third  thereof  may  be  an-  which  may  be  made  in  whole  or  in  part  by  either  branch 

Dually  chosen  thereafter.  of  the  general  assembly. 

12.  Such  mode  of  classifying  new  additional  senators  27.  No  judge  of  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  secretary 
shall  be  observed,  as  will,  as  nearly  as  possible,  preserve  of  state,  attorney  general,  clerk  of  any  court  of  record, 
an  equality  of  numbers  in  each  class.  sheriff,  or  collecto;-,  or  any  person  holding  a  lucrative 

13.  When  a  senatorial  district  shall  be  composed  of  ofl^ce  under  the  United  States,  (the  office  of  post  master 
two  or  more  counties,  it  shall  not  be  entirely  separated  excepted,)  or  this  state  shall  be  eligible  to  the  general 
by  any  county  belonging  to  another  district:  and  no  assembly:  Provided,  that  offices  in  tlie  militia,  to  which 
county  shall  be  divided  in  forming  a  district.  there  is  attached  no  annual  salary,  or  the  office  of  justice 

14.  No  pr'.-son  stia'.l  be  a  senator  unless  he  be  a  citizen  of  the  peace,  or  ofthe  quorum,  shall  be  not  be  deemed 
ofthe  United  States  ;  and  shall  hare  been  an  inhabitant    .uciative. 

of  this  state  four  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  28.   No  person,  who  hath  heretofore  been,  or  horeaf™ 

the  last  yeai- Jlsereofa  resident  of  the  district  for  which  ter  may  be,  a  collector  or  holder  of  public  moneys,  shall 

he  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall  have  attained  to  the  .age  of  have  a  seat  in  either  house  of  the  general  assembly,  until 

twenty-six  years;  and  also,  unless  he  shall  hold,  in  his  such  person  shall  have  accounted  for,  and  paid  into  thtJ 

own  right,  within  thisstae,  three  hundred  acres  ofland,  tieasiiry,  all  s-.tms  fiir  which  he  may  be  accountable, 

or  au  interest  in  real  estate  of  the  value  of  one  thousand  29.  The  first  electicm  for  senators'and  representatives 

dollars,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  and  for  six  months  shall  be  general  throughout  the  slate,  and  shall  be  held 

previous  thereto.  on  the  first  Monday  and  Tuesday  in  September  next ; 

15.  The  house  of  representatives,  when  assembled,  and  thereafter,  thei-e  shall  be  an  annual  election  for 
shall  choose  a  sneaker  and  its  other  ofiieers;  and  these-  senators,  to  fill  the  places  of  those  whose  term  of  service 
nnte  shall  choose  its  officers,  -xcept  the  president ;  asid  may  have  expired. 

each  house  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  and  eke-  30.   The  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  shall 

tions  of  its  own  members  ;  but  a  contested  election  shall  commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  October  next,  and  be 

be  determined  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  held  at  the  city  of  Natchez,  and  tiure.after  atsuchplace 

law.    A  majority  of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quo-  as  may  he  diiected  by  law;  and  thereafter  (he  general 

rum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  niiinber  may  adjourn  assembly  shall  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  November 

from  day  to  day,  and  mny  compel  the  attendance  of  ab-  in  every  year,  and  at  no  other  period,  unless  directed 

sent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  st;eh  penal-  by  law,  or  provided  for  by  this  co:istituliun. 

ties  as  each  house  may  provide.  ^  ^ 

18.  Each  house  ii.ay^  determine  the  ruJes  of  its  own  AKTICL..  v. 

proceedings,  pi.nish  members  for  disorderly  behaviour,  ExeCUiive  Department. 

and,  with  the  consent  or  two  thirus,  expel  a  member,  ' 

but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause,  and  shall  §  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  state  shJU.i 

iave  all  other  powers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  le-  he  vestid  in  a  governor,  who  shall  be  elected  by  the 

gislature  of  a  iree  and  indep'-ndeiit  state.  qualified  electors,  and  slr'.ll  hold  his  ofiiee  lijr  two  years 

17.  Eaehhonseshall  keepa  journal  of  its  iiroceedings,  from  the  time  of  his  installation, and  until  his  successor 
andpublish  the  sarae.esceptingsueh  partsasinitsjiidg-  be  duly  qualified. 

tnent  may  require  secrecy;  and  the  ye.is  and  nays  </f  2.   1  he  r.  turns  of  every  election  for  governor  shall  be 

the  merabei-s.  of  either  house,  on  any  question  shall,  at  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  government, 

the  desire  of  any  three  raeinliers  present,  be  entered  on  directed  to  the  secretary  ofslate,  v.  ho  shall  deliver  theni 

the  journals.  to  the  speaker  ofthe  house  of  representatives,  at  the 

18.  When  vacancies  hajipen  in  either  house,  tliego-  next  ensuing  session  of  the  general  assembly  duringthi; 
vernor,  or  the  person  exercising  the  pov.errs  of  the  go-  first  v.eek  of  which  session  the  said  speaker  shall  open 
vemor,shan  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies,  aiui  publish  them  in  the  presence  of  both  houses  of  the 

19.  Senators  and  representatives  shall  in  all  cases,  e.x-  general  assembly.  The  person  having  the  highest  nuni-. 
cept  of  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privi-  her  of  votes  shall  be  governor ;  hut  if  iwo  or  more  shall 
teged  from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  general  as-  be  equal  and  highest  in  votes, one  of  them  shall  be  cho- 
sembly,  and  in  going  to,  and  returning  from  the  same;  sen  governor  by  the  joint  ballot  of  both  houses, 
allowing  one  d^iy  for  every  twenty  miles  such  member  Contested  elections  for  governor  shall  be  determineiJ 
may  reside  from  the  placeat  which  the  general  assembly  by  both  houses  ofthe  giiieral  assenibl}',  in  such  manner 
is  convened.  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

20.  Each  housemay  punish  by  imprisonment,  during  3.  The  governor  sliafi  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  ager 
'"•'■:  r.-ss'inn,  any  pr.Tsmv^not'a  member,  for  disTCTperlf'tl  'sTiail  hTive  been  a  citizen  of  'he  United  States  for  t^tfiv^ 


'JS                                       eONSTlTUTiON  OF  MISSISSIFPI. 

ty  yeai's,  shall  have  j-esidcd  iu  Jhis  state  at  least  five  inspectors,  collectors,  and  their  deputies,  surveyors  ^^ 

years  next  preceding  fh^'  day  of  hiseltction,  and  shall  highways,  constables,  and  such  other  inferior  officers, 

be  seized  in  his  own  right  of  a  freehold  estate  of  six  whose  jurisdiction  may  be  confined  within  the  limits  of 

hundred  acres  of  land,  or  of  reai  estate  of  the  value  of  the  county. 

two  thousand  dollars,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  and  -IS.  There  shall  be  also  a  lieutenant  governor,  who  shall 

twelve  months  previous  thereto.  be  chosen  at  ev(  ly  el:  ction  for  a  governor,  bv  the  same 

4.  He  'hallat  stated  tiir.es  vf  ceive  a  compensation  for  pei-sons,  in  the  same  manner,  continue  in  office  for  the 
his  services,  which  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  same  time,  and  possess  the  same  qualifications.  In 
during  the  term  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected.  voting  for  governor,  and  lieutentint  governor,  the  elect- 

5.  He  shall  be  commander  in  ciiief  of  thearmy  and  ors  sliall  distinguish  whom  thty  vote  for  as  governor, 
navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when  they  and  whom  as  lieutenant  governor. 

shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  ;<).  The  lieutenant  governor,  shall,  by  virtue  of  his  of- 

6.  He  may  require  information,  in  w  ritnig,  from  the.  fice,  be  president  of  the  senate,  and  have,  when  in  com- 
ofBcers  in  the  executive  department,  on  any  subject  mitree  of  the  whole,  a  right  to  debate  and  vote  on  all 
relating  to  the  duties  of  iheir  respective  offices,  questions  ;  and,  when  the  s.-nate  is  equally  divided,  to 

7.  He  may,  on  e.xtraordinaiy  occasions,  convene  the  give  the  casting  vote. 

general  assembly,  at  the  seat  <jf  government  or  at  a  dif-  20.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  refusal  to  serve, 

ierent  place,  if  that  shall  have  become,  since  their  last  or  removal  from  office,  of  the  governor,  or  of  his  im- 

adjournment.dangerous  from  an  enemy,  or  from  conta-  peaehment  or  absence  from  'he  state,  the  lieutenant 

gious  disorders ;  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  governor  shall  exercise  the  powers  and  authority  ap- 

the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjourn-  peruiining  to  the  office  of  governor,  until  another  be 

ment,  adjoui-n  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  pro-  chosen  at  the  next  piriodicai  election  for  a  governor, 

per,  not  beyond  the  day  of  the  next  annual  meeting  of  and  be  duly  qualified ;  or  until  ihe  governor  impeached 

the  general  assembly.  or  absent  shall  be  acquitted  or  reium. 

8.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  general  21.  Whenever  the  government  shall  b^  administered 
assembl)-,  information  of  the  state  of  the  government,  by  the  lieutenant  guvernor^  or  he  shall  be  unable  to  al- 
and recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  tend  as  presidentof  thesenate.the  senate  shall  elect  one 
he  shall  deem  expedient.                             J^t^  "^  their  own  members  as  pi"esident/)j'o  tempore. 

e.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  n||nlly  ese-  And  if,  during  the  vacancy  of  the  office  of  governor, 

cuted.                                                                 ^Hi^  '^^  lieuti  nant  governorshalldie,  resign,  refuse  to  serve, 

10.  In  all  criminal  and  penal  cases,  exceptwthoseof  or  be  removed  from  office,  or  if  he  shall  be  impeached, 
treason  and  impeachment,  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  or  absent  from  the  state,  the  president  of  (he  senate  pro 
reprieves  aud  pardons,  and  ivrait  fines  and  forfeitures,  tem/iirre  shall,  in  like  manner,  adr.  inist.r  the  govern- 
Under  such  rules  and  regnlations  as  shall  be  prescribed  ment,  until  he  shall  be  superseded  by  a  governor  orlieu- 
by  law.  In  cases  of  treason,  he  shall  havi  power  to  grant  tenant  governor.  The  lieutenant  governor  sha^l,  whilst 
reprieves  and  pardons,  by  and  with  the  ad>ice  and  con-  he  acts  as  president  of  the  senate,  receive  for  his  services 
sent  of  the  senate,  but  may  respite  the  sentence  until  the  same  compensation  which  shall,  for  thesarae  period, 
the  end  of  the  next  session  of  the  general  assembly.  be  allowed  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 

11.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the  and  no  more  ;  and  during  th<-  time  he  administers  the 
authority  of  the  state  of  Mississippi,  be  sealed  w  ith  tlie  government,  as  governor,  ^hall  receive  the  same  com- 
stateseal,  and  signed  by  the  governor,  and  attested  by  pensation  which  the  governor  would  have  received  had 
the  secretary  of  slate.  he  been  employed  iu  the  duties  of  his  ofiice,  and  no 

12.  rhert  shall  he  a  seal  of  this  state,  which  shall  be  more. 

kept  by  the  governor,  and  used. by  him  officially,  and  22.    The  president  pro  tempore  of  the  senate,  shall 

shall  tie  cal.'eil  tl»'  g'vat  siai  of  t'u  state  of  .Mississippi,  during  the  lime  he  administers  the  government,  receivej 

13.  vVh  •.»  .tT.icaacj  Sua'!  happen  in  any  office  during  in  like  manner,  th."  same  compensation  which  the  go- 
the  recess  of  rh>-  ge  leia'  asie:n5ir,  the  gcn'eriior  shall  vernor  would  have  received,  h»d  he  been  employed  in 
have  po.ver  co  fill  the  sami-,  by  granting  a  commission,  the  duties  of  his  ofiice,  and  no  more, 
whiehshallexpn-eatthe^ndof  the  next  session  of  the  23.  If  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  required  toad- 
gene,  ai  assei;ibiy,  except  in  eases  otherwise  directed  by  minister  the  government,  and  shall,  whilst  in  such  ad- 
xhis  coiisntiitioii.  ministration,  die,  resign,  or  be  absent  from  the  state, 

14.  A  secretaiy  of  state  shall  be  appointed,  who  shall  during  the  recess  of  the  general  as.serably,  it  shall  be  the 
continue  m  uflice  duiing  the  term  ol  two  years.  He  duty  of  the  secretary  of  stal. ,  for  the  time  being,  to  con- 
shall  keep  a  fan- register  ot  ail  the  official  acts  and  pro-  vene  the  senate  for  (he  pmpose  of  choosing  a  president 
ceedings  of  the  governor;  and  shail,nlien  required,  lay  pro temliore. 

ihe  same,  and  all  papers,  nnimUs,  and  vouchers,  rela-  24.  .A  sheriff",  and  one  or  more  coroners,  shall  be  elect- 
tivfc  thereto,  b'  fore  the  general  assembi) ,  and  shall  per-  ed  in  each  coiintv  by  the  qualified  electors  (hereof,  who 
form  such  other  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him  by  shall  hold  their  offices  for  two  years,  unless  sooner  re- 
law-,  moved. 

15.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses  of  25,  A  state  treasurer,  and  an  auditor  of  public  ac- 
tbe  geneiv.!  assembly,  shall  be  presented  to  the  govern-  counts,  shall  be  annually  appointed. 

or;  if  he  appro-.-e,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  TlJTt' 

return  it.  with  his  objections,  to  the  house  in  which  it  JrllU^Ul. 

shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  {ll.  The  genera!  assembly  shall  provide  by  law  for  or- 

large    upon  the   journals,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  ganizing  and  disciplining  the  militia  of  this  state,  in 

it;  if  after  such   reconsideiatioii,   two  thirds  o!  (bat  such  manner  as  they  shall  deem  expedient,  not  incom- 

house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  sh'all  be  sent,  with  patible  with  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 

the  objections   to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  States,  in  relation  thereto. 

likewise  be  reionsidered  ;  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  2.  Officers  of  the  mi;itia  shall  be  elected  or  appointed 

that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law  ;  but  in  such  cases  the  '"  '"'^'^  manner  as  the  legislature  shall  from  time  to 

votes  ot   both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  "■"''  direct,  and  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  governor. 

nays,  and  the  names  of  the  inemb.  rs  voting  for  aed  ^-  Those  persons  who  conscientioulsy  scruple  to  bear 


law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it ;  unless  the  S"r'^'^'='-^°n''  a""-!  ''^P'^l ' 

general  assembU,  by  their  adjounim.  nt,  prevent  its  re-  ARTICLE  5. 

turn,  in  which  ease  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

16.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  .Tiulicial  Deparimeili. 
concurrence  of  both  houses  niay  be  necessary,  e^cept  ,^  j.  The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in 
on  questions  of  adiourn.nent.  shall  be  presented  to  the  onesupreraecourt,andsuch  superior  and  inferiorcourts 
governor,  and  before  it  shall  take  ttfect.  be  approved  of  law  and  equity,  as  the  legislature  may,  from  time  to 
by  him;  or,  being  disapproved,  shall   be  repassed  by  time,  direct  and  estabUsh. 

both  houses,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  3.  There  shall  be  ajipointed  in  this  state  not  less  than 

prescribed  in  case  of  a  bill.  four  nor  more  than  eight  j  udges  of  the  supreme  and  su- 

17.  I  lie  apiiointmeni  of  all  officers,  not  othern  ise  di-  perior  courts,  who  shall  receive  for  their  services  a  com- 
rected  by  this  consiltutim,  shall  be  by  the  joint  vote  of  pensation,  which  shall  be  fixed  by  law,  and  shall  not  be 
both  houses  of  the  general  assembly;  the  votes  shall  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office :  Provi- 
Siven  -viva  voce,  and  recorded  in  the  public  journal  of  ded,  that  the  judge  w  hose  decision  is  under  considera- 
e&ch  house:  Provided,  that  the  general  assembly  be  lion  in  the  supreme  court, shall  notconstitule  one  of  the' 
authorized  t.'>  provide  by  law  for  the  flppointmf  nt  of  aji  osuci  »o  detenauiry  the  question  on  such  desisiojii  b'U  It 


CONSTITUTION  OP  MISSISSIPPI.  99 

■shallbethediityofsueh  judge  to  rejiort  to  the  supreme  executive  and  judieial,  before  tliey  enter  on  tlie  esecu- 

court  the  reasons  upon  which  his  opinion  was  founded,  tion  of  their  respective  ofBci  s,  shall  take  the  following 

3.  The  state  shall  V-diviJed  into  convenient  d'~tricts,  oath  or  ufflnnation.to  wit : "'  I  solenmly  s\vear(oraffirra, 
and  each  distiict  shall  contain  not  hss  than  three  nor  as  the  caso  may  be)  ihat  I  will  support  the  eonslitutiou 
more  than  six  counties.  For  each  district  there  shall  be  of  the  United  States,  and  the  coiistiuuiun  of  the  state' 
appointed  a  jud^e,  who  shall,  after  his  appointment,  otMississipni,  so  loiigjas  I  continuea  citizen  thereof,and 
reside  in  the  district  for  which  lu-  is  appoirtted.  that  I  will  fiuthfull>  discharge,  to  the  best  of  my  abili- 

4.  The  superior  court  shall  have  ori^nal  jurisdiction  ties,  the  duties  of  the  office  of ,  according'to  la%y. 

in  all  matters,  civil  and  criminal,  within  this  state ;  but.  So  help  me  God." 

in  civil  cases,  only  where  the  matter  or  sum  in  contro-  2.    The  general  assembly  shall  have  power  to  pass 

versy  exceeds  fifty  dollars.  such  penal  laws  to  suppress  the  evil  practice  of  duel- 

5.  A  superior  court  shall  be  held  in  each  county  in  liiig,  extending  to  disqualification  from  office  or  tlie  tC'r 
tlie  state  at  least  tw  ice  in  evei-y  year,    Ihe  judges  of  the  nure  tlieivof,  as  they  may  deem  expedient. 

several  superior  courts  may  hold  courts  for  each  other  3.   Treason  against  the  state  sliail  consist  only  in  le- 

ivhen  the}-  may  deem  it  expedient,  or  as  thjy  may  be  vying  war  against  it,  or  in  adhering  to  its  enemies, 

directed  by  law.  giving  iheni  aid  and  comfort.    No  person  shall  be  con- 

6.  TlK-legislaturcshallhavepowertoestablishacouvt  victtd  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  wit- 
or  courts  of  chancery,  with  ixclusivt  original  equity  nesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  his  ov.ji  confession  in 
jurisdiction  ;  and^unti:  the  establishment  of  such  court  open  court. 

or  courts,  the  said  jurisdiction  shall  be  vested  in  the  su-  4.  Evei->-  person  shall  be  disoualitied  from  holding  an 

perior  courts  respectively.  offic  ,or  place  of  honour  or  profit,  under  the  authority 

7.  The  legislature  shall  have  power  to  establish  in  of  this  state,  whoshall  be  coiivictid  of  having  given  or 
each  county  within  this  state  a  court  of  probate,  for  the  offered  any  bribe  to  procure  bis  election. 

granting  of  letters  testamentary,  a^id  of  adniinisti-ation,  5.   Laws  shall  be  made  to  exclude  from  office,  and 

fororphans'business,  for  county  poiiee,and  for  the  trial  from  suffrage,  those  who  shall  thereafter  be  convicted 

of  slaves.  of  bribery, forgery,  peijurj-,  or  other  high  crimes  .ir  mis- 

8.  A  competent  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  shall  demeanors.  The  privilege  of  free  suffiage  shall  be  sup- 
be  appointt  d  in  and  for  each  county,  in  such  mod.-,  ported  bylaws  regulating  elections,  arid  prohibiting, 
and  for  such  term  of  office,  as  th;,  legislature  shall  di-  under  ailequate  pe-naltii  s,  all  ui^due  influence  thereon, 
feet.  Theirjurisdiction,  in  civil  cases,  shall  be  limited  f:-ompo\ver,bvibery,tur.iiiit,orotberimproperconduct. 
to  causts  in  which  the  amount  in  contniversy  shall  not  6.  No  person  who  denies  the  being  ol'God  or  a  future 
exceed  fifty  dollars.  And  in  all  cases  tried  by  a  justice  state  of  rt  wards  iind  punishments,  shall  hold  any  ofiice 
of  the  peace,  right  of  appeal  shall  be  secured,  under  in  the  civil  department  of  this  state. 

such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall  be  prescribi-dby  law.  7.   ISIiuisters  of  the  gospel,  being  by  their  professiou 

9.  The  judges  of  the  several  courts  of  this  state  shall  dedicated  to  God  and  the  care  of  souts,  ought  not  to  be 
hold  their  offices  during  good  bt  haviour.  And  for  «il-  diverted  from  th;-  great  duties  eftheii- functions  ;  there- 
ful  neglect  of  duty,  or  other  reasonable  cause,  which  fore,  no  mini-ter  of  the  gosp.  .orpiiistof  any  denonii- 
shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  for  an  impeacliment,  the  nation  whatever.shail  be  efiinbie  tiv  ilie  nfficrof  govent- 
governor  shall  remove  any  of  tbem  on  the  addr-..'ss  of  or.  lieutenant  governor,  or  to  a  seat  in  either  branch  ul" 
two  thirds  of  each  house  of  the  general  assembly     Pin-  the  general  assembly. 

vided,  however,  that  the  cause  or  causes  for  which  such  8.  No  money  shall  be  draw-n  from  the  treasury,  butisj 

vemoval  shall  be  required,  shall  be  stated  at  length  in  consequence  of  an  appropriation    made  by  law,  nor 

such  address,  and  on  the  journals  of  each  honse;  and  shall  any  apjnopriation  of  iDoney.  for  tlie  support  of  an 

provided  further,  that  the  jiidge  so  intended  to  be  re-  army,  be  m.ade  for  a  longer  term  than  Oiie  year;  and  a 

moved,  shall  be  notified,  and  adr.iitted  to  a  bearing  in  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  ex- 

his  own  defence,  before  any  vote  for  such  address  shall  penditures  of  al!  public  money  shall  be  publislied  annu- 

pass.  ally. 

10.  No  person  who  shall  have  arrived  at  the  age  of  9.  No  bank  shall  be  incorporated  by  the  legislature 
sixty-five  years  shall  be  appointed  to,  or  continue  in,  without  the  reservation  of  a  right  to  siibscribe  for,  in 
the  office  of  judge  in  this  state.  behalf  of  the  state,  at  least  one  fiieirlh  part  of  the  capital 

il.  Each  court  shall  appoint  its  own  clerk,  who  shall  stock  thereof,  and  the  appointment  of  a  proportion  of 

hold  his  offite  during  good  behaviour,  but  shall  be  rt-  the  directors,  equal  to  the  stock  se.bscrihed  for. 

movable  therefrom  for  neglect  of  duty,  or  misdemeanor  ^  If.  I'he  general  assembly  shall  pass  no  law  impairing 

in  office,  by  the  supreme  court,  which  court  shall  deter-  Oie  obligation  of  contracts,  prior  to  the  year  one  thou-  • 

mine  both  the  law  and  the  fact :   Providetl,  that  the  sand  eight  hundred  and  iwentj-one,  on  account  of  the 

clerk  so  appointed  shall   have  been  a  resident  of  the  rate  of  niterest,  fairly  agreed  on  in  writing  between  tlie 

county  in  wliieh  he  is  clerk,  at  least  six  mouths  previous  contracting  parties,  far  a  bona  Jide  loan  of  money ;  but 

to  his  appointment.  they  shall  have  power  to  regulate  the  rate  of  interest 

12.  '1  he  judges  of  the  supreme  and  superior  court  where  np  special  cor.tmct  exists  in -.elation  thereto, 
shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  conservators  of  the        11.  The  g-ener.ii  assembly  shall  direct  by  \&\\  m  w  hat 
peace  throughout  the  state.  mnnner.andinwhatcourts, suits  maybe  broughtagainst 

13.  The  style  ofall  process  shall  be,  "the  state  of  Mis-  the  state. 

sissippi,"  and  all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  12.  All  officers  of  the  state,  the  term  of  whose  appuint- 

name  and  by  the  authoi-ity  of "  the  state  of  Mississippi,"  meiit  is  not  otherwise  directed  by  this  constitution, shall 

and  shall  conclude,  "  against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour, 

the  same."  13.  Absence  on  business  of  this  state,  or  of  the  UniteJ 

14.  There  shall  be  an  attorney  general  for  the  state.  Slate';;  or  on  a  visit,  or  necessary  private  business,  shall 
and  as  many  district  attorneys  as  the  general  assembly  not  cause  a  forfeiture  of  a  residence  once  obtained, 
may  deem  necessary, who  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  1-1  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  .assembly  to  re- 
term  of  four  years,  and  shall  receive  for  their  services  a  gulate  by  law  the  cases  in  which  deductions  shall  be 
compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  made  from  the  salaries  of  public  officers  for  neglect  of 
their  continuance  in  office,  duty  in  their  official  capacity,  and  tlie  amount  of  such 

T.J  deduction. 

Imppacnments.  15.  jjo  member  of  congress,  nor  any  person  holding 

}  1.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole  any  office  of  profit,  or  trust,  under  the  United  States,  or 

power  of  impeaching.-  either  of  them,  the  office  of  post  master  excepted,  or  un- 

2.   All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate:  der  any  foreign  power,  shall  hold  or  exercise  any  office 

■when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  on  of  trust,  or  p;-ofit,  under  this  state, 

oath  or  affirmation.   No  person  shall  be  convicted  with-  16.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge,  being  neces- 

outtheconcurrenceof  two  thirds  of  the  members  pre-  sary  to  good  government,  the  preservation  of  iibertv. 

sent.  and  the  happiness  of  mankind— schools,  and  the  means 

3_.   The  governor,  and  a\\  civil  officers  shall  be  liable  of  education,  shall  for  ever  be  encouraged  in  this  state. 

to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in  office;  but  17.    Divorces  from  the  bonds  of  matrimony  shall  not 

judgment  in  such  cases  shall  not  extend  further  than  be  granted,  but  in  cases  provided  for  by  law-,  hj'  suit  in 

to  removal  from  office,  and  disc^ualitication  to  holdany  chancery:  Provided,  that  no  decree  for  such  divorce 

office  of  honour,  trust,  or  proht  under  this  slate  ;  but  shall  have  effect,  until  the  same  shall  be  sanctioned  by 

the  party  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and  t"o  thirds  of  both  branches  of  ihc  general  assembly, 

subject  to  indictment,  trial, and  punishment,  according  13.    Returns  of  all  election*  by  the  people  shall  be 

to  law,  as  in  other  cases.  made  to  the  secretarj- of  state. 

an    rr    ■  fi  19.  No  new  county  shall  be  established  by  the  general 

ARTICLE  O.        •     ,  assembly,  which  shall  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or 

General  Provisions.  '''"^'^''  °*'  ,^'"^"i'  *^''';'"  '*,''''i^'  \  '"'''>  ^^  t.iken,  to  a  less 

content  than  five  hundred  and  sevent3-six  square  mileSo 

1    Al?m>!(T9  of  the  g^nei'al  a'sseroblv  and  9II  dfTiCCTt,  nor  shall  anv  ne,w  coiintv  he  laid  off  of  less  conft^un. 


ItiO 


tOXSTl'FDriON  CJiF  MlSSISialPPL 


20.  That  tiie  general  assembly  shall  take  measures  to 
preserve  from  unnecessary  waste  or  damage  suc-li  lands 
as  are  or  maj-  hereafter  be  granted  by  the  United  States 
for  tlic  use  of  schools,  within  each  towiishij)  in  this  state, 
and  apply  the  funds  which  may  be  raised  from  sneh 
lands,  by  rent  or  lease,  in  strict  conformity  to  the  object 
of  sncli  grant ;  but  no  lands  g;ranted  for  the  use  of  such 
towiiship  schools  shall  erer  be  sold  by  any  authority  in 
Ihis  stale. 

Slaves. 

J  1.  The  general  assemblyshall  have  no  pow  er  to  i)£Ss 
Jaws  for  tb/emancipation  of  slaves,  without  ihe  conseiit 
of  their  owners,  unless  wliere  a  slave  shall  have  rmder- 
ed  to  the  state  some  distinguished  service,  in  which  case 
the  owner  shall  be  paid  a  full  equivalent  for  the  slavt  s 
so  emancipated.  They  shall  have  no  power  to  prevent 
emigrants  to  tliis  state  from  bringing  with  them  such 
persons  as  are  deemed  slaves  by  the  law  s  <.f  any  one  of 
the  United  States,  so  long  as  any  person  of  the  same  age 
OF  description  shiil  ba  continued  in  slavery  by  the  laws 
of  this  state:  Provided,  that  such  person  or  slave  Ijf  the 
ionajide  property  of  such  emigrants;  and  provided, 
also,  laws  may  be  passed  to  prohibit  the  introduction 
jnts  the  state  of  slaves  who  have  comraiUed  high  crimes 
in  other  states.  They  shall  have  power  to  pass  laws  to 
permit  ttie  owners  of  slaves  to  emanc'|>ate  them,  sitving 
the  rights  of  creditors,  and  prei-eming  them  fre-Ti  be 
coming  a  public  charge.  They  shall  have  full  power  to 
prevent  slaves  frout  being  brought  into  this  state  as 
merchandise  ;  and  also,  to  oblige  the  owners  of  slaves 
10  treat  them  with  humanity,  to  provide  for  them  nect  s- 
sary  ctathing  and  provision,  to  abstain  from  all  injuries 
to  them  extending  to  life  or  limb,  and  in  case  of  th.eir 
neglect  or  refusal  to  comply  with  the  directions  of  such 
laws,  to  have  such  slave  or  slaves  sold  fur  the  benefit  of 
the  owner  or  owners. 

2.  In  the  prosecution  of  slaves  for  crimes,  no  inquest 
by  a  grand  jury  shall  be  necessary,  but  the  proceedings 
jn  such  casts  shall  be  regulated  by  law  :  except  that,  ni 
capital  cases,  the  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power 
to  deprive  them  ol'  an  impartial  trial  by  a  petit  jury. 

jllode  of  Reviiiing  the  Constitittion 

That,  TcheneTer  two  thirds  of  the  general  assembly 
shall  deem  it  necessary  to  amend  or  change  this  consti- 
tution, they  shall  recommend  to  the  electors,  at  the 
nest  election  for  members  of  the  general  assembly,  to 
Tote  for  or  against  a  conveniion  ;  and  it  it  shall  appear 
that  a  majority  of  the  citizens  of  the  state,  voting  for 
representatives,  have  voted  tor  a  convention,  t  he  general 
assembly  shall,  at  their  next  session,  call  a  convention, 
to  consist  or  as  many  n.embers  as  there  may  be  in  the* 
general  assembly,  to  be  eliosen  by  the  qualitied  eltciors, 
jn  the  manner,  and  at  the  times  and  places,  of  choosing 
members  of  the  general  assembly,  which  convention 
shall  meet  within  three  months  aUer  the  said  election, 
lor  the  purpose  of  revising,  amending,  or  changing  the 
constitution. 


SCHEDULE. 

5  1.  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  a  change 
of  territorial  to  a  permanent  state  government,  it  is  de- 
clared, that  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims,  anjl 
contracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate, 
shall  continue  -.ts  it  no  such  change  bad  taken  place. 

2.  All  lines,  penalties,  forfeitures,  and  escheats, accru- 
ing to  the  Mississippi  territory,  within  the  limits  of  this 
State,  shall  inure  to  the  use  of  tht  state. 

S.  'iho  validity  of  all  bonds  and  rt  cognizances,  exe- 
cuted to  the  governor  oi  the  Mississippi  territory,  shall 
not  be  impaired  by  the  change  of  goveniment,  but  may 
be  sued  for  and  recovered  in  the  name  of  the  governor 
of  the  state  of  Mississippi,  and  his  successors  in  ofi<ce  ; 
and  all  criminal  or  penal  actions,  arising  or  now  de- 
pending  within  the  limits  of  this  state,  shall  be  prose- 
cuted to  judgment  and  execution,  in  the  name  ot  tht. 
said  state.  All  causes  of  action,  arising  to  individuals 
and  all  suits  at  law,  or  in  equity,  now  depi  nding  in  the 
several  courts,  within  the  limits  of  this  state,  and  not 
already  barred  by  law,  may  be  commenced  in,  or  trans- 
ferred to,  such  court  as  may  have  jurisdiction  thereof 
Bonds,  recognizances,  and  other  papers  and  wiituigs, 
properly  belonging  to  the  eastern  section  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi territory,  not  comprised  within  the  limits  of  this 
state,  shall  be  tranferred  to  the  offices  to  which  they 
ceverally  belong. 

4.  AU  officers,  civil  and  military,  now  holding  com- 
Jfiissipns  tinder  the  authority  of  the  United  States^  or  of 


the  Mississippi  territory,  w ithin  this  state,shall  continuL 
to  hold  and  e.\evcise  their  respective  offices,  uniler  th" 
authority  of  this  state,  until  tliey  shall  be  superseded 
under  the  authority  of  ihis  constitution  ;  and  shall  re- 
ceive from  the  treasury  of  this  state  the  same  compen- 
sation which  the>  hen-tolore  received  for  their  services, 
in  proportion  .to  the  time  they  shall  be  so  employed. 
The  governor  shall  have  jiower  to  fill  vacnncies  by 
coinndssious,  to  expire  so  soo'i  as  elections  or  appoint- 
ments can  be  made  to  such  office,  by  the  authority  of 
this  constitution. 

A,  All  laws  and  parts  of  laws,  now  in  force  in  the 
Mississippi  territory,  and  not  repugnant  to  the  piovi- 
sions  of  this  constitution,  shall  continue  and  remain  in 
force  as  the  laws  ot'  this  state,  Uutil  they  expire  by  their 
own  limitation,  or  shaii  be  altered  or  repealed  by  the 
legislature  lh(  reof. 

0.  Ever)-  tree  white  male  person,  above  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  who  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United 
Sl:!tes,  and  resident  in  this  state  at  the  time  of  the 
adoprion  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  deemed  a  quali- 
fifd  elector,  a'  the  first  election  to  be  held  in  this  stale; 
any  thing  in  the  constituti.n  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standini;. 

7.  Tlie  president  of  this  convention  shall  issue  writs 
of  election,  diiv  cted  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  coun- 
tiin,  requiring  them  to  cause  an  election  to  be  held  for 
a  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  representative  to  the 
congress  of  the  United  States,  members  of  the  general 
asseoibly,  and  sherifls  of  the  respective  counties,  at  the 
resp  ctive  places  of  elections,  in  said  counties,  except  in 
the  county  of  Warren,  in  which  county  th;  election 
shall  be  held  at  the  court  house,  instead  of  the  place 
provided  by  la>v,  on  the  first  Mimday  and  the  day  fol- 
lowing in  September  next;  which  elections  shall  be 
conductid  i:i  the  manner  prt  scribed  hy  the  existing 
election  laws  of  the  Mississippi  territory;  and  the  s:iid 
governor,  lieut^iant  governor,  and  members  of  the 
gi-nei-al  assembly,  ihen  duly  elected,  shall  continue  to 
disch.irge  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  for  the 
time  prescribed  by  this  constitution, and  until  their  suc- 
cessors be  duly  qualified. 

C.  Until  the  first  enumeration  shall  be  made,  as  direct- 
ed by  this  constitution,  the  comity  ol'  Warren  shall  be 
entitled  to  one  reprrsentative,  the  county  of  Claiborne 
to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  Jefferson  to  two 
representativ-s,  thi-  county  of  Adams  to  four  represent- 
atives, the  county  of  FranUlin  to  one  representative, 
the  county  of  Wilkinson  to  three  r^  presentatives,  the 
county  of  Amite  to  three  representatives,  the  county  of 
Pike  to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  Lawrence  to 
one  repres-  ntafive,  ihe  county  of  Marion  to  one  repre- 
sentitive,  the  county  of  Hancock  to  one  representative, 
the  countj'of  Gredi  to  one  representative,  the  county 
of  Wayne  to  one  reprf  sentative,  the  county  of  lackson 
to  one  n  piesentaiive.  The  counties  of  Warren  and 
Claiborne  shall  be  entitl  <1  to  one  senator,  the  county 
of  Ailams  to  one  senator,  the  county  of  Jifferson  to  one 
senator,  the  county  of  Wilkir.son  to  one  senator,  the 
county  of  Amite  to  one  senator,  the  counties  of  Frank- 
lin and  Pike  to  one  senator,  the  counties  of  Lawrence, 
Marion,  and  Hancock,  to  one  senator,  the  counties  of 
Greene,  Wayne,  and  .tackson,  to  one  senator. 

9.  Thegiivcnior  may  appoint  and  commission  an  ad- 
ditional judge,  or  one  of  the  former  judges  of  the  snpe- 
rior  court,  whose  commission  shall  expire  so  soon  as 
appointments  can  be  made  under  Ihe  constitution.  It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  judge  so  appointed,  or  one  of 
the  former  territorial  judges,  to  hold  superior  courts  in 
the  counties  of  Jackson,  Green,  Wayne,  and  Hancock, 
at  the  time  herttotbre  prescribed  bylaw:  Provided, 
that,  if  either  of  the  'ormer  territorial  judges,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  duty  in  the  western  counties,  perform  such 
dutj,  and  no  additional  judge  b;-  appointed, he  shall  re- 
ceive an  extra  com pensatioii, proportioned  to  iheamount 
of  his  salaiy,aiid  tt  rni  of  suvice  rendered.  Ifanaddi- 
tioual  jutige  be  appointed,  he  shall  receive  the  same 
compensation  for  hisselTicesasthe  otherjudgesof  the 
superior  court- 

JO.  The  sheriff  of  Warren  count}  shall,  within  ten 
days  after  the  election,  make  return  of  the  number  of 
voti'S  for  senator  in  his  county,  to  the  sherifl'  of  Clai- 
borne county,  who  shall  be  the  returning  officer  for  the 
district.  The  sherifl' of  Pike  county  shall,  within  ten 
days  after  tht  election,  make  return  of  the  number  of 
votes  for  senator  in  bis  county,  to  the  sheritiof  Franklin 
county,  who  shall  be  the  returning  officer  for  the  dis- 
trict The  sheriffs  ot  Hancock  and  Lawrence  counties 
shall,  within  ten  days  after  the  election,  make  returu 
of  the  number  of  votes  fbr  srnafiqr  in  fBelr  respecfive 


CONSTITUTION  0F  ILLINOIS: 


iOl 


aunties,  to  the  sheriff  of  Marion  county,  who  shall  be 
the  retiiining  officer  for  tlie  district.  The  shei-iffs  ol 
Jacksouaiiu  Wayne  counties  shall,  within  ten  Hays  af- 
ter the  election,  make  rttimi  oi'  the  uuinber  of  votes 
for  senator,  in  their  respitctive  counties,  to  the  sherift' 
of  Green  county,  who  shall  be  the  returning  officer  for 
the  district. 


ORDINANCE. 

Whereas  it  is  i-equired  by  the  act  of  congress,  under 
vhich  this  convention  is  assembled,  that  certain  jiron- 
sions  should  be  made  by  an  ordinance  of  this  conven- 
tion: 

Therefore,  this  convention,  for  and  in  behalf  of  the 
people  ir.habitine;  this  state,  do  oi-dain,  ag;ree,  and  de- 
clare, that  they  for  ever  disclaim  all  right  or  title  to  the 
waste  or  unappropriated  lands  lying  nithin  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  and  that  the  same  shall  he  and  remain  at  the 
sole  and  entire  disposition  of  the  United  States,  and, 
moreover,  tliat  each  and  every  tract  of  land  sold  by  con- 
gress shall  be  and  remain  exempt  from  any  tax  laid  by 
the  order,  or  under  the  authority,  of  this  state,  whether 
for  state,  county,  township,  parish,  or  other  purposes 
whatevei-,  for  the  term  of  hve  years,  from  and  after  the 
respective  days  of  sale  thereof,  and  that  the  lands  be- 
longing to  citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing  with- 
out this  state,sha!l  never  be  taxed  hif;her  than  the  lands 
belonging  to  pei-sons  residing  within  the  same;  that  no 
taxes  shall  be  imposed  on  lands  the  property  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  the  ri%er  Mississippi,  and  the 
navigable  rivers  and  waters  leading  into  the  same,  or 
into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  shall  be  common  highways,and 


for  ever  free,  as  well  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  state,  as 
to  other  citizens  of  the  United  Statts,  without  any  duty, 
tax,  impost,  or  toll  therefor,  iaiposed  by  this  state:  And 
this  ordinance  is  hereby  declared  irrevocable,  without 
the  consent  of  the  United  States. 

Done  in  convention,  at  the  town  of  Washington,  the 
15ih  day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1817, 
and  in  the  forty-second  year  of  the  Independence 
of  the  United  States  of  America. 

DAVID  HOLMES,  PresUlent. 
Josiah  Simpson,  David  Dickson, 

James  C.  Wilklns,  Cowles  Mead, 

John  Taylor,  Hezekiah  J.  Balch, 

Christopher  Rankin,  Joseph  E.  Davis, 

Edward  Turner,  Walter  Leake, 

Joseph  Sessions,  Thomas  Barnes, 

John  Steel,  Daniel  Burnet, 

Henry  D.  Downs,  Joshua  G.  Clark, 

Andrew  Glass,  William  J.  Minfon, 

Jauies  Knos,  James  Y.  M'Nabb, 

George  Poindexter,  Haronn  Riinn*?ls, 

Daniel  Williams,  George  W.  King, 

Abram  M.  Scott,  John  Ford, 

John  Joor,  Doiigal  M'Laughlui, 

Cierard  C.  Brandon,  Noel  Jourdan, 

Joseph  Johnson,  Amos  Burnet, 

Henry  Hanna,  Jismes  Patton, 

Thomas  Batchelor,  Cinch  Gray, 

John  Burton,  Lnughlin  M'Kar, 

Thomas  Ton-ence,  John  M'Rea, 

Angus  Wilkinson,  John  M'Leod, 

William  Lattimore,  Thomas  Bilbo. 

Louis  Winston,  Secreiartj,  .J^ 


CONSTiXm^lON  OF  ILLINOIS. 


riiC  Co7istitntio7i  ofihs  state  of  Illinois  adopted 
in  convention,  at  Kaakaskia,  on  the  twenty- 
sixth  day  of  August,  in  the  year  ofow  Lord 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighteen, 
and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
the  forty  third. 

THEpeopleof  the  Illinois  territory,  having  the  right 
of  admission  into  the  general  government,  as  a  member 
of  the  Union,  consistent  with  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  the  ordinance  of  congress  of  1787,  and 
the  law  of  congress,  "  approved  April  18lh.  1818,"  ehti- 
tled,  "  An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  the  Illinois  terri- 
tory to  form  a  constitution  and  state  government,  and 
for  the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union,  on  an 
equal  footing  w  ith  the  oritcinal  states,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses ;"  in  order  to  establish  justice,  promote  the  wel- 
fare and  secure  the  blessings"  of  liberty  to  themselves 
and  their  posterity,  do,  by  tlieir  rt  presentatives  in  con- 
vention, ordain  and  estabjisli  the  follow  ing  constitution 
orform  of  goveriiment.anddomutiiallyagreewith  each 
other  to  form  themselves  into  a  ft  e  and  independent 
state,  by  the  name  of  The  state  of  I  linois.  And  they  do 
hereby  ratify  the  bonndanes  assigned  to  such  state  by 
theatt  of  congress  aforesaid,  which  are  as  follows,  to 
wit  :  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  river, 
thence,  up  the  same,  and  with  the  line  of  Indiana,  to 
the  north-west  corner  of  said  state;  thence,  east,  with 
the  line  of  the  same  state,  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  thence,  north,  along  the  middle  of  said  lake,  to 
north  latitude  forty-two  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  ; 
thence,  west,  to  the  middle  of^the  Mississippi  river;  and 
thence,  down,  along  the  middle  of  that  river,  to  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Ohio  river,  and  thence,  up  the  latter 
river,along  its  north-w  esteni  shore,  to  the  beginning, 

AUTItLE  1. 

Concerning  the  Distribution  of  the  Po~vers  of 
Government. 
Jl.  The  powers  of  the  govemnientof  the  state  of  Illi- 
nois Sliall  be  dintled  into  three  distrncf  ^^partpients. 


and  each  of  them  be  confided  to  a  separate  body  of  ma- 
gistracy, to  wit  :  those  whieli  are  legislaiive,  to  one  ; 
those  which  are  executive,  to  another;  and  those  which 
are  judiciary,  to  another. 

2.  No  person  or  collection  of  persons,  being  one  of 
those  departments,  shall  exercise  any  power  properly 
belonging  to  either  of  the  others,  except  as  hereinafter 
expressly  directed  or  permitted. 

ATlTICLi;  2. 
}l.  The  legislative  at:  thority  of  this  state  sliall  be  vest- 
ed in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  asenate 
and  hotise  of  representatives,  both  to  be  elected  by  the 
people. 

2.  The  first  election  for  senatoi's  and  representatives 
shall  comnience  on  the  third  fliursday  of  September 
next, and  continue  for  that  andtlietwosucceediiigdays; 
and  the  next  election  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Jlonday 
in  August,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty; 
and  for  ever  after,  elections  shall  be  held  once  in  two 
years,  on  the  first  Monday  of  A  ugust,  in  each  and  every 
county,  at  such  places  therein  as  may  be  provided  by 
law. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not 
haveattained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  shall  not 
be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  an  inhabitant  of 
this  state  ;  who  shall  not  have  resided  w  ithin  the  limits 
of  the  county  or  district  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen 
twelve  months  nest  preceding  his  election,if  such  coun- 
ty or  district  shall  have  been  so  long  erected  ;  butj|toot. 
then  within  the  limits  of4he  county  or  counties,  diKict 
or  districts. out  of  whichtbesameshallhave  been  taken, 
unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  state;  and  who,  moreover, 
shall  not  have  paid  a  state  or  county  tax. 

4.  The  senators,  at  their  first  session  herein  priviided 
for,shall  be  divided  by  lot  from  their  respective  counties 
or  districts,  as  near  as  can  be,  into  two  classes :  the  seats 
of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  \acated  at  the 
expiraliim  of  the  second  year ;  and  those  of  the  second 
class,  at  the  expiration  ef  the  fourth  year  ;  so  that  one 
half  thereof,  as  near  as  possible,  may  be  biennially  cht)- 
sen  for  ewr  thereafter. 


102  CONSTITUTION  OP  ILLINOIS. 

5.  The  number  of  senators  and  representatives  shall,  22.  The  house  of  representatives  sliall  have  the  sole 
at  the  first  session  of  the  general  assiinbly,  holden  after  power  of  impeaching,  but  a  majority  of  al!  the  members 
the  retunis  herein  provided  for  are  made,  be  fixed  by  present  must  concur  in  an  impeachment.  All  inipeach- 
the  general  assembly,  and  apportioned  among  the  seve-  ments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate,  and  when  sitlnig  for 
ral  counties  or  districts  to  be  established  by  law,  accord-  the  ])urpose,  the  senators  shall  be  upon  oalli  oi  affirina- 
ing  to  the  number  of  white  inhabitai.ts.  The  mimber  tiou  to  do  justice  according  to  law  and  evidence.  No 
of  representatives  shaV  not  be  less  than  twenty-sevi-n,  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concun-ence  of 
nor  more  than  thirty  six,  until  the  numberoT  inhabitants  two- thirds  of  all  the  senators  present, 
withmthisstateshallaraount  to  one  hundred  thousand;  23.  The  governor,  and  all  other  civil  officers  under 
and  the  number  of  senators  shall  never  be  less  than  one  this  state,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misde- 
third  uor  move  than  one  half  of  the  number  of  repre-  meanoi-  in  office ;  but  judgment  in  such  eases  shall  not 
sentatives.  extend  further  than  to  removalfrom  office  and  disqualifi- 

6.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  has  not  arrivtd  at  cation  to  hold  any  officeofhonour,profit,or  trust,  under 
the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  who  shall  not  be  a  citizen  this  state.  The  party,  whether  convicted  or  acquitted, 
of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not  have  resided  one  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judg- 
year  in  the  county  or  district  in  which  he  shall  be  cho-  ment,and  punishment,  according  to  !aw. 

sen  immediately  preceding  his  election,  if  such  county  24  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly,  shall 
or  district  shall  luive  been  so  long  erected  ;  but  if  not,  commence  on  the  first  Mojiday  of  October  next;  and  for 
then  within  the  limits  of  the  county  or  counties,  district  ever  after  the  general  assembly  shall  meet  on  the  first 
ordistrictSjOUt  of  which  thesame  shall  have  been  taken;  Monday  in  Ueetmber  next  ensuing  the  election  of  the 
unless  he  shall  have  betn  absent  on  the  public  business  members  thereof,  and  at  no  other  period,  unless  as  pro- 
of the  United  States,  or  of  this  state,  and  shall  not,  more-  provided  by  this  constitution, 
over,  have  paid  a  state  or  county  tax.  25.  No  jiidge  of  any  ci.urt  of  law  or  equity,  secretary 

7.  Tl»e  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  when  as-  of  state,  attorney  general,  attorney  for  tlie  state,  regis- 
sembled,  shall  each  choose  a  speaker  and  its  othei'  offi-  ter,  clerk  of  any  court  of  record,  sheriff,  or  collector, 
cers,  (the  speaker  of  the  senate  excepted ;)  each  house  member  of  either  house  of  congress,  or  person  holding 
shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  and  elections  of  its  any  lucrative  office  under  the  United  Slates  or  this  state, 
members,and  sit  upon  its  ownadjomnments :  two  thirds  (provided  that  appointments  in  the  militia,  postmasters, 
of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  but  a  smaller  or  justices  of  the  peace  shall  not  be  considered  lucrative 
number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  compel  the  offices,)  shall  have  a  seat  in  the  general  assembly:  nov 
attendanceof  absent  members!           '  shall  any  person  holding  an  office  of  honour  or  proht 

8.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  under  the  govenment  of  the  United  States,  hold  any  of- 
and  publish  them  :  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members,  ficeof  honour  or  profit  under  the  authority  of  this  state, 
on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  any  two  of  them,  26.  EveiT  person  who  shall  be  chosi  n  or  appointed  to 
1^  entered  on  the  journals.  any  office  o'f  trust  ov  profit,  shall,  before  entering  upon 

9.  Any  two  members  of  either  house  shall  have  liber-  the  duties  thereof,  take  an  oath  to  stipport  the  constitu- 
ty  to  dissent  from,  and  protest  against,  any  act  or  reso-  tion  of  the  United  States,  and  of  this  state,  and  also  an 
■•rtf'in,  which  they  may  think  in|uiiou>  tu  the  public  or    oath  of  office. 

to  any  individual,  and'  have  the  reasons  of  their  dissent  27.  In  all  elections,  all  wliite  male  inhabitants,  above 

entered  on  the  journals.  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  the  state 

10.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro-  six  months  next  preceding  the  election,  shall  enjoy  the 
ceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour,  right  of  an  elector;  but  no  person  shall  be  entitled  to 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds,  expel  a  mem-  vote,  except  in  the  county  or  district  in  which  h&  shall 
ber,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause.  actually  reside  at  the  time  of  the  election. 

11.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  the  go-  28.  All  votes  shall  be  given  viva  core,  until  altered  by 
vemor,  or  he  person  exercising  the  jiowers  of  governor,  the  general  assembly. 

shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies.  29.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony, 

12.  Senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all  cases,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  prinleged  from  arrest  during 
except  treasiin,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privi-  their  attendance  at  elections,  and  ingoing  to  ond  re- 
leged  from  arrest  duruig  the  session  of  the  general  as-  turning  from  the  same. 

seinbly,  and  in  going  to,  and  returning  fiom,  the  same ;  30.  The  general  assenibl^'  shall  have  full  power  to  ex- 

and  foranv  speech  or  debate,  in  either  house,  they  shall  elude  from  the  jirivilege  of  electing,  or  being  elected, 

not  be  que'stioned  in  any  other  place.  any  person  convicted  of  bribery,  perjury,  or  any  other 

IS.  Each  house  may  punish,  by  imprisonment,  during  infamous  crime, 

its  session,  any  person,  not  a  inemlxr,    who  sliall  be  31.  In  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twen- 

guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disordei  ly  or  ty,  and  every  fifth  year  thereafter,  an  enumeration  of 

contemptuous  behaviour  in  their  presence  :  provided,  all  the  white  inhabitants  of  the  stale  shall  be  made,  in 

such  imprisonment  sliall  not,  at  any  one  time,  exceed  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

twenty-four  hours.  32.  All  bills  forraisingarevenueshall  originatein  the 

14.  The  doors  of  each  house,  and  of  committees  of  house  of  representatives,  subject,  however,  to  araend- 
the  whole,  shall  be  kept  open,  except  in  such  cases  as,  ment  or  rejection,  as  in  other  cases. 

in  the  opinion  of  the  house,  require  secrecy.    Neither  A-aTrrrv  'X 

houseshall,  without  the  consent  of  theother,  adjourn  Attiii-j.^  o. 

for  more  than  tw  odays,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  §  I.  The  executive  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested 

in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting.  in  a  governor. 

15.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  may  he  2.  The  first  election  of  governor  shall  commence  on 
altered,  amended,  or  rejected,  by  the  other.  the  third  Thursday  of  September  next,and  continuefor 

16.  Every  bill  sliall  be  read  on  three  different  days,  in  that  and  the  two  suceeedingdays;  and  the  nextelection 
each  Iiouse,  unless,  in  case  of  urgency,  three  fourths  of  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Monda)  of  August,  in  the  year 
the  house  where  such  bill  is  so  depending  shall  deem  it  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty- 
expedient  to  dispense  with  this  rule  :  and  evei-y  bill,  two.  And  for  ever  after,  elections  for  governor  shall 
having  passed  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speak-  be  held  once  in  lour  years,  on  the  first  Monday  of  Au- 
ers  of  their  respective  houses.  gust.    The  governor  shall  bt  chosen  by  the  electors  of 

17.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  state  shall  be,  "  Be  it  the  members  of  the  general  assembly, at  the  same  places 
enacted  by  the  people  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  representee/  in  and  in  the  same  manner  that  they  shai  1  respecti^  ely  vote 
the  general  asiemlihj.'^  for  members  thereof.    The  returns  for  every  election  of 

18.  The  generarassembly  of  this  jtate  shall  not  allow  governor  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat 
the  following  officers  of  government  greater  or  smaller  of  government,  by  the  returning  ofticei-s,directed  to  the 
annual  salaries  than  as  follows,  until  the  year  one  thou-  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  whoshallopen 
saiuBjeht  hundred  and  twenty-four:  the  governor  one  and  publish  them  in  the  presence  of  a  majority  of  the 
thuuHnd  dollars ;  and  the  secretary  of  state,  six  hundred  members  of  each  house  of  the  general  assembly.  The 
dollars.  person  having  the  highest  number  of  vores  shall  be  go- 

19.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  vernor;  but  if  two  or  more  be  equa!  and  highest  in  votes, 
for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  then  one  of  them  shall  be  chosen  governor  by  joint  bal- 
any  civil  office  under  this  state,  which  shall  have  been  lot  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly.  Contested 
created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have  been  in-  elections  shall  he  determined  by  both  Iiouses  of  the  de- 
creased, during  such  time.  neral  assembly,  insucli  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 

20.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  law. 

in  consequence  of  sippi'opriations  made  by  law.  3.    The  fii-st  governor  shall  hold  his  office  tmtil  the 

21.  An  accurate  statement  of  the  receipts  and  expen-  first  Monday  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
ditures  of  the  public  money,  shall  be  attached  to  and  '  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-two,  and  until  an- 
published  with  the  laws,  at  the  rising  of  each  session  of  other  governor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified  to  office  ; 
the  ceneral  ao'»inb!y.  and  for  ever  after  the  go'Crnor  shall  hohl  his  ofiiee  toy 


CONSTITUTION  OF  ILLflNOlS. 


103 


liie  term  of  four  yeare,  ami  until  another  governor  shall 
be  elected  ami  qualified;  but  he  shall  not  lie  eligible  for 
more  than  four  years  in  any  term  of  ei.c;ht  vi  ars.  He 
shall  be  at  least  thirty  vears  of  ag;e,  and  have  been  a  ci- 
tizen of  the  United' States  thirty  yca:s,  two  years  of 
which,  next  precediiisf  his  e'ection,  he  shall  hare  re- 
sided within  the  limits  of  thisstate. 

•1.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  s;lre  the  ^neral  as- 
sembly information  of  the  state  of  the  goveniment,  and 
recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  deem  expedient. 

5.  He  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  par- 
dons, after  conviction,  except  in  eases  of  impeachment. 

(3.  The  g:overuorsliall,at  stated  times,  receive  a  salary 
for  his  services,  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  di- 
minished during  the  terra  for  which  he  shall  have  been 
elected. 

7.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the 
officeis  in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject 
relating  to  the  duties  of  theirrespectiveoffices,  andsDali 
take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed. 

8.  When  any  officer,  the  ripht  of  w  hose  appointment 
is,  by  this  constitution,  vested  in  the  neneral  assembly, 
or  in  the  governor  and  senate,  shall,  during  the  recess, 
die,  or  his  office  by  any  means  become  vacant,  the  go- 
vernor shall  have  power  to  fill  such  vacancy.by  jrrantiiig 
a  commission,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly. 

9.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
general  assembly,  by  proclamation,  and  shall  state  to 
them,  when  assembled,  the  purpose  for  w  hich  they  shall 
have  been  convened. 

10.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when  they 
shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

11.  There  shall  be  elected  in  each  and  every  county 
in  the  said  state,  by  those  who  are  qualified  to  vote  for 
members  of  the  general  assembly,  and  at  the  same  times 
and  places  where  the  elections  for  such  members  shall 
be  held,  one  sheriflf  and  one  coroner,  whose  election 
shall  be  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall  te 
prescribed  by  law.  The  said  sheriffs  and  coroners  re- 
spectively, when  elected,  shall  continue  in  office  two 
yean,  be  subject  to  removal  and  disqualification,  and 
such  other  rules  and  regulations  as  maybe,from  time  to 
time,  prescribed  by  law. 

12.  In  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  houses, 
with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  the  governor 
shall  have  power  to  adjouni  the  general  assembly  to 
such  time  as  he  thinks  proper,  provided  it  be  not  to  a 
period  bejond  the  next  constitutional  meeting  of  the 
same. 

13.  A  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  chosen  at  every 
election  for  a  governor,  in  the  same  manner,  continue 
in  office  for  the  same  time,  and  possess  the  same  quali- 
fication«.  In  voting  for  governor  and  ht-utenant  go- 
vernor, the  electors  shall  distinguish  whom  they  vote  for 
as  governor,  and  whom  ai  lieut  nant  governor. 

14.  He  shall,  by  virtue  o!  his  office,  be  speaker  of 
the  senate  ;  have  a  right,  when  in  committee  of  the 
whole,  to  debate,  and  vote  on  all  subjects,  and,  when 
ever  the  senate  are  equally  divided,  to  give  the  casting 
vote. 

15.  AVhcnevcr  the  government  shall  he  administered 
by  the  lieutenant  go>ernor,  or  he  shall  be  unable  to  at- 
tend as  speaker  of  the  senate,  the  senate  shall  elect 
one  ot  their  own  members  as  speaker  for  that  occasion. 
And  if,  duriitg  the  vacancy  of  the  office  of  govenior, 
the  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  impeached,  removed 
from  office,  refuse  to  qualify,  resign,  die,  or  be  absent 
from  the  state,  the  speaker  of  the  senate,  shall,  in  like 
manner, administer  the  government. 

16.  The  lieutenant  governor,  while  he.Tcts  as  s;ieak- 
er  of  the  senate,  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  same 
compen|ation  which  shall,  for  the  same  period,  be 
allowed'to  the  speaker  of  the  house  ofieprc-i^ntatives, 
and  no  more  :  And  during  the  lime  he  ad'iiiiiisters  the 
government,  as  governor,  he  shall  receive  the  same  com- 
pensation which  the  govrmor  would  have  received  had 
he  been  employed  in  the  duties  of  liis  office. 

17.  If  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  he  called  upon 
to  administer  the  government,  and  shall,  while  in  such 
administration,  resign, die,  or  beahsint  from  the  state, 
during  the  recess  of  the  general  assembly,  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  secretary,  for  the  time  being,  to  convene 
the  senate  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  a  speaker. 

18.  In  caseofan  impeachment  of  the  !';overnor,  his  re- 
moval from  office, death,  refusal  to  qtialily,  resignation, 
or  absence  from  ilie  state,  the  lieutenant  governor  shall 
exercise  all  the  power  and  authority  appertaining  to 
the  offit^e  of  governor,  until  tUe  time  voint?.d  nut  bv  this 


constitution  for  the  election  of  governor  stall  arrive, 
unless  the  general  assembly  shall  provide  by  law  (ov 
the  election  of  a  governor  to  fill  such  vacancy. 

19.  The  governor,  for  the  time  being,  and  the  Judges 
of  the  supreme  court,  or  a  major  part  of  them,  together 
with  the  governor,  shall  be  and  are  hereby  constituted 
a  council  to  revise  all  bills  about  to  be  passed  into  laws 
by  the  general  assembly  ;  and  for  that  purpose  shall  as- 
semble themselves  from  time  to  time,  when  the  general 
asseiiibly  shall  be  convened ;  for  which,  nevertheless, 
they  shall  not  receive  any  salary  or  consideration,  un- 
dir  any  pretence  whatever  ;  and  all  bills  which  have 
passrd  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives;  shall, 
before  they  become  law?,  bi  presented  to  the  said  coun- 
cil for  thtir  revisal  ^nd  consideration  ;  and  if,  upon  such 
revisal  and  consideration,  it  should  appear  improper 
to  the  said  council,  or  a  majority  of  them,  that  the  bill 
should  become  a  law  ot  this  state,  thi  y  shall  return  the 
same,  together  with  tiieirohjectioiis  thereto,  in  writing, 
to  the  senate  or  house  oJ  repiesentatives,  (in  whichso- 
ever the  same  shall  have  originaied)  who  shall  enter 
the  objections  set  down  by  the  council,  at  large,  in  their 
minutes,  and  proc  ed  to  nconsider  the  said  bill.  But 
if,  alter  such  reconsideration,  the  said  senate  or  house 
of  representatives  shall, notwithstanding  the  said  objec- 
tions, agree  to  pass  the  same,  by  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  members  elected,  it  shalC  together  with  the 
said  objections,  be  sent  to  the  other  branch  of  the  gene- 
ral ass  -nibly,  where  it  shall  also  be  reconsid'  red ;  and, 
if  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the  menibers  elected, it 
shall  becon.e  a  law  It  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned 
within  ten  days  after  it  shtll  have  been  presented,  the 
samt  shall  b.  a  law  ;  unless  th^  gemral  assembly  shall, 
by  th(  ir  adjournment,  render  a  iviurn  of  the  said  bill, 
in  ten  days,  impracticable;  in  which  case  the  said  bill 
shall  be  returned  on  the  first  day  of  the  meeting  of  the 
general  assembly  after  the  expiration  ot  the  said  ten 
days,  or  be  a  law. 

20.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  oi  the  senate,  appoint  a  secre- 
tary of  state,  who  shall  keep  a  fair  register  of  the  offi- 
cial acts  of  the  governor ;  and ,  when  required,  shall  lay 
the  same,  and  all  papers, minutes, and  vouchers, relative 
thereto,  before  either  branch  of  the  general  assembly, 
and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  shall  he  assigned 
him  by  law. 

21.  Thr  state  trca5urer,and  ptiblic  printer  or  printers 
for  the  state,  shall  lie  appointed  biennially,  by  the  joint 
vote  of  both  brsnches  of  the  general  assembly:  Provided, 
that  during  the  r -cess  of  the  same,  the  governor  shall 
have  power  to  fill  such  vacancies  as  may  happen  iu 
either  of  said  offices. 

22.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with 
the  adnce  and  consent  of  the  senate, appoint  all  officers 
whose  offices  are  established  by  this  constitution,  or 
shall  be  established  by  law,  and  whose  appointments  ■ 
are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for  :  Provided,  how- 
ever, that  inspectors,  Cdlitctors,  and  their  deputies,  sur- 
veyors of  tlie  highways,  constables,  jailors,  and  such  in- 
ferior officers  whose  jurisdiction  may  be  confined  within 
the  limits  of  the  county,  shall  lie  appointed  in  such 
manner  as  the  general  assembly  shall  presqribe. 

AHTICLE  4. 

«  1.  The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested 
in  one  supreme  court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  ihe 
general  assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time,  ordain  and 
establish. 

2.  The  supreme  co'ivt  shall  beholdenattheseatof  go- 
vernment,and  shall  have  an  appellate  jurisdiction  only; 
except  in  cases  relating  to  the  revenue,  in  cases  of  nion- 
Jainus,  and  in  such  cases  of  impeachment  as  maybe  re- 
quired to  he  tried  before  it. 

S.  rhe  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  a  cliief  justice, 
and  three  associates,  any  two  of  whom  shall  form  a  quo- 
rum. The  number  of  justices  may,  however,  be  in- 
creased, by  the  gejieral  assembly,  after  tlie  year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-four. 

4.  The  justices  of  the  supreme  court,  and  the  judges 
of  the  inferior  courts,  shall  be  appointed  by  joint  ballot 
of  both  branches  of  the  general  assembly,  and  commis- 
sioned by  the  governor,  and  s'nall  hold  their  offices  dur- 
ing good  behaviour,  until  the  end  of  the  first  session  of 
the  general  assembly,  which  shall  be  begun  and  held 
after  the  first  d.iy  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lortl 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-four,  at  which 
times  their  commissions  shall  expire :  and  until  the  ex- 
piratin'n  of  which  time,  the  said  justices  respectively 
shall  ho'd  circuit  coiuts  in  the  several  counties,  in  such 
njaiiriLi'-  sntl  ar  such  i.imts,  art!  shall  haVe  and  o.\eiciji5 


1W4 


C0NSTITUTI03T  OP  ILLIKOIS, 


such  juvisdielion,  as  the  generalassembly  shall  bylaw 
prescribe.  But  ever  after  tlie  afotesaid  period ,  the  jus- 
tices of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  commissioned  during 
good  behaviour,  and  the  jtistices  thereof  shall  not  liold 
circtiit  courts,  unless  required  by  law. 

5,  The  judges  of  the  Inferior  courts  shall  hold  their 
ofRcts  durii^  good  behaviour  :  but  for  any  reasonable 
cause,  which  shall  not  be  uufHcient  ground  for  impeach- 
ment, both  the  j  ndees  of  the  su  jireme  and  inferior  con  rts 
shall  be  removed  from  office,  on  the  address  of  two 
thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  general  assembly:  Provided, 
always,  that  no  member  of  either  house  of  the  general 
assemblv,  nor  any  person  connected  with  a  member  by 
consanguinity  or  affinity,  shall  be  appointed  to  fill  the 
vacancy  occasioned  by  such  reraoviil.  The  said.justices 
of  the  supreme  court,  during  their  temporary  appoint- 
ments, shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand 
dollars,  payable  quarter-yearly  out  of  tlie  public  trea- 
sury. The  judges  of  the  iiiferior  courts,  and  the  justices 
of  the  supreme  courts,  who  may  be  appointed  after  the 
end  of  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly,  which 
shall  be  begun  and  held  after  the  first  day  o''  .Tinuary, 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hunurcd  ana 
twenty-four,  shall  have adeq uate  and  competent  sr  laries, 
which  shall  not  be  diminished  di:vinp  thcjr  continu  inte 
in  office. 

6,  The  supreme  court,  or  a  majority  of  the  justices 
thereof,  the  circuit  coe.rts,  or  the  justices  thereof,  shall 
respectively  appoint  their  own  clerks. 

7,  All  process,  writs,  and  other  proceeding,  sluill  run 
in  the  name  of,  "the  people  of  the  state  of  Illinois." 
All  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  and  by 
the  authority  of  "  the  people  of  thestate  of  IHir.ois;"  and 
conclude, "  against  t)ie  peace  and  dignity  of  the  same." 

8,  A  com])etent  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  shall 
be  appointed  in  each  county,'in  such  manner  as  the  ge- 
neral assembly  may  direct,  whose  time  of  service,  pow- 
er, and  duties,  shall  be  i-egulated  and  defined  by  law. 
And  justices  of  the  peace,  when  so  appointed,  shall  he 
commissioned  by  the  governor. 

ARTICLE  5. 
§  1.  The  militia  of  the  state  of  Illinois  shall  consist  of 
all  free,  male  able-bodied  persons,  (negx-oes,  mulat- 
toes,  and  Indians  excepted.)  resident  in  the  state,  be- 
tween the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years;  except 
such  persons  as  now  are,  or  hereafter  may  be,  exempted 
by  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  state  :  and 
shall  be  armed,  equipped,  and  trained,  as  the  general 
assembly  may  provide  by  law. 

2.  No  person  or  pei-sons  conscientiously  scrupulous  of 
bearing  arms  shaH  be  compelled  to  do  militia  duty  in 
time  of  peace,  provided  such  person  or  persons  shall  pay 
an  equivalent  for  such  exemption. 

3.  Company,  battalion,  and  regimental  officers,  staff 
officers  excepted,  shall  be  elected  by  the  persons  coni- 
posing  their  several  companies,  battalions,  and  regi- 
ments. 

4.  Brigadier  and  majors  general  shall  be  elected  by 
the  officers  of  tlieir  brigades  and  divisions  respectively. 

5.  All  militia  officers  shall  be  commissioned  by  the 
governor,  antl  may  hold  their  commissions  during  good 
beha-\-iour,or  until  they  arrive  at  the  age  of  sixty  years. 

6.  The  militia  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felo- 
ny, or  breach  of  tiie  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest 
during  their  attendance  at  musters,  and  elections  of  ofTi- 
ccrs,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same. 

AKTICLE  6. 

5  1.  Neither  slaveiy  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall 
hereafter  be  introduced  into  this  state,  otherwise  than 
for  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  sliall 
have  been  duly  convicted  :  nor  shall  any  male  person, 
arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  nor  female  per- 
son,arrived  at  the  ageof  eiglitetn  3ears,beheld  to  serve 
any  person,  as  a  servant,  uniler  an)  indenture  hi  nafter 
made,  unless  such  person  shall  enter  into  such  indinture 
while  in  a  state  of  perfect  freedom,  and  on  condition  of  a 
bona  f.ile  consideration,  i  eceived,  or  to  be  received,  for 
their  service.  Nor  shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro  or 
mulatto,  hereafter  made  and  executed  out  of  this  state, 
or,  if  made  in  this  state,  where  (he  term  of  service  exceeds 
one  year,  be  of  the  least  validity,  except  those  given  in 
cases  <<f  apprenticeship. 

2.  No  person  bound  to  labour  in  any  other  state  shall 
be  hired  10  labour  in  thi?  state,  except  within  thetrjct 
reserved  ibrthff  salt  woiIcs,near  Sliawncetown ;  nor  even 
at  that  place  for  a  longer  period  than  one  year  at  any 
one  time  :  nor  shall  it  beallowed  there afier  llie  year 
cr.e  thousand  eight  hundred  and  tv;enty-five  ;  any  visi- 
lation  of  this  article  shall  effect  the  emancipation  of 
sncli  person  frCfTi  ni?  obli^^ion  to  sr-rviee. 


3.  Each  and  every  person  who  has  been  bound  to  sef' 
\\ce  bj-  contract  or  indenture,  in  virtue  of  the  laws  of 
the  Illinois  territorj',  heretofore  existing,and  in  confor- 
mity to  the  provisions  of  the  same,  without  fraud  or 
collusion,  shall  beheld  toaspecific  performance  of  their 
contracts  or  indentures  ;  and  such  nearroes  and  mulat- 
toes  as  have  been  registered,  in  conformity  with  the 
aforesaid  laws,  shall  serve  out  tlie  time appointedby  said 
laws  :  Provided,  however,  that  the  children  hereafter 
born  of  such  persons,  negroes  or  mulattoes,  shall  be- 
come free,  the  males  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  the 
females  ar  the  age  of  eighteen  yeai-s.  Each  and  every 
child  born  of  indentured  parents  shall  be  entered  witU 
the  clerk  of  the  county  in  which  they  reside,  by  their 
owners,  within  sis  months  after  the  birtli  of  said  child. 

AUTICtE  7. 

J  1.  Wlienever  two  thirds  of  the  general  assembly 
shall  think  it  necessary  to  alter  or  amend  this  consti- 
tution, they  shall  recoiiunend  to  the  electors,  at  the  next 
election  of  members  ot  the  general  assembly,  to  vote  Ibr 
or  against  a  convention  ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  a 
majority  of  all  the  citizenscf  thestate,  voting  for  repre- 
sentatives, have  vot.eri  for -a  convention,  the  general  as- 
sembly shall,  at  their  next  session,  call  a  convention,  to 
consist  of  as  many  members  as  there  may  be  in  the  gene- 
ral assembly,  to  be  chosen  in  the  same  manner,  at  the 
same  place,  and  by  the  same  electors  that  choose  the 
general  assembly,  and  which  convention  shall  meet 
within  three  months  after  the  said  election,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  revising,  altering,  or  amending  this  constitu- 
tion. 

ARTICLK    8. 

That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles  of 
liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  un- 
alterably established,  we  declare, 

5  1.  That  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  indepen- 
dent, and  have  certain  inherent  and  indefeasible  rights; 
among  which  are  those  of  enjoying  and  defending  life 
and  libert5-,and  of  acquiring,possessing, and  protecting 
property  and  reputation,  and  of  pursuing  tlieir  own 
happiness. 

2.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people ;  and  all 
free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority,  and 
instituted  for  their  peace,  safety,  and  happiness. 

3.  Tliat  all  men  "lave  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right 
to  woi-ahip  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of 
tlieir  own  conscience's ;  ihat  no  man  can  of  right  be  com- 
pelled to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any  place  of  worshiji, 
or  to  maint.iin  any  ministry  against  his  consent;  that  no 
human  authoritv  can,  in  any  case  whateve;*,  control  or 
interfere  with  tlie  rights  of  conscience ;  and  that  no  pre- 
ference shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  esta- 
blishments or  modes  of  worship. 

4.  That  no  religious  test  shall  ever  he  required  as  a 
qualification  to  any  office,  or  public  trust,  under  this 
state. 

5.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal. 

6.  That  the  right  of  the  trial  by  jury  shall  remain  in- 
violate. 

7.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  tlieir  persons, 
houses,  papers,  and  possessions,  from  unreasonable 
searches  and  seiziiris,  and  that  general  w  arraiits,  w  here- 
by an  officer  may  be  commanded  to  search  suspected 
places,  without  evidence  of  the  fact  committed,  or  to 
seize  any  pei-son  or  persons,  not  named,  whose  oifeuces 
are  not  particularly  <lescribed  and  supported  by  evi- 
dence, are  dangerous  to  liberty,  and  ought  not  to  be 
granted. 

S.  That  no  freeman  shall  be  imprisoned,  or  disseized 
of  !iisfre(li;)!d,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or  outlawed,  or 
exiled,  or  in  nny  manner  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty,  or 
property,  but  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the  law 
of  the  land.  ,\  nd  all  'lands  which  have  been  g^ranted  as 
a  common  to  the  iiilis-.bitaiits  of  any  town,  hpmlet,  vil- 
lage, or  corporation,  by  any  person,  body  politic  or  cor- 
porate, or  bv  any  government  having  power  to  make 
such  grant,  shall  for  ever  remain  common  to  the  inha- 
bit;ii.fsof  such  town,  hamlet,  village,  or  corporation  ; 
and  the  said  commons  shall  not  be  Icnsed,  sold,  ordivj- 
d'd.  under  nnv  pretence  whatever:  Provided,  however, 
that  nothing  in  this  section  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
affect  the  commons  of  Cahokia  orPrairie  Oupont:  Pro- 
viih'd,  also,  that  the  general  assembly  shall  have  povrer 
and  authority  to  grant  ti.e  same  privilege  to  the  inha- 
bit.ints  of  the  said  villages  of  Cahokia  and  Prairie  Du- 
poiit  as  are  hereby  granted  to  the  inhabitants  of  other 
towns,  I'.amkts,  and  villages. 

U.  That, in  all  criminarpiosecutions,theaccusedhatU 
a  right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  counsel ;  to  demanct 
the  nrttt'.rc  p.Titl  oni:''     "   '      -— 'ni?!ii.<on  a^alrtsl  Iiitu  i 


COXSTfTUTiOK  OF  ILLIISOIb, 


^103 


to  meet  llic  witnesses  iace  to  face ;  to  have  coniptiUory 
process  to  coaipel  the  attendance  of  witnesses  in  his  fa- 
vour ;  and,  in  prosecutions  by  indictment  or  intbrma- 
tion,  n  speedy  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the 
vicina;je ;  aiid  that  he  shall  not  be  compelled  to  give 
evidence  as^ainst  Iiimself. 

10.  That  no  person  shall,  for  any  indiclahle  olTence, 
he  proceeded  against  criminally,  by  infonriation, except 
in  eases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  the  militia 
when  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  dan- 
ger, by  leave  of  the  courts,  for  oppression  or  misdemean- 
or in  office. 

11.  No  ppison  shall,  for  the  same  offence,  be  twice 
pat  in  jeopardy  of  his  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  any  raan''s 
property  be  taken  or  applied  to  public  use  without  the 
consent  of  his  represtrntaiives  in  the  general  assembly, 
nor  without  ji;st  compensation  being;  made  to  him. 

12.  Every  pei-son  within  this  state  oui;ht  to  find  a  cer- 
tain remedy  in  the  laws  for  all  injuries  or  wronps  which 
he  may  receive  in  his  person,  property,  or  character; 
he  ought  to  obtain  right  and  justice  freely,  and  without 
being  obliged  to  purchase  it ;  completely,  and  without 
denial, promptlyand  without  delay,  conformably  to  the 
laws. 

13.  That  all  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient 
sureties,  unless  for  capital  oflences,  where  the  proof  is 
evident  or  the  presumption  great :  and  the  privilege  of 
the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 
when  in  casesof  rebellion, or  invasion, the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

14.  All  penalties  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  nature 
of  the  offence— the  true  design  of  all  punishments  being 
to  refonu,  not  to  exterminate  mankind. 

15.  No  person  shall  be  impris<med  for  debt.  Unless 
"upon  refusal  to  deliver  up  his  estate  for  the  benefit  of 

his  crediton,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prtscribed  by 
!bw,  or  in  cases  where  there  is  strong  presumption  of 
fraud. 

16.  No  ex  post  facto  law,  nov  any  law  impairing  tlie 
validity  of^  contracts,  shall  ever  be  made  ;  and  no  con- 
viction shall  work  Corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture  of 
estate. 

17.  That  no  pei-son  shall  be  liable  to  be  tmnsported 
out  of  this  state,  for  any  offence  committed  w.thin  the 
same. 

18.  That  a  frequent  recurrence  to  the  fundamental 
principles  of  civil  government  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
preserve  the  blessings  of  liberty. 

19.  That  the  people  have  a  right  to  assemble  together, 
in  a  peaceable  manner,  to  consult  for  their  common 
good,  to  instruct  their  representatives,  and  to  appiy  to 
thegeneral  assembly  for  redress  of  grievances. 

20.  Tliat  the  mode  of  levying  a  tax  shall  be  by  valua- 
tion ;  so  that  every  person  shall  jiay  a  tax  in  proportion 
to  the  value  of  the  property  he  or  she  has  in  his  or  her 
possession. 

21.  That  there  shall  be  no  other  bnnks  or  moneyed 
institutions  in  this  state,  but  those  already  provided  by 
law,  except  a  state  bank  and  its  braiiehes,  which  gnny 
be  established  and  rega'.atcd  by  the  general  assimbly  of 
the  state,  as  they  may  think  proper. 

22.  The  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  every  person 
who  undertaJces  to  eiarnine  the  proceedings  of  tlic  ge- 
neral assembly,  or  of  any  branch  of  government ;  and 
no  law  shall  ever  be  m.Hde  to  restrain  the  right  thereof. 
The  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  i* 
one  of  the  invaluable  rights  of  man,  and  every'  citizen 
may  freely  speak,  write,  and  print,  on  any  subject,  be- 
ing responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty. 

S?.  In  prosecutions  for  the  publication  of  papers  m- 
vtstigaiing  the  offlcial  conduct  of  ufficers  or  of  o-.tnact- 
ing  in  a  public  capacity,  or  v.  here  the  matter  published 
is  proper  for  public  iiii'u-mati<;n,  the  truth  tln-reoi'iiiay 
be  given  in  evidence  ;  and  in  all  indictments  for  libels, 
the  juiy  shall  have  the  right  of  determining  both  the 
law  and  the  fact,  under  the  direction  of  the  court,  as 
in  other  cases. 


SCHEDULE. 

y  1.  That  no  in  conveniences  may  arisefrom  thechanfje 
of  a  territorial  to  a  permanent  state  government,  it  is 
declared  by  the  convention,  that  all  rights,  suits,  ac- 
tions, prosecutions,  claims,  and  contracts,  both  as  it  re- 
spects individuals  and  bodies  corporate,  shall  continue 
as  if  no  change  had  taken  place  in  this  government,  in 
virtue  of  the  laws  now  in  force. 

2.  All  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  due  and  owing 
to  the  territory  of  Illinois,  shall  Inure  to  the  use  of 
the  state.  All  bonds  executed  to  the  governor,  or  to  aov 
ether  officer  in  his  ofRcial  capacity  in  t'he  taritory,  sliafl 


pass  over  to  the  governor  or  to  the  officers  of  tlie  state^ 
and  their  successors  in  office,  for  the  use  of  the  state,  by 
him  or  by  them  to  be  respectively  assigned  over  to  the 
use  of  those  concerned,  as  the  case  may  be. 

3.  No  sheriff,  or  collector  of  public  moneys,  shall  be 
eligible  to  any  office  in  this  state,  until  they  have  paid 
over,  according  to  law,all  moneys  which  tliey  may  have 
collected,  by  virtue  of  their  respective  offices. 

4.  Thereshall  beelected  in  each  county  three  county 
commissioncrs,for  the  pui^pose  of  transacting  all  county 
business,  whose  time  of  ser\  ice,  power,  and  duties,shaU 
be  regulated  and  defined  by  law. 

5.  The  governor,  secretai-y,  and  judges,  and  all  other 
oflicers  under  the  territorial  government,  shall  continue 
in  the  exercise  of  the  duti«s  of  their  respective  depart- 
ments, until  the  said  officers  are  superseded  under  the 
authority  of  tliis  constitution. 

6.  The  governor  of  this  state  shall  make  use  of  his 
private  seal,  until  a  state  seal  shall  be  provided. 

7.  The  oaths  of  office  herein  directed  to  be  taken,  may 
be  administered  by  any  justice  of  the  peace,  until  tbc 
general  assembly  shall  otherwise  direct. 

8  Until  the  first  census  shall  be  taken,  as  directed  by 
this  con'.tiU'tion,  the  county  of  Madison  shall  be  entitled 
to  one  senator  and  three  lepresentatives;  thecotintyof 
St.  Claii- 10  one  senator  and  three  representatives  ;  the 
county  of  Bond  to  one  senator  and  one  representative ; 
the  county  of  Washington  to  one  senator  and  one  repre- 
sentative ;  the  county  of  Monroe  to  one  senator  and  one 
representatives ;  the  cor.nty  of  Randolph  to  one  senator 
and  two  representatives;  the  county  of  Jackson  to  one 
si-'iator  and  one  representative  ;  the  counties  of  John- 
son and  Franklin  to  form  one  senatorial  district,  and  to 
be  untitled  to  one  senator,  and  each  county  to  one  re- 
presentative ;  the  county  of  Union  to  one  senator  and 
two  representativt-s  ;  the  county  of  Pope  to  one  senator 
and  two  representatives  ;  the  county  of  Gallatin  to  one 
senator  and  three  representatives  ;  the  county  of  White 
to  one  senator  and  three  representatives  ;  the  county  of 
Edwards  to  one  senator  and  two  representatives  ;  and 
the  county  of  Crawford  to  one  senator  and  two  repre« 
seutatives. 

9.  The  president  of  the  convention  shall  issue  wrifS 
of  election,  directed  to  the  several  sheriffs  of  the  several 
counties,  or  in  case  of  the  absence  or  disability  of  any 
sheriff,  then  to  the  deputy  sht;rifF,  and  in  case  of  the  ab- 
sence or  disability  of  the  deputy  sheriff,  then  such  writ 
to  be  directed  to  tlie  coroner,  requiring  them  to  cause 
an  election  to  be  held  for  governor,  lieutenant  govern- 
or, representative  to  the  present  congress  of  the  United 
States,  and  members  of  the  general  assembly,  and  she- 
riifs  and  coroners,  in  the  respective  counties ;  such  elec- 
tion to  commence  on  the  third  Thursday  of  September 
next,  and  to  continue  for  that  and  the  two  succeeding 
days ;  and  which  election  shall  be  conducted  in  the  man- 
ner prescribed  b5  the  existing  election  laws  of  the  Illi- 
nois territory ;  and  the  said  goveraor,  lieutenant  govern- 
or, members  of  the  general  assembly,  sheriffs,  and  core- 
neis,  then  duly  elected,  shall  continue  to  exercise  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices  for  the  time  prescribed 
by  this  constitution,  and  until  their  successor  or  sueces- 
sovs  arr  qualified,  aud  no  longer. 

10.  Ail  auditor  oi  public  accounts,  an  attorney  gene- 
ral, and  such  other  officers  for  the  state  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary, mpy  be  appointed  by  the  general  assembly, 
whose  duties  may  be  regulated  by  law. 

il.  It  shall  be'the  duty  of  the  general  ^sembly  to  en- 
act such  !av\  s  as  uiay  be  necessary  and  proper  to  prevent 
the  pi~actice  of  duelling. 

li.  AUwliite  male  imiabitants, above  the  age  of  twen- 
tj'-one  years,  who  sliali  be  actual  residents  of  tl.is  state 
at  the  signing  ot  this  coiistitutioi:,  shall  have  a  right  to 
a  voti-  at  iiie  election  to  be  held  on  the  third  Thursday, 
and  the  two  following  days,  of  September  next. 

13.  The  sea:  of  government  for  the  state  shall  be  at 
Kaskaskia,  until  the  gener.-il  asstmbly  shall  othenvise 
provide.  The  general  assembly,  at  their  first  session, 
ho'deii  under  the  authority  of  this  constitution,  shall 
petition  the  c  ongress  of  the  United  States  to  grant  to 
this  state  aquanlity  of  laud,  to  consist  of  not  more  than 
four  nor  less  than  one  section,  or  to  give  to  this  state  the 
right  of  pre-emption  ir.  the  purchase  of  the  said  quaD-» 
lily  of  tand.  The  said  land  to  be  situate  on  the  Kaskas- 
kia river,  and,  as  near  as  may  be,  east  of  the  third  prin- 
cipa!  meridian  on  said  river.  Should  the  prayer  of  such 
jietition  be  granted,  the  general  assembly,  at  their  next 
session  thereafter,  shall  provide  fiir  the  appointment  of 
five  conniiissioners  to  make  the  selection  of  said  land  so 
granted;  and  shall  further  provide  for  laying  out  a  town 
upon  the  land  so  selected  ,  which  town,  so  laid  out,shalI 
be  the  seat  of  government  of  this  state  for  the  term  of 
twenty  rears.  Should,  however,  the  prayer  of  said  pe- 
tition ntrt  hp  grantetl,  fhe  gtTif?iM  aSPlmbly  sbaJl  \a.-"s 


IQC 


C0N5T1TUT10X  OF  ALABAMA. 


power  to  make  suth  provision  for  a  permaneDt  seat  of 
government  as  may  be  nccessai")',  and  sball  fix  the  same 
where  they  may  think  best. 

14.  Any  person  of  thirty  years  of  age,  who  is  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  has  resided  within  the  limits 
of  tills  state  two  years  next  precedinp:  his  election,  shall 
he  eligible  to  the  office  of  lieuteaantgovernor,anything; 
in  the  thirteenth  section  of  the  third  article  of  this  con- 
stitution contained,  to  the  contrai-y  notwithstanding. 
Done  in  convention,  at  Kaskaskia,  the  twenty-sixth 
day  of  August,  in  the  ycaroi'ourLord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighteen,  and  of  the  Indepen- 
dence ol  the  United  States  of  America  the  forty- 
thirc!. 
In  testimony  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  subscribed 
cur  names : 

JESSE  B.  THOMAS, 

President  nfthe  Convention. 
John  Messinger,  Seth  Gaid, 

.Tames  Lcmen,  jr.  Levi  Compton, 

George  Fisher,  Willis  Hargrave, 

Elias  Kent  Kane,  Wm.  M'Henry, 

Caldwell  Carnes,  Conrad  AVill, 

Enoch  Moore,  James  Hall,  jr. 

Samuel  Omelveny,  Joseph  Kitchell, 

Hamlet  Ferguson,  Ed.  N.  Culloni, 

B.  Stephenson,  Thos.  Kirkpatrick, 

Joseph  Borough,  Samuel  G.  Morse, 

Abraham  Prickett,  William  Echols, 

Michael  Jones,  John  Wliiteaker, 

Leonard  White,  Andrew  Bankson, 

Adolphus  F.  Hubbard,         Isham  Harrison, 
Hezekiah  West,  Thomas  Roberts. 

William  M'Fatridge, 

Attest, 

William  C.  Greenup,  Secretary  to  the  Convention. 


AN  ORDINANCE. 

Whereas  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  in  the  act 
entitled,  "  An  aet  to  enable  the  people  of  the  Illinois 
territory  to  form  a  constitution  and  state  government, 
and  for  the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union,  on 
an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states,  passed  the  18th 
of  April,  1818,"  haveoffered  to  this  convention,  for  their 
free acceptance,orrejeetion, the  following  propositions, 
which,  if  accepted  by  the  convention,  are  to  be  obliga- 
tory upon  the  United  States,  viz : 

'*  1st.  That  section  numbered  sixteen,  in  every  town- 
ship, and  when  such  section  has  been  sold,  or  otherwise 
disposed  of,  other  lands  equivalent  thereto,  and  as  con- 
tiguous as  may  be,  shall  he  granted  to  the  state,  for  the 
use  of  the  inhabitants  of  such  township,  for  tlie  use  of 
schools. 

"  2d.  That  all  salt  springs  within  such  state,  and  the 
lands  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  same,  shall  be  granted 
to  the  said  state  for  the  use  of  the  said  state,  and  the 
same  to  be  used  under  such  terms,  and  conditions,  and 
regulations,  as  the  legislature  of  said  state  shall  direct; 
provided  the  legislature  shall  never  sell  nor  lease  the 
same  for  a  longer  period  than  ten  years,  at  any  one 
time. 

"  3d.  That  five  per  cent,  of  the  neat  proceeds  of  the 
land  lying  witliin  such  state,  and  which  shall  be  sold  by 


congress,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  on? 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  nineteen,  after  deducting 
all  expenst  s  incident  to  the  same,  shall  be  reserved  for 
the  purposes  following,  viz :  'I'wo  fifths  to  be  disbursed 
under  tlie  direction  of  congress,  in  making;  roads  lead- 
ing to  the  state,  the  residue  to  be  appropriated  by  the 
legislature  of  the  state  for  the  encouragement  of  learn- 
ing, of  which  one  sixth  part  shall  be  exclusively  bestow- 
ed on  a  college  or  university. 

"4ih.  That  thirty-six  seeno»is,oroneentire  township, 
which  shall  be  desijjnatedby  thepresidentof  the  United 
States,  together  with  the  one  heretofore  reserved  for 
that  pui-pose,  shall  be  reserved  for  the  use  of  a  seminary 
of  learning,  and  vested  in  the  legislature  of  the  said 
state,  to  be  appiuprialed  solely  to  the  use  of  such  semi- 
nary, by  the  said  legislature. 

And  whereas  the  f()iir  foregoing  propositions  are  offer- 
ed on  the  condition  that  this  convention  shall  provide, 
by  ordinance,  irrevocable  without  the  consent  of  the 
United  Slates,  that  every  and  each  tract  of  land  sold  by 
the  United  States,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  Janu- 
ry,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  nineteen,  shall  re- 
niain  exempt  from  any  tax,  laid  by  order,  or  under  the 
authority  ot  the  state,  whether  for  state,  county,  or  town- 
ship, or  any  other  purpose  whatever,  for  the  term  of  five 
years,  from  and  after  the  day  of  sale.  And  further,  that 
the  bounty  lands'granted,  or  hereafter  to  be  granted, 
for  militaiy  services,  during  the  late  war,  shall,  while 
they  continue  to  be  held  by  the  patentees,  or  their  heirs, 
remain  exempt,  as  aforesaid,  from  all  taxes.for  the  term 
of  three  years,  from  and  after  the  dale  of  the  patents 
respectively:  And  that  all  the  lands  belonging  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing  without  the  said 
state,  shall  never  be  taxed  higher  than  lands  belonging 
to  persons  residing  therein. 

'I'heretbre,  this  convention,  on  behalf  of,  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  people  of  the  state,  do  accept  of  the 
foregoing  propositions  ;  and  do  further  oi-daiu  and  de- 
clare, that  everj-  and  each  tract  ofland  sold  by  the  United 
States,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  nineteen,  shall  remain  exempt 
from  any  tax  laid  by  order  or  under  any  authority  of  the 
state,  whether  for  state,  county,  or  township,  or  any 
pnr]>ose  \\  hatcver,  for  the  term  of  five  years  from  and 
after  the  day  of  sale.  And  tliat  the  bounty  lands  grant- 
ed, or  hereafter  to  be  granted,  for  military  services, 
during  the  late  war,  shall,  while  they  continue  to  be 
held  by  the  patentees  or  their  heirs,  remain  exempt,  as 
aforesaid,  from  all  taxes,  for  the  term  of  three  years 
from  and  after  the  date  of  the  patents  respectively ;  and 
that  all  the  lands  belonging  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  residing  w  ithout  the  said  state,  shall  never  be 
taxed  higher  than  lands  belonging  to  persons  residing 
therein.  And  this  convention  do  further  ordpin  and  de- 
clare that  the  ibreguing  ordinance  shall  not  be  revoked, 
without  the  consent  of  the  United  States. 

Done  in  convention,  at  Kaskaskia,  the  25th  day  of 
August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1318,  and  of  the 
Bidependence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the 
43d. 

JESSE  B.  THOMAS, 

President  of  the  Convention. 
Attest, 

Win.  C.  Greenup, 

Secretary  to  the  Convention.^ 


CONSTITUTION  OF  ALABAMA. 


WE,  the  peeple  of  the  Alabama  territorj',  having  the 
right  of  admission  into  the  general  government,  as  a 
member  of  the  Union,  consistent  with  the  constitution 
and  laws  of  of  the  United  States,by  our  representatives, 
assembled  in  convention,  at  the  town  of  Huntsville,  on 
Monday,  the  fifth  day  of  July,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred aiid  nineteen,  in  pui-suance  of  an  act  of  congress, 
entitled,  "  An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  the  Alabama 
territory  to  form  a  constitution  and  state  government, 
and  for  the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union,  on 
an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states  ;"  in  order  to 
estatnish  justice,  ensure  tranquillity,  provide  for  tlie 


common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  se- 
cure to  ourselves  and  our  posterity  the  rights  of  life, 
liberty,and  property, do  ordainand  establish  thefollow- 
ing  constitution,  or  form  of  government ;  and  do  mu- 
tually agree  with  each  other  to  foiTn  ourselves  into  a 
free  and  independent  state,  by  the  name  of  "  the  state 
of  Alabama."  And  we  do  hereby  recognize,  confirm, 
and  establish  the  boundaries  assigned  to  said  state  by 
the  act  of  congress  aforesaid,  "to  wit:  Beginning  at  the 
point  where  tlie  thirly-fii-st  degree  of  north  latitude  in- 
tei-sects  the  Perdido  river ;  thence,  east,  to  the  western 
botuidary  line  of  the  state  of  Georgia ;  thence,  along 


CONSTITUTION  OF  ALABAMA.                                           107 

■said  line  to  the  southern  boundary  line  of  the  state  of  tation,  shall  have  lemcdy  by  due  course  of  law,  and 

Tennessee  ;  thence,  west,  along  said  boundary  line,  to  right  and  justice  administered  without  sale,  denial,  or 

the  Tennessee  river;  thence,  up  the  same,  to  the  mouth  delay. 

o(  Bear  creek;  thence,  by  a  direct  line.to  the  north-west  is.    No  powerof  suspending  laws  shall  be  exercisefl, 

comer  of  Washington  county ;  thence,  due  south,  to  except  by  the  general  assembly,  or  its  authority, 

the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ■  thence,  eastwaitlly,  including  all  iq.  Excessive  b.iil  shall  not  be  required  nor  excessive 

islands  within  six  leagues  of  the  shore,  to  the  Perdulo  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  punishments  inflicted, 

river;  and  thence,  up  the  same,  lo  the  beginning"—  ^^  ^11  persons  shall,  before  conviction  b.-  bailable  by 

subject  to  such  alteration  as  is  piovnlfd  in  the  ili.rd  sufficient  securities,  except  tor  capital  oftences,  when 
I^ri'Z.?,^  '!  ^'^^  t  "*"f?,'"^  "i"^  ^"''J^<=»  t°  *"'=''  en;  the  proof  is  evident  or  the  presumption  great ;  and  the 
i„^^To  •     as  niay  be  made  by  aw  la  consequence  of   „,;^\f^„^  „,-  ^5,^  ^^it  of  Imhens  corfms  shall  not  be  sus- 

of  ^hem                      '^    ^  ^^  ^°"*"^  ^'"''''  °'  ''"''^''  penriecrunless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion, 

the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

ARTICLE  1.  13.    The  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  rot 

T,     ,        ..         /•  n-    7.  strong  presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  detained  in 

Uectaration  oj  Rights.  j„.i,o^  .',ftp,.  jeliveving  up  his  estate,  for  the  benefit  ot 

That  the  general,  great,  and  essentia!  principles  of  his  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 

liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  law. 

established,  we  declare ;  19.  No  ex  fiost  facto  law,  nor  law  impairing  the  ohh- 

J  I.  That  all  freemen,  when  they  foi-m  a  social  com-  gation  of  contracts,  shall  be  made, 

pact,  are  equal  in  rights  ;  and  that  no  man,  or  set  of  20.  No  person  shall  be  attainted  of  tre.ison  or  felony 

men,  are  entitled  to  exclusive,  separate  public  emolu-  by  the  general  asseTi.bly.    No  attainder  shall  work  cor- 

ments  or  privileges,  but  in  consideration  of  public  ser-  ruption  of  blood,  nor  forfeiture  of  estate, 

vices.  21.  The  estates  of  suicides  shall  descend  or  vest  as  m 

2.  All  political  power  is  inherent  in  the  people  ;  and  cases  of  natural  death  ;  if  any  person  shall  be  killed  by- 
all  free  governments  are  founded  on  their  authority , and  cssualty,  there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  by  reason  thereof, 
instituted  for  their  benefit ;  and  therefore,  they  have,  .  22.  The  citizens  have  a  right,  in  a  peaceable  manner, 
at  all  times,  an  unaliLnable  and  indefeasible  right  to  al-  to  assemble  together,  for  their  common  good  ;  and  to 
ter,  reform.or  .-ibolish  their  form  of  government,  in  such  app'y  '»  '''"'''  invested  with  the  powers  of  governmeiit 
manner  as  they  may  think  <\pedient.  *'or  redress  of  grievances,  or  other  proper  purposes,  by 

3.  No  person  within  this  state  shall,  upon  any  pre-  petition,  address,  or  lemonstranee. 

tence,  be  deprivi-d  of  the  inestimable  privilege  of  wor-  23.  Every  citizen  has  a  right  to  bear  arms  in  defence 

shipping  God  in  the  manner  most  agreeable  to  his  own  of  himsell  and  the  state. 

conscience  ;  nor  be  compelled  to  attend  any  place  of  24.    No  standing  army  shall  be  kept  up,  without  the 

worship  ;  nor  shall  any  one  ever  be  obliged  to  pay  any  consent  of  the  general  assembly ;  and,  in  that  case,  no 

tythes,  taxes,  or  other  rate,  for  the  building  or  repair-  appropriation  of  money  for  its  support  shall  be  for  a 

ing  any  place  of  worship,  or  for  the  maintenance  of  longer  term  than  one  year  ;  and  the  military  shall,  in 

any  minister  or  ministry.  all  cases,  and  at  all  times,  be  in  strict  subordination  to 

4.  No  human  authority  ought,  in  any  case  whatever,  the  civil  power. 

to  control  or  interfere  w  ith  the  rights  of  conscience.  25.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in 

5.  No  person  shall  be  hurt,  molested,  or  restrained,  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  ;  nor  in 
in  his  religious  profession,  sentiments,  or  persuasions,  t'nie  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 
provided  he  does  not  disturb  others  in  their  religious  26.    No  title  of  nobility,  or  hereditary  distinction, 
worship.  privilege,  honour,  or  emolument,  shall  ever  be  granted 

6.  The  civil  rights,  privileges,  or  capacities  of  any  or  conferred  in  this  state  ;  nor  shall  any  office  be  created 
citizen,  shall  in  no  way  be  diminished,  or  enlarged,  on  »'«-'  appointment  of  which  shall  be  for  a  longer  term 
account  of  his  religious  principles.  than  during  good  behaviour. 

7.  There  shall  be  no  establishment  of  religion  by  Law;  27.  Emigration  from  this  state  shall  not  be  prohibit- 
no  preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  '^•l-  "or  shall  any  citizen  be  exiled. 

sect,  society,  d' nomination,  or  mode  of  worship ;  and  no  28.  The  right  of  trial  by  iury  shall  remain  inviolate, 

religious  test  shall  ever  b'^  required  as  a  qualification  to  29.  No  person  shall  be  debarred  from  prosecuting  or 

any  office  or  public  trust  under  this  state.  defending  any  civil  cause,  for  or  against  him  or  herself, 

8.  Every  citizen  may  tVeily  speak,  write,  and  publish  tefore  any  tribunal  in  this  state,  by  him  or  herself,  or 
his  sentiments  on  all  subjects,  being  responsible  for  the  counsel. 

abuse  of  that  liberty.  30.    This  enumeration  of  certain  rights  shall  not  he 

9.  The  peopleshallhesecurein  their  persons,house3,  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the 
papers,  and  possessions,  from  unreasonable  seizures  people  :  and  to  guard  against  any  encroachments  on  the 
or  searches ;  and  no  warrant  to  search  any  place,  or  to  lights  herein  retained,  or  any  transgi'ession  of  any  of 
seizeany  person  or  thing,  shall  issue  without  describing  'he  high  powers  herein  delegated,  we  declare,  that  eve- 
thera  as  nearly  as  may  be,  nor  without  probable  cause,  i"/  thing  in  this  article  is  excepted  out  of  the  general 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation.  powers  of  government,  and  shall  for  ever  remain  invio- 

10.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  has  a  '«te  ;  and  that  all  laws  contrary  thereto,  or  to  the  fol- 
right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  counsel ;  to  demand  lowing  provisions,  shall  be  void, 
thenatureandcauseof  the  accusation,  and  have  a  copy  ARTICtF  2 

thereof;  to  be  confronted  by  the  witnesses  against  him  ; 

to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  I}lstribution  of  Powers. 

his  favour,  and,  in  all  prosecutions  by  indictment  or  in-        t  ,     rri,„  .>  .„„_„  „r  .t.«  , ...„<,„>  «p  .i,„  ..*„. o 

formation,  a  speedy  pibl.c  trial,  by  an  impartial  ju  .y  of  -  L    ^^^^  Powers  of  the  government  of  the  state  of 

the  county  or  district  in  which  the  offence  shall  have  Alabama  shall  be  dmded  ""0  three  dm.nct  depart- 

been   committed  ;  he  shall  not  be  compelled  to  give  '"^"-'l'  ^""^  ^'"=''-^'  »?""'  "l"^h      '  .    '.^^^'^'^  ^°'*y  "^ 

, ; , „ ;„„.  i.:m.,oic.  ■,^-„i,„ii>,„K„i      •     J    r,  ■  magistracy,to  wit:  those  which  are  legislative,  to  one; 

evidence  against  him  elf .  nor  sha    he  bedepnved  of  h.s  j„„^          i^        executive,  to  another  ;\nd  those  which 

life,  liberty,  or  property,  out  by  due  course  of  law.  „.    ■.i:„-_i  .„ .,, 

11.  No  person  shall  he  accused,  arrested,  or  detained,  "''« .1"''":'»'.  to  ""other. 

except  in  cases  ascertained  by  law,  and  according  to  ,  ^-  ^?  P""""'  "''  '^^o "ection  of  persons,  being  of  one  of 

;i.    F  ,„..  „,h:^u  thccorno  K<..^^,.l,/,•l  „!i  ._"'"""'  '"  tliose  departments,  shall  exercise  any  power  properly 

*^  hnMhJnnn IhPrt  hMtin  Ji,^  I    f  f           .T  t^J  belonging  to either  of  the  otheis.except in  theinstanc« 

son  sha  I  be  punished,  out  in  virtue  ot  a  law,  established    ■       •     c.  1    j-  .„j      .,z>.~,-...,i 

and  promulgated  priir  to  the  offence,  and  legally  ap-  '^"eniatter  expressly  directed  or  permitted. 

plie<l.  ARTICLE  S. 

12.  No  person  shall,  for  any  indictable  offence,  bo  T prn-lnti",-'  nphnrtmprt 
proceeded  against  criminally,  hy  information;  except  J ^ei;iMii. ..<.  Jtepui uneiu. 

in  cases  arising  in  the  land  and  naval  forces,  or  the  mi-  f  !•  The  legislative  powerof  this  stateshallbe  vested 

litia  when  in  actual  service,  or,  by  leave  of  the  court,  in  two  distinct  branches ;  the  one  to  be  styled  the  se- 

for  oppression  or  misdemeanor  in  office.  nate,  the  other  the  house  of  representatives,  and  both 

13.  No  person  shall,  for  the  same  oifence,  be  twice  together  "  the  general  assembly  of  the  state  of  Alaba- 
put  in  jeopardy  of  Hfe  or  limb  {  nor  shall  any  person's  ma  ;  and  the  style  of  their  laws  shall  be,  "  Be  it  enacted 
property  be  taken  or  applied  to  public  use,  unless  just  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
compensation  be  made  therefor.  State  of  Alabama,  in  General  Assembly  convened." 

14.  All  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  person,  for  2.  Themembetsof  the  house  of  representatives  shall 
an  injury  done  him  in  hi?  laud?:,  goods,  person,  or  repu-  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors,  and  shall  serve  for 


m 

tlie  term  of  one  year,  iVora  the  day  of  Uie  toniineiice- 
ment  of  the  general  election,  and  no  Icingtr. 

3.  The  reyi-cstntalives  shall  be  chosen  every  year,  on 
the  first  Monday  aiid  the  d:iy  following  in  August,  until 
otherwise  directed  hy  liiw. 

4.  No  person  shall  bea  lepresentative,  unless  he  be  a 
white  man,  a  citiz-n  of  the  United  •itatcs,  and  shall 
liave  been  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  two  years  next 
preceding  his  election  ;  and  the  last  year  thereof  a  re- 
sident of  the  county,  city,  or  town,  lor  wliiBh  he  shall 
be  chosen,  and  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  fweiity- 
one  years. 

5.  Every  uhite  male  person  of  the  age  of  twcniy-one 
years,  or  upwards,  wlio  shall  be  a  citizen  oi  the  United 
Slates,  andj  shall  have  resided  in  tins  stale  one  year 
oext  preceding  an  eleciio;i,  and  the  last  tliiei-  niontlis 
within  the  county  city,  or  town,  in  vvhieli  he  oflVrs  to 
vote,  shall  be  deemed  a  qualified  elector  :  FruTided, 
that  no  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  in  the  rrgular  army 
or  navy  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote 
at  any  election  in  this  state  ;  and  provided,  also,  that  no 
elector  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  except  in  the  county, 
city,  or  town,  (entitled  to  separate  representation)  in 
which  he  may  reside  at  the  tiine  ot  the  election. 

6.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  in  those  of  trea- 
son, felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privilegi  d  from 
arrest  during  their  attendance  at  elections,  and  in  go-, 
Sng  to  ar.d  returning  from  the  same. 

7.  In  all  elections  by  tilt-  people,  the  electors  shall 
vote  by  '.lallot,  until  the  general  assembly  shall  olhrr- 
vise  direct. 

3.  E!ecti(ms  for  representatives  for  the  several  emin- 
ties  shall  be  held  at  the  place  of  lidding  their  n-sjicc- 
tive  court3,and  atsuch  otiierplaeesns  may  bepresenbcd 
ty  law :  Provided,  that  w  hen  it  slia'l  ajipear  to  the  ge- 
neral assembly  that  any  city  or  tow  n  ijiall  have  a  num. 
bev  of  white  inhabitants  equal  to  the  ratio  then  fixed, 
such  city  or  town  shall  have  a  separatq  representation, 
according  to  the  number  of  write  inhabitants  therein  ; 
which  shall  be  retained  so  long  as  such  city  or  town 
shall  contain  a  number  of  white  inhabitants  equal  to  the 
ratio  which  may,  trom  time  to  time,  be  fix^d  by  law ;  ami 
thereafter  and  during  the  existence  of  the  rigiit  of  scpa- 
late  representation,insuoh  city  OI  town,  <l<ctioi!sfur!he 
county  in  which  such  city  or  town  (eJUitled  to  such  se- 
jwrate  representation)  is  situated,  shall  lol  be  held  in 
such  city  or  town  ;  but  it  is  understood,  and  hereby  de- 
clared, that  no  city  or  town  shall  be  etititled  to  separate 
representation,  unless  the  number  of  white  inhabitants 
in  the  county  in  which  such  city  or  town  is  situated,  re- 
siding out  of  the  limits  of  sai'l  city  or  town  bet  qua!  to 
the  existing  ratio ;  or  unless  the  residuum  or  fraction  of 
such  city  or  town  sliall,  when  added  to  the  while  inha- 
bitants of  the  county  residing  out  of  the  limits  of  said 
city  or  town,  be  equal  to  the  ratio  fixed  by  law  for  one 
representative;  And  provided,  that, if  the  residuum  or 
fraction  of  any  city  or  town,  entitled  to  separate  r.  pn  - 
sentation,  shall,  when  added  to  the  residuum  of  the 
county  in  which  it  niay  lie,  be  equal  to  the  ratiofixed  b) 
law  for  one  representative,  then  the  aferesaid  count)', 
city,  or  town,  having  the  largest  residiium,  shall  be  en- 
titled to  such  representation  :  And  provided,  also,  that 
when  there  are  two  or  more  c^iunties  adjoining,  which 
have  residnums  or  fractions  over  and  above  the  ratio 
then  fixed  by  law,  if  said  reslduunis  or  fractions,  when 
added  together,  will  amount  to  such  ratio,  in  that  ease 
one  representative  shall  be  added  to  that  county  having 
the  largest  residuum. 

9.  The  general  assembly  shall,  at  their  first  meeting, 
and  in  the  yearsone  thoiis.ind  eight  hundred  and  twenty, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-three,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-six,  and  every  six 
six  years  thereafter,  cause  an  enumeration  to  be  made 
of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  state  ;  and  the  whole  num- 
ber of  the  representatives  shall,  at  thi  first  session  held, 
after  making  every  such  enumeration,  be  fixed  by 
the  general  assembly,  and  apportioned  among  the  seve- 
ral counties,  cities,  or  towns,  entitlt  d  to  separate  repre- 
sentation, according  to  their  resp.ttive  numbe  is  of  while 
inhabitants;  and  the  said  apportionment,  when  made, 
shall  not  be  subject  to  alteration,  until  after  the  m  xt 
census  shall  be  taken.  The  house  of  representatives 
shall  not  consist  of  less  than  forty-four,  nor  mort  thui. 
sixty  members,  until  the  number  of  white  inhabitants 
shall  be  one  hundred  thousand  :  and  after  that  ev  nt, 
the  whole  number  of  representatives  shall  never  be  less 
than  sixty,  nor  more  than  one  hundred :  Hiovided,  how- 
ever, that  each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  at  least  one 
representative. 

10.  The  general  assembly  shall,  at  the  first  session 
after  inaUing  every  sudi  enmneratioB,  Ji\  by  law  cftc 


toNS  rrruTioN  6F  Alabama. 


whole  number  of  senators,  and  sliall  di  vide  the  state  into 
the  san.e  number  of  districts,  as  nearly  equal  in  the 
nunibtr  of  white  inliibitanis  as  may  he,  each  of  which 
districts  shall  be  entitled  to  one  senator  and  no  more: 
provided,  that  the  whole  number  of  senators  shall  never 
be  less  than  one  fourth,  nor  more  than  one  third,  of  the 
whole  number  of  representatives. 

11.  When  a  senatorial  district  shall  be  composed  of 
two  or  more  counties,  the  couniies  of  which  such  dis- 
trict consists  shall  not  be  eniiiely  sepaiated  by  any 
county  belonging  to  .tnother  district ;  and  no  county 
shall  be  divided  in  forming  a  district. 

12.  Senators  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors^ 
fur  the  term  of  three  years,  at  the  same  lime,  in  ihn 
same  manner,  and  at  the  sanje  places,  where  thi  y  may 
vote  for  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  ;  and 
no  person  shall  be  a  senator,  unless  he  be  a  white  mim, 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  shall  have  been  an 
inhabitant  of  this  state  two  years  next  pieceding  his 
election,  and  the  last  year  thertot  a  ri-sident  of  the  dis- 
trict for  which  he  shall  be  clsosen,  and  shall  have  at- 
tained to  the  age  of  twenty-seven  years. 

13.  The  sfnators,  chosen  according  to  the  apjKirtion- 
ment  under  the  census  ordered  to  be  taken  in  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  twenty-six,  when  convened, 
shall  be  dividt-d  by  lot  into  three  classes,  as  nearly 
e([ual  as  may  be  :  the  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first 
class,  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  first  year; 
those  of  the  second  clas^,  at  the  expiration  of  the  si-eond 
y.ar;  and  those  of  tlie  thiid  class,  at  the  expirniion  of 
tlif  third  year;  so  that  one  tliiid  may  be  annually  chos.-n 
thereafter,  and  a  rotation  iliereby  Uept  up  perpetually. 
Such  mode  of  classifying  new  udditional  senators  shall 
be  observed  hs  will,  as  nearly  as  possible,  preserve  an 
equiiliiy  of  iuembers  in  earh  class. 

14.  'Ihe  house  of  representatives,  when  asserohUtl, 
shall  choose  a  speaker  and  its  other  officers ;  and  the 
si'iiEte  shall,  annually,  clnose  a  presidnit.  and  its  other 
officers;  each  liouse  sliall  judge  of  the  qualifieaiions, 
elections,  and  returns,  of  its  own  memi>ers  ;  but  a  con- 
tested election  shall  be  deicrniintd  in  such  manner  as 
sh«il  i)e  directtd  by  law. 

15.  A  majority  of  each  house  shall  constitnle  a  quo- 
rum to  do  business,  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjuiim 
from  day  to  day,  and  may  c.onipel  the  atttiidai.ce  of 
abstiit  members,  in  such  iwanner,  and  under  such  pe- 
nalties, as  each  house  may  jnovide. 

16.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  own 
proceedings,  punish  mendjers  for  disordt  rly  behaviour, 
and,  with  the  consent  of  two  thirds,  ex:. el  a  mcii.ber, 
but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause  ;  and  shall  have 
all  otinr  powers  nec.ssavy  for  a  branch  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  a  free  and  independent  state. 

17.  Each  house,  during  the  session,  may  punish,  by 
imprisonment,  any  person,  not  a  meniber,  for  disre- 
spectful or  disorderly  behaviour  in  its  presence,  or  liir 
obstructing  any  of  its  proceedings:  Provided,  that  such 
imprisonment  shall  not,  at  any  one  time,  exceed  forty- 
eight  hours. 

18.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed- 
ings, and  cau.se  the  same  to  be  published  immediately 
after  its  adjournment,  excepting  such  parts  as,  in  its 
jiidgraent,  niriy  require  secrecy  ;  and  the  yeas  and  u:iys 
of  the  members  o!  either  house,  on  any  question,  shall, 
at  the  desire  of  any  two  members  pn  sini,  he  entered 
on  the  journals.  And  any  member  of.  either  house 
shall  have  liberty  to  dissent  from  or  protest  againttany 
act  or  resolution  which  he  may  think  injurious  to  tho 
piildic,  or  an  individual,  and  have  the  reasons  of  his 
dissent  entered  on  th,- journ-ls. 

19.  Senators  and  repiesentatives  shall,  in  all  casis, 
except  treason,  felony,  or  breach  ot  the  peace,  he  jirivi- 
leged  from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  geiitial  as- 
sembly, and  in  going  to  and  returning  fiom  the  same  ; 
allowing  pne  day  for  every  twenty  miles  such  member 
may  reside  from  the  place  nt  wjhich  the  gei.eial  asseii.- 
bly  is  convened  ;  nor  shall  any  meniber  be  liable  to 
answer  for  any  thing  spoken  in  debaio  in  either  house, 
in  any  court  or  place  elscviliere. 

20.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  the  go- 
vernor, or  the  persons  exercising  the  powers  of  tlie  go- 
vernor shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacan- 
cies. 

21.  The  doors  of  "each  house  shall  he  open,  except 
on  such  occasions  as,  in  the  opinion  of  the  house,  may 
require  secrecy. 

22  Ni-ither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any 
other  plijcc  tftiin  titat  ')n  whitrh  .th«y  may  be  eitfftl^> 


eONSTlTUTION  OP  ALABAMA. 


ia9 


E3.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  and  be 
ameiuled,  altered,  or  rejected,  by  the  other :  but  no  bill 
shall  have  the  force  o  a  law  until  on  three  several  days 
it  be  read  in  each  house,  and  free  discussion  allowed 
thereon  ;  unless,  in  cases  of  urgency,  tour  fifths  of  the 
house  in  which  the  bill  shall  be  depending  may  deem  it 
expedient  to  dispense  with  this  rule ;  and  every  bill, 
bavinp:  passed  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speak- 
er and  president  of  tliciv  respective  houses:  Proviiitd, 
that  all  bills  for  raisini;  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
lionse  of  representatives,  but  the  senate  may  amend  or 
reject  then),  as  othr-r  bills. 

24.  Each  member  of  the  general  assembly  shall  re- 
ceive from  the  public  treasury  such  compensation  for 
his  services  as  may  be  fixed  by  law  ;  but  no  increase  of 
compensation  shall  take  effect  during  the  session  at 
which  such  increase  shall  have  been  made. 

25.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the 
term  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appoinied 
to  any  civil  office  of  profit  under  this  state,  which  shall 
have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall 
have  been  increased,  during  such  lerm ;  except  such 
offices  as  may  be  filled  by  elections  by  the  people. 

26.  No  person  holding  any  lucrative  ofiice  under  the 
United  States,  (the  ofiice  of  postmaster  excepted,}  this 
state,  or  any  other  power,  shall  be  elij^ibk-  to  the  gene- 
ral assembly  ;  Providid,  that  offices  in  the  miiitia  to 
which  there  is  attached  no  annual  salary,  or  the  office 
of  justice  of  the  peace,  or  that  of  the  quoru:n  or  county 
court,  while  it  has  no  salavy,  shall  not  be  deemetl  lucra- 
tive. 

27.  No  person  who  may  hereafter  be  a  collector  or 
bolder  of  public  money,  shall  have  a  seat  in  either 
house  of  the  general  assembly,  or  be  eligible  lo  any  ol- 
fice  of  trustor  profit  under  this  state,  until  he  shall  have 
accounted  for  and  paid  into  the  tieasury  all  sums  for 
which  he  may  be  accountable. 

28.  The  first  election  for  senators  and  representatives 
shall  be  general  throughout  the  state;  and  shall  beheld 
on  the  third  Monday  and  Tuesday  in  September  next. 

2'J.  The  first  si  ssion  of  the  general  assembly  shall 
commence  on  the  fourth  Monday  in  October  next ;  and 
be  held  at  the  town  of  Huntsvil'le,  and  all  subsequent 
sessions  at  the  town  of  Cahawba.  until  the  end  of  the 
first  session  of  the  general  assembly  to  he  held  in  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundreil  and  twenty-five; 
during  that  session  the  general  assembly  shall  have 
power  to  designate  by  law  (to  which  the  executive  con- 
currence shall  not  be  required)  the  permanent  seat  of 
govennnent,  wliich  shall  not  thereafter  be  changed: 
Provided,  however,  that  unless  such  designation  be 
then  made  by  law,  the  goverinnenl  shall  continue  per- 
manently at  the  town  of  Cahawba  ;  and  provided,  also, 
that  the  gen-ral  assembly  shall  make  no  appropriations 
previous  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twenty-five,  for  the  building  of  any  other  state  house 
tiiau  that  now  provided  for  by  law. 

ARTICLE  4. 

Executive  Department. 

§  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  stato  shall 
be  vested  in  a  chief  magistrate,  who  shall  be  styled, 
the  governor  of  the  state  of  Alabama. 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors,  at  the  time  and  places,  when  they  shall  re- 
spectively vole  for  representatives. 

3.  The  returns  of  every  election  for  goveruor  shell 
he  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, directed  to  the  sneaker  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, who  shall,  during  the  first  week  of  the  ses- 
sion, open  and  publish  them  in  presence  of  both  houses 
of  the  general  assembly.  The  person  having  the  highest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  governor  :  but  if  two  or  more 
shall  be  equal  and  highestin  votes,  one  of  themshall  be 
chosen  governor  by  the  joint  vote  of  both  houses.  Con- 
tested elections  for  governor  shall  be  delernnn.'-d  by  both 
houses  ofthe  general  assembly,  in  such  manner  as  shall 
be  pHkcribed  by  law. 

4.  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  tei  m  of 
two  years,  from  the  time  of  his  installation,  and  until 
his  successor  shall  be  duly  qualified  ;  but  shall  not  he 
eligible  for  more  than  four  years  in  any  terra  of  six 
years.  He  simll  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  shall 
be  a  native  cuizen  of  the  United  Slates  and  shall  have 
I'esided  in  this  state  at  least  four  years  next  preceding 
the  day  of  his  election. 

5.  He  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  a  compensation 
f9e  m  siei;Tices',  vhtv-fe  sfiall  not  he  ijfireaseci  or  dimi- 


nished during  tlie  term  for  which  he  shall  have  been 
elected. 

6.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  this  state,  and  of  the  militia  thereof,  except 
when  they  shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United 
Slates;  and  when  acting  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  the  general  assembly  shall  fix  his  rank. 

7.  He  may  require  infonnation,  in  writing,  from  the 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  on  any  subject 
relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  ofiices. 

3.  He  may,  by  proclamation,  on  extraordinary  occa- 
sions, convene  the  gei.eral  assembly  at  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment, or  at  a  difi'ereiit  place,  if  that  shall  have  be- 
come, since  their  last  adjournment,  dangerous  from  an 
enemy,  or  from  contagious  disorders  ;  in  case  of  disa- 
greement I'etween  the  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the 
time  of  adjournment,  he  may  i.djourn  them  to  such 
time  as  he  shall  think  proper,  not  beyond  the  day  of 
the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  general  assemblj-. 

9.  He  shall,  froni  time  to  tiii>e,  give  to  the  general 
assembly  information  of  the  state  of  the  government, 
and  ri  cumiiieiid  to  their  consideration  such  measures 
as  he  may  deem  expedient. 

10.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  he  faithfully  ex- 
ecuted. 

n.  In  all  criminal  and  penal  cases,  except  in  those  of 
treason  and  impeachment,  he  shidl  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  and  pardons,  and  remit  fines  and  forfeitures, 
nndersuch  rules  and  reguiatiuns  as  shal  be  prescribed 
bylaw.  lu  cases  of  treason,  he  shall  have  power,  b>  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  tb  grant  re- 
prieves and  pardons ;  and  he  may,  in  the  recess  of  the 
senate,  respite  the  sentence,  until  the  end  of  the  next 
session  of  the  general  assembly. 

12.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  state,  which  shall  be 
kept  by  the  governor,  and  used  by  hira  officially,  and 
the  i)resent  seal  of  tlie-  territory  shall  be  the  seal  of  the 
state,  uutil  otherwise  directed  by  the  general  assembly. 

13.  .\.ll  coi!iniissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  slate  of  Ahibama,  be  staled  with  the 
state  sf  al,  signed  by  the  governor,  and  attested  by  the 
secretary  of  state. 

14.  There  ^hali  be  a  secretaiy  of  slate,  appointed  by 
joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assi  iiibly,  w]io 
shall  continue  in  office  duriii:;  the  term  of  two  years. 
He  shall  keep  a  fair  regfster  of  all  the  offlciiil  acts  and 
proceedings  of  the  governor,  and  shall,  w  hen  required, 
lay  the  same,  and  all  papers,  minutes,  and  vouchers, 
relative  thereto,  before  the  geneial  assembly,  and  shall 
perform  such  otl-.er  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him 
by  law. 

IS  Vacancies  that  may  happen  in  offices,  the  ap- 
pointinent  to  which  is  vested  in  the  general  assembly, 
shall  be  filled  by  the  governor,  during  th.  recess  of  the 
general  assembly,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall 
expire  at  the  end  of  the  next  session. 

10.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses 
of  the  g<  neral  assembly,  shall  be  presented  lo  the  go- 
vernor: if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not.  he  shall 
return  it  with  hie  otjjections  to  the  house  in  which  it 
shall  h:ive  originated,  who  shuH  enter  the  objections  at 
large  upon  the  jour>al,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it ;  if, 
after  such  reconsideration,  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  elected  to  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  biii, 
it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house, 
by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered  ;  if  approved 
byamajority of  thewholenuniber elected  to  tiial  house, 
it  thall  become  a  law;  but  in  such  cases  the  votes  of  both 
houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the 
names  of  the  menibeis  voting  for  or  against  the  bill 
shall  be  entered  on  the  journals  of  each  hoiise  respec- 
lively  :  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  governor, 
within  five  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have 
been  presented  to  him,  the  sanie  shall  be  a  law,  in  like 
manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  general  assem- 
bly by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return  ;  in  which 
case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

17.  E\ery  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
currence of  both  houses  may  be  necessary,  except  on 
questions  of  adjournment,  shall  hi  presented  to  the  go- 
vernor, and,  before  it  shall  take  effeet,  be  approved  by 
him;  or,  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed,  by  both 
houses  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed 
in  the  eases  of  a  bill. 

18.  In  case  of  the  impeachment  of  the  governor,  his 
remo  val  from  ofiice,dtath,  refusal  to  qualify,  resignation, 
or  absence  from  the  state,  the  president  of  the  senate 
shall  exercise  all  the  power  and  authority  .ippertainiug 
to  the  office  of  govewidr,  until  the  time  pointed  out  by 
tills  constitution  for  the  election  of  governor  shall  ar- 
r^e,  unless  the  general  assetnbly  shall  provide  by  law 
l^t  Ihe  eftictjonof  a  goTejnor  tt>  fill  such  yacancv.  ok 


110 


GQNSTITUTION  OP  ALABAMA. 


until  the  cpovevnor  absent  oi  impeached  sliall  returu  or 
be  acquitted. 

19.  If,  daring  the  vacancy  of  the  office  (if  ffovernoi-, 
the  president  of  the  senate  shall  be  impeached, removed 
from  office,  refuse  to  qualify,  resig-n,  die,  or  be  absent 
from  the  state,  the  speaker  of  tlie  house  of  represeiit.i- 
tives  shall,  in  like  manner  administer  the  government. 

20.  The  president  of  the  ^natc  and  epeaktr  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  during  tlie  time  they  respec- 
tively administer  thegovernment,sha:l  nceivethe  same 
compensation  which  the  governor  would  have  received, 
had  he  been  employed  in  the  duties  of  his  office. 

21.  The  governor  shall  always  reside,  during  the  ses- 
sion of  the  general  assembly,  at  the  place  where  their 
session  may  be  held,  and  at  all  other  times,  wherever,  in 
their  opinion,  public  good  may  require. 

22.  No  person  shall  hold  tlie  office  of  g-yernor,  and 
any  other  office  or  commission,  civil  or  military,  either 
in  this  state,  or  under  any  state,  or  the  United  btates,  or 
any  other  power,  at  one  and  tlie  same  time. 

23.  A  state  treasurer  and  a  comptroller  of  public  ac- 
coinits,  shall  be  annually  elected,  by  joint  vote  cf  both 
houses  of  the  general  assembly. 

24.  A  sheriff  shall  be  elected  in  c.ieh  county  by  the 
qualified  electors  thereof,  who  shall  hold  Iiis  office  for 
the  term  of  three  years,  unless  sooner  removci',  and 
whoshallnotbeeligible  to  serve  either  as  principal  or 
deputy  for  the  three  succeeding  years.  Should  a  va- 
cancy occur  subsequent  to  an  election,  it  shall  be  filled 
by  the  governor,  a>i  in  other  cases,  and  the  per<;on  so  ap- 
pointed shall  continue  in  office  until  the  next  general 
election,  when  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  quali- 
fied electors,  and  the  sheiift  then  elected  shall  continue 
in  office  for  three  years, 

§  1.  The  general  assembly  sha'.l  provide  by  law  for 
organizing  and  disciplining  the  militia  of  lliis  state,  in 
such  manner  as  they  shall  deem  expedient,  not  incom- 
patible with  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 
States  in  relation  thereto. 

2.  Any  person  who  conscientiously  scruples  to  bear 
arms  shall  not  be  compelled  to  do  so,  but  shall  pay  an 
equivalent  for  personal  service. 

3.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  call  foith  the 
militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  jiu;  state,  to  suppress  in- 
surrections, and  repel  invasions. 

4.  All  officers  of  the  militia  shall  be  elected  or  ap- 
pointed in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law- : 
Provided,  that  the  general  assembly  shiill  not  make  any 
Buch  elections  or  appointments,  other  than  tliose  of  ad- 
jutants general,  and  qe.arter  masters  general. 

5.  The  governor  shall  appoint  his  aids-de-camp;  ma- 
jors general,  their  aids-de-camp,  and  all  other  division 
staff  officers:  brigadiers  general  shall  appoint  ibciraids, 
and  all  other  brigade  staff  officers;  and  colonels  shall 
appoint  their  regimental  staff  officers. 

6.  The  general  assembly  shall  fix  by  law  the  mttliod 
of  dividing  tl.r-  iniUtla  into  divisions,  brigades,  regi- 
ments, battalions,  and  companies ;  and  shall fixthe  rank 
of  all  staff  officers. 

ARTICLE  5. 

Judicial  Department. 

§1.  The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in 
one  supreme  court,  circuit  courts  to  be  held  in  each 
county  in  the  state,  and  such  inferior  courts  of  law  and 
equity,  to  consist  of  not  more  than  five  members,  as  the 
general  assembly  may,  from  time  totime,  direct,onlain, 
and  establish. 

2.  The  supreme  court,  except  in  cases  otherwise  di- 
rected by  tins  constitution,  shall  have  appellate  juris- 
diction only,  which  shall  be  co-extensive  with  the  state, 
under  such  restrictions  and  regulations,  not  ri  pugnant 
to  this  constitution,  as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  pi-e- 
scribcd  by  law :  Provided,  that  the  supreme  court  shall 
have  power  to  issuewrits  of  injunction, mandamHs,qiio- 
■warranto,  habeas  corpus,  and  such  other  remedial  and 
original  w  rits,  as  may  be  necessary  to  give  it  a  general 
superintendance  and  control  of  inferior  jurisdictions. 

3.  Until  the  general  assembly  shall  otherwise  pre- 
scribe, the  powers  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  vested 
in,  and  its  duties  shall  be  performed  by,  the  judgis  of 
the  sevei-al  circuit  courts  within  this  state ;  and  they,  or 
a  majority  of  them,  shall  hold  such  sessions  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  at  such  times,  as  may  be  directed  by 
law  :  Provided,  that  no  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
shall  be  appointed  before  the  commencement  of  the  first 
session  of  the  general  assembly  which  shall  be  begun 
and  held  after  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-five. 

-}.   The  supreme  eniut  shall  be  liolden  at  the  seat  of 


government,  but  may  adjourn  to  a  different  place,  if 
that  shall  have  become  dangerous  from  an  enemy  or 
from  disease. 

5.  The  yate  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  circuits, 
and  each  cireuit  shall  contain  not  less  than  three,  nor 
more  than  six  counties;  and  for  each  circuit  there  shall 
be  appointed  a  judge,  who  shall,  after  his  appointment, 
reside  in  the  circuit  for  which  he  may  be  appointed. 

G.  The  circuit  court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction 
in  al'  matters,  civil  and  criminal,  within  this  state,  not 
othtrwi^e  txcepted  in  this  constitution  ;  bur  in  civil 
cases,  only  when  the  matter  or  sum  in  controversy  ex- 
ceeds fifty  dollars. 

7.  A  circuit  court  shall  be  held  in  each  county  in  the 
state,  at  least  twice  in  every  year,  and  the  judges  of  the 
several  circuit  courts  may  hold  courts  for  f  aeh  other, 
when  they  may  deem  it  expedient,  and  shall  do  so  when 
directed  by  law. 

8.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  power  to  establish 
a  court  or  courts  of  chancery,  w  ith  original  and  appel- 
late equity  jurisdiction  ;  and  until  the  establishment  of 
such  court  orcourts,  the  saidjurisdiction  shall  be  vested 
in  the  judges  of  the  circuit  courts  respectively:  Pro- 
vided, that  the  judges  of  the  several  circuit  courts  shall 
have  power  to  issue  writs  of  injunction,  returnable  into 
the  coiirtsof  chancery. 

9.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  powerto  establish 
in  each  county  within  this"  state,  a  court  of  probate,  for 
the  granting  of  letters  testamentary  and  of^ administra- 
tion, and  for  orphans'  business. 

10.  A  competentnumberofjusticesofthepeace shall 
be  appointed  in  and  for  each  county,  insuchmode,and 
fi.r  such  term  of  office,  as  the  general  assembly  may  di- 
rect. Their  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  shall  be  limited 
to  causes  in  which  the  amount  in  controversy  shall  not 
exbeed  fifty  dollars.  And  in  all  cases  tried  by  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  right  of  appeal  shall  be  secured,  under 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

11.  Judges  of  the  supreme  and  circuit  courts,  and 
courts  of  chancei-y,  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for 
their  services  a  compensation,  which  shall  be  fixed  by 
law,  and  shall  not  be  diiuinislied  during  their  continu- 
ance in  office  ;  but  they  shall  receive  no  fees  or  perqui- 
sites of  office,  nor  hold  any  other  office  of  profit  or  trust 
under  this  state,  the  United  States,  or  .any  other  power. 

12.  Chancellors,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  judges 
of  the  circuit  courts,  and  judges  of  the  inferior  courts, 
shall  he  elected  by  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the  gene- 
ral assembly. 

13.  The  .judges  nf  the  several  courts  in  this  state  shall 
hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour;  and  for  wil- 
ful neglect  of  duly,  or  other  reasonable  cause,  which 
shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  for  impeachment,  the  go- 
vernor shall  remove  any  of  them,  on  the  adilress  of  tw o 
thirds  of  each  house  of  the  general  assembly :  Provided, 
Iiowever,  that  the  cause  or  causes  for  which  such  remo- 
val shall  be  required,  shall  he  stated  at  length  in  such 
addii  ss,  and  entered  on  thejoiirnals  of  each  house;  and 
l[.rovided  further,  that  the  cause  or  causes  shall  be  noti- 
fied to  the  judge  so  intended  to  be  removed,  and  he 
shall  be  admitted  to  a  hearing  in  his  own  defence,  be- 
fore any  vote  for  such  address  shall  pass ;  and  in  all  such 
cases  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  en- 
tered on  the  journals  of  each  house  respectively  ;  and 
provided  also,  that  the  judges  of  the  several  circuit 
courts  who  shall  be  appointed  before  the  commence- 
ment of  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  w  liich 
shall  be  begun  and  held  alter  the  first  day  of  January, 
in  the  yearof  our  Lord  onethousand  eighthundrcd  and 
twenty-five,  shall  only  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behaviour,  until  the  end  of  the  said  session,  at  which 
time  their  commissions  shall  expire. 

31.  No  person  who  shall  have  arrived  at  the  age  of 
sevtiity  years,  shall  be  appointed  to,  or  continue  in,  the 
office  of  judge  in  this  stale. 

15.  Clerks  of  the  circuit  and  inferior  courts  in  this 
state  shall  he  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  in  each 
county,  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  may  be  removed 
from  office  for  such  causes  and  in  such  manner  as  may 
be  prescribed  bylaw ;  and  should  a  vacancy  occur,  sub- 
sequent to  an  election,  it  shall  be  filh  d  by  the  judge  or 
judges  of  the  courts  in  which  such  vacancy  exists  and 
the  person  so  appointed  shall  hold  his  office  nnV  the 
next  general  election :  Pro\  ided,  how  ever,  that  after  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-six,  the 
general  assembly  may  prescribe  a  different  mode  of  ap- 
pointment, but  shall'not  make  such  appointment, 

15.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall,  by  virtue 
of  their  offices,  be  consenators  of  the  peace  throughout 
the  state;  as  also  the  judges  of  the  circuit  courts  in  their 
respective  districts,  and  judges  of  the  inferior  courts  in 
their  respective  counties. 

17.   The  stvie  of  all  TlrooPss  sTiall  be,  "the  state  nf 


CONS  JTl  UTION  OF  ALABAMA.  Ill 

Alabama ;"  and  all  jjroseeuiioiis  shall  be  cavritd  on  iu  chancery  ;  and  no  decree  for  such  divorce  shall  liave 

Ihe  uame  and  by  the  authority  of  tiie  state  of  Alabama ;  cft'ect,  iiiilii  the  same  shall  be  sanctioned  by  two  thiids 

and  shall  conclude,  "  aganist  the  jieace  and  dignity  of  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly, 

the  same.  14.    In  prosecutions  for  the  publishing  of  papers  in- 

18.  There  shall  be  an  attorney  general  for  the  state,  vtstigaiing  the  official  conduct  of  officers  or  men  in 
aadasmany  solicitors  as  the  general  assembly  may  deem  public  capacjt);,  or  when  the  matter  published  is  pro- 
necessary,  t'j  be  'lected  by  a  joint  vote  thereof,  who  per  for  jiubiic  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be 
shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  "teri.i  of  four  years,  and  ^-ivtn  in  evidence :  and,  in  all  indictnieiits  i'ur  libels,  the 
shall  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation,  which  jury  shall  have  a  right  to  determine  the  law  and  the 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  iu  facts,  under  the  direction  of  the  courts, 
office.  IS.  Returns  of  all  elections  for  officers  who  are  to  be 
Tmi,^„rl„„ent^  Commissioned  by  the  governor,  and  for  members  of  the 
j.iiipcuLamciui>.  general  assembly,  shall  be  made  to  the  secretary  of 

$  I.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole  state, 

power  of  impeaching.  16.  No  new  county  shall  be  established  by  the  general 

2.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate:  assembly,  which  shall  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or 
when  sitting  fur  that  purpose,  the  senators  shall  be  on  either  of  them,  fium  which  it  maybe  taken,  to  a  less 
oath  or  affirmation;  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  content  than  nine  hundred  square  miles  ;  nor  shall  any 
without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the  members  county  be  laid  off  cjf  less  contents.  Every  new  county, 
present.  as  to  the  right  of  suffrage  and  representation,  shall  be 

3.  Thegovernor,  anii  all  thecivi!officers,shallbelia-  considered  as  a  part  of  the  county  or  counties  from 
b!e  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in  office;  but  which  it  was  taken,  until  entitled  by  numbers  to  the 
judgment  in  such  cases  shall  not  extend  further  than  right  of  separate  representation. 

removal  from  office,  and  to  disqualification  to  hold  any  17.   The  general  assembly  shall,  at  their  first  session, 

office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  this  state ;  but  which  may  be  liolden  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  aud 

the  party,  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and  twcnty-eiglir, or  at  the  next  succeedingsession, arrange 

subject  to  iiidiclmcnt,  trial, and  i)unishmeutj  according  and  designate  boundarits  for  the  several  counties  with- 

to  law.  in  the  limits  of  this  state,  to  which  the  Indian  title  shall 

f  l>avc  been  extinguished,  iu  such  manner  as  they  may 

Ai^iit.i-i.  u.  tlet-m  expedient,  which  boundaries  shall  r.ot  beafter- 

f,            J   -rs        •  ■  wards  altered,  unless  by  the  agreement  of  two  thirds  of 

Lreiieral  irovistons,  both  branches  of  the  general  assembly;  and,  in  ali  cases 

^  I.    The  members  of  the  general  assemblv,  and  all  of  teded  territory  acquired  by  the  state,  the  general  as- 

offieers  executive  and  judicia!,  before  they  enter  on  the  seinbiy  may  maUe  such  arrangements  and  designations 

execution  of  their  respective  offices,  shall  take  the  fol-  "'  ^"'-'  bouii;!anes  of  counties  within  such  ceded  territo- 

lowingoath  oraffirruation,  to  wit :  "■  I  solemnly  swear(or  ""5 '  ■^  j-'^^y  may  deem  expedient,  which  shall  only  be  al- 

affirm,  as  the  ease  may  he)  that  I  will  support  the  con-  t'^i'-'d  in  like  manner  :  I'rovided,  that  no  county  iiereal- 

siitution  of  the  United  State-,,  and  coubtitution  of  the  \^''  \'^  b"-'  formed  shall  be  of  less  extent  than  nine  hun- 

siateof  Alabama,  so  long  as  1  contiuuea  citizen  thereof,  "''"^"  sqtiare  miles. 

and  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge,  to  the  best  of  my  Ip-  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  pass 

abilities,  tht  duties  of ,  according  to  law.   So  help  *"<="  'a"s  as  may  be  necessary  and  jn-oper  to  dt  cide  dif- 

me  God."  leiences  bj  arbitrators,  to  be  appoiiittd  by  the  parties 

2.  Treason  against  the  state  shall  consist  only  in  le-  '"^"  '"ay  choose  that  summary  mode  of  ad  j  estment. 
v-j'ing  war  against  it,  or  in  adhering  to  its  enemies,  ^^'    It.shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general'  assembly,  as 
giving  them  aid  and  comfort.    No  person  shall  be  con-  ^''■on  as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  forni  a  penal  code, 
victed  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  wit-  f?""d'^<J  on  pwnciples  of  reformation, and  not  of  vindic- 
nessestothe  same  overt  act,  or  his  own  confession  in  tive  justice. 

open  court.  20.  Within  five  years  after  the  adoption  of  this  consti- 

3.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  power  to  pass  tution.  the  body  of  our  laws,  civil  and  criminal,  shall 
such  penal  laws  to  suppress  the  evil  practice  of  duel-  ^"^  revised,  digested,  and  arranged,  under  proper  heads, 
ling,  extending  to  disqualification  from  office  or  the  te-  and  promulgated  in  such  manner  as  the  general  assem- 
nurc  thereof,  as  they  may  deem  expedient.  biy  may  direct ;  and  a  like  revision,  digest,  and  promul- 

4.  Every  person  shall  be  disqualified  from  holding  gation,  shall  be  made  within  every  subsequent  period  of 
any  office,  or  place  of  honour  or  profit,  under  the  au-  ten  years. 

thorityof  the  state,  who  shall  be  convicted  of  having  21.  The  general  assemblysliali  make  provision  by  law 

given  or  offered  any  bribe  to  procure  bis  election  or  ap-  fof  obtaining;  correct  kiiowledge  of  the  several  objects 

pointment.              '  proper  for  improvement  in  relation  to  the  navig-able 

5.  Laws  shall  be  made  to  exclude  from  office,  from  waters,  and  to  the  roads  in  this  state,  and  for  making  a 
suffrage,  and  from  serving  as  jurors,  those  who  shall  systematic  and  economical  application  of  the  means  ap- 
hereafter  be  convicted  of  bribel^,  perjury,  forgery,  or  propriated  to  those  objects. 

other  high  crimes  or  misdemtanors.    The  privilege  of  23.  In  the  event  of  the  annexation  of  any  foreign  ter- 

free  suffi-age  shall  be  supported  by  laws  regulating  elec-  ritory  to  this  state,  by  a  cession  from  the  United  States, 

tions,  and  prohibiting,  under  adequatepenalties,  all  UD-  laws  maybe  passed,  extending  to  the  inhabitants  of 

due  influence  thereon,  froin  power,  bribery,  tumult,  or  such  territory  ail  the  rights  and  privileges  which  may  be 

other  improper  conduct.  required  by  the  terms  of  such  cession,  any  thing  in  this 

6.  In  all  elections  by  the  general  assembly,  the  nicm-  constitution  to  the  contrary  notwiihstandijig. 
bers  thereof  shall  vote  -vu'U  voce,  aud  the  votes  shall  be  Vr1-,i^r,tin^-, 

entered  on  the  journals.  r^at^cauon. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasui7,  but  in  Schools,  and  the  means  of  education,  shall  for  ever  be 
consequence  of  an  appropriation  made  by  law ;  and  a  encouraged  in  this  state ;  and  the  general  assembly  shall 
regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  ex-  take  measures  to  preserve,  from  unnecessary  waste  or 
penditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  annu-  damage,  such  lands  as  are  or  hereafter  may  be  granted 
ally.  by  the  United  States,  for  the  »ise  of  schools,  within  each 

8.  All  lands  liable  to  t.ixation  in  this  state,  shall  be  township  inthissiate,andapply  the  funds  which  maybe 
faxed  in  proportion  to  their  value.  raised  from  such  lands,  in  strict  conformity  to  t!ie  object 

9.  The  general  assembly  shall  direct  by  law  in  what  of  such  grant.  The  general  assembly  shall  take  like 
manner,andinwhatcourts, suitsraaybebroughtagainst  measures  for  the  improvement  of  such  lands  as  have 
the  state.  been  or  may  be  hereafter  granted  by  the  United  States 

10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  re-  to  this  state,  for  the  support  of  a  seminary  of  learning, 
gulate  by  law  the  cases  in  which  deductions  shall  be  and  the  moneys  which  may  be  raised  from  such  lands, 
made  from  the  salaries  of  public  officers  for  neg;lect  of  by  rent,  lease,  or  sale,  or  from  any  other  quarter,  for 
duty  in  their  official  capacities,  and  the  amount  of  such  the  purpose  aforesaid,  shall  be  and  remain  a  fund  for 
deduction.  the  exclusive  support  of  a  state  university,  forthepro- 

11.  Absence  oji  business  of  this  state,  or  of  the  United  motion  of  the  arts,  literature,  and  the  sciences  ;  and  it 
States,  or  on  a  visit,  or  necessary  private  business,  shall  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly,  as  early  as 
not  cause  a  forfe.ture  of  a  residence  once  obtained.  maj  be,  to  provide  effectual  means  for  the  nnprovement 

12.  No  member  of  congress,  nor  any  person  holding  i-nd  permanent  security  of  the  funds  and  endowments 
any  office  of  profit,  or  trust,  under  the  United  States,  of  such  institution. 

(theofficeof  post  master  excepted,)or  either  of  them,  or  i^^t  ,j,j,-  t„,„„i  .^Tf.    7 

any  foreign  power,  shall  hold  or  exercise  any  office  of  Estabhshmenl  oj  Banks. 

profit,  under  this  state.  \  1.  One  state  bank  may  be  established,  with  such 

13.  Divorces  from  the  bonds  of  matrimony  shall  not  number  of  branches  as  the  general  assembly  may,  from 
he  granted,  but  In  cases  provided  tbr  by  law,  by  suit  in  time  to  time,  deem  expedient :  Trovided,  tbat  noDranch 


fltJ 


COXS  WTUTION  (iV  ALABAMA. 


bank  shall  be  established,  nor  bank  charter  renewed, 
under  the  authority  of  this  state,  without  the  concur- 
rence of  two  thirds  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assem- 
bly; and  provided,  also,  that  not  more  than  one  hank 
nor  braiieli  bank  shall  be  established,  nor  bank  charter 
renewed,  at  any  one  session  of  the  fjeijeral  assembly ; 
nor  shall  any  bank  or  branch  bank  be  established,  or 
bank  charter  renewed,  but  in  conformity  with  the  fol- 
lowing rules: 

1.  At  least  two  fifths  of  the  capital  stock  shall  be  re- 
served for  the  stiite. 

2.  A  proportion  of  pov/erin  the  direction  of  thebank 
shall  be  reserved  to  the  state,  equal  at  least  to  its  pro- 
portion of  stock  therein. 

3.  The  state,  and  the  indiiidual  stockholders,  shall 
be  liable,  respectively,  for  the  debts  of  the  bank,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  stock  liolden  therein. 

4.  The  remedy  for  collecting  debts  shall  be  recipro- 
cal, for  and  aijain'st  the  bank. 

5.  No  bank  shall  cominencr  operations  until  half  of 
the  capital  stock  subscribed  for  be  actually  paid  in  sjold 
or  silver,  which  amount  shall,  in  no  case,  be  less  than 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

6.  In  case  any  bank  or  branch  bank  shall  neglect  or 
refuse  to  pay,  on  demand,  any  bill,  note,  or  obligation, 
issued'by  the  corporation,  aceordinq;  to  the  promise 
therein  expressed,  the  holder  of  any  such  note,  bill,  or 
obligation,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  and  recover  in- 
terest thereon,  until  the  same  shall  be  paid,  or  specie 
payments  are  restvmed,  by  said  bank,  at  the  rate  of 
twelve  per  cent,  per  annum  from  the  date  of  such  de- 
mand, unless  the  general  assembly  shall  sanction  such 
stispension  of  specie  payments  ;  and  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  have  power,  after  such  neg'ect  or  refusal,  to 
adopt  such  measures  as  they  may  deem  proper,  to  pro- 
tect and  secure  the  rights  of  all  concerned  ;  and  to  de- 
Clare  the  charter  of  such  bank  forfeited, 

7.  After  the  establishment  of  a  general  state  bank, 
the  banks  of  this  state  now  existing  may  be  admitted  as 
branches  thereof,  upon  such  terms  as  the  legislature 
and  the  said  banks  may  agree;  subject,  nevertheless,  to 
the  preceding  rules. 

Slaves. 

§  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  pass 
laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  without  the  consent 
of  their  owners,  or  w  itiiout  paying  tht  ir  ownei-s,  previ- 
ous to  such  emancipation,  a  full  ecjuivalent  in  money 
for  the  slaves  so  emancipated.  Tiny  shall  have  no  pow- 
er to  prevent  emigrants  to  this  state  from  bringing  w  ith 
them  such  persons  as  are  deemed  slaves  by  tlie  la«  s  of 
any  one  of  the  United  States,  so  long  as  any  person  of 
the  same  age  or  description  shall  be  continued  in  slave- 
ry by  the  laws  of  this  state :.  Provided,  that  such  pei-son 
or  slave  be  the  buna , fide  property  of  such  emigrants  ; 
and  providedj  also,  (hat  laws  may  be  passed  to  prohibit 
the  introduction  into  this  state  ofslaves,  who  have  com- 
mitted high  crimi-s  in  other  states  or  territories.  They 
shall  h.ave  power  to  1)359  laws  to  permit  the  owners  of 
slaves  to  emancipate  them,  savingtherights  of  creditors, 
and  preventing  them  from  becoming  a  public  charge. 
They  shall  hawf  full  jiower  to  prevent  slaves  from  being 
brought  into  ihis  state  as  merchandise;  and  also,  tooblige 
the  owners  ofslaves  to  tr^at  them  with  humanity,  to 
provide  for  them  necessary  food  i'nd  clothing.to  abstain 
from  all  injuries  to  them  extending  to  life  or  limb,  and, 
in  case  of  their  neglect  or  refusal  to  comply  with  the 
directions  of  such  laws,  to  have  such  slave  or  slaves  sold 
for  the  benefit  of  the  owner  or  ow  ners. 

2.  In  the  prosecution  o£  slaves  for  crimes,  of  a  higher 
grade  than  petit  larceny,  the  general  assembly  shall 
have  no  power  to  deprive  them  ol'  an  impartial  trial  by 
a  petit  jury. 

3.  Any  person  who  shall  maliciously  dismember  or 
deprive  a  slave  of  life,  shall  suffer  such  punishment  as 
would  be  inflicted  in  case  the  like  offence  had  been 
committed  on  a  free  white  pers'.-n,  and  on  the  like 
proof;  except  in  case  of  insurrection  of  such  slave. 

J^Iode  of  Amfmlin^  and  Revising  the  Consti- 
tution. 

The  g  -neral  assembly,  whenever  two  thirds  of  cch 
house  shall  deem  it  necessary,  may  propose  amend- 
Bienls  to  this  constitution;  which  ])roposed  amend- 
ments shall  be  duly  published  in  print,  at  least  three 
months  bofore  the  next  general  election  of  representa- 
tives, for  the  consideration  of  the  people,  and  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  several  returning  officers,  at  the  next 
general  election  which  shall  be  held  for  representatives, 
to  open  a  poll  for,  and  make  a  return  to  the  secretary 
of  state  for  the  lime  being,  of  the  names  of  all  those 
voting  for  representatives  who  have  voted  on  such  pro- 
TttUgfTaraerrdiitcnts  •.  sjj^  if  therejip^  if  shaU  api>eav 


that  a  majority  of  all  the  citizens  of  this  state,  votiUf; 
for  representatives,  have  voted  in  favour  of  such  pro- 
posed amendments ;  and  two  thirds  of  each  house  of 
the  next  general  assembly  shall,  after  such  an  election, 
and  before  another,  ratitythe  same  amendments  by  yeas 
and  nays,  thev  shall  be  vaii,d,  to  all  intents  and  purposes, 
as  part's  of  liiis  constitution:  Provided,  that  the  said 
proposed  amendments  shall,  at  eachof  the  saiil  sessions, 
have  been  read  three  times,  on  three  sever.M  days,  iii 
each  house. 


SCHEDULE. 

§  1.  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  a  change 
of  territorial  to  a  peiraanent  state  government,  it  is  de- 
clared, that  all  lights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims,  and 
contracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate, 
shall  continue  as  if  no  such  change  had  taken  place  ; 
and  all  process  which  shall,  before  the  third  Mouday 
in  September  next,  be  issuetl  in  the  name  of  the  Ala- 
bama territory, shall  be  as  valid  as  if  issued  in  the  name 
of  the  state. 

2.  All  fines,  penalties,  forfeitures,  and  escheats,  accru- 
ing to  the  Alabama  territory,  shall  accrue  to  the  use  of 
the  slate. 

3.  The  validity  of  all  bonds  and  recognizances,  exe- 
cuted to  the  governor  of  the  Alabama  territory,  sliall 
not  be  impaired  by  the  change  of  government,  but  may 
be  sued  for  and  recovered  in  the  name  of  the  governor 
of  the  state  of  Alabama,  and  his  successors  in  office ; 
and  all  criminal  or  penal  actions,  arising  or  now  de- 
pending within  the  limits  of  this  state,  shall  be  prose- 
cuted to  judgment  and  execution,  in  the  name  of  the 
said  state.  All  causes  of  action,  arising  to  individual?, 
and  ail  suits  at  law,  or  in  equity,  now  depi-nding  in  the 
several  courts,  within  the  limits  of  this  state,  and  not 
already  barred  by  law,  may  be  commenced  in,  or  trans- 
ferred to,  such  court  as  may  have  jurisdiction  thereof. 

4.  AU  officers,  civil  or  military,  now  holding  com- 
missions tinder  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  or  of 
the  Alabama  territory,  within  this  state,  shr.ll  continue 
to  hold  and  exercise  their  respective  offices,  under  the 
authority  of  this  state,  until  they  shall  be  superseded 
under  the  authority  of  this  constitution  ;  and  shall  re- 
ceive from  the  treasury  of  this  state  the  same  compen- 
sation which  thi')  heretofore  received,  in  proportion 
to  the  time  they  shall  be  so  employed.  The  governor 
shall  have  power  to  fill  vacancies  by  commissions,  to 
expire  so  soon  as  elections  or  appointments  can  be 
made  to  such  offices,  by  authority  of  this  constitution. 

5.  All  laws  and  parts  of  laws,  now  in  force  in  the 
Alabama  territory,  which  are  not  repugnant  to  the  pro- 
visions of  this  constitution, shall  continue  and  remain  in 
force  as  the  laws  of  this  state.  Until  they  expire  by  their 
own  limitation,  or  shall  be  altered  or  repealed  by  the 
legislature  thireof. 

6.  Every  white  male  person,  above  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-one years,  who  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  resident  in  this  stafe  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  deemed  a  quali- 
fied elector,  at  the  first  election  to  he  holden  in  this 
state.  And  every  white  male  person,  who  shall  reside 
within  the  limits  of  this  state  at  the  time  of  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution,  and  shall  be  oth.erwise  quali- 
fied, shall  be  entitled  to  hold  any  office  or  place  of  hn- 
nour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  this  state,  anything  in  this 
constitution  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

7.  The  president  of  this  convention  shall  issue  writs 
of  election,  directed  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  coun- 
ties, requiring  them  to  cause  an  election  to  be  held  for 
governor,  representative  to  the  congress  of  the  United 
States,  members  of  the  general  assembly,  clerks  of  the 
several  courts,  snid  sheriffs  of  the  respective  counties,  at 
the  respc  ctive  places  of  election,  in  said  counties,on  the 
third  Monday  and  the  day  following  in  September 
next;  which  elections  shall  he  conducted  in  the  man- 
ner prescribed  hy  the  existing  election  laws  of  the  Ala- 
bama territory;  and  the  said  governor,  and  members 
of  the  general  assembly,  then  duly  elected,  shall  cen- 
tinue  todischirge  the  duties  of  their  respeivive  offices, 
for  the  time  prescrilied  by  this  constitution,  and  until 
their  successors  shall  be  duly  qualified. 

8.  Until  the  first  enumeration  shall  iji  made.as  direct- 
ed by  this  constitution,  the  county  of  Autauga  shall  be 
entitled  to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  Baldwin 
to  one  representative,  the  county  of  Blount  to  three  re- 
presentatives, (he  county  of  Cahawba  to  one  represent- 
ative, the  county  of  Clark  to  two  representatives,  the 
cpjintj'  of  Chnfitah  to  twb  i-H'.vessinjatVvtT,  Utc-ccaaty 


CONSTITUTION  OF  MAINE,  Ua 

of  Cotaco  to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  Dallas  tliey  ibv  ever  disclaim  all  right  and  title  to  the  waste  or 

to  two  fepnsentatives,  the  county  of  Franklin  to  two  unappropinated  lands  lying  with.n  this  state;  ancl  that 

repre«ntktives,  the  county  of  Lauderdale  to  two  repre-  the  same  shall  be  and  .|mam  at  the  ,^°'e  "'"^  «  "^^^^  " 

sentstives,  the  county  of  I^wrence  to  two  reprcsenta-  P°T''''-"V''^^  f"  .    M   nld  l^vThP^h^eH  Stnt«   l?t^^^^^ 

tives,thecou„tyofjnesto„etothveerej.resentatives,  ^'h^sVL^^fVeUtl^^^^^^^^ 


presentatives,  the  county  of  Mobile  to  one  rcpresenta-  ^^^^^  thereof;  and  that  the  lands  belonging  to  the  citizens 

live,  the  countj  of  St.  Clair  to  one  representative,  the  ^f  jj^^  united  States,  residing  out  of  the  limits  of  this 

county  of  Shelby  to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  5,.,je^  51,^11  never  be  taxed  higher  than  the  lands  belong- 

Tiiscaloosa  to  three  representatives,  and  the  county  of  j„'g  j„  peisons  residing  therein  :  and  that  no  tax  shall 

Washington  to  two  representatives.    And  each  county  be  imposed  on  lands  the  property  of  the  United  States ; 

shall  be  entitled  to  one  senator,  who  shall  serve  for  one  a„(i  that  all  navigable  watew  within  this  state  shall  for 

terra.  ever  remain  public  highvi-ays,  free  to  the  citizens  of  this 

9.    The  oaths  of  office,  herein  directed  to  be  taken,  state  and  of  the  United  States,  without  any  tax,  dutj, 

maybe  administered  by  any  justice  of  the  peace,  until  impost,  or  toll  therefor,  imposed  by  this  slate:  And  this 

the  general  assembly  shall  otherwise  direct.  ordinance  is  hereby  declared  irrevocable,  without  the 

consent  of  the  United  States. 
"^^•■^  Done  in  convention,  at  Huntsville,  this  second  day  of 

nr?  nrxr  1  fjnv  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 

UltUlJN  .\INt^t(.  hundred  and  nineteen,  and  of  American  Indepen- 

This  convention,for  and  in  behalf  of  the  people  inha-  '•'^"''^  «*'<^  forty-fourth, 

biting  this  state,  do  accept  the  proposition  offered  by  J-  W.  WALKER, 

the  act  of  congress,  under  which  they  are  assembled  ;  President  of  the  Convention, 

and  this  con^vention,  for  and  in  behalf  of  ihe  people  in-  Attest, 
habiting  this* state,  do  ordain,  agree,  and  declare,  that  John  Campbell,  Secretanj. 


COIS^STITUTIOIS"  OF  MAINE, 

For7ne(l  in  convention,  at  Portland,  29th  October,  1819,  and  of  the  Indepe7idencc  of  tlie  United 
States  the  forty  fourth,  and  recommended  to  the  people  for  their  adoption,  in  town  meetings,  on 
the  6th  of  December. 


WE,  the  people  of  Maine,  in  order  to  establish  justice,  under  this  state;  and  all  religious  societies  in  this  state« 

ensure  tranquillity,  provide  for  our  mutual  defence,  whetherincorporateorunineorporate,  shall  at  all  times 

promote  our  common  welfare,  and  secure  to  ourselves  have  the  exclusive  right  of  electing  their  public  teach- 

andourposteritytheblessingsofliberty,acknowledging  ers,  and  contracting  with  them  for  their  support  and 

with  grateful  hearts,  the  goodness  of  the  Sovereign  Ru-  maintenance. 

ler  of  the  tiniverse,  in  affording  us  an  opportunity  so  4.  Every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write,  and  pub- 
favonrable  to  the  design  ;  and  imploring  his  aid  and  di-  Ijsh  his  sentiments  on  any  subject,  being  responsible 
vection  in  its  accomplishment,  do  agree  to  form  our-  for  the  abuse  of  this  libertj'.  No  laws  shall  be  passed  re- 
selves  into  a  free  and  independent  state,  by  the  style  s;ulating  or  restraining  the  freedom  of  the  press ;  and, 
andtitleof  The  State  of  Maine,  and  do  ordain  and  esta-  in  prosecutions  for  any  publication  respecting  theofli- 
blish  the  following  constitution  for  the  government  of  cial  conduct  of  men  in  public  capacity,  or  the  qualili- 
the  same :  cations  of  those  who  are  candidates  for  the  suffrages  of 

the  people,  or  where  the  matter  published  is  proper  for 

ARTICLE  1.  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be  given  in 

,          .         e  o-    1 A  evidence;  and  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  jury, 

Jjeclaration  of  HigntS.  after  having  received  the  direction  of  the  court,  shall 

5  1.  All  men  are  born  equall}  free  and  independent,  have  a  rifht  to  determine,  at  their  discretion,  the  law 

and  have  pertain  natural,  inherent,  and  unalienable  and  the  fact.                                  .      ,    . 

rights  among  which  are  those  of  enjoying  and  defend-  5.  The  people  shall  be  secure  in  theirpersons,houses, 

inglifeandliberty,  acquiring,  possessing,  and  protect-  papers,  and  possessions,  from   unreasonable  searches 

ing  property,and  of  pursuing  and  obtaining  safety  and  and  seizures;  and  no  warrant  to  search  any  place,  or 

happiness.  seize  any  person  or  thing,  shall  issue  without  a  special 

2     All  power  is  inherent  in  the  people ;  all  free  go-  designation  of  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  person 

vernments  are  founded  in  their  authority,  and  instituted  or  thing  to  be  seized,  nor  without  probable  cause,  sup- 

fortheir  benefit:  they  have,  therefore,  an  unalienable  ported  by  oalh  or  afflimation.                                 j    ,_  „ 

and  indefeasible  right  to  institute  government,  and  to  6.    In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall 

alter    reform,  or  totally  change  the  same,  when  their  have  a  right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel,  or 

safety  and  happiness  require  it-  either,  at  his  election :  to  demand  the  nattire  and  cause 

3.   All  men  have  a  natural  and  unalienable  right  to  of  the  accusation,  and  have  a  copy  thereof : 

worship  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictatesof  their  To  be  confronted  by  the  witnesses  a^inst  him : 

own  consciences,  and  no  one  shall  be  hurt,  molested,  or  To  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses 

restrained,  inhisperson,libertv,  or  estate,  for  worship-  in  his  favour:                                                .,      •  ,         j 

ping  God  in  the  manner  and  season  most  agreeable  to  To  have  a  speedy,  public,  and  impartial  trial ;  and, 

the  dictates  of  his  ov.  n  conscience,  nor  for  his  religious  except  in  trials  by  martial  law  or  impeachment,  by  a 

professions  or  sentiments,  provided  he  does  not  disturb  jury  of  the  vicinity.    He  shall  not  be  compelled  to  lur- 

the  nublic  peace,  nor  obstruct  others  in  their  religious  nishorgive  evidence  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived 

worship;-and  all  persons  demeaning  themselves  peace-  ofhis  life,  liberty,  property,  or  privileges,  but  byjudg- 

ably,  as  good  members  of  the  state,  shall  be  equal  lyun-  ment  of  Ins  peers,  or  the  law  of  the  land.               _ 

der  the  protection  of  the  laws,and  no  subordination  nor  7.   No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or 

preference,  of  any  one  sect  or  denomination  to  another,  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment 

shall  ever  be  established  by  law,  nor  shall  any  religious  of  a  grand  jurj >  except  m  cases  of  impeachment,  or  m 
test  be  required  as  a  qualification  for  aiiy  office  01- trast>  such  cases  of  offences  as  are  usually  cognizaMe  by  a 


114 


COXSI'ITUTION  OF  MAINE. 


justice  of  tlie  peace,  or  in  cases  arising  in  the  army  or  right  of  suffi-aKe  in  the  town  or  plantation  where  sucii 

navy,  or  in  the  militia  when  in  aetual'service,  in  time  seminary  is  established. 

of  war  or  public  aaiiirer.    The  legislature  shall  provide  2.   Electois  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  fclonv, 

bylaw  a  suitable  and  impartial  moileof  selecting  juries,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  lie  privileged  from  arrest  on  the 

and  their  usual  unmber  and  unanimity,  in  indictments  days  of  election,  during  their  attendance  at,  going  to, 

and  convictions,  shall  be  held  i'ldispeusable.  and  returning  thereiVom. 

8.  No  person,  for  the  same  offence  shall,  be  twice  put  3.  No  elector  shall  be  obliged  to  do  duty  in  the  railitia 
in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb.  on  any  day  of  election,  except  in  time  of  war  or  public 

9.  Sanguinary  laws  shall  not  be  passed:  all  penalties  danger. 

and  punishments  shall  be  proportiDiied  to  the  offence  :  4.  The  election  of  governor,  senators,  and  rejirescnt- 

Gxcessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  atives,  shall  be  on  the  second  Monday  oi  September, an- 

imposed,  nov  cruel  nor  unusual  punishments  inflicted,  nually,  for  ever. 


10.  All  persons,  before  conviction,  shall  be  bailable, 
except  for  capital  offences,  where  the  proof  is  evident, 
or  the  presumption  great ;  and  the  privilege  of  the  writ 
of  habeas  cor/nis  shall  not  he  suspended,  unless  when  in 
cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  re- 
quire it. 


ARTICir.  O. 

Bistnhntio7i  of  Poivers. 
J  1.   The  powers  of  this  government  shall  he  divided 
into  three  distinct  departments,  the  legislative,  execu- 


11.  The  legislature  shall  pass  no  hill  of  attainder,  ex  tivc,  and ;')U<ticiaU 
post  facto  law,  nor  law  impsiiring  the  obligation  of  eon-  2.  No  person  or  persons,  belonging  to  one  of  these  de- 
tracts, and  no  attainder  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  partments,  shall  exercise  any  of  the  powers  properly  he- 
nor  forfeiture  of  estate.  longing  to  either  of  tlie  others,  ?xcept  in  the  cases  herein 

12.  Treason  against  this  state  shall  consist  only  in  expressly  directed  or  permuted, 
levying  war  against  it,  adhering  to  its  enemies,  giving 


them  aid  and  comfort.  Vn  p  rson  shall  be  convicted  of 
treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the 
same  overt  act,  or  confession  in  open  court. 

13.   The  laws  shall  not  be  suspended,  but  by  the  le- 
gislatnre  or  its  authority. 


ARTICtK  4. — PAHT  THE  FIEST. 

Litgislaiive  p07c-er. — House  of  Representatives. 

}  1.   The  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  two  dis- 

,    ,,-,         ..       ,  ,         .,      tinct  branches;  a  house  of  representatives,  and  a  senate, 

14.  No  person  shall  he  subject  to  corporeal  punish-  each  to  have  a  neiative  on  the  other  ;  and  both  to  be 
ment  under  military  law,  except  sucli  as  are emplojed  3„  ied,  the  LesiHolure of  Maine :  and  the  stvle  of  their 
m  the  army  or  navy,  or  m  the  inihtia  when  in  actual  .,cts  and  laws  shall  be,  "  Be  itenactedby  the  Senate  and 
service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger.  jj^^^^g  ^f  Representatives  in  legislature  assembled." 

15.  rhepeoplehavearight,atall  times, man  orderly  j  The  house  of  lepresentatives  shall  consist  of  not 
and  peaceable  manner,  to  assemble  to  consult  upon  the  j^J  ^^.^^^  <,^p  hundred,  nor  more  than  two  hundred 
common  good,  to  give  instructions  to  their  representa-  „,e,nV>ers  to  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  for  one 
tives,  and  to  request  of  either  department  of  the  go-  .  ^j.^^J  t,,p  „j.xt  day  iireceding  the  animal  meeting 
vemment  by  petition  or  remonstrance,  redress  of  their  ^f  jj^p  legislature-.— The  legislature  which  shall  first  be 
wrongs  and  grievances.                                                           convened  iimier  this  constitution  shall,  on  or  before  the 

16.  Every  citizen  has  a  right  to  keen  and  bear  arms  fifteenth  day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
for  the  common  defence ;  and  this  right  shall  never  be  thousand  eigl-.t  hundred  and  twenty  one,  and  the  legis- 
questioned.  „  ,      ,  .      .  „  lature  within  every  subsequent  period  of  at  most  ten 

17.  No  standing  army  shall  be  kept  up  m  time  of  ypa^s,  and  at  least  five,  cause  the  number  of  the  inha- 
peace,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature ;  and  the  ^jtants  of  the  state  to  be  ascertained,  exclusive  of  fo- 
military  shall,  in  all  eases,  and  at  all  times,  be  in  strict  rpj,,„f.,  s  not  natuializ<d,  and  Indians  not  taxed.  Tiie 
subordination  to  the  ci\il  power.  number  of  representatives  shall,  at  the  several  periods 

18.  No  soldier  shall,  m  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  ^f  making  such  enumeration,  be  fixed  and  apportioned 
in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  or  oc-  j,mong  the  several  counties,  as  near  as  m!iy  he,  accord- 
cupant,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  pre-  jj^^  („  j],^  -,iuraber  ot  inhabitants,  having  regard  to  the 
scribed  by  law,  relative  increase  of  population.    The  number  of  repre- 

19.  Every  person  for  an  injui^  done  him  in  his  per-  sentatlves  shall,  on  said  first  apportionment,  be  not  less 
son,  reputation,  property,  or  immunities,  shall  have  re-  {(,3,,  0,,^  hundrednor  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty; 
medy  by  due  course  of  law  ;  and  right  and  justice  shall  „„j^  whenever  the  number  of  representativtjs  shall  be 
be  administered  freely  and  withont  sale,  comjjjctely  and  ^y^.fy  hundred,  at  the  next  annual  meetings  of  elections, 
without  denial,  promptly  and  without  delay.  which  shall  thereafter  be  had,  and  at  every  subsequent 

20.  In  all  civil  suits,  and  in  all  controversies  con-  pt.ri„(l  of  ten  years  the  iveople  shall  give  in  their  votes 
cerningproperty,  the  parlies  shall  havea  right  toa  trial  lyj^ether  the  number  of  representatives  shall  be  in- 
by  jurv,  except  in  cases  where  it  has  heretofore  been  (.,.^.3,;^,^  q,.  diminished  ;  and  if  a  majority  of  votes  are  in 
otherwise  practised  :  the  party  claiming  the  right  may  favour  thereof,  it  shall  be  the  duty" of  the  next  legisla- 
be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel,  or  either,  at  his  f„,.g  thereafter  to  increase  or  diminish  the  number  by 
election.                                                 ,       «.         , ,.  the  rule  hereinafter  prescribed. 

21.  Piivatepropertyshallnotbe  taken  for  public  uses  3^  j-^gi^  town,  Slaving  fifteen  hundred  inhabitants, 
without  just  compensation ;  nor  unless  the  public  txi-  ^iiav elect  one  representative ;  each  town,  having  three 
gencies  require  it.           „,     .             ...          ,  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty,  may  elect  two ;  each 

22.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  he  imposed  without  the  con-  town,  having  six  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty, 
sentoJ  the  people  orof  their  representatives  in  the  legis-  j^^y  pj^^j.^  three;  each  town,  having  ten  thousand  five 
lature.                                                            .      .           .  hundred,  may  elect  four ;  eacli  town,  having  fiiteen 

23.  No  title  of  nobility  or  hereditary  distinction,  j>n-  ^jjcsapd  may  elect  five  ;  each  town,  having  twenty 
vilege,  honour,  or  emolument,  shall  ever  be  granted  or  thousand'two  hundred  and  fifty,  may  elect  six ;  each 
confirmed  ;  nor  shall  any  office  be  created,  the  appoint-  tj^y,,^  liaving  twenty-six  thousand  two  hundred  and  fif- 
ment  to  which  shall  be  i'or  a  longer  time  than  during  ^  inhabitants,  may  elect  seven  ;  but  no  town  shall 
good  behaviour.                              gyer  be  entitled  to  more  than  seven  representatives  ; 

and  towns  and  plantations,  duly  organized,  not  having 


24.  The  enumeration  of  certain  rights  shall  not  im- 
pair nov  deny  others  retained  by  the  people. 

AllTICLE  2. 

Electors. 


fifteen  hundred  inhabitants,  shall  he  classed,  as  conve- 
niently as  niav  be,  into  districts,  containing  that  num- 
ber, and  so  as'not  to  divide  towns ;  and  each  such  dis- 
trict may  elect  one  representative ;  and  when,  on  this 
apportionment,  the  number  of  representatives  shall  he 


i  1.   Every  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  of  the    tAvo  Iiundred,adifferent  apportionment  shall  take  place 
;e  of  twenty-one  years  and  upwards,  excepting  i>au-    upon  the  above  principle  ;  and,  in  case  the  fitteen  hiiu- 


in  the  town  or  plantation  where  his  residence  is  so  esta-  ever  any  town  or  towns,  plantation  or  plantations,  not 

blished,  and  the  elections  shall  be  bv  written  ballot,  entiled  to  elect  a  representative,  shall  determine  against 

But  pei-sons  in  the  militai-y,  naval,  or  marine  service  of  a  classification  with  any  other  town  or  plantation,  the 

the  United  States,  or  this  state,  shall  not  be  considered  legislature  may,  at  each  apportionment  ot  representa- 

as  having  obtained  such  established  residence  by  being  tives,on  the  application  of  such  town  or  plantation,  au- 

stationed  in  any  garf rison,  barrack,  or  military  place,  thorize  it  to  elect  a  representative  for  such  portion  ol 

in  any  town  or  plantation :  nor  shall  the  residence  of  a  time,  and  such  periods,as  shall  be  equal  to  its  portion  ot 

student  at  any  seminary  of  learning,  entitle  him  to  the  representiitionj  and  the  right  of  representation,  so  esta- 


CONSTiTUTIO?f  OF  MAINE. 


115 


uiiiiiod,  shall  not  be  altered  until  the  next  general  ap- 
portionment. 

4.  No  person  shall  be  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, unless  he  shall,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
period  for  whicli  he  is  elected,  have  been  five  years  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States;  have  arrived  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years;  have  been  a  resident  in  this  state  one 
year,  or  from  the  adoption  of  this  conslitiuion ;  and,  for 
the  three  months  next  preceding  the  time  of  his  elec- 
tion, shall  have  been,  and  during"  the  period  for  which 
he  is  elected, shall  continue  to  l)e,a  resident  in  the  town 
or  district  which  he  represents. 

5.  The  meetings  for  the  choice  of  representatives  shall 
be  warned,  indue  course  of  law,  by  the  selectmen  of  the 
several  towns,  seven  days,  at  least,  before  the  election  ; 
and  the  selectmen  thereof  shall  preside  impartially  at 
such  meetings,  receive  the  votes  of  all  the  qualified 
electors  present,  sort,  count,  and  declai'e  them,  in  open 
town  meeting,  and,  in  the  presence  of  the  town  clei'k, 
who  shall  form  a  list  of  ihe  persons  voted  for,  with  the 
number  of  votes  for  each  person  aga'tust  his  name,  shall 
make  a  fair  record  thereof  in  the  presence  of  the  select- 
men, and  in  open  town  meeting ;  and  a  fair  copy  of  this 
list  shall  be  attested  by  the  selectmen  and  town  clerk, 
and  delivered  by  said  selectmen  to  each  representative, 
within  ten  days  next  after  such  election.  And  the  tou  ns 
and  plantations,  organized  by  law,  belonging  to  any 
class  herein  provided,  shall  hold  their  meetings  at  the 
same  time  in  the  respective  towns  and  plantation-, ;  and 
the  town  and  plantation  meetings  in  such  towns  and 
Jilantations,  shall  be  notified,  held,  and  regulated,  the 
votes  received,  sorted,  coimted,  and  declared,  in  the 
same  manner.    And  the  assessors  and  clerks  of  planta- 

-  tions  shall  have  all  the  powei-s,  and  be  subject  to  all  the 
duties,  wliich  selectmen  and  town  clerks  have,  and  are 
subject  to,  by  this  constitution.  And  the  selectmen  of 
such  towns,  and  the  .tssessors  of  such  plantations,  so 
classed,  shall, within  four  days  next  after  snch  meeting, 
meet  at  some  place,  to  he  prescribed  and  notified  by 
the  selectmen  or  assessors  of  the  eldest  town  or  planta- 
tion in  such  class,  ■'"^'^  ''''^  copies  of  said  lists  shall  be 
then  examined  and  cmpared  ;  and,  in  case  any  person 
shall  be  elected" by  a  majority  of  all  the  ^otes,  the  se- 
lectmen or  assessors  shall  deliver  the  certified  copies  of 
such  lists  to  the  person  so  elected,  within  ten  days  nex» 
after  such  election ;  and  the  clerks  of  towns  and  plant- 
ations, respectively,  shall  sea!  up  copies  of  alt  such  hits, 
and  cause  them  to  be  delivered  into  the  secretary's  of- 
fice twenty  days  at  least  before  the  first  Wednesday  in 
.Tanuary,  annually;  but,  in  case  no  person  shall  have  a 
Jnajority  of  votes,  the  selectmen  and  assessors  shall,  as 
soon  as  may  be,  notify  another  meeting,  and  the  same 
proceeding:  shall  be  had  at  every  future  meeting,  until 
an  election  shall  have  been  effected :  pi"ovided,  that  the 
legislature  may,  by  law,  prescribe  a  difterent  mode  of 
returning,  examining,  and  ascertaining,  the  election  of 
the  representatives  in  such  classes. 

6.  Whenever  the  seat  of  a  member  shall  be  vacated, 
by  death,  resignation,  or  otherwise,  the  vacancy  may  be 
filled  by  a  new  election. 

7.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their 
speaker,  clerk,  and  other  officers. 

8.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  impeaeluuent. 

AETICLE  4. — PAIIT  SECOJTI). 

Senate. 

(f  1.  The  senate  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  twenty, 
nor  more  than  thirty-one  members ;  elected  at  the  same 
time,  and  for  the  same  term,  as  the  representatives,  by 
the  qualified  electors  of  the  districts  into  which  the  state 
shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  divided. 

2.  The  legislature  which  shall  be  first  convened  un- 
der this  constitution  shall,  on  or  before  the  fifteenth 
day  of  August,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twenty-one,  and  the  legislature  at 
every  subsequent  period  often  years,  cause  the  state  to 
be  divided  into  districts  for  the  choice  of  senators.  The 
district  shall  conform,  us  nii.'r  as  maybe,  to  county  lines, 
and  be  appoitioned  according  to  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants. Tfie  number  of  senators  shall  not  exceed  twenty 
at  the  fii"st  apportionment,  and  shall,  at  each apporfion- 
raent,  be  increased,  until  they  shall  amount  to  thirty- 
one,  according  to  the  increase  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. 

3.  The  meetings  for  the  election  of  senators  shall  be 
notified,  held,  and  regulated,  and  the  votes  received, 
sorted,  counted,  declared,  and  recorded,  in  the  same 
manner  as  those  fur  representatives.  And  fair  copies  of 
the  lists  of  votes  shall  be  attested  by  the  selectmen  and 
town  clerks  of  towns,  and  the  assessors  and  clerks  of 
plantations,  and  sealed  up  in  open  town  and  plantation 


meetings ;  and  the  town  and  plantation  clerks,  respec- 
tively, shall  cause  the  same  to  he  delivered  into  the  se- 
cretary's office,  thirty  days  at  least  befoiv  the  first  Wed- 
nesday of  January.  All  other  qualified  electors,  living 
in  places  unincorporated,  who'shall  be  assessed  to  the 
support  of  governiiient,  by  the  assessors  of  an  adjacent 
town,  shall  have  the  privilege  of  voting  for  senatoi-s,  re- 
Iiresentatives,  and  governor,  in  siuh  town ;  and  shall  be 
notified  by  the  selectmen  thereof,  for  the  pm-pose,  ac- 
cordingly, 

4.  The  governor  and  council  shall,  as  soon  as  maybe, 
examine  the  returned  copies  of  such  lists,  and,  twenty 
days  before  the  said  first  Wednesday  of  January,  issue  a 
summons  to  such  persons  as  shall  appear  to  be  sleeted 
by  a  majority  of  the  votes  in  each  district,  to  attend  that 
day  and  take  their  seats, 

5.  The  senate  shall,  on  the  said  fa ;t  Wednesday  of 
Januarv,  annually,  determine  who  are  t-Jected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  votes  to  be  senators  in  each  district;  and,  in 
case  the  full  number  of  senators  to  be  elected  from  each 
district  shall  not  have  b.eii  so  elected,  the  members  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  such  senatoi"s  as  shall 
have  been  elected,  shall,  from  the  highest  numbers  of 
the  persons  voted  for,  on  said  lists,  equal  to  twice  the 
number  of  senators  deficient,  in  every  district,  if  there 
be  so  many  voted  for,  elect,  by  joint  ballot,  the  numbev 
of  senators  required;  and  in  this  manner  all  vacancies 
in  the  senate  shall  he  supplied,  as  soon  as  may  be,  after 
snch  vaeancif  s  happen. 

6.  The  senators  shall  be  twenty-five  years  of  age  at 
the  commencement  of  the  term  for  which  they  are  elect" 
ed,  and  in  all  other  respects  their  qualifications  shall  be 
the  same  as  those  of  the  representatives. 

7.  The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  im- 
peachments ;  anti,  when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  shall 
be  on  oath  or  affirmation  ;  and  no  person  shall  be  con- 
^icted  without  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  the 
members  present,  1  heir  judgment,  however,  shall  not 
extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  an<l  disqua- 
lification to  hold  or  enjoy  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or 
profit  under  this  state  ;  but  the  party,  whether  con- 
victed or  acquitted,  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  to  in- 
dictment, trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according 
to  law. 

8.  The  senate  shall  choose  their  president,  secretary, 
and  other  officers. 

ARTICLE  4, rAIlT  THIRD. 


Legislative  Power. 

§  1.  The  legislature  shall  convene  on  the  first  "Wed- 
nesday of  January,  annually,  and  shall  have  full  power 
to  make  and  establish  all  reasonable  laws  and  regula- 
tions for  the  deieuce  and  benefit  of  the  people  of  this 
state,  not  repugnant  to  this  constitution,  nor  to  that  of 
the  Vnited  States. 

2.  Every  bill  or  resolution,  having  the  force  of  law, 
to  which  the  concurrence  of  both  houses  maybe  neces- 
sary,  except  on  a  question  of  adjournment,  which  shall 
have  jrassed  both  houses,  shall  be  presented  to  the  go- 
vernor, and,  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  if  not,  he 
shall  return  it,  with  his  objection?,  to  the  house  in  which 
it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections 
at  large  on  its  journals,  and  proceed  to  reconsider 
it.  If,  after  such  reconsideration,  two  thirds  of  that 
house  shall  agree  to  pass  it,  it  shall  be  sent,  together 
with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall 
be  recoMsidered  ;  and,  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  that 
house,  it  shall  have  the  same  effect  as  if  it  had  been 
signed  by  the  governor  ;  but,  in  all  such  cases,  the  votes 
ot  both  houses  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the 
names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  or 
resolution,  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals  of  both 
houses,  respectively.  If  the  bill  or  resolution  shall  not 
be  returned  by  the  governor,  within  five  days  (Sundays 
excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  it 
shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  as  if  he  had  signed 
it ;  unless  the  legislature,  by  their  adjournment,  pre* 
vent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  have  such  force 
and  eftVct,  unless  returned  within  three  days  after  theif 
nest  meeting.  . 

3.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  shall 
constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  num- 
ber may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  compel  the 
atteiidanc^lDf  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  un- 
der such  penalties  as  each  house  shall  provide. 

4.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro- 
ceedings, punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour, 
and,  witli  theconcurreheeof  two  thirds,  expel  amen! ■ 
her,  btit  not  a  spcond  time  for  the  same  catiw> 


liO  CONSTITUTION  OF  MAINE, 

5.  Each  bouse  shall  keep  a  journal,  and,  from  time  to  services  a  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  increased 
time,  publish  its  procecding;s',  except  such  parts  as,  in  or  diminished  during  his  continuance  m  office. 

their  judgment  may  require  secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  7.    He  shail  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  army  and 

nays  of  the  members  of  either  hoitse,  ou  any  qiu-stion,  navy  of  the  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  m  hen  called 

shall,  at  the  desire  of  one  fifth  of  those  present,  be  en-  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States  ;  but  heshall 

tered  on  the  journals.  not  march  nor  convey  any  of  the  citizens  out  of  the 

6.  Each  house,  during  its  session,  may  punish,  by  ira-  state  wijhout  their  consent,  or  that  of  the  legislature, 
prisonment,  any  person,  not  a  member,  for  disresptctful  unless  it  shall  become  neccssa^',  in  order  to  march  or 
or  disorderly  behaviour  in  its  presence ;  for  obstructing  transport  th.jm  from  one  part  of  the  state  to  another, 
anv  of  its  proceedings ;  threatening,  assau  King,  or  abu  -  for  the  defence  thereof. 

sing  any  of  its  members  for  any  thing  said,  done,  or  do-  8.  Heshall  nomii)ate,and,\vith  tlie  ad  vice  and  consent 

jug,  in  either  house:  Provided,  that  no  imprisonment  of  the  council,  appoint,  all  judicial.officers,  the  attor- 

bhall  extend  beyond  the  period  of  the  same  session.  ney  general,  the  slierifls.  coroners,  registers  of  probate, 

7.  The  senato'rs  and  representatives  shall  receive  such  anil  notaries  ]mblic ;  and  lie  shaii  also  nominate,  and, 
compensation  as  shall  be  established  by  law  ;  but  nolaw  with  the  advice  and  consent  ol'tlie  council,  appoint,  all 
increasing  their  compensation  shall  take  effect  during  other  civil  and  military  officers,  whose  appointment  is 
the  existence  of  the  legislature  which  enacted  it.  The  not,  by  this  constitution,  or  shall  not,  by  la%y,  be  other- 
expenses  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  vf  prestntatives  w  ise  provided  for :  and  every  such  nomination  shall  be 
ill  travelling  to  the  legislature  and  returning  thert  from,  made  seven  dajs  at  least  prior  to  such  appointnient. 
once  in  each  session,  and  no  more,  shall  be  paid  by  the  9.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  the  legislature  in- 
state, oat  of  the  public  treasury,  to  every  member"who  formation  of  the  condition  of  the  state  and  recommend 
shall  seasonably  attend,  in  the  judgment  of  the  house,  to  their  consideratiun  such  measures  as  he  ma)  judge 
and  does  not  depart  therefrom  without  leave.  expedient. 

8.  Vh.senatorsandrepresentativesshali,  in  all  cases,  10.  He  may  require  information  from  any  military  of- 
except  treason,  feloi;y,  or  breach  of  the  |>eace,  be  privi-  fieer,  or  anj  officer  in  tht'  executive  department,  upon 
legedtVum  arrest  during  their  attendance  at,  going  to,  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  ot  their  respective 
and  re:  iirning  from,  each  session  of  thi-"  legislature,  and  offices. 

no  m  'uijer  shall  be  liable  to  answer  for  any  thing  spo-  11.  He  shall  have  power,  with  the  advice  and  consent 

Icen  ill  debate  in  either  house,  in  any  court  or  place  else-  of  the  council,  to  remit  after  conviction,  all  tbrfeitures, 

where.  and  penalties,  and  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  ex- 

9.  Biis,  orders,  or  resolutions,  may  originate  in  cither  ci  pt  ni  cases  of  impeachmtnt. 

house,  a. id  may  be  altered,  amended,  cr  iv|ected,  in  the  12.  He  siiall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  feithfully  exe- 

other  ;   but  all  bills  for  raising  a  revenue  shall  originate  cuted. 

in  the  house  of  ivpresentaiives,  but  tl.t  senate  may  pio-  H.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the 
pose  araendinents  as  in  other  cases;  provided,  that  they  legislature;  and,  in  case  of  disagreement  between  the 
shall  nor,  under  colour  of  amenrtineni,  introduce  any  two  houses,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment, 
new  matter,  v/hich  does  not  relate  to  raising  a  revenue,  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper,  not 
)0.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  be>ond  the  day  of  the  next  annual  meeting;  and  if, 
term  for  which  he  shal  i  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  since  their  iast  adjournment,  the  place  w  here  the  legis- 
to  any  civil  office  of  profit  under  this  state,  which  shall  lature  were  next  to  convene  shall  have  become  danger- 
have  beenereated, or  theemolumentsof  which  increased  ous  from  an  enemy,  or  contagious  sickness,  may  direct 
during  such  term;  except  such  offices  as  may  be  filled  the  session  to  be  held  at  some  other  convenient  place 
by  elections  by  the  peo]ile:  provided,  that  this  prohibi-  within  the  state. 

lion  shall  not  extend  to  the  members  of  the  first  legisla-  14.  Whenever  the  office  of  governor  shall  become  va- 

ttirc.  cant,  by  death,  resignation,  removal  from  office,  or 

11.  No  member  of  congress,  nor  person  holding  any  otherwise,  the  ])resideiit  of  the  senate  shall  exercise  the 
office  under  the  United  States,  (post  officers  excepted)  office  of  governor  until  another  governor  shall  be  duly 
nor  officeof  profit  under  this  state,justices  of  the  peace,  qualified;  and,  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  remo- 
iiotaries  public,  coroners,  and  officers  of  the  militia  ex-  valfrom  office,or  other  disqualification  of  the  president 
cepted,  shall  have  a  seat  in  either  house  during  his  be-  of  the  senate,  so  exercising  the  office  of  governor,  the 
ing  such  member  of  congress,  or  his  continuing  in  such  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall  exercise 
office.  the  office,  until  a  president  of  the  senate  shall  have  been 

12.  Neither  house  shall,  during  the  session,  without  chosen;  and  whin  the  office  of  governor,  [uesident  of 
the  consent  ol  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  two  the  senate,  and  speaker  of  the  house,  shail  become  va- 
days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which  tlie  cant,  in  the  recess  of  the  senate,  the  person  acting  as  se- 
houses  shall  be  sitting.  cretary  of  state,  for  the  time  being,  shall,  by  proclama- 

,„_.„._  /; Di-DT  xTTioT  tioH,  convcnc  thc  seiKite,  that  ft  presideiu  uiHy  lic  cho" 

Ji.UiiK.i.1.  J.      PAKT  iJKST.  ^^^  to  exercise  the  office  of  governor.    And  whenever 

Executive  Poiuer.  either  the  president  of  the  senate,  or  speaker  of  the 

,        _,                                .                    _  ,.  house,  shall  so  exercise  said  office,  he  shall  receive  onlv 

5  1.   The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  state  shall  the  compensation  of  governor,  but  his  duties  as  presi- 

be  vested  m  a  governor.                       ,    .        .  dent  or  speaker  shall  be  suspended  ;  and  the  senate  or 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  elected  by  the  quahfied  house  shall  fill  the  vacancy,  until  his  duties  as  governor 
electors,  and  shall  hol<i his  office  one  year  from  the  first   shall  cease. 

Wednesday  of  Januai^  in  each  year. 

3.  The  meetings  for  election  o"f  governor  shall  beno-  ATn-rr-v  t p  mit  svrn-fn 

tificd,  held,  and  regulated,  and  votes  shall  be  received,  ARTICLE  O  — PAIir  SECOM). 

sorted,  counted,  declared,  and  recorded,  in  the  same  ^           w 

manner  as  those  for  senatoi-s  and  representatives.  They  t^oinictt. 

shall  be  sealed  and  returaed  into  tlie  secretai^'s  office  §  1.  There  shall  be  a  council,  to  consist  of  seven  per- 
in  the  same  manner,  and  at  the  same  time,  as  those  for  sons,  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  resident  of  this 
senators.  And  the  secretary  of  state,  for  the  lime  being,  state,  to  advise  the  governor  in  the  executive  part  of 
shall,  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  January  then  next,  lay  government,  whom  the  governor  shall  have  full  power, 
the  lists  before  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  at  his  discretion,  to  assemble  ;  and  he,  with  the  counsel- 
to  be  by  them  examined;  and,  in  case  of  a  choice  by  a  lors,  or  a  majority  of  them,  may,  from  lime  to  lime, 
majority  of  all  the  votes  returned,  they  shall  declare  hold  and  keep  a  council,  for  ordering  and  directing  the 
aud  pubiisli  the  same.     But,  if  no  person  shall  have  a  affairsof  state,  according  to  law. 

majority  of  votes,  the  house  of  i-epresenvatives  shall,  by  2.  The  counsellors  shall  be  chosen  annually,  on  the 

ballot,  from  the  persons  having  the  four  highest  nuni-  first  Wednesday  of  January,  by  joint  ballot  of  tlie  sena- 

bers  of  votes  on  the  lists,  if  so  many  there  be,  elect  two  tors  and  representatives  in  convention  ;  and  vacancies, 
persons,  and  make  returns  of  their  names  to  the  senate,  which  shall  afterwards  hapjien,  shall  be  filled  in  the 
of  whom  the  senate  shall,  by  ballot,  elect  one,  who  shall    same  manner  ;  hut  not  more  than  one  counsellor  shall 

be  declared  the  governor.  be  elected  frmn  any  district  prescribed  for  the  election 

4.  The  governor  shall,  at  the  commencement  of  his  of  senators;  and  they  shall  be  privileged  from  arrest  in 
term,  be  not  less  than  thirty  years  of  age  ;  a  natural  the  same  manner  as  senators  and  representatives, 
bom  citizen  of  the  United  States  ;  have  been  five  years,  3.  The  resolutions  and  advice  of  council  shall  be  re- 
or  from  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  a  resident  of  corded  in  a  register,  and  signed  by  the  members  agree- 
thestate;and,atthetimeof  his  election,  aniduiing  the  ing  thereto,  which  maybe  called  for  by  either  house  of 
term  for  which  he  is  elected,  be  a  resident  oreaid  state,  the  legislature ;  and  any  counsellor  may  enter  Iiis  dis- 

5.  No  person  holding  any  office  or  place  under  the  sent  to  the  resolution  oftlie  majority. 

United  States,  this  state,  or  any  other  power,  sliall  ex-  4.   No  member  of  congress,  or  ot  the  legislature  of 

ercise  the  office  of  governor.  this  state,  nor  any  person  holding  any  office  under  the 

6.  The  governor  skall,  at  stated  times  receive  for  his  United  States,  (post  officers  excepted.)  nor  anv  civil  of- 


ties,  as  they  shall  respectively  1-equire.  _     ^   bylaw 


CONSTITUTION  OP  MAINE.  117 

ficers  under  this  state,  Hustices  of  the  peace  and  nota-  quartermaster  general,  until  otherwise  directed  by  law. 

ries  public  excepted.)   shall  be  counsellors.    And   no  The  major  generals  and  origadier  generals,  and  the 

counsellor  shall  be  appointed  to  any  office  during  the  commanding  officers  ut  regmiems  and  battalions,  shall 

time  for  which  he  shail  have  been  elected.  appoint  their  repectiye  staff  oflicers  ;  and  all  military 

officers  shall  be  commissioned  bv  the  j^ovenior. 

ARTICLE  O.*— PAllT  TilJKD.  j.  The  militia, as  divided  into'divisions,  brigades,  re- 

„  gimcnts,  battalions,  and  companies,  pursuant  to  the 

i^ecreiary.  j»^^^^  ^^^  j^^  force,  shall  remain  so  orgauiztd,  until  the 

§  1.   The  secretary  of  state  shall  be  chosen  aimually,  same  shail  be  altered  by  the  legislature. 

at  the  fii-st  session  of  the  legislature,  byjoini  baliotof  the  5.  Peisons  of  the  denominations  of  quakers  and  sha- 

senators  and  representatives  in  convention.       .  kers,  justices  of  the  supreme  judicial  court,  and  miiiis- 

2.  The  records  of  the  state  shall  be  kept  in  the  office  tcrs  of  the  gospel,  may  be  exempted  fioni  mditary  duty, 
of  the  secretary,  who  may  appoint  his  dcjputies,  for  hut  no  otiier  pei-son  of  the  age  of  eighteen  and  under 
whose  conduct  he  shall  be  aceounubie.  the  age  of  forty-iive  years,  excepting  officers  of  the  rai- 

3.  He  shall  attend  the  governor  and  council,  senate  Utia,  who  have  been  honourably  discharged,  shall  be  so 
and  house  of  representatives,  in  person,  or  by  lii^  depu-  exempted,  unless  he  shall  pay  an  equivalent,  to  be  fixed 
"'  ;s,  as  they  shall  respectively  require.  '     " 

4.  He  shall  carefullykeep  and  preserve  the  records  of 
all  the  official  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  governor  and 
council,  senate  and  house  of  representatives ;  and,  when  Literature, 
required,  .ay  the  same  before  either  branch  of  the  legis- 
lature, and  perform  such  other  duties  as  are  enjoined        A  general  diffusion  of  the  advantages  01  education 
by  this  constitution,  or  shaifbe  required  by  law.              being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  and 

liberties  of  the  people  ;  to  promote  this  important  oh- 

AJtTICLE  5.~PA11T  FOUIITH.  ji^ct,  the  legislature.are  authorized,  and  it  shall  be  their 

fTi„  _„,..,„,,  dutv,  to  require  the  several  towns  to  make  suitable  pro- 

X  I  cu^a.  CI .  vision,  at  their  own  expense,  for  the  support  .and  main- 

§1.   Tlie  treasurer  shall  be  chosen  annually,  at  the  tenance  of  public  schools ;  and  ilsliaUfuitlier  be  their 

first  session  of  the  legislature,  by  joint  ballot  of  the  se-  duty  to  encourage  and  suitably  endow,  from  time  to 

nators  and  representatives  in  convention,  but  shail  not  time,  as  the  eiicumstaiices  of  the  people  may  authorize, 

be  eligible  mure  than  five  yeai's  successively.  all  acaderr.ies,   colleges,  and  seminaries   of  learning, 

2.  'I'he  treasurer  shall,  before  entering  on  the  duties  within  the  state :  provided,  that  no  donation,  grant,  or 
of  his  office,  give  bond  to  the  state,  with  sureties,  to  the  endowment,  sliall  at  any  time  be  made  by  the  legisla- 
satisfaction  of  the  legislature,  for  the  faithful  discharge  ture,  to  any  literary  institution  now  established,  or 
of  his  trust.                            ■  which  may  lit- n-after  bt-  established,  tniless,  at  the  time 

3.  The  treasurer  shall  not,  during  h\i  continuance  in  of  making  biich  endowment,  the  legislature  of  the  state 
office,  engage  in  any  business  of  trade  or  commerte,  or  shall  have  the  right  to  grant  any  fuither  powers  to  al- 
as a  broker,  nor  as  an  agent  or  factor  for  any  merchant  ter,  limit,  or  restrain,  any  of  the  powers  vesied  in,  any 
or  trader,  such  literary  institution,  as  shall  be  judged  necessary  to 

4.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasurj-,  but  promote  the  best  interests  thereof. 
by  warrant  from  the  governor  and  council,  and  iu,con-  a  r  xirr  "^  9 
sequence ofappropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  .  Aus:i.\,i.r.  . 
statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures                               General  Pro'visions. 

of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  at  the  commence-  ,                                            ,                 .       ,         .,         „ 

mem  of  the  annual  session  of  the  legislature.  \  1-    Every  person  elected  or  ajipoinlcd  to  eituer  of 

_  the  places  or  offices  provided  in  this  constitution,  and 

AllTICLE  D.  every  person,  elected,  appointed,  or  commissioned,  to 

7"  /,7)V;^/  P/i-  <n-n  ^"y  judicial,  executive,  military,  or  other  office  under 

.lUUiCiai  1  o,aei .  -I^jj  ^^^^^^^  j[,^„^  before  he  enter  on  the  discharge  of  the 

V  1.  The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  he  vested  in  duties  of  his  place  or  ofKce,  take  and  subscribe  the  fol- 

a  supreme  judicial  court,  and  such  other  courts  as  the    lowing  oath  or  affirmation:  "I, ^,  do  swear,  that 

legislature  shall,  from  time  to  time,  establish.  I  will  support  tlie  constitution  of  the  United  States  and 

2.  The  justices  of  the  supreme  judicial  court  shall,  at  of  this  state,  so  long  as  I  shall  continue  a  citizen  there- 
stated  times,  receive  a  compensation,  which  sliall  not  of.    So  help  me  God." 

be  diminished  during  their  tominuanee  in  office,  but       "I, ,  do  swear,  that  I  wilHiiithfuily  discharge, 

they  shall  receive  no  other  fee  or  reward.  to  the  best  of  my  abilities,  the  duties  incumbent  on  me 

3.  They  shall  be  obliged  to  give  thtir  opinion  upon    as ,  according  to  tlie  constitution  and  the  laws 

important  qtiestionsof  law,  and  upon  solemn  occasion  >,  of  the  state:  so  help  me  Gcd  :''provided,  that  .nn  affirm- 
when  required  by  the  governor,  councii,  senate,  or  ation  in  the  aliove  forms  may  be  substituted,  whin  the 
house  of  representatives.  pti-son  shall  be  consciemiously  scrupulous  of  taking 

4.  All  judicial  officers,  except  justices  of  the  peace,  and  subscribing  an  oath. 

shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour,  biit  not  'iheoaths  oraffirinationsshall  betaken  and  siibsciibed 

beyond  the  age  of  seventy  years.  by  the  governor  and  counsellors  before  the  iiresiding  of- 

5.  Justices  of  tlie  peace  and  notaries  public  shall  hold  ficer  of  tiie  senate,  in  the  presence  of  both  hsuses  of  the 
their  offices  during  seven  jcars,  if  they  so  long  behave  legislature,  and  by  the  senatois  and  representatives  be- 
themselves  well,  at  the  expiration  of  which  term,  the\'  fore  the  governor  and  council,  and  by  the  reaidue  of  said 
may  be  re-appointeil,  or  otiiers  appointed,  as  the  public  officers  befoiestich  persons  r.s  shall  lie  prescribed  by  the 
interest  may  require.  legislature;  and,  whenever  the  governor  or  any  coun- 

6.  The  justices  of  the  supreme  judicial  court  shall  seller  shall  not  be  able  to  attend,  during  the  session  of 
lioid  no  office  under  the  United  States,  nor  any  state,  the  legislature,  to  take  and  subscribe  said  oaths  or  af- 
nor  any  other  office  under  tliis  state,  except  that  of  -jus-  firniations,  such  oaths  or  afiirmations  may  be  taken  and 
tice  of  the  peace.                                                           '  subscribed,  in  the  recess  of  the  legislature,  before  any 

.p-rTi"v7  justice  of  the  suiMT'me  judicial  court:  provided,  that 

AP.TICi..,  t .  jjij^  senators  and  rcjiresentatives  first  elected  under  this 

Jllllita''t'  constitution  shall  take  and  subscribe  such  oaths  or  af- 

"  '  firmations,  before  I  lie  i)resideiit  of  ihe  convention. 

§  1.   The  captains  .ind  subalterns  of  the  militia  shall  2.   No  person  holding  the  office  of  justice  of  the  su- 

be  elected  by  the  written  votes  of  the  members  of  their  preme  judicial  court,  or  of  any  infinior  court,  attorney 

respective  companies.    The  field  officers  of  regiments  general,  coiuity  attornev,  treasurer  of  the  state,  adju- 

by  the  written  votes  of  the  captains  and  subalterns  of  taut  general,  judge  of  p'lobute,  register  of  probate,  're- 

their  respective  regiments.     The  brigadier  generals,  in  pister  of  deed's,  sheriffs  or  their  deputies,  clerks  of  the, 

like  manner,  by  the  field  officers  of  their  respective  hri-  .judicial  coi.rts,  slinll  be  a  niendur  of  the  legislature  ; 

gades.                                                                 .  and  ain  person  holding  either  of  the  fm-egohig  offices, 

2.  rhe  legislature  shall,  by  law,  direct  tV.e  manner  of  elected  to  and  actepliiTg  a  seat  in  the  congress  of  the 
notifying  the  electors,  conducting  the  ehctitnis,  and  United  Slat.s,  shall  thereby  vuente  said  office;  a;id  no 
making  the  returns  to  the  governor  of  the  officers  (.-lect-  person  shail  be  capable  of  holding  or  exercising,  at  the 
cd  ;  and,  if  the  electors  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  make  same  time,  within  this  state,  more  than  oneof  the  offices 
such  elections,  after  being  duly  notified  according  to  before-mentiomd. 

law,  tl^  governor  shall  appoint  suitable  persons  to  fill       3.   All  commissions  shall  be  in  tl;c  name  of  the  state, 

such  omces.  signed  by  liie  governor,  attested  by  the  secretan-  or  his 

3.  The  major  generals  shall  be  elected  by  the  senate  deputy,  and  have  the  s'.al  of  the  state  thereto  affixed, 
and  house  of  representatives,  each  having  a  neg.itive  on        4.   And  in  case  the  elections  required  bv  this  coiisti- 
the  other.   The  adjutant  general  and  riuarterinaster  ge-  fittion,  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  January,  annually,  by 
neral  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council;  fhetwohnusesof  the  legislaturc.shall  iiot  be  completed 
our  the  adiufant  general  shall  nn-fJirm  Th«>  flnties  of  -m  ^hv.t  d.iv:  the  ■J.ime  m)vh,''af?TO''ni''df'-r.r,  davfn 


118 


G0^'STITU^IO^'  of  maine. 


day  until  completed,  in  the  following  order:  tlie  vacan- 
cies in  the  senate  shall  first  be  filled  fthe  governor  shall 
then  be  elected,  if  there  be  no  choice  by  the  people ; 
and,  afterwards,  the  two  houses  shall  elect  the  council. 

5.  Every  person  Ijoidinjf  any  civil  office  under  this 
state  may  be  removed,  by  iinpeachmeiit,  formisdemcan- 
or  in  office ;  and  every  person  holding  any  office  maybe 
removed  by  the  governor,  wilh  the  advice  of  the  coun- 
cil, on  the  address  of  botli  branches  of  the  legislature. 
But,  before  stich  address  shall  pass  either  house,  the 
causes  of  removal  shall  be  stated  and  entered  on  the 
journal  of  tlie  house  in  which  it  originated,  and  a  copy 
tliereof  served  on- the  person  in  office,  that  he  maybe 
admitted  to  a  hearing  in  his  defence. 

6.  The  tenurccf  all  offices,  which  are  npt  or  shall  not 
be  otherwise  provided  for,  shall  be  during  the  pleasure 
of  the  governor  and  council. 

7.  While  the  public  expenses  shall  be  assessed  on  polls 
and  estates,  a  general  valuation  shall  be  taken  at  least 
once  in  ten  years. 

S.  All  taxes  upon  real  estate,  assessed  by  authority  of 
this  state,  shall  be  apportioned  and  assessed  equally,  ac- 
cording to  the  just  value  thereof. 

ATITICLE  10. 

Schechde. 

5  1.  The  first  legislature  shall  meet  on  the  last  Wed- 
nesday in  May  next.  The  elections  on  the  second  Mon- 
day in  September,  annually,  shall  not  covnraence  until 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twentj-one, 
and,  in  the  mean  time,  the  election  for  governor.'sena- 
tors,  and  representatives,  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday 
in  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  twenty;  and  at  this  election  the  same  pro- 
ceedings shall  be  had  as  are  required  at  the  elections 
provided  for  in  this  constitution,  on  the  second  Monday 
in  September,  annually,and  the  lists  of  the  votes  for  the 
governor  and  senators  shall  be  transmitted,  by  the  town 
and  plantation  clerks,  respectively,  to  the  secretary  of 
state,  pro  tempore,  seventeen  days  at  least  befoi-e  the  last 
■\V'ednesday  in  May  next ;  and  the  president  of  the  con- 
vention shall,  in  presence  of  the  secretary  of  state,  pro 
tempore,  open  and  examine  the  attested  copies  of  said 
lists,  so  returrnl  ibr  senators,  and  shall  have  all  the 
powers,  and  be  subject  to  all  the  duties,  in  ascertaining, 
notifying,  and  summoning,  the  senators  who  appear  to 
be  elected,  as  the  governor  and  council  have,  and  are 
subject  to,  by  this  constitution:  provided,  he  shall  no- 
tify said  senators  fourteen  days  at  least  before  the  last 
Wednesday  in  M.iy,  and  vacancies  shall  be  ascertained 
and  filled  in  the  manner  herein  provided :  and  thesena- 
tors  to  be  elected  on  the  said  first  Monday  of  April 
shall  be  apportioned  as  follows : 

The  county  of  York  shall  elect  three ;  the  county  of 
Cumberland  shall  elect  three;  the  county  of  Lincoln 
shall  elect  three;  the  county  of  Hancock  shall  elect  two; 
thecounty  of  Washi;!gtoiisliall  elect  one;  the  county 
of  Kennebec  shall  elect  three  ;  the  county  of  Oxford 
shall  elect  two ;  the  county  of  Somerset  shall  elect  two ; 
the  county  of  I'enobstot  shall  elect  one. 

And  the  members  of  the  liouseof  representatives  shall 
be  elected,  ascertained,  and  returned,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  herein  provided  at  elections  on  the  second  Mon- 
dayof  September;  andthefirst  hotise  of  representatives 
shall  consist  of  the  following  number,  to  be  elected  as 
follows : 

County  of  2'</rA-.— The  towns  of  York  and  Wells  may 
each  elect  two  representatives;  and  each  of  the  remain- 
ing towns  may  elect  one.  , 

County  of  Cumha-tcind.~1\\e:  town  of  Portland  may 
elect  three  representatives;  North  Yarmouth,  two"; 
Brunswick,  two;  Goiham,  two;  Freeportand  Pownal, 
two;  Raymond  and  OtisfieUt,  one;  Biidgton,  Baldwin, 
and  Harrison,  one;  Poland  and  Danville,  one ;  and  each 
remaining  town,  one. 

County  of  Lincoln.— The.  towns  of  Georgetown  and 
Phipsburg  may  elect  one  representative;  Lewiston  and 
Wales, one ;  St.  George,  Custiing,  and  Friendship,  one ; 
Hope  and  Applelon  Ridge,  one;  .Tefferson,  Putnam, 
and Patricktown  Plantation,  one;  AInaand  Whittfield, 
one;  Montville,  Palermo^  and  Mcmtville  Plantation, 
one;  Woolwich  and  Dresden,  one;  and  each  remaining 
town,  one. 

Csuji^i/ o/■//ancoc^•.— The  town  of  Bucksport  may  elect 
one  representative;  Deer  Islaud  one;"Casline  and 
Brooksville,  one  ;  Orland  and  Penobscot,  one;  Mount 
Desert  and  Eden,  one;  Vinalhaven  and  Isleboroiigh, 
one:  Sedgwick  and Bluehill, one:  Gouldsborough,  Sul- 
livan, and  plantation.  No.  Sand  9,  north  of  Sullivan, 
one:  Surry, Ellsworth,  rienton,and  plantation  of  Ma- 
riaville,  one:  Lincolnville,  Searsmont,  and  Belmont, 
one :  Belfast  and  Northport,  one :  Prospect  antl  Swan- 


villeone:  Frankfort  and  Monroe,  one:  Kuox, Brooks, 
Jackson,  and  Thomdike,  one. 

County  of  lVashington.—T\\e  towns  of  Steuben,  Cher- 
ryfield,  and  Hamngton,  may  elect  one  representative; 
Addison,  Columbia,  and  Joncsborough,  one  :  Machias, 
one:  Lubec,Dennysville,  plantations  No  9,  No.  10,  No. 
11,  No. 12, one:  Eastpovt, one :  Perry,  Robinson, Calais, 
plantations  No.  3,  No.  6,  No.  7,  No.  15,  and  No.  16, one. 

County  of  Kennebec.— the  towns  of  Belg-rade  and  Dear- 
born inay  elect  one  representative:  Chesterville,  Vien- 
na, aniS  Rome,  one:  AVayne  and  Fayette,  one:  Temple 
and  Wilton  one:  Winslow  and  China,  one :  Fairfax  and 
Freedom,  one:  Unity,  Joy,  and  Twenty-five  mile  Pond 
plantation,  one :  Harlem'  and  Malta,  one :  and  each  re- 
maining town,  one. 

County  of  Oxford.— T\\c  towns  of  Dixfield,  Mexico, 
Weld,  and  plaiitations  Nes.  1  and  4,  may  elect  one  re- 
presentative: Jay  and  Hartford,  one:  Livermore,  one: 
Rninford,  East  Andover,  and  plantations  Nos.  7  and  8, 
one  :  Turner,  one:  Woodstock,  Paris,  and  Greenwood, 
one :  Hebron  and  Norway,  one :  Gilead,  Bethel,  Newry, 
Albany,  and  Howard's  GOre,  one:  Porter,  Hiram,  and 
Brownfield,  one :  Waterford,  Sweden,  and  Lovell,  one ; 
Denmark,  Fryelnirg,  and  Fryeburg  Addition,  one: 
Buckfield  and  Sumner,  one. 

County  of  Somerset.— The  town  of  Fairfield  may  elect 
one  representative;  Norridgwock  and  Blooinfieid,one: 
Starks  and  Mercer,  one :  Industry,  Strong,  and  New 
Vinevard,one:  Avon,Phi!lips, Freeman, and  Kingfield, 
one:'Anson,  New  Portland,  Embden,  and  plantation 
No.  1,  one :  Canaan,  Warsaw,  Palmyra,  St.  Albans,  and 
Corinna,one:  Madison,  Solon,  Bingham,  Moscow,  and 
Northill,  one;  Comville,  Athens,  Harmony,  Ripley, 
and  Warrenstov.n,one.     * 

County  of  Penofiscot.— The  towns  of  Hampden  and 
Newbuvg  may  elect  one  representative ;  Orrington, 
Brewer,  and  Eddington,  and  plantations  adjacent,  on 
the  east  side  of  Penobscot  river,  one:  Bangor,  Orono, 
and  Siinkhaze  plantation,  one:  Dixmont,  Nevyport, 
Carniel,  Herraon,  Stetson,  and  plantations  No.  4,  in  the 
6th  range,  one:  Levant,  Corinth.  Exeter,  New  Charles- 
town,  Blakesburgh,  plantation  No.  1,  in  3d  rang-e,  and 
plantation  No.  1,  in  4th  range,  one:  Dexter,  Garland, 
Guilford,  Sangerville,  and  xjlantation  No.  3,  in  6th 
range,  one :  Atkinson,  Sebec,  Foxcroft,  Browuville, 
Williamsbmgh,  plantation  No.  1,  in  7th  range,  and 
plantation  No.  3,  in  7th  range, one. 

And  the  secretary  of  state,p/o  tempore,  shall  have  the 
same  powers  and  besubject  to  the  same  duties,  in  rela- 
tion to  the  votes  for  governor,  as  the  secretary  of  state 
has,  and  is  subject  to,  by  this  constitution :  and  the  elec- 
tion of  goveriior  shall,  on  the  said  last  Wednesday  in 
May,  be  determined  and  declared,  in  t'le  same  manner 
as  other  elections  of  governor  are  by  this  constitution : 
and,  in  case  of  vacancy  in  said  office,  the  president  of 
the  senate,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
shall  exercise  the  office  as  herein  otherwise  provided, 
and  the  counsellors,  secretary,  and  treasurer,  shall  also 
be  elected  on  said  day,  and  have  the  same  powers,  and 
be  subject  to  Ihe  same  duties,  as  is  provided  in  this  con- 
stitution ;  and  in  case  of  the  death  or  other  disqualifica- 
tion of  the  president  of  this  convention,  or  of  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  pro  tempore,  before  the  election  and  quali- 
fication of  the  governor,  or  secretary  of  state,  under  this 
constitution,  the  persons  to  be  designated  by  this  con- 
vention, at  their  session  in  January  next,  shall  have  all 
the  powers,  and  perforin  all  the  duties,  which  the  presi- 
dent of  this  convention,  or  tlie  secretary  pro  tempore,  to 
be  by  them  appointed,  shall  have  and  perform. 

2.  rhe  penod  for  which  the  governor,  senators,  and 
representatives  counsellors,  secretary,  and  treasurer, 
first  elected,  or  appointed,  are  to  serve  in  their  respec- 
tive offiees  and  placesjShall  commence  on  the  last  Wed- 
nesday in  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  twenty,  and  continue  until  the  first 
AVcdnesday  of  January,  m  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-two. 

3.  All  laws  now  in  force  in  this  state,  and  not  repug- 
nant to  this  constitution,  shall  remain  and  be  in  force, 
until  altered  or  repealed  by  the  legislature,  or  shall  ex- 
pire by  their  own  limitation. 

4.  Thelegislature,whenevertwothirdsof  both  houses 
shall  deem  it  necessary,  may  propose  amendments  to 
this  constitution ;  and  when  any  amendment  shall  be  so 
agreed  upon,  a  resolulion  shall  be  passed  and  sent  to 
the  selectmen  of  the  several  towns,  and  the  assessors  of 
the  several  plantations,  empowering  and  directing 
them  to  notify  the  inhabitants  of  their  respective  towns 
and  plantation's,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law,  at 
their  next  annual  meetings  in  the  month  of  September, 
to  give  in  their  votes  on  the  question  whether  such 
amendment  shall  be  made ;  and  if  it  sliall  appear  that  a 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  voting  on  the  question  arc 


CONSTITUTION  01-^  MAIXF.,  119 

IB  favour  of  such  amendment,  it  shall  become  a  part  of  portion  oftlie  prothielive  property  so  held  bj;  said  com- 

this  constitution,  niou\veaIth,asan  equivalentand indemnification  to  said 

5.  All  officers  provided  for  in  the  sixth  section  of  an  Qonimonweallh  for  all  such  debts,  annuities,  or  Indian 

act  of  the  commonwealth  of  MsuSHcluisetts,  passed  on  subsidies,  or  claims,  which  may  then  remain  due,  or 

the  nineteenth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  unsatisfied  ;  and  all  the  surplus  of  the  said  property,  so 

thousand  eight  hmidred  and  nineteen,  entitled,  "  An  holdcn,  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  divided  between  the  said 

act  relating  to  the  s>rparaiion  of  the  district  of  Maine,  commonwi-alth  and  the  said  district  ot  Maine,  in  the  pro- 

from  Massachusetts  proper,  and  forming  the  same  into  portion  of  two  thirds  to  the  said  commonwealth  and  one 

a  separate  and  independent  state,"  shall  continue  in  third  to  the  said  district ;  and  i!',  in  the  judi^ment  of  the 

office,  as  therein  provided  ;  and  the  following  provi-  said  commissioners,  the  whole  of  said  property,  so  held, 

sions  of  said  act  shall  be  a  part  of  this  constitution  ;  as  a  fund  and  security,  shall  not  be  sufficient  indemni- 

.subject,  however,  to  be  modified,  or  annulled,  as  there-  fication  for  the  purpose,  the  said  district  shall  be  liable 

in  is  prescribed,  and  not  otherwise,  to  wit :  for,  and  shall  pay  to  said  commonwealth,  one  third  of 

"  Sect.  1.   AVhereas  it  has  been  represented  to  this  tlie  deficiency, 

legislature,  that  a  majority  of  the  people  of  thr  district  "  Fifth,  The  new  state  shall,  as  soon  as  the  necessary 

of  Maine  are  desirous  of  eslaulishing  a  separate  and  in-  arrangements  can  be  made  for  that  purpose,  assume 

dependent  government  within  said  district :  Therefore,  and  perform  all  the  duties  and  obligations  of  this  com- 

"  Be  it  enacted  hijthe  Senate  and  House  of  Represeuia-  raonwealth,  towai'ds  tiie  Indians  Avithin  said  district  of 

tives,  in  general  court  nssembled,  and  by  the  aiithortty  Maine,  whether  the  same  arise  from  treaties  or  other- 

ojthesame.  That  theconsent  of  this  commonwealth  be,  wise;  and.  tor  this  purpose,  shall  obtain  the  assent  of 

and  the  same  is  hereby  given,  that  the  district  of  Maine  said  Indians,  and  their  release  to  this  commonwealth  of 

may  be  formed  and  erected  into  a  separate  and  inde-  claims  and  stipulations  arising  under  the  treaty  at  pre- 

pendent  state,  if  the  people  of  the  said  district  sl:all,  in  sent  existing  between  the  said  commonwealth  and  said 

the  manner,  and  by  the  majority  hereinafter  mention-  Indians;  and,  as  indemnification  to  such  new  state 

ed,  express  their  consent  and  agreement  thereto,  upon  therefor,  this  commonwealth,  when  such  arrangements 

the  following  terms  and  conditions :  And,  provided  the  shall  be  completed,  and  the  said  duties  and  obligations 

congress   of  the  United  States  shall  give  its  consent  assumed,  shall  pay  to  said  new  statt  tlie  \plue  of  thirty 

thereto  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next;  which  thousand  dollars,  in  manner  following,  viz:  The  said 

terms  and  conditions  are  as  follows,  viz.  commissioners  shall  set  off,  by  metes  and  bounds,  so 

'•  First.  All  the  lands  and  buildings  belonging  to  the  much  of  any  part  of  the  land,  within  the  said  district, 

commonwealth,   within    Massachusetts  proper,    shall  falling  to  ths  commonwealth,  in  the  division  of  the  pub" 

continue  to  belong  to  said  commo..\vealtii,  and  all  the  lie  lands  hereinalter  picTid"'  'm.  ai.  in  their  estima- 

lands  belonging  to  the  commonwealth  within  the  dis-  ti on.  shall  be  of  the  value  of  tiiiriy  thousand  dollars; 

trict  of  Maine  shall  belong,  the  one  half  thereof  to  the  and  this  commonwealth  shall,  thereupon,  assign  the 

said  commonwealth,  and  the  other  half  thereof  to  the  same  to  the  said  new  slate,  or,  in  lieu  thereof,  may  pay 

state  to  be  formed  within  the  said  district,  to  be  divided  the  sum  of  thirty  thousand  dollars,  at  its  election,  which 

as  is  hereinafter  mentioned ;  and  the  lands  within  the  election  of  the  said  commonwealth  shall  be  made  with- 

said  district,  which  shall  belong  to  the  said  common-  in  one  year  from  the  time  that  notice  of  the  doings  of 

wealth,  shall  be  free  from  taxaiion,  while  the  title  to  the  commissioners, on  this  subject,  shall  be  made  known 

the  said  lands  remains  in  the  commonwealth :  and  the  to  the  governor  and  council,  and,  if  not  made  within 

rights  of  the  commonwealth  to  their  lands,  within  said  that  time,  the  election  shall  be  with  the  new  state, 

district,  and  the  remedies  for  the  recovery  thereof,  shall  "  Stjctli-  Commissioners,  with  the  powers,  and  for  the 

continue  the  same,  within  the  proposed  state,  and  in  purposes  mentioned  in  this  act,  shall  be  appointed  in 

the  courts  thereof,  as  they  now  are  within  the  said  com-  manner  following  :    The  executive  authority  of  each 

tnonwealth,  and  in  the  courts  thereof;  for  which  pur-  state  shall  appoint  two  ;  and  the  four  srf  appointed,  or 

poses,  and  for  tht^  maintenance  of  its  rights,  and  reco-  the  major  pan  of  them,  shall  appoint  two  more  ;  hut,  if 

very  of  its  lands,  the  said  commonwealth  shall  be  enti-  they  cannot  agree  in  the  appointment,  the  executive  of 

tied  to  all  other  proper  and  legal  remedies,  and   may  each  state  shall  appoint  one  in  addition  ;  not,  however, 

appear  in  the  courts  of  the  proposed  state,  and  in  the  in  that  case,  to  be  a  citizen  of  its  own  state.     And  any 

courts  of  the  United   States  holden  therein  ;  and  all  vacancy  happening,  with  respect  to  the  commissioners, 

nghts  of  action  for  or  entry  into  lands,  and  of  actions  shall  be  supplied  in  the  manner  provided  for  their  ori- 

upon  bonds,  for  the  breach  of  the  performance  of  the  ginal  appointment ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  powers  here- 

condition  of  settling  duties,  so  called,  which  have  ac-  in  before  given  to  said  commissioners,  they  shall  have 

crued,  or  may  accrue,  shall  remain  in   (his  common-  full  power  and  authority  to  divide  all  the  public  lands 

wealth,  to  be  enforced,  commuted,  released,  or  other-  within  the  district,  between  the  respective  slates,  in 

wise  disposed  of,  in  such  manner  as  this  commonwealth  equal  shares,  or  moieties,  in  severalty,  having  regard 

may  hereafter  determine  :    provided,   however,   that  to  quantity, situation, and  quality;  they  shall  determine 

whatever  this  cotnmonwealth  may  hereafter  receive  or  what  lands  shall  be  surveyed  and  divided,  from  time  to 

obtain  on  account  thereof,  if  any  thing  shall,  after  de-  time,  the  expense  of  which  surveys  and  of  the  commis- 

dncting  all  reasonable  charges  relating  thereto,  be  tlj-  sioners,  shall  be  borne  equ:il!y  by  the  two  states.    They 

vided,  one  third  part  thereof  to  the  new  state,  and  two  shall  heep  fair  records  of  their  doings,  and  of  the  sur- 

third  parts  thereof  to  this  co'timonwealth.  veys  made  by  their  direction,  copies  of  which  records, 

"  Second.  All  the  arms  which  '.-xve  been  received  by  authenticated  by  them,  shall  be  deposited,  from  time  to 

this  Commonwealth  from  the  United  States,  under  the  time,  in  thearcliivcs  of  therespectivestates;transcripts 

law  of  congress,  entitled,  "  An  act  making  provision  for  of  which,  properly  certified,  may  be  adinitttd  in  evi- 

arming  aad  equipping  the  whole  body  of  militia  of  the  dence,  in  all  questions  touching  the  subject  to  which 

United  States,  passed  April  the  twenty-third,  one  thou-  they  relate.  The  exeeutiveauthority  of  each  state  may 

sand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  shall,  as  soon  as  the  said  revoke  the  power  of  either  or  both  its  commissioners  ; 

district  shal!  become  a  separate  state,  he  divided  he-  having,  however,  first  appointed  a  substitute,  or  substi- 

tween  the  two  states,  in  proportion  to  the  returns  of  the  tntes.  and  may  fill  any  vacancy  happening  w  ith  respect 

militia,  according  to  which  the  said  arms  have  been  re-  to  its  own  commissioners  ;  four  of  said  commissioners 

ceived  from  the  United  States  as  aforesaid.  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 

"  Third.  All  money,  stock,  or  other  proceeds,  hereaf-  ness  ;  their  decision  shall  be  final  upon  all  subjects  with- 
ter  derived  from  the  United  States,  on  account  of  the  in  their  cognizance.  In  case  said  commission  shall  ex- 
Claim  of  this  commonwealth,  for  disbursements  made,  pire,  the  same  not  having  been  completed,  apd  either 
and  expenses  incurred,  for  the  defence  of  the  state  dur-  stateshall  request  the  renewal  orfillingnp  of  thesame, 
ing  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  shall  be  received  it  shall  he  renewed  or  filled  up  in  the  same  manner  as 
by  this  commonwealth;  and.  when  received,  shall  be  is  herein  provided  for  filling  the  same  in  the  first  in- 
divided  between  the  two  states,  in  the  proportion  of  stance,  and  with  the  like  powers ;  and  if  either  state 
two  thirds  to  this  commonwealth,  and  one  third  to  the  shall,  after  six  months'  notice,  neglect  or  refuse  to  ap- 
new  state.  point  its  commissioners,  the  other  (jiay  fill  up  the  whole 

"Fourth.  All  other  property,  of  every  description,  be-  commission, 

longing  to  the  commonwealth,  shall  be  holden  and  re-  ^'Seventh.  All  grants  of  lands,  franchises,  immunities 

ceivalile  by  the  same,  as  a  fund  and  security  for  all  debts,  corporate  or  other  rights,  and  all  contracts  for,  or  grants, 

annuities,  and  Indian  subsidies,  or  claims  due  by  said  of  lands  not  jet  located,  w  hich  have  been,  or  may  be, 

commonwealth;  and,  within  two  years  after  the  said  mailebylhe  said  commonwealth, before  the  separation 

district  shall  have  become  a  separate  state,  the  commis-  of  said  district  shall  take  place,  and  having  or  to  have 

sioners  to  be  appointed,  as  hereinafter  provided,  if  the  cflect  within  the  said  district,  shall  continue  in  fuU 

said  states  cannot  othervise  agree,  shnll  assign  a  just  force,  after  the  said  district  shall  become  a  separate 


120 


CONSTITUTION  OP  MISSOURI. 


state.  But  the  grant  which  has  been  made  to  the  pre- 
sident and  trustees  of  Bowdoin  college,  out  of  the  tax 
laid  upon  the  banks  within  this  commonweahh,  shall 
be  charg^ed  upon  the  tax  upon  the  banks  within  the  saitl 
district  of  M.iine,  and  paid  according  to  the  terms  of 
said  grant ;  and  the  prtsident  and  trustees,  and  the 
overseers  of  said  col|ee;e,  shall  have,  hold,  and  enjoy, 
their  powers  and  privileges  in  all  respects;  so  that  the 
same  shall  not  be  subject  to  be  altered,  limited,  annull- 
ed, or  restrained,  exceft  by  judicial  process,  according 
to  the  principles  of  law  ;  and,  in  all  grants  hereafter  to 
be  made,  by  either  state,  of  unlocated  land  within  the 
said  district,  the  same  reservations  shall  be  made  for  the 
benefit  of  schools,  and  of  the  ministry,  as  have  hereto- 
fore been  usu^>l  in  giants  made  by  this  comroonwealth. 
And  all  lands  heretofore  granted  by  this  comixionweajth 
to  any  religious,  literary,  or  eleemosynary  corporation, 
or  society,  shall  be  free  from  taxation,  while  the  same 
continues  to  be  owned  by  such  corporation,  or  society. 

"  Eighth.  No  laws  shall  be  passed  in  the  proposed 
state,  with  rejjard  to  taxes,  actions,  or  remedies  at  law, 
or  bars,  or  limitations  thereof,  or  otherwise  making  any 
distinction  bet  w>  en  the  lands  and  rights  of  property  of 
proprietors,  not  resident  in,  or  not  citizens  of,  snid  pro- 
posed state,  and  the  lands  and  rights  of  property  of  the 
citizens  of  the  proposed  state,  resident  tht  rein  ;  and  the 
rights  and  liabiti'ii  s  of  all  persons  shall,  after  the  said 
separation,  continue  the  same  as  if  the  said  district  was 
still  a  part  of  this  commonwealth,  in  all  suits  pending, 
or  judgments  remaining  unsatisfied,  on  the  fifteenth 
day  of  March  next,  where  the  suits  have  been  cpm- 
menced  in  iVIassachiiselts  Proper,  and  process  has  been 
served  within  the  district  of  Maine  ;  or  commenced  in 


the  district  of  Maine,  and  process  has  been  served  in 
Massachusetts  Proper,  either  by  taking  bail,  making  at- 
tachments, arresting  and  detaining  persons,  or  other- 
wise, where  execution  remains  to  be  done  ;  and  in  such 
suits,  the  courts  within  Massachusetts  Proper,  and  with- 
in the  proposed  state,  shall  continue  to  have  the  same 
jurisdiction  as  if  the  said  district  had  still  remained  a 
part  of  the  commonwealth.  And  this  commonwealth 
shall  have  the  same  remedies  within  the  proposed  state 
as  it  now  has,  for  the  collection  of  all  taxes,  b^iids,  or 
debts,  which  may  be  assessed,  due,  made,  or  contracted, 
by,  to,  or  with,  the  commonwealth,  on  or  before  the* 
said  fifteenth  day  of  March,  within  the  said  district  of 
Maine ;  and  all  officers  within  Massachusetts  Proper 
and  the  district  of  Maine  shall  conduct  themselves  ac- 
cordingly. 

"■Ninth  These  terms  and  conditions,  as  here  set  forth, 
when  the  said  district  shall  become  a  separate  and  in- 
dependent state,  shall,  ifiso  facto.,  be  incorporated  into, 
and  become,  and  be  a  part  of  any  constitution,  provi- 
sional or  other,  under  which  the  g<ivernment  of  the  said 
proposed  state  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  be  adminis- 
tered ;  subject, however,  to  be  modified,  or  annulled,  by 
the  agreenient  of  the  legislsture  of  both  the  said  states  ; 
but  by  no  other  power  or  body  whatsoever." 

§6.  This  constitution  shall  bi  enrolled  on  parchmert, 
deposited  in  the  secretary's  office,  and  be  the  supreme 
law  of  the  state  ;  and  printed  copies  thereof  shall  be 
prefixed  to  the  books  containing  the  laws  of  this  state. 

Done  in  convention,  October  29.  1819. 
WILLIAM  KING, 

President  of  the  convention- 
Attest,    ROBERT  C.  VOSE,  Secietafj. 


CONSTITUTIOlSr  OF  MISSOURI. 


WE,  the  people  of  Missouri,  iuhabitiug  the  limits 
hereinafter  designated,  by  our  representatives  in  con- 
vention assembled,  at  St.Louis,  on  Monday,  the  12th 
day  of  June,  1820,  do  miitualiy  agree  to  form  and  esta- 
blish a  free  and  independent  republic,  by  the  name  of 
the  "  State  of  Missouri,"  and  for  the  governmentthereof 
do  ordain  and  establish  tiiis  constitution. 

AUTICLE  1. 

Of  Bowidarics. 
We  do  declare,  establish  ratify,  and  confirm,  the  fol- 
lowing as  the  permanent  boundaries  of  said  stale,  that 
is  to  say:  "  Beginning  in  the  middle  oi  the  Missisippi 
river,  on  the  parallel  of  thirty-six  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude; thence,  west,  along  the  said  parallel  of  lati- 
ttide,  to  St.  Fr.tncois  river;  thence  up,  and  following 
the  course  of  that  liver,  in  the  middle  of  the  main 
channel  thereof,  to  the  parallel  of  latitude  of  thirty-six 
degrees  and  thirty  minutes ;  thence,  west,  along  the 
same  to  a  point  where  the  said  jiarallel  is  intei-sected  by 
a  meridian  line  passing  through  the  middle  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Kansas  river,  where  the  same  empties  into  the 
Missouri  river;  thence,  from  the  point  aforesaid,  north, 
along  the  said  meridian  line,  to  the  intersection  of  the 
parallel  of  latitude  Which  passes  through  the  rapids  of 
the  river  Des  ISIoines,  making  the  said  line  correspond 
with  the  Indian  boundary  line  :  thence,  east,  from  the 
point  of  intersection  last  aforesaid,  along  the  said  paral- 
lel of  latitude,  to  the  middle  of  the  channel  of  the  main 
fork  of  the  said  river  Des  Moines ;  thence,  down  and 
along  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  said  river 
Des  Moines  to  the  mouth  of  the  same,  where  it  empties 
into  the  ^Iississippi  river ;  thence,  due  east,  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi  river ;  thence, 
down,  and  following  the  course  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
in  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  the  place 
of  beginning." 

ARTICLE  2. 

Of  the  Diatribntiun  of  Po~vers. 
The  powers  of  government  shall  be  divided  into  three 
distinct  departments ;  each  of  which  shall  be  confided 
toa  separate  magistracy;  and  no  person  changed  with 


the  exercise  of  powers  properly  belonging  to  one  of 
those  departments,  shall  exercise  any  power  properly 
belonguig  to  either  of  the  others,  except  in  the  instances 
hereinafter  expressly  directed  or  permitted. 

ARTICI.E  3. 

Of  the  Legislative  JPower. 

§  1.  The  legislative  powershall  be  vested  in  a  "  Gene  ■ 
ral  assembly  which  shall  consist  of  a  "  Senate,"  and  of 
a  "  House  of  Representatives." 

2.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  consist  of  mem- 
bers to  he  cliosen  every  second  year,  by  the  qualified 
electors  of  the  several  counties  Each  county  shall  have 
at  least  one  representative  ;  but  the  whole  number  of 
representatives  shall  never  exceed  one  hundred. 

3.  No  penon  shall  be  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of 
twenty-four  years  ;  wlio  shall  -.lot  be  a  free  white  male 
citizen  of  the  United  States  ;  who  shall  not  have  been 
an  inhabitant  of  the  state  two  years,  ,ind  of  the  county 
which  he  represents  one  year  next  before  his  election,  if 
such  county  shall  have  been  so  long  established,  but  if 
not,  then  of  tlie  county  or  counties  from  which  the  same 
shall  have  been  taken;  and  who  shall  not,  moreover, 
have  paid  a  state  or  county  tax. 

4.  The  general  assembly,  at  their  first  session,  and  in 
the  yeais  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-two, 
and  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-four,  re- 
spectively, and  every  fourth  year  thereafter,  shall  cause 
an  enumciaiion  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  state  to  be 
made:  and  at  the  first  session  after  such  enumeration, 
shall  apportion  the  number  of  representatives  among 
the  several  counties,  according  to  the  number  of  free 
white  male  inhabitants  therein. 

5.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  elect- 
ors, for  the  term  of  four  years.  No  person  shall  be  a 
senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty 
years ;  who  shall  not  be  a  free  white  male  citizen  of  the 
United  States ;  who  shall  not  have  been  an  inhabitant 
of  this  state  four  years,  and  of  the  district  which  he  may 
be  chosen  to  representone  yearnext  before  his  election, 
if  such  district  shall  have  been  so  long  established,  hut  if 
Dot.  then  of  the  district  or  districts  from  which  thcsame 


CONSJ  II  UT19N  OF  iMISSOURI.  121 

shaji  have  been  talien  ;  and  who  shall  not,  moreover,  ceedings,  except  sucli  parts  as  may,  iu  their  opinion, 

have  paid  a  state  oi  county  tax.  requiie  secrecy  ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  on  any  question 

6.  The  senate  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  fourteen  shall  be  enteved  on  the  journal,  at  the  desire  of  any  two 
nor  more  than  thirty-three  members;  for  the  election  of  members. 

whom  the  state  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  dis-  19.  The  doors  of  each  house,  and  of  committees  of 
tricts,  which  may  be  altered,  fi-om  time  to  time,  and  new  the  whole,  shall  be  kept  open,  except  in  cases  which 
districts  established,  as  public  convenience  may  requiif;  may  require  secrecy;  and  each  house  may  punish,  by 
and  the  senators  shall  be  apportioned  amon?  the  sevu-  fine  or  imprisonment,  a?iy  person,  not  a  member,  who 
va!  districts  according  to  the  number  of  free  white  male  shall  be  guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disor- 
iuhabitants  in  each:  provided,  that  when  a  senatorial  deity  or  contemptuous  behaviour  in  their  presence,  dur- 
district  shall  be  composed  of  two  or  more  counties,  the  ing  their  session  :  provided,  that  such  fine  shall  not  ex- 
counties  of  which  such  district  consi^u  shall  not  be  en-  ceed  three  hundred  dollars,  and  such  imprisonment 
firely  separated  by  any  county  bi  longing  to  another  shall  not  exceed  forty-eight  hours  for  one  often-je. 
district,  and  no  county  shall  be  divided  ui  forming  a  dis-  20.  Neither  housf  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
*'i'^''  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  two  days,  at  anyone  time, 

7.  At  the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly,  the  se-  nor  to  any  other  place  than  to  that  iu  which  the  two 
nators  shall  be  divided  by  lot,  as  equally  as  may  be,  into  houses  may  be  sitting. 

two  classes.  The  seats  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated        21.   Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  and  may  be 

at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  and  the  seats  of  the  se-  altered,  amended,  or  rejected,  by  the  other;  and  every 

cond  class  at  tlie  end  of  the  fourth  year  ;  so  that  one  bill  shall  be  read  on  three  different  days,  in  each  houses 

half  of  the  senators  shall  be  chosen  every  second  year,  unless  two  thirds  of  the  house  where  the  same  is  depend- 

8.  After  the  first  day  of  Jamiat^,  one  thousand  eight  ing  shall  dispense  with  this  rule;  and  every  bill, having 
hundred  and  twenty-two,  all  general  elections  shall  passed  both  houses,  shall  be  signed  by  the  speaker  of  the 
commence  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  and  shall  be  house  of  representatives  and  by  the  president  of  tlie 
held  biennially ;  and  the  electors,  in  all  cases,  except  of  senate. 

treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  shall  be  privi-       22.   When  any  ofiicer,  civil  or  military,  shall  be  ap- 

leged  from  arrest  during  their  continuance  at  elections,  pointed  by  the  joint  er  concurrent  vote  of  both  houses, 

and  in  going  to,  and  returning  from  the  same.  or  by  the  separate  vote  of  either  house  of  the  general 

9.  The  governor  shall  issue  writs  of  election,  to  fill  assembly,  the  votes  shall  be  publicly  given,  viva  voce, 
such  vacancies  as  may  occur  in  either  house  of  the  ge-  and  entered  on  the  journals.  The  whole  list  of  mem- 
neral  assemblj .  hers  shall  be  called,  and  the  names  of  absentees  shall  be 

10.  Every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  noted  and  published  with  the  journal. 

States,  who  shall  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-one       23.  Senators  and  representatives  shall,  in  all  cases, 

years,  and  who  shall  have  resided  in  this  state  one  year  except  of  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  pri- 

before  an  election,  the  last  three  months  whereof  shall  vileged  from  arrest  during  the  session  of  the  general  as- 

have  been  in  the  county  or  district  in  which  he  offers  to  sembly,  and  for  fifteen  days  next  before  the  coramence- 

vote,  shall  be  deemed  a  qualified  elector  of  all  elective  ment,  and  after  the  termination  of  each  session;  and 

offices :  provided,  that  no  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  in  for  any  speech  or  debate,  in  either  house,  they  shall  not 

the  regular  array  or  navy  of  ^[£  United  States,  shall  be  be  questioned  in  any  other  place, 
entitled  to  vote  at  any  electioffin  this  state.  24.  The  members  of  the  general  assembly  shall  seve- 

11.  Nojudgeofany  court  of  law  or  equity,  secretary  rally  receive  from  the  public  treasury  a  compensation 
of  state,  attorney  general,  state  auditor,  state  or  coimty  for  their  services,  which  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  in- 
treasurer,  register,  or  recorder,  clerk  of  any  court  of  re-  creased  or  diminished  by  law ;  but  no  alteration,  increa- 
cord,  sheriff,  coroner,  member  of  congress,  nor  other  sing  or  tending  to  increase  the  compensation  of  mem- 
person  holding  any  lucrative  office  under  the  United  bers,  Shall  take  effect  during  the  session  at  which  such 
States  01'  this  state,  militia  officei-s,  justices  of  the  peace  alteration  shall  be  made. 

and  postmasters  excepted,  shall  be  eligible  to  either       25.  The  genei-al  assembly  shall  direct  by  law  in  what 

house  of  the  general  assembly.  manner,andin  what  courts,suits  may  be  brought  against 

12.  No  penoii  who  now  is,  or  hereafter  may  be  a  col-  the  state. 

lector  or  holder  of  public  money,  nor  any  assistant  or       26,  The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  pass 

deputy  of  such  collector  or  holderof  public  money,shall  laws, 

be  eligible  to  either  house  of  the  general  assembly,  nor        1.  For  the  emancipaticm  of  slaves  without  the  consent 

to  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  tuitil  he  shall  have  ac-  of  their  owners  ;  or  without  paying  them,  before  such 

counted  for  and  paid  all  sums  for  which  he  may  be  ac-  emancipation,  a  full  equivalent  for  such  slaves  so  eman- 

countable.  cipated ;  and, 

13.  No  person,  while  he  continues  to  exercise  the  2.  To  prevent  6onn  .^rfe  emigrants  to  this  state,  or  ac- 
functious  of  a  bishop,  priest,  clergyman,  or  teacher  of  tual  settlers  therein,  from  brining  from  any  of  the 
any  religious  persuasion,  denomination,  society,  orseet.  United  States,  or  from  any  of  their  territories,  such  per- 
Nvhatsocver,  shall  be  eligible  to  eiliser  house  of  the  ge-  sons  as  may  there  be  deemed  to  be  slaves,  so  long  as  any 
neral  assembly ;  nor  shall  he  be  appointed  to  any  office  persons  of  the  same  description  are  allowed  to  be  held 
of  profit  within  the  state,  the  office  of  justice  of  the  as  slaves  by  the  laws  of  this  state. 

peace  excepted.  They  shall  have  power  to  pass  laws, 

14.  The  general  assemblyshallhave  power  to  exclude  1.  To  prohibit  the  introduction  into  this  state  of  any 
from  every  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit  v.  ithin  this  slaves  w  ho  may  have  committed  any  high  crime  in  any 
state,  and  from  the  right  of  suffrage,  all  persons  con-  other  state  or  territory. 

victed'of  bribery,  perjury,  or  other  infamous  crime.  2.  To  prohibit  the  introduction  of  any  slave  for  the 

15.  Evei-y  person  who  shall  be  convicted  of  having,  purpose  of  specii  lation,  or  as  an  article  of  trade  or  mer- 
directly  or  indirectly,  given  or  sfVered  any  bribe  to  pro-  chandise. 

cure  his  election  or' appointment,  shall  lie  disqualified        3.   To  prohibit  the  introduction  of  any  slave  or  the 

for  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  this  oft'springof  any  slave,  who  heretofore  may  have  been, 

state;  and  any  person  vvbo  shall  give  or  offer  any  bribe  or  who  hereafter  may  be  imported  from  any  fweign 

to  procure  the  election  or  apjiointiTient  of  anv  person,  country  into  the  United  States,  or  any  territory  thereof, 

shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  disqualified  for  an  elect-  in  contravention  of  any  existing  statute  of  the  United 

or,  or  for  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit,  under  States;  and, 
this  state,  for  ten  years  after  such  connetion.  4.   To  permit  the  owners  of  slaves  to  emancij'ate 

16.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  term  them,  saving  the  right  of  creditors,  where  the  peison  so 
for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  emancipating  will  give  security  that  the  slave  ">  ewan- 
any  civil  office  under  this  state,  which  shall  have  been    cipated  shall  not  become  a  public  charge. 

created,  or  the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have  been  in-        It  shall  be  their  duty,  as  soon  as  may  be  to  pass  sucn 

creased,  during  his  continuance  in  office,  except  to  laws  as  may  he  necessary,  . 

such  offices  as  shall  be  filled  by  electious  of  the  people.        1.  To  prevent  free  negroes  and  mulf»*°"'™'°  coming 

17.  Each  house  shall  appoint  its  own  officers,  anU  to,  and  settling  in  this  state,  under -"y  Pretext  whatso- 
shall  judgeof  the  qualifications,  elections,  and  returns  ever;  and,  , 

of  its  own  members.    A  majority  of  each  house  shall        2.  To  oblige  the  ow  ners  of  si»^es  to  treat  ttiem  with 

constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business ;  hut  a  smaller  nr.m-  humanity,  and  to  abst.^in  iVo''  !*"  injuries  to  tliein  ex- 

Tjer  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  compel  the  lending  to  life  or  limb.        .  .  .      ,v     , 

attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and        27.  In  prosecutions  ibr'T'^t's,  slaves  suali  not  be  de- 

under  such  penalties,  as  each  house  may  inovide.  prive<l  of  an  impartial  '  '^'  "7  I  "^'^'^ ,    ^  slave  convict- 

18.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pro-  ed  of  a  capital  offei^e  shall  suffer  the  same  degree  of 
ceWllngs  ;  punish  its  membei-s  for  disorderiy  behaviour ;  punishment,  and  n»  uther,  that  woiild  be  inflicted  on  a 
and,  with  the  concurrence  oftwo  thirds  of  all  themera-  white  person  foi  a  like  offence;  and  courts  of  justice, 
bers  elected,  expel  a  member,  but  no  member  shall  be  before  whom  sUves  shall  be  tncu,  shall  assign  them 
expelletl  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause.    They  shall  ccTunsel  for  their  defence.  .  . 

eai'h.  f'-i,,.  .4;T,f>  rn  ,i,r,o.  publish  a  jonvnal  of  the5v  pvt)-        29.  Any  pa-nn  who  shall  raaliciptisly  deprive  of  life. 


ouIsbirrUTlQN  OF  MiSSOUllI. 


qr  dismemfaei:  a  slave,  shall  sufter  such  punisbmcnt  as 
would  he  inflicted  for  tlw  like  offence  iSit  were  comniit- 
led  on  a  free  white  j)crsons 

29.  The  govenior,  lieiitoiar.t  govenior,  secretary  of 
state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attormv  general,  and  all  j  udges 
of  the  courts  of  law  and  eqiiitj-,  shall  be  liable  to  im- 
peachment for  any  luisderaeanor  in  office;  bat  judg- 
ment in  such  cases  shall  not  extend  furtiier  than  remo- 
val from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of 
honour,  trust,  or  orofit,  under  this  slate.  *  I'lie  party  im- 
pieached,  whether  convicted  or  acquitted,  shall,  never- 
theless, be  liable  to  be  indicted,  tritd,  and  punished,  ac- 
cordiiijj  to  law. 

3D.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole 
power  of  i.apeachmeat.  All  irapeachuients  shall  be 
tried  by  the  senate;  and,  when  sittin;;  for  that  purpose, 
the  senators  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation  to  do  justice 
according  to  law  anaeAidence.  When  tiie  jjovernor 
shall  be  tried,  the  presiding  judge  of  the  supreiue  court 
shall  preside  ;  and  no  j)erson  siiall  be  convicted  with- 
out the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  all  the  senators 
present. 

31.  A  state  treasurci-  shall  be  biennially  appointed  by 
joint  vote  of  tlie  two  houses  of  the  general  assembly, 
who  shall  keejp  his  office  at  the  seat  of  government. 
Xo  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  con- 
sequence of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  an  accu- 
rate account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the 
public  money  shall  be  annually  published. 

32.  The  appointment  of  all  officers,  not  otherwise  di- 
rected by  tliis  constitution,  shall  be  inade  in  such  man- 
ner as  may  be  prescribed  by  law ;  and  all  officers,  both 
civil  and  military,  under  the  authority  of  this  slate, 
shall,  before  entering  on  the  duiies  of  their  respective 
offices,  take  an  oath  or  affirmation  lo  support  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  of  this  state,  and  to 
demean  themselves  faithfully  in  office. 

33.  'Ihe  general  assembly  shall  nie^t  on  the  third 
Mondayiu  September  next:  on  the  first  Mondayin  No- 
vember eighteen  hundred  and  twenty-one ;  on  the  first 
Monday  in  November  eighteen  hundred  and  twenty- 
two,  and  thereafter  the  gtneral  asseml;ly  ihall  meet 
once  in  every  two  years,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on 
tlie  first  Monday  in  November,  unless  a  difterent  day 
shall  be  appointed  by  law. 

34.  No  county  now  established  by  law  shall  ever  be 
reduced,  by  the  establishmi'ut  of  new  counties,  to  Itss 
tlian  twenty  miles  square ;  tior  shall  any  county  hereaf- 
ter be  established,  which  shall  contain  less  than  four 
hundred  squai-e  miles. 

35.  Withinfiveyearsaftertheadoption  of  tills  consti- 
tution, all  the  statute  laws  of  a  general  nature,  both 
cirW  and  criminal,  shall  be  revised,  digested,  and  pro- 
mulgated, in  such  manner  as  the  general  assembly  shall 
direct,  and  a  like  revision,  digest,  and  jiromulgation 
shall  be  made  at  the  expiration  of  every  subsequent  pe- 
liod  of  ten  years. 

36.  Thestyleofthe  laws  ofthis  state  shall  be,  '•^Bcit 
oracted  by  the  general  asaembbj  of  the  state  of  Missouri." 

ARTICLE  4. 

Of  the  Executive  Porter. 

5  1.  Tlie  supreme  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in 
a  chief  magisa-ate,  who  shall  be  styled,  '•  the  Governor 
of  the  state  of  Missouri." 

2.  The  governor  shall  be  at  least  thirty -five  years  of 
age,  and  a  natural  born  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
or  a  citizen  at  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  states,  or  an  inhabitant  of  that  (lart  of  Louisiana 
now  JRcluded  in  the  state  of  Missouri  at  the  time  of  the 
cession  thereof  from  France  to  the  United  States,  and 
shall  have  been  a  resident  of  the  same  at  least  four  years 
n«xt  before  his  election. 

3-  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  for  four  j'ears, 
and  uuji  a  successor  be  duly  appointed  and  qualified. 
He  shall  <]e  elected  in  the  manner  following:  At  the 
time  and  p'nce  of  voting  for  members  of  the  house  of 
representatlv^s,  the  qualified  electors  sha!l  vote  for  a 
governor ;  and  vjjen  two  or  more  persons  have  an  equal 
nuraberof  votes,  ajj  a  higher  number  than  any  person, 
the  election  shall  bttiecided  between  them  by  a  joint 
vote  of  both  houses  (f  the  general  assembly,  at  their 
next  session. 

4.  The  governor  sliall  h»  ineligible  for  the  next  four 
years  after  the  expiration  oU^a  term  of  service. 

5.  The  governor  shall  be  co^miaiider  in  chief  of  the 
militia  and  navy  of  this  state,  \vccpt  when  they  shall 
be  called  into  the  service  of  the  t\iied  States;  but  he 
need  not  command  in  person,  uiii^ss  advised  so  to  do 
l>y  a  resolution  of  the  general  assembly. 

6.  The  governor  shall  have  power  tftaemit  fines  and 
forfeitures;  and,  except  in  cases  of  im^seacluneut.  to 
grant  i-epnf>vos  anjl  jiaidon?. 


7.  The  governor  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the 
general  assembly  infcvmation  relative  to  the  state  of  the 
government,  and  sliall  recommend  to  their  considera- 
tion such  measures  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  and  ex- 
l)edient.  On  extraordinary  occasions,  he  may  convene 
the  general  assembly,  by  proclamation,  aud  shall  state 
to  them  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  convened. 

8.  The  governor  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  dis- 
tributed and  faithfully  executed :  and  he  shall  be  a  con- 
servator of  the  peace  throughout  the  state. 

9.  When  any  office  sbail  become  vacant,  the  govern- 
or shall  appoint  a  person  to  fill  such  vacancy,  who  shall 
continue  in  office  until  a  successor  be  duly  appointed 
and  qualified  according  to  law. 

10.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  been  passed  by  both 
houses  of  the  general  assembly,  shall,  before  it  becomes 
a  law,  be  presented  to  tlie  go\  ernor  for  his  approbation. 
If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  if  not,  he  shall  return  i'. 
with  his  objections  to  the  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  and  the  house  sliail  cause  the  objections  to 
be  entered  at  large  on  its  journals,  and  shall  proceed  to 
reconsider  the  bill.  If,  after  such  reconsideration,  a 
niajerity  of  all  the  members  elected  to  that  house  shall 
agree  to  pass  thesame,  it  shall  be  sen t,  together  wiih  the 
objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  be  in 
lik'.-  manner  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  a  majo- 
rity of  all  the  members  elected  to  that  house,  it  shall 
become  a  Irw.  In  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses 
shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the 
members  voting  for  and  again'sithe  bill  siiall  be  entered 
on  the  journal  of  each  house  rc5i)eciivel}'.  If  any  bill 
shall  not  be  relumed  by  the  governor  wiiliiii  ten  days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented 
to  him,'the  same  shah  become  a  law,  in  like  manner  as 
if  the  govenior  had  sigiietl  it ;  unless  the  general  assent- 
b!y,  by  its  adjournment,  shall  prevent  its  return,  in 
w  hich  case  it  shall  not  become  a  law. 

n.  Every  resolution  tojtliich  the  concurrence  of  the 
senate  and  house  of  reaJPent-itives  may  be  necessary, 
except  on  cases  of  adjotirhmem,  shall  be  presented  to 
the  govenior,  and  before  the  same  shall  take  eflect  shalt 
be  proceeded  upon  in  the  same  maimer  as  in  the  case  of 
a  bill. 

12.  There  shall  be  an  auditor  of  piibiic  accounts, 
whom  the  goveriior,by  and  w ith  ihead^ice  and  consent 
of  the  stnatf,  shall  appoint.  He  shall  continue  in  office 
four  )  ears,  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  law.  His  office  shall  be  kept  at  the  seat  of 
government. 

13.  The  governor  shall,  at  stated  times.receive  for  hi3 
services  an  adetitiate  salary,  to  be  fixed  by  law,  whicli 
shall  neither  he  increased  nor  diminished  during  his 
continuance  in  office,  .iiid  which  shall  never  be  less 
than  two  thousand  dollars  annually. 

14.  There  shall  be  a  lieutenant  "governor,  who  shall 
be  elected  at  the  same  time,  in  the  samemanner,  for  the 
same  term,  and  shall  possess  the  same  qualifications  as 
the  governor.  The  electors  shall  distinguish  for  whom 
they  vote  as  governor,  and  for  Mhoin  as  lieutenant  go- 
vernor. 

15.  The  lieutenant  governor  shall,  by  virtue  of  his 
office  be  i>resident  of  the  senate. — In  committee  of  the 
whole  he  may  debate  on  all  questions ;  and  when  there 
is  an  equal  division,  he  shall  give  the  casting  vote  in 
s.  nate,  and  also  in  joint  votes  of  both  houses. 

16.  When  the  office  of  governor  sha!  I  become  vacant, 
by  death,  resignation,  absence  from  the  state,  remoAal 
from  office,  refusal  to  (jualify,  impeachment,  or  other- 
wise, the  lieutenant  governor;  <)r,in  case  of  like  disabi- 
lity oil  Ills  part,  the  president  of  the  senate /iro  tanpore  ; 
ov,  if  tiiere  be  no  president  of  the  senate  pfo  tempore, 
the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  shall  possess 
all  the  powers,  and  discharge  all  the  duties,  of  govern- 
or, and  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  like  compensa- 
tion, until  such  vacancy  be  filled,  or  the  governor,  so 
absent  or  impeached,  shall  return  or  be  ac(iuitted. 

17.  Whenever  the  office  of  governor  shall  become  va- 
cant, by  death,  resignation,  removal  from  office,  or 
otherwise,  the  lieutenant  governor,or  other  person  exer- 
cising the  powers  of  governor  for  the  time  being,  shall, 
as  soon  as  may  be,  cause  aii  election  to  be  held  to  fill 
such  vacancy,  giving  three  mouths  previous  notice 
thereof;  and  the  person  elected  shall  not  thereby  be 
remlered  ineligible  to  the  office  of  governor  for  the  next 
succeeding  term.  Nevertheless,  if  such  vacancy  shall 
happen  within  eighteen  months  of  the  end  of  the  term 
for  which  the  late  governor  shall  have  been  elected,  the 
same  shall  not  be  filled. 

18.  The  lieutenant  governor,  ov  president  of  the  se- 
nate pro  tempore,  while  presiding  in  the  senate,  shall 
receive  the  same  compensation  as  shall  be  allowed  tij 
the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives. 

1?  TIr:  r°'.''.ni5  of  a!!  elections  of  governor  and  li"';- 


CONSllTUTiON  OF  MlSSOUUl. 


.1-23 


iiiiu  governoi",  shall  be  made  to  the  secietary  ol'state, 
in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribeil  by  law. 

20.  Contested  elections  of  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor,  shall  be  decided  by  joint  vote  of  both  houses 
of  the  gjtnerai  assembly,  in  sucli  manner  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

21.  I'here  shall  be  a  secretary  of  state,  whom  the  go- 
vernor, by  and  with  ilu-  advice  and  consent  of  the  se- 
nate, shall  appoint.  He  shall  hold  his  ofRce  four  years, 
unless  sooner  removed  on  impeachment.  He  shall  keep 
a  register  of  all  the  oflicial  acts  and  proceedmgs  of  the 
jjovenior,  and  when  necessary  shall  attest  them  ;  and 
lie  shall  lay  the  same,  together  with  all  papers  relative 
thereto,  before  either  liouse  of  the  general  assembly, 
whenever  required  so  to  do,  and  shall  peiform  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  enjidned  on  him  by  law. 

22.  The  secretary  of  state  shall,  as  soon  as  may  be, 
procure  a  seal  of  state,  with  such  emblems  and  devices 
as  shall  be  directed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  subject 
to  change.  It  shall  be  called  "the  great  seal  of  the  state 
of  Missouri;"  shall  be  kept  by  the  sceret;iry  of  state,  and 
and  all  official  acts  of  the  governor,  his  approbation  of 
the  laws  excepteil,  shall  be  thereby  authenticated. 

23.  There  sliall  be  appointed  in  each  county  a  sheritf 
and  coroner,  who,  until  the  general  assembly  shall 
otherwise  provide,  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors,  at  the  time  and  place  of  electing  representa- 
tives. They  shall  serve  for  two  years,  and  until  a  suc- 
cessor be  duly  appointed  and  qualified,  unless  sooner 
removed  for  misdemeanor  in  office,  and  shall  be  ineligi- 
ble four  years  in  any  term  of  eight  years.  The  sheriff 
and  Cormier  shall  each  give  security  for  the  faithful 
jlischarge  of  the  duties  of  his  office  in  such  manner  as 
shall  be  prescribed  bylaw.  Whenever  a  county  shall 
be  hei-eauer  established,  the  governor  shall  appoint  a 
sheriiT  and  coixiner  therein.  \vLo  shall  each  contiime  in 
office  until  the  next  iueceeding  general  election  be,  and 
until  a  successor  shall  be  duly  quahfied. 

24.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  office  of  sheriff  or 
coroner,  they  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the  go- 
vernor; and  the  persons  so  appointed  shall  continue  in 
office  until  successors  shall  be  duly  qualified,  and  shall 
not  be  thereby  rendered  ineligible  for  the  next  succeed- 
ing term. 

25.  In  all  elections  of  sheriff  and  coroner,  when  two 
or  more  persons  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  and  a 
higher  number  than  any  other  person,  the  circuit  courts 
of  the  counties  respectively,  shall  give  the  existing  vote ; 
and  all  contested  elections  for  the  said  offices  shall  be 
decided  by  the  circuit  courts  respectively,  in  such  man- 
ner as  the  general  assembly  may  by  law  prescribe. 


AllTiCLE  3. 


Of 


the  Judicial  JPoxuer. 

j  1.  The  judicial  powers,  as  to  matters  of  law  and 
equity,  shail  be  vested  in  a  "  supreme  eourt,"  in  a 
"  chancellor,"  in  "  circuit  courts,"  and  in  such  inferior 
tribunals  as  tfce  general  assembly  may,  from  tune  to 
time,  ordaiu  and  establish. 

2.  The  supreme  court,  except  in  cases  otherwise  di- 
rected by  this  constitution,  shall  have  appellate  juris- 
diction only,  w  Well  shall  be  co-extensive  with  the  state, 
under  the  .-estrictions  and  liniiutions  in  this  constitu- 
tion provided. 

3.  The  supreme  court  shall  have  a  general  superin- 
tending control  over  all  inferior  courts  of  law.  It  shall 
have  power  to  issue  writs  of  hnl/eas  corpus,  yt.amlnmus, 
quo  varrante,  certiorari,  and  other  original  remedial 
writs ;  and  to  hear  and  determine  the  same. 

4.  The  supreme  couit  shail  consist  of  three  judges, 
any  two  of  whom  shall  beaquorum;  and  the  said  judges 
shall  be  conservators  of  the  peace  throughout  the  state. 

5.  The  state  shall  be  divined  into  convenient  districts, 
not  to  exceed  lour ;  in  each  of  which  the  supreme  court 
shall  hold  two  sessions  annually,  at  such  place  as  the 
general  assembly  shall  appoint;  and  when  sitting  in  ei- 
ther district,  it  shall  exercise  jurisdiction  over  causes 
originating  in  that  district  only:  provided,  however,  that 
the  general  assembly  may,  at  any  time  hereafter,  direct 
by  law,  that  the  said  cou^t  shall  be  held  at  one  place 
only. 

6.  The  circuit  court  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  all 
criminal  eases  which  shall  not  be  otherwise  provided  for 
bylaw;  and  exclusive  original  jurisdiction  in  all  civil 
cases  which  shall  not  be  cognizable  before  justices  of 
the  peace,  until  otherwise  diiected  by  the,  general  as- 
sembly. It  shall  hold  its  terms  in  such  place  in  each 
county  as  may  be  by  law  directed. 

7.  The  state  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  circuits, 
for  each  of  which  a  judge  shall  be  appointed,  whoafter 
his  appointment,  shall  reside,  and  be  a  conservator  of 
the  peace  within  the  circuit  for  which  he  shall  be  ap- 
pointed. 


8.  The  circuit  courts  shall  rxortisp  a  superintending 
control  over  .tU  such  inferior  tribunals  as  the  general 
assembly  may  establish,  and  over  justices  of  the  peace 
in  each  county  in  their  rtspectivL' circuits. 

9.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  couit  of  chancery  shall  be 
co-extensive  with  the  state,  and  the  times  and  places  of 
holding  its  sessions  shall  he  regulated  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  those  of  the  supreme  court. 

10.  The  court  of  chancery  shall  have  original  and 
appellate  jurisdiction  in  all  mattei-s  of  equity,  and  ft 
general  control  over  execu tor, administrator5,guardians, 
and  minors,  subject  to  appeal,  in  all  cases,  to  the  su- 
preme court,  under  such  limitations  as  the  genei-al  as- 
sembly may  by  law  provide. 

U.  Until  the  general  assembly  shall  deem  it  expedi- 
ent to  establish  inferior  courts  of^  chancery,  the  circuit 
courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  matters  of  equity,  sub- 
ject to  appeal  to  the  court  of  chancery,  in  such  manner, 
and  under  such  restrictions,  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law. 

12.  Inferior  tribunals  shall  be  established  in  each 
county,  for  the  transaction  of  all  county  business ;  for 
appointing  guavtiians  ;  for  granting  letters  testamenta- 
ry, and  of  administration ;  and  for  settling  the  accounts 
of  executors,  administrators,  and  guardian;. 

13.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and,  by  and  with 
theadviceand  consent  of  thesenate,  appoint  the  judges 
of  the  superior  ecu rt,  the  judges  of  t!if  circuit  courts, 
and  the  chancellor,  each  of  whom  shall  hold  his  ofiice 
during  good  behaviour,  and  shall  receive  fov  his  services 
a  compensation,  whicfj  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
his  continuance  in  office,  and  which  shall  not  be  les* 
than  two  thousand  dollars  annually. 

14.  No  person  shail  be  appointed  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  nor  of  a  circuit  court,  nor  chancellor,  be- 
fore he  shall  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years; 
nor  shall  any  pei-son  continue  to  exercise  the  duties  of 
any  of  said  offices  after  he  shall  have  attained  to  the  age 
of  sixty-five  yeai-s. 

15.  The  courts  respectively  shall  appoint  their  clerks, 
who  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour.  Fov 
aiiy  misdemeanor  in  office,  they  shall  be  liable  to  he 
tried  and  removed  by  the  supreme  court,  in  such  man- 
ner as  the  general  assembly  shall  by  law  provide. 

16.  Any  judge  of  the  supreme  court  or  of  the  circuit 
court,  or  the  chancellor,  may  be  removed  fi'om  office 
on  theaddressof  two  thirds  of  each  house  of  the  general 
assembly  to  the  governor  for  that  jnirpose  ;  but  each 
house  shall  state  on  its  respective  journal  the  cause  for 
which  it  shail  wish  the  removal  of  such  judge  or  chan- 
cellor, and  give  him  notice  thereof,  and  he  shall  have 
the  right  to  be  heard  in  bis  defence  in  such  maimer  as 
the  general  assembly  shall  by  law  direct ;  br.t  no  judge 
nor  chancellor  shall  he  removed  in  this  manner  for  any 
cause  for  which  he  might  have  been  impeached. 

17.  In  each  county  there  sliall  be  appointed  as  many 
justices  of  the  peace  as  the  public  good  may  be  thought 
to  require.  Their  powers  and  duties,  and  their  duration 
in  office,  shall  be  regulated  by  law. 

18.  An  attorney  general  shali  be  appointed  by  the  go- 
vernor, by  and  with  theadviceand  couseut  of  the  se- 
nate. He  shail  remain  in  office  f'lur  years,  and  shall 
perform  such  duties  as  shall  be  requiitd  of  him  by  law. 

19.  All  writs  and  process  shali  run,  and  all  prosecu- 
tions shall  be  conducted  in  the  name  of  the  "  state  of 
Missouri;"  all  writs  shall  be  tested  l>y  the  clerk  of  the 
court  Ironi  which  they  shall  he  issued,  and  all  indict- 
ments shall  conclude,  "against  the  peace  and  dignity 
of  the  state." 

xuricLT.  6. 

Of  Education. 

§  1.  Schools,  and  the  means  of  education,  shall  for 
ever  be  encouraged  in  this  state;  and  the  general  as- 
sembly shall  take  measures  to  pi-esei-ve  from  waste  or 
damage  such  lands  as  have  beeii^  or  hereafter  may  he 
granted  by  the  United  States  for  the  use  of  schools 
w  itbin  each  township  in  this  state,  and  shall  apply  the 
funds  which  may  arise  from  such  lands  in  strict  confor- 
mity to  the  object  of  the  grant ;  and  one  school, or  more, 
shall  be  established  in  each  township  as  seon  as  practi- 
cable and  necessary,  where  the  poor  shall  be  taught 
gratis. 

2.  The  general  assembly  shall  take  measures  for  the 
improvement  of  such  lands  as  have  been,  or  hereafter 
may  be  granted  by  the  United  Slates  to  this  state,  for  the 
support  of  a  semiiiaryof  learning;  and  the  funds  acci-uing 
from  such  lands,  bj  rent  or  lease,  or  in  any  other  man- 
ner, or  which  may  be  obtained  from  any  other  source, 
for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  shali  be  and  remain  a  pci- 
uianent  fund  to  support  a  university,  iiir  the  promotioa 
of  literature,  and  of  the  arts  and  sciences;  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  general  assembly,  as  soon  as  may  be,  to 


CONSTlTUriON  <tF  MlSSOUkl. 


1:^4 

provide  effectual  means  for  the  improvement  and  per- 
inanent  security  of  the  funds  and  endowments  of  such 
institution. 

AKTICLE  7. 

Of  Internal  Improvement. 
Internal  improvement  sliall  for  ever  be  cncouvag'-d 
by  ilie  government  of  this  state;  and  it  sh.ili  be  thi,  duly 
of  the  general  assembly,  as  soon  as  may  be,  to  make 
provision  by  law  for  ascertaininj"-  the  most  pi-optr  oh- 
lects  of  improvement,  in  relation  both  to  roads  and  na- 
vigable waters  ;  and  it  shall  also  be  th-ir  duty  to  pro- 
vide by  law  for  a  systematic  and  ecvinomical  application 
of  the  funds  apprbpiiated  to  these  objects. 

AIITICT.E    8. 

Of  Bunks. 

The  general  assembly  may  incorporate  one  banking 
company,  and  no  more,  to  be  in  operation  at  the  same 
time. 

The  bank  to  be  incorporated  may  have  any  number 
of  branches  not  to  exceed  five,  to  bs.-  established  by  law; 
and  not  more  than  one  braneli  steal!  be  established  at 
any  one  session  of  the  penerai  assembly.  The  -japital 
stock  of  the  bank  to  be  incorporated  shall  never  escetd 
five  millions  of  dollars,  at  least  one  half  of  which  shall 
be  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  state. 

auticle  9 


Of  the  J\riUtia 

§  1.  Field  officers  and  company  officers  shall  be  elect- 
by  the  persons  subject  to  militia  duty  within  their  re- 
spective command.  Brigadiers  gtneral  shall  be  elect- 
ed by  the  field  officers  of  their  rtspective  biig;adc-s  and 
majors  general  by  the  brigadiers  and  field  officers  of 
their  respective  divisions,  until  otherwise  directed  by 
law. 

2.  General  and  field  officers  shall  appoint  their  offi- 
cers of  the  staff. 

3.  The  governor  shall  appoint  an  adjutant  general, 
and  all  other  militia  officers,  whose  appointments  are 
not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  constitution. 

ARTICLE  10. 

Of  JVEscellaneous  Provisions 
{•.  1.  The  general  assembly  of  this  state  shall  never  in- 
tc'.'fere  with  the  primary  disposal  of  the  soil  of  the 
L  nited  States,  nor  with  any  regulation  congress  may 
find  necessary  for  securing  the  title  in  such  soil  to 
the  bona  Ji'le  purchasers.  No  tax  shall  be  imposed  on 
lands  the  property  of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  lauds 
belonging  to  persons  residing  out  of  the  limits  of  this 
state  ever  be  taxed  higher  than  the  lands  belonging  to 
persons  residing  withm  this  state, 

2.  The  state  shall  have  conei:rient  jurisdiction  on 
the  river  Mississippi,  and  on  every  other  river  bordering 
on  the  said  state,  so  far  as  the  said  river  shall  fonn  a 
common  boundary  to  the  said  state,  and  any  other  slate 
or  states,  now  or  hereafter  to  be  formed, and  bounded  iiy 
the  same;  and  the  said  river  Mississippi,  and  the  navi- 
gable rivers  and  waters  leading  into  the  same,  v.  hether 
bordering  on  or  within  this  state,  shal  1  be  common  lrif;h- 
ways,  and  fo  ever  free  to  the  citi/.ens  of  this  state  and 
of  the  United  States,  without  any  tax,  duty,  impost,  or 
toll  therefor  imposed  by  the  state. 

ARTICLE  11 

Of  the  permanent  Seat  of  Government. 

§  1.  The  general  assembly,  at  their  first  session,  s'lall 
appoint  five  commissioners  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
a  place  for  the  permanent  seat  of  government,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  select  f'cur  sections  of  the  land  of  the 
United  States  which  shal!  not  have  been  exposed  to 
public  sale. 

2.  If  the  commissioners  believe  the  four  sections  of 
land,  so  by  them  to  be  selected,  be  noi  a  suitable  and 
proper  situation  for  the  permanent  scat  of  government, 
they  shall  s«lect  such  other  place  as  they  deem  most 
properfor  thut.  ptirpose,  and  report  the  saine  to  ilie  {^t- 
nera!  a  vsembly,  at  the  time  of  makirg  rheir  report  pro- 
vided for  in  the  fim  section  of  thi';  article  ;  provide  d, 
that  no  place  shall  be  s.»Iccted  which  is  n*ot  situated  0!i 
the  bSLnk  of  the  Missouri  river,  and  within  forty  mjics 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Osage. 

3.  if  the  general  assembly  determine  that  the  four 
sections  of  land  which  may  he  select,  d  by  autlvoilty  of 
the  first  section  of  this  article,  be  a  suitable  anil  proper 
pla  ce  for  the  permanent  seat  of  government,  the  said 


.commissioners  shall  I.ay  out  a  town  tbereftn,  under  ftie 
direction  of'thegeneral  assembly :  lot  ii'  the  genrsal  as- 
sembly del  m  it  most  expcdie;.t  ^o  fix  th  (H-rmhiient 
seat  of  government  at  the  place  to  be  seiecf^d  by  autho- 
rity of  the  second  section  of  this  article,  they  shall  so 
dt-termine,  and  in  that  event  shall  authorize  the  said 
commissioners  to  purchase  any  quantity  of  land,  not 
exceeding  six  hundred  and  forty  acres,  which  may  be 
necessary  for  the  purpose  aforesaid  ;  and  the  place  so 
selected  shall  be  the  permanent  seat  of  government  of 
this  state  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  October,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-six. 

4.  The  general  assembly, in  selecting  th'- above-men- 
tioned commissioners,  shall  choose  one  from  each  ex- 
treme part  of  the  state,  and  one  f iom  the  centre,  and  it 
shall  require  the  concurrence  ol  .".t  least  three  of  the 
commissioners  to  decide  upon  any  part  of  the  duties  as- 
siigued  them. 

ARTICLK  12. 

Mode  of  Amending  the  Constttuiion 
The  general  assembly  may  at  any  time  propose  such 
amendments  to  ihis  constitution  .■»s  two  thirds  of  each 
house  shall  deem  expedient;  which  shall  be  published 
in  all  the  newspapers  published  in  this  state  three  seve- 
ral times,  at  least  twelve  months  before  th>  next  general 
election  ;  and  if,  at  the  first  session  of  the  general  as- 
seorbly  afiersuch  general  election,  two  tliirds  of  each 
Iiouse  shall,  bv  yeas  and  nays,  ratify  such  proptised 
amendments,  they  shall  be  valid,  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
r.;<s«is,as  parts  of  this  coostitntion:  provid;^d,  that  such 
proposed  amendments  shall  be  read  on  three  several 
tUiVE,  in  each  house,  as  well  when  the  same  are  pro- 
posed, as  when  they  are  finally  ratified. 


ARTICLE    13. 

Declaration  of  Rights       i 
That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles  of 

liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and 

established,  we  declare: 

§  1.  That  all  political  jiowtris  vested  in,  and  derived 

from  the  i>eople. 

2.  That  the  people  of  this  state  have  the  inherent, 
sole,  and  exclusive  right  of  regulating  the  internal  go- 
vernment and  poliee  thereof;  and  of  altering  and  abo- 
lishing their  constitution  and  form  of  governuient, 
whenever  it  may  be  necessary  to  their  safety  and  hap- 
pini  ss. 

3.  That  the  people  have  the  right  peace:,bly  to  as- 
semble for  their  common  good,  and  to  apply  to  those 
vested  with  the  powers  of  government  for  redress  of 
grievances,  by  petition  or  remonstrance  ;  and  that  their 
right  to  hear  arms  in  defence  of  themselves  and  of  the 
state  cannot  he  questioned. 

4.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  iwlofeasible  right 
to  worship  Almighty  God  according  to  tVe  dictates  of 
their  own  consciences  ;  that  no  nii-n  can  be  compelled 
to  erect,  support,  or  attend  any  place  of  worship,  or  to 
maintain  any  minister  of  the  gospel  or  teacher  of  tcU- 
gion  ;  that  no  human  authority  can  control  or  interfere 
with  the  rights  of  conscience;  that  no  person  can  ever 
be  hurt,  molested,  or  rest  .ained,  in  his  religious  profes- 
sion, or  sentiments,  if  he  do  not  disturb  others  in  their 
religious  worship. 

5.  That  no  person,  on  account  of  his  religious  opin- 
ions, can  be  rendered  ineligible  to  any  office  cf  trust 
or  profit  under  this  state;  that  no  preference  can  ever 
be  given  by  law  to  any  sect  or  mode  of  worship;  and 
that  no  religioDs  corporation  can  ever  be  established  in 
this  state. 

o.  That  all  elections  s.hall  be  free  and  equal. 

7.  That  courts  of  justice  ought  to  be  open  to  every 
person,  and  certain  remedy  afforded  for  every  injury  to 
person,  property,  or  character  ;  and  that  right  and  jus- 
tice ought  to  be  administered  without  sale,  denial,  or 
delay  ;  and  that  no  pri» ate  property  ought  to  be  taken 
or  applied  to  public  use  without  just  compensation. 

8.  'I'hat  the  right  of  trial  by  jurv  shall  remain  invio- 
late. 

9.  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  has 
the  iighr  to  be  heard  by  himseli  and  his  counsel ;  to 
demand  the  nature  and  cause  of  accusation,  to  have 
conipulsfny  process  tor  witnesses  in  his  favour;  to  meet 
the  Witnesses  against  him  face  to  face  ;  and,  in  prose- 
cutions on  presentment  or  indictment,  to  a  speedy  trial, 
by  an  imp.artial  jury  of  the  vicinage  ;  that  the  accused 
cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  against  himself ; 
nor  be  deprived  oi  life,  liberty,  or  property,  but  by  the 
Judgment  of  his  peers,  or  thel.iw  of  the  land. 


CONSTITUl'ION  OF  MiSSOURL 


125 


10.  That  no  person,  after  having  been  once  acr|uitted 
by  a  jury,  can,  for  the  same  offence,  be  again  put  in 
jeopardy  of  lite  or  limb;  but  if  in  any  criminal  prosecu- 
tion the  jury  be  divided  in  opinion  at  the  end  of  tlie 
term,  the  court  before  which  the  trial  shall  be  had, 
may,  in  its  discretion,  discharge  the  jury,  and  commit 
or  bail  the  accused  tor  trial  at  the  aext  term  of  suth 
court. 

11.  That  all  pirsons  shall  be  liailable  by  sufficient 
sureties,  except  for  capital  olVcnces,  when  the  proof  is 
evident  or  the  presumption  great;  and  tlie  privilege  of 
the  writ  of  haheas corjjin-  cannot  be  suspemied,  unless 
when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safe- 
ty may  require  it. 

12.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  ex- 
cessive fines  imposed,  tJor  cruel  and  unusual  punish- 
ments inflicted. 

13.  That  the  people  ought  to  be  secure  in  their  per- 
sons, papers,  houses,  and  effects,  from  unreasonable 
searches  ami  seizures;  and  no  warrant  to  search  any 
place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  thing,  can  issue  without 
describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  or  the  person  or 
thing  to  be  seized,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  nor  without 
probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation. 

11.  That  no  person  can,  lor  an  indictable  oltenccj 
be  proceeded  against  ctiaiinally,  by  information  ;  ex- 
cept in  cases  arising  in  ihe  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in 
the  militia  v.'hen  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  w.ir  or 
public  danger,  or  by  leave  of  the  court,  for  oppression 
or  misdemeanor  in  office. 

15.  That  treason  against  the  state  can  consist  only 
in  levying  war  against  it,  or  in  adiiering  to  its  enemies, 
giving  thera  aid  and  comfort ;  that  no  person  can  bt' 
fonvict-d  of  in-ason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  wit- 
nesses to  the  samp  ovurt  act,  or  on  his  own  confession 
in  open  court ;  thai  no  person  can  be  attainted  of 
treason  or  felony  by  the  general  assembly  ;  that  no 
conviction  can  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forftiture 
of  estate  ;  that  the  estates  of  stich  persons  as  may  de- 
stroy their  own  lives  shall  duscend  or  vest  as  in  cases  of 
natural  death ;  and  when  any  person  sliall  be  killed  by 
casualty,  there  ought  to  be  no  forfeiture  by  reason 
thereof. 

16.  That  tV.e  free  communication  of  thoughts  and 
opinions  is  one  of  the  invaluable  rights  o!  man,  and 
that  every  person  may  fre -ly  speak,  write,  and  print  oti 
any  subject,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  inal  li- 
berty ;  that,  in  all  prosecutions  (or  libels,  the  truth 
thereof  may  be  given  in  evidence,  and  the  jury  may 
determine  the  law  and  the  tiicts,  under  the  direttloti 
of  the  court. 

17.  That  uo  expott  fad o]aw.  nor  law  impairing  tlse 
obligation  of  contracts,  or  retrospective  in  ilsoperaiion, 
can  be  passed ;  nor  can  the  person  of  a  debtor  be  im- 
prisoned for  debt  after  he  shall  have  surrendered  his 
property  for  the  benefit  ot  his  creditors,  in  such  manner 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

18.  That  no  person  who  is  religiously  scrupulous  of 
bearing  arins,  can  be  compelled  to  do  so,  but  may  be 
cornpelled  to  pay  an  equivalent  for  military  service,  in 
such  manner  as  shall  be  ;>rescvibed  by  law,  and  that  no 
priest,  preacher  of  the  gospel,  or  teacher  ot  any  reli- 
gious persuasion  or  sect,  regularly  ordaim-rt  as  such,  be 
subject  to  militia  duty,  or  compelled  to  bear  arms. 

19.  That  all  property,  subject  to  taxation  in  tliis 
state,  shall  be  taxed  in  proportion  to  its  value. 

20.  That  no  title  of  nobility,  hereditary  emolument, 
privilege,  or  distinction,  shall  be  granted  ;  nor  any  of- 
fice created  the  duration  of  which  shall  be  longer  than 
the  good  behaviour  of  ttie  officer  appointed  to  fill  the 
same. 

21.  That  emigration  from  this  state  cannot  be  prohi- 
hihited. 

22.  That  the  military  is,  and  in  all  cass,  and  at  all 
times,  shall  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  pow- 
er; that  no  soldier  can,  in  time  of  peace,  he  quartered 
in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in 
time  of  war,  but  in  such  inanner  as  may  he  prescribed 
bylaw  ;  nor  can  any  ai)propriatinn  for  the  support  of 
an  army  be  made  for  a  longer  period  than  two  years. 

SCHEDULE. 

§  1.  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  theehange 
of  government,  we  declare,  thatall  writs,  actions,  prose- 
CHtions,judgme!Us,  cLiims,  and  contracts,  of  individuals 
and  of  bodies  corporate,  shall  eontiuue  as  if  no  change 
had  taken  place;  and  all  process  which  inaj",  hei'oie 
the  third  Monday  in  September  next,  be  issued  under 
the  authority  of  the  territory  of  Mis'jomi, shall  be  »s  va- 
lid as  if  issticd  in  the  iinr"  ■  ef  t^"  •':.<<■ 


2.  All  laws  now  in  force  in  the  tcrritorj-  of  Missouri^ 
which  av  not  repugnant  to  this  constitution,  shall  re* 
main  in  force  until  they  expire  by  their  own  limitations, 
or  be  altered  or  repealed  by  the  general  assembly. 

3.  Ail  fines,  penalties,  forfeitures,  and  escheats, accru- 
ing to  the  territory  of  Missouri,  shall  accrue  to  the  use  of 
the  state. 

4.  All  recognizances  heretofore  taken,  or  which  may 
be  taken  before  the  third  Monday  in  September  next, 
shall  iviiiain  valid,  and  shall  pass  over  to  and  may  be 
prosecuted  in  the  name  of  the  state :  and  all  bonds  ex- 
ecuted to  the  governor  of  the  territory ^jor  to  any  other 
officer  or  court  in  his  official  cai)acity,  sh.all  pass  over 
to  the  governor,  or  other  proper  state  authority,  and  to 
their  successors  in  office,  tor  the  uses  therein  respec- 
tively expressed,  and  may  be  sued  for  and  recovered 
accordingly  All  criminal  prosecutioiis  and  |ieual  ac- 
tions, w  hich  have  arisen,  or  which  may  arise  before  the 
third  Jiloi'.d.iy  in  September  next,  and  which  shall  then 
be  depending,  shall  be  prosecuted  to  judgment  and  ex- 
ecution in  the  name  of  the  state.  AH  actions  at  iaw 
which  now  arc,  or  which,  on  the  third  Monday  in  Sep- 
tember ne.\t,  may  be  depending  in  any  of  the  courts  of 
record  iu  the  territory  of  Missouri,  may  be  coinmenced 
in,  or  transferred  to  any  court  of  recoitl  of  the  state 
which  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  the  subject  matter 
thereof;  and  all  suits  in  equity  may,  in  like  manner,  be 
commenced  in,  or  transferred  to  the  court  of  chancery. 

5.  AH  officers,  civil  and  militr.sy,  !iOW  holding  com- 
missions under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  or  of 
the  territory  of  Missouri,  shall  continue  to  hold  and  ex- 
ercise their'  respective  offices,  until  they  shall  be  sii- 
persedt  d  under  the  authority  of  the  state  ;  and  all  such 
officers  holding  commissions  under  the  authority  of  the 
territory  of  Missouri,  shall  receive  the  sanie  compensa- 
tion which  they  hitherto  received,  in  proportion  to 
the  time  they  shall  be  so  employed. 

6.  The  first  meeting  of  the  general  assembly  shall 
be  at  St.  Louis,  with  j;o\ver  to  adjourn  to  any  other 
place;  and  the  general  assembly,  at  the  first  session 
thereof,  sliall  fix  the  seat  of  government  until  the  first 
day  of  October,  eighteen  hundred  and  twenty-six  ;  and 
the  first  session  of  the  general  assembly  shall  li.'ive  pow- 
er to  fix  the  compensation  of  the  members  thereof,  any 
thing  iu  the  constitution  to  the  contrary  notviithstand- 
iiig. 

7.  Until  the  first  enumeratioti  shall  be  made,as  direct- 
ed in  this  constitution,  the  county  of  Howard  shall  be 
entitled  to  eight  representatives,  the  county  of  Cooper 
to  four  representatives,  the  county  of  Montgomery  to 
t«  o  representatives,  the  county  of  Lnicoln  to  one  repre- 
sentative, the  county  of  Pike  to  two  represent  fives,  the 
county  of  St.  Charles  to  three  representatives,  the  coun- 
ty of  ,St,  Louis  to  six  representatives,  the  county  of 
Franklin  to  two  representatives,  the  county  of  Jefferson 
to  one  representative  the  county  of  Washington  to  two 
representatives,  the  county  of  St.  Genevieve  to  four 
iepr.fsentatives,  the  count)-  of  Cape  Girardieau  to  four 
representatives,  the  county  of  New  Madrid  to  two  re- 
presentatives, the  county  of  Madison  to  one  iv  presenta- 
tive,  the  county  of  Wayne  to  one  representative,  and 
that  part  of  the  county  of  St.  Lawrence  situated  within 
this  state,  shall  attach  to,  and  form  ])art  ot  the  county 
of  Wayne  until  otherwise  provided  by  law  ;  and  the 
sheriff  of  the  county  of  Wayne  shall  appoint  the  judges 
of  the  first  election,  and  the  place  of  holding  the  same, 
in  the  part  thus  attached  ;  and  any  person  who  shall 
have  resided  within  the  jiniiis  of  this  state  five  months 
previous  to  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  who 
shall  be  othtrwise  qualified  as  prescribed  in  the  third 
section  of  the  third  article  theriof,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  house  of  representatives,  any  thing  in  this  eonstitw- 
lion  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

8.  For  the  first  election  of  senators,  the  state  shall  be 
divided  into  districts,  and  the  apportionment  shall  be  as 
follows,  that  is  to  say :  ihe  tonuties  of  Howard  and 
Cooper  shall  compose  one  district,  and  elect  (bur  se- 
nators, the  counties  of  Montgomery  and  Franklin  shall 
compose  one  district  and  elect  one  senator.  Ihe  county 
of  St.  Charles  shall  compose  one  district  and  elect  one 
scnatoi',  the  counties  of  Lincoln  and  Pii<e  shall  com- 
pose  one  district  and  elect  one  senator,  the  county  of 
St.  Louis  shall  compose  one  district  and  el-et  two  se- 
nators, the  counti;'S  of  Washington  and  .J -flVrson  shall 
compose  one  district  and  elect  otie  senator,  the  coun- 
ty of  St.  Genevieve  shall  compose  one  district  and  elect 
one  senator,  the  counties  of  Madison  and  Wayne  shall 
compose  one  district  and  elect  one  senator,  the  cotsn- 
ties  of  Cape  Girardiean  and  New  Madrid  shall  compose 
one  di'triet  and  elect  two  •^■■i  -"rr.-.--  -^rA  in  nil  cases 


12Q 


CO!,S  ilTUTIO^-  OP  MISSOURI. 


where  a  senatorial  district  consists  oi'  more  than  one 
county,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  clerk  of  the  county 
second  named  in  that  district  to  cerliiy  the  returns  of 
the  senatorial  election  within  their  proper  county,  to 
the  clerk  of  the  county  first  named,  within  five  days 
after  he  shall  have  received  the  same  ;  and  any  person 
■n-ho  shall  have  resided  within  the  limits  of  this  state 
five  months  previous  to  the  adoption  of  this  constitu- 
tion, and  who  shall  be  otherwise  qualified  as  prescribed 
in  the  fifth  section  oi  the  tiiird  article  thereof,  shall  be 
eligible  to  the  senate  of  this  state,  any  thing  in  this 
constitution  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

9.  The  president  of  the  convention  shall  issue  writs 
of  election  to  the  sheriffs  of  tlie  several  countins,  or,  in 
case  of  vacancy,  to  the  coroners,  requiring  them  to 
cause  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  fourth  Monday  in 
August  next,  for  a  governor,  a  lieutenant  governor,  a 
representative  in  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  for 
the  residue  of  the  sixteenth  congress,  a  representative 
for  the  seventeenth  congress,  senators  and  representa- 
tives for  the  general  assembly, slierifts  and  coroners,and 
the  returns  of  all  township  elections,  held  in  pursuance 
thereof,  shall  be  made  to  the  clerks  of  the  proper  county 
■within  five  days  alter  the  day  of  election  ;  and  auy  per- 
son who  shall  reside  within  the  limits  of  this  state  at 
tlie  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  who 
shall  be  otherwise  qualified  as  prescribed  in  the  tenth 
section  of  the  third  article  thereol',  shall  be  deemed  a 
qualified  elector,  any  thing  in  this  constitution  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding. 

10.  The  elections  shall  he  conducted  according  to  the 
existing  laws  of  the  Jlissouri  territory,  'i'lie  clerks  of 
the  circuit  courts  ot  the  several  counties  shall  certify 
the  returns  of  the  election  of  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor,  and  transmit  the  same  to  the  speaker  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  at  the  temporary  seat  of  go- 
\ernnient,  in  such  time  that  they  may  be  received  on 
tlie  third  Monday  of  September  next.  As  soon  as  the 
general  assembly  shall  be  organized,  tjie  speaker  of 
the  houseof  representatives,  and  the  president /);-o /f/H- 
fiorc  of  the  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  ot  both  houses, 
examine  the  returns,  and  declare  who  are  duly  elected 
to  till  those  offic.  8 ;  and  if  any  two  or  more  persons  shall 
have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  and  a  higher  number 
than  any  other  person,  the  general  assembly  shall  de- 
termine the  election  in  the  manner  herein  provided  ; 
and  the  returns  of  the  election  for  members  of  congress 
shall  be  made  to  the  secretary  of  state  within  thirty 
days  after  the  day  of  election . 

11.  The  oaths  of  office,  lurein  directed  to  he  taken, 
may  be  administered  by  auy  judge  or  justice  of  the 
peace,  until  the  general  assembly  shall  otherwise  direct. 

12.  Until  a  seal  of  state  be  provided,  the  governor 
may  use  his  private  sea!. 

DAVID  BARTON,  I'resUlent  of  the  Convention. 
Att-'st,  Wm.  G.  Pettiis,  Secretary  to  the  Convention, 


AN  ORDINANCE, 

Dcclarh)!'.  the  assent  of  tin:  people  of  t/ir  state  of  Missouri, 
by  their  rclircsentatives  in  conveittion  assembled,  to  cer- 
tain conditions  and  frovisions  in  the  act  of  congress  of 
the  sixtfi  of  March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twenty,  cntitled,^^  An  act  to  authorize  thepeo/ile  of  Mis- 
sottri  territory  to  form  a  cotuiStution  arulstiite  govern- 
ment, and  for  the  admission  of  such  state  into  the  Union 
on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states,  and  to  pro- 
hihil  slavery  in  certain  territories. 
AViicreas  the  act  of  conjrress  of  tlie  United  States  of 
America, approved  March  the  sixth,  one  thous.ind  eight 
hundred  and  twenty,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  aulliuvize 
the  people  of  Missouri  territory  to  form  a  constitiilioii 
and  state  government,  and  for  the  admission  of  such 
state  into  the  Union,  on  an  equal  footing  witli  the  origi- 
nal states,  and  to  proh.ibit  slavery  in  certain  territories," 
contains  certain  req  ubitions  and  provislonsjjind,  ainong 
other  tbinpfs,  has  offered  to  this  convention,  vihen  form- 
ed, for  and  in  behalf  ol»the  people  inhabiting  this  state, 
for  their  free  acceptance,  or  rejectio:!,  the  five  following 
piopositions,  and  which,  if  accepted  by  this  convention 
in  behalt  of  the  people  as  atoresaid,  are  to  he  obligatory 
on  the  United  States,  viz : 

•'  1st.  'that  section  numbered  sixteen,  in  every  town- 
ship, and  when  such  section  has  been  sold;  or  otherwise 
disposed  of,  other  lands  e<[iiivaient  thereto,  and  as  coi;- 
tiguous  as  may  be,  shall  be  granted  to  the  state,  fcir  the 
use  of  the  inhabitants  of  such  township,  for  the  use  of 
schools. 

"2d.  'Xliat  all  salt  springs,  not  exceeding  twelve  in 
number,  with  six  sections  of  land  adjoining  to  each, 
shall  be  granted  to  the  sftid  siate  lor  flie  use  of  the  said 


state,  the  same  to  be  selected  by  iho  legislature  of  said 
state,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-five,  and  the 
same  when  so  selected,  to  be  used  under  such  terras, 
conditions,  and  regulations,  as  the  legislature  of  said 
state  shall  direct :  provided,  that  no  salt  spring,  the  right 
whereof  now  is,  or  hereafter  shall  be  confirme<l  or  ad- 
judged to  any  individual  or  individuals,  shall  by  this 
section  be  granted  to  said  state ;  and  provided  also,  that 
the  legislature  shall  never  sell  nor  lease  the  same,  at 
any  one  time,  for  a  longer  period  than  ten  years,  with- 
out the  consent  of  congress. 

>'  3d.  That  five  per  cent,  of  the  neat  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  lands  lying  within  the  said  territory  or  state,  and 
which  shall  be  sold  by  congress,  from  and  after  the  fii-st 
day  of  January  next,  after  deducting  all  expenses  inci- 
dent to  the  same,  shall  be  reserved  for  mating  public 
roads  and  cinals,  of  which  three  fifths  shall  be  applied 
to  those  objects  within  the  state,  under  the  direction  of 
the  legislature  thereof,  and  the  other  two  fifths  in  de- 
fraying, under  the  direction  of  congress,  the  expenses 
to  he  incurred  in  making  of  a  road  or  roads,  canal  or 
canals,  leading  to  the  said  state. 

•'4lh.  That  four  entire  sections  of  land  he,  and  the 
same  are  hereby  granted  to  the  said  state,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  fixing  their  seat  of  government  thereon  ;  which 
said  sections  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the  legis- 
lature of  said  state,  be  located,  as  near  as  may  be,  in 
one  body,  at  any  time,  in  such  townships  and  ranges  as 
the  legislature  aforesaid  may  select,  on  any  of  the  pub- 
lic lands  of  the  United  States :  provided,  that  such  lo- 
cation shall  he  made  prior  to  the  public  sale  of  the  lands 
of  the  United  States  surrounding  such  location. 

"  5th.  Tiiat  thirty-six  seelions,'jrone  entire  township, 
which  shall  be  designated  by  the  president  of  the  United 
Sti^tes,  together  with  the  other  lands  heretofore  reserved 
for  that  purpose,  sliail  be  reserved  for  the  use  of  a  semi- 
nary of  learning,  and  vested  in  the  legislature  of  said 
state,  to  be  appropriated  solely  for  the  use  of  such  semi- 
nary, by  the  legislature." 

Now,  this  convention,  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  people 
inhabiting  this  state,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  said 
people,  do  accept  the  five  before  recited  propositions, 
offered  by  the  act  of  congress  under  which  they  are  as- 
sembled ;  and,  in  pursuance  of  the  conditions,  requisi* 
tions,  and  other  provisions  in  the  before  recited  act  ot 
congress  contained,  this  convention,  for  and  in  behalf 
of  the  people  inhabiting  this  state,  do  ordain,  agree,  ai»d 
declare,  that  every  and  each  tract  of  land  sold  by  the 
United  States,  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  January 
next,  shall  remain  exempt  from  any  tax  laid  by  order  or 
wider  the  authority  of  the  state,  whether  for  state, 
county,  or  township,  or  any  other  pmijose  whatever, 
for  the  term  of  five  years  from  and  after  the  respective 
days  of  sale  thereof.  And  that  the  bounty  lands  grant- 
ed, or  hereafter  to  be  granted,  for  military  services, 
during  the  late  war,  shall,  while  they  contuiue  to  be 
held  by  the  patentees  or  their  heirs,  remain  exempt,  as 
aforesaid,  from  taxation,  for  the  term  of  three  years 
from  and  after  th.e  date  of  the  patents  respectively :  pro- 
\ided,  nevertheless,  that  if  the  congress  of  the  United 
States  shall  consent  to  repeal  and  revoke  the  following 
clause  in  the  fifth  proposiiiou  of  the  sixth  section  of  the 
act  of  congress  before  recited,  and  in  these  words,  viz  : 
That  every  and  each  tract  of  land  sold  by  the  United 
States,  from  and  after  the  first  day;  of  January  next, 
shall  remain  exempt  from  any  tax,  iaid  by  order,  or  un- 
der the  authority  of  the  state,  v.hcther  for'state,  county, 
or  township,  or  any  other  purpose  whatever,  for  the 
term  of  five  years,  from  and  after  the  day  of  sale,  and 
further"— that  this  convention,  for  and  beJialf  of  the 
people  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  do  hereby  oi'dain,  con- 
sent, and  agree,  that  the  same  be  so  revoked  and  re- 
pealed, without  which  consent  of  the  congress  as  afore- 
said, the  said  clause  to  remain  in  full  force  and  opera- 
tion as  first  above  provided  for  in  this  ordinance  :  and 
this  convention  doth  hereby  request  the  congress  of  the 
United  States  so  to  modify  their  third  proposition,  that 
the  whole  amount  of  five  per  cent,  on  the  sale  of  public 
lands  therein  offered,  may  be  aj)piied  to  the  construc- 
tion of  roads  and  canals,  and  the  promotion  of  educa- 
tion within  this  state,  under  the  direction  of  the  legisla- 
ture thereof.  And  this  convention,  for  and  in  behalf  ot 
the  people  inhabiting  this  state,  and  by  the  authority  of 
the  saul  ptoi>!e,  do  further  ordain,  agree,  and  declare, 
that  this  ordinance  shall  be  irrevocable,  without  the 
consent  of  the  United  States. 
Done  in  convention,  at  St.  Louis,  in  the  state  of  Misr 
souri,  this  nineteenth  day  of  July,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty, 
and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  forty-fifth. 
By  order  of  the  convention: 

DAVID  BARTON,  PresUtent. 
Attest,   Wm.  G.  P^t^is-,  Sicretruin 


^jp]i>ii®riDas 


iBy  inadvevlauce  the  firmer  Consiituimi  of  A'cw  York  was  printdd  in  this  edition.  The 
■mistake  being  discovered,  ike  Editor  -wrote  to  Governor  Clinton,  luho  poUtelij  forwarded 
an  authentic  coprj  of  the  JWw  Constitution  of  that  state,  -Kith  the  foiloioing  note  : 

'   JJear  Sir — 

"  I  have  sent  by  this  daifs  Mail,  a  correct  copy  of  our  J^'exu  Coiistitvtion.     It 
has  been  revie-Jied  and  compared  luith  the  original,  by  the  depiciy  secretary  of  slate - 

Signed    "DEHTF  CLJ.YTOJV 
*' Albany,  October  oOih,  1^22."} 


CONSTITUTION"  OF  NEW  YORK. 

AS  AMENDED. 


WE,  tlie  people  of  the  state  of  Xew  York,  acknow-  Steuben,  Livingston,  Monroe,  Genesee,  Niagara,  EriCj 

ipdginjir  with  s;ratitude  the  grace  and  beneficence  of  Allegany,  Cattaraugus,  and  Chautauq<ie. 

God,  m  permittip,  us  to  malie  choice  of  our  form  of  And  as  soon  as  the  senate  shall  meet,  after  the  fii-st 

governmeat,  do  establish  this  constiturion.  election  to  be  held  in  piu-suance  of  this  constitution, 

1  they  shall  cause  the  senators  to  be  divided  by  lot,  into 

AUTICLE  1.  jjiu^.  glasses,  of  eight  in  each,  so  that  every  district  shall 

§  1.  The  legislative  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  have  one  senator  of  each  class  ;  the  classes  to  Ije  num. 

in  a  senate  and  an  assemblv.  I)ered.  cne,  two,  three,  and  four.    And  the  seats.of  the 

2.  The  senate  shall  consist  of  thirty-two  members,  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  end  of  the  first  year ; 
The  senators  shall  be  thosen  for  four  years,  and  shall  be  of  the  second  class,at  the  end  of  the  second  year;  of  the 
freeholdei-s.  The  assembly  shall  consist  of  one  hundred  third  class,  at  the  end  of  the  third  year;  of  the  fourth 
and  twenty-eight  members,  who  shall  be  annually  elect-  class,  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  year ;  m  order  that  one 
ed.  senator  be  annually  elected  in  each  senate  district. 

3.  Amajorityofeach  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  6.  Anenumerationof  theinhabitantsof  thestateshall 
to  do  business.  Each  house  shall  determine  the  rules  of  be  taken,  under  the  direction  of  the  legislatiue,  in  the 
its  own  proceedings,  and  be  the  judge  of  the  qualifica-  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-live,  and 
tions  of  its  own  members.  Each  house  shall  choose  its  at  the  end  of  every  ten  years  thereaiter;  and  the  said 
own  officers  ;  and  the  senate  shall  choose  a  temporary  districts  shall  be  so  altered  by  the  legislature,  at  the 
president,  when  the  lieutenant  governor  shall  not  at-  first  session  alter  the  return  of  every  enumeration,  that 
tend  as  president,  or  shall  act  as  governor.  each  senate  disUiet  shall  contain,  as  nearly  as  may  be, 

•J.  Each  himse  shallkeep  a  journal  of  its  proceeding's,  an  equal  number  of  inhabitants,  excluihng  aliens,  jiau- 

and  publish  the  same,  except  such  parts  as  may  require  pers,  and  persons  of  colour  not  laxed  ;  and  slial!  remain 

secrecy.    The  doors  of  each  house  shall  be  kept  open,  unaltered,  until  the  return  of  another  enumeiaiion, 

except  when  the  public  welfare  shall  require  secrecy,  and  shall  at  all  times  consist  of  contiguous  ternlory;  and 

Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  no  county  shall  be  divided  m  the  torniation  ot  a  senate 

adjourn  for  more  than  two  days,  district.                                            tii.ni       u          i 

5.   The  state  shall  be  divided  into  eiglit  districts,  to  7.  The  members  of  the  assembly  shall  oe  chosen  bj 

be  called  senate  districts,  each  of  which  shall  choose  four  counties,  and  shall  be  apportioned  aincng  the  several 

senators.  counties  of  the  state,  as  nearly  as  nia^  be,  according  :o 

The  first  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  Suf-  the  numbers  of  their  respective  inhabitants,  excludj-ig 

folk.  Queens,  Kings,  Richmond,  and  New  York.  aliens,  jiaupers,  and  pei-sons  ot  colour  not  taxed.    An 

The  second  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  apportionment  of  members  ot  assemhiy  shall  be  lULc 

Westchester,   Putnam,   Duchess,  Rockland,  Orange,  bv  tl!e  legislature,  at  its  fii-st  session  after  the  ret.rn  ot 

Ulster,  and  Sullivan.  e^ery  enumeration ;  and,  when  made,  shall  rexwnmi- 

The  third  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  altered  until  another  enumerauon  shall  haw ui en  ta- 

Greene,  Columbia,  Albany,  Rensselaer,  Schoharie, and  ken.    But  an  apportionment  ot  meuibers  ol  mc  assem- 

bchenectadv.         '           "  hly  shall  be  made  by  the  Kvescnt  legislature,  accoiduig 

—     .-„..„.!  .i;,.,.:„,  .v„ii  „„,„:;ct  ^f  ft,e  ..r.„r.f;cc  ^f  <;n.  f,>  thr.  last  pnumeration.  taken  under  the  autiionty  ot 


Wnr^^d  Tioga  ^""*""So,  ^^o^-e,  v.uiu.i.u,  .....  ,^-;;.--„-J-^,,bii„  -3,,^  by  ore  house,  may  be  ameid- 

The  scventS  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  ^d  by  the  ofi.en                     ,egy.ature  shall  receive  for 

Onondago,  Cayuga, Seneca, and  Ontario,              .       „  ,  "•    ^  "  ■                         !•  „  ,„ k»  ^tpprtaiin-rl  hi- Imv 

The  ciKbt}5  district  shaU  consist  of  the  wuntles  of  thtii'  services  a  compensation;  '0  be  asceitaintct  b>  U^^ , 


i'28  APPEND!  V. 

and  paid  out  of  t'liJ  pubHc  treasury ;  but  no  increase  of  and  paid  a  tax  thereon,  shall  be  entitled  to  %ote  at  any 

the  compensation  shall  take  effect  during-  the  year  in  such  election.     And  no  person  of  colour  shall  be  sub- 

which  it  shall  have  been  made.    And  no  law  shall  be  ject  to  direct  taxation,  unless  lie  shall  be  seized  and  pos- 

passed,  increasing  the  compensation  of  the  members  of  sessed  of  such  real  estate  as  aforesaid, 

the  legislature,  beyond  the  sum  of  three  dollars  a  day.  2.  Laws  may  be  passed,  excluding  from  the  right  of 

10.   No  member  of  the  legislature  shall  receive  any  suffrage,  persons  who  have  been,  or  may  be,  con\ietcd 

civil  appointment  from  the  governor  and  senate,  or  of  infamous  crimes. 

from  the  legislature,  (iari:!~  the  term  for  which  he  shall  3.   Laws  shall  be  made  for  ascertaining  by  proper 

have  been  elected.  proofs,  the  citizens  v.  ho  shall  be  entitled  to  the  right  of 

n.  No  person,  btin;,'  a  member  of  congress,  or  hoW-  suffrage,  hereby  established, 

ing  any  judicial  or  military  office  under  the  United  4.  All  elections  by  the  citizens  shall  be  by  ballot,  s-x- 

States,'shal!  hold  a  seat  in  tlie  legislature.    And  if  any  cept  for  such  town  officers,  as  may  by  law  be  directed 

person  shall,  while  a  member  of  the  legislature,  be  elect-  to  be  otherwise  chosen. 

ed  to  congress,  or  appointed  to  any  office,  civil  or  mill-  AnTTri.F  1 

tary,  under  the  United  States ;  his  accepUmce  thereof,  ah  i  n  i.r.  ^j. 

shall  vacate  his  seat.  f.  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  govcrn- 

12.  Every  bill  wiiich  shall  have  passed  the  senate  and  or.  •  He  shall  hold  his  office  for  two  years ;  aiid  a  lieu- 
assembly,  shall,  before  it  become  a  laWj  be  presented  to  tenant  governor  shall  be  chosen  at  the  same  time,  and 
the  governor:  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  for  the  same  term. 

he  shall  retinn  it  with  his  objections  to  that  house  in  2.  No  peisoji,  except  a  native  citizen  of  the  United 

which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  tlie  ob-  States,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor  ;  nor 

jections  at  large  on  their  joursal,  and  proceed  to  recon-  sliali  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office,  who  shall  not 

sider  it :  if,  after  such  reconsideration,  two  thirds  of  the  be  a  freeholder,  and  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of 

members  present  shall  agi-ee  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  thirty  years,  and  have  been  five  yeai-s  a  resident  within 

sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  this  state ;  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  during  that 

by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered ;  and  if  ap-  time,  on  ijublic  business  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this 

proved  by  two  thirds  of  the  members  present,  it  shall  stale. 

become  a  law;  but  in  all  such  cases,  the  votes  of  both  3,  The  governor  and  lieutenant  governor  shall  be 
houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  llie  elected  at  tlie  times  and  places  of  choosing  members  of 
names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  tlie  bill  the  legislature.  The  persons  respectively  having  the 
shall  be  entered  on  the  journals  of  each  house  respec-  highest  numberof  votesfor  governor  and  lieutenant  go- 
tively :  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  governor,  vernor,  shall  be  elected  ;  but  in  case  two  or  more  siiall 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  have  an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  go- 
been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  venior,  or  for  lieutenant  governor,  the  two  houses  of 
manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  legislature  the  legislature  shall,  by  joint  ballot,  choose  one  of  the 
shall,bvtlicivadiouniment  prevent  its  return  ;  in  which  said  pei-sons,  so  having  an  equal  and  the  highest  num- 
case  it  shall  not'be  a  law.  ber  of  votes,  for  governor  or  lieutenant  governor. 

13.  All  officers,  holding  their  offices  during  good  be-  4,  The  govenior  shall  be  general  and  commant'er  in 
haviour,  may  be  removed  by  joint  resolution  of  the  two  chief  of  all  the  militia,  and  admiral  of  the  navy  of  the 
houses  of  the  legislature,  if  two  thirds  of  all  the  mem-  state.  He  shall  have  power  to  convene  the  legislature, 
bers  elected  to  the  assembly,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  (or  the  senate  only,)  on  extraordinary  occasions.  He 
members  elected  tc  the  senate,  concur  therem.  shall  communicate,  by  message  to   the  legislature  at 

14.  The  political  year  shall  begin  on  the  tirst  day  of  every  session,  the  condition  01  the  state;  and  recom- 
January  ;  and  the  legislature  shall  every  year-  assemble  mend  such  matters  to  them  as  he  shall  judge  expedient. 
on  the  nr<t  Tuesday  cf  Januarj ,  unless  a  different  day  He  shall  transact  all  necessary  business  with  the  officers 
shall  be  appointed  by  law.  of  government,  civil  and  militarx .  He  shall  expedite  ail 

15.  The  next  election  for  governor,  lieutenant  go-  such  mca'sures  as  may  be  resolved  upon  by  the  legisla- 
vernor,  senators,  and  members  of  assembly,  shall  com-  ture,  and  shall  take  care  that  the  la\«3  are  faithfully  ex- 
mence  on  the  first  Monday  of  November,  one  thousand  ecuted.  He  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  ser- 
eight  hundred  .ind  twenty-two  ;  and  all  subsequent  vices  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  increased 
elections  shall  be  held  at  such  time,  in  the  month  of  nor  diminished,  duringthe  term  forwhich  he  shall  have 
October,  or  November,  as  the  legislature  shall  by  law  been  elected. 

proWde.  5.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves 

15.  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  senators,  and  and  pardons  after  conviction,  for  all  offences,  except 

memhersot'assembly,  first  elected,  under  this  constitu-  treason  and  cases  of  impeachment.    Upon  convictions 

tion,  shall  enter  on  the  duties  of  their  respective  offict  s,  for  treason,  he  shall  have  power  to  suspend  the  exccu- 

on  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  tion  of  the  sentence,  until  the  case  shall  be  reported  to 

and  t*cnty-th.ee ;  and  the  governor, lieutenant  govern-  the  legislature  at  its  next  meeting ;  when  the  le^slature 

or,  senators,  and  members  of  assembly,  now  in  office,  shall  either  pardon,  ordirect  the  execution  of  tue  crimi- 

shall  continue  to  hold  the  same,  until  the  first  day  of  nal,  or  grant  a  farther  reprieve. 

January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-three,  6.  In  case  of  the  impeachment  of  the  governor,  or  his 

and  no  longer.                 "  removal  from  office,  death,  resignation,  or  absence  from 

,-,„^„-„  9  the  state,  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  office  shall  de- 

■  ■  ~"  volve  upon  the  lieutenant  governor,  for  the  residue  of 
the  term,  or  until  the  governor  absent  or  impeachcil, 
shall  return  or  be  acquitted.    But  when  the  governor 

year  preceding  any  election,  and  tor  the  iast  six  montiis  shall,  with  the  consent  of  the  legislature,  be  out  of  the 

a  resident  of  the  town  or  county  where  he  may  offer  liis  stat^-  in  time  of  war,  at  the  head  of  a  military  force 

vote  ;  and  shall  have,  within  the  year  next  pivceding  thereof,  he  shall  still  continue  commander  in  chief  of  all' 

the  election,  paid  a  tax  to  the  state  or  county,  assessi-d  the  military  foicc  of  the  state. 

upon  his  real  or  personal  property;   or  shall  by  lav.  be  7.  The  lieutenant  govenior  shall  be  president  of  the 

exempted  from  taxation  ;  or  being  armed  and  equipped  senate,  but  shall  have  only  a  casting  vote  therein.    If, 

according  to  law,  shaU  have  performed  v.iihin  thai  during  a  vacancy  of  the  office  of  govenior;  the  lieute- 

year,  military  duty  in  the  militia  of  this  state  ;  or  -.v!u>  nant  governor  shall  be  impeached,  displaced,  resign, 

shk'.'i  be  exempted  from  performing  militia  duty  in  eon-  die.or  be  absent  from  the  state,  the  president  of  tlie  se- 

seq>ience  of  being  a  fireman  in  aiiy  city,  towii,  or  vil-  nate  shall  act  as  governor,  until  the  vacancy  shall  be 

lagein  this  state  :  And  also,  every  male  citizen  of  tiic  filled,  or  the  disability  shall  cease, 

ageottweiity-oneyears,  who  shall  have  been,  for  three  »                      AIITICLE  4. 

years  l\ext  preceding  such  election,  an  inhabitant  nf  ■             '  ' 

this  statV;  and  for  the  last  year,  a  resident  in  the  town  S'  '•  M'litia  officers  shall  be  chosen,  or  appointed,  as 
or  count^\ where  he  mav  ofi'ir  his  vote;  and  shall  have  follows:  Captains,  subalterns,  and  non-commisioned 
been,  \mhi<)  the  last  yiar,  sifcsessed  to  labour  upon  the  ojflcers,  shah  be  chosen  by  the  written  votes  of  the  mem- 
public  high\'>ays,  and  sb;in  have  perfrvmcd  the  labour,  bers  of  tlieir  respective  companies.  Field  officers  of  re- 
or  paid  an  equivalent  ihirefor,  Recording  to  law  ;  shall  giments,  and  separate  battalions,  by  the  written  votes 
be  entitled  to  vtte  in  the  town  or  ward  where  he  aetu-  of  the  commissioned  officers  of  the  respective  regiments, 
ally  resides,  and  act  elsewhere,  for  all  officers  that  luiw  and  separate  baltaiiims.  Brigaditr  genei-als,  by  the 
are,  or  hereafter  saay  be,  elective  by  the  people:  but  field  officers  of  their  respective  brigades.  Major  gene- 
no  man  of  colour,  unless  lie  shall  have  been  for  three  rals,  brigadier  generals,  and  commanding  officers  of  re- 
years  a  citizen  of  thiastati ,  and  for  one  year  next  pre-  giments  or  separate  battalions,  shall  appoint  the  staff 
ceding  aii.y  election,  sliall  he  seized  .Tiid  possessed  of  a  offieersof  theirrt'speetivedivisions,brigades,re^ment'<, 
freehfSd  estate  of  the  value  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  or  separate  battalions. 

dollars,  over  and  above  all  debu  and  incumbrances  2.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and,  with  the  con 

o'laveed  theror.n  t  ard  shall  h^-.-r.  Iir  m  ae'inllv  vated.  ^ent  nf  tlieseiiatp.  appoint  all  major  generals,  brigad' 


APPEKDIS,.  VJ^ 

iiVspcciors,  and  cliicls  iiuhc  staft'UeiJai'tinents,  except  appointed  anmially  by  the  eoflMiion  councils  of  their 

the  adjutant  general  and  coiiniiissary  general.   The  ad-  respective  cities. 

jutant  general  shall  he  appointed  by  the  governor.  11.   So  many  coroners  as  the  legislature  may  direct, 

3.  The  legislature  shall,  by  law,  direct  the  time  and  not  exceeding  four  in  each  county,  shall  be  elected  in 

manner  of  electing  militia  ofiicers,  and  ot  certifying  the  same  manner  as  ■sheriffs,  and  sball  hold  their  offices 

their  elections  to  the  governor.  for  the  same  terra,  and  be  removable  in  like  manner. 

•1.  The  commissioned  officei's  of  the  militia  shall  he  12.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  and,  with  the  con- 
Commissioned  by  the  governor;  and  no  commissioned  sent  of  the  senate,  appoint  masters  and  examiners  in 
officer  shall  be  removed  from  office,  unless  by  the  se-  chancery;  who  shall  hold  their  offices  for  three  years, 
nate,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  governor,  stating  unless  sooner  removed  by  the  senate,  on  the  recom- 
the  grounds  on  which  such  removal  is  recommended,  or  mendation  of  the  governor.  The  registei-s,  and  assistant 
by  the  decision  of  a  court  martial,  pursuant  to  law.  registers,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  chancellor,  and  hold 
The  present  officei-s  of  the  militia  shall  hold  their  com-  their  offices  during  his  pleasure, 
missions,  subject  to  removal,  as  hefon?  pi'ovided,  13.  The  clerk  of  the  court  of  oyer  and  terminer,  and 

5.  In  case  the  mode  of  election  and  appointment  of  general  sessions  of  the  peace,  in  and  for  the  city  and 
militia  officers  hereby  directed,  sliall  not  be  found  con-  county  of  New  York,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  court  ot" 
duciveto  the  improvement  of  the  militia,  the  legisla-  general  sessions  of  the  peace  in  said  city,  and  hold  his 
ture  may  abolish  the  same,  and  provide  by  law  for  their  office  during  the  pleasure  of  said  court :  and  such  clerks 
appointment,  and  removal,  if  two  thirds  of  the  members  and  other  officers  of  courts,  whose  appointment  is  not 
present  in  each  house,  shall  concur  therein.  herein  provided  for,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  several 

6.  The  secretary  of  state,  comptroller,  treasurer,  at-  courts,  or  by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  se-- 
tomey  general,  surveyor  general,  and  commissary  ge-  nate,  as  may  be  directed  by  law. 

nerftl,  shall  be  appointed  as  follows:  The  senate  and  14.  The  special  justices,  and  the  assistant  justices, 
assembly  shall  each  openly  nominate  one  person  fiir  the  and  their  clerks,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  shall  be  ap- 
said  offices  respectively:  after  which,  tiiey  shall  meet  to-  pointed  by  the  common  council  of  the  said  city;  and 
gethcr,  and  if  they  shall  agree  in  their  nominations,  the  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  same  term  that  the  jus- 
person  so  nominated  shall  be  appointed  to  the  office  for  tices  of  the  peace,  in  the  other  counties  of  this  state, 
which  he  shall  be  nominated.  If  they  shall  disagree,  hold  their  offices,  and  shall  be  removable  in  like  man- 
the  appointment  shall  be  made  bythe  joint  ballot  of  the  ner. 

senators  and  members  of  assembly.  The  treasurer  shall        15.  All  officers  heretofore  elective  bythe  people  shall 

lie  chosen  annually.     The  secretary  of  state,  comptrol-  continue  to  be  elected  ;  and  all  other  officers,  whose  ap- 

ler,  attorner  general,  surveyor  general,  and  commissary  pointment  is  not  ])rovided  for  by  this  constitution,  and 

general,  shall  hold  their  offices  for  three  years,  unless  all  officers,  whose  offices  may  be  hereafter  created  by 

stjoner  removed  by  concurrent  resolution  of  the  senate  law,  shall  be  elected  bythe  people,  or  appointed,  as 

and  assembly.  may  by  law  be  directed. 

7.  The  governor  shall  nominate,  by  message,  in  writ-        16.  Where  the  duration  of  any  office  is  not  pi-escrihed 
ing,  and,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  shall  appoint  by  this  constitution,  it  may  be  declared  by  law;  and  if 
all  judicial  officei-s,  except  justices  of  the  peace,  who  not  so  declared,  such  ofHce  shall  he  held  during  the 
shall  be  appointed  in  manner  following,  that  is  to  say :  pleasure  of  the  authority  maliing  the  appointment. 
The  board  of  supervisors  in  every  county  in  this  state,  ATJTirTT  'i 

sTiall,  at  such  tiroes  as  the  legislature  may  direct,  meet  akiii,!.!.  o. 
together ;  and  they,  or  a  majority  of  them  so  assembled,  J  1.  The  court  for  the  trial  of  impeachments,  and  the 
shall  nominate  so  many  persons  as  shall  be  equal  to  the  correction  of  errors,  shall  consist  oithe  president  of  the 
number  ofjustices  of  the  peace,  to  be  appointed  in  the  senate,  the  senators,  the  chancellor,  and  the  justices  ot" 
several  towns  in  the  respective  counties.  And  the  thesupreraecourl,or  the  major  partof  them":  butwhen 
judges  of  the  respective  county  courts,  or  a  majority  of  an  impeachment  shall  be  prosecuted  against  the  cban- 
"them,  shall  also  meet  and  nominate  a  like  number  of  cellor,  or  any  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  the  persoa 
persons ;  and  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  said  board  of  su-  so  impeached  shall  be  s\ispended  from  exercising  his  of- 
pervisors, and  judges  of  countj'  courts,  to  compare  such  fice,  until  his  acquittal ;  and  when  an  appeal  from  a  de- 
nominations, at  such  time  and  place,  as  the  legislature  cree  in  chancery  shall  be  heard,  the  chancellor  shall 
may  direct :  and  if,  on  such  comparison,  the  said  hoards  inform  the  court  of  the  reasons  lor  his  decree,  but  shall 
of  supervisors  and  judges  of  county  courts,  shall  agree  have  no  voice  in  the  final  sentence;  and  when  a  writ  of 
in  their  nominations,  in  all  or  in  part,  they  shall  file  a  error  shall  be  brought,  on  a  judgment  of  the  supreme 
certificate  of  the  nominations  in  which  they  shall  agree,  court,  the  justices  of  that  court  shall  assign  tlie  reasons 
in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county;  and  the  person  for  their  judgment,  but  shall  not  have  a  voice  for  its  af- 
or  pereons  named  in  such  certificates,  shall  be  justices  firmance  or  reversal. 

of  the  peace  ;  and  in  case  of  disagreement  in  whole,  or  2.  The  assembly  shall  have  the  power  of  impeaching 
in  partj  it  shall  be  the  farther  duty  of  the  said  boards  of  all  civil  officers  of  this  state  for  male  and  corrupt  con- 
supervisors  and  judges,  respectively,  to  transmit  their  duct  in  office,  and  for  high  crimes  and  tnisdemeanors  : 
said  nominations,  so  far  as  they  disagree  in  the  same,  to  but  a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  sliall  concui: 
the  governor,  who  shall  select  from  the  said  nomina-  in  an  impeachment.  Before  the  trial  of  an  impeach- 
tions,  and  appointso  many  justices  of  the  peace,  as  shall  ment,  the  members  of  the  court  shall  take  an  oath  or 
be  reijuisite  to  fill  the  vacancies.  Evei-y  person  appoint-  affirmation,  truly  and  impartially  to  try  and  determine 
ed  a  justice  of  the  peace,  shall  hold  his  office  for  four  the  charge  in  question,  according  to  evidence  :  and  no 
yeai-s,  unless  removed  by  the  county  court,  for  causes  person  shall  be  convicted,  without  the  concurrence  of 
particularly  assigned  bythe  judges  of  the  said  court,  two  thirds  of  the  members  present.  Judgment,  in  cases 
And  no  justice  of  the  peace  shall  be  removed,  until  he  of  impeachment,  shall  not  extend  further  than  the  re- 
shall  have  notice  of  the  charges  made  against  him,  and  moval  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  en- 
an  opportunity  of  being  heard  in  his  defence.  joy  any  office  of  honour,  trust,  or  profit  under  this  state; 
6.  Sheriflis,  and  clerks  of  counties,  including  there-  but  the  party,  cuiivicted  sliall,  be  liable  to  indictment 
gister,  and  clerk  of  the  city  and  county  of  New  York,  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 
shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors  of  the  respective  coun-  3.  The  chancellor,  and  justices  of  the  supreme  court, 
ties,  once  in  every  three  years,  and  as  often  as  vacancies  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour,  or  until 
shall  happen.  Sherifi's  shall  hold  no  other  office,  and  they  shall  attain  the  age  of  sixty  years, 
be  ineligible  for  tlie  next  three  jears  after  the  termina-  4.  '1  he  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  a  chief  justice 
tion  of  their  offices.  They  may  be  required  by  law  to  and  two  justices,  any  of  whom  may  hold  the  court, 
renew  their  security,  from  time  to  time  ;  and  in  default  5.  The  state  shall  he  divided,  by  law,  into  a  conveni- 
of  giving  such  new  security,  their  offices  shall  be  deemed  ent  number  of  circuits,  not  less  than  four  nor  exceeding 
vacant.  But  the  county  shall  never  be  made  responsi-  eight,  subject  to  alteration,  by  the  legislature,  ftoni 
ble  for  the  acts  of  the  sheriff.  And  the  governor  may  re-  time  to  time,  as  the  public  good  may  require  ;  for  eacli 
move  any  such  sheriff,  clerk,  or  register, at  any  time  of  which  a  circuit  judge  shall  be  appointed,  in  the 
within  the  three  years  for  which  he  shall  be  elected,  same  manner,  and  hold  his  office  by  the  same  tenure, 
giving  to  such  sheriff,  clerk,  or  register,  a  copy  of  the  as  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court ;  and  who  shall 
charge  against  him,  and  an  op])ortunity  of  being  heard  possess  the  powers  of  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court  at 
in  his  defence,  before  any  removal  shall  be  made.  chambers,  and  in  the  trial  of  issues  joined  in  the  su- 

9.  The  clerks  of  courts,  except  those  clerks  whose  ap-  preme  court ;  and  in  courts  of  oyer  and  terminer  and 
■pointment  is  provided  for  in  the  preceding  section, shall  jail  delivery.  And  such  equity  powers  may  be  vested 
be  appointed  by  the  courts  of  which  they  respectively  in  the  said  circuit  judges,  or  in  the  county  courts,  or  in 
ai-e  clerks ;  and  district  attorneys,  by  the  county  courts,  such  other  subordinate  courts  as  the  Iftf  islature  may  by 
Clerks  of  courts,  and  district  attorneys,  shall  hold  their  law  direct,  subject  to  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  tlie 
offices  for  three  yeai-s,  unless  so«nier  removed  by  the  chancellor. 

tourts  appointing  them.  6.  Judges  of  thecounly  courts,  and  recoiiIei'S  of  cities, 

10.  The  mayors  of  all  t"he  cities  in  this  state  shall  i>e  sliai!  bold  their  offices  ttr  five  yeai-s.  but  mav  be  xe^ 


'^-<i  APPENDIX. 

moTCd  by  the  senate,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  ry  bill  appropriating  the  public  moneys  or  pioperJr, 

^oveiaor,  tor  causes  to  be  stated  in  such  recommenda-  for  local  or  pri^'ate  purposes,  or  creating,  continuing, 

,"■„..       ,      ^         „  altering:,  or  renewing,  any  bodv  politic  or  corporate. 

/.  >eithertliechancellor.nor,iusticesoftliesupreme  10.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  belonging  to  this  state, 

court,  nor  any  cu'cifit  judge,  shall  bold  any  other  office  except  such  pans  thereof  as  may  be  reserved  or  appro- 

or  public  trust.     All  votes  (or  any  elective  office,  given  priated  to  public  use,  or  ceded  to  the  United  States, 

uy  ttie  legislature  or  the  people,  for  the  chancellor,  or  which  shall  hereafter  be  sold  or  disposed  of,  together 

ajustice  ol  the  supreme  court,  or  circuit  judge,  dnring  with  the  fund  denominated  the  common  school  fund, 

BIS  continuance  in  his  judicial  office,  shall  be  void.  shall  be  and  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  the  interest  oi 

f.  w  hich,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  and  applied  to 

ARTICLE  D,  the  support  of  common  schools  throughout  this  state. 

J  1.  Membci's  of  the  legislature,  and  all  officers   ex-  '*''*^^  °^  *""'  ""'  '*""  **'^"  ^^°^'^  agreed  to  by  the  canal 

ecntive  and  judicial,  e:»cept  such  inferior  officers   as  fo">missioners,  and  set  forth  in  their  report  to  the  legis- 

may  by  law  be  exinipted,  shall,  before  they  enter' on  '^'"•'^  °f  <'>e  twelfth  of  March,  one  thousand  eight 

the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  take  and  suisscribe  Ji'iiKlfrd  and  twenty-cne,  shall  be  imposed  on,  and  coi- 

the  following  oath  or  affinnation  •  lected  trom,  all  parts  of  the  navigable  communication 

I  do  solemnly  swear,  (or  affimi  as  the  case  may  be.)  ^et^een  the  great  western  and  northern  lakes  and  the 

that  I  will  support  the  constitution  ofthe  United  States,  Atlantic  ocean,  which  now  are,  or  hereafter  shall  be 


quired  as  a  qtialitication  for  .any  office  or  public  trust,  auction,  excepting  therefrom  the  sum  of  thirty-three 

thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  otherwise  appropriated 

ATITICLE  r.  ^J.  ^^^  ^^'"^  ^'^^ '■  Wt'  tlic  amount  of  the  revenue,  esta- 
blished by  the  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  thirtieth  of 

j  1.  No  member  of  this  state  shall  be  disfranchised,  or  IMarch,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty,  in 

deprived  of  any  of  the  rights  or  privileges  secured  to  lieu  of  the  tax  upon  steam-boat  passengers;  shall  be  and 

any  citizen  thereof,  unless  by  the  law  of  the  land  or  the  remain  inviolably  appropriated  and  applied  to  thecom- 

judgraent  of  his  peers.  pletion  of  such  navigable  communications,  and  to  the 

2.  The  trial  by  jury,  in  all  cases  in  which  it  has  been  payment  of  the  interest,  and  reimbursement  of  the  ca- 
heretofore  used,  shall  remain  inviolate  for  ever ;  and  no  pital,  of  the  money  already  borrowed,  or  which  hereaf- 
new  court  shall  be  instituted,  but  such  as  shall  proceed  ter  shall  be  borrowed,  to  make  and  complete  the  same, 
according  to  the  course  of  the  common  law  ;  except  And  neither  the  rates  of  toll  on  the  said  navigable  corn- 
such  courts  of  equity  as  the  legislature  is  herein  autho-  muncations,  nor  the  duties  on  the  manufacture  of  salt 
ri/.cd  to  establish.  aforesaid,  nor  the  duties  on  goods  sold  at  auction,  as  esta- 

3.  The  free  exercise  and  enjoyinent  of  religious  pro-  blished  by  the  act  of  the  fifteenth  of  April,  one  thousand 
fession  and  worship,  without  discrimination  or  prefer-  eight  hundred  and  seventeen;  nor  the  amount  of  the 
ence,  shall  for  ever  be  allowed  in  this  state,  to  all  man-  vevenue.establishedby  the  act  of  March  the  thirtieth,one 
kind;  but  the  liberty  of  conscience  hereby  secured,  thousandeight  hundred  and  twenty,  in  lieu  of  the  tax 
shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  excuse  acts  of  licentious-  upon  steam-boat  passengers ;  shall  be  reduced  or  divert- 
ness,  or  justify  practices  inconsistent  with  the  peace  or  ed,  at  any  time  before  the  full  and  complete  payment  of 
satety  of  this  state.  the  principle  and  interest  of  the  money  borrowed,  or  to 

4.  And  whereas  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  are,  by  bcborrowed,asaforesaid.  Andthelegis!atureshallnever 
thei^  profession,  dedicated  tothe  service  of  God,  and  sell, ordispose  of  the  salt  springs  belonging  to  thisstate, 
the  care  of  souls,  aiul  ought  not  to  be  diverted  from  the  nor  the  lands  contiguous  thereto,  which  may  be  neces- 
great  duties  of  their  functions ;  therefore,  no  minister  of  sary  or  convenient  for  their  use,  nor  the  said  navigable 
the  Hospel,  or  priest  of  any  denomination  whatsoever,  communications,  or  any  part  or  section  thereof;  but 
shall  at  any  time  hereafter,  under  any  pretence  or  de-  the  same  shall  be  and  remain  the  property  of  this  state, 
scription  whatever,  be  eligible  to,  or  capable  of  holding  n.  No  lottery  shall  hereafter  be  authorized  in  this 
any  civil  or  military  office  or  place  within  thi?  state.  state ;  and  the  legislature  shall  pass  laws  to  prevent  the 

5.  The  militia  of  this  state  shall, at  all  times  herealVr,  saleofall  lottery  tickets  within  this  state,  exceiit  in  lot- 
be  armed  and  disciplined,  and  in  readiness  lor  service ;  teries  already  provided  for  bj-  law. 

but  all  such  inhabitants  of  this  state,  of  any  religious  12.  No  purchase  or  contract  for  the  sale  of  lands  in 

denomination  whatever,  as  from  scruples  of  conscience  this  state,  made  since  the  fourteenth  day  of  October, 

may  be  averse  to  bearing  arms,  shall  he  excused  there-  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-five,  or  which 

from,  by  paying  to  the  state  an  equivalent  in  money ;  may  hereafter  be  made,  of  or  with  the  Indians  in  this 

and  the  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  collec-  state,  shall  he  valid,  unless  made  under  the  authcritj', 

tion  of  such  equivalent,  to  be  estimated  according  to  and  with  the  consent  of  the  legislature, 

the  expense  in  time  and  money,  of  an  ordinarj-able  bo-  13.  Such  parts  of  the  common  law,  and  of  the  acts  of 

died  militia  man.  the  legislature  of  the  colony  of  New  York,  as  together 

6.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  ot  habeas  rorpui.%ha.\\  not  did  form  the  law  of  the  saiil  colony,  on  the  nineteenth 
lie  suspended,  unless  v.  hen,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  in-  day  of  April,  one  thousand  seven  hnndred  and  seventy- 
vasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  its  suspension.  five,  and  the  resolutions  of  the  congress  of  the  said  colo- 

7.  No  nerson  shall  he  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  ny,  and  of  the  convention  of  the  state  of  New  York,  in 
other  infamous  crime,  (except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  force  on  the  twentieth  day  of  April,  one  thousand  seven 
and  in  cases  of  the  militia  w hen  in  actual  senice  ;  and  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  which  hare  not  since  ex- 
the  land  and  naval  forces  in  time  of  war,  or  which  this  pired,  or  been  repealed,  or  altered ;  and  such  acts  of  tlie 
state  may  keep,  with  the  consent  of  congress,  in  time  legislature  of  this  state  as  are  now  in  force,  shall  be  and 
of  peace,  and  in  cases  of  petit  larceny,  under  the  regii-  continue  the  law  of  this  state,  subject  to  such  altera- 
lationof  the  legislature;)  unless  on  presentment,  or  in-  tions,  as  the  legislature  shall  make  concerning  the 
dictmentofagraudjury;andineverytrial  nn  impeach-  same.  But  all  such  parts  oftheeommon  law,andsuch 
ment  or  indictment,  the  party  accused  shall  be  allowed  f>f  the  said  acts,  or  parts  thereof,  as  are  repugnant  to 
counsel  as  in  civil  actions.    No  person  shall  be  subject,  this  constitution,  are  hereby  abrogated. 

for  the  same  offence,  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  14,  All  grants  of  lands  within  this  state,  made  bj-  the 
or  limb ;  nor  shall  he  be  compelled, in  any  criminal  case,  king  of  Great  Britain,  or  persons  acting  under  his  au- 
to be  a  witness  against  himself;  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  thority,  after  the  fourteenth  day  of  October,  one  thou- 
liberty,  or  pi-operty,  without  due  process  of  law :  nor  sand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-five,  shall  be  null  and 
shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without  void :  but  nothing  contained  in  this  constitution  shall 
'ust  compensation.  affect  any  grants  of  land  within  this  state,  made  by  the 

8.  Every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write,  and  pub-  authority  of  the  said  king  or  his  predecessors,  or  shall 
lish  his  sentiments,  on  all  subjects,  being  responsible  for  annul  any  charters  to  bodies  politic  and  corporate,  by 
the  abuse  of  that  right;  and  no  law  shall  be  passed  to  him  or  them  made  before  that  day :  or  shall  affect  any 
restrain  or  abridge  the  liberty  ofspeechjorof  the  press,  such  giants  or  charters  since  made  by  this  state,  or  by 
In  all  prosecutions,  or  indictments  for  libels,  the  truth  persons  acting  under  its  authority  ;  or  shall  impair  the 
may  be  given  in  evidence  to  the  jury  ;  and  if  it  shall  obligation  of  any  debts  contracted  by  the  state,  or  indi- 
appear  to  the  j  urv,  that  the  matter  charged  as  libellous  viduals,  or  bodies  corporate,  or  any  other  rights  of  pro- 
is  true,  and  was  published  with  good  motives,  and  for  perty,  or  any  suits,  actions,  rights  of  action,  or  othci; 
.rjstifiable  ends,  the  party  shall  he  acquitted ;  and  the  proceedings,  in  courts  of  justice. 

jury  shall  have  the  right  to  determine  the  law  and  the  ARTICLE  8. 

9.  Tbcassent  of  two  thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  §  1.  Any  amendment,  or  amendraents  to  this  con- 
oach  brancli  of  the  Tegislatttre-  shall  he  requisite  to  eve-  stif  ution?  tnay  be  proposed  in  the  senate  or  assembly ; 


APPENDIX.  131 

aiid  if  the  same  shall  be  agreed  to  by  a  majority  of  the  sball  be  in  force  and  take  efteet  from  tlie  last  day  ot 
juembers  elected  to  each  of  the  two  houses,  such  pro-  Februan'  next.  'I'he  members  of  the  present  legisla- 
posed  amendment,  or  amendments,  shall  be  entered  on  tiire  shall,  on  tlje  first  Monday  of  March  ntxt,  take  and 
their  journals,  with  the  yeas  and  nays  taken  tliereon,  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation  to  siijipoit  the  consti- 
and  referred  to  the  legislature  then  next  to  be  chosen  ;  ttition,  so  far  iis  the  same  shall  then  be  in  force.  She- 
and  shall  be  published, forihree  months  previovis  to  the  riffs,  clerks  ot  coimtics.  and  coroiifrs,  shall  be  elected 
time  of  making  svich  choice  ;  and,  if  in  the  legislature  at  the  election  hereby  directed  to  commence  on  the  first 
next  chosen  as  aforesaid,  such  proposed  amendment,  or  Monday  of  November,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
amendments,  shall  be  agreed  to  by  two  thirds  of  all  the  hundrtd  and  twenty-two ;  but  they  shall  not  enter  oii 
members  elected  to  each  house,  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  the  duties  of  their  offices,  before  thef.rst  day  of  .lanna- 
of  the  legislature  to  submit  such  proposed  amendment,  ry  then  next  following.  The  commissions  of  all  per- 
or  amendments,  to  the  people,  in  such  manner,  and  at  sons  holding  civil  offices  on  the  last  day  of  December, 
such  time,  as  the  legislature  shall  prescribe :  and  if  the  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  tw  enty-two,  shall  es- 
people  shall  approve  and  ratify  such  amendment,  or  pire  on  that  day;  but  the  officers  then  in  commission 
amendments,  by  a  majority  of  the  electors  qualified  to  may  respectively  continue  to  hold  their  said  offices, 
voteformemhersofthelegislature,  voting  thereon,sucli  until  new  appointments  or  elections  sliail  take  place 
amendment,  or  amendments,  shall  become  part  of  the  under  this  constitution. 

constitution.  2.  The  existing  laws,  reLitive  to  the  manner  of  noti- 

ATiTTr   T-  Q  ^y*"?!  holding,  and  conducting  elections,  making  re- 

ARTICLE  i/,  turns,  and  canvassing  votes,  shall  be  in  force  and  ob- 

§1.  This  constitution  shall  be  in  force  ffcm  the  last  day  served,  in  respect  of  the  elections  hereby  directed  to 

of  December,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  commence  on  the  first  Monday  of  November,  in  the 

and  twenty-two.   But  all  those  parts  of  the  same  which  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-two ;  so 

lelate  to  the  right  of  suffrage,  the  division  of  the  state  tar  as  the  same  are  applicable.    And  the  present  legis- 

into  senate  districts,  the  number  of  members  of  the  as-  lature  shall  pass  such  otlierandfurther  laws,  as  maybe 

sembly  to  be  elected  in  pursuance  of  this  constitution,  requisite  for  the  execution  of  the  provisions  of  this  eoii- 

the  apportionment  of  members  of  assembly,  the  elec-  stitution,  in  respect  to  elections. 

tions  hereby  directed  to  commence  on  the  first  Monday  jjQj^g  ;„  convention,  at  the  capifol,  in  the  city  of  Al- 

of  November,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  b^ny^  tj.p  tenth  dav  of  November,  in  the  year  one 

and  twent3-two,   the  continuance  of  the  members  of  thousand  eight  liundred  and  twenty-one,andof  the. 

the  present  legislature  m  office  until  the  first  day  ot  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the 

January,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fort^sixth 

i=^;S^bi;^,rSi^^SSSthSiJ^  m  witnes^wke..of;  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our 

^^S^lZS^^^^^lZ^:^^'!^^;^;  "  "  '             ^^^^^  p.  TOMPKINS.  P;«:d.«^ 

politic  or  corporate,  without  the  assent  of  two  thirds  of  John  F.  B.acon,          7  Secretaries 

the mejnbers  elected  to  each  branch  of  the  legislature,  Samuel  S,  Gardiner,  ", 


AMENDMENTS 

TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 


Proclamation  of  governor  Brooks,  ofMassa-  vernments  in  any  coroorate  town  or  towns  in  this  com- 
,        _^           -'  '^     .            .1     .     11-    J^                J  monwealth, and  to  grant  to  the  mhabitaiits  thereof  such 
ChusettS,  annonncmg  to  the  public  the  amend-  powers,  privileges,  and  immunities,  not  repugnant  to 
ments    lately  made  by  the  convention   to  the  the  constitution,  as  tlie  general  court  shall  deem  neces- 
rnnifitji'im!  nf  that  itate    anil-whirh     hehiP'  sary  or  expedient,  for  the  regulation  and  government 
COnmtUvlon  OJ   inai  state,  ana  -w.ucn,    oemg  thereof,  and  to  prescribe  the  manner  of  calling  and 
ratifiad  by  the  people,  no-w  form  a  pari  of  the  holding  public  meetings  of  the  inhabitants  in  wards,  or 
constitution  of  the  said  state.  otherwise,  for  the  election  of  officers,  under  the  consti- 
•'  tntit)n,  and  the  manner  ot  returning  the  votes  given  at 
Whereas  sundi-y  resolutions  passed  the  legislature  on  such  meetings :   provided,  that  no  such  government 
the  fifth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thou-  shall  be  erected  or  constituted  in  any  town  not  contain- 
sand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-one,  in  the  words  fol-  iug  twelve  thousand  inhabitants,  nor  unless  it  be  with 
lowing,  viz:  the  consent,  and  on  the  application  of  a  majoi'ity  of  the 
"  Whereas  the  convention  of  the  delegates  of  the  peo-  inhabitants  of  such  town,  present  and  voting  thereon, 
pie,  assembled  at  Boston  on  the  third  Wednesday  of  pursuant  to  a  vote  at  a  meeting  duly  warned  and  hold- 
November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  en  for  that  purpose:  and  provided,  also,  that  all  by- 
hundred  and  twenty,  for  the  purpose  of  revising  and  laws,  made  by  such  municipal  or  city  government, 
amending  the  constitution  of  the  commonwealth,  pur-  shall  be  subject,  at  all  times,  to  be  annuIledDy  the  gene- 
suant  to  an  act  of  the  general  court,  passed  on  the  six-  ral  court. 

teenth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  aforesaid,  submitted  Art.  3,  Every  male  citizen  of  twenty  one  years  of  age 
certain  articles  of  amendruent  of  the  constitution  to  the  -and  upwards,  (excepting  paupers  and  persons  under 
people,  for  their  ratification  and  adoption ;  and  whereas  guardianship,)  who  shall  have  resided  within  the  com- 
It  appears  by  a  certificate  of  the  committee  of  the  said  monwealth  one  year,  and  within  the  town  or  district,  in 
convention,  that  the  foilowing  articles  of  amendment,  which  he  may  claim  a  right  to  vote,  six  callendav 
so  submitted,  as  aforesaid,  have  been  ratified  and  adopt-  months,  next  preceding  any  election  of  governor,  lieu- 
ed  by  tlie  people,  in  the  manner  directed  by  the  said  tenant  governor,  senators,  or  representatives,  and  who 
convention,  and  have  thereby  become  a  part  of  the  con-  shall  have  paid,  by  himself  or  his  parent,  master  or 
stitution  of  this  common weakli,  to  wit.  guardian,  any  state  or  county  lax,  which  shall,  within 
Article  1.  If  any  bill  or  resolve  shall  be  objected  to,  two  years  next  preceding  such  election,  have  been  as- 
and  not  approved  by  the  governor;  and  if  the  general  sessed  upon  him,  in  any  town  or  district  of  this  corn- 
court  shall  adjourn  within  five  days  after  the  same  shall  monwealth ;  and  also  every  citizen,  who  shall  be  by  law 
have  been  laid  before  the  governor  for  his  approbation,  exempted  from  taxation,  and  who  shall  be  in  all  other 
and  thereby  prevent  his  returning  it,  with  his  objec-  respects  qualified  as  above-mentioned,  shall  have  a 
tions,  as  provided  by  the  constitution;  such  bill  or  re-  right  to  vote  in  such  election  of  governor  and  lieutenant 
solve  shall  not  become  a  law,  nor  have  force  as  such.  governor,  senators,  and  representatives;  and  no  other 

Art.  2.   The  general  court  shall  have  full  power  and  person  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  in  such  elections. 

nwhoritv  to  erect  or  rnnstitute  municipal  or  city  gn-  Art.  ,1.  Notaries  psiblir  shall  be  appointed  by  the  go- 


1.32 


APPEXDlX. 


Vemoi',  in  tlic  sameinaimer  as  judicial  officers  are  ap- 
pointed, and  sliall  hold  tlieir  ofilct  s  during  seven  years, 
unless  sooner  removed  by  the  govcrnur,  « ith  the  con- 
sent of  the  council,  and  upon  the  address  of  both  houses 
of  the  legislature. 

In  ease  the  office  of  secretary  or  treasurer  of  the  com- 
mouwealth,  shall  become  vacant  from  any  cause,  during 
the  recess  of  the  general  court,  the  governor,  with  the 
consent  of  the  council,  shall  nominate  and  appoint,  un- 
der such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law ,  a 
competent  and  suitable  person  to  such  vacant  oflice, 
who  shall  hold  the  same  until  a  successor  shall  he  ap- 
pointed by  the  general  court. 

Whenever  the  exigen.eies  of  the  commonwealth  shall 
require  the  appointment  of  a  commissary  general,  he 
shall  be  nominated,  ajipointed,  and  commissioned,  in 
suchmanner  asthe  legislatuie  may,  bylaw,  prescribe. 

All  officers  commissioned  to  command  in  the  militia, 
niay  be  removed  from  office  in  such  manner  as  the  le- 
gislature may,  by  law,  prescribe. 

Art.  5.  In  the  elections  of  captains  and  subalterns  of 
themilitia,  all  the  members  of  their  respective  compa- 
nies, as  well  those  under,  as  those  above  the  age  of  twen- 
ty one  years,  shall  have  a  right  to  vote. 

Art.  6.  Instead  of  the  oath  of  allegiance,  prescribed 
by  the  constitution,  tlie  following  oath  shall  be  taken 
and  subscribed  by  every  person  chosen  or  appointed  to 
any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the  government  of 
this  commonwealth,  before  he  shall  enter  on  the  duties 
of  his  office,  to  wit : 

"  I,  A  B,  do  solemnly  swear,  that  I  will  bear  ti'ue 
faith  and  allegiance  to  the  commonwealth  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  will  support  the  constitution  thereof.  So  heh> 
ine  God."  " 

Provided,  that  w  hen  aiU'  person  shall  be  of  the  deno- 
mination called  quakers,  and  shall  deiline  taking  said 
oath,  he  shall  make  liis  affimiation  in  the  foregoing 
form,  omitting  tlie  word  "  swear,"  and  inserting,  instead 
thereof,  the  word  "  affirm,"  and  omitting  the  words  "so 
help  me  God,"  and  subjoining,  instead  thereof,  the 
words,  "  this  I  do  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of  ptr- 

3  "-!>•>•*'  .  .     . 

Art.  7.  No  oath,  declaration,  or  subscription,  except- 
ing the  oath  prescribed  in  the  jireceding  article,  and 
the  oath  of  office,  shall  be  required  of  the  governor, 
lieutenant  governor,  counsellors,  senators,  or  represent- 
atives, to  qualify  them  to  perform  the  duties  of  their  re- 
spective offices. 

Art.  8.  No  judge  of  any  court  of  this  commonwealth, 
(except  the  court  of  sessions,)  and  no  person  holding 
any  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States, 
(post  masters  eNCepted,)  shall,  at  the  same  time,  hold 
tiie  office  of  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  or  counsel- 
lor, or  have  a  seat  in  the  senaie  or  house  of  representa- 
tives of  this  commonwealth;  and  nojudgeof  any ceurt 
in  this  commonwealth,  (except  the  court  of  sessions,) 
nor  the  attorney  general,  solicitor  general,  county  at- 
torney, clerk  of  any  court,sherifF,  treasurerand  receiver 
general,  register  of  probate,  nor  register  of  deetls,  shall 
continue  to  hold  his  said  office  after  being  elected  a 
member  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  and  ac- 
cepting that  trust;  but  the  acceptance  of  such  trust,  by 


any  of  the  officers  aforesaid,  shall  be  deemed  and  taken 
to  be  a  resignation  of  his  said  office;  and  judges  of  the 
courts  of  common  pleas  shall  hold  no  other  office,  under 
the  government  of  this  commonwealth,  the  office  of 
justice  of  the  peace  and  militia  officers  excepted. 

Art.  9.  If,  at  any  time  hereafter,  any  specihc  and  par- 
ticular amendment  or  amendments  to  the  constitution 
be  proposed,  in  the  general  court,  and  agreed  to  by  a 
majority  of  the  senators,  and  two  thirds  of  the  members 
of  the  house  of  representatives  present  and  voting  there^ 
on,  such  proposed  atnendment  or  amendments  shall  be 
entered  on  the  journals  of  the  two  houses,  with  the  yeas 
and  nays  taken  thereon,  and  refeiTed  to  the  general 
court  then  next  to  be  chosen,  and  shall  be  published; 
and  if  in  the  general  court  then  next  chosen,  as  afore- 
said, such  proposed  amendment  or  amendments  shall 
be  agreed  to  bya  majority  of  the  senators  and  two  thirds 
of  the  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  present 
and  voting  thereon ;  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  ge- 
neral court  to  submit  such  proposed  amendment  or 
amendments  to  the  people;  and  if  they  shall  be  ap- 
proved and  ratified  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters 
voting  thereon,  at  meetings  legally  warned  and  holden 
for  that  purpose,  they  shall  become  part  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  this  commonwealth. 

Resolved,  That  the  above  recited  articles  of  amend- 
ment, shall  be  enrolled  on  parchment,  and  deposited  in 
the  secretary's  office,  as  a  part  of  the  constitution  and 
fundamental  laws  of  this  commonwealth,  and  publish- 
ed in  immediate  connexion  therew  ith,  in  all  future  edi- 
tions of  the  laws  of  this  commouw  ealth,  printed  by  pnb» 
lie  authority.  And  in  order  that  the  said  amendments 
may  be  promulgated  and  made  known  to  the  people  of 
this  commonwealth  without  delay,  it  is  further 

Resolved,  That  his  excellency ,'the  governor,  be,  and 
he  hereby  is  authorized  and  requested  to  issue  his  pro- 
clamation, reciting  the  articles  aforesaid  ;  announcing 
that  the  same  have  been  duly  adopted  and  ratified  by 
the  people  of  this  commonwealth,  and  become  a  paW  of 
the  constitution  thereof;  and  requiring  all  magistrates, 
officers  civil  and  militaiy,  and  all  the  citizens  of  this 
eommonwealth,  to  take  notice  tliereof,  and  govern 
themselves  accordingly."' 

Now,  therefore,  I.  John  Brooks,  governor  of  the  com- 
monwealth of  Massachusetts,  by  virtue  of  the  authority 
to  me  given  by  the  resolution  last  above  written,  do  is- 
sue this  my  proclamation,  and  I  do  hereby  announce, 
that  the  several  articles  aforesaid  have  been  duly  rati- 
fied and  adopted  by  the  people  of  this  commonwealth, 
and  have  becoraeapart  of  the  constitution  thereof.  And 
all  magisti-ates,JofficersJcivil  and  military,  and  all  the 
citizens  of  the  commonwealth,  are  required  to  take  nO' 
notice  thereof,  and  govern  themselves  accordingly. 

Given  at  the  eoinieil  chamber  in  Boston,  the  day  and 
year  first  above  w  ritten,  and  in  the  forty-fifth  year 
cf  the  independence  of  the  United  States. 

By  his  excellency  the  governor, 

JOHN  BROOKS. 

Alden  Bradford,  Secretary. 

God  savejthe  comraouwealth  of  iiXasSteliusettsJ 


AMENDMENTS 
TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


.Amendments  ratified  December  17,  1808. 


The  following  sections,  in  amendrhent  of  the  third, 
«venth,  and  ninth  sections  of  the  first  article  of  the 
constitvition'of  the  state,  sliall  be,  and  they  are  hereby 
declared  to  be,  valid  parts  nf  the  said  constitution  ;  and 
the  said  third,  seventh,  and  ninth  sections,  orsuch  parts 
tliereof  as  are  repugnant  to  such  amendments,  are  here- 
by repealed  and  made  void. 

The  house  of  rejiresentatives  shall  consist  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty-four  membei-s  ;  to  be  apportioned 
among  the  sever.il  election  districts  of  the  state,  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  white  inhabitants  contained,  and 
the  amount  of  all  taxes  raised  by  the  legislature,  whe- 
ther direct  or  indirect,  or  of  whatever  species,  paid  in 
each,  deducting  therefrom  all  taxes  paid  on  account  of 
property  held  iti  any  other  di^aict,  and  adding  thereto 


all  taxes  elsewhere  paid  on  account  of  property  held  in 
such  district.  An  enumeration  of  the  white  inhabitants, 
for  this  purpose,  shall  be  mad<'  in  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  nine,  and  in  the  course  of  every 
tenth'year  thereafter,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  by  law 
directed -■•''and  representatives  shall  be  assigned  to  the 
different  districts  in  the  above-mentioned  ])roportion, 
by  act  of  the  legislature,  at  the  session  immediately  suc- 
ceeding the  above  enumeration. 

If  the  enumeration-  herein  directed  should  not  be 
made  in  the  course  of  the  year  appointetl  for  the  pur- 
pose by  these  amendments,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
governor  to  have  it  effi-cted  as'sooii  thereafter' as  shall 
be  practicable. 

In  assigning  representatives  to  tbe'several  districts  of 
the  state,  the  legislature  shall  allow  one  repvesciuative 
for  everj' sixty-second  part  of  the  whole  number  of  whit  e 
ri'ia')"' Cants  in  (he  state ;  and  one  representative  also  foe 


APPKN'terX.  135- 

01  trj-  sixiy-seccn  J  part  of  ilie  whole  taxes  raised  by  the  chad,  to  which  shall  be  allowed  two  senators,  as  hereto- 

lesislature  of  the  state.    The  legislature  shall  further  fore. 

allow  one  rei>i"esentative  for  such  tractions  of  the  sixty-  The  seats  of  those  senators  who  under  the  constitu- 

socond  part  of  the  white  inhabitants  of  the  state,  and  of  tion  shall  represent  two  or  more  election  districts,  on 

the  sixty-second  part  of  the  taxes  raised  by  the  legisla-  the  day  preceding  the  second  Monday  of  October,  which 

tureofthe  state,  as,  when  added  together,  form  a  unit,  will  be  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ten, 

In  every  apportionment  of  representation  under  these  shall  be  vacated  on  that  day,  and  the  new  senators  who 

amendments,  which  shall  take  j)lace  after  the  first  ap-  shall  represent  such  districts  under  these  amendments, 

poilionmen:,  the  amount  of  taxes  shall  he  estimated  shall,  immediately  after  they  shall  have  been  assembled 

Irom  the  average  of  the  ten  preceding  yews;  biit  the  under  the  first  election,  be  divided  by  lots  into  two 

first  apportionment  shall  befouiuled  upon  the  tax  of  the  classes;  the  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be 

precedmg  year,  excluding  from  the  amount  thereof  the  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  and  of  the 

•whole  produce  of  the  tax  on  sales  at  public  auction.  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year:  and 

If,  in  the  apportionment  of  representatives  under  the  number  in  these  classes  shall  be  so  proportioned, 
these  amendments,  any  election  district  shall  appear  that  one  half  of  the  whole  number  of  senators  may,  as 
not  to  be  entitled,  from  its  population  and  its  taxes,  to  a  nearly  as  possible,  continue  to  be  chosen  thareafter  eve- 
representative,  such  election  district  shall,  nevertheless,  ry  second  year. 

send  one  representative;  and,  if  there  should  be  still  a  Noneofthese  amendments  becoming  parts  of  thecon- 

deficiency  of  the  number  of  representatives  required  by  stitution  of  this%tate  shall  be  altered,  unless  a  bill  to  al- 

these  amendments,  such  deficiency  shall  be  supplied  by  ter  the  same  shall  have  been  read  on  three  several  days 

assigning    representatives    to    those  election  districts  in  thehouseof  represeiitatives,andonthreeseveraldays 

havuig  the  largest  surplus  fractious ;  whether  those  in  the  senate,  and  agreed  to  on  the  second  and  third 

fractions  consist  of  a  combination  of  population  and  of  reading,  by  two  thirds  of  the  whole  representation  in 

taxes,  or  of  population  or  of  taxes  separately,  until  the  each  branch  of  the  legislature;  neither  shall  any  altera- 

number  of  one  hundred  and  tv.  enty-four  members  be  tion  take  place,  until  the  bill  so  agreed  to  be  published 

provided.  three  months  previous  to  a  new  election  for  members  to 

No  apportionment,  under  these  amendments,  shall  be  the  house  of  representatives,  and  if  the  alteration  pro- 
construed  to  take  effect,  in  any  manner,  until  the  gene-  posed  by  the  legislature  shall  be  agreed  to  in  their  first 
ral  election  whicli  shall  succeed  such  apportionment.  session,  by  two  thirds  of  the  whole  representation,  in 

The  election  districts,  for  members  of  the  house  of  re-  each  branch  of  the  legislature,  after  the  same  shall  have 
presentatives,  shall  he  and  remain  as  heretofore  esfa-  been  read  on  three  several  daysin  each  house, then, and 
blished,  except  Saxegotha  and  Newberry,  in  which  the  not  otherwise,  the  same  shall  become  a  part  of  the  con- 
boundaries  shall  be  altered,  as  follows,  viz  ;  That  part  stitution. 

of  Lexington  in  the  fork  of  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers  

shall  no  longer  compose  a  part  of  the  election  district  of  umi.j.i^ii 

Kewberry,  but  shallbe  henceforth  attached  to  and  form 

"  P""  'if  saxegotha.    And,  also,  except  Orange  .-wd  Amendme7its  ratified  December  19, 1816. 

Barnwell,  or  vViaton,  m  which  the  boundaries  shall  be  '' 

altered,  as  follows,  viz :    1  hat  part  of  Orange  in  the  

forii  of  Edisto  shall  no  longer  compose  a  part  of  the  That  the  third  section  of  the  tenth  article  of  the 

election  district  of  Barnwell,  or  Winton,  but  shall  be  constitution  of  this  state  be  altered  and  amended,  to 

henceforth  attached  to  and  form  a  part  of  Orange  elec-  read  as  follows:  The  judges  shall,  at  such  times  and 

tiou  district.  places  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  act  of  the  legislature  of 

The  senate  shall  be  composed  of  one  member  from  this  state,  meet  and  sit  for  the  purpose  of  heating  and 

each  election  district,  as  now  established  by  the  election  determining  all  motions  which  maybe  made  for  new 

of  membersof  thehouseof  representatives,  except  the  trials,  and  in  arrest  of  judgment,  and  such  points  of  law 

district  formed  by  the  parishes  of  St.  Pliilip  and  St.  Jli-  as  may  be  submitted  to  them. 


AMENDMENT  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  GEORGIA. 

A  recent  amendment  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  sec-  in  each  county,  to  preside  in  the  inferior  courts  of 

tions  of  the  third  article  of  tiie  constitution  of  GeorsJa,  the  county  ;  and  justices  of  the  peace  shall  be  elected, 

providesj  substantially,  as  follows:    Five  justices  of  annually,  by  the  voters  in  everv' militia  captain's  d'ss- 

the  inferior  court  shall  be  elected,  annually,  by  voters  trict. 


AMKNDilENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Since  this  edition  of  the  Constitutions  was  published,  spective  commissions— all  judicial  officers,  duly  ap- 
wehave  been  furnished  with  a  corrected  copy  of  the  pointed,  commissioned,  and  sworn,  shall  hold  their  of- 
«onstitution  of  New  Hampshire.  It  difters  from  that  hces  during  good  behaviour,  excepting  those  concern- 
here  printed  in  many  verbal  partictilars,  but  it  is  deem-  ing  whom  there  is  a  different  provision  made  in  this 
ed  unnecessary  to  point  out  to  the  reader  any  other  constitution:  P7-(roi(/<?rf, neDert/jri«*,  the  governor,  with 
than  the  following  alteraions.  consent  of  council,  may  remove  them  upon  the  address 

In  page  18,  omit,  in  the  sixth  section,  the  three  para-  of  both  houses  of  the  legislattire. 
grai>hs  following  the  first.  "Each  branch  of  the  legislature,aswell  as  the  govern- 
In  page  20,  where  the  time  is  prescribed  for  the  as-  or  and  council,  shall  have  authority  to  require  the  opin- 
sembiing  of  the  general  court,  instead  of  the  "last  ions  of  the  justices  of  the  superior  court,  upon  import- 
Wednesday  of  October,"  read  x\\n  first  ll^cdiiesih'jin  ant  questions  of  law,  and  upon  solemn  occasions. 
^Mns,  and  make  the  alteration  throughout,  wherever  it  "In  order  that  the  people  may  not  suffer  from  the 
occurs,  to  correspond.  long  continuance  in  place  of  any  justice  of  the  peace. 

In  page  20,  second  column,  read  "  the  senate  shall  who  shall  fail  in  discharging  the  important  duties  of 

cuBsist  of  <ite/t)e  members,"  and,  '•  the  legislature  shall  his  office  with  ability  and  fidelity,  all  commissions  of 

divide  the  state  into  Uvelve  districts,"  &c.  justices  of  the  peace  shall  become  void  at  the  expiration 

In  page  22,  line  22,  first  column,  instead  of  "  seven  of  five  years  from  their  respective  dates :  and  upon  tlie 

months,  read  Tina*!/ </aw.                                       ,  expiration  of  any  commission,  the  same  may,  if  neces- 

In  page  22,  9  lines  from  the  bottom,  first  column,  sary,  be  renewed,  or  another  pei-son  appointed,  as  shall 

read  ninety  days  instead  of"  seven  months."  most  conduce  to  the  well  being  of  the  state. 

Inpage23,  under  the  head  of  "Judicial^  Power,"  ex-  "All  causes  of  marriage,  divorce,  and  alimony,  and 

pnnge  the  four  tii-st  paragraphs,  and  read  as  follows  :  all  appeals  from  the  respective  judges  of  probate,  shall 

"The  tenure  that  all  commissioned  officers  shall  have  be  heard  and  tried  by  the  superior  court,  nntil  the  legjs- 

by  law  in  tlieir  ofltces,  shall  be  expressed  in  theiv  ye-  lature  shall  by  law  make  other  provision." 


umm 


TO  THE  CONSTITUTIONS. 


"Beeg^ci"'    -t 


Alabama,  -        -        -       page  106  to  113 

Connecticut,         -        -        -        -      29  to    32 
Delaware,        -        -        -        -         43  to    48 

Georgia, 62  to    66 

Georgia,     amendments,      Appen- 
dix,        -        -        -        -        133 

Illinois, 101  to  105 

Indiana,    -        -        -        -        -  85  to    91 

Kentucky, 71  to    76 

Louisiana,         -        -        -        -  91  to    95 

Maine, 113  to  120 

Maryland,         -        -        -        -  48  to     55 

Massachusetts,     -        -        •        -      10  to     18 
Massachusetts,    amendments,   Ap- 
pendix,      -        -        -        -    131  to  132 
Mississippi,       ...        -  95  to  101 

Missouri,  -        -        -        -    120  to  126 

New  Hampshire,      -        -        -         18  to    25 


New  Hampshire,  amendments,  Ap- 
pendix, -        -       page  133 
New  Jersey,        -        -        -        - 
New  York,  Constitution  of  1777, 
New  York,  amendments. 
New  York,  Constitution    of    1821, 

Appendix,  -        .        - 

North  Carolina,        -        -        - 

Ohio,  

Pennsylvania,    -        -        -        . 
Rhode  Island,  Charter  of. 
South  Carolina,          ... 
South  Carolina,   amendments,   Ap- 
pendix,     .... 
Tennessee,       .        .        -        - 
United  States,      .        .        -        - 
Vermont,         .        .        -        - 
Virginia, 


37  to 

38 

32  to 

36 

36  to 

37 

127  to  131 

57  to 

59 

80  to 

85 

39  to 

43 

25  to 

28 

59  to 

62 

132  to  133 

77  to 

80 

2  to 

10 

66  to 

70 

55  to 

56 

^fflfc 


^..:- 


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